c-'
OCLC 11 859332
ENUIftONMENT
_
CANADA
Office of International Activities
\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
April —
-------
N
V
N
M
N
N
Office of International Activities
Environmental Protection Agency
April 1977
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
-------
PREFACE
This is a brief report on the organization and management of environmental
activities on the national level in Canada. Reports on Japan, Luxemburg, Belgium,
Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany!
Sweden, and Switzerland have already been distributed. Similar reports on other " j
countries will be available soon. These reports, which are background papers for
EPA staff involved in international activities, are not for distribution outside the
Agency. -
Emphasis is on policy and regulatory functions of national environmental
agencies as well as on legal instruments for environmental control. Research and
development, often under the auspices of other departments, for example, science and
technology, are not covered in these reports.
Source documents for the reports, received under the International Documents
Exchange, are available in the EPA Headquarters Library. English summaries of the
foreign documents are published in the monthly bulletin "Summaries of Foreign Govern-
ment Reports."
ii
-------
. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. National Organization for Environmental Control 1
II. Environmental Laws 6
III. Standards 14
IV. Enforcement Procedures 19
V. Interrelationships Between Government and Industry 24
""- Reference Notes 27
-* Appendix I j 30
Appendix II 31
iii
-------
1NVI_RO__NM JEN 1 A L C. 0. N 1 ! £ L _! N_ C. A H A D. A
I. National Organization for Environmental Control
overall government structure
The Canadian government is a federal system in which the respective
jurisdictions of the federal government in Ottawa and the ten provincial govern-
ments are defined by the British North America Act, 1867. The federal government
is formally a parliamentary monarchy based on British constitutional law. The
principle of parliamentary supremacy in relation to the executive and judicial
branches of government, characteristic of the British system, is also an integral
1*
part of the Canadian system. The executive function is formally vested in the
Governor-General, the Queen's representative in Canada. In practice, however, the
Governor-General acts only on advice of the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. To-
gether they must command majority support in the House of Commons. Thus, the exec-
utive authority is derived from Parliament. The judiciary, on the other hand, is
more independent. Though the courts were established by statutes which could theo-
retically be amended by Parliament, there is a well-founded tradition of judicial
2
independence which cannot be easily ignored.
Provincial governments are patterned after the federal government with a
lieutenant-governor representing the Crown, an elected unicameral legislative assem-
bly, and a premier with an executive council serving at the discretion of the legis-
lature in roles analogous to those at the federal level. Jurisdictional disputes
between federal and provincial governments and interprovincial conflicts are resolved
in federal courts.
national environmental agency
The Department of the Environment, commonly called Environment Canada,
went into service on June 11, 1971, in accordance with the Government Organization
*A11 reference notes will be found beginning on page 27.
-1-
-------
Act, 1970, which consolidated under the new department all of the functions of the
former Department of Fisheries and Forestry as well as raost environmental protection
responsibilities previously vested in other federal ministries. The Minister of the
Environment, who serves concurrently as the Minister of Fisheries, acquired at the
outset the authority, administrative machinery and prestige of a long-standing fed-
eral cabinet ministry. Within Environment Canada there are two division, each
headed by a senior assistant deputy minister: the Fisheries and Marine Services
2
and the Environmental Services. (See Organization Chart, page 2a). The former
administers oceanographic activities, regulates fishing operations and fisheries
development in marine and inland waters, and conducts fisheries research in conjunc-
tion with the Fisheries Research Board. The board is directly under the Deputy
Minister of the Environment.
The Division of Environmental Services coordinates activities of the vari-
ous services concerned with environmental programs. In addition to its meteoro-
logical functions, the Atmospheric Environment Service is establishing a nation-
wide network for monitoring air quality and is conducting a wide range of research
on atmospheric pollution and noise pollution. Regulations and standards dealing
with water and air pollution, noise control, solid waste disposal and ecological
disruptions are established by the Environmental Protection Service, which adminis-
ters federal environmental control activities, operates an emergency pollution cen-
ter, and is generally responsible for liaison with industry and other levels of govern-
4
ment. The Environmental Management Service, which administers federal programs on
land, forests, and wildlife management, includes the Inland Waters Directorate, the
Canadian Forestry Service, the Canadian Wildlife Serivce, the Lands Directorate, and
the Policy and Program Development Directorate. The Planning and Finance Service
provides support for the departments in the areas of administration, financial man-
agement, technical information, educational and public relations.
-------
Minister
of the
Environment
Minister
of State
(Fisheries)
Deputy
Minister
I
NO
Fisheries
Prices
Support
Board
Chairman
A.D.M.
Fisheries
Management
T
Management
Committee
Chairman
S.A.D.M.
Environmental
Services
A.D.M.
Planning
& Finance
A.D.M.
Environmental
Protection
A.D.M.
Environmental
Management
A.D.M.
Atmospheric
Environment
Canadian
Fisheries
Advisory Council
Chairman
Interdepartmen-
tal Committee
on the
Environment
Chairman
Canadian
Environmental
Advisory
Council
Chairman
Environmental
Assessment
Panel
.Chairman
Canadian
Forestry
Advisory
Council
S.A.D.;M. .
Senior Assistant
Deputy Minister
A.D.M.
Assistant Deputy
Minister
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
January 1, 1975
-------
An. Environmental Advisory Council with a permanent secretary directly
responsible to the Minister has been established to provide a forum for represen-
tatives of industry, the universities, the scientific community, and public groups
and organizations concerned with environmental problems. A Special Adviser of
Renewable Resources reports to the Minister and Deputy Minister on matters related
to development of renewable resources.
As of April 1, 1974, the Department established the Environmental Assess-
ment Panel in response to a 1973 Cabinet decision prescribing an Environmental
Assessment and Review Process to ensure that adequate studies are carried out for
all federal projects and activities likely to have a significant effect on the
Environment. The Panel operates in an advisory capacity to the Minister of the
Environment.
other federal agencies with environmental responsibilities
Although many environmental responsibilities were consolidated under
Environment Canada to provide a unified structure for a comprehensive national
program, certain functions were left with other ministries with special jurisdic-
tional competence. The Ministry of Transport is generally responsible for regulat-
ing pollution caused by vehicles operating on land and by navigation on inland
waterways and territorial oceans, while the Department of Indian and Northern
Affairs is charged with protection of northern inland waters and the Arctic seas
against pollution and harmful development. Pesticide and agricultural chemical
regulations are administered by the Department of Agriculture under the Pest Control
Products Act and the Fertilizers Act. Radioactive substances are regulated by the
Atomic Energy Control Board, established under the Atomic Energy Control Act. The
Board is under the direction of a designated minister, currently the Minister for
Energy, Mines and Resources.
-3-
-------
federal-provincial relationship
The relationship between the federal and provincial governments with
regard to environmental protection is determined by their respective proprietary-
rights and legislative jurisdictions as defined by the British North America Act
(SNA Act) in 1867. Provincial governments have proprietary rights, and thus legis-
lative authority, over most publicly owned natural resources within their respective
provinces including land, water, minerals, forests and wildlife. Ownership of
public resources provides a firm constitutional basis for provincial environmental
law. Many provinces have their own environmental protection agencies and well devel-
oped bodies of environmental law. The provinces have jurisdiction over all matters
which are entirely local in nature. In other cases, they often share jurisdiction
with the federal government. It is important to note that where valid federal and
provincial laws are in conflict, the federal law takes precedent.8 Federal owner-
»
ship of resources within the provinces is limited to national parks, harbors, canals
and other property purchased or expropriated for official purposes. In addition,
the federal government owns all public resources lying outside of provincial bound-
aries such as those in ,the northern territories or under coastal waters. Thus,
federal authority to enact environmental legislation on the basis of proprietary
rights is restricted in the provinces, but virtually unlimited with regard to north-
ern territories and coastal waters.^
In addition to authority derived from its-proprietary rights, the federal
government can enact environmental legislation under certain headings of the British
North America Act. Though the scope of federal authority in this respect has not
yet been clearly defined due to the vagueness of the act and often contradictory
judicial interpretations, there are certain clauses under which the federal govern-
ment is clearly competent to enact important environmental legislation.10 Environ-
mental problems, such as pollution affecting public health, spillover from pollution
-4-
-------
sources across provincial or international boundaries, and hazards accompanying
the use of radioactive substances, have been dealt with under the power to make
laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada. This had been broadly
interpreted to mean matters which are inter-provincial in scope and affect Canada
in general, providing there is no encroachment upon clearly established provincial
prerogatives. Further authority to enact environmental legislation is derived
from the power of the federal government to regulate certain specific activities
such as navigation and shipping; marine and inland fishing; harbors, rivers and
lakes improvements; certain mining operations, waterworks and similar undertakings;
12
and some aspects of agriculture. General authority to enact legislation concern-
ing the criminal code, trade and commerce, taxation, and expenditure of public funds
can also be used to strengthen national environmental programs. Because of the
broad impact of environmental programs and the complicated jurisdictional problems
that arise, Environment Canada has adopted a policy of establishing cooperative
environmental programs at all levels of government. Provincial authorities are
consulted when federal legislation is being drafted, and responsibility for imple-
mentation and enforcement is left as far as possible at the local level.
federal-local relationship
Both the federal and provincial governments have constitutionally defined
jurisdictions which are subject only to court interpretation. Municipal governments,
on the other hand, exist entirely at the pleasure of provincial governments. Fed-
eral environmental programs for the cities, such as grants and loans for construc-
tion of sewage treatment plants, are administered through the provincial governments.
—5 —
-------
II. Environmental Laws
legislative system
Major legislation enacted by Parliament generally originates within the
executive establishment. When agreement has been reached within the ministry con-
cerned with a piece of legislation, a bill is drafted by the Department of Justice
and returned to the responsible Minister to be submitted to Parliament. Since min-
isters are almost always members of the House of Commons, it is there that govern-
ment bills are introduced. After approval in the House, a bill is considered in
the Senate, which technically has the authority to amend or defeat it. However,
the Senate is an appointed rather than elected body, and in practice, enjoys no
14
significant powers. After perfunctory approval in the Senate, the bill is sub-
mitted to the Governor-General for royal assent, which is almost always automatic.
Bills which are introduced without government sponsorship by individual members of
Parliament to publicize proposals absent from or contrary to government legislation
receive only perfunctory consideration and do not play a major role in the legisla-
tive process. Bills dealing with the affairs of private or corporate individuals
may be introduced into the Senate and then sent to the House for final approval,
but these do not affect government policy. Though the Canadian Parliament is tech-
nically bicameral, real legislative authority rests with the House of Commons.
highlights of water laws
Though Canada does not have a unified federal environmental code, compre-
hensive national legislation has been enacted to control water and air pollution.
Federal authority to control water pollution traditionally stems from its responsi-
bility for marine and inland fishing, which was assumed by Environment Canada when
it was established. Under the Fisheries Act, it is prohibited to dump certain dele-
terious substances into waters or on shores of waters inhabited by fish. The Minis-
ter may make regulations to control pollution hazardous to fish. A 1970 amendment
-6-
-------
to the act increases penalties for violations and expands the power of the Minister
to control discharge of harmful substances into fishing waters, authorizing hint to
review plans for works or undertakings likely to cause water pollution and to require
modifications if necessary, or to proscribe them altogether.
With the passage of the Canada Water Act in 1970, federal authority, to
control water pollution was significantly broadened. Environment Canada is author-
ized to enter into cooperative agreements with the provinces, individually or sever-
ally, as the case may require, in order to designate inter-jurisdictional water
bodies as water management areas and to establish water quality management agencies
responsible for the development of comprehensive water management programs. The first
such agreement, signed by Environment Canada and the province of New Brunswick in
1970, provides for the federal government to pay 90 percent of the cost of developing
a comprehensive water management program for the Saint John River Basin. If federal
and provincial governments fail to reach an agreement on a water basin of national
concern, the Minister may himself designate the region as a management area and uni-
laterally set up an agency. The Minister may also establish such agencies for waters
which are located entirely within the federal jurisdiction, such as in the northern
territories. Each agency is to conduct necessary research and surveys, and submit
a plan including recommendations on: water quality standards; quantities and types
of wastes which may be discharged; necessary sewage treatment facilities; required
types of treatment before disposal of wastewater; and fees and charges to be paid
by polluters to cover the costs of treatment, sampling and analysis. When such a
plan is approved by the Environment Minister and any appropriate provincial ministers,
the agency may construct and operate sewage treatment facilities, collect effluent
discharge fees and other charges, monitor water quality and' inspect public or priv-
vate treatment facilities throughout the area. The Minister may make regulations
and guidelines prescribing methods and procedures to be followed by the agencies.
-7-
-------
The Act also prohibits manufacture, sale or use of cleaning agents or conditioners
containing nutrients in concentrations greater than those prescribed by the Minister.
The Minister of the Environment was given considerable authority to con-
trol dumping in water by the June 19, 1975 Ocean Dumping Act. This act prohibits
all dumping or disposal into the ocean or internal waters of Canada except in ac-
cordance with the terms and conditions of permits. Permits are granted by the Min-
ister upon receipt of an application after such factors as the total amount and
average composition of substances dumped, the toxicity and persistence of the sub-
stances, the characteristics of dumping sites, and the methods of disposal have been
taken into account. Schedules I and II of the act prescribe those substances for
which permits may not be granted and those whose dumping must be restricted. The
act further provides for the establishment of a Board of Review for complaints
regarding the granting of a permit or its terms. The November 17, 1975 Ocean Dump-
ing Control Regulations, passed in pursuance of this Act, contain instructions re-
garding the application for permits to dump substances at sea under the foregoing
act.
Some important water pollution legislation is administered by departments
other than Environment Canada. The Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act of 1970,
which set an important precedent in international law by extending Canadian juris-
diction in the Arctic, for the purpose of pollution control, to 100 nautical miles,*
is administered by a designated minister, currently- the Minister of Indian and
-I Q
Northern Affairs. The deposit of wastes or harmful substances in Arctic waters
is proscribed except in accordance with regulations under this act. Polluters are
liable for damages and for costs of cleaning up illegally dumped, wastes. Liability
*For a discussion of this aspect of the act, see Albert E. Utton, "The Arctic I
Waters Pollution Prevention Act, and the Right of Self-Protection,"
University of British Columbia Law Review, vol. 7, 1972, pp 221-234. I
-8-
-------
extends to ship owners and cargo owners as well as to persons directly involved
in operations causing pollution, and does not depend on proof of fault or negli-
gence. Shipping safety zones may be established to regulate navigation. Ships
may be required to carry insurance when sailing in protected waters. The Minister
may appoint pollution prevention officers with powers to board and inspect ships,
and in case of violation of this act, to seize and hold them until matters are
resolved in court.
The July 11, 1972 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Regulations, passed
in implementation of this act, deal with the deposit of-domestic or industrial
wastes in Arctic Waters or any place in the Canadian Arctic. Any violations or
conditions that could lead to unauthorized depositing of wastes are to be reported.
The regulations also detail the civil liability of ships for the deposit of wastes
in Arctic Waters. The October 5, 1972 Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regula-
tions contain construction and personnel requirements for ships operating in these
waters and provide for the deposit and reporting of oil or oily waters in Arctic
Waters under emergency conditions. Finally, the August 2, 1972 Shipping Safety Con-
trol Zones Order, also passed pursuant to this act, designates the location of such
zones.
The Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs is also responsible for imple-
menting the Northern Inland Waters Act of 1970, which establishes a Yukon Territory
Water Board and a Northwest Territories Water Board-responsible for licensing, di-
version, storage or use of water, and disposal of wastes into waters within water
management zones in the territories. Such diversion of water or disposal of wastes
is prohibited unless a license has been issued in accordance with regulations set
by the Minister. Regulations were issued pursuant to this Act in September 1972.
The Canada Shipping Act, administered by the Minister of Transport, pro-
vides for implementation of the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution
-9-
-------
of the Seas by Oil, and prohibits dumping of solid or liquid wastes from ships into
Canadian waters. Under the Navigable Waters Protection Act, the Minister is also
responsible for preventing illegal disposal of rubbish or solid wastes likely to
obstruct waterways.
highlights of air pollution laws
The air pollution control effort of the federal government is administered
primarily by Environment Canada under provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1970, which
authorizes a multifaceted federal program. A nationwide system of air pollution
monitoring stations has been established by Environment Canada under the act to
furnish continuous data on pollution patterns throughout the country. In January
1976, such stations were operating in 45 cities in all ten provinces and the Terri-
tories. The federal government may conduct research on air pollution and provide
support and financial assistance to other governments, institutions or private in-
dividuals engaged in similar research. National air quality objectives may be for-
mulated pursuant to the act, delineating tolerable, acceptable, and desirable air
quality levels. Immediate attention will be focused on areas below or within the
tolerable range. Eventually, all parts of the country are to be brought within
-I Q
the desirable range.
In addition, Environment Canada may regulate emissions from all enterprises
operated by the federal government, from enterprises operated by private individuals
or other governments if a pollution hazard of national or international scope is
involved, and from other establishments within a province which has agreed to
national emission guidelines worked out cooperatively by the federal and provincial
governments. Standards on composition of fuels and on maximum concentrations of
additives in fuels manufactured or imported for use in Canada are also set by the
Minister. Regulation of emissions from motor vehicles, locomotives and ships re-
mains the responsibility of the Minister of Transport under the 1970 Motor Vehicle
-10-
-------
Safety Act, the Railway Act, and the Canada Shipping Act.
other program areas
noise
The Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations, as amended, provide noise
standards for heavy-duty motor vehicles, light-duty vehicles, off-road utility ve-
hicles, and motorcycles and minibikes. Federal noise regulations applicable to the
working environment have been issued as the Canada Noise Control Regulations under
the Safety of Employees section of the Canada Labor Code.
pesticides
Pesticides are controlled by the Pest Control Products Act, 1968-1969,
which regulates the manufacture, storage, display, distribution, packaging, label-
ling, advertising, import and export of such products. Under the act, products
must be registered with the Minister of Agriculture, and the registration require-
ments are described in the 1972 Pest Control Products Regulations. The 1957 Fer-
tilizers Act provides that all fertilizers must be registered prior to sale or
import. If a fertilizer is registered under this act and contains a pest control
product, it may, under circumstances, be considered registered under the Pest Control
Products Act. The 1969 Fertilizers Regulations stipulate that no fertilizer or
supplement may contain any substance in quantities likely to be harmful to vegeta-
tion (except weeds), domestic animals or public health when used according to direc-
tions. Furthermore, no fertilizer may contain any^substance, which, when applied
according to instructions, could leave a harmful residue in plant tissue contrary
to the Food and Drugs Act.
radiation
The Atomic Energy Control Act applies to all energy derived from or created
by the transmutation of atoms. It establishes the Atomic Energy Board and empowers
it, with approval of the Governor in Council, to make regulations to: a) encourage
-11-
-------
research in regard to atomic energy, b) develop, control, supervise, and license
the production, application and use of atomic energy, c) supervise the mining and
prospecting for prescribed substances, and d) regulate the production, import, ex-
port, transportation, refining, possession, ownership, use or sale of prescribed
substances. The 1974 Atomic Energy Control Regulations contain health and safety
provisions for those working in nuclear installations as well as for the general
public. They state rules regarding the issuance of licenses for prescribed sub-
stances and nuclear installations and make requirements for the maintenance of
records and for inspection.
In addition, the 1970 Radiation Emitting Devices Act and the pursuant
1972 Regulations apply to X-rays and other radiation sources not primarily designed
for the production of atomic energy. The act prohibits the sale, lease or import
of devices for which standards have been set unless the devices and their parts
comply with those standards.
The Nuclear Liability Act, as amended, requires the operator of a nuclear
installation to prevent injury to another person or damage to another's property
from nuclear material in his installation, from nuclear material that has left his
installation but not yet entered the control of another operation, or from nuclear
material en route to his installation from outside of Canada, or in storage prior
to transportation to his installation. The Governor in Council may enter into
agreements with reciprocating countries on matters of liability.
solid waste
Waste collection and disposal have traditionally been municipal or local
functions under the supervision of provincial public health acts. Such provincial
supervision is limited mainly to nuisance aspects and disease control.20 Federal
provisions regarding solid wastes are included in laws regulating federally super-
vised areas and may be found, for example, in the National Parks Act, the 1968
-12-
-------
National Parks Garbage Regulations, and the 1974 Indi'an Reserve Waste Disposal
Regulations, as amended. The Criminal Code also contains a section on nuisances
applicable to waste disposal.
toxic substances
The December 2, 1975 Environmental Contaminants Act, which came into
force April 1, 1976, empowers the Minister of Environment and the Minister of
National Health and Welfare to conduct investigations and make recommendations
regarding environmental and human health dangers caused by the release of sub-
stances into the environment. If the quality, concentration or conditions of
discharge of a substance lead the Ministers to believe it poses a "significant
danger" to health or the environment, the Minister of Environment may demand cer-
tain information of anyone dealing in or producing the substance or class of sub-
stances in question. After various preliminary conditions have been fulfilled, the
Governor in Council may add the substance or class of substances to the schedule
to be appended to the Act and may issue regulations regarding the substance or
class of substances.
promulgation
Federal statutes are officially published in the Revised Statutes of
Canada 1970 and its supplements. More recently they appear in the Acts of the
Parliament of Canada. Regulations and standards appear in the Canada Gazette,
part II. . : •
-13-
-------
III. Standards
status of water pollution standards
~r
A number of regulations governing" significant water pollution sources
have been issued by Environment Canada. Regulations prescribing comprehensive
standards for effluents from various industries issued under the Fisheries Act,
include: the Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regulations,21 the Pulp and Paper
Effluent Regulations,22 and the Chlor-Alkali Mercury Regulations.23 The Petroleum
Refinery Regulations prescribe limits on discharge of oil and grease, phenols, sul-
fides, ammonia nitrogen, acids, and alkalis, and apply to all refineries that went
into operation after November 1973. The majority of older plants are expected to
be in compliance by 1978 and the several remaining plants by 1980.24 The Pulp and
Paper Regulations, which apply to all mills that started operations after November
24, 1971, set limits for effluents on total suspended solids, oxygen-demanding de-
composable wastes and chemicals toxic to fish. The mercury regulations limit the
quantity of mercury discharged by chlor-alkali plants to .005 pound per ton of chlo-
rine produced. Liquid effluent guidelines for Fish Processing Plants were issued
in June 1975. Regulations and/or guidelines are presently being developed for other
industrial sectors. The Phosphorus Concentration Control Regulations, issued by the
Environment Minister under the Canada Water Act, limit content of phosphorus com-
pounds in laundry detergents to 21.2 percent by weight expressed as elemental phos-
25
phorus. Effluent discharge fees and charges for use of sewage treatment facilities
are set by some municipalities in Canada.
Regulations set by the Minister of Transport under the Canada Shipping
Act include the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations. They prohibit discharge of
oil into Canadian Waters except in emergencies, forbid dumping of oil by Canadian
ships at sea, and prescribe procedures to prevent spillage during loading and un-
7 f\
loading of tankers. The Garbage Pollution Prevention Regulations prohibit discharge
-14-
-------
of solid wastes from ships into Canadian waters. ^' Regulations have also been
issued under the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act establishing shipping safety
zones, and prohibiting disposal of domestic and industrial wastes into Arctic
waters. The new Ocean Dumping Act (1975) prohibits (without a permit) the dump-
ing at sea of any substance which is highly injurious to the marine environment.
status of air pollution standards
In the May 14, 1974 Ambient Air Quality Objectives and the January 16, 1975
Ambient Air Quality Objectives, No. 2 issued under the Clean Air Act, Canada estab-
lished national objectives for the maximum acceptable and maximum desirable levels of
sulfur dioxide, suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxidants (ozone), and
nitrogen dioxide in the air. (See Appendix I.) Maximum tolerable levels for these
five pollutants were proposed in late 1976. The proposed levels are: particulates,
400 micrograms per cubic meter (24-hour average); sulfur dioxide, 800 micrograms per
cubic meter (24-hour average); carbon monoxide, 20 milligrams per cubic meter (8-hour
average); oxidants (ozone), 300 micrograms per cubic meter (1-hour average); and nitro-r
_ _ _ ._ . . _. . , . _ . .._ : - OA — - - - - •"- - :
gen dioxide, 300 micrograms per cubic meter (24-hour average). Maximum acceptable _ :
and maximum desirable levels for hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride were also pro-
posed in late 1976. For hydrogen sulfide, the maximum desirable limit proposed is 1
microgram per cubic meter, while the maximum acceptable limits suggested are 15 micro-
grams per cubic meter (continuous 1-hour average) and 5 micrograms per cubic meter
(continuous 24-hour average). For hydrogen fluoride, the maximum desirable concentra-
tion proposed is 0.40 micrograms per cubic meter (24-hour average), and the maximum
acceptable limit proposed is 0.85 micrograms per cubic meter (24-hour average). -^ The
maximum acceptable level of a pollutant in the air is regarded as a realistic objective
for all parts of Canada today. If it is exceeded, regulatory agencies (largely provin-
cial) are expected to take control action. The maximum desirable level defines the
-15-
-------
long-term goal for air quality in Canada and provides the basis for preventing
deterioration of unpolluted parts of the country and developing control technology.
The maximum tolerable level is that level of airborne contaminants which, if exceeded
for designated periods of time, would pose an intolerable public health hazard.32
National emissions guidelines have been developed by Environment Canada,
with the help of the ten provinces pursuant to the Clean Air Act, for the asphalt
paving industry, the cement industry, and the metallurgical coke manufacturing indus-
try. National emission standards are prescribed by the government as federal regu-
lations if air contaminants are emitted in such quantities as to pose a significant
33
health danger. Such national emissions regulations have been developed for second-
ary lead smelters and have been proposed for asbestos mining and milling3 and for
oc
mercury from chlor-alkali plants.
Canadian regulations issued under section 22 of the Clean Air Act, stipu-
late separate maximum concentrations for lead in leaded gasoline and in lead-free
gasoline. Under the October 30, 1973 Lead-Free Gasoline Regulations, the maximum
quantity of lead in this type of gasoline is to be 0.06 grams per imperial gallon
when measured in the designated fashion. Similarly, the maximum concentration of
phosphorus in phosphorus-free gasoline is to be 0.006 grams per imperial gallon.
The July 30, 1974 Leaded Gasoline Regulations prescribe the maximum permissible con-
centration of lead in gasoline to which lead has been added during the manufacturing
process as 3.5 grams per imperial 'gallon as of January 1, 1976.
Emission standards for gasoline-powered or diesel engine vehicles are
contained in the June 27, 1974 amendment to the 1970 Motor Vehicle Safety Regula-
tions. Effective January 1, 1975 when subjected to approved test methods, the ex-
haust emissions of gasoline- or diesel-powered light duty vehicles are not to exceed
per vehicle mile: 2 grams of hydrocarbons, 25 grams of carbon monoxide, and 3.1
grams of nitrogen oxides. For heavy-duty gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles,
-16-
-------
emissions per brake horsepower hour are not to exceed 16 grams of hydrocarbons
combined with nitrogen oxides and 40 grams of carbon monoxide. The evaporative
emissions from a gasoline-powered light-duty vehicle having an engine displacement
of 50 cubic inches or more are not to exceed 2 grams of hydrocarbons under approved
test methods. The opacity of exhaust emissions from a diesel-powered heavy-duty
vehicle engine are not to exceed 20 percent during engine acceleration, 15 percent
during engine lugging and 50 percent during peak conditions of engine acceleration
and engine lugging.
For several years, Canada followed a policy of matching U.S. automobile
emission standards, requiring the same control devices. However, this is no longer
the case. Canada recently extended standards in effect in 1976 until 1980.
status of noise pollution standards
The 1970 Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations, as amended, also pre- j
scribe the maximum noise levels that may be emitted from motor vehicles. Effective j
January 1, 1976, noise from a heavy-duty vehicle may not exceed 83 db(A) when mea-
sured in the prescribed manner. Noise from a light-duty vehicle (excluding a motor-
cycle or a minibike) and from an off-road utility vehicle is not to exceed 80 db(A)
when measured in the designated fashion. Noise from a motorcycle or a minibike
should not exceed 78 db(A). Vehicles must also have a noise level that conforms
to ECE Regulation No. 9: Uniform ProvisionsjSpncerning the Approval of Vehicles With
Regard to Noise of October 1968.
how standards are set
Regulations and standards governing many sources of air and water pollu-
tion and other environmental hazards are issued by the Minister of Fisheries and
the Environment and other ministers responsible for implementing environmental laws.
Regulations are generally drafted within the department administering an act, in
consultation with industry and provincial governments, then submitted to the Governor
-17-
-------
in Council for approval, and published in the Canada Gazette, taking effect imme-
diately or within a specified time period. Ministers are often authorized to set
up advisory committees to provide expert opinion on means of implementing an act
and to represent views of interested parties. Provincial environmental authorities
may establish more stringent standards to protect local areas that are extremely
sensitive to contamination or are already overburdened by pollution problems. Like-
wise, in areas under federal jurisdiction, the federal government may establish
special standards to protect sensitive areas.-^
-18-
-------
IV. Enforcement Procedures
court system
The provincial and federal court systems are ingetrated, with cases
generally originating in the privincial courts and moving up to the federal level
on appeal except in certain- cases where the federal courts have original jurisdiction.
While some environmental cases, such as those involving infraction of certain pro-
vincial laws or violation of the federal Criminal Code, may originate in the minor
provincial courts, most are tried in the superior provincial courts. The superior
provincial courts in Ontario, for example, include the county courts and the Supreme
Court of Ontario. The county courts have original jurisdiction in civil and crimi-
nal cases and hear appeals in criminal cases from the lower courts. The Supreme
Court of Ontario has two divisions, the High Court of Justice and the Court of
Appeals. The High Court of Justice has concurrent jurisdiction with the county
courts in civil and criminal cases and has exclusive jurisdiction in the most seri-
ous criminal cases. The Court of Appeals hears cases referred from the High Court
of Justice, the county courts, and, sometimes from the minor provincial courts.
The federal court system includes the Federal Court, which has a trial
division and an appeals division, the Supreme Court of Canada, and the territorial
courts. The trial division of the Federal Court hears cases involving the Crown,
disputes between the federal government and the provinces or between the provinces,
and violations under certain federal statutes. Environmental cases involving viola-
tion of the Canada Shipping Act are tried in this court.37 The appeals division
hears cases referred from the trial division and from federal boards and commiss,ions.
The Supreme Court of Canada hears appeals in major cases from the superior provin-
cial courts and from the appeals division of the Federal Court. It may also hear
any cases referred to it by the Governor-General.
-19-
-------
general
Generally, prosecutions may be brought against any polluter by the govern-
ment or by citizens under section 176 of the federal Criminal Code. This section
prohibits, under penalty of two years' imprisonment, nuisances endangering public
health or obstructing the public in the exercise of rights common to all.
water pollution - enforcement mechanisms and penalties
Under the Canada Water Act, water management agencies, established by
Environment Canada, alone or in cooperation with the provinces, operate public sew-
age treatment facilities and collect effluent discharge fees from polluting enter-
prises. They are also responsible for monitoring water quality and inspecting public
or private sewage treatment facilities within the area of their jurisdiction. In-
spectors, in enforcement of the act, may enter and search establishments suspected
of discharging wastes into waters regulated by the act, take samples of wastes, and
obtain copies of pertinent records and documents. Detergents and water conditioners
containing excessive amounts of phosphate compounds in violation of regulations
issued pursuant to the act may be seized by inspectors. Violators of the Canada
Water Act are subject to fines of $5,000 for each day on which an offense occurs.
In addition to fines, courts may issue restraining orders to prevent future viola -
tions.
Federal inspectors may be appointed to enforce pollution control regula-
tions issued under the Fisheries Act. Violators of these regulations are subject
to $5,000 fines. The water boards set up .under the Northern Inland Waters Act
are responsible for enforcing good water management practices in areas of the north-
ern territories. Pollution prevention officers appointed under the Canada Shipping
Act and the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act may seize ships suspected of
discharging wastes in violation of these acts and hold them until matters are re-
solved in court. Persons or ships found in violation of these acts are subject to
various fines up to $100,000.
-20-
-------
Finally, under the Ocean Dumping Act, anyone who dumps, or loads for
dumping, any substance on a ship, aircraft, platform or other man-made structure,
except in accordance with the terms of a permit is liable to a fine of up to
$50,000, $75,000, or $100,000 for each day of the offense, depending on the nature
of the substance dumped or intended for dumping. A person who disposes of a ship,
aircraft, platform or other man-made structure at sea, except in accordance with the
terms of a permit, is subject to a fine of up to $75,000. An inspector appointed
to enforce this act may enter any place in which he reasonably believes a substance
intended for dumping is being loaded on board a ship or aircraft if he believes
the craft has a substance intended for dumping aboard. In implementation of his
duties, he may take samples, require records, travel on any craft loaded with a
substance for dumping and detain any ship or aircraft for a reasonable time. If
he believes an offense has been committed, an inspector may also seize the ship or
aircraft with the consent of the Minister of the Environment.
air pollution - enforcement mechanisms and penalties
Cooperation between the federal and provincial governments is a basic
principle behind the implementation and enforcement of national air pollution legis-
lation. In absence of such cooperation, however, there are strong measures that
can be taken by the federal government to enforce compliance at the provincial and
municipal levels. Under the Clean Air Act, the Minister of the Environment is
authorized to enter into agreements with the provincial governments to facilitate
formulation and implementation of pollution abatement programs. In the absence
of such an agreement, however, the federal government may unilaterally issue national
emission standards for enterprises causing air pollution hazardous to public health
or resulting in violation of international air pollution abatement agreements.
The Minister may require polluting enterprises, under penalty of a $5,000
fine, to submit on a regular basis any information necessary to determine whether
-21-
-------
such standards are being met. Furthermore, works operated by the federal government
are directly regulated by the Minister, who may set specific emission standards
for such enterprises. Federal inspectors, appointed by the Minister, may shut
down federal works in violation of standards or require them to take remedial action.
They may also veto or require modifications in plans for alteration or construction
of these works. Failure to comply with an inspector's order is subject to a $5,000
fine. Violation of emission standards carries a maximum fine of $200,000 for each
day on which the offense occurs. In addition, violation of standards on fuel compo-
sition and concentrations of additives in fuels produced or imported for use in
Canada carries a $5,000 fine. Together, these provisions constitute federal .author-
ity to control serious sources of air pollution on a nationwide basis and provide a
strong inducement for federal-provincial cooperation in implementation and enforce-
ment of uniform air pollution standards throughout Canada.
agricultural pollution - enforcement mechanisms and penalties
Pollution associated with agriculture is regulated by the Department of
Agriculture under the Fertilizers Act and the Pest Control Products Act. The Minis-
ter acts in cooperation with other ministers to implement measures, related to agri-
culture, under other environmental legislation. Inspectors are appointed by the
Minister to enforce regulations on the manufacture, distribution, storage and use
of agricultural chemicals. Violators are subject to fines and imprisonment of up
to two years. Standards on management of effluents•from livestock and poultry
operations are also being elaborated.^
toxic substances - enforcement mechanisms and penalties
The Environmental Contaminants Act provides for fines of up to $100,000
or imprisonment for up to two years for persons or companies found guilty of not
meeting specified standards. Inspectors, appointed by the Minister of the Environ-
ment, have the right to enter premises, take samples, and examine records in the
enforcement of the provisions of this act.
-22-
-------
environmental impact assessment
The Environmental Assessment and Review Process, established by the Cabinet
in 1973, is mandatory for federal projects and recommended for others. The agency
initiating a project is to determine through preliminary screening, and with the
aid of the Regional Coordinating and Screening Committees of Environment Canada,
whether the project carries a significant impact on the environment. If such is the
case, the agency will request Environment Canada's Environment Assessment Panel to
formulate guidelines for the preparation of an impact statement and subsequently
to submit the statement with recommendations and public comments to the Minister
of the Environment and the minister of the sponsoring agency. The ministers are
then to make a joint decision on the project, with the Cabinet making the final deci-
39
sion in cases of disagreement.
The federal initiative for environmental assessment is in support of
similar action by provincial governments and includes provisions to establish joint
review boards with the provinces. Ontario recently enacted the Environmental
Assessment Act which requires environmental impact statements on all major projects
in the province. This legislation represents an innovative and significant step
forward in environmental planning.
-23-
-------
V- Interrelationships Setween Government and Industry
general
Recognizing that control of industrial pollution by regulation alone
puts the entire responsibility for pollution abatement on the government, Environ-
ment Canada encourages cooperation with industry in the prevention of environmental
degradation. Industries are urged to participate actively in developing environ-
mental protection regulations and pollution control methods.42 Advisory committees
representing industry, as well as other segments of society, may be established by
the Environment Minister under the Canada Water Act and the Clean Air Act to 'provide
information on related matters.
who pays?
The principle of making polluting industries pay the costs of pollution
abatement is embodied in the sewage treatment charges and the effluent discharge
fee provided for in the Canada Water Act and in the Maritime'Pollution Claims Fund
/ O
Regulations^ issued under the Canada Shipping Act. The sewage charges and effluent
fees help cover costs of operating public treatment plants and provide an incentive
to reduce the amount of wastewater discharged. Tax relief on installation of pollu-
tion control and monitoring equipment has provided a further incentive to reduce dis-
charge of industrial wastes. All water and air pollution control equipment is exemp-
ted from a 12 percent sales tax and, if installed by 1976, is entirely deductable
under an accelerated two-year depreciation allowance.44 The Maritime Pollution
Claims Fund is supported by a tax of 15 cents per ton of oil shipped into or out
of Canada. The Fund is to be used to pay for clean-up costs and damages from oil -
spills in cases where costs cannot be fully recovered from responsible parties.
major industries and how they are monitored
As a highly industrialized country with low population density, Canada
faces industrial pollution problems of a lesser degree than those in the United States.
-24-
-------
Industries which have received particular attention from Environment Canada include
shipping, petroleum refining and transport, metal mining and smelting, chlor-alkali
chemicals, pulp and paper, hydro-electric and thermal-electric generation, and agri-
45
cultural industries. Regulations affecting these enterprises are generally en-
forced by inspectors representing Environment Canada or the provincial pollution
control agency. In addition, industries are required under some regulations to
maintain facilities for monitoring discharge of wastes and to report regularly to
appropriate authorities. Daily effluent records must be kept open for inspection
or forwarded to the Environment Minister on a monthly basis by industries subject
to the Chlor-Alkali Mercury Regulations, the Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regu-
lations, and the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations. Under the Clean Air Act, the
Environment Minister may require that any enterprise suspected of releasing ends- i
sions into the air submit regular reports on the quantities and types of substances i
discharged. The Canada Shipping Act requires all ships sailing in Canadian waters
to maintain, for inspection by pollution prevention officers, an oil record book
detailing times, locations, and amounts of oil discharged. Likewise, the Arctic
Waters Pollution Prevention Act requires ships sailing in Arctic waters to report
any discharge of oil or other wastes.
The new Environmental Contaminants Act allows the Environment Minister
to monitor development of chemical substances posing dangers to health and the en-
vironment before they go into production. The Act empowers the Minister of the
Environment and the Minister of National Health and Welfare to obtain data on pos-V
sible environmental and public health consequences of their use, and, if necessary,
to restrict the commercial uses and disposal of such substances.
liaison practices
In order to carry out its responsibility for initiating action to prevent
and combat pollution, the Environmental Protection Service of Environment Canada
-25-
-------
maintains close contact with industry and provincial governments. Liaison with
industry and other governments is primarily the responsibility of this Service.46
-26-
-------
Reference Notes
Numbers in brackets following entries are the identification numbers assigned
to documents which have been abstracted for the Foreign Exchange Documents
Program of the EPA Office of International Activities. Copies of documents
are filed under these numbers at the EPA Headquarters Library in Washington, B.C.
1. Richard J. van Loon and Michael S. Whittington, The Canadian Political
System; Environment, Structure and Process, (New York: McGraw-Hill
Company of Canada Ltd., 1971), p 126.
2. ibid., p 133.
3. Canada, Environment Canada, "Reorganization—Environment Canada," News Release,
December 15, 1973, p 1. [ID #00944A]
4. Canada, Environment Canada, Environment Canada, Its Organization and Objectives,
(Ottawa: Information Canada, 1971). [ID //00942A] |
5. Canada, Department of the Environment, Annual Report. 1974-1975,
(Ottawa: Department of the Environment, 1975), p 37.
6. Canada, Statistique Canada, Annualre du Canada, (Ottawa: Information Canada,
1972), pp 551-552. [ID #021838]
7. OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Nuclear Legislation: Analytical Study,
(Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1972), p 63.
8. Dale Gibson, "Constitutional Jurisdiction Over Environmental Management in
Canada," University of Toronto Law Journal, vol. 23, (1973) ,pp 54-87.
[ID #01808A] """
9. ibid., pp 57-58.
10. ibid., pp 55-58.
11. Paul Emond, "The Case for a Greater Federal Role in the Environmental Protection
Field: An Examination of the Pollution Problem and the Constitution,"
Osgoode Hall Law Journal, vol. 10, (1972), pp 647-680.J
12. British North America Act, sections 91, 92 and 108.
13. Canada, Environment Canada, Canada and the Human Environment, (Ottawa: Information
Canada, 1972), p 18.
14. van Loon, op. cit., p 480.
15. ibid. , p 484.
16. "An Act To Amend the Fisheries Act," Revised Statutes of Canada, c. 17
(First Supplement. 1970). [ID //00512C]
17. Canada and the Human Environment, op. cit., p 43.
-27-
-------
18. Statistique Canada, op. cit., p 552.
19- Canada and the Human Environment, op. cit., p 22.
20. ibid., p 60.
21. Canada Gazette, part 2, vol. 107, (1973), pp 2720-2727. [ID #00512E]
22> _ » Part 2, vol. 105, :(1971), pp 1886-1892. :[ID //00512D]
23' — > Part 2> vol. 106, (1972), pp 436-440. .[ID #00512B]
24. Canada, Environment Canada, "Petroleum Refinery Pollution Control Regulations
Announced," News Release, November 1, 1973, p 1. [ID #00512F]
25. Canada Gazette, part 2, vol. 104, (1970), p 863. [ID #00521B]
26" » part 2, vol. 105, (.1971), pp 1723-1734. [ID #003700]
27>- » Part 2> vol. 105, (1971), pp 2134-2135. [ID //00370E]
28. "Shipping Safety Control Zones Order," Canada Gazette, part 2 vol 106
no. 16, pp 1468-1474. [ID #00514C] ~~
29. "Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Regulations," Canada Gazette part 2
vol. 106, (1972), pp 1033-1037. [ID #005148] "
30. Canada, Environment Canada, "Maximum Tolerable Levels Announced for the
Five Major Mr Contaminants," News Release, September 8, 1976 pp 1-5
[ID #03986A] ' PP
31. Canada, Environment Canada, "National Air Quality Objectives Proposed for
Hydrogen Sulfide and Hydrogen Fluoride," News Release, September 8 1976
pp 1-3. [ID #03984A]
32. Canada, Environment Canada, Air Pollution Control Directorate, Canada1s
Air Pollution Control Program. (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1975), p 2.
33. ibid.. p 4.
34. Canada, Environment Canada, "National Emission Regulations Announced for
Asbestos Mining and Milling Industry," News Release. December 15 1975
PP 1-2. [ID #03808A] ' '
35. Canada, Environment Canada, "Mercury Emissions Regulations Announced "
News Release, May 31, 1976, pp 1-2. [ID #03882A]
36. Canada and the Human Environment, pp. .'cit. , p 26.
37. van Loon, op_..cit. , p 159.
38. Canada and the Human Environment, op. cit., p 76.
-28-
-------
39. Canada, Environment Canada, The Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure
(EARP). Procedures and Responsibilities, (Ottawa!Environment Canada, 1976),
pp 1-7. [ID //03911A]
40. Canada, Environment Canada, "Federal Government Developments To Be Screened
for Environmental Effects," News Release, March 14, 1974, pp 1-3. [ID #01850A]
41. "The Environmental Assessment Act, 1975," ECO/LOG: Canadian Pollution Legislation,
(ongoing publication), Ontario Section, pp 219-227.
42. Canada and the Human Environment, op. cit. , p 38. ;
A3.- Canada Gazette, vol. 106, (1972), pp 226-229. [ID #00370C]j
44. Canada and the Human Environment, op. cit., p 27.
45. ibid., pp 21-23, 27, 36.
46. Environment Canada, Its Organization and Objectives, op. cit. -
-29-
-------
Air Contaminants
sulfur dioxide
sulfur dioxide
O
I
suspended participate
matter
suspended particulate
matter
carbon monoxide
Concentrations
a) 0 to 30 micrograms per
cubic mater annual
arithmetic mean
b) 0 to 150 nlcrograms per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a 24 hour
period
c) 0 to 450 micro grama per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a one
hour period
a) 30 to 60 mlcrograms per
cubic meter annual arith-
metic ucan
b) 150 co 300 micrograna per
cubic me cur average con-
centration over a 24 hour
period
c) 450 to 900 microgrous per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a ono hour
period
0 to 60 mlcrograma per
cubic meter annual geo-
metric mean
a) 60 to 70 mtcrograms per
cubic meter annual geo- •",•
metric mean
b) 0 to 120 micrograms par
cubic meter average con-
centration over a 24 hour
period
a) 0 to 6 milligrams per cubic
meter average concentra-
tion over an 8 hour period
b) 0 to 15 milligrams per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a one hour
period
Range of Quality
Air Contaminants
Carbon monoxide
Desirable
oxldanta (ozone)
Acceptable
oxldants (ozono)
Desirable
Acceptable
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
Desirable
Concentretion
a) 6 to 15 milligrams per
cubic Dieter average
concentration over an
. B hour period
b) 15 to 35 milligrams per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a one
hour period
a) 0 to 30 alcrograna per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a 24 hour
period
b) 0 to 100 nlcrograns per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a one hour
period
a) 0 to 30 nlcrograiia per
cubic meter annual arith-
metic mean
b) 30 to 50 Blcrograua per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a 24 hour
period
c) 100 to 160 •Icrograms per
cubic meter average con-
centration over a one hour
period
0 to 60 micrograna per cubic
meter annual arithmetic mean
a) 0 to 100 nlcrograma per
cubic meter annual
arithmetic mean
b) 0 to 200 mlcrogromg per
cubic metor average
concentration over a 24
hour period
c) 0 to 400 alcrograma per
cubic meter average
concentration over a one
hour period •
Rant-'e Q[ Quality
Acceptable
Desirable
fc
^
m
Acceptable
Desirable
Acceptable
Hatipnal Ambient Air Quality,Objectives
-------
APPENDIX II
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT
GENERAL
Government Organization Act, 1970
Criminal Code
AIR
Clean Air Act, 1970
Ambient Air Quality Objectives, 1974
Ambient Air Quality Objectives," No. 2, 1975
Secondary Lead Smelter National Emission Standards
Regulations, 1976
Cement Industry National Emission Guidelines, 1974
Asphalt Paving Industry National Emission Guidelines, 1975
Metallurgical Coke Manufacturing Industry National Emission
Guidelines, 1975
Lead-Free Gasoline Regulations, 1973
Leaded Gasoline Regulations, 1974
Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 1970
Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations, 1970
Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations Amendment, June 27, 1974
Canada Shipping Act
Railway Act
NOISE
Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations Amendment, June 27, 1974
Canada Noise Control Regulations
ID No.*
02011A
00839A
00356A
00356J
00356D
00356K
00356C
00356G
00356G
00356E
00356B
00358A
00358A,B,C
01661A
00984A
*These are the identification numbers assigned to documents abstracted for the
Foreign Exchange Documents Program of the EPA Office of International Activities.
-31-
-------
PESTICIDES
Fertilizers Act, 1957
Fertilizers Regulations, 1969
Pest Control Products Act, 1968-1969
Pest Control Products Regulations, 1972
RADIATION
Atomic Energy Control Act
Atomic Energy Control Regulations, 1974
Radiation Emitting Devices Act, 1970
Radiation Emitting Devices Regulations, 1972
Nuclear Liability Act
SOLID WASTE
National Parks Act
National Parks Garbage Regulations, 1968
Indian Reserve Waste Disposal Regulations, 1974
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
December 2, 1975 Environmental Contaminants Act
WATER
Fisheries Act, as amended
Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations, 1971
Chlor-Alkali Mercury Regulations, 1972 /•
Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regulations, 1973
Fish Processing Plants Liquid Effluent Guidelines, 1975
Canada Water Act, 1970
Phosphorus Concentration Control Regulations, 1970
Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, 1970
July 26, 1972 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Regulations
-32-
00594A-
00595C
00595B
00595A
00 70 8 A
00708H
00706A
00706B
00705A
00838A
03631A
00512A
00512D
005123
00512E
00521A
00521B
00514A
00514B
-------
October 5, 1972 Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention
Regulations
August 2, 1972 Shipping Safety Control Zones Order
Northern Inland Waters Act, 1970
Navigable Waters Protection Act
Canada Shipping Act
Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations, 1971
Garbage Pollution Prevention Regulations, 1971
Ocean Dumping Act, 1975
Ocean Dunging Regulations, 1975
00514C
00517A
00513A
00370A
00370D
00370E
03070A
03070B
-33-
------- |