EPA-330/9-81-002
PB82-103755
NEIC Manual for Groundwater/Subsurface
Investigations at Hazardous Waste Sites
(U.S.) National Enforcement Investigations
Center, Denver, CO
Jul 81
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
NTIS
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'"32-133755
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
V
EPA-330/9-81-002
NEIC MANUAL FOR
GROUNDWATER/SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS
AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
July 1981
Steven W. Sisk
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Denver, Colorado
REPRODUCED BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT Of COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD. VA. 2161
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION
PAGE
1. REPORT NO. , .__
EPA-330/9-81-002
I03F73 5
*' lYc^nual for Groundwater/Subsurface Investigations at
Hazardous Waste Sites
5. Report Date
July 1981
7. Authors)
Steven W. Sisk_
8. Parforming Organization Rapt. No.
9. Performing Organization Nama and Address
10. Protact/Task/Work Unit No.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Enforcement Investigations Center
Building 53, Box 25227
Denver Federal Center
Denver. Colorado 80225
11. ContractfO or Grant(G) No.
(C)
(G)
12. Sponsoring Organization Nama and Address
Same as box 9-
13. Typa of Report & Period Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
The manual presents a systematic approach to conducting groundwater/subsurface
(hydrogeologic) investigations at hazardous waste sites. The procedures include
obtaining background information, inspecting and monitoring the site, and installing
monitoring wells. Suggested information gathering activities are proposed and major
considerations for designing and/or evaluating a monitoring well network are
presented. The subject areas and information types are not prioritized because
each groundwater pollution problem occurs in a unique hydrogeologic setting. By
considering the potential data use in each subject area and the characteristics
of the site under study, the investigator determines the types and extent ot
information required to define a particular pollution problem. _
Also included are seven appendices that describe sources of hydrogeologic and
other relevant data, fundamentals of groundwater hydrology, procedures for well
drilling and equipment for borehole air sampling. More than 80 cited and
bibliographic references are presented.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
b. Idantifiara/Opan-Endexi Terms
REMODUCEO BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPSWGFIEIO, VA. 22151
c. COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement
Release Unlimited
19. Security Class (This Report;
Unclassified
2O, Security Class (This Paga)
Unclassified
21. No. of Pages
22. Price
(Saa ANSI-Z39.1S)
Sa* Instructions on Reverse
. KWM 272 (4-77)
(Fomw.y NTIS-35)
Department of Commerce
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NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED
FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY
THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT
IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS
ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED
IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE
AS MUCH INFORMATION AS "POSSIBLE.
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DISCLAIMER
Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
This manual presents major information needs and
procedures for conducting groundwater/subsurface
investigations at hazardous waste sites, including con-
siderations for installing permanent monitoring wells.
It is written for users who have a working knowledge
of environmental investigations.
To make this manual as useful as possible, it will be
periodically updated and revised.
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CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION . . .
PURPOSE AND :COPE .'.'.'.'. ......................... l
APPLICATION OF HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES ..................... -1
MANUAL FORMAT . ..................... 1
.............................. 2
II OBTAINING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
PURPOSE .... ........................ *
CULTURAL DETAILS . ............................. 4
HY.DROGEOLOGIC SETTING *. ......................... *
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS. . . I I I I | | | | | | | | | ............. 5
III INSPECTING AND EVALUATING THE SITE
PURPOSE ....... .......... * ............ 1*
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 'GATHERING ....................... 14
SITE INSPECTION ...................... 1*
.............................. 15
IV SITE MONITORING .
PURPOSE ....... I!'. ......................... 28
GENERAL SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS ........................ **
GROUNDWATER MONITORING ....................... 2S
SURFACE WATER MONITORING ........................ 31
AIR MONITORING . .......................... 42
............................... 45
V INSTALLING MONITORING WELLS
PURPOSE ........ .......................... *6
PURPOSE OF MONITORING" WELLS .......................... 4S
PLANNING THE MONITORING NETWORK ........................ 4f
DESIGNING THE WELLS ....................... 47
INSTALLING THE NETWORK I I I I I | | | | | .................. 55
....................... 62
LITERATURE SOURCES .............
********•*••••*••••..... 67
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION SOURCES
B WELL DRILLING SESULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
C FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUNOWATER HYDROLOGY
D WELL DRILLING METHODS
' FDR VOUTIU ORGANICS
G DRILLING, SAF.ETY PROCEDURES
TABLES
1 Types and Sources of Geologic Information . . 7
2 Types and Sources of Hydrologic Information '.'..III ..... ' : ....... ,T
3 Grain Size Classification ................. U
4 Constituents in Industrial and ^nixjipal' W..st*water I .............. if
5 Purgmg Equipment Saleetion . . '" •...1^"'uer ••_••-..-, .......... 2|
7 ?™e?UtS^eS,a"d US6S for P1ann^8 MonUoHng'weli Networks' I I I I ..... io
7 Appropriate Analys-es for Dis.turb«
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I. INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) is increasingly
called upon to investigate hazardous waste disposal sites (HWSs) with em-
phasis on assessing pollutant movement in the subsurface. Personnel for-
merly engaged in other aspects of environmental monitoring now find them-
selves trying to unravel the "mysteries" of groundwater flow. For these
reasons, a need has arisen to define and describe procedures for conducting
groundwater/subsurface investigations at HWSs. This document addresses that
need.
Groundwater/subsurface investigations require gathering information
primarily in the areas of hydrology and geology. The relatively new dis-
cipline that addresses both these fields is hydrogeology. This manual pro-
vides guidance and identifies available information sources for conducting
hydrogeologic investigations at HWSs. Other literature discussing hazardous
waste site evaluations is available.53-61*
APPLICATION OF HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES
In general, hydrogeologic studies range from exploratory to interpre-
tive. Exploratory or "detective" monitoring estaolishes the presence or
absence of contaminants and the need for more comprehensive monitoring. By
contrast, interpretive monitoring determines damage extent and defines po-
tential remedial actions. NEIC surveys are typically exploratory, often
resulting in interpretive studies conducted by others with NEIC overview.
This distinction is made to establish the target of NEIC investigations and
to emphasize the need for clearly defined objectives.
References cited in the text are not in chronological order. The
"Literature Sources," which follows the narrative, includes both texr
and bibliographic references alphabetized by author's last name.
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Defining study objectives is a fundamental step in any, including a
hydrogeo"logic, investigation. Common objectives of HWS hydrogeologic stud-
ies include:
1. Identify the problem
2. Define the problem
3. Gather evidence for enforcement purposes
4. Evaluate remedial measures
NEIC field studies at HWSs usually address only the first three ob-
jectives. However, NEIC personnel are commonly involved in evaluating data
developed by company personnel and/or consultants for the purpose of pre-
scribing or undertaking remedial measures.
MANUAL FORMAT
The procedure followed by NEIC in any investigation is to conduct, in
an orderly manner, various information collecting activities or steps. As
data are collected and evaluated, the extent and magnitude of the pollution
problem becomes more clearly defined. As the problem is defined, the need
for additional data collection, enforcement action, and/or remedial measures
can be determined.
• The following chapters describe the activities which generally occur
in evaluating groundwater/subsurface pollution problems at hazardous waste
sites including:
1. Obtaining background information
2. Inspecting and evaluating the site
3. Site monitoring
4. Installing monitoring wells
In the chapters that address 1 through 3 above, the purpose of the
activity is presented, followed by pertinent subject areas that are dis-
cussed in terms of potential data use and collection procedures. The final
chapter addresses major considerations for designing and/or evaluating a
monitoring well network.
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The subject areas and information types are not prioritized because
each groundwater pollution problem occurs in a unique hydrogeologic set-
ting. By considering the potential data use in each subject area and the
characteristics of the site under study, the investigator determines (usual-
ly with the aid of a hydrogeologist) the types and extent of information
required to define a particular pollution problem.
Following the text are the appendices and literature sources. The
seven appendices describe the locations of hydrogeologic and other relevant
data, fundamentals of groundwater hydrology, procedures for well-drill ing,
and equipment for air sampling. More than 80 literature sources are pre-
sented in an alphabetical listing after Chapter V. All references are
available to NEIC personnel through either the library or staff collections.
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II. OBTAINING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
PURPOSE
Background information is that which is available or can be obtained
from existing records. Research detail is governed by the extent of infor-
mation and project scope. The initial objective is to define, with minimum
resource expenditure, the probable magnitude of the pollution problem and
the potential for legal action. Information obtained can often be used
when planning and conducting field work and preparing the report; therefore,
the review should be as thorough and accurate as possible. Preliminary
background information collection could lead to:
1. Refinement of investigation objectives
2. Identification of data needs to meet the refined
objectives
3. A plan for the site inspection and evaluation to
fulfill needs
4. A resource base for conducting subsequent project activities
When an investigation begins, relevant data types and sources are sel-
dom known; consequently, a variety of subject areas must be evaluated in
regard to the study site to select appropriate research areas. Three major'
subject areas are discussed here as beginning points for information gather-
ing: (a) cultural-details, (b) hydrogeologic setting, and (c) safety,
considerations during field work. Sources of information discussed in this
chapter are presented in Appendix A.
CULTURAL DETAILS
Cultural details are those related to man's activities as opposed to
natural phenomena. This information is usually obtained from EPA regional"
offices, other Federal, state, and local government files, and Company
(site owner, transporter, generator) records [Appendix A, Part 1]. The
following are suggested data which should be gathered for any site, if
available.
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1. Land use in the area
2. Site use prior to waste disposal
3. Site preparation prior to waste disposal; identifying predisposal
engineering or geological studies and records of soil tests
4. Types and volumes of wastes disposed of
5. Sources of waste
6. Chronology and location of waste disposal
7. Total active life of site
8. Approximate volume of waste present (total area and thickness)
9. Site ownership and relationship of owner(s) to waste source(s)
10. Permits and site approval correspondence
a. Past and pending legal problems
b. Citizen complaints
11. Established monitoring points and historical data
12. Records of catastrophic events (fires, explosions, floods, etc.)
13. Reported health problems attributed to the site
14. Location of buried utilities passing through site
15. Other potential sources of pollutants
16. Groundwater use in the area
17. Information on how the site was closed (if not active)
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
To assess groundwater impacts from an HWS, there must be an under-
standing of how the waste deposit interacts with the surface and subsurface
environments (hydrogeologic setting) in both space and time. The substance
of the study is to assemble data for this assessment including site geol-
ogy* hydrology, and climate.
The following discussion presents types of information that are gath-
ered about the hydrogeologic setting. Information sources include
published and unpublished literature, maps, computer data basas, personal
contacts, and aerial photography [Appendix A].
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Geology
Relevant geologic information includes regional and site specific data
pertaining to both consolidated (bedrock) and unconsolidated formations.
Those factors that affect water movement and quality are most important.
If nothing is known about the geologic setting of the site, research stra-
tigraphy first [Table 1]. If other geologic factors are of concern, stra-
ti-graphic information is likely to provide clues as to which are important.
For example, if stratigraphy is complex due to faults and folds, "structural
features" would be an appropriate subject to research. If certain forma-
tions are found to contain abundant lead-bearing minerals, then "mineral
resources" should be researched. Judgment is exercised to determine the
extent of information gathering in any subject area.
Site geology is often expressed in the surface topography as land forms
because geologic structure is a dominant control factor in their -evolution.7S
After identifying geologic features, plot them on the topographic map so
the geologic setting can be related to observable land forms [Figure 1].
These land forms will be evaluated during the site visit regarding their
potential to direct surface and/or subsurface water toward the disposal
site [Figure 2]. '.
Primary sources of geologic information.are the U.S. and state Geologi-
caVSurveys [Appendix A, Parts 2 and 6]. Much of the published literature
is available from the USGS library in Golden, Colorado and from various
USGS offices at the Denver Federal Center [Appendix A, Part 2].
Hydrology
Water transports pollutants from disposal sites into the surrounding
environment [Figure 2]. Pertinent hydrologic information relates to trans-
port water sources (i.e., rainfall and upgradient groundwater flow) and
downgradient movement on the land surface or in the subsurface through per-
meable media. No single factor prevails at all sites; therefore, several
characteristics of local hydrology must be assessed for their relative
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Table 1
TYPES AND SOURCES OF GEOLOGIC INFORMATION
Topic
Definition and Sources
Stratigraphy Stratigraohic data are formations! designations, age, thickness, areal extant,
composition, sequence, and correlations. Aquifers and confining formations are
identified so that units likely to transport pollutants can be delineated.
Lateral changes in formations (facies change) are noted if present. Information
can be obtained from the USGS library in Golden and from major state university .
libraries, in addition to sources mentioned previously.
Structural Structural features include folds, faults, joints/fractures, and interconnected
Features voids (i.e., caves and lava tubes). Deformed, inclined, or broken rock forma-
tions can control topography, surface drainage, and groundwater recharge and
flow. Joints and fractures are commonly major avenues of water transport and
usually occur in parallel sets. Solution features such as enlarged joints,
sinkholes, and caves are common in limestone rocks and promote rapid grounawater
movement. Pertinent data on structural features would include type, compass
orientation, dip direction and angle, and stratigraphy. Information can be ob-
tained from the sources listed for "Stratigraphy".
Mineral Mineral resources refer to commercial deposits of minerals, quarry rock, sand/
Resources gravel, oil and gas. Such deposits near ,the study area are identified and
located. These may represent pollutant sources to be considered when planning
a sampling survey. Mines and quarries can often be used for direct examination
of otherwise unexposed subsurface materials. USGS topographic maps show most.
mines/quarries and oil fields. Aerial photographs snd ground level pictures
from USGS studies can be helpful in identifying ana locating these.features
[Appendix A, Parts 2 and 3]. County soil surveys published by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture are useful because they are printed as overlays on aerial
photographs. They are available through state conservation offices [Appendix A,
Part 5]. Other published and unpublished literature is available from sources
listed for "Stratigraphy".
Seismic In active seismic zones, disposal site covers and liners may prematurely fail
Activity due to earth movement along faults. For this reason, fault locations and the
seismic history of the study area are determined. A telephone call to the state
geological survey is recommended as the first step when seeking this type of in-
formation [Appendix A, Part 6].
Formation Information about the origin of a deposit or formation (i.e., volcanic, meta-
Origins morphic, stream-laid, etc.) gives clues to the hydrogeologist about structure,
grain-size distribution (laterally and vertically), weathering, and perme-
aoilities. Information can be obtained from sources listed for "Stratigraphy".
Weathering Bedrock and unconsolidated deposits, such as glacial till and windblown loess.
Profile develop characteristic weathering profiles. Zones in those profiles may be more
permeable than others. The zones should be identified and characterized by com-
position and thickness. Weathering profiles for shallow depths (less than 10 ft)
are usually presented in county soil survey maps and are discussed under "Mineral
Resources".
Grain-size Grain-size analysis, conducted on samples from unconsolidated formations, yields
Distributions the proportion of material for a specifiea size range. Range distrioutions can
be used to estimate permeabilities, design monitoring wells and enable the
hydrologist to better interpret stratigraphy. Such an^.yses are most often per-
formed during pre-construction engineering/soils studies for a site and may be
obtained from local consulting firms in addition to other sources mentioned
previously.
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• /\ ° ]/-N iT **%**&%?•((: "^17^\ "~>>i~*><*
^t\J%flff P% ^
/•: i (Trmdfg^fcra. >l
M<*t,un«TM*y* t«r-*«T" |*;s
LT*1%. \
Reproduced from
best available ;ooy.
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( PRECIPITATION
+ IRRIGATION) yv
(SURFACE
RUNOFF)
X 7 (EVAPOTRANSPIRATION)
PERCOLATION
(UNDERFLOW)
DIRECTION OF
GROUNDWATER FLOW
Figure 2. Simplified Landfill Water Balance
(fiom Refefence 23, fijwe
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10
importance [Table 2]. During an investigation, all topics presented in
Table 2 should be addressed. Again, the investigator's judgment is
required to determine the extent of data gathering on a particular subject.
Understanding groundwater hydrology involves creating a three-
dimensional image of the site. As hydrogeologic data are gathered, draw
vertical cross-sectional diagrams for visualizing subsurface conditions.and
identifying data deficiencies. Delineate waste deposits, geologic forma-
tions, aquifers, structures, and water tables or confined aquifer pressure
surfaces (piezometric surfaces) [Figure 3].
Evaluating hydrologic data usually requires more specialized knowledge
and experience than the geologic data because more judgment is needed. A
basic understanding of the natural paths and rates of groundwater movement
is important in evaluating groundwater pollution problems. A section on
the fundamentals of groundwater hydrology, excerpted from a Princeton Uni-
versity training course manual, is presented in Appendix C. A more basic
discussion on rocks and their water-bearing properties is presented in a
publication by 0. C. Meinzer.47
Climate
Climatic data, such as precipitation, temperature, wind movement, and
evaporation potential, are essential background information. Precipitation
records need to be-complete enough to delineate-seasonal trends which- sug-
gest periods of groundwater recharge. Temperature and wind data aid in
evaluating airborne pollutant movement. Evaporation potentials"enable cal-
culation of subsurface water loss from waste liquid impoundments. Both pan
and lake evaporation data have been compiled for most of the country. Re-
cent climatic data can be obtained from the NEIC Technical Information
staff and reference 6. Historical data are summarized in references 27 and
78 available at the USGS library in Golden [Appendix A, Part 2].
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Table 2
TYPES AND SOURCES OF HYDROLOGIC INFORMATION
Topic
Definition and Sources
Surface
Drainage
Ground and
Surface Water
Relationsnips
Underlying
Aqui fers
Oeoth to
Groundwater
WaterA/aste
Contact
Water
Quality
Surface drainage information includes tributary relationships, stream widths, depths, channel
elevations, and flow data. The nearest permanent gaging station and period of record are also
determined. A USGS 1\ minute topographic map will show some of the necessary information. Gag-
ing stations and flow data can be identified and obtained through USGS data bases [Appendix A,
Part 2] and from the NEIC Technical Information staff.
Streams near HWSs can either receive groundwater inflow or lose water by channel exfi1tration.
Hydrologic literature is reviewed to determine if local streams are "gaining" or "losing".
Losing streams are common in areas of limestone bedrock and those with arid climates and
coarse-grained channel substrates.
Potential groundwater recharge areas are also identified. Flat areas or depressions noted on
the topographic are suspect, while steep slopes normally promote runoff. Stereo-pair aerial
photographs can be useful in these determinations [Appendix I, Part 3]. Irrigated fields
detected in aerial photographs suggest recharge areas; swampy, wet areas suggest areas of"
groundwater discharge.
Information is collected to delineate aquifer type (unconfined, confined, or perched), composi-
tion, boundaries, hydraulic properties (permeability, porosity, transmissivity, etc.), and in-
terconnection with other aquifers (direction of leakage). These data are generally available
through geological survey publications.
As used here, depth to groundwater refers to the vertical distance from the ground surface to
the standing water level in a well. In a confined aquifer, the depth to water reoresents a
point on a "piezometric" surface. The depths will limit the types of equipment that can be used
for purging and sampling. Probable groundwater flow directions (both horizontal and vertical)
are determined by comparing depths to water adjusted for estimated ground surface elevation.
Data may be octained from USGS and other data bases through the NEIC Technical Information staff
and various records listed in Appendix A, Part 1.
Possible ways that water could contact wastes are researched to understand how pollutants are
carried into the environment and for later consideration in designing remedial measures. Pos-
sibilities include:
1. Precipitation falling directly on wastes
2. Precipitation infiltrating through cover materials
3. Flooawater (determine flood frequencies and elevations, compare to waste elevation)
4. Grounawater (compare elevations of wastes and groundwater)
Pertinent information may be obtained from various records listed in Appendix A, Part 1 and from
data oases accessed by the NEIC Technical Information staff.
The quality of ground and surface water in an area will define, to a large extent, potential
uses. Leachate from an HWS can degrade water quality to the extent that practical use is
lir.ited or terminated. Knowledge of natural or Background water quality and water uses are
required to assess leachate imports. The quality of surface waters is usually availaole from
EPA, USGS, and state records [Appendix A, Part 1]. Groundwater data will prooably be quite
limited for any given area, but may be discussed through USGS Water Resources Division offices,
state geological surveys [Appendix A, Parts 2 and 5], and County health departments.
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fill
LEGEND
'—' *r'" ® Gcoun«l«ol«<
El Alluvium ~JT Top ef COffd
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13
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Evaluating safety hazards is an important consideration in background
research. Information on safety practices for HWS investigations is avail-
able in the literature.56 Review health effects data for chemicals suspect-
ed to be present at the site so that "informed judgment" regarding safety
can be ensured. Later, the information may be useful for assessing impacts.
Hazard information and safety precautions will be especially critical if
onsite drilling is necessary [Section V].
Health hazard information for chemicals is available from data
bases accessed by the NEIC Technical Information staff [Appendix A,
Part 4].9-17-35-57-58-64-70-73-81 One suggested reference, the NIOSH/OSHA
Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, presents recommended safety gear and po-
tential health effects for 380 chemicals.59 Similar information for more
than 1,000 chemicals is contained in the OHM-TADS* data base which covers
materials commonly encountered in industrial or transportation spill
incidents.
Oil and Hazardous Materials ~ Technical Assistance Data System.
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14
III. INSPECTING AND EVALUATING THE SITE
P-URPOSE
Site inspection objectives are to expand the background information
gathered on the site and to visually assess the potential for groundwater
pollution. Information is gathered from persons, records, and site
observations.
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION GATHERING
The first step in the onsite inspection is to contact responsible
Company officials, if available, and conduct interviews for necessary
information not previously obtained and to confirm that information from
background research. Address any of the following that may be pertinent to
the investigation:
1. Site operating history and ownership
2. Site layout
3. Waste sources
4, Waste handling
5. Waste storage • .'
6. Waste treatment
7. Waste disposal practices
8. Past and pending legal actions regarding
environmental problems
9. Any data the Company has generated regarding offsite
migration of wastes
Review any available Company records for waste shipments, trans-
porters, treatment, and disposal. Determine normal waste inventories,
storage methods (drums, bulk tanks, rubber bladders, etc.), and storage
areas to locate potential spill areas and identify past problems. Handle
any confidential information supplied by the Company in accordance with the
NEIC Policies jnd Procedures Manual.54 The best policy is to accept confi-
dential information only when absolutely necessary.
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15
Identify and locate other nearby disposal areas and, if appropriate,
inspect these other facilities. Potential sources of groundwater pollution
in the vicinity of the site under investigation must also be identified and
evaluated for a proper assessment.
SITE INSPECTION
Once preliminary site information has been assembled, visually examine
the site with knowledgeable Company personnel, if available. Record
observations in a project logbook and develop a site map. Plant drawings
and/or aerial photographs are commonly used as a base for these maps. If
no such base is available, draw a sketch using a compass and measuring
tape or calibrated rangefinder. If possible, adjust the compass for the
magnetic declination of the area so that the resultant map will be directly
comparable to published maps and other drawings.
Take photographs at various locations to document conditions and
provide visual proof of potential hazards. Obtain permission from the
facility representative to take photographs and enter the appropriate
information about each picture in a project logbook.54
Many features observable during the site visit may relate directly to
the groundwater pollution problem. The investigator must understand-the
potential significance of features, such as those presented in the fol-
lowing subsections, and make proper note of each. Field observations can
then later be discussed with a hydrogeologist to develop an assessment of
the potential pollution problem.
Geomorphic Features
As previously noted, geologic structure is a primary factor in land
form evolution. Also, the natural erosional or depositional history of a
site can often be deduced from land forms. Identify common geomorphic
features, when present, such as flood plains, stream terraces, glacial
moraines, dunes, sinkholes, drainage divides, and valley profiles and .nark
their location on the site map.
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16
Topography and Drainage Patterns
Topography and drainage observations aid in evaluating surface runoff,
infiltration, and groundwater flow possibilities. Topography around the
site governs surface water flow and suggests the probable direction of
groundwater flow. Drainage patterns may indicate bedrock control, through
joints or structures, which could influence groundwater flow [Figure 4].
On the site map, indicate potential infiltration areas (i.e., flat
areas underlain by permeable materials) and slope drainage toward stream
channels. Identify drainage patterns and topographic relief on both a
local and regional scale (usually from USGS T\ minute topographic maps or
aerial photographs).
Springs and Seeps
Springs and seeps represent groundwater discharge and are generally a
result of the water table intersecting the land surface or of leakage from
an artesian aquifer. Locate any such feature on the site map and describe
both the physical characteristics of the flow (i.e., color and odor) and
the materials from which it emanates. Determine the discharge flow rate
using direct methods if possible.5
Surface Water Bodies
Surface water bodies, such as streams and impoundments, may be con-
tributing to or receiving groundwater flow [Figure 5]. Their importance in'
this regard must be evaluated. Locate streams, rivers, and/or impoundments
located within 0.5 mile of the site and describe them in terms of physical
dimensions, source waters, and topographic relation to the HWS. Obtain and
use available water level records for the identified surface watsr bodies
together with groundwater elevation data to predict the direction of ground-
water flow and pollutant movement. Access to stream and impoundment moni-
toring locations and records is presented in Appendix A, Part 2.
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Dendritic occurs on rocks of uniform resistance
to erosion and on gentle regional slopes.
Parallel occurs on steep regional slopes.
frell is occurs in areas of folded rocks with r.a-
jor divides formed along outcrops cf resistant
rocks arid valleys on easily eroded rocks.
Rectangular occurs in areas where joints and
faults intersect at right angle.
Radial occurs on flanks of.domes end volcanoes
where there is no effect of differing rock
resistance.
Annular occuis on eroded structural domes and
basins, where resistant outcrops forn major di-
vides and weak rocks form valleys (a concentric
type of trellis pattern).
Mill ti-basinal occurs in areas where the original
drainage pattern has been disrupted by glacia-
tion, recent volcanism, limestone solution, or
permafrost.
Contorted occurs in areas of cornplex geology
where dikes veins, faults or meta-orphic rocks
control the pattern.
The fishhook pattern of the main stream might
also result from capture of a northeast flowing
stream by the southward flowing main stream.
Source. A. D. Howard, Drainage Analysis in Geologic Interpretation:
A Summation, AAPG Bull. 1967
Figure 4. Basic Drainage Patterns
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Effluent streams gain water because the water table is above the
stream level.
• Influent streams lose water to the aquifer because the stream level is
higher than the water table.
Figure 5. Effluent and Influent Streams
(From Reference JQ. Figure 3)
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19
Surficial Materials
Groundwater recharge from infiltrating precipitation depends on the
permeability of surficial materials and rainfall intensity. General soils
information is found in USDA County Soils Maps [Appendix A, Part 5].
Examine surficial materials at several representative locations and
classify them by grain size and degree of sorting, as a minimum. A shallow
hole excavated by shovel or hand auger is desirable to obtain suitable
samples for examination. Use the following table as a guide for describing
grain sizes.
Table 3
GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATION
Classification
Grain Size
(mm) (in.)
Common
Reference
Gravel
Very coarse sand
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt
Clay
1 to 2
1/2 to 1
1/4 to 1/2
1/8 to 1/4
1/16 to 1/8
1/256 to 1/16
0.08
0.04 to 0.08
0.02 to 0.04
0.01 to 0.02
0.005 to 0.01
0.002 to 0.005
0.00015 to less
than 0.002
<0.00015
1/10 in. or larger
Sand grains visible
to unaided eye
Grains not visible
to unaided eye
Distinguish silts and clays using a lOx hand lens; if fine gra-'ns are
visible, the material is probably silt. Describe grain size mixtures by
using subordinate fraction names as modifiers for the dominant fraction
(i.e., silty sand). Denote the range in grain sizes by descriptors ranging
from "poorly" to "well" sorted, depending on the degree of uniformity.
Describe other features such as color, plasticity, organic content, and
dessication cracks. Determine colors through comparison with standard soil
color charts.*
Munsall Soil Color Charts, MacBeth Division, 2441 .Vorth Calvent Street,
Baltimore, Md. 21218
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20
Bedrock Outcrops
Locate bedrock outcrops on the site map, record the physical dimen-
sions, and identify the rock type. Also measure major joint trends and
formationa] strike and dip (if discernible) with a pocket transit.
Methods for making these measurements are presented in reference 12. If
rock identification is not possible, collect samples of each rock type,
label properly, and photograph the outcrop. Proper labeling involves
recording the vertical position in the section in a project logbook and
keying the information to a sample tag affixed to the specimen and/or
sample bag. Handle the sample under normal chain-of-custody procedures.34
Onsite Wells and Depth to Groundwater
Onsite or nearby wells are potential groundwater monitoring points.
To the extent possible, collect construction information about any well
identified during the site inspection.
Some minimal detail that should be collected includes data on screened
or open intervals, construction and plumbing materials, total well depth,
and water 'level. The screened or open interval is obtained from drilling
records; direct methods are normally impractical. Complete construction
details are necessary for any well used in a permanent monitoring network.*
Total well depth i-s also taken from drilling records; check by actual
field measurements, if practical. Well depths from drilling records often
exceed actual depths due to aquifer invasion through the screen or
open-hole slouglvng below the casing. Because of the potential for
equipment contamination, sound the well with a reusable weight attached to
a disposable line. Slowly lower the weight into the well until the bottom
is detected. With the line taut, mark the top of casing level on the line
with waterproof ink. Recover the line and weight from the well and
accurately measure the length of line below the mark. Discard the line and
Some data may be useful for estimating pollutant travel distances and
the other interpretation without being used as evidence.
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21
thoroughly clean the weight before reuse.* Next, measure the casing length
above (or below) ground level and subtract (or add) to obtain well depth.
When measuring potentially contaminated wells,-wear appropriate safety gear
to avoid skin contact with well water.
Water level measurements are made in onsita wells during the
inspection. Ideally, a production well is shut down at least overnight, or
longer, before measuring the water level. Depths to water are normally
measured with respect to the top of casing, as in well-depth determina-
tions. Several methods are available including: (1) the electric sounder,
(2) the chalked steel tape, and (3) the popper.
The electric sounder, although not the most accurate, is recommended
for initial site work because of the minimal potential for equipment
contamination and simplicity of use. Check the 5-ft graduations on the
sounder line against a measuring tape at the beginning of each inspection
trip and record corresponding values in a project logbook. About Ik in. of
sounder probe submergence is required to fully activate the meter.
The chalked steel tape is a more accurate device for measuring static
water levels. Coat the lower 3 to 5 ft of a steel measuring tape on either
side with either carpenter's chalk, ordinary blackboard chalk, or a dry
(noncontaminated) soil which changes shade when it gets wet. Attach a
weight to the lower end to keep the tape taut and lower it into the center
of the well (condensate on the casing wall may prematurely wet the tape).
Listen for a hollow "plopping" sound when the weight reaches water. Then
lower the tape very slowly for at least another 6 in, preferably to an even
foot marK. Next, carefully withdraw the tape from the well; determine
water depth by'subtracting the wetted length of tape ^rom the total length
in the well. In small-diameter wells, the volume of the weight may cause
the water to rise by displacement. Thoroughly clean the wetted section of
the tape and the weight before reuse with soap and water, followed by
acetone and distilled water rinses.
Minimum cleaning comprises a soap and wate- wash followed by a
dirtilled water rinse.
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22
The metal tape and popper is another simple and reliable method for
measuring depth to water in wells more than 1.5 in. in d-iameter. The p.opper
is a metal cylinder with a concave undersurface fastened to the end of the
metal tape. Raise and drop the popper until it hits the water surface and
makes a distinct "popping" sound. Adjust the tape length so that the
popper just hits the water surface. Read the depth to water from the tape
measure.
Record (or reference) the following information for each water level
measurement:
1. Well identification
2. Location and elevation of the reference point
3. Elevation of ground surface with respect to the reference
point
4. Date and time of measurement
5, Measured depth to water and procedure used
6. The aquifer or zone represented by reading
7. Time since most recent pumping
8. Persons making/witnessing measurement
If possible, or when the well is being considered for long-term-moni-
toring, collect more detailed information such as that listed below. Infor-
mation sources include, the owner, driller, and drilling or well logs.
Critical Information
1. Location
2. Owner or his authorized representative (address and telephone
number)
3. Well depth ("as built" and present)
4. Casing dimensions and material
5. Screen dimensions and material
6. Sealing material and methods in borehole above.gravel pack
7. Gravel pack interval and materials, if applicable
8. Static water level
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23
Secondary Information
9. Date constructed
10. Operation and maintenance problems
11. Description of water-bearing zone
, 12. Yield (normal discharge/day)
13. Specific capacity
14. Water quality (both qualitative and quantitative)
15. Water use
16. Pump information (type, horsepower, metered flow)
Probable Natural Direction of Groundwater How
Groundwater flows as a result of pressure (head) differentials; flow
is toward the lower head. In general, groundwater flows from higher topo-
graphic areas toward surface water; however, site geology and/or heavily
pumped wells can drastically affect flow direction [F-'gures 6 and 7].
In the field, determine head differentials in an aquifer by measuring
water levels in observation wells. The wells should be constructed in a
similar manner (i.e., same open interval) and tap the same aquifer zone or
level.
Evidence of Spills or Leachate Pools
Spill areas represent potential pollutant sources for both surface
water runoff and groundwater recharge. They can usually be identified by
discolored, disturbed, or odorous soils, and through sparse or distressed
vegetation. Photograph observed or suspected spill areas, locate such
areas on the site map, and describe them in a project logbook. Do not allow
spilled material or contaminated soils to contact the skin or clothing.
Vegetative Cover
Vegetative cover can yield information about both collutant and
groundwater movement. Chemical spills, leachate, and gas contamination may
-------
NOTE:
Leaohate first moves into ami flows with the groundwater in the upper-
aquifer. Some of the leachate eventually mover through the confining
bed into the lower aquifer- where it flows back beneath the. landfill
and away in the other direction.
CONFINING
~ BED "---
EE=E_- POTENTIOMETR ICSURfACE
,\x /
\x'.'
/ s N
:mm^
,\x
/
Figure 6. Two-Aquifer System With Opposite Flow Directions
-------
w
MUNICIPAL/-,
WELL W
MAP VIEW
W
VERTICAL CROSS SECTION
Figure 7. Groundwater Flow Affected by a Pumped Well
-------
26
result in stress and/or destruction of vegetation at an HWS. The stressed
areas can also indicate directions of gas or leachate movement, if not
related to spills. The type of plants present can suggest the general
availability of water, and special groups such as phreatophytes indicate
groundwater depth. Naturally occurring phreatophyte trees, including ash,
alder, willow, cottonwood, and aspen, generally grow where the water table
is less than 9 m (30 ft) deep.16
Identify major vegetation types (i.e., trees, grass, brush, etc.),
record evidence of stressed vegetation, and locate affected areas on the
site map. Stressed vegetation can be mapped remotely by NEIC using aerial
photographic methods [Appendix A, Part 3].
Dike, Liner, and Cover Materials
In general, evaluate the ability of dikes, liners, or cover materials
to either contain the wastes and/or divert precipitation from contact with
the waste materials. If natural materials are used for these purposes,
describe them in the same manner as surficial materials, but include cover
and liner thickness and dike dimensions. Identify the source area(s) for
the materials and construction methods. Gather available design plans,
specifications, and quality control data.
If special materials were used to line or cover the waste disposal
area, such as aspha.lt, polymeric membranes, or .chem.ically treated soils,
determine the following data:
1. Composition
.2. Thickness
3. Area! extent
4. Age
5. Application methods and quality control
5. Seam specifications for polymeric liners-
7. Maintenance problems
8. Indications of precipitation or leachate penetration
Information on use of these special materials is presented in reference 30.
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27
Good engineering practice for cover, dike, and liner installations is
to conduct preliminary soil exploration work. If available, review explora-
tion records for relevant details.
Buildings and Structures
As with dike and liner installations, major building and structure
construction is normally preceded by soil exploration work, which could
also yield pertinent subsurface information. If soil exploration work was
conducted, obtain boring logs, location maps, and any results of soil testing.
Check foundations for settling cracks and basement seepage that might
yield information about subsurface conditions such as areas of subsidence
or shallow groundwater conditions.
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28
IV. SITE MONITORING
PURPOSE
The objective of monitoring at an HWS is to identify or define the
groundwater pollution problem. To achieve this objective, NEIC procedure
is to conduct a multimedia study which often includes sampling pollutant
source areas, groundwater, surface water, sediment, and air. Subjects and
procedures discussed here deal specifically with direct and indirect indi-
cators of both site hydrogeology and pollutant movement in the subsurface.
Information on "above ground" monitoring procedures are available in the
literature.53
GENERAL SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
Selecting chemical parameters for sample analysis is based on back-
ground research findings, the site evaluation, and discussions with labora-
tory personnel.* For sites where waste mixtures of unknown composition
have been disposed, chemical analysis typically comprises a general organ-
ics scan, with emphasis on priority pollutants, other pesticides, metals,
and anions. Mutagenicity testing and bioassays, with water fleas and fish,
may b-e conducted to determine potential adverse effects on the-living, com-
munity. Table'4 (.from reference 29) indicates major types of pollutants
from various industrial and municipal sources t.hat should be considered for
monitoring.
Chemicals known to be in the disposed waste with demonstrated high
mobilities can potentially be used as leachate plume tracers or indicators.
Analyze for these parameters at all sampling points. Organic wastss tend
to produce strongly reducing conditions that increase the solubility of the
"non-mobile" chemicals until soil attenuation or oxidizing conditions remove
them from solution. Therefore, plan waste source and close-in groundwater
Any samples collected during an HWS investigation anise be in accord
with established chain-of-cuscocfy and document control procedures.5*
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coNSTiTiurirs IN INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER HAVING
SIGNiriCANT POTENTIAL FOR GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
MINING (SIC 10, 11, and 12)
Metal am) Coal Minincj Industry (jlC 10, 11, and 12)
pll Zinc
Sulfate Tin
Nitrate Vanadium
Chloride Radium
Total Dissolved Solids Phenol
Phosphate Selenium
Copper Iron
Nickel Chromium
Lead Cadmium
U r_anium
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 26)
Pulp and Paper
COD/BOD
TOC
pll
Heavy metals
CHEHICAIS AND
Industry (SIC ?61 and 262)
Phenols
Sulfile
Color
Biocides
ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 28)
Magnesium
Silver
Manganese
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Aluminum
Gold
Fluoride
Cyanide
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Total Diss.
Solids
Organic Chemicals Industry (SIC 286)
COD/BOD
pll
lota) Dissolved Solids
Heavy metals
Inorcjanic Chemicals,
Alkalinity Phenols
IOC Cyanide
Tot^l phosphorus Total nitrogen
Alkalies, and Chlorine Industry (SIC 281)
Acidity/alkalinity Chlorinated benzenuids
Total dissolved sol .Is and polynuclear aromatics
Chloride Phenols
Sulfate Fluoride
COD/BOO Total phosphorus
IOC Cyanide
Mercury Arsenic
OIEMICAIS AND AILIEO PRODUCTS
Plastic Materials
COD/BOD
I'll
Phenols
lota) dissolved solids
SulfdU'
Nitrogen Fei ti
Ainilirmia
Chloride
and Synthetics Industry (SIC
Phosphorus
Nitrate
Onjanic nitrogen
Chlorinated benzenoids and
polynuclear aromatics
Hzer Industry (SIC 2873)
Sulfate
Organic nitrogen
compounds
Chromium
Lead
Titanium
I ron
Aluminum
Boron
282)
Ammonia
Cyanide
Z inc
Mercaptans
COD
Iron, total
Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry (SIC 2873) (Cont.)
Chromium
Total dissolved
Nitrate
P
Calcium
Dissolved sol ids
Fluoride
pH
Phosphorus
Ammonia
Chromium
COD/BOD
PH
Phenols
Sulfide
Total dissolved
pH
Chloride
Sulfate
Ammonia
ELECT
COD/BOD
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
Total dissolved
Oil and grease
pll
COD/BOD
Alkal inity
detergents
Total dissolved
Zinc
solids Calcium
Sodium
hosphate Fertilizer Industry (SIC 2874)
Acidity
Aluminum
Arsenic
Iron
Cadmium
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS (SIC 29)
Petroleum Refining Industry (SIC 291)
Chloride
Color
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
solids Mercaptans
PRIMARY METALS (SIC 33)
Steel Industry (SIC 331)
pH
Phosphate
Mercury
Nitrogen
Sulfate
Uranium
Vanadium
Radium
Nitrogen
Odor
Total phosphorus
Sulfate
TOC
Turbidity
Zinc
Cyanide Tin
Phenols Chromium
Iron Zinc
Nickel
RIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES (SIC 49)
Power Generation Industry (SIC 491)
Copper
Zinc
solids Chromium
Other corrosion
inhibitors
Municipal Sewage Ireatment (SIC 495)
Nitrate
Ammonia
Chloride
Sod i urn
solids Potassium
Pl.osplvorus
Organic biocides
Sulfur dioxide
Meat
Sulfate
Copper
lit)
Zinc
Various Organics
ro
UD
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30
sampling to be more comprehensive than elsewhere. By studying where cer-
tain pollutants are likely to be detected, and planning the study accord-
ingly, the laboratory load can be decreased and data turnaround times can
be improved without sacrificing thoroughness.
The potential fate of pollutants in surface water and sediment is also
addressed when selecting, analytical parameters. When groundwater discharges
into flowing surface streams, the oxidizing environment will cause some
pollutants to precipitate out of solution into the bottom sediments. In
impoundments, they may be concentrated in stagnant stratified layers or
bottom sediment.
Several references in the Literature Sources list can provide a start-
ing point for mobility research.2.8.13.14.24.29.36.42.46.si.69.so Qata
base searches by the NEIC Technical Information staff can also supply per-
tinent information.
For many pollutants, ambient concentrations are very low, yet their
presence in any measurable concentration may be significant. Procedures
employed or materials contacting the sample should not cause pollutants to
be gained or lost. Consequently, sampling eouipment and sample containers
are fabricated from 'inert.materials and thoroughly cleaned before use.
Thorough cleaning extends to drilling rigs, tools, and ancillary equipment
which has a potential of imparting contaminants to the sample. Materials
recommended for equipment contacting samples to be analyzed for organic
compounds in order of preference, are as follows:
1. Glass
2. Teflon®
3. Stainless steel
4. High grade carbon steel
5. Polypropylene
6. Polyethylene
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31
A common and proven effective cleaning procedure is to thoroughly wash
the equipment with a laboratory-grade detergent followed by clean water,
solvent, and distilled water rinses. Acetone is generally the recommended
solvent. Sufficient time should be allowed for the solvent to evaporate
before the final rinse as sample contamination problems have arisen from
solvent/rinse water not drying completely before equipment use. Cleaned
equipment surfaces may be protected with new aluminum foil if there is a
potential for contamination between cleaning and use.
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
Accessible sampling stations, such as seeps, springs, and existing
wells, are normally the first choices for groundwater monitoring. The pau-
city or absence of these points may require installing shallow-dri"en well
points in some cases, depending on the water table depth and materials to
be penetrated.*
During preliminary monitoring, choose points close to the disposal
site to increase the chance of detecting leachate in groundwater. If ap-
propriate, select points near property lines to document probable or actual
offsite pollutant movement. Locate sampling stations both up- and down-
gradient from the site to determine the extent of groundwater degradation.
Seeps and Springs
In the simplest cases, fill the sample containers either directly from
the discharge or an adjacent downstream pool. Excavation, with thoroughly
cleaned tools, ,may be required to form a pool of sufficient size. If exca-
vation is required, allow solids stirred into suspension to settle or flush
out before sampling.
Comprehensive aonitorirg well networks are discussed in Section V.
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32
The following are suggested field measurements and observations.
1. Flow, if possible
2. Temperature
3. Conductivity
4. pH
5. Color
6. Odor
7. Explosivity of atmosphere above flow (explosivity meter)
8. Volatile gas release (HNU® meter)
These determinations will also enable the investigator to decide
whether the samples are "hazardous" or "environmental" for shipping purposes.
Existing Wells
As previously noted, up- and down-gradient monitoring stations are
important to the hydrogeologic investigation. Because more data points are
required for plume definition, sampling emphasis is on down-gradient wells.
Ideally, these wells would be relatively close to the site because ground-
water typically moves slowly. Sampling wells without benefit of minimal
construction information [Chapter III] should be avoided. However, do not
be overselective for initial sampling if the well is likely to tap an'aqui-
fer of concern.
Well sampling involves two steps (not necessarily with the-same-equip-
ment):
1. Presample purge
2. Sample collection
The primary consideration 'is to obtain a representative sample of the
groundwater body by guarding against mixing the sample with stagnant (stand-
ing) water in the well casing. In a nonpumped well, there will be little
or no vertical mixing of the water, and stratification may occur. Water
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33
in the screened section will mix with the groundwater due to normal flow
patterns, but the well water above the screened section will remain iso-
lated and become stagnant. Stagnant water may contain foreign material
inadvertently or deliberately introduced from the surface, resulting in
unrepresentative data and misleading interpretations.
Considerations for presample purging include proper disposal of pumped
liquid and calculation of adequate volumes. Because of the potential for
further environmental contamination, planning for purge water disposal is a
necessary part of well monitoring. Alternatives range from dumping it on
the ground (not back down the well) to full containment, treatment, and
disposal. If the well is believed to be contaminated, the best practice is
to contain the purge water and store it until the water samples have been
analyzed.* Once the contaminants are identified, appropriate treatment
requirements can be determined.
Required purging, suggested by available literature, ranges from one
to five casing volumes** with judgment input being a critical factor to en-
sure that pumping is not excessive. Leachate stratification in groundwater
may occur, and excessive pumping can result in flow entering the well from
outside the zone of interest. Purging, necessary before obtaining predomi-
nantly "fresh" groundwater, depends on:
I. the pump intake level
2. water-yielding ability (specific capacity) of the
aquifer
3. well "openness" to the aquifer (well efficiency)40
Pumping is required to determine the latter two factors; therefore, during
initial sampling, "rules of thumb" are followed while well performance in-
formation is gathered for future sampling.
* See "Containing and Disposing of Contaminated Materials" in Chapter V.
** The volume of water contained in the casing before pumping.
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34
Common well situations, initial purging, and sampling procedures are
presented in Examples 1, 2, and 3. In each example, three casing volumes
are pumped through the screen before sampling except when a pump/packer
assembly is used. Procedures discussed may be modifed for specific analyt-
ical parameters, well designs, and pumping systems. Volatile organics, for
example, may require special sampling techniques, sealed wells may prohibit
depth and water level measurements, and ideal purging may be impractical.
Investigators must exercise judgment when collecting samples and fully
document the procedures used.
Driven Well Points
When existing groundwater sampling points are either inadequate or
nonexistent, driven well points can sometimes be installed. In some in-
stances, shallow augering equipment can be rented from a contractor's sup-
ply firm to enable deeper well point installations.
Generally, well points are installed in medium- to coarse-grained, un-
consolidated sandy materials in shallow water table areas. They are usual-
ly placed near the disposal site or zones of groundwater discharge, such as
along streams. For this method, a 1.25 in. diameter well point with a 60-
gauze or 10-slot screen is recommended. The well point is attached to the
same diameter pipe and driven to completion depth with a drive weight or
sledge .hammer [Figure 8]. Normally, the well point can be driven to about
10 ft, however, 30 ft depths have been reported. Advantages of this method
are: (1) low .cost, (2) installed by hand without need for drilling contrac-
tor, and (3) good seal between casing and aquifer can be expected with lit-
tle or no leakage. The well points can be recovered, but reuse is not re-
commended due to cleaning problems. Example 4 presents the procedure sug-
gested for driven well point installations.
A small continuous-flight power auger [Figure 9] can be used to bore
down to the desired completion depth before the vail point is driven. In
loose, sandy soils, well point penetration is much easier and installation
depths are increased. For more cohesive materials (i.e., sifts and clays),
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35
Example 1: Sampling an Open Monitoring Well
Step 1 - Using clean equipment, sound well for total depth and water level,
then calculate the fluid volume in the casing ("casing volume").
Step 2 - Determine depth to mid-point of screen or well section open to
aquifer from casing top.
Step 3 - Consult Table 5 and select appropriate purging equipment. If an
electric submersible pump with packer is chosen, go to step 10.
Step 4 - Lower purging equipment or intake into the well to a short distance
below the water level and begin water removal. Collect or dispose
of purged water in an acceptable manner. Lower purging device, as
required, to maintain submergence.
Step 5 - If pumping, measure water level with an electric sounder in uni-
form drawdown increments of 15 to 30 second intervals. If bail-
ing, measure water levels as needed for a good record.*
Step 6 - Measure rate of discharge frequently. A bucket and stopwatch are
most commonly used; other techniques, such as pipe trajectory
methods or constructing weir boxes, are presented in reference 5.
Step 7 - Observe peristaltic or vacuum pump intake for degassing "bubbles".
If bubbles are abundant and the intake is fully submerged, these
devices may not be suitable for collecting samples for volatile
organics.
Step 8 - Purge a minimum of two casing volumes before sampling.
Step 9 - While pumping, lower intake to mid-screen or mid-open section
depth and collect sample. If bailing, lower device to sampling
level before filling (this requires other than a "bucket-type"
bailer). Make field measurements listed on page IV-6.
Step 10 - (For pump and packer assembly only) Lower assembly into well so
that packer is positioned just above the screen or open section
and inflate. Purge a volume equal to at least twice the screen or
open section volume below the packer (whichever is greater) be-
fore _sampl ing. Packers should always be tested in a casing sec-
tion above ground to determine proper inflation pressures for
good sealing.
Step 11 - After sampling, monitor water level recovery (may not be appro-
priate with a packer/pump assembly).
These data may be used to compute aquifer transmissivity and other
hydraulic characteristics. Discuss the data with a hudrogeologist
for determining appropriate equations and calculation procedures.
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36
Example 2: Sampling an Infrequently Used Production Well
Step 1 - Determine well usage schedule. If during routine pumoing more
than three casing volumes are drawn, see Example 3, if not, go
to Step 2.
Step 2 - Near the end of the longest shutdown period, sound the well -for
total depth and water level, then calculate casing volume.
Step 3 - For sampling, select a discharge point in the plumbing system as
close to the well head as possible. If appropriate, calculate
the volume of plumbing and appurtenances between the well head
and sampling point.
Step 4 - Activate the pump with only the sampling point open for discharge.
Collect or dispose of the purged water in an acceptable manner.
Step 5 - Measure drawdown with an electric sounder in uniform increments
[15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in.)] or 15 to 30 second time intervals.
Adjust increments or intervals as required.*
Step 6 - Measure discharge rate frequently. A bucket and stopwatch are
commonly used; other techniques are presented in reference 5.
Step 7 - Purge at least three casing volumes. Allow for plumbing volume if
it is significant.
Step 8 - Collect samples and make field measurements listed on page IV-6.
Step 9 - Shut off pump and monitor water level recovery.
These data, may be used to compute aquifer transnissivity and other
hydraulic characteristics. Discuss the data with a hydrogeologist
for determining appropriate equations and calculation procedures.
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37
Example 3: Sampling a Frequently Used Production Well
Step 1 - Determine well usage schedule including:
1) Periods when more than three casing volumes are drawn during
continuous pumping, and
2) Longest period of pump shutdown
Step 2 - Near the end of the longest shutdown period, measure total well
depth and water level, then calculate casing volume.
Step 3 - Select a discharge point in the plumbing system, as close to the
well head as possible, for sampling. If appropriate, calculate
the volume of plumbing and appurtenances between the well head
and sampling point.
Step 4 - At the beginning of the selected pumping period, record startup
time and verify discharge.
Step 5 - Measure drawdown with electric sounder in uniform increments
[i.e., 15 to 30 cm (1 to 12 in.)] or 15 to 30 second intervals.
Adjust increments or intervals as required.*
Step 6 - Determine discharge rate by direct methods, if possible. Indirect
methods may also be used. Water loss during initial drawdown rep-
resents an estimate of the minimum pumping rate. Also, pump-rating
curves can be used.
Step 7 - Allow sufficient time for at least three casing volumes to be
purged, and for the plumbing volume, if significant.
Step 8 - Collect samples and make field measurements listed on page IV-6.
Step 9 - Measure water level recovery upon pump shutdown.
These data may ire used to compute aquifer transmissivity and other
hydraulic characteristics. Discuss -die data, with a hydrogeologzst
for determining appropriate equations and calculation procedures.
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Table 5
PURGING EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Diameter
Casing
1.25- inch
Water level
<20 ft
Water level
>25 ft
2- inch
Water level
<20 ft
Water level
>25 ft
4- inch
Water level
<20 ft
Water level
>25 ft
6- inch
Water level
<20 ft
Water level
>25 ft
8- inch
Water level
<2Q ft
Water level
>20 ft
Peristaltic Vacuum
Bailer Pump Pump Airlift
X XX
X
X XX X
X X
X ' X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
Diaphram Submersible Submersible Submersible
"Trash" Diaphram Electric Electrir
Pump Pump Pump Pump w/Packer
X
X X
X
X X X X
XXX
X XX
X X
X XX
X X
00
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33
Hand
driver
-Weight
-Drive
cap
HAND ASSEMBLY
HEAVIER ASSEMBLIES OPERATED BY
DRILLING RIG OR TACKLE
Figure 8. Methods for Installing Weil Points
(From Reiefence 40. figures '.'9 and 190)
-------
Example 4: Procedure for Installing Driven Well points
Step 1 - All tools, well points, and casing are thoroughly cleaned with
detergent and solvent to remove dirt and cutting oils.. Represen-
tative clean well points and casing are flushed with blank water
(distilled-deionized), which is collected and analyzed. Care is
taken to keep equipment and materials clean until used.
Step 2 - At the installation site, potentially contaminated surficial ma-
terial and foliage are removed to a depth of not less than 6 in.
and to a radius of not less than 1 ft to minimize the possibil-
ity of pollutant drag down from contaminated surficial materials.
Step 3 - With a hand auger, bore a hole slightly larger than the well point
as deep as possible or to the water table, whichever is shallower.
Step 4 - Attach the well point to a length of casing (3 ft sections"are
recommended) and place in the augered hole.
Step 5 - Place a drive cap and driver on top of casing [Figure 5]. Drive
well point, adding casing as needed, until the completion depth
is reached, leaving at least 3 ft of "stickup" above ground level.
Remove driver and drive cap. Pack wetted bentonite around casing
into mound so that drainage is away from well.
Step 6 - Develop well, first with plunger then by pumping [Table 3] until
water clears. Cover well with vented cap and secure to prevent ...
tampering.
Ste? 7 " All°* we11 to stand at least 12 hours (overnight) before sampling
so that water will rise to the water table level and any chemical
. ., reactions between groundwater and the casing can equilibrate.
Step. 3 - After at least 12 hours, measure water level and purge well as in
- Example 1, page IV-9.- ....
Step 9 - Collect sample and make field measurements listed on page IV-6.
Step 10 - Measure drawdown immediately after sample collection.
-------
' ' '« *-•* ' r*-/"'-. «"*">
Figure 9. Small Continuous Flight Power Auger
(Photos courtesv ol General Eauiomem Comosnvl
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42
the bore hole may stay open long enough to install the well point without
driving. Once the well point is installed, finishing, developing, and sam-
pling are the same as described above. The small power auger is relatively
easy to operate and can be rented in most major metropolitan areas. Rented
equipment should be thoroughly cleaned before use.
A do-it-yourself high-pressure car wash can be used for initial clean-
ing followed by solvent rinsing of the auger flights. Followup cleaning is
required and the procedure will be dictated by the pollutant types expected
to be encountered during drilling. If severe contamination is suspected,
remove excess cuttings from the augers and rinse with clean water before
transporting them offsite. Contain the cuttings and rinse water for proper
disposal.
SURFACE WATER MONITORING
Surface water, including streams and impoundments, may receive contam-
inated groundwater flow or runoff. Surface water sampling can supplement
groundwater monitoring or, in the absence of other monitoring points-, be
the most practical way of identifying offsite pollutant movement. Down-
gradient surface water suspected of receiving groundwater to flow should be
sampled.
Streams
Properly planned stream sampling may reveal where the leachate plume ,
enters the channel by comparing pollutant loadings for at least one upstream
static^ and stations adjacent to and downstream from the HWS. Normal water
quality variations across the stream dictate that flow-proportional samples
be collected so that valid comparison of data can be made. Whenever prac-
tical, locate the stations in straight uniform stretches of channel with
smooth bends and stable bottoms to enhance flow measurement accuracy.
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43
At each station, the first step is to gage the stream using standard
methods.5 Next, divide the stream cross-section into equal-width subsec-
tions, depending on channel dimensions; a minimum of 10 is recommended.
Flow proportional samples are then collected at the mid-point of each sub-
section. Inherent errors in flow measurements will result in different
flow rates for each cross section. Unless significant (> 15%) increases in
stream flow are present between stations (attributable to either a tributary
stream or groundwater discharge), use only one flow value for computing load-
ing. If one flow measurement is judged to be substantially better than the
other, use it for loading computations. If the quality of all measurements
is uniform, use an average for the stream flow value.
Impoundments
Impoundments are pooled bodies of water ranging from swamps and ponds
to large reservoirs. As with streams, impoundments are of particular inter-
est to HWS investigations when they are probable recipients of grouhdwater
flow. Many impoundments reflect the water table surface in the area where
they occur.
When monitoring is appropriate, sampling station locations and number
will depend on:
1. likelihood of contamination
2. impoundment size
3. impoundment geometry
4. existing sample load
5. seasonal variations in impoundment conditions
The last factor, seasonal variations, is important because many lakes tend
to destratify Or overturn during the spring and fa1! months in areas where
winter temperatures dip below 4° C (40° F).25-83 Fewer samples, for exam-
ple, will be required if overturn is occurring because this causes rela-
tively complete mixing of impoundment contents. During other seasons, stra-
tification will normally dictate additional sample collection.
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44
Stratification in an impoundment is caused by density differentials
due to variations in temperature, suspended silt, or dissolved substances;
the denser water sinks to the bottom. Suspended or dissolved pollutants
can increase water density or become trapped in a naturally stratified zone.
Serious contamination, therefore, may not be apparent at the surface. For
these reasons, collect samples at several points within a single vertical
profile. Temperature and specific conductance measurements, made through
continuous readings or taken at several depths, can often be used to quickly
establish the depth and thickness of stratified layers.
Water sampling in lakes is normally done both near shore and offshore.
Offshore locations are carefully triangulated with recognizable onshore map
features so that monitoring points can be accurately plotted and located if
repeated sampling is required.
The impoundment is also examined for signs of recent changes in pool
level (e.g., submerged vegetation on high-water marks and terraces) that
may have a bearing on the investigation. For example, a recently lowered
pool level measured in conjunction with nearby well water levels could yield
unrepresentative gradient and calculated groundwater flow rate.
Sediment
Sediment sampling in streams and lakes yields information on pollutant '
concentrations in bottom materials. This information documents ^he fate of
various contaminants and the degree of environmental degradation in areas
of contaminated groundwater discharges.
Impoundment sediment sampling stations are selected to represent ma-
terials at different locations and are not normally composited. As with
water sampling, accurately locrte the monitoring points for future refer-
ence. Concentrate sampling points in or near the area of probable contami-
nated groundwater discharge; however, establish control or background sta-
tjans as conditions permit.
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45
Generally, there are two types of sediment samplers: (1) bottom scra-
pers, such as scoops and dredges; and (2) bottom penetrators such as solid
core tubes and split-spoon samplers. The nature of bottom materials ard/or
the survey purpose usually dictate the sample type. The bottom scraping
samplers collect disturbed (relatively recently deposited) sediment while
the coring devices collect relatively undisturbed samples representing
longer periods of deposition.
AIR MONITORING
Air monitoring can sometimes be useful as a safety precaution during
drilling and in determining the presence of volatile organics in boreholes
and wells that could migrate in the subsurface. During drilling operations,
use the HNU meter to monitor the borehole and cuttings for potentially dan-
gerous gases to minimize the amount of protective gear worn by the drilling
crew and others close to the rig [Appendix G].
Screening of the head space (air above the water level) in boreholes
and wells can also be accomplished with the HNU meter. If vapors are
detected, air samples should be collected. Sampling equipment often con-
sists of a calibrated personnel monitor (vacuum source) connected, via an
intake line, to a glass tube packed with Tenax , a porous polymer resin
[Appendix E].
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46
V. INSTALLING MONITORING WELLS
PURPOSE
Every groundwater pollution investigation poses unique physical prob-
lems for designing and installing a monitoring well network, even in a
framework of typical objectives. There are common factors for designing,
installing, and using a groundwater monitoring system. This chapter ad-
dresses briefly some major considerations for either designing a network or
evaluating one. In most cases, the situations discussed represent ideal
conditions that may or may not apply to a particular project.
PURPOSE OF MONITORING WELLS
The usual purpose of a monitoring well network is to define ground-
water quality and movement and to accomplish specific study objectives such
as:
* .To. define the vertical and area! extent of the leachate plume.
• To monitor pollutant concentrations
• To provide the means for detecting the leachate plume front, unex-
pected changes in size, or direction of flow
. • • To determine the extent' of interaauifer movement of pollutants
• To determine aquifer characteristics (permeability, head distribution,
transmissivity, etc.)
• To estimate rate of leachate plume movement
• To develop a data base for designing remedial measures
• To determine effects of remedial measures
• To assist in performing remedial work (leachate recovery)
• To provide data base for groundwater modelling
The objectives must be clearly defined and integrated at the outset since
they will dictate fundamental design, such as whether monitoring stations
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47
will comprise a single well or a well nest.* They will also define where
in the plume (top, middle, bottom, or outside) the wells must be located.
The evaluator must be able to recognize the ability of a particular
network or plan to achieve the stated purposes or objectives. The key
points to look for in study plans are specificity and reasonableness; the
plan should fully explain how the objectives are to be met by the network,
exactly how the wells will be installed, and the flexibility given to the
field supervisor. For example, the plan should detail procedures for con-
taining and disposing of contaminated cuttings. Disposal of the contami-
nated cuttings in a nearby stream is unreasonable. Errors, oversights, and
misunderstandings can be reduced by following these two guidelines which
must be used for writing plans as well as reviewing them.
PLANNING THE MONITORING NETWORK
Early in the planning phase, factors such as external requirements,
data requisites, and well placement are considered to avoid shortcomings
during the well design and installation phases. These three topics are
presented here in a recommended order of consideration for a "typical"
planning exercise. When evaluating plans, check to see that the variables
indicated have been addressed.
External Requirements
External requirements or conditions are those that can affect well
design and locations, over which the planner has no control. Three types
of requirements and conditions normally researched include: 1) pertinent
state, local, or other regulations; 2) permission to construct wells on
private property; and 3) location of buried and above-ground utilities tnat
might pose safety hazards to the drillers. Some of this information may
have been gathered during earlier investigation activities as outlined in
previous chapters of this manual. If not, begin gathering this information
when the design process 13 initiated.
Two or more wells, finished to different depths, usually installed in
close proximity.
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48
Contact state and local governments* to determine if special permits,
licenses, construction practices, or borehole closure procedures are re-
quired. Appendix B presents a summary of water well industry codes and
licensing requirements for water well drillers. Also included is a list of
state agencies and officials responsible for industry codes in 1976. 'State
geological surveys [Appendix A, Part 6] and local drillers may also be able
to supply appropriate information.
When drilling on private property, obtain easements from the owners or
their authorized representatives. Any easement developed must be cleared
through appropriate legal channels. Examples of easements (also called li-
cense agreements) which have been used by EPA are presented in Appendix F.
Generally, the easements should:
1. protect the property owner,
2. protect the government or company,
3. be fair to both parties, and
4. be executed in good faith.
Locating buried utilities is normally done by contacting local elec-
tric, telephone, gas, water, and pipeline companies, and requesting appro-
priate information or service. To aid in making the proper contacts, the
American Public Works Association periodically publishes a "One-Call Sys-
tems Directory" that lists contacts and telephone numbers to locate-burled
utilities in many geographical areas of the United States.**
* The Corps of Engineer' regulates drilling and dredging activities
along major water courses.
** The directory is available from the Utility Location and Coo~dinatian
Council, 1313 East 6Qth Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, 31*. 947-2520
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49
Data Requisites
The first four chapters discuss various activities for obtaining hydro-
geologic information during a hazardous waste site investigation. This
same information is used for planning, designing and installing a monitoring
well network. As a minimum, assemble data for requisites presented in
Table 6 from the file information. If critical information on these requi-
sites has not been obtained, either estimates must be made or more data
will have to be gathered. Installing monitoring wells and analyzing water
samples are expensive, thus a concerted attempt must be made to gather real
data whenever possible.
Well Placement
Determining the number and map location of groundwater monitoring sites
are the first major tasks in the network design process. The next step is
determining the vertical position of the well screens. During the planning
process, attention must always be focused on the network purpose and objec-
tives. Rather than stating specific procedures, several factors and con-
cepts are considered for planning or evaluating a monitoring network.
In an ideal situation with one potential leachate source, a generally
known groundwater flow direction, and an objective of identifying if pro-
blem exists, only two properly placed wells (one upgradient and one down-
gradient) would be needed [Figure 10a]. Even with a single leachate source
and a simple objective, flow directions and proper locations are normally
difficult to accurately determine. Consequently, more than two wells are
usually installed to increase the probability of intercepting the plume
[Figure lOb], collect adequate data, and be economical. Ultimately, the
number of wells will depend on problem seriousness, hydrogeologic complex-
ity, and available funds.
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50
Table 6
DATA REQUISITES AND USES FOR PLANNING MONITORING WELL NETWORKS'
Requisite
Use
Probable groundwater flow
direction and expected
seasonal changes
Location of other potential
pollutant sources
Probable groundwater
contaminants
Expected range in depths
to groundwater
Types of materials to be
drilled
Probable geologic and hy-
drologic characteristics
of the target formation
and overlying materials
Available drilling
equipment
Use this information to locate areas for back-
ground (upgradient) wells and select those
where intercepting the leachate plume is likely.
In conjunction with information on groundwater
flow directions, determine if and where pollut-
ants from other sources might be detected in
the study area.
Consider the chemical effects of the contami-
nated groundwater on potential casing materials
(corrosion, adsorption, etc.), grout, and ben-
tonite seals. Also determine if well design
must accommodate special sampling procedures or
equipment for these pollutants.
Use these data to ensure proper well depths
for year-round sampling. For water depths be-
low about 20 ft, determine if well design must
accommodate submersible pumps or other large
down-the-hole equipment.
Identify whether consolidated (rock), uncon-
solidated, or both types of formations will
have to be penetrated so that the drilling rig
alternatives can be determined. If unconsxrli- V
dated formations are the only concern, find
out if cobbles or boulders are common.
Use these data for selecting screen slot sizes,
determining if a gravel pack is necessary, loca-
ting where the borehole should be sealed with
grout or bentonite, and/or whether or not a sur-.
face casing should be set.
Contact local drillers and identify the general
availability of hollow-stem auger, hydraulic
and air rotary, and cable tool drilling rigs in
the area for establishing alternatives. Inquire
about borehole diameter, depth capabilities, and
costs.
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LEGEND
© MONITOUING WELL
KNOWN DIRECTION
01 GROUNOWAIER HOW
DISPOSAL SITE
PLUME OF
CONTAMINATFD
GROUNDWATER
;5roperty line-
SUSPECTED DIRECTION
OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
(b)
Figure 10. Well Locations for Problem Identification with Known and Suspected
Groundwater Flow Directions in Plan View
(limn Huti'ium* ?J, tiRuie C)
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52
Wells should generally not be installed through fill materials until
alternate methods of obtaining the desired information have been exhausted,
for the following reasons:
1. Reactive materials could be united in the well bore to produce
toxic gases, explosions, fires, or other potential hazards.
2. The borehole may create a conduit through which pollutants could
move easily into the underlying aquifer.
3. Density stratification of leachate could produce nonrepresen-
tative samples.
The purpose of such wells is usually to identify the waste composition,
fill thickness, and nature of underlying materials. In many cases, however,
waste deposit composition can be learned from background information and
samples collected from shallow, hand-augered, or dug holes. The nature of
underlying materials can be identified from perimeter borings.
Upgradient wells are critical for understanding leachate effects on
water quality. Judgment is required in placing these wells for monitoring
background conditions. They should be close to the fill or waste disposal
area, yet out of the influence of the water table/leachate mound that often
forms around HWSs. Not only will the mound affect "upgradient" water quali-
ty, but water table elevations in the mound will also be unrepresentative
of ambient conditions. If multiple aquifers are of concern, there should
be a background well for each.
Most monitoring sites will be downgradient from the waste deposit be-
cause more data points are required to define the leachate plume than to
monitor background water quality. The recommended approach is to track the
leachate plume outward from its source into the environment. Continuing
success in tracking and locating the plume is more probable with this method.
Earth resistivity and shallow seismic surveys are frequently suggested
for preliminary site studies aimed at locating leachate plumes and determin-
ing bearock depths. In each method, the key to success is a high contrast
between features of interest (e.g., conductivities of plume and background
water and elastic properties of bedrock and overlying material).
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53
If the contrast is minimal or clouded by complex geology and man-induced
interferences (buried metal objects), then the techniques may not be appli-
cable. Although these methods are valid and sometimes helpful, their use
should be thoroughly justified. Results should always be confirmed with a
representative amount of boring data; without adequate confirmation, the
results are considered suspect.
In a typical groundwater pollution investigation setting, where the
waste is underlain by unconsolidated alluvial materials with a free water
table above bedrock, locate downgradient wells in an array that parallels
the fill boundary. The first line of monitoring locations might be within
100 to 300 ft of the fill [Figure 11]. The second line is located by
noving outward from the fill either on rays from the waste center through'
the first line of borings or where permeable or contaminated areas are sus-
pected. Monitoring locations in areas near property lines is preferred for
documenting offsite pollutant movement.
Grid-structured monitoring locations are generally not recommended
because they are usually not cost effective and do not apply the planner's
ability to interpret site hydrogeology.
Since leachate plumes are three dimensional, the vertical placement of
the well screen is a major part of the planning process. Knowing the ver-
tical position of the plume is important. Complexity is introduced by the
fact that the plume may move vertically in response to seasonal or artifi-
cial (e.g., pumping) changes of one type or another. For these reasons,
nested wells are commonly installed to locate the plume and detect vertical
movement over time.
Well nests are state-of-the-art for monitoring networks because of the
information they can yield. In addition to locating the vertical and areal
extent of the plume, head distributions and flow directions can be deter-
mined. Generally, the nests should define the bottom of the plume, espe-
cially if important aquifers are below the site. This depth may sometimes
be inferred from known hydrogeologic data or determined from preliminary
borings with water sampling at progressive depths.
-------
LEGEND
O -MONITORING WELL
Figure 11. Monitoring Network in an Unconsolidated Aquifer
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55
From progressive-depth groundwater sampling, a "snapshot" of the
plume's vertical location can be determined. Two of the many procedures
for this method in unconsolidated materials include: 1) driving a well
point through a hollow-stem auger with sampling at 5 or 10 ft intervals;
and 2) collecting aliquots of the air/water/cuttings mixture from a dual-
tube reverse-air rotary drilling rig [Appendix D]. Sample analysis is usu-
ally limited to several parameters that are indicative of the waste, mobile
in the subsurface, and relatively inexpensive to detect (e.g., chloride,
sulfate, arsenic, etc.). Based on this initial sampling, the depths of
permanent wells are selected so that specific horizons or zones of the
plume will be monitored.
DESIGNING THE WELLS
A generally accepted all-inclusive design for monitoring wells is not
available; however, many factors are basic to most wells. These common
factors make a degree of standardization possible. Many of the engineering
design particulars, such as casing and screen material strengths, standard
dimensions, weights, and resistance to acid corrosion are covered in con-
siderable detail in other publications and will not be presented
here.4-7-18-40-62 Design factors discussed here are:
Well use
Formation hydraulic characteristics
Screen slot size and length
Casing and screen diameter
Casing and screen materials
Drilling methods [Appendix D]
Although individually discussed, sound practice requires that these
factors be considered together. Regardless of individual design, all wells
should be fitted with a secure or locking cap to prevent tampering and mini-
mize vandalism.
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56
Well Use
The most fundamental factor in any design is the projected use of the
well. If probable uses can be successfully defined and accounted for in
the design, the need for costly additional wells may be reduced or eliminated.
"Observation wells" are constructed for collecting water samples to locate
and track the leachate plume and/or for measuring water levels for determin-
ing groundwater flow paths and pressure gradients. "Production-type wells"
can also be used for these purposes, but they are designed primarily for
conducting tests to estimate aquifer characteristics* and perform remedial
measures through injecting purge water or recovering leachate.
In most situations, a well that substantially penetrates an aquifer
and is open throughout the saturated thickness is neither required nor de-
sirable. This applies to observation wells installed for monitoring water
quality and head levels in certain zones and to production-type wells used
for aquifer testing or remedial measures. Consequently, the well screen or
bore is designed to be isolated so that only a specific zone is monitored.
Sealing materials, such as cement grout and bentonite, are used above the
open part of the well to prevent vertical migration of fluids in the annu-
lus between the casing and hole wall. A well with a seal above the'moni- "
tored zone is called a piezometer.
As a practical matter, in rock wells and those penetrating cohesive,
fine-grained, unconsolidated materials, the seal is critical to assure
screen or bore isolations. In loose unconsolidated materials where heaving
sands are common and/or the borehole collapses immediately upon auger re-
moval, the need for seals below the zone of natural collapse is question-
able. Much time, motion, and expense can be wasted in installing seals
where they are not reasonably needed.
Wells installed for pump tests generally should not be placed where z
would discharge contaminated groundwater Because that water would have
to be properly disposed of.
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57
Formation Hydraulic Characteristics
For production-type wells, characteristics such as depth-to-water,
permeability, storage coefficients, and the primary way in which water is
transmitted (through fractures or around grains) can influence design.
Some networks may be planned so that the formation characteristics are
determined during a preliminary drilling phase or initial well set. Forma-
tional sampling while drilling should be part of the comprehensive instal-
lation plan.
Screen Slot Size and Length
Ideally, for naturally developed wells (those without a gravel pack)
screen slot sizes are selected from sieve analysis data for the target hor-
izon or zone in the formation. A plot of grain size vs cumulative percent
retained on the sieves is made for study.
For production-type wells, samples for grain-size analysis are nor-
mally collected. The samples represent the depth interval to be occupied
by the screen. The slot size selected should retain 40% or more of the
zone material. In conventional water well design, the percentage range is
40 to 50.4-40 However, when larger slot sizes are used, mo'-e formation
material will move into the well during development. If all water removed
from the well is to be treated, considerable solids may accumulate in the
collection vessel or treatment system, which must also be handled and dis-
posed. In situations where production or injection rates do not require
optimum yield, .design for the smaller screen openings.
If the required slot size is less than 0.010 in. (10 slot or 60
gauza), a gravel pack should be considered.40 In gravel-packed wells, the
space between the screen and borehole is filled with material coarser than
the formation. The principal functions are to:
1. stabilize the formation and minimize pumping of fines,
2. permit use of the largest possible screen slot, and
3. increase the effective well diameter.
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58
Screens should not pass more than 5% of the pack material.4
Experience indicates that observation wells are seldom designed with
benefit of grain-size analyses from the zone of interest. The usual.and
recommended procedure is to use a 10-slot screen with or without gravel
pack. For most fine-grained unconsolidated formations, such as loess, gla-
cial till, lacustrine, and backwater deposits, the gravel pack is a must.
In medium-to-coarse sand or larger materials and in bedrock, a pack is nor-
mally not required. For the wide gray area in between, plan to install a
gravel pack, but allow flexibility for field evaluation and determination
of actual need and practicality.
The process of selecting screen lengths for either a production or
observation well is largely subjective. The primary variables are projec-
ted well use and purpose and the designer's experience. In most situa-
tions, wells will be installed as piezometers to monitor a specific zone or
horizon. In these instances, screen lengths rarely exceed 20 ft and are
more often 5 to 10 ft. Shorter screens installed in well nests are recom-
mended because they yield more specific information about water quality,
head distribution, and flow in the formation. Also, commonly used stain-
less steel screens become very expensive in longer lengths (more than $300
for a 10 ft x 2 in. screen).
Casing and Screen Diameter
Probably the most important factor in selecting an appropriate well
diameter is the size of equipment (pumps, packers, sondes, etc.) the well
will have to accommodate. When the depth of water exceeds 25 ft, using
electric submersible pumps is desiraole for purging and sampling. The
smallest commercially available electric submersible pump requires a 3 in.
well casing. Submersible pneumatic diaphragm pumps require a 2 in. diameter
casing. If the casing is too large, purge volumes (and costs) can be ex-
cessive, especially if the purge water must be treated or contained.
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59
Consequently, the 2 and 4 in. diameter casings are the most common for
observation and small production wells. As a general rule, if the pumped
water level is not expected to fall below 20 ft, 2 in. wells will probably
be adequate. For expected pumping levels below 20 ft, use 4 in. or larger
casing. The screen and casing diameter are usually the same. Consult ref-
erences 4 and 40 for more specific information about casing strengths, col-
lapse pressures, etc.
Hybrid well designs with multiple sampling ports or screens have been
presented in recent literature due to current interest in groundwater moni-
toring. Inherent problems with many of these designs include assuring a
good seal between the sampling zones (both internal and external), obtain-
ing a sufficient sample in a reasonable length of time, and the relative
seriousness of even minor screen plugging (suggested total screen area in
one design is less than 0.2 in.2). The relative costs of well design, sam-
ple collection, analytical work on water samples and their bearing on reme-
dial measures are ample economic reasons for not cutting too many corners
on monitoring wells. Certain situations may clearly justify (either eco-
nomically or hydrogeologically) installing hybrid wells. However, the rec-
ommended approach for most sites is one well/screen per hole, using nests
of wells if multiple depth sampling is desirable.
Casing and Screen Materials
Steel and PVC plastic are the most widely used casing and screen ma-
terials for monitoring wells at HWSs. Presently, the use of PVC pipe in
groundwater contaminated by organic wastes is controversial. The major
advantages of PVC pipe are its relatively low cost, light weight, and dura-
bility in harsh cnemical environments. Opponents claim that the pipe can
either absorb/aasorb compounds from the water and render them undetectable
or contribute compounds to the water, resulting in an unclear picture of
groundwater quality in either case.
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60
Proponents reply that if wells are purged adequately for normal sample
collection (3 to 5 casing volumes) and the sample is drawn opposite the
screen, any potential interferences would be negligible. Also, if pollu-
tant concentrations are high enough to be of concern, they are unlikely to
be substantially removed by sorption to the PVC casing.
Chemical deterioration of PVC casing is possible when either ketones,
aromatics, alkyl sulfides, or specific chlorinated hydrocarbons are present.
Currently, there is a dearth of information regarding critical concentra-
tions of these solvents where deterioration of the PVC is significant
enough to affect sample quality.
If the particular compounds of interest in the groundwater are also
components of PVC pipe, its use should definitely be avoided. In contrast,
if metals are the pollutants of concern or the groundwater is very acidic,
basic, or reactive, steel pipe may not be appropriate and PVC may be the
prudent choice; data on contaminants detected which are potentially attri-
butable to the pipe may be of questionable value.
Prill ing Methods
Drilling equipment selected for installing monitoring wells must be
compatible with the well design and capable of penetrating the geologic
materials above the estimated well depth. Ln general, there are three types
of wells based on the installation method:
1. Driven wells
2. Augered wells
3. Drilled wells
Figure 12 shows where these wells types are often installed.
Appendix D presents a discussion of well drilling methods and limitations.
Dry drilling methods are preferred to avoid introducing extraneous fluids/
muds, required in some methods for removing cuttings from the borehole.
If drilling fluids are requirea, the recommended approach is to try
-------
fin
LEGEND
A- Driven Well Point
B—Duven Well Point with Preliminary Augering
C—Drilled Well
D—Augered Well
20-
30-
50-
60 -
70 -J
Figure 12. Common Locations of Various Well Types
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62
drinking-quality water without additives first. During one NEIC project,
a 300 ft deep well (6" casing) was successfully installed by a contractor
in San Joaquin Valley (California) alluvium using only municipal tap water.
INSTALLING THE NETWORK
Several general considerations for installing the monitoring network
are discussed here. Installing wells for groundwater pollution investi-
gations is done throughout the country; yet, it cannot be considered truly
commonplace anywhere.
Driller Orientation and Technical Overview of Well Construction
Drillers usually contracted for this work normally specialize in either
soil exploration or water well drilling. They are unfamiliar with the spe-
cial health precautions, safety gear, and rig-cleaning procedures required
when dealing with hazardous wastes. Time and money should be budgeted for
providing any necessary training, fit-testing, etc., to contractor person-
nel before site work is begun.
When drilling very near or into an HWS, all equipment and procedures
should be tested and practiced, respectively, in an uncontaminated offsite
location first. Special procedures for drilling safety [Appendix G] should
be provided in writing to all involved parties for review and comment.
This approach can aid in avoiding costly delays while assuring optimum
safety.
Technical.overview of well construction should be provided by a full-
time, onsite, appropriately trained individual (usually a geologist or en-
ginecr) to ensure that the technical requirements of the approved plan of
study are met. Also, decisions made while constructing each well frequent-
ly "squire professional attention. At sites where a company consultant and
contractor are performing the work, the government's interests are best
served by naving a trained individual onsite to oversee implementing the
plan of study.
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63
Decontaminating Drilling Equipment
During drilling for any groundwater pollution investigation, precau-
tions must be taken to prevent cross-contamination of boreholes. Specifi-
cally, the drilling rig and tools should receive a thorough initial clean-
ing and be cleaned after each borehole. No uniform procedure has been de-
veloped for all sites, but a soap wash followed by solvent and distilled
water rinse is commonly used. Proper drilling plans can also minimize po-
tential cross-contamination. If possible, drilling should progress from
the least to most contaminated areas.
As an example, the following procedure was used for cleaning 3% in.
inside diameter hollow-stem augers used in silt-size material. Cleaning
was done on the bed of a 1h ton stake body truck, with most equipment
rented from a local contractor's supply firm. The principal components
were an electric generator, a high-pressure spray washer with a propane-
fired water heater, wash and rinse tanks, two 55 gal. drum waste tanks, and
an all-metal pump for the acetone drum.
First, an auger was placed horizontally on two cement blocks in an ob-
long stock-watering tank located at the rear of the truckbed. The high-
pressure washer was used to clean the auger with a detergent/water mixture
followed by a hot "tap water" rinse. The stock tank drained, by hose, to a
55-gal. drum positioned nearby on the ground. Excess mud in the tank was
periodically shoveled into the drum. Next the auger was moved across the
truckbed to a rack positioned above a rectangular tub. While in a vertical
position, the auger was sprayed with acetone followed by a distilled water
rinse, then al.lowed to air dry. The rectangular tub drained to a separate
55-gal. drum.
Containing and Disposing of Contaminated Materials
Potentially contaminated cuttings and development or purge water must
be handled in an environmentally acceotable manner. As of this writing, no
formal guidelines or procedures had been established. The basic problem is
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64
that the identity, quantity, and concentration of pollutants in these ma-
terials are unknown.
If contamination is suspected and the material cannot appropriately.be
returned to the borehole or applied to the waste fill, the following pro- •
cedure is recommended. Contain all materials in 55 gal. drums or tanks and
store them until samples from the well or boring are chemically analyzed.
On the drums, indicate the material contained and borehole number; do not
mix wastes from different boreholes as some uncontaminated wastes may end
up requiring expensive disposal. When the samples are analyzed, determine
proper disposal methods. Slow turnaround times in the laboratory may
(and probably will) create storage needs. If onsite storage is not prac-
tical, transport the waste to a secure location.*
Sampling During Drilling
Installing monitoring wells should be planned as an intermediate stage
in data gathering. A complete drilling program that includes formation
sampling, during or preceding well installation, provides a cost effective
means of obtaining definitive site specific data on geology and grouiviwater
quality; wells need not be installed at all boring sites.
Both formation and water samples should be collected at progressive
depths when searching out a leachate plume. The formation samples, are used'
to define stratigraphy, hydraulic characteristics, and engineering proper-
ties (for design of remedial measures). Chemical analyses of formation
samples might be performed to study attenuation capabilities, but plume
location is better done with water samples because they are easier to ana-
lyze and pollutant detection limits are much lower. Also, water is the
primary pollutant transport medium.
* In instances of severe contamirition, appropriate Department of Trans-
portation (DOT) packaging and vehicle placarding may be necessary.
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65
In bedrock formations, stratigraphy can be defined from either cut-
tings or core samples and geophysical methods. Core samples, rather than
cuttings, are usually required for hydraulic testing.* Commonly, rock
cores are collected using a hydraulic rotary rig [Appendix D] and either a
conventional or wireline diamond core drill. Wireline coring is usually
the preferred method, if available. Water samples can be collected from
various horizons in a rock hole using a pump and packer assembly.
For unconsolidated formations, core samples should be used to log stra-
tigraphy and can be used to conduct hydraulic testing. Two general types
of core samples can be collected from unconsolidated formations, disturbed
and undisturbed. As a practical matter, both core types are disturbed to a
greater and lesser extent. The distinction is made here for
both the collection method and the types of tests that are properly con-
ducted on each. All disturbed core tests can be run on undisturbed samples
[Table 7].
Table 7
APPROPRIATE ANALYSES FOR DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED CORE SAMPLES15
Analysis
Permeability
Unit weight
Consol idation
Triaxial compression
Unconfined comoression
Direct shear
Undisturbed
X
X
X
X
X
X
Analysis
Grain size
Chemical analysis
Specific gravity
Water content
Atterberg limits
Shrinkage limits
Standard compaction
Vibrated density
Disturbed
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Disturbed'samples are usually collected with a thick-walled split-
barreled core tube called a split spoon. Although the sample is compressed
and somewhat deformed during entry into the core tube, the stratigraphy is
If fractures are the primary avenues of grour.dwater movement in bed-
rock, hydraulic testing on core samples may provide meaningless data.
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66
easily discernable. Information on relative soil strength, which may be
necessary for designing remedial measures, can be obtained during disturbed
core collection by the standard penetration test. The test comprises driv-
ing a standard 2.0 in. diameter split spoon with a 140 Ib hammer freely
dropping 30 in.; blow counts are recorded for every 6 in, of penetration.
The more blows required, the more resistant the soil is.
Undisturbed samples are usually collected with a thin-walled core tube
(Shelby Tube) with or without a check valve in the upper assembly to im-
prove core retention. Undisturbed core samplers are pushed into the for-
mation with the hydraulic drill head on the rig rather than being driven.
Care must be taken during transport to ensure sample integrity. Ideally,
the soils laboratory employed would be near the HWS.
There are many variations in soil sampling and analysis techniques.
The methods to be employed should be described in the project plan, before
drilling begins, and evaluated by a qualified geologist or soil scientist.
Detailed information about both disturbed and undisturbed core sampling is
contained in references 15 and 82. Sampling programs should also include
procedures for cleaning equipment after each sample is collected.
Progressive depth water sampling in unconsolidated materials -is"ad-
dressed in the "Well Placement" section of this chapter and in Appendix 0.
Surveying Well Elevations '
After the wells are completed each well-head elevation should be es-
tablished, to third order standards, with respect to a fixed point, the
local datum or, preferably, mean sea level.22 These elevations are as'
important as water quality to the hydrogeologist because they enable him to
determine flow rates and directions, and they can yield much information
about designing remedial measures.
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67
LITERATURE SOURCES
1. American Geological Institute 1962. Dictionary of Geological Terms.
Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 545 p.
2. Baedecker, M. J. and Back, W. 1979. Hydrogeological Processes and
Chemical Reactions at a Landfill. Groundwater 17:5, pp. 429-437.
3. Bentall, R. 1963. Shortcuts and Special Problems in Aquifer Tests.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S.G.S. Water Supply
Paper 1545-C, 115 p.
4. Bureau of Reclamation 1977. Ground Water Manual. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 480 p.
5. Bureau of Reclamation 1967. Water Measurement Manual. 2nd ed. Wash-
ington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 329 p.
6. Butson, K. D. and Hatch, W. L., Dec. 1979. Selective Guide to
Climatic Data Sources. Asheville, N.C.: National Climatic Center,
Key to Meteorological Records Documentation No. 4.11, 142 p.
7. Campbell, M.D. and Lehr, J.H. 1973. Water Well Technology. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 681 p.
8. Capital Systems Group, Inc., Nov. 1977. Federal Environmental Data:
A Directory of Selected Sources. Springfield, Va.: National Techni-
cal Information Service.
9. Casarett, L. J. and Doull, J. eds., 1975. Toxicology. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company, 768 p.
10. Clarke, J. H., Ziegler, F. G., Tennant, D. S., Harbison, R.D., and
James, R. C. 1980. A Model for Assessment of Environmental Impact of
Hazardous Materials Spills and Leaching. Nashville: Recra Environ-
mental and Health Sciences, Inc., 7 p.
11. Clarke, P. F. , Hodgson, H. E. , and North, G. W. 1979. A Guide to
Obtaining Information from the U.S.G.S. 2nd ed. Arlington, Va.: U.S.
Geological Survey, Circular 777, 42 p.
12. Compton, R. R. 1967. Manual of Field Geology. New York: Wiley and
Sons, 378 p.
13. Coperhaver, E. D., and Wilkinson, B. K. , Aug. 1979. Movement of Hazard-
ous Substances In Soil: A Bibliography. Volume 1. Sel-cted Metals.
Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/9-79-024 a, 145 p.
14. Copenhaver, E. D. and WiIkinson, B. K. , Aug. 1979. Movement of Hazard-
ous Substances in So1'!: A Bibliography. Volume 2. Pesticides. Cincin-
nati: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/9-79-0246, 229 p.
15. Corps of Engineers, March 1972. Soil Samol-'nq. Washington: Department
of trse Army, EM 1110-2-1907.
-------
68
Literature Sources (Cont.)
16. Davis, S. N. and DeWiest, R.J.M., May 1967. Hydrogeoloay. New York-
Wiley and Sons, 463 p. "*•
17. Oeichman, W. 8. and Gerarde, H. W. 1969. Toxicology of Drugs and
Chemicals. New York: Academic Press, 805 p!
18. Departments of the Army and Air Force, 1975. Well Drilling Operations
Worthington, Ohio: National Water Well Association, 188 p"
19' ?oo)tera; E'R" Simmons> B-p-. Stephens, R.D., and Storm, D.L. , Jan.
1r80: Samplers and Sampling Procedures for Hazardous Waste Streams.
Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/2-80-018,' 76"'p.
20. Environmental Protection Agency, March 1980. Proceedings of the Sixth
Annual Research Symposium on Disposal of Hazardous Waste at Chicago"?
111., March 17-20 1980. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Aqency
EPA-600/9-80-010, 291 p. y
21. Everett, L. G. and Hoylman, E. W., June 1980. Groundwater Quality
Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining: Preliminary Designs for
Active Mine Sources of Pollution. Las Vegas: Environmental Protec-
tion ^Agency7EP>:^WT::^a::Tlo7~105 p.
22. Evett, J. B. 1979. Surveying. New York: Wiley and Sons, 273 p.
23. Fenn, D Cocozza, E., Isbister, J., Braids, 0., Yore, B., and Roux, P.
Aug. 1977. Procedures Manual For Groundwater Monitoring At Solid
Waste Disposal Facilities Cincinnati: Environmental Protection
Agency, 530/SW-611, 169 p.
24. Freeze, R. A. and Cherry, J. A. 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 604 p.
25. Frey, D. G., ed. 1963. Limnology of North America. Madison. Wis.:
University of Wisconsin Press, 734 p.
26. Fuller, W. H., Aug. 1978. Investigation of Landfill Leacnate Pollutant
. Attenuation by Soils. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency,
•••tPA-600/2-78-158, 219 p. '
27. Gale Research Company 1978. Climates of the States. Detroit: Book
Tower. "
28. Gary, M., McAfee, 3. and Wolf, C. L. eds. 1977. Glossary of Geology.
Falls Church, Va.: American Geological Institute, 805 p.
29. Geraghty and Miller, Inc., June 1978. Surface Impoundments and The->
ETfects on Groundwater Quality in the United States - A Preliminary
s"rvev- Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-570/9-78-004,
276 p.
30. Geswein, A. J., March 1975. 'Liners for Land Disposal Sites. An Assess-
Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, 530/SW-137, 56 p.
-------
69
Literature Sources (Cont.)
31. Gibb, J. P. and Griffin, R. A. 1979. Groundwater Sampling and Sample
Preservation Techniques (1st Annual Report). Cincinnati: Environmen-
tal Protection Agency.
32. Gibb, J. P., Schuller, R. M., and Griffin, R. A., March 1980. Monitor-
ing Well Sampling and Preservation Techniques. Proceedings of the
Sixth Annual Symposium on Disposal of Hazardous Wastes at Chicago,
Illinois, March 17-20, 1980. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA-600/9-80-010, pp. 31-38.
33. Gilluly, J., Waters, A. C., and Woodford, A. 0. 1968. Principles
of Geology. 3rd ed., San Francisco: Freeman and Company, 687 p.
34. Greenwood, D. R., Kingsbury, G. L. and Cleland, J. G. Aug. 1979.
A Handbook of Key Federal Regulations and Criteria for Multimedia
Environmental Control. Washington: Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-600/7-79-175, 272 p.
35. Gosselin, R. E., Hodge, H. C., Smith, R. P., and Gleason, M. N. 1977.
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed., Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins, 799 p.
36. Griffin, R. A. and Shimp, N. F., Aug. 1978. Attenuation of Pollutants
in Municipal Landfill Leachate by Clay Minerals. Cincinnati: Environ-
mental Protection Agency, EPA-600/2-78-157, 147 p.
37. Hammer, M. J. 1975. Water and Waste-Water Technology. New York:
Wiley and Son, 502 p.
38. Harding, S. T., 1942. Lakes. Hydrology. O.C. Meinzer, ed. New York:
Dover Publications, pp. 220-242.
39. Johnson, A.I. 1964. An Outline of Equipment Useful for Hydroloqic
Studies. Denver: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report, 23 p.
40. Johnson Division, UOP 1975. Ground Water and Wells. St. Paul:
Johnson Division, UOP, 440 p.
41. Lehr, J. H., Pettyjohn, W. A., Bennett, M. S., Hanson, J. R., and
Sturtz, L. E. , June 1976. A Manual of Laws Regulations, and Institu-
tions for Control of Ground Water Pollution. Washington: Environmen-
ral Protection Agency, EPA-440/9-76-006, 416 p.
42. Lindorff, -D. E. and Cartwright, K., May 1977. Grounawater Contam-na-
tion: Problems and Remedial Actions. Urbana, 111.: Illinois State
Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes Number 81, 30 p.
43. Lohman, S. W. 1972. Ground-Water Hydraulics. Washington: Government
Printing Office, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 70 p.
44. Maclver, B. N. and Hale, G. P., Nov. 1970. Laboratory Soils Testing.
Washington: Department of the Army, EM 1110-2-1906.
45. Malmberg, K. 8., Aug. 1975. EPA Visible Emission Inspection Pv-cedures.
Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, 68 p.
-------
70
Literature Sources (Cont.)
46. McNabb, J. F., Dunlap, W. J., and Keeley, J. W., July 1977. Nutrient.
Bacterial, and Virus Control as Related to Groundwater Contamination
Ada, Okla.: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/8-77-010, 18 p.
47. Meinzer, 0. C., 1923. Kinds of Rocks and their Water-Bearing Proper-
ties- Occurrence of Ground Waters in the United States. Washington-
U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 102-148
48. Miller, D. W., Oct. 1979. Groundwater Monitoring Components. Syossett
N.Y.: Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 7 p. '
49. Mooij, H. and Rovers, F. A., June 1976. Recommended Groundwater and
Soil Sampling Procedures. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada:Environmental
Conservation Directorate, Report EPS-4-EC-76-7, 35 p.
50. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Nov. 1978.
A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures. Washington:
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP
Report No. 58, 506 p.
51. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Nov. 1978.
Basic Radiation Protection Criteria. Washington: National Council
on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP Report No. 39, 135 p.
52. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, May 1978.
Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection. Wash-
ington: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements,
NCRP Report No. 57, 177 p.
53. National Enforcement Investigations Center, April 1980. Enforcement
Considerations for Evaluations of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Disposal
Sites By Contractors. (Unpub.) Denver: Environmental Protection Agency.
54. National Enforcement Investigations Center, May 1978. NEIC Policies and
Procedures Manual. Denver: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-330/
9-78-001, 54 p.
55. National Enforcement Investigations Center, Feb. 1977. NEIC Safety Manual.
Denver: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-330/9-74-002-B,.125 p.~
56. National Enforcement Investigations Center, Sept. 1977. Safety Manual for
Hazardous Waste Site Investigations. (Unpub.) Denver: Environmental
Protection .Agency.
57. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 1977.
Occupational Diseases, A Guide to Their Recognition. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 608 p.
58. National Institute for Occuoational Safety and Health, (Updated Yearly).
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
59. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Sept, 1978.
Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington: U.S. Government Print-
ing Office, GPO 760-553, June 1979, 191 p.
-------
71
Literature Sources (Cont.)
60. Office of Solid Waste, 1979. Available Information Materials on Solid
Waste Management, Total Listing, 1966-1978. Washington: Environmental
Protection Agency, 179 p.
61.' Office of Solid Waste, Oct. 1977. The Prevalence of Subsurface Migra-
tion of Hazardous Chemical Substances at Selected Industrial Waste Land
Disposal Sites.Washington:Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/530/
SW-634, 513 p.
62. Office of Water Supply 1975. Manual of Water Well Construction Practices.
Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-570/9-75-001, 156 p.
63. Palmquist, R. and Sendlein, L.V.A. 1975. The Configuration of Contami-
nation Enclaves from Refuse Disposal Sites on Floodplains. Ground Water
13:2, pp. 167-181.
64. Patty, F. A., Fassett, D. W., and Irish, D. D., eds. 1963. Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume II, toxicology. New York: Interscience
Publishers, 2377 p.
65. Peckham, A. E. and Belter, W. G., Mar. 1962. Considerations for Selec-
tion and Operation of Radioactive Waste Burial Sites. Second Ground
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Conference Held at Atomic Energy of
Canada Limited. Chalk River. Canada. 26-29 September 1961. Book 2,
Washington: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, pp. 428-436.
66. Pettyjohn, W. A., June 1977. Monitoring Cyclic Fluctuations in Ground-
water Quality. Proceedings of the Third National Groundwater Quality
Symposium. Ada, Okla.: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/9-77-
014, pp. 116-124.
67. Pfannkuch, H. 0. and Labno, B. A., June 1977. Design and Optimization
of Groundwater Monitoring Networks for Pollution Studies. Proceedings
of the Third National Groundwater Quality Symposium. Ada, Okla.: En-
vironmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/9-77-014, pp. 99-106.
68. Pritchard, J. A. , June 1976. A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protec-
tion. Washington: Government Printing Office, 017-033-00153-7, pp.
66-71.
69. Reinbold, K. A., Hassett, J. J., Means, J. C. , and Banwart, W. L. ,
Aug. 1979. Adsorption of Energy-Palated Organic Pollutants: A Lit-
erature Review. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency, 600/3-
79-086, 170 p.
70. Sax, N. I., 1979. Dangerous Properties of Industr-'al Materials.
5th ed., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1258 p.
71. Sisk, S. W. 1978. Recommended Sediment and Sludge Sample Collection
Procedures for Priority Pollutant Analysis. Workshop on Sampling for
Pollutant Fate and Risk Assessment Studies. (Unpub. Manuscript)
Kansas City: Environmental Protection Agency, 12 p.
72. Strahler, A. N. 1969. Physical Geography. 3rd ed. New York: Wile"
and Sons, 733 p.
-------
Literature Sources (Cont.)
72
, H. W Jan. 1976. Potential
76'
"'
78'
of 6
Gr°""d
York: Wfley and
.
1' Clncinnat1-' EnvTronmental Protection Agency, EPA-60Q/^7^142'.
8°'
^ Chemical
83' pTCSi-91.S-'1952' ^mn°10^- 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill,
-------
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION SOURCES
B WELL DRILLING REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
C FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY
D WELL DRILLING METHODS
E AIR SAMPLING EQUIPMENT FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
F EXAMPLES OF EASEMENTS
G DRILLING SAFETY PROCEDURES
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fi.l - l\
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION SOURCES
PARTS
1. INFORMATION SOURCES SUMMARY
2. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
3. OBTAINING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
4. SELECTED DATA BASES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE
INVESTIGATIONS
5. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATE CONSERVATION OFFICES AND PUBLISHED SOIL SURVEYS
6. DIRECTORY OF STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
7. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA) DIRECTORY OF FIELD LOCATIONS
8. MAP PRODUCTS AND SOURCES
-------
Al-1
PART 1
INFORMATION SOURCES SUMMARY
-------
AT-2
This part o* Appendix A lists a variety of information sources and types
potentially useful to HWS investigations. Sever?.! sources are keyed to other
parts of the Appendix where additional detail is presented. Evidentiary in-
formation should be corroborated by several sources, if possible.
SOURCES TYPES/COMMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
EPA and State Environmental Office files for:
RCRA permits and applications
Waste Generators and Transporters
TOSCA
NPDES permits and applications
Uncontrolled waste disposal sites
Spills of oil and hazardous materials
Water supplies
.Enforcement actions
Surveillance reports
County or Regional Planning Agencies
for Areawide Waste Treatment Mgmt,
(CWA - Section 208 Agency)
Other County offices
Health Department
Planning and zoning
Assessor
City offices
Chamber of Commerce
Clerk
Engineer
Fire Department
Law Enforcement
EPA Identification numbers
Generator annual reports
May require special clearance
for reviewer
Liquid waste types
Treatment processes
Production information
Nearest water supply
Problem history
Previous findings
Plans, concerns, and
past problems
Problems, complaints,
analytical results
Land use restrictions
Plat maps and land owners
Information and local indus-
tries incl. number of employ-
ees, principal products, and
facility addresses
Foundation and inspection reports
Survey benchmark locations
History of fires and/or explo-
sions at facility
Complaints and violations of
local ordinances
-------
AT-3
Water and Sewer
5. Company files and records
6. Contractors
Building
Soil exploration and foundation
Water well drillers
7. Utility Companies
Gas
Electric
Water
Petroleum or Natural Gas Pipelines
8. U.S. Geological Survey
(See Part 2)
9. Remote Sensing Imagery
(see Part 3)
10. Computer Data Bases
(see Part 4)
11. U.S. Department of Agriculture
(see Part 5)
12. State Geological Surveys
(see Part 6)
13. U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Admini-
stration (OSHA) (see Part 7)
14. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration (NOAA)
15. National Ocean Survey
Tidal Analysis Branch C232
Rockville, MD 20852 FTS: 443-8311
Location of buried mains and
lines
Confidential records require
special handling and storage
Local soils, geology, and
shallow water levels
Local soils, geology, hydro-
gology, water levels, regu-
lations, and equipment avail-
ability
Location
of
buried lines
Technical geologic and hy-
drologic reports, maps,
aerial photographs, and
water monitoring data
Drainage patterns, land use,
vegetation stress, historical
land development, and geo-
logic structure
Wide variety of reference
data and bibliographies
Soil maps, types, physical
characteristics, depths
association, and uses
Technical geologic and hydro-
logic reports, State geologic
maps, and monitoring data
Processes
Hazards
Protective equipment needs
Climatic data
Tidal data; historic,
recent, and projected
-------
-------
A2-1
PART 2
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-------
A2-2
Since 1879, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has collected, analyzed,
and published detailed information about the Nation's mineral, land, and water
resources. Compiled information is available in a variety of map, book, and.
other formats easily accessed by NEIC personnel. An annually updated "Guide
to Obtaining Information from the USGS - Circular 777", is a useful starting
point. The Circular may be obtained free of charge from the USGS library at:
Denver West Office Park, Building 3
1526 Cole Boulevard
Golden, Colorado 80401
(FTS) 234-4133
or:
U.S. Geological Survey
704 National Center
Reston, Virginia 22092
The USGS Central Region Headquarters is in Denver, Colorado with many
facilities on or near the Denver Federal Center. An information pamphlet on
the Central Region's activities and services may be obtained from the map
sales office in Building 41. Of primary interest to NEIC personnel conduct-
ing HWS. investigations are the following:
1. National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC)
a. Map sales
b. Aerial photography
; 2. Reference Library
3. Photographic Library
4. Data Bases for Ground and Surface Water
The USGS map sales office, located on the ground floor of Building 41,
offers a wide variety of maps including:
• Topographic quadrangle maps (7V, 15', 1:250,000, etc for all areas west
of the Mississippi River including Alaska and Hawaii are kept in stock)
State base maps
Metric maps
• Topographic maps of 44 national parks, monuments, and historic sites
• Orthophoto maps
Land-use maps
* Shaded relief maps
Slope maps
• Advance copies of maps and special map composites
-------
A2-3
Acquisition of aerial photographs from NCIC is discussed in Part 3 of
this appendix.
The USGS Reference Library, located on the first floor of Building 3 in
the Denver West Office Park, is one of four principal USGS publications reposi-
tories. The extensive collection is devoted to all aspects of the geosciences
including: geology, ground and surface water, soils, and minerals. Many State
and U.S. Department of Agriculture publications may also be found there. Lay
persons (non-geologists) should have little or no problem locating pertinent
geological or water information regarding a study area, provided some exists,
in this library.
The USGS Photographic Library, located directly above the Reference Library,
contains a special collection of more than 250,000 photographs of subjects taken
during geologic studies of the United States, its territories, and foreign coun-
tries from 1869 to the present. Most of the photographs are black and white
with the more recent being color transparencies. The photographs are indexed
by State and county as well as by subject. Copies of the photographs and trans-
parencies may be ordered through the library.
There are three data bases available through the USGS that can yield poten-
tially useful information on ground and surface water:
1. National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)
2. National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE)
3. Catalog of Information on Water Data - Index to Water Data
Acquisi tion
NAWDEX is a computerized data system that can identify USGS (only) sources of
water data (i.e., permanent stream stations and monitoring wells) and index
the types of data collected from these sources. Actual data from the NAWDEX
stations are stored in the WATSTORE computerized data base. Access to these
data bases is through the NEIC Technical Information and Analysis Center.
The Catalog of Information on Water Data is an 18-volume series that serves
the same purpose as NAWDEX, but includes monitoring stations operated by many
other agencies ranging from local to Federal. A complete catalog set is main-
tained in the NEIC library. Non-USGS data may be available through other data
bases (see Part 4 of this appendix) or from the responsible agency.
-------
A2-4
The USGS Water Resouces Division has district offices in each state,
which may supply information on hydrogeologic studies conducted in the area
of a HWS under investigation. The following list contains addresses and':
telephone numbers for the State District Offices.
-------
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
State District Offices
A2-5
University of Alabama
Oil & Gas Bldg - Room 202
P.O. Box V
Tuscaloosa, ALABAMA 35486
FTS-229-2957 205/752-8104
218 E. Street
Anchorage, ALASKA 99501
FTS-399-0150 907/271-4138
Suite B
6481 Peach Tree, Indust. Blvd
Doraville, GEORGIA 30360
FTS-242-4858 404/221-4858
Field Headquarters
4398D Loke St. P.O. Box 1856
Lihue, Kauai, GUAM 96766
FTS-245-3252
Federal Building
301 W. Congress Street
Tucson, ARIZONA 85701
FTS-762-6671 602/792-6671
Subdistrict
U.S. Navy Public Works Ctr
FPO S.F. 96630 - P.O. Box 188
Agana, GUAM 96910
Federal Office Bldg-Rm 2301
700 West Capitol Avenue
Little Rock, ARKANSAS 72201
FTS-740-6391 501/378-6391
P.O. Box 50166
300 Ala Moana Blvd-Rm 6110
Honolulu, HAWAII 96850
FTS-556-0220 546-8331
855 Oak Grove Avenue
Menlo Park, CALIFORNIA 94025
FTS-467-2326 415/323-8111
P.O. Box 2230
Idaho Falls, IDAHO 83401
FTS-583-2438 208/526-2438
Building 53
Denver Federal Center
Lakewood, COLORADO 80225
FTS-234-5092 303/234-5092
P.O. Box 1026
605 N. Nek Street
Champaign, ILLINOIS 61820
FTS-958-5353 217/398-5353
135 High Street - Rm 235
Hartford, CONNECTICUT 06103
FTS-244-2528 203/244-2528
1819 North Meridan Street
Indianapolis, INDIANA 46202
FTS-331-7101 317/269-7101
Subdistrict-Dist. Office/MD
Federal Building - Room 1201
Dover, DELAWARE 19901
FTS-487-91^8 302/734-2506
Federal Building - Rm 269
P.O. Box 1230
Iowa City, IOWA 52244
FTS-863-6521 319/337-4191
325 John Knox Rd-Suite F-240
Tallahassee, FLORIDA 32303
FTS-946-4251 904/386-1118
University of Kansas
Campus West
1950 Avenue A
Lawrence, KANSAS ^6045
FTS-752-2300 913/864-4321
-------
A2-6
Federal Building - Room 572
600 federal Place
Louisville, KENTUCKY 40202
FTS-352-5241 502/582-5241
Federal Bldg. - Drawer 10076
Helena, MONTANA 59601
FTS-585-5263 406/559-5263
6554 Florida Boulevard
Baton Rouge, LOUISIANA 70896
FTS-687-0281 504/389-0281
Fed. Bldg/Courthouse-Rm 406
100 Centennial Mall North
Lincoln, NEBRASKA 68508
FTS-541-5082 402/471-5082
District Office in Mass.
26 Ganneston Drive
Augusta, MAINE 04330 ...
FTS-833-6411 207/623-4797
Federal Building - Room 227
705 North Plaza Street
Carson City, NEVADA 89701
FTS-470-5911 702/882-1388
208 Carroll Building
8600 Lasalle Road
Tawson, MARYLAND 21204
FtS-922-3311 301/828-1535
150 Causeway St., Suite 1001
Boston, MASSACHUSETTS 02114
FTS-223-2822 617/223-2822
Subdistrict-Dist.Off./Mass
Federal Bldg - 210
55 Pleasant Street
Concord, NEW HAMPSHIRE 03301
FTS-834-4739 603/224-7273
Federal Bldg. Rra 436
402 E. State St-P.O. Box 1238
Trenton, NEW JERSEY 08607
FTS-483-2162 609/989-2162
6520 Mercantile Way - Suite 5
Lansing, MICHIGAN 48910
FTS-374-1561 517/372-1910
Western Bank Building
505 Marquette, NW
Albuquerque, NEW MEXICO 87125
FTS-474-2430 505/766-2430
702 Post Office Building
St. Paul, MINNESOTA 55101
FTS-725-7841 612/725-7841
236 US Post Office/Crthouse
P.O. Box 1350
Albany, NEW YORK 12201
FTS-562-3107 518/472-3107
Federal Building, Suite 710
100 West Capitol Street
Jackson, MISSISSIPPI 39201
FTS-490-4600 601/969-4600
Mail Stop 200
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MISSOURI 65401
FTS-277-0824 314/341-0824
Century Station - Room 436
Post Office Building
P.O. Box 2857
Raleigh, NORTH CAROLINA 27602
FTS-672-4510 919/755-4510
821 E. Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, NORTH DAKOTA 58501
FTS-783-4601 701/255-4011
-------
A2-
975 West Third Avenue
Columbus, OHIO 43212
FTS-943-5553 614/469-5553
Federal Building - 649
300 East 8th Street
Austin, TEXAS 78701
FTS-734-5766 512/397-5766
215 NW 3rd - Room 621
Oklahoma Cty, OKLAHOMA 73102
FTS-736-4256 405/231-4256
Administration Bldg - 1016
1745 West 1700 South
Salt Lake, UTAH 84104
FTS-588-5663 801/524-5663
(Mail) P.O. Box 3202
Ship-830 NE Holladay St, 97232
Portland, OREGON 97208
FTS-429-5242 503/231-5242
Federal Bldg - 4th Floor
P.O. Box 1107
Harrisburg, PENNSYLVANIA 17108
FTS-590-4514 717/782-4514
District Office in Mass.
US Post Office/Courthouse
Rooms 330B and 330C
Montpelier, VERMONT 05602
FTS-832-4479 802/229-4500
200 West Grace St - Rra 304
Richmond, VIRGINIA 23220
FTS-925-2427 804/771-2427
Building 652, Ft. Buchanan
G.P.O Box 4424
San Juan, PUERTO RICO 00936
FTS-967-1221 809/783-4660
1201 Pacific Ave - Suite 600
Tacoma, WASHINGTON 98402
FTS-390-6510 206/593-6510
District Office in Mass.
Federal Bldg &-U.S. P. 0.
Rooft 224
Providence, RHODE ISLAND 02903
FTS-838-4655 401/528-4655
Strom Thurmond Federal Bldg.
1835 Assembly St. - Suite 658
Columbia, SOUTH CAROLINA 29201
FTS-677-5966 803/765-5966
Fed. Building/US Courthouse
500 Quarrier St, East-Rm 3017
Charleston, WEST VIRGINIA 25301
FTS-924-1300 304/343-6181
1815 University Building
Madison, WISCONSIN 53706
FTS-262-2488 608/262-2488
Federal Bldg. - Roorfi 308
200 4th St., S.W.
Huron, SOUTH DAKOTA 57350
FTS-782-2258 605/352-8651
U.S. Courthouse
U.S. Federal Building-A-413
Nashville, TENNESSEE 37203
FTS-352-5424 615/251-5424
P.O. Box 1125
J.C. O'Mahoney Federal Ctr
2120 Capitol Ave. - Rm 5017
Cheyenne, WYOMING 32001
FTS-328-2153 307/778-2220
-------
-------
A3-1
PART 3
OBTAINING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
-------
A3-2
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH USES
Aerial photographs are an effective and economical tool for gathering
information on HWSs. They provide a perspective not afforded by topogra-
phic maps, especially when the site has not been visited previously.
Available photographs are usually black and white, but can include color,
near infrared, infrared, and multispectral scanner imagery. These pictures
may have been taken from conventional aircraft, Skylab, or a satellite
(LANDSAT).
Potential photograph uses are determined before requesting either
existing imagery or a site overflight. A black and white photograph with
a scale of 1:24,000 can clearly show the disposal site and area drainage.
It may also be used to develop a base map for the study area. Special
overlapping photographs (stereo pairs) can be viewed with a "stereoscope"
to produce a three-dimensional image of the land surface. Geologic, hydro-
logic, and land form features, previously discussed, can often be identi-
fied by this technique. A series of historical photographs may be used to
trace site development over time.
Near infrared photographs are used to depict stressed and unstressed
vegetation, plant densities, and identifications. Infrared images show
relative temperatures and heat loss. For example, cool groundwater springs
might be detected flowing down a relatively warm hillside near the disposal
site. Finally, multispectral scanner images from satellites may be useful
for special applications or where the study area is large. Data needs
should be discussed with the staff photo interpreter (P.I.).
Interpretation should be performed by qualified personnel for both J
legal and practical reasons. In most cases, the trained P.I. can evaluate
aerial photographs more completely and accurately than others. Conclusions
drawn from photographs are verified (ground truth) during the site
inspection.
-------
A3-3
SOURCES OF AVAILABLE PHOTOGRAPHS
Information on and sources of aerial photographs and other imagery
include:
I. Technical Analysis Branch (TAB), NEIC
2. Rocky Mountain National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC)
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 25, Denver Federal Center, Room H-22Q6
Denver, Colorado 80225
(FTS) 234-2326
3. Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPIC)
P.O. Box 1587
Vint Hill Farm Station
Warrenton, Virginia 22186
(FTS) 557-3110
4. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL)
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
(FTS) 595-2969
TAB personnel can research available resources for archival imagery
and/or arrange for collection of new imagery. In-house imagery from pre-
vious NEIC surveys is maintained by TAB and is indexed in an internal
August 12, 1980 document titled "Computer Data Base of Aerial Reconnaissance
Film."
The NCIC office on the second floor of Building 25 has imagery for the
U.S. on cassette reels that are available for viewing on request. The
center also maintains a computerized inquiry and ordering service for
Landsat, NASA, Skylab, and aerial mapping photography. Order photographs
as soon as your need is known because one-to-three weeks are required for
delivery.
EPIC has access to the same imagery provided by NCIC and some that is
classified by the Department of Defense. This group is able to provide more
sophisticated imagery interpretation and special mapping than is generally
available in-house at NEIC.
-------
A3-4 '
EMSL is capable of fly-Ing both simple and sophisticated remote sensing
missions. Their equipment ranges from mapping quality black and white or
color cameras to multispectral scanners with a variety of airborne sensor
platforms. Generally, they can provide full remote sensing services to govern-
mental organizations.
All requests for imagery should be coordinated by TAB personnel due to the
Dow vs EPA case, which is yet to be resolved.
AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE TECHNIQUES
There are five basic types of aerial reconnaissance techniques:
Light Aircraft
1. Observer only
2. Hand-heId cameras
3. Enviro-pod
Reconnaissance Aircraft
4. Standard Aerial Photography
5. Special Remote Sensing Techniques
The'simplest techniques use a light aircraft, available for charter at
many general aviation airports. If photographs for permanent records are not
needed, the aerial reconnaissance can be made by the inspector flying as an
observer. In most cases, however, photographs will be desirable. These can
be obtained economically by hand-held cameras. For small sites, the inspec-
tor can usually serve as observer and photographer. For complex sites two
people are recommended, one serving as an observer and recorder and the other
as photographer. All photographs and visual observations should be documented
in a bound log book.
By making repeated passes over a site from different directions and at
different altitudes, it is possible to obtain a wide variety of photographs
with hand-held cameras. In general, these will be oblique (on a slant) photo-
graphs, although nearly vertical photographs are possible. Oblique photographs
are very useful in showing overall details of a site, as well as small details
-------
A3-5
of specific facilities such as stacks of drums, spills, tanks, and treatment
units. A disadvantage of hand-held photographs is that it is nearly impossible
to produce photographs with uniform scale across the image so they can be used
for mapping. Vertical mapping cameras are necessary to produce uniform scale
images.
The simplest technique for obtaining high quality photographs is the
Enviro-Pod. This is a capsule containing two 70 mm cameras that can be
attached to the underside of a light aircraft. One camera takes vertical
photographs and the other, forward oblique photographs. The unit, which is
portable, can be transported by airlines as baggage, produces high quality
photographs at a cost only slightly higher than the hand-held camera. A
disadvantage is that the Enviro-Pod is currently only certified for attachment
to Cessna models 172 and 182 aircraft.
The best quality mapping photographs are produced by standard aerial
Photography procedures, using specially equipped reconnaissance aircraft
with vertically mounted cameras. This technique produces most of the aerial
photographs used by surveying and mapping firms, for production of topographic
maps, and by various government agencies. Most large metropolitan areas have
commercial aerial photography services available.
Generally, aerial mapping color photographs are originally in the form of
positive transparencies (a 35 mm slide is a positive transparency). They are
in rolls that may vary in width from 70 mm to 9 inches. Mapping cameras can
record overlapping photographs, which allows stereo viewing. Good film reso-
lution provides acceptable detail on prints as large as 16 to 20 inches. Since
the scale is nearly uniform across the print, the print can be used for site
mapping.
Note- Until final resolution of the Dow vs EPA case, EPA investigators
anc contractor personnel must consult tae EPA Regional Enforcement Director
prior to initiation of aerial imagery projects.
-------
-------
PART 4
SELECTED DATA BASES
FOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS
A4-1
-------
SELECTED DATA BASES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ;' .
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER •. ;: .;
OENVtR, COLORADO - •
Data Base Name
Subject Coverage
Coverage
Dates
"Update
frequency
Sponsoring
Agency.
Comment s
AEROS Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System (AEROS) is EPA Research
a management information system for EPA's air pollution Triangle Park
research and control programs. Eleven retrieval systems
are sub-systems of AEROS system:
1. National Emissions Data System (NEDS) - Source and
emissions-related data for the five criteria pollu-
tants. ••'.,•
2. Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data (SAfiOAO)
System - Information relating to ambient air quality.
3. Hazardous and Trace Substance Emissions System
(HATREHS) - Sources and emissions data for non-
criteria pollutants.
4. Source Test Data (SOTDAT) System - Technical
data collected during source emissions measure-
ments (i.e., stack tests).
5. State Implementation Plans (SIPS) regulation
system - EPA-approved state air pollution con-
trol regulations.
6. Emissions History Information System - Historical
trends information on nationwide emissions.
7. Air Pollutant Emissions Report (APER) tracking
system - Records of APER forms mailed to emis-
sions sources required to report data to EPA.
8. Weighted Sensitivity Analysis Program (WSAP)-
Computes error which can be tolerated in the
emission estimate for each source category.
9. Source Inventory and Emission Factor Analysis
(SIEFA) Program - Complements WSAP; computes
actual error in emission estimates for each
source category.
10. Computer Assisted Area Source emissions (CAASE)
Griddinq System - Performs calculations to appor-
tion NEDS county emissions totals to subcounty
griilitcd areas.
11. Regional Emissions Projection System (REPS) -
Makes regional emission projections up to the ,
year 2000.
-------
SELECTED DATA BASES TOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS (Cont.)
bula Base Ndme
Ai,:;ICOlA
AP11C
ASI
BIOSIS PREVIEWS
CA CONDENSATES
'70-71
CA CONDENSATES/
CASIA
CAB ABSTRACTS
CANCER! IT
CIICHulX
Uuiil IHE
Subject Coverage
Covers worldwide journal and monographic literature
in agriculture and related subject fields, including
genera} agriculture and rural sociology; animal sci-
ence; forestry and plant-related areas; entomology;
and agricultural engineering. Includes agriculture
Canada.
Covers most sources for citations concerning all
aspects of air pollution, its effects, prevention
and control.
American Statistics Index covers statistical publi-
cations containing the entire spectrum of social
economic and demographic data collected and analyzed
by all branches and agencies of the U.S. government.
Covers all aspects of the life sciences, drawing upon
all original published literature for citations.
Corresponds to Biological Abstracts and Biological
Abstracts/RRM.
Covers all aspects of the chemical literature both
applied and theoretical. Corresponds to Chemical
Abstracts.
Gives general subject index headings and CAS registry
numbers for documents covered by CA condensates.
Comprehensive file of agricultural information
pertaining to all significant material and cover-
ing every aspect of crop and animal science.
(Formerly Cancer! ine). Contains information on
various aspects of cancer taken from over 3,000
U S. and foreign journals as well as selected mono-
graphs, papers, reports and dissertations.
Chemdex is based on the CA Registry Nomenclature
file, whii h is a respository for names associated
with substances that have been registered by
Chemical Attracts, in addition to CA's rigorous
nomenclature data, this file contains registry
iiumliers, molecular formulas, synonyms and ring
system information.
Chemline is an online chemical dictionary file
providing a mechanism for searching and retrieving
Coverage
Dates
1970-Pres.
1966-Oct.
1978
1973-Pres.
(some mate-
rial from
1960's).
1969-Pres.
1970-1971
1972-Pres.
1973-Pres.
1963-Pres.
Contains all
substances
cited in
the CA
Abstracts
volumes since
1972.
Update
f requency
Over 1 mil-
1 ion cita-
tions. Mon-
thly updates
89,000 cita-
tions
Over 55,000
citations,
monthly updates
2,265,000 records
Monthly updates
585,000 records
Corresponds to
CA Condensates
after initial
file load. Bi-
weekly updates.
Over 966,000
items. Monthly
updates
Over 100,000
Abstracts of
Articles; Up-
dated monthly
694,161
substances;
quarterly
updates
Irregular
updates
Sponsoring
Agency
U.S. National Agri-
cultural Library
Manpower and
Technical Informa-
tion Branch EPA.
Congressional
Information
Service, Inc.
Information
Service
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Chemical
Abstracts
Services
The Common-
wealth Agri-
cultural Bureau
National
Cancer
Chemical Abstracts
Service of the
American Chemical
Society
National Library
of Medicine
Comments
Citations
only
Abstracts
Abstracts
Biosciences
only
Citations
only
Description
and identi-
fiers only
Abstracts
Abstracts
chemical substance' names. It contains 439,812
records for chemicals that are identified by
chemical abstracts-' service registry numbers and are
cited in either Toxline, Toxback, Tf)B, or RTECS.
-------
SELECTED DATA BASES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SHE INVESTIGATIONS (Cpnt. )
Data Base Name
CIIEHNAHE
CLAIHS/CIIU1
COMPREHENSIVE
DISSERTATION • <
ABSTRACTS
CONFERENCE
PAPERS INDEX
EOB
EIS INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS
EMI
(EMIC)
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERIODICALS
BIBLIOGRAPHY (EPB)
EXCERPTA
HEDICA
FEDERAL INDEX
Subject Coverage
Contains CAS registry numbers, CA substance index
names, molecular formulas, chemical name synonyms and
. periodic classification terras for chemical substances.
U.S. chemical and chemically-related patents plus
some foreign equivalents.
Interdisciplinary listing of almost all doctoral dis-
sertations accepted since 1861 by accredited degree
granting institutions in the U.S. plus some non:U.S.
universities.
Covers approximately 1,000 scientific and technical
meetings worldwide and the 100,000 papers presented.
The energy data base covers all information of
interest to DOE in almost every area of research.
Information on 130,000 establishments operated by
67,000 f;rn)s with current annual sales of over. $500, 000
describing employment, sales, market share and production.
Environmental mutagens - information concerning chemical
mutagen research.
Covers the very broad field of general human ecology,
atmospheric studies, energy, land resources, water
resources and nutrition and health from 300 periodicals.
Covers all fields of medicine plus extensive coverage
of the drug and pharmaceutical literature and other areas
such as environmental health and pollution Control.
Substantive comments from the Congressional Record,
Federal Register, Presidential documents, and the
Washington Post. Trends and developments in Washington
Coverage '
Dotes
Corresponds
to CAS1A
1950-1970
1861-Pres.
1973-Pres.
1974-Pres.
(Contains
material
back to
late 1800' s
Current
1976-Pres.
1973-Pres.
June 1974-
Pres.
Oct. 1976-
Pres.
Vpdate •
Frequency
737,000 substan-
ces; quarterly
updates
265,000 cita-
tions
Over 618,000
citation.
monthly updates
715,000 records
monthly updates
98 1 700 cita-
tions. 5,000
items semimonthly
140,000 records;
replaced 3 times/
year
Over 158,000
records. Bi-
monthly updates
1,160,000
records, monthly
Updates
130,000 cita-
tions, monthly
updates
Sponsoring
Agency
Chemical
Abstracts
Service and
Lockheed
in/Plenum
Data Co.
Xerox University
Microfilms
Data Courier
OOE Technical
Information
Center
Economic Infor-
mation Systems
OOE-TIC
Environmental
Studies Institute
Excerpta
Medica
Pred leasts
Comments
Gives namps
and CAS rogj-
stry numbers
only
t i tat ions
Ci tations
only
Abstracts
(after
June 1, 1976)
Citations
only
Abstracts
Citations
Abstracts
Citations
only
, • Regulations, the US Code, public laws, congressional
bills, and resolutions and reports. Coverage extends to
proposed rules, regulations, bill introductions, speeches,
hearings, roll calls, reports, vetoes, court decisions,
executive orders, contract awards, etc.
FEDERAL REGISTER Contents correspond to the Federal Register Abstracts.
March 1977-
Pres.
Weekly
Capitol
Services
Citations
-------
SEIECHD DATA BASFS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS (Cont.)
[Icila Ujse Name
GIOARCIIIVE
GLIM 1
IF'A
HCOL1NE
MGA
NAWUU
Subject Coverage
Covers geoscience information Mineral and petroleum
production and resources and new names typify the data
currently added to the fields of geophysics, geochemistry,
geology, paleontology and mathematical geology.
Covers geoscionces literature from 3,000 journals, plus
the geosciences conferences and major symposia and mono-
graphs in all areas of the geosciences.
Information on all phases of development and use of
Bibliographic citations to worldwide medical literature
corresponds to Index Medicus.
Covers meteorological and geoa^trophysical research
published in both foreign and domestic literature.
Based on Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts.
National Water Data Exchange - Contains information
concerning water data availability, source and some
Coverage
Dates
1969-Pres.
1961-Pres.
1970-Pres.
1976-Pres.
1 1970-Pres.
1700' s - Pres
Update
Frequency
290,000 cita-
tions; monthly
updates
360,000 items;
4,000 records/
month
43,000 items
500-600 added
monthly
Over 815,000
citations
43,500 cita-
tations, irregu-
lar updates
As necessary
data from
Sponsoring
Agency
Geosystems of
London
American
Geological
Institute
American
Society of
Hospital
Pharmacists
National
Library of
Medicine
American
Meteorological
Society
U.S. Geological
Survey
Comments
Abstracts
Citations
Abstracts
when
avai lable
Abstracts
tIBI
NCC
NHC
USA
NSC
major data characteristics.
National Biomonitoring Inventory - Information on
on-going biomonitoring projects in the U.S.
National Climatic Center - Contains historical and
current weather infonnation and related data. The
data is generated by: NOAA's Weather Service; the
U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force weather services; the
Federal aviation Administration; the U.S. Coast.
Guard; and cooperative observers.
The National Referral Center file is non-bibliographic
file containing descriptions of organizations qualified
and willing to answer questions on virtually any area of
science and technology, including the social sciences.
Nuclear Science Abstracts - Subject scope includes all
of nuclear science and technology.
Covers all pertinent literature on nuclear safety
informal, inn.
Current
61,500 sites
stored.
As necessary
1800's -Pres. Continuous
Current
1967-1976
1963-Pres.
554,597 rec-
ords; closed
101 ,340 items;
1,000 citations
per month
DOE-TIC Abstracts
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Admin.
National Referral Citations
Center for Science only
& Technology
DOE-f 1C Abstract-,
Nuclear Safety Abstracts
Information Center,
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
I
Ol
-------
SELECTED DATA BASES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS (Cont.)
Data Base Name
NSR
Subject Coverage
The Nuclear Structure Reference data base contains:
1. The entire contents of "Nuclear Structure References,
1969-1971," supplement to Vol. 16, Nuclear Data Sheets.
?. Complete contents of the 1975 "Recent References"
issues of Nuclear Data Sheets; and 3. References to
reports and informal communj cat ions (secondary sources)
received by the nuclear data project during the years
1973-1975.
Coverage
Dates
197'! Pres.
5,000
entries
Update
Frequency
30,236 items;
5,000 entries
per year
Sponsoring
Agency
Oak Ridge
National
Laboratory
Comments
Citations
only
NTIS
OHM-TADS
PARCS
POLLUTION
ABSTRACTS
RASS
RING DOC
Complete government reports announcement file. Contains 1964-Pres
abstracts of research reports from over 240 government
agencies including NASA, EPA, HEW, etc.
Oil and Hazardous Materials-Technical Assistance Oct. 1978-
Data System contains data on materials that have Pres
been designated oil or hazardous materials. The f
system is designed to provide technical support
for dealing with potential or actual dangers re-
sulting from the discharge of oil or hazardous
substances.
Pesticides Analysis Retrieval and Control System (PARCS)
provides a centralized source of information on all pesti-
cides registered by EPA.
Corresponds in coverage to the printed abstracts pub- 1970-Pres.
lication. Covers foreign and domestic reports,
journals, contracts and patents, symposia, and govern-
ment documents in the areas of pollution control and
research: water, marine, land and thermal pollution;
pesticides; sewage and waste treatments; and legal
developments.
Rock analysis Storage System - Contains information 1962 - Pres
on samples submitted for analytical work. Information 1968 - Pres!
includes location, formation, sample name, age, de- (2 files)
scription, economic geology, data, and geochemical data.
RINGDOC covers over 400 of the world's scientific 1964-Pres,
journals to provide extensive coverage of the pharma-
ceutical literature. Access points to the citations
include keywords and multipunch coded data (represent-
ing chemical fragments).
765,000 cita- National
tions; biweekly Technical
updates Information
Service
EPA-Oil &
Special Materials
Control Division
EPA
Abstracts
68,500 cita-
tions; bimonthly
updates
As necessary
135,000 records
292,000 records
466,000 items
10,000 items/
month
Data Courier,
.Inc.
Citations
only
U.S. Geological
Derweut Publica-
tions, ltd.
Av.i
to sub-
scribers
on ly
RTCCS
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
1978
40,967 records NIOSH
-------
SELECTED DATA BASES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS (Cont.)
[laid B.ise Manic
SAFHY
Subject Coverage
Safety provides international coverage of the
literature in 6 major areas: general safety,
industrial ami occupational safety, transportation
safety, aviation and 3:.-rospace safety, environmental
and ecological safety, and medical safety.
Coverage
Dates
June 1975-
Pres.
Upda te
Frequency
Updated bi-
monthly
Sponsoring
Agency
Cambridge
Scientific
Abstracts River-
dale, MO
Comments
Abstracts
SC1SFARCH
sroi
-------
DATA BASE STATUS FOR JANUARY 1981 (Cont.)
Data Base Hair"
WESTLAW
WRA
Subject Coverage
Contains Supreme Court full text and headnote summaries
fronv 1932'- present; heatlnote summaries for all reported
Federal court cases from 1960 - present; and all reported
State Appellate Court cases from 1967 - present. Full
test accessible for all Federal court cases in the data
data base and Appellate Court cases from 1977 - present.
The subfiles correspond to the units of the West Company
National Reporter System.
Corresponds to the semi-monthly abstractfng journal,
Selected Water Resources Abstracts. Covers the water-
Coverage
Dates .
1932-pres.
1969-Pres.
•Update
Frequency
Number of
items varies
with subject
files
94,610 items
1,000 items/mon.
Sponsoring
Agency
West Publish-
ing Company
W,iler Resources
Scientific Infor-
Comments
Abstract---
CO
related aspects of the life, physical, and social
sciences as well as related engineering and legal aspects
of the characteristics, conservation, control, use or
management of water. Input material for the abstracts
comes from selected organizations with active water
resources research programs which are supported as
"Centers of Competence."
mation Center
-------
A5-1
PART 5
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATE CONSERVATION OFFICES
AND
PUBLISHED SOIL SURVEYS
-------
A5-2
STATE CONSERVATION OFFICES
ALABAMA, Auourn 36830
Wright Building
138 Sou-th Gay Street
P.O. Bo 311
Phone: 5C- -4535 (FTS)
103-621-6070 (CM1.,, •
ALASKA, Anchorage 99504
Suite 129, Professional Blctg.
2221 E. No-thern Li ants Blvfi.
Phone: 907-276-4246 (FTS S.
ARIZONA, Phoenix 85025
230 N. 1st Avenue
3008' Federal Builaing
Phone; 6r2-261-671i (FTS"& CML)
ARKANSAS, Little Rock 72203
Federal Building, Room 5029
700 West Capitol Street
P.O. Box 2323
•Phone: 740-5445 (FTS)
501-378-5445 (CML)
CALIFORNIA, Davis 95616
2S28 Chiles Raad
Phone: 916-75S-2200 ext. 210
(FTS & CML)
COLORADO, Denver 80217
2490 W. 26th Avenue
P.O. Box 17107
Phone: 327-4275 (FTS)
303-837-4275 (CML)
CONNECTICUT, Storrs 06268
Mansfield Professional Park
Route 44A
Phone: 244-2547/2548 (FTS)
203-429-9361/9362 (CML)
DELAWARE, Dov«r 19901
•Treadway Towers, Suite 2-4
9 East Loockerman Street
Phone: 487-5148 (FTS)
302-678-0750 (CML)
FLORIDA, Gainesville 32602
Federal Building
P.O. Box 1208
Phone: 946-3871 ext. 100 (FTS)
904-377-8732 (CML)
GEORGIA, Athens 30603
Federal Building
355 E. Hancock Avenue
P.O. Box 832
Phone: 250-2275 (FTS)
404-546-2274 (CML)
WAWAII, Honolulu 96850
300 Ala Hoana Blvd.
Room 4316
P.O. Box 5004
Phone: 808-546-3165 (FTS & (CML)b
IDAHO, Boise 83702
304 North 8th Street, Room 345
Phone: 554-1601 (FTS)
208-384-1601 ext 1601 (CML)
ILLINOIS, Chatrosign 61S20
Federal Buildino
200 W Church Street
P.O. fcox 678
Phone: 956-5271 -(FTS)
217-356-3785 (CML)
INDIANA, Jndianaoolis 46224
Atkinson Square-West Suite 2200
5610 Crawfordsville Road
Phone: 33-J-6515 (FTS)
317-269-'785 ,(CML)
IOWA, De.5 Moines 50309
693 Federal Builaing
210 Walnut Street
Phone: 515-862-4260 (FTS & CML)
KANSAS, Salina 67401
760 South L'roadway
P.O. Box 600
Phone: 752-4753 (FTS)
913-825-9535 (CML)
KENTUCKY, Lexington 40504
333 Waller Avenue
Phone: 3S5-2749 (FTS)
606-233-2749 ext 2749 (CML)
LOUISIANA, Alexandria 71301
3737 Government Street
P.O. Box 1630
Phone: 497-6611 ext 233 (FTS)
318-448-3421 (CML)
MAINE, Orona 04473
USDA Building
University of Maine
Phone: 833-7393 (FTS)
207-866-2132/2133 (CML)
MARYLAND, College Park 20740
Room 522, Hartwick Building
4321 Hartwick Road
Phone: 301-344-4180 (FTS & CML)
MASSACHUSETTS, Amherst 01002
29 Cottage Street
Phone: 413-549-0650 (FTS & CML)C
MICHIGAN, East Lansing 48823
1405 South Harrison Road
Room 101
Phone: 374-4242 (FTS)
517-372-1910 ext 242 (CML)
MINNESOTA, St. Paul 55101
200 Federal Bldg & U.S. Courthouse
316 North Robert Street
Phone: 612-725-7675 (FTS & CML)
MISSISSIPPI, Jackson 39205
Milner Building, Room 590
210 South Lamar Street
P.O. Box 610
Phone: 490-4335 (FTS)
601-969-4330 (CML)
MISSOURI, Columbia 65201
555 Vandiver Drive
Phone: 276-314S (FTS)
314-442-2271 ext 3155 (CML)
MONTANA. Bozemsn 59715
Federal Building
P.O. Box 970
Phone: 585-4322 (FTS)
406-587-5271 ext 4322 (CML)-
NEBRASKA, Lincoln 68508
Federal Building
U.S. Courthouse, Room 345
Phone: 541-5300 (FTS)
402-471-5301 (CML)
NEVADA, Reno 89505
U.S. Post Office Bldg. Rm 308
P.O. Box 4850
Phone: 470-5304 (FTS)
702-784-5304 CKL)
NEW HAMPSHIRE, Durham 03824
Federal Building
Phone: 834-0505 (FTS)
603-868-7581 (CML)
NEW JERSEY, Somerset 08873
1370 Hamilton Street
P.O. Box 219
Phone: 342-5341
201-246-1205 ext 20 (CML)
NEW MEXICO, Albuquerque S7103
517 Gold Avenue, SW
P.O. Box 2007
Phone: 474-2173 (FTS)
505-766-2173 (CML)
NEW YORK, Syracuse 13260
U.S. Courthouse & Federal Bldg.
100 S. Clinton Street, Room 771
Phone: 950-5494 (FTS)
315-423-5493 (CML)
NORTH CAROLINA, Raleigh 27611
310 New Bern Ave, Fed*ra1 Bldg
Room 544 P.O. Box 27307
Phone: 672-4210 (FTS)
919-755-4165 (CML)
NORTH DAKOTA, Bismarck 58501
Federal Bldg. - Rosser Ave & 3rd St
P.O. Box 1458
Phone: 783-4421 (FTS)
701-255-4011 ext 421 (CML)
OHIO, Columbus 43215
200 No. High St, Room 522
Phone: 943-6962 (FTS)
614-469-6785 (CML)
OKLAHOMA, Stillwater 74074
Agriculture Building
' Farm Road & Brumley Street
Phone: 728-4360 (FTS)
405-624-4360 (CML)
OREGON, Portland 97209
Federal Office Building
1220 SW 3rd Avenue
Phone: 423-2751 (FTS)
503-221-2751 (CML)
-------
STATE CONSERVATION OFFICES (Cant.)
A5-3
PENNSYLVANIA, Harrisburg 17108
Federal Bldg. & Courthouse
Box 985 Federal Square Station
Phone: 590-2202 (FTS)
717-732-4403 (CML)
PUERTO RICO, Hato Key 00918
Federal Office Bldg. Room 633
Mail: GPO Box 4868
PUERTO RICO, San Juan. 00936
Phone: 809-753-1206
RHODE ISLAND, West Warwick 02893
46 Quaker Lane e
Phone: 401-828-1300 (FTS)
SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia 29210
240 Stoneridge Drive
Phone: 677-5681 (FTS)
803-765-5681 (CML)
SOUTH DAKOTA, Huron 57350
Federal Bldg 200 4th St, SW
P.O. Box 1357
Phone: 782-2333 (FTS)
605-352-8651 (CML)
TENNESSEE, Nashville 37203
675 U.S. Courthouse
Phone: 852-5471 (FTS)
615-749-5471 (CML)
TEXAS, Temple 76501
W.R. Poage Federal Building
101 S. Main St. P.O. Box 648
Phone: 736-1214 (FTS)
817-773-1711 ext 331 (CML)
UTAH, Salt Lake City 84138
4012 Federal Bldg - 125 S. State St.
Phone: 588-5050 (FTS)
801-524-5051 (CML)
VERMONT, Burlington 05401
1 Burlington Square, Suite 205
Phone: 832-6794 (FTS)
802-862-6501 ext 6261 (CML)
VIRGINIA, Richmond 23240
Federal Bldg., Room 9201
400 N. 8th Street - P.O. Box 10025
Phone: 925-2457 (FTS)
804-782-2457 (CML)
WASHINGTON, Spo,.jne 99201
360 U.S. Courthouse
W 920 Riverside Avenue
Phone: 439-3711 (FTS)
509-456-3711 (CML)
WEST VIRGINIA, Morgantown 26505
75 High Street, P.O. Box 365
Phone: 923-7151 (FTS)
304-5S9-7151 (CM.)
WISCONSIN, .'-'aaison 53711
-601 Hammersiey Road
Phone. 36-1-5351 (FTS)
508-252-5351 (CML)
WYOMING, Casper 32601
Federal Office Bldg, P.O. Box 2440
Phone: 328-5201 (FTS)
307-265-5550 ext 3217 (CML)
TECHNICAL SERVICE CENTERS
MIDWEST
NEBRASKA, Lincoln 68508
Federal Bldg.-U.S. Courthouse,
Phone: 541-5346 (FTS)
402-471-5361 (CML)
WEST
OREGON, Portland 97209
511 N.W. Broadway
Phone: 423-2824 (FTS)
503-221-2824 (CML)
Rra 393
NORTHEAST
PENNSYLVANIA, Broomall 19008
1974 Sproul Road
Phone: 596-5783 (FTS)
215-596-5710 (CML)
SOUTH
TEXAS, Ft. Worth 76115
Ft. Worth Federal Center
P 0. Box 6567
Phone: 817-334-5456 (FTS 4 CML)
CARTOGRAPHIC UNITS
(Not located at TSC)
MARYLAND, Lanham 20782
10000 Aerospace Road
Phone: 301-436-8756 (FTS & CML)
FOOTNOTES
FTS = Federal Telecommunications
System Number
CML = Commercial Number
a = Calls to Anchorage, Alaska are
made:
Through FTS Seattle, Washington,
399-0150 between 7:30 am - 6:00 pm PST
Through "S lashingtcn, Jf-. ,
(Except Washington, D.C.')
967-1221 when Seattle FTS closed
b = Calls to Hawaii are made:
Through FTS San Francisco, Calif.
556-0220 between 7:00 am -
3:00 pm PST
Througn FTS /.dsm nqi-jM. j.*..^
(Exceot Washington, D.C.)
967-1221 when S. F. FTS closed
c = Calls to Amnarst are made by
calling FTS Boston 223-21009
d = Calls to Puerto Rico are made:
Through Washington, O.C.
202 9-472-6620
From Washington, D.C.
9-472-5620
This is access to overseas
operator--then give numoer
desired
e = Calls to West Warwick by
calling FTS Providence
528-10009
f = Washington, O.C., calls to
Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto
Rico see FTS Users Guide
g = For direct dialing from
Washington, D.C. (Hyattsville
included) to Amnerst and
Providence, dial Access Code
"8," area code, and number
listed for State Conservationist
October 1980
-------
A5-4
LIST OF
PUBLISHED SOIL SURVEYS
United States Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service January 1980
-------
A5-5
LIST OF PUBLISHED SOIL SURVEYS
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with state agricultural experiment stations
and other federal and state agencies, has been making soil surveys and publishing them since
1399. These surveys furnish soil maps and interpretations needed in giving technical assistance
to farmers and rancners, in guiding other decisions about soil selection, use, and management,
in planning research and disseminating the results of the research, and they are used in
educational programs about soil use and conservation. Sound scientific and technical standards
are used in a nationwide system of soil classification, nomenclature, interpretation, and
publication.
Soil classification has improved as our knowledge about soils and their potential uses has
increased. As agriculture has become more technical, a proper fit between the kind of soil and
the combination of practices used has become more critical. Because of this, soils bearing the
same names are more narrowly defined in recent surveys than in the older ones.
When soil survey work began in 1699 little was known about the soils of the United States. Since
then a great deal has been learned, methods have been improved, and the results of the surveys
are more accurate and detailed. For planning farms, engineering structures, parks, urban devel-
opments, and other uses of land, the recent published soil surveys are more useful. The older
surveys can be of considerable assistance for many users, but their maps are more general than
those in recent surveys and some of the interpretations need to be updated.
Published soil surveys contain, in addition to soil maps, general information about the agricul-
ture and climate of the area and descriptions of each kind of soil. They include a discussion of
the formation and classification of the soils in the area and also soil laboratory data when
available.
Soil surveys published since 1957 contain many different kinds of interpretations for each of the
different soils mapped in the area. The kinds of interpretations included in these recent sur-
veys vary with the needs of the area, but the following interpretations are in most of them:
Estimated yields of the common agricultural croos under defined levels of management; land-
caoability interpretations, soil-woodland interpretations, rangeland 'interpretations, engineering
uses of soils, interpretations for community planning, suitability of the soil for drainage and
irrigation, suitaoility of the soil for wildlife and for recreation.
Most of the soil surveys published since 1957 contain soil maps printed on a photomosaic base.
The usual map scale is 1:2*.000, 1:20,000 or 1:15,340, depending on the needs of the area.
This publication lists those surveys that have been published by the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture. A few state agencies also publish surveys but, except for nine in Illinois, these are not
Included in this list.
A soil survey oublished by the U.S. Department of Agriculture that is still in print can be
obtained in one of the following ways:
Land use>-s 'n the ar^a surveyod and professional workers who have use for the survc-y can
obtain a free copy from the state or local office of the Soil Conservation Service, from
their county agent, or from their congressman. Many libraries keep oublished soil surveys
on file for reference. Also, soil conservation district offices and county agricultural
extension offices have copies of local soil surveys that can be used for reference.
Most published soil surveys cover one or more counties and are so named. Where the survey covers
only a Dart of one or -nore counties, the word "area" is a part of the name; The da-e^in the list
is the year tne field work was completed for surveys maae from 1899 to 1936; from i?37 on it is
the year the puolication was issued.
Soil surveys are oeing completed and published at a raoid rate, so this list is always at least a
l"tle out'of aace. For information on the current status of a soil survey not listed herein,
irvjiry should be raae to tne State Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service, in tne aooro-
priate state. Addresses of State Conservationists are listed on the back of this page.
-------
A5-6
PUBLISHED SOIL SURVEYS
HUDEROALE
ALABtMA
•I 90*
1977
*T909
Al'TSUGA
*1914
*' 90S
*1905
•1913
• 1907
*1«OR
1961
»\909
19*9
1 9'4
197*
«1
NORTHERN PIN/.L
GILA BEND A». ?A
HOLBROOK SH3W-LOW AREA
LONG VALLEY AREA
MARICOPA (CENTRAL "ART)
MIDDLE OIL* VALLEY AREA
NOGALES AREA
ORGAN PIPE CACTUS
N9,"IONAL M3NUHENT
PARAOISB-VERD? ARE*
SAFFORO AREA
SALT RIVER VALLEY ARFA
SALT RIV5R VALLEY AREA
SAN S110N AREA
SANTA CRUZ AND PARTS OF
CQCHISE AND PIMA
SOLMONSVULE AREA
SULPHUR SPRINGS VALLEY
AR=A
THE DUNCAN ARFA
TUCSON AREA
TUCSON-AVRA VALLEY AREA
0">PER 61LA VALLEY AREA
VIRGIN RIVS VALLEY AREA
1941
*1929
1972
*1913
19TT
*1925
1961
1967
1978
1968
• 1914
»1907
*1916
1974
1968
1972
»1917
1976
*1917
1979
*1906
1971
1969
*19U
1979
*1917
1975
1974
• 1915
1977
W1NSLOW AREA
YftVAPAI. WESTERN-. P*RT
YUMA AREA
YUMA AREA
YUHA DESERT AHEA
YUMA WELTON AREA
ARKANSAS
ARKANSAS
ASHLEY
BENTON
BRADLEY
BRADLEY
CHICOT
CLAY
CLEVELAND
COLUMBIA
CONWAY
CRAIGHEAO
CRITTENDEN
CROSS
DESHA
DREW
DR?W
FAULKNER
FAULKNER
FAYETTEVILLE AR?A
FRANKLIN
GREENE
HEMPSTEAD
HEMPSTEAD
HOWARD
HOWARD
JACKSON
J6FPBRSON
JOHNSON
» OUT OF PRINT. : NOT AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
A5-7
1 97H
1977
*19'1
*1903
«1914
1971
L4WENC5
LFE
*\°7S
1973
*1970
1=74
1 977
*1 91 1
»l°OS
«t97'
'97s
*l91t
' 979
1975
1°6A
*1907
I960
196«
«19\5
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI
MONRC=
NFV4DA
OUACHITS
o = ='Y
PHILLIPS
POINSETT
POP'
PR4IRI =
PUL4SKI
PULASKI
RcCr
-------
A5-8
ni^Ti) ic- np C'lUiBIA
l=7fe 01ST&TC'r OF COLUMBIA
FLORID*
*' 054 4t ATHUi
»' 01 "1 RR tOF^PO
1074 RRF V 60 0
1O7h RRItfiRO ARFA
! °54 COLL IFR
195R Dine
»*°71 DUV4L
>97S OUV&L COUNTY (CITY f>F
»R=4
*1 C1 *, COR
*1 015 FRANKLIN
1 Of •>
»1«04
«'9]4
i =77
HILL SROROUGH
'979 JACKSON
*1 907 J
ARB»
'97? LAK* AR=A
*1 9'JH MAN4TFF
•T900 MAP. I4NN4 1REA
'079 MARION i«"=A
•'91? Of.4L« »RFl
1 RCM HILL
1 OfcO RBM HILL-IRHIN
1 97> SFBH jnN Atgtj
19TQ RIBR
• ' 0] A RROTKS
1C79 BOCTK^ SNn
1974 RRY6N AMD
«' 010 BULLOCH
l«6fl BULLDCH
• '.917 BUHKF
« ntJT HF PRINT ; NOT AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTIPN
»1°24 CHATTAHOOCHEE
• 1912 CHATTnnG4
1978 CHATTOOG4 , FLOYD, AND
POLK
lO'l CHERfK^F.. GILMER, ANO
0 1 CK*NS
*1°27 CLARK=
1968 CLA*K=-OCON?E
*1914 CLAY
19T9 CLAYTnN.FAYETTF AND
HENRY
»1901 COB8
1«73 C1BB
• 1914 COLOU1T7
1975 COL3UITT ANO COCK
*191 1 COLUMBI.A
*1928 COOK
*1501 COVINGTCN AREA
*19! « C^WET* AND F'YSTTE
»1?14 CRISP
*1942 DADE
1072 DAWSON, LUMPKIN, AND
WHIT=
*1939 OECATUR
«1°14 DE KALB
*19**4 OODGE
*1923 DOOLY
*1«12 DOUGHERTY
1968 DOUGHBRTY
1961 OOUGL^S
»191ft EARLY
»1928 ELB«RT
1979 ELSERT. FRANKLIN ANO
MADISON
*1923 F4NN1N
*1917 FLOYD
1960 FDRSYTH
*1«03 FORT VALLSY AREA
• 1900 FRANKLIN
1958 FULTON
*19! 1 GLYNN
*1923 GORDON
1°65 GORDON
»1918 GRADY
7.967 GWINN°TT
*1923 H»8ERSHAM
1963 HABEPSHAM
*1°41 HALL
*1909 HANCOCK
*1<529 HAR'
1963 HART
1.967 HOUSTON AND PEACH
*19l* JACKSON
*1916 J4SPFR
«l°i.3 JEFF DAVIS
*1931 JF.FFERSON
*19?3 JENKINS
1968 J=NK!NS
•1913 JHNES
• I*1?? LAMAR
1972 LAMAB, PIKP, ANOUPSON
• 1915 L4URFNS
*19?7 Lcc
1978 Lc<= ANP T5RRFLL
•1917 L1WN05S . .
1970 LIWND^S ' "
»i
-------
A5-9
»1 907 M1NIOOK1 AO = A •
*1921 MIN1DOK* AREA
1 975 MINIDOK.4 AREA
*1917 N*7. P=RC = AND LCWH
1976 PAY=TTC
»l91ft PORTNFUF SR = 1
*1975
-------
A5-10
1 979
*\CT 7
*i 01 a
i 051
*1 077
1 C7R
•19! a
! 975
*1°19
I «77
*1«10
»' 9?1
*i 016
i 07«5
LINN
LINN
LCUT«4
LY1N
LYfN
U\OISON
"*3ISON
M1H4SKA
MSHft SKA
MAST TNI
MARSHALL
MILLS
MITCHELL
*1«17
*1 e< 4 MUSCAT I ME
*\9'\ O'BRIEN
«'. 9'1 PAG?
1078 PAG=
*l «J "i P&LO ALTP
1 977 PAL" ALT0
l«7f, PLYMOUTH
I960 POLK
•1914 POTTAW»TTAKJ !
*' 97<5
»1 916
*l 91 "5
•1915
*) 09 T
' 950
T 054
*'9?7
'. 07 R
*' 9) 5
*' <<1 7
«1 075
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1979 KINGMAN
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1977 LEAVENWORTH AND WYANDOTT
1964 LOGAN
• 1930 MARICN
1977 MPADE
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1974 MORRIS
1963 MORTON
*1930 N«OSHO
1977 NESS
1977 NORTON
1977 OSB11RNE
*1903 PAPSH\S *o?A
197 B PAWNEE
1968 PRATT
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1966 RENO
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1975 RILEY AND CART OF GEARY
1959 S»LIN=
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1970 SHAWNSE
1973 SHF.RMAN
1976 SMITH
1978 STAFFORD
1961 STANTON
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1979 SUMN«R
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1964 CLARK
1974 DAVI5SS ANO HANCOCK
196r ELLIOTT
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1968 FAYFTTE
1965 FOURTEEN CO. EASTERN KY,
RECONNAISSANCE
1964 FULTON--
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1953 GRAVES
1972 GRAYSON
1979 HAROJN AND LARUE
1968 HARRISON' --'
1967 HENDERSON
1977 HOPKINS
1966 JEFFSRSOH
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*1919 LOGAN
1975 LOGAN
•1905 MADISON
1973 MADISON
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1970 HC CREARY-MH1TLEY AREA
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1967 METCALFE
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1977 SCOTT
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1974 EVANGELINE
*1911 IBERIA
1978 IB5R1A
1977 1BERVILLE
»1918 LA SALLE
*1915 LAFAYETTE
1977 LAFAYETTE
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1960
•1915
1073
•1915
•1912
• 1903
• 1955
•1917
•1918
•191*
•1°37
•1970
• '954
•1°26
•1910
•1917
•1923
•'.901 CARY AR<
1975 CATAW8A
nt)T
POINT : NIT AVAILABLE FCR DISTRIBUTE
Reproduced from
best available copy.
1!
•-1937 CHATHAM
•1921 CHEROKEE
•1951 CHCROK5E
*191?
•1929
V903
•1922
•1915
*1927
•1905
1959
•1920
1976
•1907
1979
•1913
1976
•1931
•1909
CLAY
CtEVSLANO
COLUMBUS
CRAVEN
CRAVEN ABBA
CUMBERLAND
DAVIDSON
DAVIE
DUPLIN
DU»HN
DURHAM
D'JRMAM
EDG5COM61:
FOtSYTH
FORSYTH
FRANKLIN
GASTON
GAT=S
GRAHAM
G«ANVILL«-
•1953
•1910
*1920 GUILFCRD
1977 GUILFORD
•1916 HALIFAX
*1916 HARNETT
•1922 HAYWOOD
*1954 HAYWOOO
•1907 H?NO?«SON
•19*3 HENDERSON
*19!6 HERTFORD
•19I52 HICK08Y AREA.
•1918 HOK?
1964 IR5DBLL
*19*8 JACKSON
•1911 JOHNSTON
•1938 JONES
•1909 UAK5 MATTAMUSKEeT AREA
•1933 LEE
*1927 UENOIR
1977 L6NOIR
*1914 LINCOLN
*1929 HACHN
•1956 MACON
*19*2 MADISON
•1928 MARTIN
•1910 M£CKL5NBU«G
•1952 MITCHELL
*1'930 MONTGOMERY -.
•1919 MOOT6
•19^2 MT. MITCHELL AREA
»19?6 NASH
•1906 NFW. HANOVR
1977 NEW HANOVER
•1925 NORTHAMPTON
*192l ONSLOW
•1918 ORANC<=
1977 ORANGE
•1937 PAMLICD
1957 PASOUOTANK
•1912 PENOE»
•1905 P7ROUIMANS AND
PASOUOTANX
•192B PERSON
•1909 PITT
197* PITT
•1923 POLK
•1900 RALEIGH TO NEWBERN
•1913 RANDOLPH
•1911 RICHMOND
•1908 ROBESON
197? RDBISON
•1926 ROCKINGHAM
-------
A5-15
*1914 ROWAN
*1924 RUTHERFORD
«t 973 .S4MPSON
*1909 SCOTLAND
1967 SCOTLAND
«1916 STANIY
• 1901 STATESVILL= SREA
M94O STOKES
*1937 SURRY
*1947 SW4IN
*1906 TR4NSYLV4MI4
*l 043 TRIVSYLViMA
) 074 TBANSYLV4NI A
*1920 TYRRFLL
*1914 UNION
*1 918 VANCE
*1914 WAKE
1970 WAKE
*t9*2 WARREN
•1932 WASHINGTON
»1 928 WATAUGA
1 958 WATAUGA
»t915 WAYNE
197* WAYNF
*1918 HILKES
,1975 WILSON
»192* YAn*IN
196? YACKIN
*195? YANCEY
NORTH DAKOTA
*1912 BARNES
19** BILLINGS
• 1915 BOTTIN6AU
1.975 BOWMAN
197* BURL61GH
*1 90* C4NOO ARE*
•1905 CARRINGTON APF.A
«l 92* CASS
*19l* 01CKFY
1977 EOOY ANO PARTS OF BFNSON
4ND NELSON
*1903 FARGO ARF4
*190? GRAND FORKS ARE*
»1901 JAMESTOWN AREA
•1914 LA MOURF
1971 LA MOURF ANO PARTS OF
JAMES RIVER VALLEY
*19?1 MrH=NRY
1942 MCKESZIE
»19P7 MCKENZIE AREA
1979 MCLEAN
1979 MERCER
1951 MORTON
*1<=07 MORTON AR6A
1975 OLIVFR
1977 P = H8 INA
197S PIE'CE
*1906 RANSOM
»190» RECONNAISSANCE WESTERN
1977 RFNVILLF
*190« RICHLANH
1975 RICHLANO CO. f. SHEYENNF
NAT. GRASSLAND AREA
• 1917 SARGFNT
1964 SARGENT
1978 SLOPE
196K STARK
*l91fl TRAILL
1977 TRAJ1.L
1 966 TRI-COUNTY ARFA
1975 WALSH
\9--4. WARD
*1906 wILLISTPN 1PEA
CHI 0
*1933 AOAMS
1965 'ALL=N
1973 ASHTABUL*
*1903 SSHTABULt A»EA
*1938 ATHeNS
*19no AUGL'IZfi
*19?7 3ELMOSIT
*1930 BROWN
*1<"7 BUTLER
1971 CH4MPMG-V
1958 CLARK
* 1 °2 3 CLFRMQMT
1975 CLEBMONT
*1905 CL:V=LiNP AREA
1042 CLINTON
1968 COLUMBIAN A
*19T2 COLUMBUS AREA
*190* CnSHnCTCN
1979 CRAWFORD
1969 DELAWARE
1971 ?RI<=
1960 F4IRFIRLO
"1973 FAYETTE
*1922 FULTON
*1915 G":4UGi
1978 GREENF
*1915 HAMILTON
1973 HANCOCK
197* HFNRY
1977 HIGHLAND
1955 HURON
*1925 LiKE
1979 LAKE
• 1938 LICKING
*1939 LOGAN
1976 LORAIN
*193A LUCAS
*1917 M4HCNING
1971 MAHON1NG
*1916 MIR I ON
1977 MEOIN*
*1906 M-HGS
1079 MCRCER
*1916 MIAMI
1978 MIAMI
107* MONRO=
»1900 MONTGOMERY
1976 MONTGOMERY
*1925 MUSKINGUM
»1928 OTT4W*
*19l* PAULOING
I960 PAULOING
,101* PORTAGE
1978 PORTAGE
1969 PREBLE
*!930 PUTNAM
197* PUTNAM
*19!2 RECONNAISSANCE OF STATE
OF CHIO
1975 RICHLANO
1967 R"SS
• 1917 S4NOUSKY
• 1940 SCI 'TO
*1913 ST4..K
1971 STAOK
1974 SUMMIT
»1<=02 TOLEDO AREA
*1914 T'UMBULL
1954 TUSCARAWAS
1975 UNION
197? VAN V.= PT
• 1938 VINTON
1973 WARREN
*1926 wASHINGTTN
L077 WASHINGTON
• 1905 «FSTF.RVILLE AREA
1979 WILLIAMS
*1904 BOOSTER iS>£A
CKLAHOUA
1965
•193°
1=75
1979
1962
1968
*19I4
1978
ACMR
ALFALFA
ALFALFA
ATCKA
.BEiVER
3LAINS
BRYAN
3RYAN
C»DOO
CAN&OIJN
CANADIAN
CARTER
*1917
197fr
*1933
1979
1970
«1943
197?
1960
1954
1974
1967
1963
*1931
1973
1959
1978
*1963
1966
•1939
1967
1973
*1931
*1937
1967
1960
1975
1968
1961
1973
1977
»m5
1967
*1962
• 1931
1979
*1931
1970
1960
1966
*1940
1969
• 1937
1975
1979
1974
*1938
*1939
•1913
1956
1979
".952
195" OKLAHOMA
1968 CK-ULGEE
1979 OSiiE
*1964 OTTAWA
*1959 PAWNS;
«19is OAYM=
• 1937 PITTS3URG
1971 ? !TTS3URG
1973 f"?NTO'"C
1977 " rTTAHAT?"!5
CHCCTAW
cIMARRCN
CLEVE'.iNO
COIL
CC"ANCHE
CCTTCN
CRAIG
CRMG
CUSTER
DEWEY
ELLIS
GARFIEL3
GARFIEL2
GRAOY
GRANT
GRE?S
HARPER
HASKSU.
HUGHES
J4CKSON
JOHNSTON
KAY
KAY
K IMGF ISHER
KIOW4
KIOWA
L£ CLORE
LINCOLN
LOGiN
LCV=
MAJOR
MATES
MAYES
MCCLA:N
MCC'JRTAIN
MUSKOGFE
NC2L5
NCUATA
OK.FUSKEE
S5L4USR5
PRINT ; NOT AVAIL4BLE FOR 01 ST!? IBuT !TN
12
-------
A5-16
1 979 PU^HyjTiHl
*l<514 R?r.= R MILLS
*1 C63 PrlGcR M>!LLS
l CTq 5FMI Mnt,e
197 A w COWARD
*i 96* WOODWARD
OREGON
1 973 ALSF« ARFA
1 040 ASTHRIA HRC4
1 9-54 R4KBR ARFA
•1 90} BAKFR f.ITY AREA
°?0 6CNTHN
1 975 BCNT f>N
•1971 CLACKAMAS
*' 9?9 COLUMBIA
1 970 r.U'.RY ARFA
, 195R OESCHUTE!; AREA
'0?s F(fG=N= AREA
19?6 fiRAMRe RONOF VALLFY AR«?A
•1912 HOnO RIVER-WHIT' SALHON
• RIVER AREA
1 919 JOSEPHINF
«10f)S KLAMSTH RECLAMATION
1 974 L!NN
•1927 MAR'DN
197' MARION
*l«U M=OFHRD ARFA
»1 =19 MULTNOMAH
192? POLK
J966 PRINFVILLF ARPA
*1 903 S»LSM AR?J
1 964 SH?0 MAN
*1973 SHUTH imPOUA ARFA
1964 TILLAMOOK ARFA
1975 TROUT CRetK.SHiNi^Q ftR«t
) 94H UMATILLA «RFA
•1919 WASHINGTON
•'.917 YAMHILL tRFA
1 974 YAMHH.L AREA
PENNSYLVANIA
«1 90-4 ADAMS
1967 ADAMS
*'I£O9 ARMSTRONG
1977 AP^S*RONG
•1911 B^DfORD
•1909 BFRKS
'970 S«KS
*1915 81A1R
•1911 BRAHFnRn
•'946 BUCKS
' "7, RUCKS ANO PHILADFLPWIA
*1 01 S C frMBRI A
19W? CARBON
"°07 C NTR
»1 905 CHCST=R
1963 r.He5TFR ANO OF.LAWARF
1 95* CLAR ION
» HUT OF PPINT i NHT AVAILABLE
Reproduced from *P%
best available CODV.
*' 91 6 CLeA = = I^in
1=66 CLINTON '
1967 "OLUMSIA-
• 1954 CRAWFORD
19T2 DAUPHIN
* 1 91 ft =« I E
1960 ERIE
10*73 F&Y^^TF
•1938 FRANKLIN
19'5 FRANKLIN
1969 FULTON
«1921 GREEN1?
*194* HUNTINGDON
1978 HUNT ING DPN
»1931 IWIANA
196P INDIANA
•1907 JOHNSTOWN AREA
•1914 LANCASTER
1959 LANCASTER
•19^0 LANCASTER AREA
•1901 L'BANON .AREA
•1912 LBHIGH
1963 LEHIGH
*1903 LOCKH1VEN AREA
•1923. LYCOM1NG
•1917 MERCFR
1971 HfRCER
•1905. MONTGOMERY
1967 MONTGOMERY
1955 MONTOUR AND
NORTHUMBCI»LAND
1974 NORTHAMPTHN
1969 PIKE
1958 POTTSR
*190B RECONNAISSANCE
NORTHWESTERN
•1909 RECONNAISSANCE
SOUTHWESTERN
*1910 RECONNAISSANCE
SOUTH CFNTRAL
*19H RECONNAISSANCE
*1912 RECONNAISSANCE
SOUTHFASTERN
1973 SUSOUCHANNA
*1929 TIOGA
*1946 UNION
1975 VF.NANGO
•1910 WASHINGTON
»1938 WAYNE
1968 WESTMORELAND
•1929 WYOMING
»1912 YORK
1963 YORK
PUERTO RICO
*1902 ARECIBO TO PCNCE
1977 HUHACAQ tREA
1965 LAJAS VALL?r AREA
1975 MAYAGUEZF AREA OF
WESTERN PUERTO RICO
1979 PONCF A«FA
1942 PUFRTO RICO
197B SAN JUAN AREA
RHOD«= I SLAND
• 1939 KENT AND WASHINGTON
•19*2 NEWPORT AND- BRISTOL
•1943 PRPVIDFNCS
»1904 RECONNAISSANCE OF RHODE
ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
FOR DISTRIBUTION
13
!'937
•1902
"1909
1979
*191S
1966
•1912
1977
•1916
•1963
•1903
1971
•1904
• 1905
19&2
•1912
• 1914
»1910
197fc
•1909
1960
•1902
•1921
1978
»1915
*1938
•1911
•1914
ABBEVILLE
AB3?VILL? AREA
»1921
1975
•1929
*1915
•1918
•1919
*190*
1973
1975
•1907
1563
*1922
1976
•1917
•1965
•1918
1960
•1907
I9fc3
*1913
*1904
1943
1972
•1916
1978
*1909
1962
*1921
1968
*1907
1943
*1913
• 1928
»1905
1965
•1920
1979
»1907
19T1
1959
*1903
*19'?5
1976
1979
1966
ANOERSON
BAMBERG
8AMBERG
BARNH5LL
BARNWELL
BERKELEY
CALHQUN
CAKPOBELLO ARBA
CHARLESTON
CHARLESTON AREA
CHEROKEE
CHE'OKES
CHESTER
CHESTERFIELD
CLAP6NDDN
CLARENDON
CONWAY AREA
DARL1NGTON
DARLINGTON AREA
DILLON
DILLON
DORCHESTER
EDG5FIELD
FAIRFIELO
FLHREWCE
FLORENCE AND SUMTER
GEORGETOWN
SREENVILLE
GREENVILLE
GREENWOOD
HAMPTON
HORRY
KfRSHAW
LANCASTER
LANCASTER
LAURENS AND UNION
LEE
LEE
LEXINSTON
LEXINGTON
MARLBORO
MARLBORO
NEW6ERRY
NEWBERRY
OCONEE
OCONEE
ORANGEBURG
ORANGEBURG 4REA
P1CKENS
P1CKENS
RICHLAND
RICHLAND
SALUDA
SALUDA
SPARTANBURG
SPARTANBURG
SUMTER
SUMTER
UNION
WILLIAMSBURS
YORK
YORK
'SOUTH DAKOTA
BEADL.E
BEADLE
BELLEFOURCK? AREA
BENNETT
BROOK INGS
BROOK INGS AREA
BROWN
BUTTS
CAMPBELL
CODINGTON
-------
A5-17
1 977 PO«UNnS
\ 974 01V1SON
i 979 OFWF Y
1978 MADISON
1958 M\Rin>,|
*1<=2? GRANT
1 979 r.'^MT
1963 HANI
I973 H4MSON
1 07S HUGHES
J073 LAK =
l 979 (.IWENCE
1 976 LINCOLN
1975 «SRSHSLL
D HUTCHINSHM
i 97»
1 97S
SOUTHC°N PART
Mnno Y
SOUTH
1977 OOBCRTS
1 071 SHfNN"M
\07S MILVY
1 974 TOOO
l 079 TRIPP
'978 UNION
«l 973 WSI WORTH
1 9fc9 WASH'.RAUf.H
1979 Y4NKTON
1 947 B=nFORn
1953 B=NTN
' 959 BLDUNT
I 959 rOFFF=
*t 003
1 955
1 97'
l 065 OYFR
5 afc4 F4Y=TT?
*1907 GILES
1968 C, tL=S
I 043 GRAINGFR
1 05 H r,OF?N =
«l 904 r,B<:"N=VILLc AREA
^ 047 H4«I LTON
*i 9?^ HM»0 IN
1 070
*» 90S HcNrl*=R ^ON
«i 977 H-NO Y
1 95H HCN° Y
i acn HnUSTTl
1 94f. HI)MPHOPYS
1 o)4 ANDERSON
1975 ANDERSON
1974 4NO»CWS
*1912 ARCHER
*1965 ARMSTRONG
*1904 4USTIN 4PC-A
1063 81ILFY
1977 84NOE°A
1979 BASTR^P
1976 91YLOR
*1938 8"? =
*1916 3CLL
1977 BELL
«196fr 8=XiP
1079 BLANCC1 AMO
1075 80RSEN
*1918 SOW IE
BURN FT
»1=02 3RAZnRIA 4RFA
«19i,4 BRAZOS
*'.958 BRAZO?
1977 BRISCOE
*1°48 QROWN
*19^7 BODk.NSVILLc
1973 C4LDWLL
1078 CALHCUN
*1041 CAMCRON
1 O7 7 CAMERON
*1°08 CAMP
*1962 C&RSON
1074 CAST'?
lo7fc CHAM8CRS
* i a^o CHCROKP e
» 1.0^4 CCCHP4N
AREA
1074 COKE
•1022 COLCM4N
1074 COLE""*N
• loiO COLLiM
1969 COLL IN
. 1973 COLLINGSWCR'H
1077 row fi NT HE
1979 CCOKC
*1907 CCCPER AREA
"NOT AVAILABLE FCR DISTRIBUTION
*1903
197*
*1966
1975
*1920
1960
1968
• 1918
1978
•1922
1970
*1943
1977
1978
1971
•1910
*192P
1973
«1932
1978
*1946
*1966
1978
*1964
*1960
*1909
*1918
• 1929
*1965
»1930
1975
1975
1977
1966
*1909
1977
1974
1967
• I960
•1932
1972
*1°22
1976
*1912
1977
1961
1974
*1906
• 1923
•1925
1973
'965
1978
1977
*1905
196o
*1939
1976
»'903
1977
»1913
1965
CCR°US CKRIST! AREA
CCTTLE
C°OS3Y
OALLAM
DALLAS
OAWSCN
OE4F SMITH
OSNTON
0? wITT
DICKENS
OIC
-------
A5-18
*101 7 LUBSCr.*
1970 LUBBC'K
*' 003 L'.JFK IN 4RCI
*1°5S LYNN
' =75 M4RTIN
*! Ci? M4VFRICK
1077 MAVERICK
Xo'4 MCCULLTH
l 05 q M^LCNN1N
1 C77 KFOlNi
•1967 1 = NS. RD
*J Q' q MIDL AND
1 973 MI^I. 4Nf>
»1 «"5 KILAM
1 9*9 MITCHELL
197^ MONTAGU*-
1 C7*» M'V'J* ftHMF R Y
' 975 MDP'e
*! cf*O unRR J ^
1 977 MOTLEY
*' o? 5 N Am GODCH^ ^
»' Q03 NACOGIiCHES ARgi.
• 1^'A NAVARRE
1 57K N4V1RRO
1 o*."> Mu=c?S
'i 07 ^ nr HI LTPFF
' 0715 PANDLA
*1 OP3 PAR] S ARFA
1 =77 PARKFR
'.<57R PARMFR
*l 030 PHLK
«1 c?q pnTTFR
*1 930 R4ND6LI
l 970 RftNTALL
* *1 91 0 5 cCrlNNA I SSANCF CeNTPAL
GUL F r.ns ST
•1919 RECHNNAISSiNC? NORTHWEST
•1010 ScrONN4I«S4NCF "ANHANOL5
»\ooo R=CONNA!SSANC«- ?OUTH
• 101^ BErnNNAISSANCE SOUTH
CENTRAL
*l«ll RFCONNAISSANCF S1UTHWBST
*!0?q RECHNNA I S5ANCE TPANS-
05CO« A» = A
*192? RFCONNAISSANC11 WEST
CENTRAL
»\919 B'O R!VCD
\ 077 R=rs RIVCR
*'. 0" R=EVES
*'0f>7 ROS^RTPPN
•1973 RntKU'ilL
) 97n RUNMFI. s
#1 9^4 ^4h) ANT'ONIR AREA
*'OOA SAN M4RT1S AR=A
1079 JAW PAT*!CTl AN" AR/NSAS
*< 9' fc SAN r&R4
foil SCURRY
1 973 SCUP D Y
1971 SH=RM4N
*l 01 s SUITH
1 077 STA^o
1 977 CTCRL IMG
1 07S ST"NFWALL
5 Of,R BUTTON
i 974 SWISH=R
*' 9?r> TSRR 4NT
*1 Ol 5 T 4YLPR
'. 97A TAYLOR
1 °74 T ERR FLL
*to-?i jHF SOILS OF TEXAS
»1 ooo TITUS
1 976 TOM r,RFCN
1074 TRAVIS
' O7A UVM Dc
«l o?s V4N Z^N"''
• Ten? VFRNON 4RF4
*1 057 VICTOR IA
»1915 WACC 4R«A
: 1=79 WALKER ,
1075 W1RD
• 1913 WASHINGTON
1974 WMARTON
• 1932 WHFELeR
197'5 WHCEL^e
•1962 ^IBARGFR
•1924 WICHITA
1977 WICHITA
«1=?6 WILLACY
•1938 WILLIAMSON
"1901 WILLIS AREA
•1907 WILSON
\977 WILSON
• 19? 3 WITVOVILL* AREA
•1964 YOAKUM
•1940 2AV4L4
ITAH
*1"??0 ASHLEY V'LLEY AREA
• 1934 BEAR PIVFR APE A
1976 BEAVER-COVE FORT AREA
I960 B = RYL-ENTERPRISE AREA
1975 BTX FLOEP
•1913 CACHE VALLEY AREA
1074 C4CHE VALLEY AREA
1970 C^BON— EMCDY AO?A
19SB DAVIS-WEBER
• l°\o DELTA AP.F4
1977 DELTA AP^A
• 1959 CIST MILLARD AREA
1076 H=9ER VAILEY AREA
1976 MEADOW VALLEY ARF.A
•1939 PRICE AREA
• 1903 PROVO AREA
•1899 RECONNAISSANCE 5AN»ETE,
CACH=, AND UTAH
• 1958 RICHFIELD AREA
• 1959 POOSPVFLT-OUCHESNS AR^A
•1946 SALT LAKF ARFA
1974 S4LT LAKE ARSA
• 1899 SALT LA KB VALLEY AREA
196? SAN JUAN AREA
• 1930 S^VIFR VALLEY AREA
•1921 UINTA RIVPR VALLEY AREA
1975 UTAH (CENTRAL PART)
•1042 VIRGIN RIVER VALLEY AREA
1977 WASHINGTON AREA
• 1990 WEBER ARi-4
VERMONT
1971 AOO!S"N
1974 CHITTENDEN
1979 FRAKKLIN
• 1959 GRAND ISLE
197B ORANGE
•103' RECCNMA1SS4NCE OF ENTIRE
VTtTj:
• 1914 VERGENNES AREA
• 1916 WINDSOR
VIRGINIA
•1917 ACCOMACK AND NORTHAMPTON
*1«40 »LBEMARLF
• 1902 ALBEMARLF AREA
•190* APOOMATTOX
•1937 AUGUSTA
1979 AUGUSTA
• 1901 B = DFOPD AR*A
1954 BLAND
• 1909 C»MPB?LL
1977 CAMPBELL AND CITY OF
LYNCHBOP.G
1967 C4RROLL
,!974 CHARLOTTE
•-906 CHEST ERF I °LO
1«78 CHESTER^ IELO
»1952 CULfECER
1963 C4IRFAX
•1915 FAIRFAX AND ALEXANCRIA
1956 FAUOUIER
1958 FLUVANNA
• 1°14 FRRnfrQTfx
•1930 GR4YSON
•1938 HALIFAX
•1905 HANOVER
•1914 HENRICO
1975 HFNRICO
•1941 ISLE OF WIGHT
j4c** L cc
•1903 LEESBURG AR;A
1960 LOUDOUN
•1905 LCUIS4
1976 LOUISA
1975 MADISON
1962 MATHEWS
1956 MCCKLCNBURG
•1932 NAMSEMCND
•1903 NORFOLK AREA
1959 NORFOLK AREA
1963 NORTHUMBERLAND 4NC
LANCASTER
1960 N9TTOWAY
•1927 ORANGE
1971 ORANGE
•1918 PITTSYLVANI4
1958 PRINCE EDWARD
• 1901 PRINCE SDWA'O *R?A
• 1945 PRINCESS ANNE AREA
1961 R4PPAHANNOCK
1945 RUSSELL
1951 SCOTT
•1948 SMYTH
•1937 SOUTHAMPTON
1074 STAFFORD AND KING C-ECRGE
•194B TAZEWELL
•1945 WASHINGTON
•1954 WISF
•1905 YORKTCWN AREA
VIRGIN ISLANDS
•1932 RECONNAISSANCE OF ST.
CROIX ISLAND
1970 VIRGIN ISLANDS OF
THE U.S.
WASHINGTON
1967 ADAMS
•1907 BELLINGHAM
•1916 BENTON
1971 BENTON
1975 CHELAN AREA
1951 CLALL»M
1972 CLARK
1973 COLUMBIA AREA
1974 COWLITZ ARFA
• 1905 FV=RF.TT AREA
•1914 FRANKLIN
1974 GARFIELD AREA
• 1912 HOOD RIV=R-WHITe SALMON
RIVER AREA
•1905 ISLAND
1958 ISLAND
1975 JECP£RSON AREA
1952 KING
1973 KING AREA
*1°39 KITSAP
•1945 KITTITAS
flUT OF PRINT ; NnT AVAILABLE FOR DISTRISUTITN
Reproduced from
beit available copy.
15
-------
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-------
A6-1
PART 6
DIRECTORY OF STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
-------
A6-2
1980 DIRECTORY
ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN7 STATE GEOLOGISTS
January
1980 "
ALABAMA (205)349-2852
Thomas J. Joiner
Geol. Survey of Alabama
P. 0. Drawer 0
University, AL 35486
ALASKA (907)279-1433
Ross G, Schaff
Div. of Geology and
Geophysical Surveys
3001 Porcupine Drive
Anchorage, AK 99501
ARIZONA (602)626-2733
Larry D. Fellows
Bureau of Geology and
Mineral Technology
Geological Survey Branch
845 N. Park Ave.
Tucson, AZ 85719
ARKANSAS (501)371-1488
Norman F. Williams
Arkansas Geol. Commission
Vardelie Parham Geol. Center
3815 W. Roosevelt Road
Little Rock, AR 72204
CALIFORNIA (916)445-1923
James F. Davis
Div. of Mines & Geology
Calif. Dept. of Conservation
1416 9th St., Room 1341
Sacramento, CA 95814
COLORADO (303)839-2611
John W. Rold
Colorado Geological Survey
1313 Sherman St., Room 715
Denver, CO 80203
CONNECTICUT (203)566-3540
Hugo F. Thomas
Conn. Geol. & Natural
History Survey
State Office Bldg., Room 553
165 Capitol Ave.
Hartford, CT 06115
DELAWARE (302)738-2833
Robert R. Jordan
Delaware Geological Survey '
University of Delaware
Newark, DE 19711
FLORIDA (904)488-4191
Charles W. Hendry, Jr.
Bureau of Geology
903 W. Tennessee St.
Tallahassee, FL 37.304
GEORGIA (404)656-3214
William McLemore
Geol. & Water Resuurcei; Div.
Dept. of Natural Rcinaurces
19 Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr. Drive, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
HAWAII (808)548-7533
Robert T. Chuck
Div. of Water & Lautl Bewaloy.
Dept. of Land & Natural Hes.
P. 0. Box 373
Honolulu, HI 96809
IDAHO (208)885-6785
Maynard M. Miller
Idaho Bur. of Mines & Geol.
Moscow, ID 83843
ILLINOIS (217) 333-511.1.
Jack A. Simon
Illinois State Geol.. Survey
121 Natural Resources Bldg.
Drbana, IL 61801
INDIANA (812)337-2862
John B. Patton
Dept. of Natural Rosawrees
Indiana Geological Survey
611 North Walnut Grcm*
Bloomington, IN 47401
IOWA (319)338-1173
Stanley C. Grant
Iowa Geological Survwy
123 N. Capitol
Iowa City, IA 52242
KANSAS (913)864-3965
William W. Eambleto»
State Geol. Survey of Kaasas
Raymond C. Moore Hall
1930 Ave. A, Campus West
Lawrence, KS 66044
KENTUCKY (606)622-3270
Donald C. Haney
Kentucky Geological Survey
University of Kentucky
^11 Breckinridge Hall
Lexington, KY 40506
LOUISIANA (504)342-6754'
Charles G. Gioat
Louisiana Geological Surve-y
Boi: G, Univ. Sta.tion
Baton Rouge,. LA 70893
MAE5E (207)289-2:801
Walter Anderson
Maine Gaolo^lcal Survey
Sfate Office Bldg.» Roc^t
Augusta, ME 04330
MARYLAND (301)235-0771
Kenneth N. Weav«r
Maryland Geological Survey
Kerrymsn Hall
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MP 21218
MASS'ACHQSETTS (617)727-4793
Jo-seph A. Sinnott
Dept. of Environmental
Quality Engineering
Div. of Waterways - Room S32
100 Nashua St.
Boston, MA. 02114 '
MICHIGAN (517)373-1256
Arthur E. Slau&htar
Michigan Dept. of Natural lies.
Geological Survey Division
P. 0. Box 30Q28
t MI 48909
KTSSESOTA (612)373-3372
Matt Walton
Minnesota Geological Survey
1633 Eustis Street
St. Paul, MS 55108
MISSISSIPPI (601)354-6228
William H. Moore
Miss. Geol., Econ., &
Topo. Survey
P. 0. Box 4915
Jackson, MS 39216
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MISSOURI (314)364-1752
Wallace B. Howe
Div. of Geol. & Land Survey
P. 0. Box 250
Rolla, MO 65401
MONTANA (406)792-8321
Sid Groff
Mont. Bur. of Mines & Geol.
Montana College of Mineral
Science and Technology
Butte, MT 59701
NEBRASKA (402)472-3471
Vincent H. Dreeszen
Conservation & Survey Div.
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68508
NEVADA (702)784-6691
John Schilling
Nevada Bur. of Mines &
Geology
University of Nevada
Reno, NV 89557
NEW HAMPSHIRE (603)862-1216
Glenn W. Stewart
Office of State Geologist
Janes Hall
Univ. of New Hampshire
Durham, NH 03324
NSW JERSEY (609)292-2576
Kenble Widmer
New Jersey Bureau of
Geology & Topography
?. 0. Box 1390
Trenton, NJ 08625
MEW MEXICO (505)835-5420
Frank E. Kottlowski
New Mexico Bur. of Mines
& Mineral Resources
New Mexico Tech
Sccorro, NM 87801
NEW YORK (513)474-5316
Robert H. Fakundiny
New York State Geol. Survey
Stata Education Building
Albany, NY 12224
NC-.TH CAROLINA (919)732-3833
;;;oner. G. Conrad
North Carolina Dept. of Nat.
Rc_.5. 5r Comunity Develop.
?. 0. Sox 27637
Raleign, NC 27611
NORTH DAKOTA (701)777-2231
Lee C. Gerhard
North Dakota Geol. Survey
University Station
Grand Forks, ND 58202
OHIO (614)466-5344
Horace R. Collins
Ohio Div. of Geol. Sur^ay
Fountain Square, Bldr,, f»
Columbus, OH 43224
OKLAHOMA (405)325-3031
Charles J. Mankin
Oklahoma Geological Survey
830 Van Vleet Oval, Em.. 163
Norman, OK 73019
OREGON (503)229-5080
Donald A. Hull
State Dept. of Geolor.7 *
Mineral Industries
1069 State Office Blag.
1400 SW Fifth Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
PENNSYLVANIA (717)787-2169
Arthur A. Socolow
Bur. of Topo. & Geol. Survey
Dept. of Envir." Resources
P. 0. Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17120
PUERTO RICO (309)722-3142
Director
Servicio Geologico da ?. R.
Dept. de Recursos Nattirales
Apartado 5887, Puerta ds
Tierra
San Juan, PR 00906
RHQDH ISLAND
Robert L. McMastar
Assoc. Stata Geologise for
Marine Affairs
Grad. School of Oceanography
Kingston, RI 02S&1
SOUTH CAROLINA (803)733-6431
Norman K. Olson
South Carolina Geol. Survey
State Development Board
Harbison Forest Road
Columbia, S.C 29210
SOUTH DAKOTA (605)624-4471
Duncan J. McGregor
S.D. State Geol. Survey
Science Center
Univ. of South Dakota
Vanaillion, SD 57069
A6-3
TENNESSEE (615)741-2726
Robert E. Eershey
Dept. of Conservation
Division of Geology
G-5 State Office Bldg.
Nashville, IN 37219
TEXAS (512)471-1534
W. L. Fisher
Bureau of Economic Geology
Uaiversity Station, Box X
Austin, TX 78712
UTAH (801)581-6331
Donald T. HeMillca
Utah Geol. & Mineral Survey
606 Black Hawk Way
Salt Laics City, UT 84108
VERMONT (802)823-3357
Charles A. Ratta
Agency of Environmental
Conservation
5 Court Street
Mbntpelier, VT 05602
VIRGINIA (804)293-5121
Robert C. Milici
Virginia Div. of Mineral Res:
?. 0. Bo5t 3667
Charlottesville, VA 22903
WASHINGTON (206)753-6103
Vaughn E. Livingston, Jr.
Dept. of Natural Resources
Geol. & Earth Resources Div.
Olympia, WA 98504
WEST VIUGIglA (304)292-6331
Kobere B. Erwia
V?, Va. Geal. & Ecoit, - Survey
p. 0. Bex 87?
Morgantown, WV 26505
WISCONSIN (608)262-1705
Meredith E. Ostron
Bisc. Geol. a Natural
History Survey
1315 University Ave.
Madison, HI 5370G
WYOMING (307)742-2054
Daniel 3. Millar, Jr.
Wyoming Geological Survey
Box 3008, Univ. Station
laranie, WY 82071
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A6-4
Allen ? . Agnew
Congressional Research Service
Library of Congress
Washington, DC 20241
John G. Broughton
42 Dove Street
Albany, NY 12210
Eugene Callaghar.
2500 Kensington Avenue
Salt LaKe City, UT 84108
,. Calver
1614 Oxford Road
Charlottesville, VA 22903
Raymond F Corcoran
' U. ,S. Bureau of Ki;ies
2401 E St. , m
Washington, DC 20241
Arthur L. Crawford
1067 East 5th South
Salt Lake City, UT 84102
Hollis M. Dole
Atlantic Richfield Co.
1025 Connecticut Ave. , NW
Suite 414
Washington, DC 20036
Ph. (202)457-6210
Charles G. Doll
Mansfield Avenue
Essex Junction, VT 05452
Robert H. Dott
2550 E 24
Tulsa, OK 74114
A. W. Fahrenwald
640 N7. Eisenhower
Moscow, ID 84343
Peter T. Tlawn
LBJ School of Public Affairs
The University of Texas
at Austin
Drawer Y, Univ. Station
Austin, TX 7S712
AASG HONORARY MEMBERS
Frank C. Foley
2609 W 24th -St. Terrace
Lawrence, KS 66044
Jaraes Donald Forrester
5719 E 8th St.
Tucson, AZ 85711
John C. Firye
4470 Chippewa Drive
Boulder, CO 80303
Johan J. Groot
11 Castle St.
Totnes, Devon,
Wallace W. Hagati
371 Jesseltn Driv«
Lexington, KY 40506
George F. Hanson
R. F. C.
Alstead, NH 03602
William C. Hayes.
1457 E. Glenwood
Springfield, MO 65804
H. Garland Hershe-y
330 Beldon Avenue
Iowa City, IA 52240
William Hewitt
APDO 552
Oaxaca, Oaxacav Mexico
Leo W. Hough
611 Centenary Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Olaf P. Jenkins
P.O. Box 479
Pacific Grove, CA 93350
Wilson Laird
(Winter Address)
101 Spanish Oak Lane
Kerrville, TX 78028
(Suaaer Address)
P.O. Box 404A, Route 5
Bemidji, MN 56601
Philip E. LaMoreaux
P.O. Box 2310
Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
Ph. (205)7b2-3384
F. W. Libbey
1318 Cottonwood
Richland, VA 99352
Arthur C. McFarlan.
1201 86 Terrace North
St. Petersburg, FL 3.3702
T. Ralph Meyers
Kept, of Geology
Janes Hall
Univ. of New Hampshire-
Durham, SH 03824
Edwin A. Noble
U. S. Geological Survtsy
National Center, MS 915
Res ton, VA 22092
Joe Webb Peoples
Shipyard Road.
Middle Haddaa, CT 06436
Paul H. Price
The Hogback
Preston Road
Morgantown, WV 26505
Uuno M. Sahinen
Lake Mary Roman
Procter, MT 59929
Veraon E. Scheid
>Iackay School of Mines
Uni varsity of Nevada
Reno, NV 89507
George M.
237 Bedford Street, S.E.
Minneapolis, MS 55414
Alvin J. Thompson
1210 N. Drive NB
Socorro, NM 87801
Sainuel J. Tuthill
304 30th Street SE
Cedar Rapids, IA 52403
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A7-1
PART 7
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTORY OF FIELD LOCATIONS
June 1980
-------
A7-2
RHODi; ISLAND ANH
BCSTO" AREA OFFICE
John v. Fiatarone, Area Director
S*^;. Phone: 617-890-1239 .
b Rl~n=: 839-7681
1 Dock Square Building
Boston Massachusetts
Om- Pnone: 6i7.223-67l5
Pnone: 223-6710
^loo-
CONCORD ARFA QFPTfT
is R. Anirault, Area Director
r Iabor *
55
FTS Phone:
834-1725/4785
Building
Main Street
nq
-,
Pnone:
569
-1-* J^.0— 4569
838-4657
SPRINGFIELD AREA OFFTO?
Bayerle Jr. , Area Director
M?tffl*nt °f I*b0r ~ °SHA
Mam Street Suite 513
01103
AUGUSTA AREA OFFICE?
Director
of Labor - OSHA
40 Western Avenue itoom 121
Augusta, Maine 04330
^2!0ne; 207-622-6171 Ext. 417
Phone: 833-6417
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NEW YORK CITY-REGION II (NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK AND PUERTO RICO)
A7-3
AREA OFFICE
US Departir.ent of Labor - OSHA
90 Church Street Room 1405
New York, New York 10007
Ccmm. Phone: 212-264-9840
FES Phone: 264-9840
BROOKLYN AREA OFFICE
Irving Kingsley, Area Director
US Department of labor - OSHA
185 Montague Street 2nd Floor
Brooklyn, New *°rk 11201
Comm. Phone: 212-330-7667
FTS Phone: 656-7667
HHITE PLAINS AREA OFFICE
William Dreeland, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
200 Mamaroneck Avenue Room 4
White Plains, New York 10601
Corn*. Phone: 914-946-2510
FTS Phone: 656-9721
OFFICE
NEW YORK REGIONAL OFFICE
Roger Clark, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1515 Broadway (1 As tor Plaza) Room 3*«
New York, New York 10036
Comm. Phone: 212-944-3426
FTS Phone: 662-3426
OflEENS AREA OFFICE
Joseph Rufoio, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
136-21 Roosevelt Avenue 3rd Floor
Flushing, New York 11354
Corm, Phone: 212-445-5005
FTS Phone: 662-5J»U
NEWARK AREA OFFICE
Charles Meister, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
970 Broad Street Room 1435C
Newark, New Jersey 07102
Comm. Phone: 201-645-5930
FTS Phone: 341-5930
James Ep?s, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
990 Westbury Road
Westbury, New York 11590
CCTTUP. Phone: 516-334-3344
FTS Phone: 662-2909
BELLE MEAD AREA OFFICE
Janes Conlon, Area Director
US Department of Labor -.OSnA
Belle Mead GSA Depot Builaing i3
BeUe Mead, New Jersey 08502
Comm. Phone: 201-359-2777
FTS Phone: 342-5323
CAMDEN AREA OFFICE
Harry Allendorf, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
2101 Ferrv Avenue Room 403
Cairden, New Jersey 08104
Coiraru Phcne: 609-757-5J.81
FTS Phcne: 488—5181
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A7-4
DOVER AREA OFFICE
Richard Palmier!, Area Director
US Department of labor - OSHA
• 2 East Blackwell Street
Dover, New Jersey 07801
Corar,. Phone: 201-361-4050
FTS Phone: NONE
HASB3DUCK HEIGHTS AREA OFFICE
Robert Hallock, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
TeterkxDro Airport Professional Building
377 Route 17 Room 205
Hasbro .Jc Heights, New Jersey 07604
Comm. Phone: 2C1-28S-1700
FTS Phone: NONE
PUERTO RICO AREA OFFICE
Franc:~co Encarnacion-Rosa, Area Director
US Department of labor - OSHA
US Courthouse & FOB
Carlos Chardon Avenue Room 555
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico 00918
Comm. Phone: 809-753-4457/4072
FTS Phone: 753-4457 (Through DC FTS)
SYRACUSE AREA OFFICE
Chester Whiteside, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
100 South Clinton Street Room 1267
Syracuse, New York 13260
Comm. Phone: 315-423-5188
FTS Phone: 950-5188
ALBANY AREA OFFICE
Charles P. Schwender, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Leo w. O'Brien Federal Building
Clinton Avenue & North Pearl Street Room 132
Albany, New York 12207
Comm. Phone: 518-472-6085
FTS Phone: 562-6085
BUFFALO AREA OFFIC
Richard Jackson, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
220 Delaware Avenue Suite 509
Buffalo, New York 14202
Comm. Phone: 716-846-4881
FTS Phone: 437-4881
ROCHESTER AREA OFFIC
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Office Building Room 608
100 State Street .
Rochester, New York 14614
Comm. Phone: 716-263-6755
FTS Phone: 473-6755
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.—3HIA-REGICN III (DELAWARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, VII
• ' AND WEST VIRGINIA)
A7-5
PHILADELPHIA REGIONAL OFFICE
David H. Rhone, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Gateway Building Suite 2100
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Corn*. Phone: 215-596-1201
FTS Phone: 596-1201
•J..DELPHIA AREA OFFICE
:er E. Wilson, Area Director
:ecartir.ent of Labor - OSHA
Lia.li J. Green Jr. Federal Building
Arch Street Room 4256
lacelchia, Pennsylvania 19106
u. Fhone: 215-597-4955
Phone: 597-4955
TS3URGH AREA OFFICE
rles A. Straw, Area Director
D^oartment of Labor — OSHA
Perm Center Boulevard Suite 600
csburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
37. Phone: 412-644-2905
; Phone: 722-2905
:i AREA OFFICE
Department of Labor - OSHA
7 West 13th Street
Le, Pennsvlvania 16501
-r. Phone': 814-453-4351
5 Pr.or.e: 721-2242
AREA OFFICE
res v;. Stanley, Area Director
lepart-ent of Labor - OSKA
ccr^ss Plaza
'crth Progress Avenue
rriscurc, Pennsylvania 17109
'— • Fhone: 717-782-3902
590-3902
LANCASTER DISTRICT OFFICE
Leonard J. Renner, District Supervisor
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Colonial Business Center
802 New Holland Avenue
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604
Coram. Phone: 717-394-7722
FTS Phone: 592-1573
STATS COLLEGE FIELD STATION
US Department of Labor - CSHA
Armenara Office Center
444 East College Avenue Suite 470
State College, Pennsylvania 16801
Comm. Phone: 814-234-6695
FTS Phone: 727-4602
WILKES-3ARRE AREA OFFICE
Leo Carey, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Perm Place Room 2005
20 North Pennsylvania Avenue
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18701
Comm. Phone: 717-826-6538
FTS Phone: 592-6538
DISTRICT OFFICE
Michael Glowatz, District Superviso
US Department of Labor - CSHA
940 Hamilton Mall
Gallery on the Mall
Allen town, Pennsylvania 18101
Comra. Phone: 215-776-4229
FTS Fhone: 346-4220
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A7-6
"ALTI*•'-..'••-!." AP.F.A OFFICE
l^/ror. ».. Chac^ick, Area Director
TS ;x>:v.rtr)er.t of Labor - OSIIA
r'fck-rctl L'uilding Room 1110
CKnrie.-; Center 31 Ho?V:ins Plaza
Baltirore, Ma._.land 21201
Corr. Fnone: 301-962-2840
PI'S rr.one: 921-2840
WILV.INGTDN DISTRICT OFFICE
Alcr.zo L. Griffin, District Supervisor
US Department of Labor •* OSHA
' Federa1 Office Building Room 3007
811 King Street
Wilmington, Delaware 19801
Comm. Phone: 302-573-6115
FTS Phone: 487-6115
CHARLE5TCN AREA OFFICE
Stanley H. Elliott, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Charleston National Plaza Room 1726
700 Virginia Street
Charleston, West Virginia 25301
Comm. Phone: 304-343-6181
FTS Phone: 924-1420
WHEELING FIELD STATICS
Ext. 420
US Department of Labor - OSHA
. US Courthouse Federal Building
- Chapline & 12th Streets Room 411
Wheeling, West Virginia 26003
Comm. Phone: 304-232-8044
FTS Phone: 923-1062
ELKINS FIELD STATION
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building & USPO Room 317
PO Box 1427
Elkins, West Virginia 26241
Comm. Phone: 304-636-6224
FTS Phone: 923-5281
PJCHMOND AREA OFFICE
Warren Wright, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building Rcorn 6226*
400 North 8th Street
PO Box 10186
Richmond, Virginia 23240
Comm. Phone: 804-771-2864
FTS Phone: 925-2864
NORFOLK DISTRICT OFFICE
Farris S. Anderson, District Supervisor
US Department of Labor - OSHA
340 Federal Building
200 Granby Mall
Norfolk, Virginia 23510
Comm. Phone: 804-441-3181
FTS Phone: 827-3181
FALLS CHURCH FIELD STATION
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Falls Church Office Building Room 111
900 South Washington Street
Falls Church, Virginia 22046
Comm. Phone: 703-557-1330
FTS Phone: 557-1330
ROflNOKE FIELD STATION
US Department of Labor - OSHA
210 Franklin Road, SW Room 443
PO Box 2828
Roanoke, Virginia 24011
Comm. Phone: 703-982-6342
FTS Phone: 937-6342
WASHINGTON,.DC AREA OFICE
Gilbert L. Esparza, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Railway Labor Building Room 602
400 1st Street, NW
Washington, DC 20215
Cornm. Phone: 202-523-5224
FTS Phone: 523-5224
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
A7-7
ATLANTA-REGION IV (ALBAMA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, KENTUCKY, MISSISSIPPI, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH
CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE)
ATLANTA REGIONAL OFFICE
Robert A. Wendell, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1375 Peachtree Street, NE Suite 587
Atlanta, Georgia 30367
Comm. Phone: 404-881-3573
FTS Phone: 257-3573/2281
ATLANTA AREA OFFICE
Joseph L. Camp, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Building 10 Suite 33
LaVista Perimeter Office Park
Tucker, Georgia 30084
Comm. Phone: 404-221-4767
FTS Phone: 242-4767
BIRMINGHAM AREA OFFICE
Frank P. Flanagan, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Toed Mall
2047 Canyon Road
Birmingham, Alabama 35216
Ccrrm. Phone: 205-822-7100
FTS Phcne: 229-1541'
FLORENCE FIELD STATION
Laury K. Weaver
US Department of Labor - OSHA
426 North Spring Street
PO Box 244
Florence, Alabama 35630
Comm. Phcne: 205-766-4708
FTS Phcne: NONE
ANNISTGN FIELD STATION
Poy M. Hirano
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1129 Noble Street Ptocm M104
PO Box 1788
Annistcn, Alabama 36201
Ccnm. Phone: 205-237-4212
FTS Phcne: 229-6951
HUNTSVILLS FIELD STATION
Robert S. Krueger
US Department of Labor - OSHA
West Clinton Building Suite 103
2109 West Clinton Avenue
Huntsville, Alabama 35807
Comm. Phone: 205-895-5263
FTS Phone: 873-5268
COLUMBIA AREA OFFICE
Raymond G. Finney, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Kittrell Center Suite 102
2711 Middleburg Drive
Columbia, South Carolina 29204
Comm. Phone: 803-765-5904
FTS Phone: 677-5904
CHARLESTON FIELD STATION
Willie H. Joiner
US Department of Labor - CSHA
Federal Building
334 Meeting Street Room 312
Charleston, South Carolina 29403
Comm. Phone: 803-724-4529
FTS Phone: 677-4529
FORT IAUDERDALS AREA OFFICE
Jose Sanchez, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
Federal Building Room 301
299 East Brcward Boulevard
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301
Ccmm. Phcne: 305-527-7292
FTS Phone: 820-7292
-------
A7-8
JACKSOX AR?A OFFICE
;. deJean King, Arja Director
US Department or Labor - OS'JA
Federal Building Suite 1445
100 West Capitol Street
Jackson, Mississippi 39201
Corrm. Phone: 601-959-4606
FTS Phone: 490-4606
TUPELO FIELD STATION
Holden
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building US Post-Office
500 West Main Street Poem 211
Tupelo, Mississippi 38801
Coirm. Phone: 601-844-5191
."1° Phone: NONE
GULFPORT FIELD STATION
Bruce Hardin
US Department of Labor - OSHA
2301 14th Street
Security-Markahan Building Room 811
Gulfport, Mississippi 39501
Coiran. Phone: 601-864-7150
FTS Phone: 499-2645
JACKSONVILLE AREA OFFICE
William Gordon, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Art Museum Plaza Suite 4
2809 Art Museum Drive
Jacksonville, Florida 32207
Cornm. Phone: 904-791-2895
FTS Phone: 946-2895
PENSACOLA FIELD STATION
Joe Broadaway
US Department of Labor - OSHA
100 North Palafax Street Room B-16
PO Box 12212
Pensacola, Florida 32581
Comm. Phone: 904-438-2543
FTS Phor.e: 946-5288
Howard Gi 11 ingham
US Deparcrrent of Labor - OSriA
Kogerara Building
1300 Executive Center Drive
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Comm. Phone: 904-877-3215
FTS Phone: 946-4286
LOUISVILLE AREA OFFICE
Don W. Harvey, Area Director
US Departeent of Labor - OSHA
600 Federal Place Suite 554E
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
Cornm. Phone: 502-582-6111
FTS Phone: 352-6111
MACON AREA OFFICE
Edward G. Savage, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
152 New Street
Macon, Georgia 31201
Comm. Phone: 912-746-5143
FTS Phone: 230-6461
ALBANY FIELD STATION
Tom Brown
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Albany Towers
235 Roosevelt Avenue Room 540
Albany, Georgia 31701
Comm. Phone: 912-432-2537
FTS Phone: 230-6461
MOBILE AREA OFFICE
Charles J. Anderson, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
600 Commerce Building
118 North Boyal Street
Mobile, Alabaira 36602
Comm. Phone: 205-690-2131
FTS Phone: 534-2131
-------
DOTHAN FIELD STATIC^
Donald Wren
US Depcrtraent of Labor - OSHA
Federal Court House Foom 314
100 West Troy Street
Dothan, Alabama 36303
Comm. Phone: 205-794-7158
ETS Phone: 534-8263
HY FIELD STATION
John Hall
US Department of labor - OaHA
Federal Building Room B-18
15 Lee Street
Montgomery, Alabama 36104
Coirai. Phone: 205-832-7159
FTS Phone: 534-71o9
NASHVILLE AREA OFFICE
Cois M. Brown, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1600 Hayes Street Suite 302
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
Comm. Phone: 615-251-5313
FTS Phone: 852-5313
RALEIGH AREA OFFICE
Quinton Haskins, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Office Building Room 406
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, North Carolina 27601
Comra. ^ Phone: 919-755-4770
FTS Phone: 672-47/0
SAVANNAH AREA OFFICE
Richard M. Deyoub, Area Director
US Department of labor - OSHA
400 Mall Boulevard Suite J
Savannah, Georgia 31406
Comm. Phone: 912-354-073-3
FIS Phone:,. 248-4393
AUGUSTA FIELD STATION
Gary Griess
US Department of Labor -
525 East 8th Street Poem lib
PO Box 68
Augusta, Georgia 30903
Comm. Phone: 404-722-9736
FTS Phone: NONE
TAMPA AREA OFFICE
Harold Mcnegue, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
700 Twiggs Street Room 624
Tairpa, Florida 33602
Comm. Phone: 813-228-zB^i
FTS Phone: 826-2821
ORLANDO FIELD STATION
Thomas Bowles
US Department of Labor - CSnA
Federal Building US Courthouse
80 North Hughey Street Room 419
Orlando, Florida 32801
Comm. Phone: 305-420-6383
FTS Phone: 820-6388
A7-9
-------
A7-10
CHICAGO-REGION V (INDIANA, ILLINOS, MICHIGAN, MINNESC^v
OHIO
CHICAGO REGIONAL OFFICE '
Ronald McCann, Acting Regional Adinini
U^. Department of labor - OSHA
32nd Floor Room 3230
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60504
Corn?.. Phone: 312-353-2220
FTS Phone: 353-2220
CALUMETr~TYAR£A OFFICE
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1400 Torrence Avenue 2nd Floor
Calumet City, Illinois 60409
Ccrcru Phone: 312-891-3800
FTS Phon?r NONE
NILES AREA OFFICE
Josephine O'Brien, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
6000 West Tbuhy Avenue
Niles, Illinois 60648
Canrn. Phone: 312-631-8200/8535
FTS Phone: NONE
AURORA AREA OFFICE
Ken Bovman, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
344 Smoke Tree Business Park
North Aurora, Illinois 60542
Carre. Phone: 312-895-8700
FTS Phone:
.CINCINNATI AREA OFFICE
V7il?.ia*r. Murphy, Area Director
US Dspartoent of Labor - OSHA
axteral Office Building Poem 402S
ojO ttein Street
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Corra, Phone: 513-684-2354
ns Phone: 684-2354
CLEVELAND AREA OFFICE
Leslie Michael, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal. Office Building
1240 East 9th Street-
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Com. Phone: 216-522-3818
FTS Phone: . 293-3818
S AREA OFFICE
847
James Vaughan, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Office Building R>om 634
200 North High Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
COTOTU Phone: 614-469-5582
FTS Phone: 943-5582
AKRON AREA OFFICE
US Department of Labor - OSHA
2 South Main Street Room 100
Akron, Ohio 44303
Comm. Phone: 216-375-5871
FTS Phone: 292-5871
DETROIT AREA OFFICE
Mary Fulroer, Area Director
US Departrc-ent of Labor - OSHA
231 West Lafayette Room 628
Detroit, Michigan 48226 '
Coinm. Phone: 313-225-6720
FTS Phone: 226-6720
-------
LIS AREA OFFICE:
'.:S Department of Labor - OSHA
L'SFO & Courthouse Room 423
46 East Ohio Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Co--:. Phone: 317-269-7290
FTS Phone: 331-7290
GARY DISTRICT OFFICE
US Department of Labor - CSHA
Post Office Building Room 201
115 East 6th Avenue
Gary, Indiana 46402
Conm. Phone: NONE
5TS Phone: NONE
FORT \'lA"£-3 DISTRICT OFFICE
US Department of Labor - CSHA
USPO Building
1300 Harrison Street Room 338
Fort Wayne, Indiana 46802
Cairo. Phone: 219-423-4431
FTS Phone: 333-9170
raNSVILLE DISTRICT OFFICE
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Riverside I Building
101 Court Street Room 2110
Evansville, Indiana 47708
Comm. Phone: 812-422-6597
FTS Phone: 335-6274
llvaUKES AREA OFFICE
tobert Kanna, Area Director
-!3 Department of Labor - OSHA
lark Building Room 400
'33 West Wisconsin Avenue
'il-.-aukee, Wisconsin 53203
orn. Phone: 414-291-3315
TS Phone: 362-3315
MADISON DISTRICT OFFICE
Robert Levand, District Supervisor
US Department of Labor - OSHA
2934 Fish Hatchery Road Suite 220
Madison, Wisconsin 53713
Comm. Phone: 608-264-5338
FTS Phone: 364-5388
MINNEAPOLIS AREA OFFICE
Vemon Fem, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSKA
801 Butler Square Building
100 North 6th Street
Minneapolis, MN 55403
Goran. Phone: 612-725-2571
FTS Phone: 725-2571
PEORIA AREA OFFICE
Frank Memmott, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
228 NE Jefferson 3rd Floor
Peoria, Illinois 61603
Comm. Phone: 309-671-7033
FTS Phone: 360-7033
BELLEVILLE DISTRICT OFFICE
Larry Olfen
US Department of Labor - CSHA
305 South Illinois Street
Belleville, Illinois 62220
Comm. Phone: 618-277-5300
FTS Phone: 277-9200 (E. st Louis Operator)
TOLEDO AREA OFFICE
Glenn Butler, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Office Building Room 734
234 North Summit Street
Toledo, Ohio 43604
Comm. Phone: 419-259-7542
FTS Phone: 625-7542
-71
-------
A7-12
. - -^TO-N AREA OFFICE
• -..-- Lewis, Area Direcor
,- rt-ecrtment of Labor - OSHA
_. :-, North Ballard Road
-.-uleton, Wisconsin 54911
;.;r~. Phone: 414-734-4521
ITS Phone: 362-6218
flnU CLAIRE DISTRICT OFFICE
?yan Kuehmichel, Safety Supervisor
US Department of Labor - C3HA
Federal Building US Courthouse
500 Barstow Street Room B-9
Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701
Comm. Phone: 715-832-9019
FTS Phone: 784-9231
SjPSRIO?. FIELD STATig-J
US Department of Labor - OSHA
PO Court House
1401 Tower Avenue F&om 210
Superior, Wisconsin 54880
Coinm. Phone: 715-392-2946
FTS Phone: NONE
-------
DUIAS-REGION VI (ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, NEW MEXICO, OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS)
A7-13
DALLAS AREA OFFICE
Lloyd A. Warren, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1425 West Pioneer Drive
Irving, Texas 75061
CCCTU Phone: 214-767-5347
FTS Phone: 729-4731
FORT V:O?TH APvEA OFFICE
DALLAS REGIONAL OFFICE
Gilbert J. Saulter, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHA
555 Griffin Square Building Room 602
Dallas, Texas 75202
Comm. Phone: 214-767-4731
FTS Phone: 729-4731
AUSTIN AREA OFFICE
James E. Powell, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
AmericanBank Tower, Suite 310
211 West 6th Street
Austin, Texas 78701
Coram. Phone: 512-397-5783
FTS Phone: 734-5783
Charles M. Freeman, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Fort Worth Federal Center
4900 Hempshill Building 24 Room 145
PO Box 6477
Fort Worth, Texas 76115
Goran. Phone: 817-334-5274
FTS Phone: 334-5274
TYLER AREA OFFICE
C.R. Holder, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building Room 208
211 Vfe
Tyler, Texas
Ccmr.. Phone:
FTS Phone:
Ferguson Street
75701
214-595-2438
749-6064
AL3UCUEP.CUS AREA OFFICE
Jsires T. Knorpp, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
,,'estem Bank Building Rccm 1125
505 Marouette Avenue, NW
Albuquerque, Ne i Mexico 87102
<^c~. Phone: 505-776-3411
p—q p'-cne: 474-3411
SAN ANTONIO DISTRICT OFFICE
US Department of Labor - CSHA
1015 Jackson Keller Road Room 215
San Antonio, Texas 78213
Ccmm. Phone: 512-229-5410
FTS Phone: 730-5410
BATON ROUGE AREA OFFICE
Joe M. Ansley, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
Hoover Annex Suite 200
2156 Wooddale Boulevard
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806
Comm. Phone: 504-389-0474
FTS Phone: NONE
HARLINGEN AREA OFFICE
Thomas Curry, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Riverview Professional Building
1325 South 77 Sunshine Strip Suite
Harlingen, Texas 78550
Comm. Phone: 512-425-6811
FTS Phone: 734-4516
-------
A7-14
' CORPUS -CK3ISTI DISTRICT OFFICE
Raynrand L. Skinner
US Department: of Labor - OSHA
130 Petroleum Tower
811 North Carancahua Street
Corpus Christi, Texas 78474
Conn;. Phone: 512-888-3257
FTS Phone: 734-3257
HOUSTCN AREA OFFICE
Gerald Baty, Area Director
US Depa. _-?.ent of Labor - OSHA
2320. LaBranch Street Room 2118
Houston, Texas 77004
Coirro. Phone: 713-226-5431
FTS Phone: 527-5431
BB&OyrTT DISTRICT OFFICE '
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Professional Building Suite 300
2900 North Street
Beaumont, Texas 77702
Coimu Phone: 713-838-0271
FTS Phone: 527-2259
CLEAR LAKE CITY AREA OFFICE
- R. Davis Layne, Area Director
_ US Department of Labor - OSHA
17629 El Camino Real Suite 211
Houston, Texas 77058
Cornm. Phone: 713-226-4357
FTS Phone: 527-4357
LITTLE ROCK AREA OFFICE
Robert A. Griffin, /area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
West Mark Building Suite 212
4120 West Harkham
Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
Gomm. Phone: 501-378-6291
FTS Phone: ' 740-6291
LUB30CK AREA OFFICE
Jerry D. Bailey, Area Director
US, Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Buildirn Room 421
1205 Texas Avenue
Lubbock, Texas 79401
Com. Phone: 806-762-7681
FTS Phone: 738-7681
EL PASO FIELD STATION
Carlos Gonzales
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1515 Airway Boulevard Room 3
El Paso, Texas 79925
Cornm. Phone: 915-543-7828
FTS Phone: 572-7828
NEW ORLEANS AREA OFFICE
John S. Svalina, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
600 South Street Room 337
New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
Comm. Phone: 504-589-2451
FTS Phone: 682-6166 & 682-2451
TULSA AREA OFFICE
Nickie L. Nicholas, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
717 South Houston Sutie 304
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74127
Comm. Phone: 918-581-7676
FTS Phone: 736-7676
OKLAHOMA CITY AREA OFFICE
William W. White, Jr., Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
50 Penn Place Suite 408
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73118
Comm. Phone: 405-231-5351
FTS Phone: 736-5351
-------
KANSAS CITY-REGION VII (ICWA, KANSAS, MISSOURI AND NEBRASKA)
A7-15
KANSAS CITY REGIONAL OFFICE
Vernon A. Strahm, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHA
911 Walnut Street Poem 3000
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Comra. Phone: 816-374-5861
FTS Phone: 758-5861
KANSAS CITY AREA OFFICE
Robert Borchardt, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1150 Grand Avenue 6th Floor
12 Grand Building
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Cc-m. Phone: 816-374-2756
FTS Phone: 758-2756
DES MOINES AREA OFFICE
Carmine A. Barone, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
210 Walnut Street Room 815
Des Moines, Iowa 50309
Ccmm. Phone: 515-284-4794
FTS Phone: 862-4794
OMAHA AREA OFFICE
Lapsley C. Ewing, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Overland-Wolf Building Room 100
6910 Pacific Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68106
Ccrm. Phone: 402-221-9341
FTS Phoner 864-9341
KCPTH PLATT3 DISTRICT OFFICE
Barbara Horsley, District Supervisor
US Department of Labor - CSHA
113 West 6th Street 2nd Floor
ivcrth Platte, Nebraska 69101
Corrm. Phone: 308-534-9450
NONE (Dial through Omaha
FTS 864-1221)
ST. LOUIS AREA OFFICE
Bernard, D. Olson, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
210 North 12th Boulevard - Room 520
St. Louis, Missouri 63101
Comm. Phone: 314-425-5461
FTS Phone: 279-5461
WICHITA AREA OFFICE
Jeff Spahn, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
226 North Waco Suite 3
Wichita, Kansas 67202
Comm. Phone: 316-267-6311 Ext. 644
FTS Phone: 752-6644
-------
A7-16
-—•« v^EP—REGION VIII
(COLORADO, MONTANA, KOKE DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKC"*, IFAH
WYOMING)
BILLIES AREA OFFICE
Harry Button, Area Director
US Department of labor - OSHA
Petroleum. Building Suite 525
2812 1st Avenue North
Billi..3t, Montana 59101
Com. Phone: 405-657-6649
FTS Phone: 585-6649
BISMARCK AREA OFFICE
DENVER REGIONAL OFFICE
Curtis Foster, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - OSHr-.
Federal Building Room 1554
1961 Stout Street
Denver, Colorado 802^4
Comm. Phone: 303-837-5285
FTS Phone: 327-5285
SALT LAKE CITY AREA OFFICE
Charles Hines, Area Director
•US Department-of Labor'- OSHA- '
US Post Office Building Room 451
350 South Main Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101
Comm. Phone: 801-524-5080
FTS Phone: 588-5080
Donald L. Siebert, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building Room 348
PO Box 2439
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
Corau. Phone: 701-255-4011 Ext. 521
FTS Phone: 783-4521
DENVER AREA OFFICE
William E. Corrigan, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Trerront Center - 1st Floor
333 West Colfax
Denver, Colorado 80204
CC-OT.. Phone: 303-837-5285
FTS Phone: 327-5285
GRAND JUNCTION DISTRICT OFFICE
David Herstedt
US Department of Labor - CSHA
2784 Crossroads Building Suite 107
Grand Junction, Colorado 81501
Comm. Phone: 303-245-2502
FTS Phone: 322-0340
SIOUX FALLS AREA OFFICE
David DiTbmrcaso, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Court House Plaza Building Room 408
300 North Dakota Avenue
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57102
Comm. Phone: 605-336-2980 Ext. 425
FTS Phone: 782-4425
-------
SAC1 FRANCISCO-REGION IX (MERICAN SOMOA, .ARIZONA,^<™'.5fM' F^AI
TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS)
A7-17
SAN FRANCISCO REGIONAL OFFICE
Gabriel Gillotti, Regional Administrator
US Department of Labor - CSHA
11349 Federal Building
450 Golden Gate Avenue
PO Box 36017
San Francisco, California 94102
Comm. Phone: 415-556-0584
FTS Phone: 556-0584
SAN FRANCISCO AREA OFFICE
Kenneth Holland, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
211 Main Street
San Francisco, California 94105
Ccrmu Phone: 415-556-7260
FTS Phone: 556-7260
FRESNO FIELD STATION
Merle Annis, Safety Specialist
US Department of Labor - OSHA
2110 Merced Street Room 202
Fresno, California 93721
Ccurn. Phone: 209-487-5454
•FTS Phone: 467-5454
SACRAMENTO FIELD STATION
John Williams, Safety Specialist
US Decartment of Labor - OSHA
2800 Cottage Way Room 2232
Sacramento, California 95325
Ccrnnu Phone: 916-484-4363
FTS Phone: 468-4363
CARSON CITY AREA OFFICE
Ivan Schulenburg, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1100 East William Street Suite 222
Carscn City, Nevada 89701
Cert™. Phone: 702-383-1226
FTS Phone: NONE
LAS VEGAS FIELD STATION
Robert B. Boucher, Safety Specialist
US Department of Labor - OSHA
300 Las Vegas Boulevard South Poom 1-620
PO Box 16048
Las Vegas, Nevada 89101
Ccrnm. Phone: 702-385-6570
FTS Phone: 598-6570
HONOLULU AREA OFFICE
Paul Haygood, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
300 Ala Moana Boulevard Suite 5122
PO Box 50072
Honolulu, Hawaii 9685G
Comm. Phone: 808-546-3157
FTS Phone: 556-0220 (FTS Operator)
LONG BEACH AREA OFFICE
Bernard Tibbetts, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
400 Oceanaate Suite 530
Long Beach, California 90302
Comm. Phone: 213-432-2434
FTS Phone: 796-2431
AREA OFFICE
Gilbert Garcia, Area Direct- r
US Department of r^iocr - <-*<••*
Amerco If^'s Scitx- ^~
27^1 ttortr. CVi-.trai Av-^u«.-
-------
A7-1E
Reproduced iroin
best available copy.
TUCSON FIELD STATION
Jim Cahill, Safety Specialist
"US Department of labor - OSHA
301 V.est Congress Street Room 3X
' ~O Box 5054 '
Tucson, /irizona 85701
Com?.. Phone: 602-792-6286
FTS Phone: 762-6236
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SEATTLE-REGION X (ALASKA, IDAHO, OREGON M!D WASHINGTON)
A7-19
SEATTLE REGIONAL OFFICE
jarr.es W. Lake, Regional Administrator
US Departaent of Labor - OSri~
Federal Office Building Focm 6003
' 909 1st Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98174
Com. Phone: 206-442-5930
FTS Phone: 399-5930
AREA OFFICE
ruther T. Ashcraft, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
Federal Building
701 C Street Eox 29
Anchorage, Alaska 99513
Conn. Phone: 907-271-5152 -
FTS Phcne: NONE
BELLEVUE AREA OFFICE
Ranald T. Tsunehara
US Department of Labor - OSHA
121-107 th Street, NE
e, Washington 98004
Phone: 206-442-7520
FTS Phone: 399-7520
BOISE AREA OFFICE
David Bernard, Area Director
US Department of Labor - OSHA
1315 West Idaho Street
Ec;c;e, Idaho 83702
Cc-^, Phone: 208-384-1867
prng phone: 534-1867
LEWISTON FIELD STATION
US Departoent of Labor - CSHA
1618 Idaho Street
FO Box 1223
Lewiston, Idaho 83501
Corm. Phone: 208-743-2589
FTS Phone: NONE
POCATELLO FIELD STATION.
US Department of Labor - OSHA
250 South 4th Street Suite 178
Pocatello, Idaho 83201
Coirnn. Phone 208-236-6855
FTS Phone: 554-6855
PORTLAND AREA OFFICE
Eugene narrower, Area Director
US Department of Labor - CSHA
1220 Southwest 3rd Street Room 6
Portland, Oregon 97204
Com. Phone: 503-221-2251
FTS Phone: 423-22ol
US Department of Labor - CSHA
205 North 4th Street
PO Box 1549
Coeur D'Alene, Idaho 83314
ronn. Phone: 208-667-7491
Phone: 442-9465
-------
CSHA TRAINING INSTITUTE
CSHA Training Institute
US Department of Labor
1555 Times Drive
Ees Plaines, Illinois 60018
Ooram. Phone: 312-297-4810
FTS Phone: 353-2500
CINCINNATI LABORATORY
OSHA Cincinnati Laboratory
USPO Building Room 108
5th & Walnut Streets
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Cornm. Phone: 513-684-2531
FTS Phone: 684-2531
SALT LAKE CITY LABORATORY
SLC Analytical Laboratory
39-0 Wakara Way. Re-search Park.
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
Coma. Phone: 801-524-5287
'FTS Phone: 588-5287
HEALTH RESPONSE UNIT, SLC
Robert Peterson
Health Response Unit - OSHA
390 Wakara Way
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
Contm. Phone: 801-524-5896
FTS Phone: 588-5896
GPO 670 430
-------
fi*'
PART 8
MAP PRODUCTS AND SOURCES
-------
From Literature Source 75
A8-1
1 Addresses of Federal
Pnxluttf
Aeronautical charts
Boundary information:
United States and Canada
United States and Mexico
Boundary and annexation surveys
of incorporated places with 2,300
or more inhabitants
Civil subdivisions and reservations
State Federal
Census data (social and economic)
Climatic maps
Earthquake hazard maps
Federal property maps:
Bureau ot Reclamation
Fish and Wildhte Service
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
National forests
National Park Service
Military reservations-
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Marines
Navy
State maps ot lands administered
hv Bureau of Land Management
U S maps ot lands administered by
Bureau ot Land Management
Flood-plain maps
Geodetic control d ita
Geologic maps:
Coal investigations
General geologic
Geophysical investigations
Mineral investigations
. .
.\iines
Oil and gas investigations
Geographic maps:
Land use
Highway maps:
Indian lands
Federal lands
rederailv tunded roads
Federal primary and secondary
Interstate
Federal highway maps of the U.S.
TABLE 1. Map products and sources
State and other agencies identified by acronyms in this table begin on pane 247 1
NOS
IBC
1BWC
BC
BLM
DOS
BC
NWS
USGS
BR
FWS
NASA
FS
NPS
USAF
USA
USCG
USMC
USN
BLM
BLM
DRBC
FIA
MRC
NOS
SCS
USCE
USGS
NOS
USCE
USGS
USGS
SGA
USGS
NOAA
NOAA
USGS
USGS
BM
USGS
NOS
USGS
BIA
FHWA
FHWA
FHWA
FHWA
FHWA
Available
from
NOS
IBC
IB WC
GPO
BLM
DOS
GPO
NWS
USGS
BR
FWS
NASA
FS
NPS
USAF
USA
USCG
USMC
USN
BLM
BLM
DRBC
FIA
MRC
FIA
SCS
USCE
USGS
NOS
USCE
NOS/
NCIC
USGS
SGA
USGS
EDS
ERL
USGS
USGS
BM
USGS
NOS
USGS
BIA
FHWA
GPO
GPO
FHWA
GPO
Pmiucts
Historical maps and charts
Hydrographic charts and bathymetric
maps:
Hvdrographic surveys
Nautical charts
Navigable waterways maps
River and stream surveys
River basin/watershed studies
River surveys
Wildlife and scenic river jurisdiction
Hydrologic investigations atlases
Indian reservations:
Land surveys
U.S. maps of Indian lands
Land plats
National Atlas of the U.S.
Photographic products:
Aerial photographs
Orthophotomaps
Space imagery
'Landsat (ERTS)
NASA manned spacecraft
Nimbus
Sk\ lab
Tiros
Recreation maps
Pr,'u.,aHX
LC
All Federal
agencies
NOS
USCE
USGS
NOS
USGS
NOS
USCE
USCE
MRC
ERC
SCS
USGS
BR
USGS
BLM
USGS
BIA
BIA
BLM
BLM
NPS
USCE
USGS
ASCS
BLM
BLM
BPA
DMA
NASA
FHWA
FS
FS
FWS
FWS
NOS
NPS
SCS
LSCE
FS
uses
BIA
NCS
USGS
NASA
NASA
..ASA
NASA
NW9
NASA
NASA
NWS
BLM
HCRC
'•-(mi
LC
NARS
NOS
USCE
USGS
NOS
USGS
NOS
USCE
USCE
MRC
ERC
SCS
USGS
BR
USGS
BLM
USGS
GPO
GPO
BLM
NARS
NPS
USCE
USGS
ASCS
BLM
EDC
BPA
DMA
EDC
FHWA
EDC
NCIC
EDC
NCIC
NOS
NPS
SCS
USCE
FS
NCIC1
EDC
BIA
NOS
USGS
ASCb
EDC
EDS
EDC
NWS
ASCS
EDC
NWS
n T \ f
15LM
HCRC
-------
AS-2
TABLE 1, Map products and sources iconttnufii)
Pru/u, !>
Seismicity maps and charts
Soils
Soils — substation quality
Topographic maps
Utilities:
Ground. conductivity maps of the
U.S
Principal e' ric-facihtieb maps of
the U.S.
Principal natural-gas-pipelines
maps of the U.S.
Water resources development data
Pruluem^
flVCl^ V
ERL
uses
5CS
BPA
uses
MRC
NASA
FCC
ERC
ERC
uses
Availabk'
mwi
ERL
uses
scs
BPA
uses.
MRC
NASA
GPO
GPO
GPO
uses
Pwrfi«vs
Miscellaneous data:
Clirromemc (slope) maps
Gravity survey charts
Income distribution maps
Isogomc charts
Isomagnetic charts
Magnetic charts
National science trail maps
State indexes of fish hatcheries. and
national wildlife refuges
Storm evacuation maps
Tree danger (to powerlmes)
detection maps
U.S. location maps of fish
hatcheries and national wildlife
refuges
Prailuiin$
uses
EDS
NOS
uses
BC
uses
NOS
EDS
SCS
FWS
NOS
BPA
FWS
Aivilablt
uses
EDS
NOS
uses
GPO
uses
NOS
EDS
SCS
FWS
NOS
BPA
FWS
-------
A8-3
\DDRESSES OF AGENCIES
[ Sec table I, ;> 78-19. for map products available from these agencies.}
jricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS)
Aenai Photography Field Office
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
Department ot Agriculture
(2222 West, 2300 South)
P O Box 30010
Salt Lake City, Utah 84123
Bureau of Reclamation (BR)
Chief, Publications and Photography Branch
General Services Division
Bureau of Reclamation
7442 Interior Building
18th and C Streets, NW.
Washington, D.C. 20240
mnevil'e Power Administration (BPA)
Bonneviile Power Administration
Department of Energy
(1002 NE Holladay Street)
P O Box 3621
Portland, Oreg. 97208
ire.m of the Census (BC)
Lsers Service Statf
Data Users Services Division
Bureau 01 the Census
Department or Commerce
Washington, D C. 20233
jreau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Bureau ot Indian Affairs
Department of She Interior
18th and C Streets, NW
Washington, D C 20240
jreau of Land Management (BLM)
Bureau ot Land Management
Department ot the Interior
Iblh and C Streets, \W
Washington, D C 20240
areau of Mines (BM)
Environmental Atrairs Field Office
Bureau of Mines
Department of trie Interior
RIK-TI 3323
Penii P'ate
20 North Pennsylvania Avenue
Wii.kes-Barre, Pa. 13701
Mine Map Repository
Bureau of Mines
Department ot the Interior
Buiiumg 20
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colo. 80225
Mi.ie Map Repository
Bureau ot Mines
Department ot me Interior
-800 Forbes Avenue
PittsDur,:h Pa. 15213
Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)
Defense Mapping Agency
Building 56
U.S Naval Observatory
Washington, D.C. 20305
Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC)
Executive Director
Delaware River Basin Commission
(25 State Police Drive)
Post Office Box 7360
West Trenton, N.J. 08628
Department of Energy (DOE)
Public Affairs Director
Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D C. 20585
Department of State (DOS)
Office of the Geographer
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
8742 NS INR'RGE
Washington. D.C. 20520
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Office ot Public Awareness
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
Office of Public Information
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
825 North Capital Street, NE.
Washington, D C. 2042b
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Office ot Puolic Affairs
Federal Highway Administration
Department ot Transportation
Room 4208
400 7th Street. SW.
Washington, D C 20590
-------
Federal Highway Administration (continued)
Aertnl Surveys Branch
Hignwav Design Division
Federal Highwav Admtmstration
Department of Transportation
Room 31 30 A
400 7th Street. SW.
Washington, D.C. 20590
Federal Insurance Administration (HA)
National Flood insurance Program
Federal insurance Administration
Bethesda, Md. 20034
Aquation Div,sion
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
139 Interior South Building service
18th and C Streets, NW.
Washington, D.C 20240
L.S Commtssioner
^ M~'
United States Section
(4110 R.o Bravo, Executive Center)
P.O. Box 20003
El Paso, Tex. 79998
W"CT ««*-«. United States
d Water Comnuw,,*. United States and
Boundary Commission, United Sute* and Canada
U.S. Commissioner
Canada
Room 350
425 I Street, NW.
Washington, D.C. 20548
Library of Congress (1.C)
Geography and Map Division
Library of Congress
845 S. Pickett Street
Alexandria, Va. 22304
Mississippi River Commission (MRC)
executive Assistant
Mississippi River Commission
(Mississippi River Commission Building)
50^"51—
Environmental Data Service (c^tixucd)
National Oceanography Data Center
Environmental Data Service
3300 Whttehaven Street, NW.
Washington, D.C. 20235
BouUer, Colo 80302
National Ocean Survey (NOS)
Aerial photograph} and shnretmr maps:
Coastal Mapping Division, C3415
National Ocean Survey
"
..
Vicksburg, Miss. 39180
National Archives and Records Service
Genera! Services Administration
Archives Building
Pennsylvania Avenue at 8th Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20408
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Environmental Data Service (EDS)
National Climatic Center
Environmental Data Service
Federal Building
Asheville, N.C. 28801
r c Administratic
ent of Commerce
Rockville, Md 20852
Chart sales:
Washington Science Center 1 C513]
Den^l0^ anC AtmosPhe"^ Admmistratio
Department of Commerce
Rockville, Md. 20852
Charts-
Distributmn Division, C44
National Ocean Survey
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio,
uepartment of Commerce
Riverdale, Md. 20840
General cartographic information:
Physical Science Services Branch, C513
National Ocean Survey
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Uepartment of Commerce
Rockville, Md. 20852
Geodetic control date:
National Geodetic Sun-ey (NGS)
National Ocean Survey
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Commerce
Rockville, Md. 20852
National Weather Service (NWS)
World Weather Building
National Weather Service
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20233
National Park Service (NFS)
Office of Communications
National Park Service
3043 Interior Building
18th and C Streets, NW.
Washington, D.C. 20240
Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
Cartographic Staff
Soil Conservation Service
Department of Agriculture
Federal Building
6505 Belcrest Road
Hyattsville, Md. 20782
STATE GEOLOGIC AGENCIES (SGA)
Contact the State Geologist or
other cognizant official in each State.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
TVA Map Information & Records Unit
Chattanooga, Tenn. 37401
-------
S. Air Force (USAF)
Contact the information officer ot the base concerned
.S. Army (USA)
Contact the commander of the base concerned
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USCE)
Office ot Chief ot Engineers
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, D C. 20314
.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
Oceanograpntc Unit
U S Coast Guard
Building 159E, Washington Navy Yard Annex
Washington, D C. 10390
.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
Duibion of Realty
U S Fish and Wildlife Service
Department ot the Interior
555 Matomic Building
1717 H Street, N'W.
Washington, D C. 20240
.S. Forest Service (FS)
U.S Forest Service
Office of Information
Department of Agriculture
P O Box 2417
Washington, D.C. 20013
.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
All iartographtc rfflfir
User Sorvii.es Section
National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC)
L' S Geological Survey
Department ot the Interior
MS 507, National Center
(12201 Sunrise Valley Drive)
Roston, Va 22092
Photographs unit remote sensor imagery:
User Services Unit
EROS Data Center (EDO
U S Geological Survey
Department ot the Interior
Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 57198
Maps. fliTi.1/ photographs, and control data by mail
Alaska
Distribution Section
U 5 Geological Survey
Department ot the Interior
HI! !2th Avenue
FoirDanki, Alaska 99701
States east of Mississippi River plus Puerto Rico
Branch of Distribution, Eastern Region
Publications Division
U S Geological Survey
Department ot the Interior
l~'M South Eads Street
Arlington. Va 22202
States west of Mississippi River plus Hawaii, Guam,
and American Samoa
Srancrt or Distribution, Central Region
Publications Division
L' S Geological Survey
Department of the Interior
MS 30n, Box 25286
Denver Federal Center
Denver Colo SC225
Commercial dealer are listed on sales indexes which can be
• obtained trom any ot the above three offices.
U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO)
Assistant Public Printer
(Superintendent of Documents)
U S Government Printing Office
North Capitol and H Streets, NW
Washington, D C 20402
U.S. Marine Corps (USMC)
Contact the commander of the base concerned.
U.S. Navy (USN)
Contact the commander of the base concerned
A8-5
-------
-------
£•'
APPENDIX B
WELL DRILLING REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
PARTS
1. WATER WELL INDUSTRY CODES AND LICENSING
2. STATE AGENCIES AND OFFICIALS RESPONSIBLE
FOR INDUSTRY CODES AND LICENSING
-------
A state-by-state summary of water well drilling codes and
licensing of contractors and pump installers.
GROUND WATER AGE recently
completed its second annual
survey of state agencies respon-
sible for water well drilling
codes and the licensing of
water well drilling contractors
and pump installers. The re-
sults, detailed in the follow-
ing table, show which states
have codes, states which license
drillers and pump installers,
states requiring pitless adapt-
ers and those permitting use of
PVC pipe.
Asked about implementation
of the federal 5afe Drinking
Water Act, on a state level,
officials were vague and in-
definite about federal and
state coordination and the
timetable for their state's re-
sponse to the Act.
Four states, Connecticut,
Illinois, South Dakota and
Vermont, report that they require
a plumber's license in lieu of
a well driller's license.
STATE
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
WELL
DRILLING
CODE
YES
NO
YES
YES
LC
YES
IP
LICENSE
DRILLERS
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO1
LICENSE
PUMP
INSTALLERS
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
REQUIRE
PITLESS
ADAPTERS
NO
YES
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO2
PERMIT
PVC
PIPE
YES
NA
YES
YES
YES
YES
NA
CODES&LICENSINGaCODES&LICENSINGaCODl
20
GROUND WATER AGE / MAY, 1976
-------
B-2
STATE
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
^ ILLINOIS
~"jf INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
WELL
DRILLING
CODE
YES
LG
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
IP
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES3
IP
YES
LICENSE
LICENSE PUMP
DRILLERS INSTALLERS
YES
VES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
IP
IP
YES
NO
YES
YES
IP"
YES
YES
NO
NO
NA
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NA
NO
NO
YES*
NO
YES
REQUIRE
PITLESS
ADAPTERS
YES
LC
NO
NA
NO
1 NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NA
NO
YES
YES*
NO
NO
PERMIT
PVC
PIPE
YES
YES
NO
NA
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NA
YES
NA
YES
NO
NA
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YE3
&LICENSINGaCODES&LICENSINGHCODES&LICENSI
GROUND WATER AGE / MAY, 1976
21
-------
8-3.
STATE
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
DISTRICT of COLUMBIA
GUAM
PUERTO RICO
WELL
DRILLING
CODE
YES
YES
IP
YES
NO
NO
IP
NO
YES
YES
YES
IP
NO
YES
NO
YES
IP
NO
YES
IP
LICENSE
DRILLERS
YES
LC
YES7
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
IP
NO
YES
IP
LICENSE
PUMP
INSTALLERS
NO
LC
NO
IP
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NA
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
REQUIRE
PITLESS
ADAPTERS
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NA
NO
NA
NO
YES
YES8
NO
NO
NO
NO
PERMIT
PVC
PIPE
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NA
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES9
YES
NA
NA
NA
Key: NA-no answer; LC-local communities or regions set standards: IP-m process; 1 -registers; 2-encourages use of
pitless adapters; 3-artesian wells only; 4-approval of Construction Industry Board; S-comme'-clal wells only: 6-Long
Island does license drillers; 7-commercial irrigation only; 8-needs Department of Natural Resources approval, 9-on
pump installations only with code requirements.
iODES & LICENSING a CODES & LICENSING a CODES & LI
GROUND WATER AGE / MAY. 1976
-------
3-4'
State agencies and key personnel responsible for
water well industry codes and licensing.
ALABAMA ~ _
Robert A. Livingston, Alabama Water
Well Standards Board, 328 State
Office Building. Montgomery, Ala-
bama 36130 — Coda control. Health
Department issues licenses.
ALASKA^ ~~ZTT
Lloyd A. Morley, Chief, Environmental
Health Section, Division of Public
Health, Department of Health and
Social Services. Pouch H, Juneau,
Alaska 99811 — Issues permits for
public water supplies.
ARJZONA
Dr. Ronald Miller, Division of Water
Quality Control. Arizona State Health
Building, 1740 West Adams Street.
Phoenix, Arizona 85007 — Prepares
codes.
John J. Kayetan, State Registrar of
Contractors. 1818 West Adams,
Phoenix. Arizona 85007 — Licenses
drilling contractors.
ARKANSAS
P. D. Huff, Executive Secretary, Com-
mittee on Water Well Construction,
3815 West Roosevelt Road, Little
Rock, Arkansas 72204 — Prepares
drilling codes and licensing ol con-
tractors.
CALIFORNIA"
Ed. A. Ritchie, Well Standards Coord-
inator, Water Resources Evaluation,
Division of Resources Development,
Box 388, Sacramento, California
95814 — Standards control main-
tained here,
Roy Boddy, Contractors' State License
Board, 1020 "N" Street. Sacramento,
California 95814—Responsible lor
licensing.
COLORADO_
Paul Haswell, Water Resources Engineer,
Department of Natural Resources,
300 Columbine Building, 1845 Sher-
man Street. Denver. Colorado 80203
— Responsible for codes and licens-
ing of contractors and pump in-
stallers.
CONNECTICUT
R. Jarema, Sr., Sanitary Engineer, En-
vironmental Health Services Division,
Water Supply Section, State Health
Department, 79 Elm Street, Hart-
ford, Connecticut 06115 — Wall
Drilling Board responsible for codes
and licensing of contractors.
DELAWARE
Lester F. Meyer, Water Resources
Section, Division of Environmental
Control, Tatnall Building, Dover,
Delaware 19901 — Codes and li-
censing.
FLORJDA
Robert Hall, Department of Environ-
mental Regulation, Certification and
Manpower Development, 2562 Ex-
ecutive Center, Circle East, Talla-
hassee, Florida 32301.
GEORGIA
John B. Fernstrom, Department of
Natural Resources, Environmental
Protection Division, 270 Washington
Street. S. W., Atlanta. Georgia 30334
— Responsible for implementing
rules and regulations lor water supply.
HAWAII
Robert T. Chuck. Department of Land and
Natural Resources, Division of Water
and Land Development. P.O. Box
373, Honolulu, Hawaii 96809 — Codes.
State of Hawaii, Department of Regu-
latory Agencies, P. O. Box 3469,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 —Licensing.
IDAHO
Kenneth H. Foit. P.E., Supervisor De-
partment of Water Resources, Ground
Water Section. 373 W. Franklin.
Statehouse. Boise, Idaho 83720 —
Standards. Licensing. Waste Disposal
and Geothermal Well Drilling permits.
ILLINOIS
James Mills. Department of Public Health.
Springfield, Illinois 62761 — ftespon-
s
-------
• well drilling contractors Healtn
department is responsible for water
well drilling codes.
"IOWA
Kenneth C. Choquette. Director, Health
Engineering Division, Department of
Health, Lucas State Office Building,
Des Moines. Iowa 50319.
KANSAS
Dwight W Brmkley, Oil Field and En-
vironmental Geology Section. Kansas
State Department oi Health. Tooeka.
Kansas 66620— Responsible lor
preparing well drilling codes and
licensing.
KENTUCKY
Charles J. Kelly, c/o Moodys of Dayton,
2206 Frankfort Avenue, Louisville,
Kentucky 40206 — Past association
director. Health Department will be
responsible lor preparing codes
(For further state information con-
tact Nick G. Johnson. Director,
Department for Human Resources.
Commonwealth of Kentucky, Frank-
fort, Kentucky 40601.)
LOUISIANA
Charles E. Bishop. Chief Water Quality
Section. Louisiana Health and Hu-
man Resources Administration, Di-
vision of Health. P. O. Box 60630,
New Orleans. Louisiana 70160.
MAINE
Donald C. Hoxie. Director of Health
Engineering. State of Maine. Depart-
ment of Health ana Welfare, Augusta.
Maine 04330 — Responsible lor
preparing water well drilling codes.
MARYLAND
J. Roland Tubman, Executive Director,
Maryland State Board of Well Drillers,
Tawes State Office Building. Anna-
polis, Maryland 21401—Handles
licensing. The Water Resources Ad-
ministration is responsible for pre-
paring water well drilling codes.
MASSACHUSETTS
Michael L. Besiu..... Principal Civil
Engineer, Water Resources Commis-
sion. Leverett Saltonsall Bu, ding.
Government Center, 100 Cambridge
Street, Boston, Mass. 02202 — Re-
sponsible lor cooes and licensing.
MICHIGAN ~~
— Responsible lor codes and regis-
tering.
MINNESOTA
Edwin H. Ross. Senior Hydrologist.
Ground Water Quality Control Unit.
Minnesota Department of Health,
171 S.E. Delaware St., Minneapolis.
Minnesota 55440 — Handles codes
and licensing of contractors.
Donald K Keech. P E. Chief. Grouna
Water Qualiu Control Section. De-
partment of PUDIIC Health, 2500 N.
Logan, Lansing. Michigan 48914
MISSISSIPPI
Jack W. Pepper, P. E., State Water Engi-
neer, Mississippi Board of Water
Commissioners. 416 N. State Street.
Jackson. Mississippi 39201 — Re-
sponsible lor the licensing ol con-
tractors.
MISSOURI
Robert S. Miller. P.E . Missouri Depart-
ment of Natural Resources. P O
Box 1368. Jefferson City. Missouri
65101. — Division ol Health handles
regulations for drilling ot water
supply wells, other than public
water supply system.
MONTANA
Mrs. Diana Cutler, Department of Pro-
fessional and Occupational Licensing.
LaLonde Building, 42'4 North Main,
Helena, Montana 59601 —Handles
licensing ol contractors.
A. W. Clarkson. Pe. E., Water Quality
Bureau, Environmental Sciences Di-
vision, Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences, Helena,
Montana 53601 — Responsible lor
codes.
NEBRASKA
Clifford L. Summers. P E. Director.
Department of Health. Division of
Environmental Engineering. Lincoln
Building, 1003 "O" Street. Lincoln.
Nebraska 68508 — Prepares codes.
NEVADA
William J. Newman, Ground Water En-
gineer, Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources. Division of
Water Resources. 201 South Fall
Street. Carson City. Nevada 89710
— Hanales codes and licensing.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Lindsay M Collins. P E.. Director of Mu-
nicipal Services. Water Supply and
Pollution Control Commission. Pres-
cott Park, P O Box 95. 105 London
Road, Concord. New Hampshire
03301.
NEW JERSEY B~°
Joseph W. Miller. Jr. Principal Geologist
Bureau ot Geology and Topography
Department of Environmental Pro-
tection, P O. Box 2809. Trenton.
New Jersey 08625 — Licenses drillers
and prepares codes.
MEXICO
S. E. Reynolds. State Engineer. Water
Rights Division. Bataan Memorial
Building, State Capitol, Santa Fe.
New Mexico 87501 — Responsible
tor codes and licensing ol artesian
wells only.
John Wright. Environmental Protection
Agency for State of New Mexico
Responsible for other ground ware'
development.
NEW_YqRK___
Louis M. Concra. Jr. Central Permit
Agent. New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation 50 Wolf
Road. Albany. New York 12201
Daniel J. Larkin, N.Y. State Depart-
ment of Environmental Conservation
Environmental Analysis Unit. Build-
ing 40. SUNY Campus. Stony Brook.
N. Y 11794 — Long Island dnliers
only.
NORTH CAROLINA
Harry M. Peek. Chief Ground Water
Division. Department of Natural and
Economic Resources. Box 27687.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 —
Responsible for codes.
Mrs. Mane Harrison. Executive Secre-
tary, State of North Carolina Board
of Water Well Contractor Examiners.
P O Box 17261. Raleigh Nortn
Carolina — Handles licensing
NORTH DAKOTA
W. Van Heuvelen. Chief. Environmental
Health and Engineering Services.
Department of Health. State Capitol.
Bismarck. North Da*ota 58501 —
Prepares the codas. (The Board of
Water Well Contractors is responsible
for licensing.)
OHIO"
Russell B. Stem. The Ohio Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Division
of Ground Water. Office of Public
Supply, 361 East Broad Street. P O
Box 1049. ColumOus. Ohio 43216 —
Weil drilling coces and well contruc-
Hon.
OKLAHOMA
Forrest Nelson. Executive Director.
Oklahoma Water Resources and
J A Wood. Grouna Water Division
•LICENSING! CODES &LICENSING" CODES &LICENSI
24
GROUND WATER AGE / MAY, 1976
-------
Chief Oklahoma Water Resources
Boara rtftn Floor, Jim Tnorce
• Buiiamg, Qktanoma City. Oklahoma
73105 — Lice"tes all persons, firms.
and corporations drilling fresh water
wells with me BKcesnor of aomest/c
water well drillers.
John A Armstron. Director. Sanitation
and Plumoinc Division State Deoart-
. ment of i-teaitn. North?ast lOtn ana
Stonewall. Oklanoma City, Okta-.
homa 73105 — Prepares drilling codes.
OREGON
Leo G Farr. Jr. Punlic Health £n-
grneenng, Department of Human
Resources, health Division, 1400
S W 5tn Avenue. Portland. Oregon
97201 —Prepares codes lor public
water suoply welts onty.
William S Bartholomew, Supervisor.
Ground V. ..- Division. 1178 Chem-
eketa Street N E . Salem. Oregon
97310 — Responsioie for cooes on all
other wells and licensing ol water
well drilling contractors.
PENNSYLVANIA
Paul S Ztmrr^Tnan. Chief. V.ater- Fa-
ciltties Secsion. Division ot Commun-
ity Environmental Services. H O
Box 2063, Hamsburg, Pennsylvania
. 17-120— Will be responsible tor
coding and licensing.
RHODE ISLAND" ~
Henry F Munroe, Staff Director, Water
Resources Board, 265 Melrose Street,
P O. Box 2772, Providence, Rhode
Island 02907 — Administers licensing.
SOUTH CAROLINA
Wiiham E Stilwell. Jr., P.E.. Chief
Bureau of Special Environmental
Programs. South Carolina Depart-
ment of Health and Environmental
Control. 2600 Bull Street, Columbia,
S C 29201 — Prepares codes.
SOUTH DAKOTA .
John Hatch. Chief Engineer, Department
of Natural Resource Development,
Water Rights Commission. Foss
Building. Pierre. South Dakota 57501
— Prepares codes and licenses con-
tractors
TENNESSEE
Robert A Hunt, Director, Tennessee
Department of Conservation, Division
of Water Resources 6213 Charlotte
Avenue. Suite 107. Nashville, Ten-
nessee 37209 —Codes and licensing.
TEXAS
PITL.ESS UNIT &
ADAPTEB UPDATE
MANY SANITARIANS and county agents, reports Durward
Humes, executive secretary of the Pitless Division of the V\ .ter
Systems Council, aren't aware of the variety of styles and sizes
of adapter eouipment available. There are adapters, designed to
be assembled and installed in the field; they are available in
compression gasket, saddle compression, and weld on styles.
Then there are units, which are delivered as factory assembled
equipment ready for attachment to the well casing. There are
also abort ground discharge designs.
Further, many outside the industry aren't aware that
adapter equipment is available to fit well 'sizes from two to
twenty inches. Buyers have choices as to the types of caps,
which complete the well, and (in the case of municipal and
CONTINUED ON PAGE 38
Ausun. Texas 78756—Prepares drilling
codes. Texas Water Development
Board. Water Well Drillers Section.
P.O Box 13087, Capitol Station.
Austin, Texas 78711 — Licensing.
UTAH
Dee C. Hansen, State Engineer, Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, Division
of Water Rights, 442 State Capitol,
Salt Lake City. Utah 84114—Respon
sible lor codes and licensing.
Charles K Foster, department of Healtn
Resources. 1100 West 49tn Street,
VERMONT
David Butterfield. Chief, Ground Water
Management, Agency of Environ-
mental Conservation, Department of
Water Resources, Management and
Engineering Division. Montpeher,
Vermont 05602 — Protects, regulates
and controls ground water ol state.
Also licenses contractors. (The Health
Department regulates wells drilled
for public water supply systems —
ten or more connections.)
VIRGINIA
Norman Phillips, Jr.. Director, Bureau of
Sanitary Engineering. State Health
Department, 109 Governor Street.
Richmond. Virginia 23219
WASHINGTON
Robert L. Wubbene. P. E.. Supervisor of
Technical Services. Department of
Social and Health Services. Health
Services Division, Box 1788, Olympia,
Washington 98504—Code information.
John Swerda. Department of Ecology,
St. Martin's College. Olympia, Wash-
ington 98504 — Licensing.
WEST VIRGINIA
James H Hodges, P.E.. Water Suppty
Program. Division of Sanitary Engi-
neering, Department of Health,
Charleston. West Virginia 25305.
WISCONSIN
Thomas A. Calabrese. P. E. Chief, Private
Water Supply Section, Department of
Natural Resources. Box 450, Madi-
son, Wisconsin 53701 —Raponsible
lor codes and licensing.
WYOMING __2~
Richard G. Stockdale. Ground Water
Geologist, State Engineer's Office,
State Office Building. Cneyenne,
Wyoming 82002 — Licensing. (The
Health Department, Environmental
Protection Agency and the State
Engineer's Office are responsible for
preparing drilling codes.)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Malcolm C Hope. Director. Environ-
mental Health Administration. 415
12th Street. N W.. Room 308. Wash-
ington. D. C. 20004
GUAM
Geoffrey K. Burke. Guam Environmental
Protection Agency, P.O. Box 2999.
Agana, Guam 96910.
PUERTO RICO
Secretary of Water Resources, Depart-
ment of Natural Resources. Box
5887. Puerta de Tierra, Puerto Rico
00906. •
CODES&LICENSING»CODES&LICENSINGaCODES
GROUND WATER AGE / '1AY, 1976
25
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a-'
APPENDIX C
FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY
Excerpted from the January 1981 Course Notes
of a one-week short course on
Groundwater Pollution and Hydrology
Lecturers: R.W. Cleary, D.W. Miller
and G. F. Pinder
Sponsored by: Princeton Associates
P.O. Box 2010
Princeton, New Jersey
08540
January 1981 Edition
-------
-------
C-l
FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUNDHATER HYDROLOGY: CLASSIFICATION Or SUBSURFACE WATER
Subsurface water occurs in two distinct zones, the zone
of saturation and the zone of aeration. The upper zone, where pore
space is partially filled with water, is the zone of aeration. This
zone is divided into four belts, in which a gradual transition from
one to the other exists. In the lower zone, the zone of saturation,
water completely fills the pore space. This is the only part of
subsurface water which is properly referred to as groundwater. The
following figure summarizes subsurface water classification:
-------
C-2
Under-
Saturate
Zone
Zone
of
Aeration
Suspended
Water
phreatic
surface
Saturated
Zone
Ground
Water
Soil water is near enough to the
surface to be reached by the roots
of common plants. Some soil water
remains after plants begin to wilt.
Stored or petlicular water adheres
•o soil particles and is not moved
by gravity.
Gravity or vadose water moves
c'-»n by gravity throughout
zone.
Capillary water occurs only in the
capillary fringe at bottom of the
zone of aeration.
Free water occurs below the water
table. Movement controlled by the
lope of the water table.
Confined or artesian water occurs
eneath a confining stratum.
results in the formation of a
iezometric surface
oOoO-
00 o
' O <=> o
o o
• O O O e
III'-
Y T T *
Capillary fringe
• Water table
Free water • *
Fixed ground water occurs in
subcapillary openings of clays,
silts, etc. Not moved by gravity
Connate water entrapped In rocks
at the time of their deposition.
-------
WA-R2ONE
Zone of Aeration: '-
In this zone, the interstices are occupied by water and air,
except when excessive water enters the ground temporarily, e.g.,
irrigation or rainfall. The soil water zone extends from the ground
surface to beyond the major root zone. It has been extensively studied
by soil scientists because of its importance to vegetation. Pellicular
water is non-moving water held by hydroscopic and capillary forces.
Gravitational water is excess water which moves downward after palli-
cular demands and soil water demands have been met. The capillary
zone extends from the water table up to the limit of capillary rise,
which depends on the type of soil. It may range from 1/4 inch (gravel)
to 3 feet or more (clay).
Zone of Saturation:
In the zone of saturation all the interstices are filled
with water under hydrostatic pressure (i.e., the pressure at a given
point is caused only by the height of the fluid column above the point).
The upper surface of this zone is known as the water table or phreatic
surface. It is a surface, in an unconfined material, along which the
hydrostatic pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Wells,
springs and streams are fed by water from the zone of saturation.
WELL
ILLARY
FRINGE
SOIL WATER
FOUND
WATER
ZONE
CAPILLARY
WATER
IMPERVIOUS
WATER TABLE
STREAM
\\ \\\\V\ \\ \\\\ \\
-------
AQUIFERS:
An aquifer is a geologic formation which will yield sig-
nificant quantities of water. It is estimated that over 90% of all
developed aquifers consist of ^consolidated sand and gravel. Most
aquifers are of very large area! (horizontal)'extent and are, in fact,
large underground reservoirs. Aquifers are classified as confined or
unconfirmed depending upon the absence or presence of a water table
Aquifer B
Ref. Hydraulics erf
Groundvater by
J. Bear, McGraw-1
J--Pie/ometri: surface (D)
Ix-Ptezometric surface (C)
Water table
!rnpcrvicnii stratum
Semipsi-vious stratum
(phreatic surface at atmospheric pressure). An unconfined aquifer is
one in which the water table acts as the upper surface of the zone of
saturation. Confined aquifers (also known as artesian or pressure
aquifers) are under pressure greater than atmospheric and are bounded
above and below by impervious strata. The water level of a well pene-
trating such an aquifer will rise above the base of the confining forma-
tion. The piezometric (or potentiometric) surface of a confined aquifer
is an Imaginary surface coinciding with the hydrostatic pressure
level of the water in the aquifer. If the piezcmetric surface lies
-------
C-5
above the ground leva], a flowing well results (sometimes called an
artesian well; artesian may also be used to simply mean confined).
A region supplying water to an aquifer is known as a recharge area. The
change of water levels in wells penetrating confined aquifers result pri-
marily from changes in pressure rather than from changes in storage
volumes. The opposite is true for unconfined aquifer. By definition, a
confined aquifer becomes an unconfined aquifer when the piezometric surface
falls below the bottom of the confining bed. The piezometric surface
of an aquifer is often determined by measuring the water levels in a
number of observation wells (also called piezometers). The water levels
are measured relative to a given datum. The measurement may be made
in a number of ways, but one of the most common and also reasonably
accurate (to appi ^ximately .005 ft.) methods is to use a steel surveyor's
tape. The following figure illustrates how to determine the piezomstric
head in an observation well.
DATUM
tape
5 '
"~1<5— ^
P
v'
\
D
• \
/ / /
C - 3 = DT
A - DTW =
\.
f
A
B I
t
/ /////,.-
W = depth tc v/atar
D = piezometric head
A = top of casing elev. above
datum
B = length of wetted tape
C = tape reading, read exactly
at the top of the casing"
D - piezometric head, relative
to a given datum
relative to the indicated datum plane.
-------
«h.n tne flow ln the aquifer is essentially horizontal, the equipotential su^e<
are vertical and the depth from the land surface to the piezometer screen is
Material; regardless of where the screen is set, the potentlometHc head will be
essentially ,he same. However, if the flow is not horizontal (e.g., near recharoe
cr discharge areas, or near partially penetrating wells) a different piezometric^
will be observed for each different screen depth (measured from the same land surf
In this case, a properly installed observation well will
have a relatively short screened section which will indicate the average piezometr
head (e.g., at the screen center) at the depth of penetration. In water table
aquifers, the flow, in most cases, can never be horizontal. For this reason, the
water level in an unconfined observation well only, approximately indicates the
water table at that point. It exactly indicates the piezometric head at the point
where the water enters the well (assuming a small screen length). This piezometric
head equals the value of the potentiometric surface which intercepts the well openi
This potentiometric surface, in turn, -.ntercepts the water table surface and
numerically equals the height of the water table above a datum plane at the point
of interception. While it is true that the water table, in general, will not be
horizontal, it is also true that its slope is often relatively small
and the changes in height are small relative to the overall saturated thickness.
In isarof cases, one may assume virtual horizontal flow (as we will see in chap. 6
with th| Dupuit assumptions) with ample justification. Ihe above discussion is
better understood with a figure.
-f
water table
streamline
equipotential line
streamline
eQUlDOtpnHal line
-------
C-7
In an introductory chapter such as this, it is not important that one mathematically
understand the nature of streamlines and equipotential Tinas. In chapter 5 we
will discuss the mathematical modals which are used to determine the equipotential
surfaces. At this point, one should appreciate that there are an infinity of
equipotential lines and streamlines and that these lines are always perpendicular (isotro
systems)
to each other. Groundwater may be visualized as moving along streamlines from
higher equpotential surfaces to lower equipotential surfaces. The equipotential
surfaces themselves may be constructed from water level measurements in a series
of observation wells. Because most aquifers are thin relative to their area!
dimensions (e.g., hundreds of feet or less vs. many thousands of feet in horizontal
dimensions), in most cases of practical interest, one may neglect vertical flow
components and assume essentially horizontal flow. This means the equipotential
surfaces are all vertical and we assume the water level in an observation well
would be the same no matter what depth we set the screen. However, also keep
in mind that this assumption is not nearly as valid near areas of recharge or
discharge. The following figure is an idealized cross-section of an interstrear,
area being recharged by precipitation and discharging to its adjoining streams.
Observe that wells near the streams will tap higher piezometric
heads as depth increases. That is, it is possible to have a flexing vets? -zzbls well .
Tha water level will rise to the height of a point on the water
table wnich intersects the potentiometric line, which in turn intersects the opening
cf the well. One should also observe that wells on the hill tap lower piezometric
heads as their screen depth increases.
-------
c-
IKFLUEiiT AND EFFLUENT STREAMS:
When the water level (measured from a datum, e.g., bedrock]
in a stream is higher than the surrounding water table elevation, water
infiltrates from the stream into the unconfined aquifer and the stream
is termed influent. When the hydrologically connected water 'table is
higher than the stream, water flows from the aquifer into the stream and
the stream is'termed effluent.
aquifer!;:
Vi '.''•' >. ' ..>.—; ...' ' ^—. U
fe'j'.;- ':!.j:Ii^^^'C^fodpT-^
^''::-?: '• '•' >' •/" '• '" ' '
(c)
(d)
Stream
Ref: Hydraulics of
Groundwater,
J. Bear, McGraw-Hill
xy / j
AQUIFER PARAMETERS:
Aquifers are characterized by their ability to conduct water
under a given hydraulic gradient and by their storativity.
Hydraulic Conductivity (K = 1/1):
This is a measure of the aquifer's ability to conduct water
under the influence of an impressed hydraulic gradient. It is a property
of both the porous medium and the fluid flowing through it. The higher
the conductivity the better the aquifer conducts water. Closely related
-------
C-9
the ability of the aquifer to transmit water through its entire
thickness; it is equal to the product of the conductivity and the
thickness of the aquifer, b(T = Kb).
Storage Coefficient:
The storage coefficient (S) is the volume of water that
an aquifer releases from or takes into ctorage per unit surface area
of aquifer per unit change in the component of head normal to that
surface. For a vertical column one foot fay one foot extending through
an aquifer, the storage coefficient (S) equals the volume
of water (in cubic feet) released from the aquifer when the piezometric
surface declines one foot. In most confined aquifers S ranges from
.00005 to .005, indicating that large pressure changes over extensive
areas are required to produce substantial water yields. For example
if S equals .0003, 300 ft3 of water are released from storage
under an area 1000 feet or, a side (1,000,000 ft2) when the piezometric
head declines 1 foot. S is also called the confined storativity coefficient.
The storage coefficient for unconfined aquifers is essentially-
equal to its specific yield. Specific yield is the volume of water
that a saturated soil will yield per unit volume of aquifer under
the sole influence of gravity. It is also called the drainable porosity
or effective porosity. For uniform sand, the specific yield may equal
.30 (30%). However most unconfined aquifers range from 10 to 30 % with
20 % being an average figure. If one compares the numerical values
of specific yield and storage coefficient(confined aquifers) ,- it is
obvious that for the same volume of discharge (or recharge), changes in
the"Piezcmetric surface" elevations are much larger in a confined aquife
-han in a water table aquifer.
Watar recharged to or discharged from an aquifer represents a
change in the storage volurns of the aquifar. For unconfined aquifers
-------
C-10
this change in volume may be calculated by multiplying the specific yield by th* "
change in volume of the aquifer over a period of time. In confined aquifers,
chances in pressure produce only small changes in storage volume. Water that
is released from a confined aquifer by a decline in the total poteniometric head
(e.g., Dy pumping) comes from two sources associated with the elastic properties
f the aquifer:' 1) about 60S of the water is released due to the compression of
the intergranular skeleton by the overburden; 2) 408 of the water released
results from an expansion of water caused by a density decrease with decreasing
nressure. Specific storage (Ss) describes the net effect of these two sources.
It is defined as the volume of water which a unit volume of the aquifer releases
from storage because of expansion of the water and compression of the aquifer
under a unit decline in the average head. We win use this in chapter 6 in
deriving a fundamental equation of groundwater flow.
MOVEMENT OF GROUNDWATER
A basic understanding of the natural paths and rates of groundwater
movement will be very useful in evaluating groundwater pollution problems. The
flow of groundwater depends on many factors, including the geologic structure
and the prevailing recharge and/or discharge phenomena operating on the boundaries
and within the system. Groundwater is an integral part of the hydrologic cycle '.
and therefore is continually in motion from areas of natural and artificial
recharge to areas of natural and artificial discharge. It flows principally
under the influence of gravity from levels of higher potential to levels of
lower potential (where its potential is the result of elevation and pressure).
This decrease in potential along the seepage path is the result of friction
between the water and the soil matrix. In relatively wet areas, precipitation
keeps the water table near the ground surface, and the consequent mounding of
the water beneath Interstream areas results in en easily predictable movement of wat-
-------
In arid regions, the movement of water may be much m6re difficult to estimate.
In vertical infiltration, water first satisfies the soil
moisture and pellicular demands.with any excess percolating by gravity and pressure
differences to the water table. If excess amounts are not reached, the water (or
wastewater in the case of spray-irrigation of sewage, for example) will tend to
stay in the zone of aeration until moved downward by
excess rainfall or further irrigation. In the case of biologically degradeafale
wastes, this increased residence time together with a supply of oxygen [it's un-
saturatedjwill be advantageous and should be designed for, if possible .
Groundwater movement can be predicted using Darcy's law. In 1855 Darcy,
in his experiments with the flow of water through sand columns, determined that
the flux of water through sand is proportional to the hydraulic gradient impressed.
Mathematically, we state his findings in the following way:
q=Q/A = "Klf Eq- 12
where q is the Darcy velocity [L/T], Q is the flow rate [L3/T], A is the cross-sectional
area perpendicular to the flow direction [L2], K is the hydraulic conductivity [L/T],
AH is the total potential head change [L] over the distance, AX [L]. To illustrate
the use of eq.0-12), consider a valley of uniform cross-sectional area in which
the total head drops 1 foot/1000 feet and the conductivity is 900 ft/day. We
calculate the total flow rate through the valley in the following way:
f^'
L ft--*-ft
fa lOG
Al
po
-------
As we will learn later in subsequent chapters> q,
velocity based on the total cross-sectional area (voids ^ solids). The se-pa.e
velocity (true velocity or particle velocity^ obtained by dividing q by „ ^
Porosity .In the preceeding example, if „ were equal to ^ ^ ^^ ^^
a Particle of water would be 3.6 ft/day. This does not necessarily equal the actual
velocity between any two points in the. aquifer, which may range fro, less than to-
-re than 3.6 ft/day, depending on the. flow path followed. However, as long as '
the parameters remain constant, It is a good estimate of the mmg. velocity.
In general groundwater moves from 5 feet/day to 5 feet/year.
Strictly speaking, horizontal groundwater flow will-occur in isotropic,
homogeneous, horizontal, confined aquifers of constant thickness. In the'vicinity
of recharge areas, discharge areas and partially penetrating veils, one can expect
the flow pattern to be three-dimensional. Fortunately, for most cases of practical-
interest, the assumption of horizontal flow in aquifers is reasonable. If the
aquifer is thin relative to its areal extent (almost always true) and if one
is not near recharge/discharge areas the assumption is excellent. Under such
circumstances, one assumes vertical equipotential. and the mathematical analysis
is considerably simplified. In addition,the potential at a given areal location i,r
the elevation of the water level at that point, regardless of the screen location. -
Groundwater flow is caused by a force potential which is directly
proportional to the elevation of water levels in wells drilled in both confined
and unconflned aquifers. One may deternine the general direction of groundwater
flow with potentiotnetric maps constructed from water-level elevations. Under the
assumption of horizontal flow.a flow net can be constructed using water level
contours as equipotential lines and drawing flow lines perpendicular to the contour 5
To illustrate the method we will consider a water table aquifer whose
hydraulic gradient is less than 1 % and whose geologic material is uniform In
this case the water table is an accurate representation of the potentionetric surf,
An excellent example of a hypothetical contour *aP from such an isotropic,
aquifer is given by Davis and DeWiest (Kydrogeology, p. 49) and reproduced
-------
Reproduced from
best available copy.
The water-table contours are elevations of the water above a common
datum plane ( e.g. sea level at Sandy Hook> Naw Jersey) _
He can see at point A that the water-table contour lines slope in the
direction of the stream flow and at point C they slope against the
stream flow (i.e., the peak at C points upstream). If we road the
contours of the watertable on either side of the stream at A we
-sse that the stream is influent at A; doing the same at C, we find
the stream is effluent at this point. E represents an area of recharge
(note the relatively high watertable contours) which, comes from
diverging some of the river water into a canal 2nd transporting it
to E (perhaps for irrigation). Point : is an area of heavy pumping
in which the wa';er level is lower than the stream lavsl at 3. Presently
at 3, the stream 1s neither Influent or eff 1 uent(flow lirvas are tangant
-------
C-14
•tr
Ihe diffi_
lllultr
(a) Zone of puinpins
(b) Zone of recharge
(c) Influent river
(d) Efflue.it rivsr
(c) Effrct of variable transrniKivjty
Streamlines «> S = sta^ation
point
(0 Effect of impervious zone
-------
+25
4-24
+25
Ground-
water divide
+25
+24
Contours
+23
(i) A groundwjter divide
?ef: Hydraulics of Groundwater, J. Bear, McGraw-Hill, 1979
(;) Effect of highly permeabi* zane
The following water table map illustrates the effect of a groundwater
divide and an effluent streaa. Perpendicular to the groundwater divide the
potentiocetric head does not change with distance. An equilibrium is established
such that water falling e.ast of the divide will eventually discharge in the river
flood plain while water falling west of the divide will eventually reach the ocean.
^ , Legand:
> \
Generalized water - lev=!
contours at 25-fr infarvcis
•r- n ti_
Ground-watsr flow lir.es
V
Ground-water N
Rivsr flsc
plain
Scale in miies
Source: Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Div., Jniv. Oil Products, St. P--J!
H1 n r..
-------
C-16
Hazardous industrial waste migration from land disposal
sites is or' much concern to state and federal agencies as well as
the industries themselves. The following water table contour ,ap is
taken frorr, ar Illinois State Water Survey study of zinc migration
from a long established secondary zinc smelter plfint.
KK.I of rtrr
120 SX 300
Plant Layout
Bater table contour tap. Sit- A (Stov9sfe*
source: J.p. Gibb in"Residual
nt by Land Disposal'; EPA-60Q/9-75-015, 1975
-------
c-n
The presence of vertical equipotentials certainly simplifies the field
collection and plotting of water elevations. However, one may also estimate
the general direction of groundwater flow in areas of recharge or discharge if
adequate potentiornetric data are available. As in the case of horizontal flew,
one draws flow lines perpendicular to lines of equipotential.. Potentioaetric data
from multiple piezometers at Perch Lake in Chalk River, Ontario Eay be used to
estimate the direction of groundwater discharge into the lake. If the aquifer is
hoaoganeous and isotropic and the flow is two-dinensional (in this case vertical
and longitudinal), potentiometric naps are straight forward and useful; deviations
fro* these criteria complicate the construction and interpretation of such ^s.
WEST
HAS"
-
ELEVATION
PIEZOMETE
WATER TAE
Chalk River, Ontario
1'» N i ,,.,,.
Q 5(X}
rujp
U
VERTICAL EX iox
t
rca: Killey, X.W.D., H.Sc. Thesis, U. or Waterloo, '77 =
/^
130
500 it.
ICO
£COm
/--other exanpla of a vertical cross-section flow nat is the analysis of
-giorral «td local flows by Born and Stephenson.
-------
REGIONAL
DISCHARGE
AftcA
LOCAL LO^At
RECHARGE DISCHARGE
!Taiffii\N! \
Reproduced from
best available copy. %K
-------
(V
ft!
a.
f-t
n>
TJ
o
n t/i
M O
O M
KJ O
p
O fu
t'*J (11
n n
o R
n M
Pi
o o n
*• t~t
o
-a G
I 0) O
> o
o1 g
D. 3,
r, !'.!
III
•J
O
" n
o t-i
• i
V;
•u
, o
•t
rf
o
o
(n
C
^H>C \ ' \ \ \ '
% JS5^
.xA* v^v * V\\
&<$"
f
0
-------
coveaenc which can
of erual potential.
landf ills results
m flov ^ i
65 tnat P«pendi=ulErly inter
sect
Height of worer fo?!e in *
above »-iv»f /evr?I
cf point A '
— DISCHARGE AR£A—
^_^x^ \vf7ER TABLE____
FX.PLA NATION
CZJc
_
"port 660/2-74-
-------
f-icw Under Geologic Complications:
The preceeding water table
of ho. one Blght istlMt. groundwat5
AS one n,ght lwgln., hoj.r> ran"
-
iii
'
5 '"
° '^
n
table situations.
to > t •! >
E»oporsiiflft
n-..»c^ rui-gll _ |
Freeze has
influence of g»oloaic strata n . ,
O . °n re§lonal grounawater flow
flow patns are a result of the interaction n- i, •
r the complicated
~
- -^ aany cifferent
H ,V
-------
i PS -*fec~!"S of Lenses:
Water
Water table
Ref: Applied Hydrpgeology, C.W. Fetter, Charles Merri
Pub I. Co., Columbus, Oi
Anlsotropic Effects:
Waste Source
/
Waste Source
r
fa;
ISOTROPIC
Reproduced from
best available copy.
fb)
ANISOTROPlc
ion, Proceedinps of
Con
-------
c o
II
.9 •-
'"
w
1000 r°
• Equipotcntials
• Streamlines
Kilometers
Ref: Hydraulics of Groundwater, J. Bearv McGraw-Hill, 1979
0.2 S
O.1S-
0 O.tS 0.2S 0.3S 0.4S 0.5S 0.6S 0.7S O.3S 0.9S S
0.2 S
0.1 S 0.2S 0.3S 0.4S 0.5S 0.6S 0.7S 0.8S O.SS
(ol
Contaminant source
I
Stfsam-
Steody wcter !gb!e
-Divide K, No ,,o
iL
(d)
Divide -
K,/K, =100
-------
D-l
WELL DRILLING METHODS
This Appendix discusses the three primary drilling methods for boring
test holes and installing monitoring wells. These methods are described
and the major advantages/disadvantages are presented.
AUGER BORING
In auger boring, the hole is advanced by rotating continuous helical
augers into unconsolidated formations [Figure 1]. The spiral action re-
sulting from the rotation, brings cuttings to the surface. Auger sections
with hollow centers or stems are normally used for installing monitoring
wells and/or soil sampling at depth. Hollow stems range up to 6.0 in. in-
side diameter (I.D.), although the 3.0 in. I.D., or slightly larger is most
common. During drilling a steel plug is used to prevent intrusion of for-
mation materials into the hollow augers. The plug is positioned by and re-
moved with drill rod which extends to the ground surface.
The 3 in. I.D. hollow stem auger is used to install 2.0 in. diameter
monitoring wells with standard couplers (PVC or steel) or 3 in. diameter
flush coupled well casing and screens. Once the desired well depth is
reached, the auger plug is removed, leaving the hollow augers as a tem-
porary casing to prevent hole collapse. The casing and screen assembly is
then lowered into the augers. Next, the augers are slowly pulled leaving
the well casing in place. In non-cohesive formations, the hole will
quickly collapse around the casing upon auger removal. Typical modifica-
tions to this installation procedure include:
I. Installing a firm base (gravel or cement) below the well screen.
2. Installing a sandpack in the annular space between the boring well
and the well screen.
3. Sealing the borehole above the screen with bentonite clay or cement.
4. Installing a protective surface casing around the well head.
-------
D-2
BUDA EARTH DRILL WITH CONTINUOUS HELICAL AUGERS
Figure 1
Auger Drilling Equipment
-------
D-3
Core sampling over the interval to be occupied be well screen is re-
commended to ensure that the desired horizon will be monitored.
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Dry method
a. Wells can be sampled immediately
after completion and development
b. Formation waters can often be sam-
during drilling in coarse sediments
by advancing a well point ahead of
the augers
2. Fast
3. Usually less expensive than rotary
or cable tool
4. Equipment generally available through-
out the U.S.
5. High-mobility rigs can reach most sites
1. Severe problems in heaving sand
situations
2. Limited to depths of 100-150 ft
3. Can be used only in unconsoli-
dated materials
HYDRAULIC ROTARY
When drilling a hole by the hydraulic rotary method, a rotating bit
breaks up the formation and the cuttings are brought to the surface by a
recirculating drilling fluid [Figure 2]. With a conventional rig, drilling
fluid is pumped from a settling basin, through a water swivel, down the
hollow interior of the drill rod, and through the bit. The fluid then
flows upward in the annul us, carrying the drill cuttings to the surface.
Here, it is discharged into a pit, and the cuttings settle out. At the
other end of the pit, the fluid is pumped out to circulate down the drill
rod again.
The density and viscosity of the drilling fluid are critical factors
for preventing borehole collapse and removing larger or heavy cuttings.
For installing monitoring wells, clean water is the preferred drilling
fluid. However, for increased viscosity and density, 'bentonite clay
is commonly added to produce a drilling "mud."
-------
o
I
DB»0-Trre BITS WITH REPL*CC«*LC
BLADES.
(After Johnson, 1972)
TWO-CONE BIT
TRI-CON£ BIT
ROCK BITS
(After Hvorslev,
OHILL COLLAR
OfllLLINO BIT
r (After Hvorslev, 1965)
FIGURE 2, HYDRAULIC ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT
-------
D-7
A modified version of conventional air rotary, dual-tube reverse air,
has been successfully used for preliminary borings and progressive depth
groundwater sampling as discucced in Section V. In this method, the drill
pipe comprises two concentric tubes. Air and/or fluid is blown down be-
tween the pipes to the drill bit. Cuttings and formation water move up the
inner pipe at velocities in excess of 3,000 ft/min, thus providing nearly
instantaneous samples from the level of the drill bit.
At one study site, more than 15 borings were made down to depths of
about 200 ft. Monitoring data from groundwater samples collected at 10 ft
intervals were used to select vertical locations for well screns. Samples
taken from 3-well nests installed at each boring location validated data
obtained from the preliminary borings.
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Brings a continuous representative 1.
sample of water and formational
material to the surface
2. No fluid loss to dilute or con- 2.
taminate formation water
3. Can provide data on potential 3.
yield of individual aquifers or
beds during drilling
4. No need for drilling mud and ample
water supplies
5. Very fast
6. Can drill both consolidated and
unconsolidated formations
Not comment type of drilling
rig on a nationwide basis
Requires considerable skill to
operate equipment in jnconsoli-
dated formation
May not be economical for small
jobs
-------
D-8
CABLE-TOOL (PERCUSSION)
In cable-tool or precussion drilling, the hole is deepened by regularly
lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling tools in the borehole [Fig-
ure 3]. The drill bit breaks or crushes hard rock into small fragments and
in soft, unconsolidated sediments loosens the material. The up-and-down
action of the drill string mixes the crushed or loosened particles with
water to form a slurry. If no water is present in the formation being pene-
trated, water is added to the borehole. Cuttings are allowed to accumulate
until they start to lessen the impact of the bit and then are removed with
a bailer or sand pump.
A cable-tool drill string consists of three units:
• the drill bit,
• drill stem,
• rope socket.
The bit provides the cutting edge of the drill string, the action of
which is increased by the weight of the drill stem. This weight also acts
as a stabilizer, keeping the hole straight. The rope socket connects the
string of tools to the cable and allows the tools to rotate slightly with
respect to the cable.
The cuttings/water slurry is removed from the borehole with a "bailer."
The bailer consists of a section of pipe with a check valve at the bottom
and is filled by an up-and-down motion in the bottom of the hole. Each
time the bailer is dipped, the valve opens, allowing the cuttings slurry to
move into it. The up-and-down motion is continued until the bailer is full.
At this point, it is brought to the surface and the contents dumped on the
ground or contained, as required. The sand pump is a bailer that is fitted
with a plunger so that an upward pull on the plunger tends to produce a
vacuum that opens the valve and sucks sand or slurried cuttings into the
tubing.
-------
D-5
The drill string consists of the bit, a stabilizer, and the drill pipe.
Two basic types of bits are used:
• roller bits in rock
• drag bits in unconsolidated materials
Roller bits have conical rollers with hardened steel teeth of various
lengths, spacing and shape dependent upon the type of material to be drilled.
Some rollers have inset carbide buttons for drilling in hard rock. As the
rollers rotate, they crush and chip the formation material. Drag bits have
fixed blades, and the cutting edge is surfaced with carbide or some other
abrasion-resistant material.
The bit is attached to a heavy weighted section of the drill string
called a drill collar or stabilizer. This weight, just above the bit,
tends to keep the borehole straight and vertical. The drill rod connects
the stabilizer to the kelly. The outside diameter ranges from 2 3/8 to
4 % in. The kelly is a fluted or square bar which passes through a rotary
table and imparts a rotary motion to the drill string. When the length of
the kelly has been drilled, a new section of rod is added and drilling
resumed.
Once the desired depth is reached, the drilling tools are removed.
In unconsolidated formations, the hole is maintained by the drilling fluid
until casing is installed. The method modification presented for augered
wells are also common to rotary drilled wells. Consolidated formations
often do not require the use of screens.
-------
D-6
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Fast. Wells can be constructed in
any geologic formation
2. Disturbed soil samples from known
depths if travel time of borehole
cuttings is taKen into account, al-
though some sorting may occur
3. Flexibility in final well construc-
tion
4. Can run a complete suite of geo-
physical well logs
5. Core samples can be collected
6. Can be used in unconsolidated sedi-
ments and consolidated rocks
1. Diluting formation during drilling
precludes representative sampling
2. After well completion drilling fluid
must be removed artificially and na-
turally before reresentative sample
can be collected
3. There is potential for vertical
movement in formation stabilizer
material placed between casing and
borehole wall after completion
AIR ROTARY
In normal air rotary drilling, a rotating down-hole hammer may be used
to .break up formation material by percussion, although conventional rotary
bits- are also used. However, rather than carrying cuttings to the surface
with drilling mud, high velocity compressed air is used. Down-hole hammers
are essentially the pneumatic hammer type, similar in operation to those
used by road repair crews to break up pavement. Drilling rates of 1 to
2 ft per minute are not unusual. Most rigs are equipped with a small mud
pump permitting a conventional rotary hole to be drilled through unconsoli-
dated overburden to competent rock. When this hole is finished, casing is
set into rock to prevent caving, and drilling continues using the air ro-
tary method. Consequently, less water is required, thereby reducing a
logistics problem that can become difficult, especially in arid regions.
-------
D-9
-Sheave
Mast
Bailer
*er unit (Of drilling
E- 'osed driving mecnanism lor scuader
Drill stem •
— Weil cji
Bit-
FIGURE 3 , SIMPLIFIED CABLE TOOL PERCUSSION RIG
(After Davis & Do Wiest, 1966)
-------
D-10
Casing is driven by attaching a drive clamp to the drill stem; the
reciprocal action c* the rig hamme-s the casing into the ground as the clamp
makes contact with the drivehead on top of the casing. The operation can
be speeded by drilling ahead of the casing but only if the hole will stay
open by itself. If when drilling an open hole there is a cave in, the drill
string could be trapped. Cautious drillers, therefore, rarely drill ahead
of the .casing unless they are going through rock. Normal procedure in un-
r-onsalidated sediments is to drive the casing into the formation and then
to clean out the inside the casing with the drill tools. This is slower
but safer than drilling ahead of the hole.
Advantages
Disadvantages
1.
2.
Simple equipment and operation.
Good seal between casing and
formation if flush joint casing
is used.
Good disturbed soil samples.
Known depth from which cuttings
are bailed.
4. Core samples can be collected.
5.
6.
7.
8.
If casing can be bailed dry with-
out sand heaves, a formation-water
sample can be collected.
Can be used in unconsolidated
sediments and consolidated rocks.
Only small amounts of water are
required for drilling.
Once water is encountered, changes
in static or potenti ometric levels
are readily observable.
1. Slow.
2. Use of water during drilling can
dilute formation water.
3. Potential difficulty in pulling
casing in order to set screen.
4. No formation water samples can
be taken during drilling unless
open-ended casing is pumped, or
a screen set.
5. Heavy steel drive pipe is used
and could be subject to corro-
sion under adverse contaminant
characteristics.
6. Cannot run a complete suite of
of geophysical well logs because
of casing.
-------
APPENDIX E
AIR SAMPLING EQUIPMENT FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
PARTS
1. SAMPLE COLLECTION
2. SAMPLE TRAP PREPARATION
-------
-------
• , PART 1 E1
Volatile Organic Air Pollutant Analysis
Sample Collection
January 1930
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Sampling for organics in air is performed by drawing air through a
glass tube packed with the porous polymer resin Tenax GC. Air is
drawn through each trap at 0.1 to 1 liter per minute using a cali-
brated personnel sampler. The sampler "is calibrated before sampling
using a mass flow meter.
2.0 Equipment
2.1 Sampler. MSA model S or equivalent personnel sampler. Capable
of adjusting and monitoring the flow over the range of 0.1 to 1
liter per minute (1pm) with a trap in place.
2.2 Mass flow meter. Portable unit equipped with a teflon fitting to
measure the flow through a sampling trap. It should have a range
of 0 - 2 1pm and 0 - 10 1pm.
2.3 Sample traps. Glass sampling traps packed with Tenax GC.
2.4 Sampling line. 2-5 feet of 1/4" o.d. tygon tubing with a teflon
fitting at one end to attach to the sampl ing traps.
2.5 Dummy Sampling Trap. One trap taken from 'the batch to be 'sampled.
3.0 Calibration Procedure
3.1 Attach the dummy sampling trap to the sample pump. Attach the mass
flow meter over the inlet of the sample trap. Set the mass flow
meter to the appropriate range and zero with no flow.
3.2 Start the sampling pump and adjust for a stable flew at the desired
rate. Note the flow meter reading on the personnel sampler at the
desired flow rate.
3.3 Record the mass flow meter reading and the sampler flow meter reading.
3.4 Detach che mass flow meter and the dummy trap.
3.5 Recalibrate the sample pump at the beginning of each sampling day,
whenever'the sample flow meter reading deviates from that at cali-
bration or whenever necessary.
3.6 Flow rara variation between these traps is less than 5:".
4.0 Sample Collection
4.1 Using a clean tissue or wearing a nylon cloth glove, remove a sample
trap from its culture tube beinq careful to reseal the culture tuba.
-------
El-2
4.2 Inspect the trap for damage such as broken glass, a!ass wool clues
loo;e or resin spilled. If the trap is in question, replace in
culture tube and return to the laboratory unused.
4.3 Attach the trap to the calibrated sampler. See Figure 1.
4.4 Begin sampling noting the start time and sample pump flow meter
reading. Collect sample volumes depending upon the suspected levels
of contaminants. Generally:
Wells/boreholes: 1 @ 1 1pm for 5-30 min.
Dumpsites: 1 @ 100 ml/min for 60 min and 1 @ 1 1pm for 60 min.
Offsite: 1 @ TOO ml/min for 60 min and 1 @ 1 1pm for 60 min,
4.5 Stop sampling noting the end time and sample pump flow meter reading.
Replace the trap into the culture tube being sure the glass wool
cushions the trap, Reseal with the teflon lined septum cap and tag.
4.6 Replace sample traps in culture tubes into the tin can and reseal
the can. Be sure to tag the "field blank" and "field spike" samples
in each tin can.
5.0 Quality Control
5.1 Sample pumps are calibrated daily and any flow rate changes noted
by monitoring the flow meter on the sampler.
5.2 Contamination in each sample transport container is monitored by a
"field blank".
5.3 Deterioration of the samples is monitored by a "field spike".
6.0 Options
6.1 In the event of unknown atmospheres suspect of containing high levels
of contaminants, two samples should be collected at flow rates of 1
and 1/10 or 1/100 rate (1 1pm and 10 ccpm for example).
7.0 Limitations
7.1 The sample traps are essentially short chromatographic columns.
Retention of chemicals is dependant upon absorbtion characteristics
of the chemical/resin system. Factors influencing retention include:
temperature, flow rate, air volume and vapor pressure of the chemical.
Volatile species like vinyl chloride are only moderately retained
while other chemicals like chlorobenzene are retained very well.
All cnemicals will experience breakthrough under the correct con-
ditons however. Table I lists breakthrough volumes for some
relevant chemicals. The volumes represent the amount of air
sample:} where 502 of the collected chemical is lost through the
trap. Data for chemicals where the sample volume exceeded the
breakthrough volume represent at least that amount in the air.
-------
El-3
8.0 References
8.1 "Development of Analytical Techniques for Measuring Ambient Atmos-
pheric Carcinogenic Vapors", EPA-600/2-75-075, November 1975.
8.2 Env. Sci. Tech., 9_, 556 (1975).
8.3 Pelliz.ari, E. D., Quarterly Report No. 1, EPA Contract No. 68-02-
2262, February 1976.
8.4 Anal. Lett., 9, 45 (1976).
-------
/ /? bte
1
-able A-2. TRNAX GC nKEAKTIIROUGH VOLUMES FOR SEVERAL ATlIOSPIIERrC POLLUTANTS
„/ !^L'^i~^^—
-------
Table A-2 (cont'd.)
CO
u\
Temperature (°1
Chrnii ca 1
CLitis
ll.i 1 oginiated
hydror.t , lions
(cont'd)
lla logenated
Kt hers
N i Lrosami nes
Oxygenated
hydi oca i bons
N i t rogenous
Hydi oca i bons
Sul far
Coiiipomids
Compound
benzyl chloride
liroiiioforin
ethylene dibromide
bromobettzene
2-chloroethyl elliyl ether
Bis-(chloromethy] ) ether
N- ai Lrosodi methyl ami ne
N-uil rosodielhylamine
acrolcin
gl yci daldehyde
j)ropylene oxide
butadiene diepoxide
cyclohexene oxide
blyrene oxide
p 1 1 e n o 1
acet opheonone
[1-propiolactone
ni tromethane
,iui 1 i ne
diothyl siulfate
elhyl metliane sulfaLe
b.p.
(°C)
179
U9
131
155
108
151
177
53
3A
132
1
-------
m
CT)
Table- A-2 (cont'cl.)
Chemical
Class Compound
Amines dimethylamine
isobutylamiuc
t-btity] arninc
di-(ri-butyl)amine
pyridine
aniline
Ethers diethyl ether
propylenc oxide
<£ Ksters ethyl acetate
methyl a cry late
methyl mcthacrylate
Kctoncs acetone
• methyl ethyl ketone
methyl vinyl ketone
acctopheiione
Aldehydes acetaldehyde
beiizaldehyde
Alcohols mcthanoJ
n-propanol
allyl alcohol
b.p.
7.4
69
89
159
115
184
34.6
35
77
80
100
56
80-2
81
202
20
179
64.7
97.4
97
50
9
71
6
9,506
378
8,128
29
13
162
164
736
25
82
84
5,346
3
7,586
1
27
32
60
6
47
5
7,096
267
5,559
21
9
108
111
484
17
57
58
3,855
2
5,152
1
20
23
T,n,rer,
70
4
34
4
4,775
189
3,793 ,
15
7
72
75
318
12
39
40
2,767
2
3,507
0.8
. 14
16
,tnre (•
80
3
23
3
3,105
134
2,588
11
5
48
50
209
8
27
28
2,000
1
2,382
0.6
30
11
F)
90
2
16
2
2,168
95
1,766
8
4
32
34
137
6
19
1,439
0.9
1,622
0.4
7
8
100
1
11
1
1,462
67
l,20j
5
3
22
23
90
4
13
14
1 ,017
0.7
1,101
0.3
5
6
(continnnrt)
-------
Table A-2 (cont'd.)
CO
- J
Temperature (°F)
Chemical
Class
Aroma 1 i cs
Hydroca rbons
1 norganic
gases
Breakthrough
IV.,..: £M
i.'
Compound
benzene
to'l nene
elhy 1 benzene
cumene
n-liexane
n-lieptane
1-hexene
1 -liepi ene
2 ,2-d i methyl butane
2 , 4-di methyl pent a ne
4-methyl -1-pentene
cyclohexane
nitric oxide
ni t rogen dioxide
cli lor i ne
sul fur d ioxide
waler
volume is given in SL/2.2
'5bo//rr'";s"./;,s«
b:;:l:; *rr-.
Reproduced from
besl available copy, ^j^
b.p.
(°c)
80.1
110.6
136.2
152.4
68.7
98.4
63.5
93.6
1 V ,,
. 49.7
80.5
53.8
80.7
-
-
-
-
100
g Tenax
™*«*
L-yvi^oi
50. .
108
494
1,393
3,076
32
143
28
286
""0.5
435
14
49
0
0
0
0.06
0.06
CC used in
"/vL/.r,,,,
KHftO /<>
60 .
77
348
984
2,163
23
104
20
196
'" 0'.4
252
10
36
""* 0
0
0
0.05
0 . 05
sampl i ng
r/o
'""
70
54
245
693
1,525
17
75
15
135
' 0.3
146
a
26
ff
0
0
0.03
0.04
80,
i J
38
173
487
1,067
12
55
11
93
0.2
84
6
19
0
0
0
0.02
0.03
90
27
122
344
750
9
39
8
64
0.2
49
4
14
0
0
0
0.02
0.01
100
19
86
243
527
6
29
6
44
O.I
28
3
10
0
0
0
0.01
0
cartridges; .
^Stng
-'
,,
-------
El-8
Sample Collection
pum
ADJUST MUUI
fiqure 1. Sampler and trap attachment. / ,
During calibration, attach mass flowmeter sensor to { /
top of trap. i.
-------
PART 2 £2-1
Volatile Organic Air Pollutant Analysis
Sample Trap Preparation
January 1980
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Sampling for organics in air is performed by drawing air through a
glass tube packed with the porous polymer resin Tenax GC. ihe traps
and resin must be thoroughly cleaned before use to minimize the trap
background. Clean traps ready for field use must also be carefully
packed in clean glass tubes to avoid contamination during handling.
2.0 Materials
2.1 Glass sampling traps. Pyrex glass traps constructed as shown in
Figure 1.
2.2 Resin. Tenax GC, 35/60 mesh.
2.3 Glass wool.
2.4 Culture tubes. Pyrex glass screw cap tubes 25 mm x 110 mm. Pyrex
9825 or equivalent.
2.5 Teflon backed silicone septa. Pierce 12722 or equivalent.
2.6 Bakelite screw caps to fit culture tubes. Pierce 13219 or equivalent.
2.7 Dessicator. Glass dessicator with activated charcoal adsorbant.
2.8 Quart paint cans with pressure fit lids.
3.0 Resin Preparation
3.1 Extract new and used Tenax GC with methanol followed by pentane in a
soxhlet extractor. Extract with each solvent at least 6 hours.
3.2 Dry the resin under vacuum for at least 4 hours.
3.3 Sieve the dried resin to the 35/60 mesh particle size range.
3.4 Seal the cleaned and sieved resin in a glass jar capped wich a tefl
liner. Store in a dessicator containing activated carbon.
4.0 Trap and Container Cleanup
4.1 Wash new and used glass sampling traps and culture tubes with lab
soap and hot tap water. Rinse at least three times with organics
free water (Mi 11ipore or equivalent). Rinse with methanol and let
air dry.
on
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E2-2
4.2 Sake the cleaned tubes in an oven at 22'C°C for at least l hou-
•vernove trorn tne oven and store in a dessicator containing activated
4.3 Wash class wool with methanol, air dry and bake in an oven at 220=C
**>" '" ' dess1c"<"
4'4 ^ feflon back*d sePta in an °V9n at 8G°C for 30 minutes. Remove
Trora une oven and store in a dessicator containing activated charcoal
4.5 Bake paint cans in oven at 100°C for 1 hour.
5.0 Trap Preparation
-.1 Pack about a 1 cm plug of glass wool into the trap followed by 6 cm
res? ^AHH'^VS U9h?1y UP the trap on the bench to P«k tS
resin. Add another 1 cm glass wool plug to hold the resin in place.
5.2 Condition each trap at 270°C with 20-30 ml/min helium flowrate for
ju mi nu i,es .
3.3 Remove the hot trap and place into a culture tube with a glass wool
Plug to cushion the trap. Immediately cap the tube with a teflon
.ined septum cap. Store the tubes in batches of 7 traps in quart
pa i nt cans .
6.0 Quality Control
6.1 Prior to sending traps to the field, remove one trap from each paint
can and analyze it for contaminants. If the traps are clean, the
batch is acceptable for use. Mark the trap "Field blank - label and
- return" and replace it in the can.
6.2 Prior to sending traps to the field, remove one trap from each paint
can and spue with known amounts of chemicals from the permeation
..... *ub* s>"stfm: M^k the trap "Field spike - label and return" and
replace it in the can.
7.0 Options
7J I^p\with }°n$er resi'n beds may be packed in order to increase the
retention volumes of pollutants.
8.0 References
8.1 "Selection and Evaluation of Sorbant Resins for the Collection of
Organic Compounds", EPA-600/7-77-044, April 1977.
8.2 ''Development of Method for Carcinogenic Vapor Analysis in Ambient
Atmospneres", EPA-650/2-74-121, July 1974.
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Attachmant to: Sample Trap Preparation
E2-3
Si 11" tone
a/cci
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o
cocc
•\tc,
"igure 1. Sampling trap and culture tube holder design.
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I" I
APPENDIX F
EXAMPLES OF EASEMENTS
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CONSENT FOR ACCESS TO PROPERTY
NAME:
ADDRESS:
I hereby give my consent to officers, employees, authorized representatives
and persons acting at the request of the United States Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA) to enter and have access to my property located at the
above address for the following purposes:
1. the detection of subsurface metal and subsequent staking or other-
wise identifying locations of any such subsurface metal detected;
2. the drilling of holes for subsurface investigation including the
use of drilling rigs;
3. the taking of such soil, water and air samples as my be determined
to be necessary; and
4. other actions related to the investigation of surface of subsur-
face contamination.
EPA ensures that upon completion of monitoring, all material and equipment
will be removed from the property, and the property will be restored, as
nearly as possible, to its original condition.
Date Signature
WITNESSES:
Date
Date
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F-2
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
BUILDING 51, BOX 25227, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
DENVER, COLORADO 80225
November 25, 1S30
Mr. Joe Jonker DAT--
Western Terminal'Company
700 South Flower Street
Denver, Colorado 80228
Dear Mr. Jonker:
This letter confirms our telephone conversation of November 12, 1980, regarding
EPA's investigation of property which adjoins property owned by Western Terminal
Company at Ormond Street, Oxnard, Colorado.
In the course of our conversation and pursuant to my request, you granted permis-
sion for representatives of EPA to enter upon property owned by Western Terminal
Company adjacent to property owned by Acme Engineering Company. You agreed that
EPA's representatives could drill test wells on Western Terminal Company's prop-
erty to analyze for possible groundwater migration of pollutants from Acme.
The investigation of Acme is scheduled to take place during the week of Decem-
ber 8, 1980. We expect that six test wells would be drilled on your property
during this week. These test wells will be approximately six inches in diam-
eter, will extend to a depth of no more than ten feet below the natural surface
of the ground, and will be filled in with appropriate material when sampling is
complete. We have checked with the Huerfano County Public Health Department and
have been informed that no permits will be required by them for these wells. We
are submitting an application for a permit to the South Central Regional Commis-
sion although they have not determined that a permit is necessary.
If you concur with this letter, please countersign it in the space below and re-
turn it to me. A stamped return envelope is enclosed for your convenience.
Your cooperation in this matter is greatly appreciated.
If there is anything which you wish to discuss further concerning this matter,
please contact me at 555/556-8000.
Sincerely yours,
Edmund Barrister
Attorney-Advi sor
Water Branch
Enforcement Division
Joe Jonker
Western Terminal Company
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F-3
LICENSE AGREEMENT
This LICENSE AGREEMENT made this day of , 1979, by and between SCOTT COUNTY, IOWA, BOARD
OF SUPERVISORS, and the UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA):
WITNESSETH, that:
WHEREAS, EPA has requested permission from Scott County Board of Supervisors to enter upon property owned by Scott
County, Iowa, in and in the vicinity of the Scott County Regional Industrial Park in Davenport, Iowa, for the purpose of
constructing, operating, and maintaining eleven monitoring wells; and
WHEREAS, the Scott County Board of Supervisors is willing to grant EPA a revocable license for the purposes aforesaid;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of and conditioned upon the mutual covenants, promises, and agreements stated herein,
the parties agree as follows:
1. The Scott County Board of Supervisors hereby grants to EPA a revocable license to enter upon the following proper-
ties owned by Scott County, Iowa, in and in the vicinity of the Scott County Regional Industrial Park for the purposes to be
described.
Property A. This license will allow EPA or its authorized representative to enter upon a corridor 25 feet wide
along the western property line of lot 4 in the Scott County Regional Industrial Park for the purpose of constructing,
operating, and maintaining one monitoring well in the extreme northwestern corner of said lot.
Property B. This license will allow EPA or its authorized representative to enter upon property leased to the Scott
County Landfill Commission in the vicinity of the Scott County Regional Industrial Park for the purpose of constructing,
operating, and maintaining ten monitoring wells to be located around the perimeter of the closed eastern most landfill
cell.
2. Ingress and egress to and from the wells installed to the extent required over or across property owned by Scott
County, Iowa, will be accomplished as deemed necessary by EPA or an authorized representative without prior notification
of the Scott County Board of supervisors until this license is terminated.
3. EPA covenants and agrees that upon completion of the monitoring and tests to be performed, that, at the request
of the Scott County Board of Supervisors, all material and equipment shall be removed from the properties and said proper-
ties will be restored as nearly as possible to its original state and condition.
4. EPA shall have sole responsibility for obtaining any and all necessary permits and/or licenses to conduct construc-
tion, maintenance, and test activities in the area involved.
5. This license shall be revocable 60 days after written notice is given by the Scott County Board of Supervisors,
but in any event shall terminate and become null and void two years from the date first above stated, unless the license
herein granted is extended or renewed by the parties hereto. Any such extension shall be in writing, signed by the parties
hereto. Notwithstanding any statements made herein, those obligations undertaken by EPA which by their nature should
survive termination or revocation, shall be deemed to survive any such revocation or termination.
6. It is mutually understood that activities undertaken in accordance with this agreement shall not interfere with
the rights and obligations included in the leasing agreement entered into by the Scott County Board of Supervisors and
the Scott County Landfill Commission on .
SCOTT COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
By
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APPENDIX G
DRILLING SAFETY PROCEDURES
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G-l
During the spring of 1980, EPA Region IV personnel were searching for
a buried hazardous waste dump in a suburb of Memphis by drilling test holes.
The nature of wastes that might be encountered was totally unknown. Conse-
quently, the Region developed a very rational set of "Drilling Safety Pro-
cedures", which are presented here in a slightly modified form. About the
only thing that could have been done to provide more protection to the
drillers and EPA personnel is package them in "moon suits".
Of course, these procedures are not recommended for work at all sites;
other sites would probably require less equipment and standby help. The
example does provide a starting point for planning since many possible pre-
cautions were used. By deleting unnecessary precautions for a particular
study site, a fairly good set of tailored precedures can be written .
PROCEDURE FOR MEMPHIS STUDY
Zones of Safety
The drilling site (i.e., the hole being drilled) will be the center of,
the safety zones. The first zone of safety will be a 50 ft radius from the
drill hole. The second zone of safety will be between this 50 ft circle
and a 300 ft radius circle.
At the drill rig, there will be a minimum number of personnel. There
will be an EPA person with the drilling crew to monitor their general
health and physical behavior patterns, and vapors eflian-ating from the bore
hole.
At the boundary of the "first zone of safety," there will be an EPA
person, an Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Unit, and Civil Defense personnel.
Within the "first zone of safety," all unncessary personnel will be eva-
cuated. Each time the drilling rig moves to a different location, the
safety zones will move.
At the boundary of the "second zone of safety," there will be a backup
EMT Unit, a Fire Department Unit, and additional Civil Defense personnel.
The routine of persons outside the "second zone of safety" will not be in-
terrupted unless a sudden unexpected release of gas or liquid is experi-
enced from the drill hole.
The prevailing wind will be monitored by the EPA On-Scene Coordinator
(OSC) continually for possible evacuation routes should an immediate evacu-
ation of large scope be necessary.
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6-2
Protective Procedures'
Jhe personnel within the "first zone of safety" will require more pro-
tective articles than anyone else. Their protection will be breathing de-
vices and protective clothing. The drill operators and the EPA person
should be in full-face mask with an organic vapor cartridge attached during
all operation of the drilling rig. Self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) is to be available to every individual inside of the first zone.
Each individual will have protective coveralls, rubber boots, and gloves
on. There will be a practice with the SCBA every morning before drilling
begins.
At the outer boundary of the "first zone of safety" personnel equal to
the number at the drilling rig will have donned SCBA for use in an emer-
gency to retrieve anyone overcome with fumes.
There will be radio communication maintained with the EPA person at
' "te drill rig, the EPA person at the boundary of the "first zone of safety".
The radio wi"1! be used to alert those involved with the beginning of drill-
ing, any gas release from the hole, and a medical emergency. Any unauthor-
ized person inside of the second zone will necessitate the stopping of
drilling until the situation is again clear.
The EMT units and the fire department unit will be on standby to pro-
vide medical transportation for chemically-affected people, and to provide
a means of decontamination for anyone splashed by chemicals.
Sampling will be done by EPA (NEIC). The sample will be taken from
the drilling rig to the outer boundary of the first zone of safety for
preparation. The EPA person at the drilling rig will alert the sampling
team to the time for access to the rig for sample retrieval.
Should any drill hole leak gases of any kind or any detectable amounts
at any time, that hole should immediately be abandoned until all persons in
the first zone of safety can replace the organic breathing masks with the
CLOSURE
Each hole drilled will be backfilled with an approved material (cut-
tings and/or bentonite) prior to drilling the next hole, either by EPA or
the contractor.
COORDINATION AND EQUIPMENT
The Federal OSC will serve as the safety coordinator for the sampling
and drilling operations. Performance of drilling and -sampling will be by
either EPA personnel or EPA contract.
The State Civil Defense and the Police will coordinate the evacuation
and crowd control around the drilling site.
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G-3
EPA's Environmental Emergency Branch (EEB) will furnish protective
equipment recommended in this safety program, except boots and gloves for
the rig operators, unless they wish to furnish their own. Respiratory
equipment, fit testing of non-certified personnel (i.e. drillers) will ba
performed by the EEB representatives.
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U,S. Environmental Protection Agency
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U.S. Environmental Protection A|erJc^
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
r'--~--0 Illinois 60604
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