United States Office of Air Quality EPA-340/1 -83-010
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards January 1983
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Stationary Source Compliance Series
Performance Audit
Procedures
for Opacity
Monitors
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EPA-340/1-83-010
Performance Audit Procedures
for Opacity Monitors
Prepared by:
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina
Prepared for:
Darryl von Lehmden
and
Thomas Logan
Quality Assurance Division
United States Environmental Protection Agency
QAD Contract No. 68-02-3431
and
Louis R. Paley
Stationary Source Compliance Division
and
Anthony Wayne
Region VII
U.S. F'"irc^-.-.,-"M F.-jt-tion Agenfifc ,
Reg'O'i '/, ! "!v ,/ S&CD Contract No. 68-01-6317
230 Sou: Lk;,,..-xri Street ^^
Chicago, Illinois 60604 "*
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Stationary Source Compliance Division
Washington, D.C. 20460
January 1983
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The Stationary Source Compliance series of reports is issued by the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S Environmental
Protection Agency, to assist Regional Offices in activities related to
compliance with implementation plans, new source emission standards,
and hazardous emission standards to be developed under the Clean Air
Act. Copies of Stationary Source Compliance Reports are available -
as supplies permit - from Library Services, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, MD-35, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication as received from Entropy Environmentalists, Inc. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
UiS. a Agency
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ABSTRACT
Field performance audit procedures were developed for five common opacity
monitoring systems: (1) Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) Model RM41, (2) Dynatron, Inc.
Model 1100,'(3) Contraves Goerz Corporation Model 400, (4) Environmental Data
Corporation (EDC) Model 1000A, and (5) Thermo Electron Corporation Model D-R280
AV. These procedures were designed to enable audits to be performed by a
single, relatively inexperienced technician. The results of the audit establish
the overall quality of the reported opacity monitoring data and detect
deficiencies within the source's operation and maintenance program which affect
the accuracy and availability of the monitoring system.
This document contains monitor-specific audit procedures and data recovery
calculation worksheets for use in conducting performance audits of installed
opacity monitoring systems.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Survey Data Collection 1
1.2 General Audit Procedures and Methodology 3
Section 2. Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM41 Opacity Monitoring System .... 9
2.1 Stack Exit Opacity Determination 12
2.2 Monitoring System Check 13
2.3 Calibration Check 21
2.4 Performance Audit Data Retrieval 24
2.5 Analysis of Performance Audit Data 25
Section 3. Dynatron, Inc. Model 1100 Opacity Monitoring System 29
3.1 Stack Exit Opacity Determination 32
3.2 Monitoring System Check 33
3.3 Calibration Check 36
3.4 Performance Audit Data Retrieval 38
3.5 Analysis of Performance Audit Data 39
Section 4. Contraves Goerz Corporation Model 400 Opacity Monitoring
System 41
4.1 Stack Exit Opacity Determination 44
4.2 Monitoring System Check 45
4.3 Calibration Check 50
4.4 Performance Audit Data Retrieval 52
4.5 Analysis of Performance Audit Data 53
Section 5. Environmental Data Corporation Model 1000A Opacity Monitoring
System 57
5.1 Stack Exit Opacity Determination - 57
5.2 Monitoring System Check 58
5.3 Calibration Check ' . . . . 60
5.4 Performance Audit Data Retrieval 62
5.5 Analysis of Performance Audit Data 63
Section 6. Thermo Electron Corporation Environmental Data D-R280 AV
Opacity Monitoring System 65
6.1 Stack Exit Opacity Determination 65
6.2 Monitoring System Check 68
6.3 Calibration Check 74
6.4 Performance Audit Data Retrieval 76
6.5 Analysis of Performance Audit Data 77
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Table of Contents
(continued)
Appendices 81
Appendix A. General Transmissometer Audit Questionnaire
Appendix B. Lear Siegler RM41 Performance Audit Data Sheets
Appendix C. Dynatron 1100 Performance Audit Data Sheets
Appendix D. Contraves 400 Performance Audit Data Sheets
Appendix E. EDC 1000A Performance Audit Data Sheets
Appendix F. Thermo Electron D-R280 AV Performance Data Sheets
vi
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1. INTRODUCTION
In 1975, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated specific
provisions for several source categories subject to Standards of Performance
for New Stationary Sources that required continuous monitoring of effluent
opacity. EPA also promulgated similar provisions that required revisions of
State Implementation Plans to include opacity monitoring requirements for
selected source categories. Pursuant to these provisions, State and Federal
air pollution control agencies require source owner/operators to evaluate the
performance of installed opacity monitors, while this initial performance
specification test (PST) serves to verify that opacity monitors are properly
installed and capable of providing reliable data, subsequent performance
audits conducted by the control agency provide independent means for
evaluating (1) the accuracy of monitoring data reported to the agency, and (2)
the adequacy of monitor operation and maintenance procedures utilized by the
affected source. The audit results allow control agencies to place greater
reliance on opacity monitoring data to provide indications of: (1) the degree
of compliance with Federal and State opacity standards, (2) the particulate
emission levels, (3) the process and pollution control equipment operation and
maintenance, and (4) the need for control agency inspection of the source.
The performance audit procedures presented in this document are based on
a thorough review of the manufacturers' instrument operating manuals, as well
as extensive testing of "portable" opacity monitors and other field audit
devices supplied by the Quality Assurance Division of the EPA. While these
procedures do cover a broad range of monitor performance and site operating
and maintenance criteria, they are not all-inclusive, because a technically
rigorous analysis of monitor electronic systems would require a high level of
competence and familiarity on the part of audit personnel. Rather, these
procedures have been developed with the goal of simplifying the technical
aspects of performance audits so that the audits can be conducted by a single,
relatively inexperienced person.
1.1 SURVEY DATA COLLECTION
This section describes the procedures employed in the gathering of source
and monitor data prior to the actual field audit. Both the plant information
survey and the on-site survey are discussed. Examples of the data sheets to
be used in these surveys are contained in Appendix A of this document.
1.1.1 Plant Information Survey
The plant information survey serves to collect data about the source and
monitor that is necessary to plan the field audit test. This information can
be gathered in a telephone contact with a site representative, or, in
instances where time is not a crucial factor, the questionnaire can be mailed
to the source for completion. In general, the plant information survey
collects data in the following three areas.
Site Identification/Location/Description. This information identi-
fies and describes the source. In most cases, the source name is a
corporation, and the site is identified as a particular plant or
unit. The plant contact is an individual representing the source
who has some knowledge of the site and the control device/monitoring
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system, and who is responsible for providing information and
coordinating the audit program. The individual facilities employing
opacity monitors are delineated, along with descriptions as to their
outputs (typically in electric power or steam), control devices
(precipltators, baghouses, scrubbers, flue gas desulfurizers, etc.),
and the type of fuel.
Opacity Monitor Identification/Background. Each monitor to be
audited is described with reference to the manufacturer, model
number, and serial number. The installation date and the date of
certification (i.e., Performance Specification Test) provide
information as to whether the installation, operation, and
maintenance of the monitor has been evaluated in accordance with EPA
standards. A delay of more than 6 months between installation and
certification could be indicative of problems that have not been
resolved.
Opacity Monitor Location. These questions relate to the
location/accessibility of the opacity monitor and the monitor
control panel. Because the audit procedures require access to both
of these units, the mode of access is critical to the planning of
the audit. The height of the opacity monitor location and the type
of access (stairs, ladder, elevator, etc.) will dictate the safety
measures required and the types of ancillary equipment needed for
the audit program. The location and mounting of the monitor control
unit also affects the type of equipment required for the audit, and
may adversely affect the collection of data if access to the
monitor's internal circuits is limited or hindered. Finally, the
type of monitor enclosure gives an advance indication of the
physical condition of the transceiver with respect to dust and
moisture accumulation.
1.1.2 On-Site Survey
The on-site survey provides specific information about the monitor
location, operation, and maintenance that is useful in conducting the audit
and in reporting the history of the monitor. Information gathered in the
on-site survey can be classified under the three following general areas:
Monitor Location. Detailed information is required to verify that
the monitor is accessible for routine maintenance and calibration.
The monitor must be installed so that it is free from vibration and
so that it is not near any flow disturbances, such as bends or
restrictions in the duct or stack. Typically, the monitor location
is specified in units of duct diameters from the nearest flow
disturbance.
Operation/Calibration. Information about the data recording system
is required to determine the time interval for each measurement,
based on whether the monitor provides instantaneous readings or
averaged readings over some integration period. It is also
necessary to determine whether the chart readings have been
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corrected for stack exit conditions (see the discussion of the
Stack Exit Correlation Error, Section III). Extensive information
on monitor calibration frequency, procedures, and conditions is
required to determine the adequacy of available historic data and
to evaluate the site's operating and maintenance (O&M) procedures.
Maintenance History. The monitor's operational history for the 30
days preceding the audit is evaluated. Available logbooks are
examined, and notations are made of significant scheduled and
unscheduled maintenance. Data logs are evaluated to correlate
monitor down-times with maintenance records, and notations are made
as to whether routine maintenance is conducted by source personnel,
by the monitor vendor, or by an outside maintenance consultant. In
addition, the inventory of monitoring system spare parts is
evaluated, and important parts that are readily available are
listed. Finally, monitoring system components with histories of
repeated failure are listed in order to provide an indication of
the reliability of system components and the frequency of
unscheduled maintenance.
1.2 GENERAL AUDIT PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGY
Within this section, the audit methodology is discussed generally, and
the criteria used in the evaluation of monitor performance are delineated.
Specific field audit procedures for five commonly encountered models of
opacity monitors are described in Sections 2-6, which follow. The
monitor-specific procedures are presented in such a way as to facilitate ease
in field use.
1.2.1 Field Audit Program Description
The opacity monitor audit program was designed to provide accurate,
reliable analyses of monitor performance through a simple, quick field test
procedure which can be performed by a single technician with a basic
understanding of monitor operation. Equipment necessary for a typical audit
includes a specialized retroreflector for the specific monitor being tested;
this is used to simulate clear stack conditions. In addition, three neutral
density filters, traceable to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), are
necessary to evaluate both the linearity and the calibration error of the
monitor. All of the equipment required for an opacity monitor performance
audit can be transported in a small suitcase.
The field audit procedures are used to determine whether the monitor has
been properly operated and whether the monitor accuracy and calibration are of
sufficient quality to provide useful opacity data. Although these procedures
may differ slightly in their order for each type of monitor, they all include
the following three basic analyses:
(1) Monitor Component Analysis
The stack exit diameter and monitor pathlength are
determined to verify the accuracy of the monitor's preset
stack exit opacity correction factor.
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The fault lamp indicators on the monitor's control panel are
checked to determine whether the monitor is operating within
the manufacturer's prescribed limits.
Various internal electronic checks are performed using the
controls in the monitor's control unit to further verify the
operational status of the monitor.
The control panel meter and chart recorder responses are
compared to the monitor's internal span value in order to
determine the accuracy of the control panel meter and the
internal zero and span functions.
(2) Monitor Maintenance Analysis
The optical alignment and dust accumulation on optical
surfaces are checked to determine the adequacy of the
monitor mounting and maintenance frequency.
(3) Calibration Error Analysis
The calibration error and linearity of the monitor are
checked using neutral density filters.
1.2.2 Audit Procedures
Each opacity monitor field audit comprises up to 10 specific analyses
which encompass the monitor's accuracy, linearity, and the quality of monitor
operation and maintenance practices. The audit procedures are organized
sequentially according to the location of the monitoring system components
(moving from the control unit location to that of the opacity monitor and then
back to the control unit), so that a single individual can conduct the audit.
The audit procedures and their associated criteria are detailed as follows:
Fault Lamp Status. The control unit of a typical opacity monitor
has several fault lamps that warn of monitor system malfunctions
and/or impending conditions of excessive opacity. These fault lamps
are indicative of a variety of conditions, depending on the
manufacturer, but most units use fault lamps to monitor the
intensity of the optical beam, the quantity of dust on monitor
optical surfaces, the status of internal circuitry that maintains
monitor calibration, and the magnitude and rate of increase of
opacity. In general, the monitor parameter indicated by a fault
lamp is "out of specification" if the fault lamp is illuminated.
However, this does not account for faults in the lamp circuitry or
for a burned-out or missing lamp bulb.
Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Circuit Analysis. Lear Siegler opacity
monitors employ an AGC circuit to compensate electronically for
reductions in the optical beam intensity resulting from power supply
fluctuations or normal bulb deterioration. This compensation
maintains beam intensity, and thus reference signal values at a
constant level within the manufacturer's specified range. A fault
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condition exists when a Lear Siegler monitor's AGC circuit is not
functional, and such a condition is indicated when the AGC lamp is
not lit. However, an AGC circuit fault does not necessarily
diminish the accuracy of opacity measurements, provided that the
reference signal value is within the specified range.
Stack Exit Correlation Analysis. Typically, the cross-stack optical
pathlength of the installed opacity monitor is not equal to the
diameter of the stack exit. To obtain a true stack exit opacity
value, the measured opacity at the monitor location is corrected to
stack exit conditions through the use of a pathlength correction
factor. The stack exit correlation error is the percent error of
the pathlength correction factor, as preset by the manufacturer,
relative to a pathlength correction factor calculated through the
use of actual measurements, blueprints, etc. This stack exit
correction factor should not exceed +2 percent.
Control Panel Meter Analysis. Most opacity monitors have a panel
meter located on their control or transceiver units to monitor
opacity readings or to adjust an internal monitor parameter. The
control panel meter correction factors are the ratios of control
panel meter readings to the specified internal values for either the
opacity filter, input signal, or the optical density. The panel
meter is "out of specification" if the panel meter correction factor
exceeds +2 percent (outside the 0.98 to 1.02 range).
Reference Signal Error. The Lear Siegler monitor reference signal
is an internal monitor electrical signal output that indicates the
electronic alignment of the transceiver circuitry (usually 20 ma).
The reference signal analysis serves as an internal verification of
the beam intensity as well as an indication of the status of the
photo detector and its associated electronics. The reference signal
is considered to be "out of specification" when it varies by more
than +10 percent beyond the value specified by the monitor
manufacturer.
Internal Zero and Span Analysis. The internal zero and span
analysis evaluates the monitor's ability to maintain calibration by
automatically adjusting its internal electronics to compensate for
dust accumulation on monitor optics. The zero and span errors are
the percent opacity difference between the rated opacity values of
the internal zero and span filters and those displayed on the
control unit chart recorder. The zero and span errors are
considered to be "out of specification" when either of them exceeds
+2 percent opacity.
Zero Compensation Analysis. The zero compensation circuit
automatically adjusts the monitor's zero to compensate for dust
accumulation on the transceiver's optical surfaces. This analysis
is based on recording the zero compensation before and after
cleaning the transceiver and retroreflector optical surfaces. The
zero compensation is considered to be "out of specification" if the
indicated value exceeds +0.018 optical density (+4 percent opacity).
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Monitor Alignment Analysis. The optical alignment of the
t ransceiver/retroreflector System is critical in maintaining
accurate opacity measurements. Misalignment of the beam can cause
erroneously high opacity readings, because a significant portion of
the measurement beam is not returned to the transceiver. Most
opacity monitor manufacturers include provisions for an optical
alignment check, either as a standard feature or as an option.
Monitor alignment errors are indicated by an off-center beam path.
Optical Surface Dust Accumulation Analysis. The optical surface
dust accumulation analysisdetermines the amount of dust (measured
in terms of percent opacity) found on the optical surfaces, based on
the reduction in opacity before and after cleaning of the optical
surfaces. To obtain a reliable assessment, this audit analysis
should be performed when the stack opacity is relatively constant.
The optical surface dust accumulation is "out of specification when
the reduction in apparent opacity following optical surface cleaning
exceeds 4 percent opacity.
Calibration Error Analysis. The calibration error analysis involves
comparison of the monitor responses to the known opacity values for
three reference neutral density filters (as modified in opacity
value by the optical pathlength correction factor). The calibration
of the reference filters used in this analysis is traceable to the
NBS. This analysis indicates both the accuracy and the linearity of
the monitor, and the monitor calibration is considered to be "out of
specification" if the measured opacities vary from the reference
filter rated values by more than 3 percent. The linearity of the
monitor is indicated by the differences in monitor accuracy between
the low, mid, and high calibration ranges.
1.2.3 Audit Limitations and Considerations
In general, the audit procedures contained herein are straightforward and
simple, requiring only limited technical background from audit personnel.
There are, however, several specific considerations which should be kept in
mind in the course of implementing such a program.
While these procedures were designed to enable a person with
minimal experience in monitor operation to conduct ^the
audit, audit personnel must receive some hands-on training,
preferably during an audit, before attempting to conduct an
audit without supervision.
No monitor adjustments are to be made by the auditor except
for those stated within the audit procedures.
The opacity monitor pathlength determination can be
confusing. The pathlength is computed using the inside
diameter of the duct-work or stack, not the flange-to-flange
dimension. Even though the transceiver and retroreflector
exposed optics are beyond the inside stack/duct walls, the
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volume present between the optics and the inside wall of the
exhaust system is filled with clean air from the air purge
system. Therefore, attenuation of the opacity monitor
measurement beam (due to particles transported within the
effluent gas stream) will occur over the distance bounded by
the inside stack/duct walls.
The stack exit diameter refers to the inside diameter of the
stack at its highest point where the effluent stream exits
to the atmosphere.
The audited system's strip charts should be marked to
identify each point used as a datum for the audit. The
time, date, and auditor's name should be indicated on the
strip chart.
Throughout the monitor-specific procedures, there are
statements instructing the auditor to wait for a specified
time interval. These waiting intervals are necessary to
ensure that the monitoring system has had enough time to
collect, process, and record the information desired. These
waiting periods can be reduced somewhat by having two
persons conduct the audit.
When the dust accumulation analysis is performed, caution
should be exercised to ensure that changes in effluent
opacity are not mistaken for dust on the optical surfaces.
This analysis should not be performed if the stack opacity
is changing rapidly.
If a source is off-line, clear stack conditions are not
necessarily assured. Welding or other repair activities may
disperse smoke or dust from the walls of the duct or stack.
If hatches are left open, natural drafting may occur, again
entraining any dust that may be deposited in the duct-work.
Rain falling down the stack might also negate clear stack
conditions.
Care must be exercised when handling the neutral density
filters utilized in the calibration error determinations.
Any contamination, such as fingerprints or dust, can cause
positive biases in the audit results. If any visible
foreign matter is present on the audit filters, the filters
should be cleaned using lens paper and lens cleaner. The
filters should be rechecked before each use to ensure that
no foreign matter has accumulated in the interim.
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2. LEAR SIEGLER, INC., MODEL RM41
OPACITY MONITORING SYSTEM
The RM41 transmissometer system consists of three major components: the
transmissometer, the air-purging and shutter system, and the remote control and
data acquisition equipment. The transmissometer component consists of an
optical transmitter/receiver (transceiver) unit mounted on one side of a stack
or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite side. The
transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and their
associated mechanical and electronic components; its output is transmitted to
the control unit, which indicates optical density and stack exit opacity.
Figure 2-1 illustrates the general arrangement of the transceiver and
retroreflector units on the stack, and provides further details of the chopped,
dual-beam (i.e., the reference beam and the measurement beam) measurement
technique utilized by the transceiver's optical system. The reference beam
signal is monitored continuously by the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit,
which compensates for signal perturbations (changes in lamp intensity) so that
the reference signal remains constant. Since the AGC circuit affects both the
reference signal and the measurement signal amplitude equally, lamp intensity
changes are theoretically eliminated from the measurement signal.
The air-purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3) it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument. A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retroreflector
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.
The shutters (optional) automatically provide protection for the exposed
optical surfaces from smoke, dust, and stack gas whenever the purge airflow
decreases below a predetermined rate. The shutters are activated by airflow
sensors installed in the connecting hoses between the air-purging blower and
the instrument units. Under most stack conditions, the shutters are reset
automatically upon restoration of power to the blowers, but may have to be
reset manually under high negative or high positive stack pressure conditions.
The control unit (Figure 2-2) converts the double-pass transmittance
output from the transceiver, in conjunction with the reference amplitude
output, to linear opacity and optical density measurements. It also corrects
the opacity measurement according to the ratio of the stack exit diameter to
the transmissometer pathlength, commonly referred to as the optical pathlength
ratio (OPLR) by Lear Siegler. (The Model 611 unit is the most commonly used
controller; however, an RM4100 microprocessor-based digital readout control
unit is also available.)
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Transceiver Urn!
Channel fieA'ecfor Unit
Figure 2-1. Lear Siegler RM41
General Arrangement
10
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RM-41 VISIBLE EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEM
FAULT MONITORS
AIR RM-41 OPTICAL
PUROE SENSOR DENSITY
ALERT I
... ALARM
HIGH 1
CONTROL UNIT
MODEL 811
LearStegterlnc
Figure 2-2. Lear Siegler RM41 Control Unit
11
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2.1 STACK EXIT OPACITY DETERMINATION
The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted across the
stack and returned from the retroref lector. The control unit uses this
information to calculate the optical density of the effluent stream at the
monitor location. The optical density measurements are corrected for
pathlength differences between the measurement site and the stack exit and are
converted to opacity. The relationship between stack exit opacity and optical
density is described by the following equation:
Op = 1 - 10-(OPLR)(OD)
x
where: OP = stack exit opacity (%)
X
L
OPLR = ; optical pathlength ratio
Lt
L = stack exit diameter (ft)
L = measurement pathlength (ft)
OD = transmissometer optical density
2.1.1 Stack Exit Correlation Error
1. Measure the transmissometer pathlength and stack exit diameter
and record the values on blanks ^. and 2_> respectively, of the
Lear Siegler RM41 Performance Audit Data Sheet in Appendix B.
Note: If actual measurements are not practical,
obtain the data from detailed plant blueprints or
other available source information. The monitor
pathlength is two times the length of the inside
diameter of the stack at the monitor installation
location.
2. Calculate the OPLR, (divide the value on blank J_ by the value on
blank 2), and record the value on blank 3.
3. Record the preset OPLR value on blank 4.
Note: The OPLR is preset by the manufacturer using
information supplied by the source. While this
preset ratio should be recorded on the first page of
the monitor operation manual, it may have to be
obtained from another source; in any case, the origin
of this information should be noted.
12
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2.2 MONITORING SYSTEM CHECK
This section describes checks to gather pertinent operating parameters
necessary to ascertain whether the monitoring system is functioning properly.
The control unit parameters are addresssed within the procedures found in
Sections 2.2.1 through 2.2.6; tests for these parameters are performed at the
RM41 contol unit location. The test procedures described in Sections 2.2.7
through 2.2.12 are performed at the transmissometer location to determine the
status of the optical surfaces and the transmissometer alignment.
Many of the procedures call for a waiting period at the conclusion of an
audit step to ensure that the strip chart recorder has had sufficient time to
stabilize and record a steady response. For recorders with instantaneous
opacity readings, a waiting interval of three minutes should be sufficient.
For recorder displaying six-minute averages, a waiting period of thirteen
minutes is recommended. At a later time during the audit, the auditor retrieves
the recorded opacity data corresponding to the specific audit steps.
Although the audit can be conducted by one person, a second person can
significantly reduce the waiting intervals and audit time. The second person
can save time by staying with the strip chart recorder and recording the
necessary data as soon as a steady reading occurs.
2.2.1 Fault Indicators Check
The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the Lear
Siegler control unit panel. Unless otherwise noted, the audit analysis can
continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided that the source has been
informed of the fault conditions.
4. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the FILTER fault lamp on blank _5.
Note: An illuminated FILTER fault lamp indicates that
the purge air blower may not be working properly or
the filter element cleaning the purge air is dirty
and is restricting the airflow. This fault lamp is
not an indicator of dirt on the measurement window.
5. Record the status, (ON or OFF) of the SHUTTER fault lamp on blank 6_.
Note: An illuminated SHUTTER fault lamp indicates
that no measurement of stack opacity is being made
since the shutter is blocking the optical path. The
performance audit can continue, but the shutter fault
condition precludes performance of audit analyses
relating to the retroreflector and transceiver window
checks.
6. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the REF fault lamp on blank 7^
Note: An illuminated REF fault lamp indicates a
reference signal decrease which may be due either to
a fault in the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit
or to a fault in the associated transceiver
13
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electronics (e.g., low line voltage, burned-out or
improperly installed lamp, etc.).
7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the WINDOW fault lamp on blank 8^.
Note: An illuminated WINDOW fault lamp indicates
that the control unit automatic zero compensation
exceeds the maximum preset limit. The zero
compensation circuit electronically corrects the
monitor's opacity responses for dust accumulation on
the transceiver measurement window. An excessive
zero compensation limit may bias the opacity data;
zero and span calibrations will also be biased by the
same amount, permitting measurement of the amount of
uncorrected zero drift.
8. Record the status (ON of OFF) of the OVER RANGE fault lamp on
blank 9_.
Note: An illuminated OVER RANGE fault lamp indicates
that the optical density of the effluent exceeds the
range selected on the optical density circuit board.
This problem affects the recording of the opacity
data. If this fault lamp remains illuminated for an
extended period of time, switch to a higher optical
density range (note the original range before
changing) on the "optical density" circuit board
located in the control unit (see Figure 2-3).
2.2.2 Reference Signal Check
9. Mark the time and date on the opacity chart recorder.
10. Record the original position on blank J^ of the MEASUREMENT knob
on the control unit panel.
11. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the REF position.
12. Record the current value on blank J_l^ that is displayed on the
0-30 scale on the control panel meter.
Note: The reference signal should be within the green
area marked "Reference."
2.2.3 Check Opacity Measurement Range
13. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the 100% OPACITY position.
14. Locate the "opacity" circuit board inside the control unit (the
fourth card from the left).
Note: There is a five position switch (SI on
"opacity" board shown in Figure 2-3) on the circuit
board.
14
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S/N
[CALTTKCR
'oncl uo<
POS
HRS
OFF
TP2
SIGNAL
GNO
COMP
ZERO
I ^
J-RSSg
SI
OPACITY
~8ffl
POS
20
50
RESPONSE
FAST
SLOW
32
S2
OPLR (R61M
LEXlT/21-MEAs]
1 ^
HIGH LEVELI
ALARM I
SETPCXNT h
HIGH LEVEL
ALARM
DELAY
^
LOW LEVEL'
ALARM
LOW LEV6L
ALARM
0£LAY
r
CAL TIMER & RECV'R OPTICAL
POWER SUPPLY W/AUTO ZERO DENSITY
OPACITY
ALARM
Figure 2-3.
Lear Siegler RM41 Control
Unit Circuit Board Arrangement
15
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15. Record the position of the SI switch on blank 12.
16. Rotate the SI switch to the fifth position.
Note: This adjustment will expand the control unit
output to a 0 to 100% opacity range which is
necessary for subsequent audit analyses.
2.2.4 Instrument Zero Check
OPFRATF
17. Press the button on the control panel to initiate the
zero mode. CAL
Note: The green OPERATE light should go out when the
zero check retroreflector is in place. The yellow
CAL light and the green ZERO light should remain
illuminated.
18. Record the value on blank 13 displayed on the chart recorder.
Note: The cross-stack zero is simulated by using the
zero retroreflector in the transceiver. The zero
check provides an indication of the amount of dust on
the measurement window and on the zero retroreflector
and/or of the status of the electronic alignment of
the instrument. It does not, however, provide an
indication of dirty window conditions at the
measurement retroreflector, optical misalignment, or
the true cross-stack zero.
2.2.5 Zero Compensation Check
19. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the COMP position.
20. Record the zero compensation optical density value (blank 14)
displayed on the bottom scale of the control panel meter.
Note: The monitor's lamp output is split into two
beams: (1) the reference beam, which produces the
reference signal within the monitor (see Section
2.2.2), and (2) the measurement beam, which passes
through the off stack effluent. When the zero
retroreflector is positioned in front of the
measurement beam, the measurement beam passes only
through the transceiver's measurement window before
travelling back into the monitor. The signal
produced by the measurement beam is compared with the
signal from the reference beam; the difference
between the two signals is due to the attenuation of
the measurement beam by the transceiver measurement
window. The monitor automatically compensates for
this measured difference. The zero compensation value
displayed on the panel meter indicates the difference
in terms of optical density (OD).
16
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2.2.6 Internal Span Check
21. Locate the "optical density" circuit board inside the control
unit.
Note: This circuit board is the third board from the
left. There is a five position switch (SI on
"optical density" board shown in Figure 2-3) on the
circuit board.
22. Record the initial position of the SI switch on blank 15.
23. Rotate the SI switch to the fifth position, if necessary.
24. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the 100% OPACITY position.
25. Press the button to initiate the span mode.
SPAN
26. Record the span value on blank J.6^ that is displayed on the
control panel meter (0-100% Op scale) and record the span value
displayed on the chart recorder on blank 17.
27. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the INPUT position.
28. Record the control panel meter value on blank 18 that is
displayed on the 0-30 scale.
29. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the OPTICAL DENSITY position.
30. Record the control panel meter reading on blank 19 that is
displayed on the 0-9 OD scale.
31. Return the MEASUREMENT knob to the 100% OPACITY position.
Note: The span is accomplished by the transceiver: a
neutral density filter is automatically inserted into
the measurement beam while the zero retroreflector is
in place. The span measurement provides another
check of the electrical alignment and the linearity
of the transmissometer response to opacity.
OPERATE
CAL
opacity measurement mode.
OPP* R ATK
32. Press the T.TT button to return the monitor to the stack
OAIj
Note: The OPERATE and CAL lamps will light to
indicate movement of the zero retroreflector. The
3PERAT5 button should not be pressed when both the
JJ
OPERATE and CAL lights are illuminated.
17
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2.2.7 Span Filter Check
33. Record the span filter's optical density value on blank 20 and
the output current value on blank 21.
Note: These values are displayed on the bottom of the
transceiver, on the serial number label (Figure 2-4).
However, the current span filter values may not
correspond to the information displayed on the serial
number label; the span filter may have been changed,
or new values may have been assigned to the span
filter during previous monitor calibration. In any
case, current span filter values should be verified
and recorded.
34. Mark the time of the day on the chart recorder.
2.2.8 Automatic Gain Control Check
35. Determine whether the green light (AGC LED, Figure 2-4) on the
transceiver is illuminated, and record light status (ON or OFF)
on blank 22.
2.2.9 Alignment Check
36. Remove the protective cover on the transceiver mode knob located
on the bottom right-hand side of the transceiver (see Figure
2-4).
37. Turn the knob until ALIGN can be seen through the knob window.
38. Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the bull's eye
(Figure 2-4) and observing whether the image is in the circular
target.
39. Record whether the image is inside the circular target (YES or
NO) on blank 2^3.
Note: Instrument optical alignment has no effect on
the internal checks of the instrument or on the
calibration check using the audit device; however, if
the optical alignment is not correct, the stack
opacity data will be biased high, since all the light
transmitted to the retroreflector is not returned to
the detector.
40. Return the transceiver mode knob to OPERATE (in the knob window)
to resume measurement of the stack effluent and replace the mode
knob's protective cover.
2.2.10 Retroreflector Window Check
41. Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes
(thirteen minutes if the monitoring system processes the data
through a six-minute averaging circuit).
18
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CAPTIVE SCREWS (3) ALIGNHENT BULL'S EYE WINDOW
FAILSAFE SHUTTER ASSY.
MQUNTING BOLT (3)
LAMP ACCESS DOOR
MODE SWITCH
WIRING CABLE TO
"J" BOX
GUIDE RELEASE LATCH '4)
AIR PURGE INPUT
REFERENCE \ ^ MEASUREMENT CLEAR ADJUSTMENT
ADJUSTMENT^ MEASUR£M£NT 0PAQUE ADJUSTMENT
SERIAL * LABEL
Figure 2-4. Lear Siegler RM41 Transceiver
19
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42. Clean the window of the measurement retroreflector.
43. Record the time of the measurement retroreflector window cleaning
on blank 24.
44. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
2.2.11 Tranceiver Window Check
45. Record the time of day on blank 25.
46. Open the transceiver head.
47. Clean the transceiver and zero retroreflector optical surfaces.
48. Record time of cleaning on blank 26.
49. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
2.2.12 Reset Zero Compensation
50. Press the OPERATE button on the control unit.
CAL
51. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the COMP position.
52. Press the OPERATE button.
CAL
53. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the 100% OP position.
Note: After the external optics have been cleaned,
this circuit has to be reset so that it will not
continue to adjust the monitor for dust that is no
longer present. Because these operations must be
conducted at the control unit location, the auditor
will have to leave the transmissometer location
unless he can get assistance from someone at the
control unit location.
20
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2.3 CALIBRATION CHECK
Normally, the calibration check is performed using the portable audit
device with an adjustable retroreflector (iris) to simulate clear stack
conditions. The audit device and neutral desnity filters can be used to
determine the linearity of the instrument response free of interference from
varying stack opacity. This calibration check does not determine the actual
instrument zero, or the status of the on-stack alignment.
A true calibration check can also be obtained by removing the on-stack
components and setting them up in the control room, making sure that the proper
pathlength and alignment are attained, and then placing the calibration filters
in the measurement beam path.
2.3.1 Install Audit Device
54. Install the audit device by sliding it onto the transceiver.
Note: The audit device will not slide until it is
flush with the monitor. Care should be taken not to
push it against the zero retroreflector.
55. Adjust the audit device iris to produce a 20 mA output current on
the junction box meter (Figure 2-5) to simulate the amount of
light returned to the transceiver during clear stack conditions.
Note: If two people are performing the audit, zero
the chart recorder response instead of using the 20
mA reading on the junction box.
56. Allow three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit) for the junction box meter to display a stable
reading and for the chart recorder to log the opacity vlaue.
57. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 27.
2.3.2 Insert Low Range Filter
58. Insert the low range neutral density filter.
59. Wait for three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the averaging
circuit employed) for the chart recorder to record the opacity
value.
60. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 218.
61. Record the low range neutral density filter's opacity value on
blank 29 and serial number on blank 30.
21
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Figure 2-5. Lear Sielger RM41 Junction Box
22
-------
2.3.3 Insert Mid range Filter
62. Remove the low range filter from the audit device.
63. Check to see if the reading displayed on the junction box meter
returns to 20 mA. If the reading is not 20 mA, the calibration
check should be started over (go to Section 2.3.1).
64. If the 20 mA reading has been maintained, insert the mid range
neutral density filter.
65. Repeat procedures in Section 2.3.2.
66. Record time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number on
blanks 31, 32, and 33, respectively.
2.3.A Insert High Range Filter
67. Repeat procedures in Section 2.3.3 using the high range filter.
68. Record time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number on
blanks 34, 35, and 36, respectively.
2.3.5 Monitor Response Repeatability
69. Repeat procedures in Sections 2.3.2, 2.3.3, and 2.3.4, until a
total of five opacity readings are obtained for each neutral
density filter.
70. Record the time for each test on blanks 37 through 48.
71. Once the calibration check is finished, remove the audit device,
close the protective cover on the junction box and close the
transceiver head.
2.3.6 Post Cleaning Zero Compensation and Fault Indicator Check
72. Return to the control unit location to perform these final
monitor checks.
73. Note and record any fault lamps illuminated on the control panel
on blanks 5 through 9, and note that the fault occurred during
the audit.
OPFRATF
74. Initiate the monitor zero mode by pressing the button.
OA.LI
75. Turn the MEASUREMENT knob to the COMP position.
76. Record the zero compensation optical density value on the control
panel meter on blank 49.
77. then return the monitor to the operate mode by pressing the
button again.
23
-------
78. Mark the time of day on the chart recorder.
79. Return the MEASUREMENT knob, the opacity range switch (on
"opacity" circuit board), and the optical density range switch
(on "optical density" circuit board) to their original positions.
Note: This information is found on blanks 10, 12, and
15, respectively.
2.4 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
Retrieve the opacity data found on the chart recorder as follows:
2.4.1 Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
80. Locate opacity reading immediately before stated time on blank
24_.
81. Record opacity reading on blank 50.
82. Locate opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 24.
83. Record opacity reading on blank 51.
2.4.2 Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
84. Locate opacity reading corresponding to the time stated on blank
!!
85. Record opacity reading on blank 52.
86. Locate opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 26.
87. Record opacity reading on blank 53.
2.4.3 Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
88. Locate the opacity reading immediately after stated time on blank
II-
89. Record the opacity value on blank 54.
2.4.4 Retrieve Low Range Filter Data
90. Locate the opacity reading immediately after stated time on blank
28..
91. Record the opacity value on blank 55.
24
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2.4.5 Retrieve Mid range Filter Data
92. Locate the opacity reading immediately after stated time on blank 31.
93. Record the opacity value on blank 56.
2.4.6 Retrieve High Range Filter Data
94. Locate the opacity reading immediately after stated time on blank
34_.
95. Record the opacity value on blank 57.
2.4.7 Retrieve Monitor Response Repeatability Data
96. Locate the opacity readings corresponding to the times stated on
blanks _37_ through 48.
97. Record the opacity values on blanks 58 through 69, respectively.
2.5 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
This section pertains to the analysis of the performance audit data.
Specific criteria for the different monitor checks are stated to provide a
means to determine which areas of the monitoring system are performing
correctly. The areas that are not within the stated specifications should be
addressed and corrected. The following analyses are not a complete listing of
all of the problems that may affect monitor accuracy, but they do address the
most frequent problems. These analyses will normally provide sufficient
information to assess the accuracy of the monitor data and to indicate the
deficiencies within the monitoring system.
2.5.1 True Assessment of Opacity Monitor Performance
A true assessment of the opacity monitor performance could be determined
if clear stack conditions were present, or if the source allowed the on-stack
monitoring components to be removed from the stack and tested in a dust-free
environment (the same on-stack alignment and pathlength must be achieved).
These two situations are not normally possible. Therefore, the following
performance audit analyses are necessary to ascertain the specific problem
areas within the monitoring system. These analyses provide qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the transmissometer performance.
2.5.2 Stack Exit Correlation
The pathlength correction error on blank 70 should be within + 2%. The
error exponentially affects the opacity readings and the error in the opacity
readings may be greater than or less than the stack exit correction error,
depending upon the opacity measured. The most common error in computing the
optical pathlength ratio (OPLR) is the use of the flange-to-flange distance
rather than the stack/duct inside diameter. (The OPLR is factory-set and the
user should not attempt adjustments without consulting the manufacturer.)
25
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2.5.3 Control Panel Meter Correction Factor
The accuracy of the control panel meter is determined by comparing the
control panel meter readings to the specified values for the internal span
filter. The errors in the control panel meter should not affect the opacity
data reported by the monitoring system unless the control panel meter is used
to adjust the zero and span functions. The correction factors associated with
the control panel meter are found on blanks 71, 72, and 7j3. Even though it is
not essential that control be accurate, the source should adjust the panel
meter so that the correction factors fall within a range of 0.98 to 1.02.
Since the control panel meter error is determined by using the span filter, any
change in the specified values for the span filter will cause an erroneous
assessment of the control panel meter errors. The span filter value may change
due to ageing, replacement, etc. Each time the monitor is thoroughly
calibrated, the internal span filter should be renamed (new specified values);
the latest values determined for the span filter should be used in all
applicable analyses. A panel meter error of greater than 10% indicates a
different monitor problem, which should become apparent once the audit has been
completed.
2.5.4 Analysis of Reference Signal Error
The reference signal is a measure of the electronic alignment of the
transceiver. The reference signal error on blank Ik should be within +_ 10%;
however, the opacity data may still be accurate if the REF lamp is on. Large
errors in the reference signal may directly affect the opacity data. The most
common causes for reference signal error are difficulties with the electronic
alignment and/or decreased lamp output due to failure of the automatic gain
control circuitry or lamp ageing (i.e., the lamp must be replaced).
2.5.5 Zero Compensation Analysis
The amount of automatic zero correction of the instrument (measured by the
zero compensation check) should not exceed 4% opacity. The zero compensation is
displayed in units of optical density; an optical density of 0.0177 is equal to
4% opacity. The zero compensation recorded on blank _14_ should be within
+ 0.018 OD. (The opacity data may still be accurate if the zero compensation
exceeds 0.018 OD.) The zero compensation (after cleaning the tranceiver window
and zero retrorefleetor)value on blank 49 should approach 0.000 OD, since all
optical surfaces should be clean.
A residual zero compensation after a thorough cleaning of transmissometer
optics is normally the result of an incorrect zero compensation circuit
adjustment rather than malfunction of the circuit. If the zero compensation is
within the proper range before the optics are cleaned, but goes negative after
the transceiver optical surfaces are cleaned, it is probable that the zero
compensation circuit was last adjusted by the source at a time when the optical
surfaces were not clean. Often this situation occurs (adjustments during dirty
window conditions) , the internal zero will also have been adjusted to read 0%
opacity, and thus, the zero will be off scale in the negative direction after
the optics are cleaned; both the internal zero and the zero compensation
circuit will need to be adjusted by the source at a time when the optics are
clean.
26
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2.5.6 Internal Zero and Span Calculation
The internal zero and span opacity responses on the chart recorder should
agree within + 2% opacity with the manufacturer's specified values; therefore,
the span erroT (blank 77) and the zero error (blank 13) should be within + 2%
opacity.
The RM41 internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity; the
difference between the internal zero and 0% opacity is the zero error. A zero
error greater than 2% opacity is usually due to excessive dust accumulation on
the optical surfaces, electronic drift, or chart recorder offset. Excessive
dust on the optical surfaces would cause the WINDOW fault lamp to be
illuminated and the zero compensation reading to be above 0.018 OD. Electronic
drift is caused by inadequate electronic alignment maintenance procedures,
which may also result in span values being outside the recommended range.
If the zero error is due to a chart recorder offset, the zero and span
errors will be in the same direction and magnitude; the opacity data will be
offset in the same manner.
Instrument span errors may be caused by the same problems that cause zero
errors and may be identified in a similar fashion. A span error also may be
caused by an inaccuarate assessment of the span filter value. This problem is
discussed in Section 2.5.3.
2.5.7 Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Analysis
The opacity of the transceiver optical surface (blank 78) and the opacity
of the retroreflector optical surface (blank 79) are combined to determine the
total dust accumulation on the monitor's optical surfaces. The opacity of the
optical surfaces (blank 80) should be <_ 4%. A dust accumulation value of more
than 4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the
cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate. When determining the
optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the stack
opacity is fairly stable (within + 1% opacity) before and after the cleaning of
the optical surfaces.
The accuracy of the zero compensation circuit can be checked through the
use of the dust accumulation analysis results. The change between the zero
compensation circuit optical density readings should be equivalent to the
change between the effluent opacity readings before and after cleaning of the
transceiver optics. The following relationship should be true if the zero
compensation circuit is working properly and if an accurate assessment of dust
depostion (in % opacity) was made.
(Blank 78) = (1-10-2(Blank 4) [ (Blank 14_) - (Blank_4A]) x 10Q
2.5.8 Calibration Check Analysis Calculation
To compare the chart recorder opacity responses to the opacity values of
the neutral density filters, the filter values must be corrected to stack exit
conditions according to the equations in the audit data sheets (audit analysis
step E). The calculations are based on the assumption that the audit device
produced a zero response on the chart recorder (i.e., the value found on blank
54 is 0% Op). If this is not the case, the expected. monitor responses to the
27
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audit filters (blanks 81 through 83 must be corrected to account for this zero
offset as follows:
Op .. = [1 -
L1
C_
ftr
Op
100 100
where: Op , . = Correct monitor response
adj
Op = filter opacity, corrected to stack exit conditions
Op = audit device zero offset (monitor opacity
response to audit device without filter)
The calibration errors for the three audit filters on blanks 111, 112, and
113 should be _< 3% opacity.
Biases in the monitor responses to the audit filters are due to
misadjustment of the zero and span functions or to calibration of the monitor
with neutral density filters that have not been corrected by the monitor's
optical pathlength correlation factor. If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same
direction as the zero and span errors. Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper ranges, the monitor may still not be electronically aligned
(i.e., the monitor should be adjusted to indicate 0% opacity during clear stack
conditions). If the monitor is calibrated using neutral density filters
(usually off-stack) without applying the optical pathlength correction factor
to the filters, the monitor responses will agree with the audit filters before
they have been corrected to stack exit conditions. If this is the case, the
monitor should be recalibrated according to the annual recalibration procedure.
28
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3. DYNATRON, INC., MODEL 1100
OPACITY MONITORING SYSTEM
The Dynatron 1100 opacity monitor system consists of three major
components: the transmissometer, the air-purging system, and the remote control
and data acquisition equipment. The transmissometer component consists of an
optical transmitter/receiver (transceiver) unit mounted on one side of a stack
or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite side. The
transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and associated
electronics, and its output is transmitted to a control unit, which indicates
optical density and stack exit opacity. Figure 3-1 illustrates the general
arrangement block diagram of the Dynatron 1100.
The Dynatron control unit (Figure 3-2) has several options. The
opacity/optical density display may be either an analog meter or a digital
readout. A counter timer records the amount of time the opacity exceeds a
source selected limit. An EPA Zero Span Calibration Check unit performs the
zero and span functions as required for sources subject to Performance
Specification 1. An integrated chart recorder is also available for the control
unit.
The Dynatron transceiver uses a single-lamp, dual-detector system to
measure opacity. During normal operation, the light from the measurement lamp
is split into two beams - a measurement beam and a reference beam. The
measurement beam is projected across the stack and returned by the
retroreflector to the measurement detector. The reference beam is transported
via fiber optics to the reference detector, which is identical to the
measurement detector. The stack opacity is determined by computing the ratio
of the output of the two detectors; therefore, the absolute intensity of the
measurement lamp will not affect the accuracy of the opacity readings.
The zero and span checks are performed by turning off the measurement lamp
and alternately illuminating two calibration lamps. When the "zero"
calibration lamp is on, a beam splitter and fiber optics bundle splits the
light into two portions, which are directed onto the measurement and reference
detectors. The electronic circuitry determines the ratio of the measurement
detector response to the reference detector response; this ratio (the monitor
"zero" check) is independent of the intensity of the calibration and
measurement lamps. The span check is accomplished by turning on the span
calibration lamp. The light from this lamp is split into two portions,
approximately one half is directed to the reference detector. The remaining
portion of light is passed through a neutral density filter and then directed
onto the measurement detector. The electronic circuitry then determines the
ratio of the measurement detector response to the reference detector response;
this ratio (the monitor span check), like the zero check ratio, is insensitive
to calibration measurement lamp intensity differences.
The air-purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of moisture from stack gases; and (3) it minimizes
thermal conduction from the stack to the instrument. A standard installation
29
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LIGHT SOURCE
AND PHOTO
ELECTRIC
DETECTOR
AIR PURGE
SYSTEM
STACK OUTLET
L
J
LIGHT BEAM
r
SMOKE OR DUST
REFLECTOR
AIR PURGE
SYSTEM
DIGITAL
DISPLAY
BASIC MONITORING SYSTEM
WEATHER
COVERS
QUICK
DISCONNECT
CABLE KIT.S
FIELD
INSTALLATION
SUPERVISION
ANALOG
DISPLAY
DATA
RECORDER
EPA
ZERO
SPAN
CHECK
STRIP
CHART
RECORDER
REMOTE
OPERATOR
STATIONS
STACK
EXIT
OUTPUT
CORRELATOR
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
ANALOG
AND
RELAY
INTERFACE
KITS
?lgure 3-1. Dynatron 1100 General Arrangement Block Diagram
30
-------
MHCLNT
OPACITY
tt _^_ _____
IHHMHH ^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^H
LVLLt llMt IKIUH&
ItVtl b
CXXUHHl NCIS UJMt.tMtvt HI).
Model 1100
Opaci
INC
ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTFMS
WALLINGFORO. CONNECTICUT US.A.
Figue 3-2. Dynatron Control Unit
31
-------
has one air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the
retroreflector unit; each system has a blower that provides filtered air.
3.1 STACK EXIT OPACITY DETERMINATION
The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted across the
stack and returned from the retroreflector. The control unit uses this
information to calculate the optical density of the effluent stream at the
monitor location. The optical density measurements are corrected for
pathlength differences between the measurement site and the stack exit and
converted to opacity. The relationship between stack exit opacity and optical
density is described by the following equation:
Op
*x
where: Op = stack exit opacity (%)
L
v
- = optical pathlength ratio
t
L = stack exit diameter (ft)
X
L = measurement pathlength (ft)
OD = transmissometer optical density
3.1.1 Stack Exit Correlation Error
1. Measure the correct transmissometer pathlength and stack exit
diameter.
2. Record the stack exit inside diameter and the transmissometer
pathlength on blanks 1 and 2^, respectively, of the Dynatron 1100
Performance Audit Data Sheet in Appendix C.
Note: If actual measurements are not practical,
obtain the data from detailed plant blueprints or
from other available source information. The monitor
pathlength is two times the length of the inside
diameter of the stack at the monitor installation
location.
3. Calculate the pathlength ratio using the above equation.
4. Record the value on blank ^.
5. Obtain the preset pathlength ratio used by the monitor.
6. Record the value on blank 4.
32
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Note: The pathlength ratio is preset by the
manufacturer using information supplied by the
source. The origin of the pathlength ratio should be
noted.
3.2 MONITORING SYSTEM CHECK
This section describes procedures to gather pertinent operating parameters
necessary to ascertain whether the monitoring system is functioning properly.
Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 address control unit parameters; tests for these
parameters are performed at the Dynatron control unit location. Sections 3.2.3
through 3.2.6 describe the test procedures performed at the monitoring site to
determine the status of the optical surfaces and the transmissometer alignment.
Many of the procedures call for a waiting period at the conclusion of an
audit step to ensure that the strip chart recorder has had sufficient time to
stabilize and record a steady response. For recorders displaying instantaneous
opacity readings, a waiting interval of three minutes should be sufficient.
For recorders displaying six-minute averages, a waiting period of thirteen
minutes is recommended. At a later time during the audit, the auditor retrieves
the recorded opacity data corresponding to the specific audit steps.
Although the audit can be conducted by one person, the waiting intervals
can be significantly reduced if two people are present. The second person can
stay with the strip chart recorder and record the necessary data as soon as a
steady reading occurs. Time is saved in decreased waiting intervals, and in
the elimination of the transfer of data from the strip charts at the end of the
audit.
3.2.1 Fault Indicators Check
The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the
Dynatron control unit panel. Unless otherwise noted, the audit analyses can
continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided that the source has been
informed of the fault conditions.
Note: The other three lamps on the control unit
(CLEAR, EARLY WARNING, and ALARM) are not fault
indicators.
7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the LAMP fault lamp on blank 5.
Note: An illuminated LAMP fault lamp indicates low or
nonexistent output of the measurement lamp. If the
LAMP indicator is illuminated, the photodetector is
not receiving sufficient light to accurately
determine opacity. Plant personnel should be
notified so that repairs or adjustments can be made
after the audit. This indicator is located behind the
taceplate at the bottom of the control unit.
33
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8. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the WINDOW fault lamp on blank 6u
Note: An illuminated WINDOW fault lamp indicates that
the opacity (dust accumulation) of the
t ransmissometer (transceiver) measurement window
exceeds the limit selected by the source. The WINDOW
indicator does not indicate monitor compensation for
dust accumulation on optical surfaces.
9. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the AIR FLOW fault lamp on blank 7_,
Note: The AIR FLOW fault lamp indicates inadequate
purge airflow to maintain the cleanliness of the
optical surfaces. If the AIR FLOW lamp is
illuminated, the source should be notified so that
corrective measures can be initiated after the audit.
3.2.2 Internal Zero and Span Check
10. Record the position on blank 8^ of the CYCLE TIME HOURS knob on
the Dynatron control unit.
11. Turn that knob to the MANUAL position.
12. Record the position of the METER DISPLAY knob on blank 9_.
13. Turn the knob to the OPACITY position.
14. Press the *"' button to initiate the automatic calibration
cycle.
Note: The ZERO and SPAN lights should illuminate one
at a time, for about three minutes each.
15. Record the zero and span responses displayed on the control panel
meter on blanks 10 and 11 , respectively, and those displayed on
the chart recorder on blanks 12 and j^3_, respectively.
16. Locate (in the monitor's Operation Manual or maintenance logbook)
and record the current zero and span values on blanks 14 and 15 ,
respectively.
Note: The zero and span checks provide a good
indication of the electrical calibration of the
monitoring system; however, these checks do not
indicate optical misalignment or dirty windows. Also,
these checks do not utilize the measurement lamp that
is used during stack opacity measurements.
17. Mark the time of the day on the chart recorder paper.
34 '
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3.2.3 Alignment Check
Note: This step applies only to monitors equipped
with the optical alignment sight option.
18. Locate the alignment sight on the stack near the transceiver, and
sight through the viewing glass.
Note: The measurement beam should be a circle of
light centered on the retroreflector. If the circle
of light is not centered on the retroreflector, the
monitor is not properly aligned. Instrument optical
alignment has no effect on the zero and span
responses; however, if the optical alignment is not
correct, the stack opacity data will be biased high,
since less light will be returned from the
retroreflector.
19. Record whether the image is centered (YES or NO) on blank 16.
3.2.4 Transceiver Window Check
20. Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes
(thirteen minutes if monitoring system processes the data through
a six-minute averaging circuit).
21. Remove the measurement window slide holder and clean the window.
22. Reinsert the measurement window.
23. Record the time of the day on blank 17.
24. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) for the chart recorder to log the
opacity.
3.2.5 Retroreflector Window Check
25. Repeat the procedure described in Section 3.2.4, except clean the
retroreflector optical surface in lieu of the transceiver
measurement window.
26. Record the time of the retroreflector optical surface cleaning on
blank J.8.
27. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
35
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3.3 CALIBRATION CHECK
Normally, the calibration check (incremental) is performed by substituting
neutral density slides in place of the transceiver measurement window. This
check should be performed only when the stack opacity is fairly steady. The
calibration check provides a determination of the linearity of the instrument
response and the on-stack alignment status, since it utilizes all of the
components of the measurement system. This calibration check does not provide
a test of the actual instrument zero.
Only under clear stack conditions will the calibration check provide a
check of the actual instrument zero, the instrument calibration, and the effect
of on-stack alignment on the opacity data. A true calibration check can also
be obtained by removing the on-stack components and setting them up in the
control room, making sure that the on-stack pathlength and alignment are
duplicated.
3.3.1 Insert Low Range Filter
28. Allow three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit) before inserting the low range audit slide.
29. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 19.
30. Remove the clear transceiver measurement window and insert the
low range neutral density filter slide.
31. Wait another three or thirteen minutes for the chart recorder to
log the combined opacity value of the slide and the effluent.
32. Record the time at the end of this second waiting period on blank
20.
33. Remove the low range audit slide.
34. Replace the transceiver measurement window.
35. Wait another three or thirteen minutes.
36. During this waiting period, record the audit filter's opacity
value on blank 21 and serial nunber on blank 22.
37. Record the time at the end of this third waiting period on blank
M-
3.3.2 Insert Mid range Filter
38. Remove the measurement window.
39. Insert the mid range audit filter.
40. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
36
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41. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 24.
42. Remove the mid range slide.
43. Replace the transceiver measurement window.
44. Wait another three or thirteen minutes.
45. During this second waiting period, record the audit filter's
opacity value on blank J25_ and serial number on blank 26.
46. Record the time at the end of the second waiting period on blank
27_.
3.3.3 Insert High Range Filter
47. Remove the measurement window.
48. Insert the high range audit slide.
49. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
50. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 28.
51. Remove the audit slide.
52. replace the transceiver measurement window.
53. Record the slide's opacity value on blank 29 and serial number on
blank 30.
3.3.4 Monitor Response Repeatability
54. Repeat the procedures in Sections 3.3.1, 3.3.2, and 3.3.3 until a
total of five opacity readings is obtained for each neutral
density slide.
55. Record the times for each test on blanks 31 through 54.
56. Remove the high range audit slide.
57. Replace the transceiver measurement window for the last time.
58. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes.
59. Record the time at the end of this final waiting period on blank
55_.
Note: Once the calibration check is completed, return
to the control room.
60. Return the control unit knobs to their original positions (the
data responses on blanks j} and SO.
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3.4 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
61. Return to the chart recorder, and mark the time of the day on the
chart recorder paper. Retrieve the opacity data found on the
chart recorder.
3.4.1 Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
62. Locate the opacity reading immediately before the stated time on
blank 17.
63. Record this opacity reading on blank 56.
64. Locate the opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 17
65. Record the opacity reading on blank 57.
3.4.2 Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
66. Perform the same operation as described in Section 3.4.1 for the
stated time on blank 18.
67. Record the opacity readings on blanks _58_ and 59.
3.4.3 Retrieve Low Range Filter Data
68. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated times on
blanks 19, 20, and 23.
69. Record the opacity values on blanks 60, 61, and 62, respectively.
3.4.4 Retrieve Mid range Filter Data
70. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated times on
blanks 2k_ and 27_.
71. Record the opacity values on blanks 63 and 64.
3.4.5 Retrieve High Range Filter Data
72. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 28.
73. Record the opacity value on blank 65.
3.4.6 Retrieve Monitor Response Repeatability Data
74. Locate the opacity readings (as in Sections 3.4.3, 3.4.4, and
3.4.5) corresponding to the times stated on blanks 31 through 55.
75. Record the opacity values on blanks 68 through 90, respectively.
38
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3.5 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
This section addresses the analysis of the performance audit data.
Specific criteria for the different monitor checks are stated to provide a
means to determine which areas of the monitoring system are performing
correctly. The areas that are not within the stated specifications should be
addressed and corrected.
The following analyses are not a complete listing of all of the problems
that may affect the monitor accuracy, but they do address the most frequent
problems. These analyses will normally provide the auditor with sufficient
information to assess the accuracy of the monitor data and to indicate the
deficiencies within the monitoring system.
3.5.1 True Assessment of Transmissometer Performance
A true assessment of the opacity monitor performance could be determined
if clear stack conditions were present or if the source allowed the on-stack
monitoring components to be removed from the stack and tested in a dust free
environment, (the same on-stack alignment and pathlength must be achieved).
These two situations are not normally possible. Therefore, the following
performance audit analyses are necessary to ascertain the specific problem
areas within the monitoring system. These analyses provide a qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the performance of the transmissometer.
3.5.2 Stack Exit Correlation
The pathlength correction error on blank 91 should be within + 2%. The
error exponentially affects the opacity readings; the error in the opacity
readings may be greater than or less than the stack exit correction error
depending upon the opacity measured. The most common error in computing the
optical pathlength ratio is the use of the flange-to-flange distance ratner
than the stack/duct inside diameter. The pathlength ratio is factory-set and
the user should not attempt adjustments without consulting the manufacturer.
3.5.3 Control Panel Meter Correction Factor
The accuracy of the control panel meter is determined by comparing the
control panel readings to the specified value for the internal span filter.
The errors in the control panel meter should not affect the opacity data
reported by the monitoring system, unless the control panel meter is used to
adjust the zero and span signals. The correction factor associated with the
control panel meter is found on blank j>2_. Even though it is not essential that
the control panel meter be accurate, the source should adjust the panel meter
so that the correction factor falls within a range of 0.98 to 1.02. Since the
control panel meter error is determined by using the span filter, any change in
the specified values for the span filter will cause an erroneous assessment of
the control panel meter errors. The span filter value may change due to
ageing, replacement, etc. Each time the monitor is thoroughly calibrated, the
internal span filter should be renamed (new specified values); the latest
values determined for the span filter should be used in all applicable
analyses. A meter error of greater than 10% indicates a different monitor
problem which should become apparent once the audit has been completed.
39
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3.5.4 Internal Zero and Span Error Calculation
The internal zero and span opacity responses on the chart recorder (blank
93 and blank 94, respectively) should agree within + 2% opacity with the
manufacturer's specified values.
Since the Dynatron 1100 internal zero and span functions are performed
inside the transceiver, dust accumulation on the exposed optical surfaces does
not affect the zero or span functions. The zero and span functions will,
however, be affected by electronic drift and/or a chart recorder offset. Zero
or span errors due to electronic drift result from inadequate electronic
alignment maintenance procedures. Electronic drift may cause the errors to be
additive or to cancel one another. A chart recorder offset will cause the zero
and span functions to be offset in the same direction and magnitude; the
opacity data will also be offset in the same manner.
3.5.5 Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Analysis
The opacity of the transceiver window (blank 95a) and the opacity of the
retroreflector window (blank 95b) are combined to determine the total dust
accumulation on the monitor's optical surfaces. The opacity of the optical
surfaces (blank 95c) should be £ 4% Op. A dust accumulation value of more than
4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the cleaning
frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate. When determining the optical
surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the stack opacity is
fairly stable (within + 1% opacity) before and after the cleaning of the
optical surfaces.
3.5.6 Calibration Check Analysis Calculation
Since the stack opacity is measured in conjunction with the audit slides,
the chart recorder displays the combined effect. To compare the chart recorder
opacity responses with the opacity values of the neutral density slides, the
slide values (corrected to stack exit conditions, analysis Step E) have to be
combined with the stack opacity (analysis Steps F, H, and J). The stack
opacity during the combined measurement is assumed to equal the average of the
measured stack opacity before and after the insertion of an audit slide. The
calibration errors for the three audit slides (blanks 141, 142, and 143) should
be _< 3% opacity.
Biases in the monitor responses to the audit filters are due to
misadjustment of the zero and span functions or to calibration of the monitor
with neutral density filters that had not been corrected by the monitor's
optical pathlength correlation factor. If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same
direction as the zero and span errors. Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper ranges, the monitor may still not be electronically aligned
(i.e., the monitor should be adjusted to indicate 0% opacity during clear stack
conditions). If the monitor is calibrated using neutral density filters
(usually off-stack) without applying the optical pathlength correction factor
to the filters, the monitor responses will agree with the audit filters before
they have been corrected to stack exit conditions. If this is the case, the
monitor should be recalibrated according to the annual recalibration procedure.
40
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4. CONTRAVES GOERZ CORPORATION, MODEL 400
OPACITY MONITORING SYSTEM
The Contraves Goerz transmissometer system consists of three major
components: the transmissometer, the air-purging and shutter system, and the
remote control and data acquisition equipment. The transmissometer component
consists of an optical transmitter/receiver (transceiver) unit mounted on one
side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite side.
The transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and
associated electronics, and its output is transmitted to a control unit, which
indicates optical density and stack exit opacity. Figure 4-1 illustrates the
general arrangement of the transmissometer transceiver and reflector units on
the stack.
The transceiver uses a single lamp, single detector system and dual
chopper to determine opacity. The first chopper located inside the optical
compartment modulates the light beam to eliminate interference from ambient
light. The second chopper is divided into three sections that serve zero,
span, and measurement functions. The second chopper is exposed to the stack
effluent, and it automatically adjusts for dust accumulation on the measurement
window of the transceiver.
The air-purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of moisture from stack gases; and (3) it minimizes
thermal conduction from the stack to the instrument. A standard installation
has one air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the
retroreflector unit; each system has a blower that provides filtered air.
The shutters automatically provide protection for the exposed optical
surfaces from smoke, dust, and the stack gas. Each shutter is held in place
(out of the optical path) by the passing purge air. When the airflow is
interrupted, the shutter drops into place to protect the external optics and
opens automatically upon restoration of power to the blowers.
The optional control unit (Figure 4-2; one of two available units) is used
to convert the nonlinear transmittance output from the transceiver into linear
opacity and optical density measurements. It also corrects the opacity
measurement according to the ratio of the. stack exit diameter to the
transmissometer pathlength, known as the Stack Taper Ratio (STR).
Note: Contraves Goerz also markets three new control
units: M500, M700, and M701; however, these units are
not in wide use at this time, and are not discussed
in this report.
41
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AIR VALVE
RETRO
ALIGNMENT
TOOL
'RETRO ASSEMBLY!
CALIBRATION
TEST KIT
MOULDED COVER
MOULDED / N
COVER / V>\
OPTICAL HEAD
Figure 4-1. Contraves 400 General Arrangement
42
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Figure 4-2. Contraves 400 Control Unit
43
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4.1 STACK EXIT OPACITY DETERMINATION
The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted across the
stack and returned from the retroreflector. The control unit uses this
information to calculate the optical density of the effluent stream at the
monitor location. The optical density measurements are corrected for
pathlength differences between the measurement site and the stack exit and are
then converted to opacity. The relationship between stack exit opacity and
optical density is described by the following equation:
OP = i - 10
X
where: Opx = stack exit opacity (%)
L
v
STR = ; optical pathlength ratio
Lt
LX = stack exit diameter (ft)
Lfc = measurement pathlength (ft)
OD = transmissometer optical density
Even though the Contraves Goerz M400 transmissometer is a dual-pass
monitor, use the single-pass measurement pathlength (L ) to calculate the STR,
not two times the stack inside diameter.
4.1.1 Stack Exit Correlation Error
1. Measure the correct transmissometer pathlength and stack exit
diameter.
2. Record the stack exit inside diameter and the transmissometer
pathlength on blanks _1_ and 2_, respectively, on the Contraves
Goerz 400 Performance Audit Data Sheet in Appendix D.
Note: If actual measurements are not practical,
obtain the data from detailed plant blueprints or
other available source information. The monitor
pathlength is the length of the inside diameter of
the stack at the monitor installation location.
3. Calculate the STR (divide the value on blank 1 by the value on
blank 2) . ~~
4. Record the value on blank _3.
5. Obtain the preset STR used by the monitor.
6. Record the value on blank 4.
Note: The origin of the STR value should be noted.
44
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4.2 MONITORING SYSTEM CHECK
This section describes checks to gather pertinent operating parameters
necessary to ascertain whether the monitoring system is functioning properly.
The control unit parameters are addressed within the procedures found in
Sections 4.2.1 through 4.2.3; tests for these parameters are not required if
the source does not have a control unit. If the source does have a control
unit, Sections 4.2.5 and 4.2.6 can be eliminated, since the zero and span
checks are performed at the control unit. The test procedures described in
Sections 4.2.5 through 4.2.9 are performed at the transmissometer location to
determine the status of the optical surfaces and the transmissometer alignment.
Many of the procedures call for a waiting period at the conclusion of an
audit step to ensure that the strip chart recorder has had sufficient time to
stabilize and record a steady response. For recorders with instantanenous
opacity displays, a waiting interval of three minutes should be sufficient.
For recorders displaying only six-minute averages, a waiting period of thirteen
minutes is recommended. At a later time during the audit, the auditor retrieves
the recorded opacity data corresponding to the specific audit steps.
Although the audit can be conducted by one person, a second person can
significantly reduce the waiting intervals and audit time. The second person
can save time by staying with the strip chart recorder and recording the
necessary data as soon as a steady reading occurs.
4.2.1 Fault Indicators Check
There are two commonly encountered control units available from Contraves.
One has two fault lamps, and it is available only with an analog readout (see
Figure 4-2). The other newer unit has five fault lamps and an option for
digital readout. Since the newer unit includes the two fault indicators on the
old control unit, the newer control unit fault lamps are described. The fault
lamps on the second unit can blink rapidly or remain illuminated. A blinking
lamp does not indicate a fault but an illuminated lamp does indicate a fault.
Unless otherwise noted, the audit analyses can continue with illuminated fault
lamps, provided that the source has been informed of the fault conditions. The
following list describes the fault lamps.
7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the CAL FAULT lamp on blank 5.
Note: The CAL FAULT lamp indicates the zero or span
value is out of the range specified by the
manufacturer. A calibration fault is due to a change
in the transceiver electronics and may affect the
opacity data.
8. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the DIRTY WINDOW fault lamp on
blank j^.
Note: When the DIRTY WINDOW limit has been exceeded,
the opacity data may be biased. This lamp indicates
a need to clean the dirty window surfaces; however,
45
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it only monitors the transceiver window. (In older
units the DIRTY WINDOW indicator is a red lamp under
the WINDOW label.)
9. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the PURGE AIR fault lamp on
blank ]_.
Note: If the PURGE AIR fault lamp is illuminated, the
purge air blowers may not be working properly, or the
filter element cleaning the purge air is dirty and
restricting the airflow. Plant personnel should be
informed if this lamp is on, so corrective measures
can be initiated at the conclusion of the audit.
(This fault lamp is not an indicator of dirt on the
measurement window.)
10. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the STACK POWER FAILURE fault
lamp on blank J3.
Note: An illuminated STACK POWER FAILURE fault lamp
indicates no power to the transceiver or to the purge
air blowers. If this condition exists, power must be
restored to the monitor before the audit can
continue.
11. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the LAMP FAILURE fault lamp on
blank 9.
Note: An illuminated LAMP FAILURE fault lamp
indicates that the photodetector is not receiving
sufficient light to accurately determine opacity.
Plant personnel should be notified so that the lamp
can be replaced. The output of a new measurement
lamp will be unstable for several hours after
replacement; therefore, a calibration check should
not be performed during this period.
12. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the ALARM fault lamp on blank 10.
Note: An illuminated ALARM fault lamp indicates that
the opacity exceeds a source selected limit. The
alarm indicator provides process control information
only; it is not an indicator of monitor performance.
4.2.2 Instrument Zero Check
13. Initiate the zero mode by turning the MODE switch on the control
panel to the ZERO position (the orange CAL lamp will light)
14. Record the value on blank Ij. displayed on the chart recorder.
Note: The cross-stack zero is simulated by using the
zero retroreflector portion of the chopper. The zero
46
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check provides an indication of the amount of dust on
the measurement window and on the zero retroreflector
portion of the chopper, and/or of the status of the
electronic alignment of the instrument. It does not,
however, provide an indication of dirty window
conditions at the measurement retroreflector, nor of
optical misalignment, nor of the true cross-stack
zero.
4.2.3 Internal Span Check
15. Turn the MODE switch to the SPAN position to initiate the span
mode.
16. Record the span value on blank 12 displayed on the control panel
meter (0-100% Op scale) and the value displayed on the chart
recorder on blank 13.
Note: The span operation is automatically performed
by the transceiver using the span retroreflector
portion of the chopper. The span measurement
provides another check of the electrical alignment
and the linearity of the transmissometer response to
opacity.
17. Turn the MODE switch to the NORMAL position to return the monitor
to the opacity measurement mode.
18. Mark the time of the day on the chart recorder paper.
4.2.4 Span Value Check
19. Record the chopper span opacity value on blank J.4_ supplied by the
manufacturer.
Note: The span value is recorded on the first page
of the "Operation Manual".
4.2.5 Zero Check at Transceiver
20. Open the black cover on the rear of the transceiver.
21. Turn the MODE switch to the ZERO position.
Note: The MODE switch is on the right side of the
transceiver meter.
22. Record the time of day and the transceiver meter response on
blanks 15 and 16, respectively.
47
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4.2.6 Span Check at Transceiver
23. Turn the MODE switch in the back of the transceiver to the SPAN
position.
24. Record the time of day and the transceiver meter response on
blanks 17_ and 18, respectively.
Note: Perform this step only if the monitoring system
is not equipped with a control unit.
4.2.7 Alignment Check
25. Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the bull's eye
on the back of the transceiver (Figure 4-3).
26. Observe and record whether the image is centered (blank 19).
Note: Instrument optical alignment has no effect on
the internal checks of the instrument; however, if
the optical alignment is not correct, the opacity
data will be biased high, since all the light
transmitted to the retroreflector is not returned to
the detector.
4.2.8 Retroreflector Window Check
27. Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes
(thirteen minutes if the monitoring system processes the data
through a six-minute averaging circuit).
28. Clean the window of the measurement retroreflector.
29. Record the time of the measurement retroreflector window cleaning
on blank 20.
30. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
4.2.9 Transceiver Window Check
31. Open the transceiver, stop the chopper, and install the audit
device and the low range filter.
Note: The external chopper should be stopped
carefully to avoid bending its blades.
32. Adjust the audit device iris to produce a 10% opacity reading on
the transceiver meter, and tighten the iris set screw.
Note: If there are two people conducting the audit,
the audit device iris should be adjusted so that the
chart recorder displays a value of 10% opacity.
48
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PASSIVE RETROREFLECTOR
-AW SHUTTER VALVE
EXTERNAL ALIGNMENT
HIGH VELOCITY
WINDOW CLEANING
AIR PURGE INLET
QUICK DISCONNECT HINGE
ALIGNMENT VIEWMG PORT
LOCAL INSTRUMENT DISPLAY
0-100* OPACITY METER
MANUAL CALIBRATION STATION
ON-OFF SWITCH
FUSE
mOKATMG DESICCATOR
ISOLATED ELECTRONICS
SPLIT ARCHITECTURE
DISPLAY ACCESS DOOR
Figure 4-3. Contraves 400 Transceiver
49
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33. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit) for recording the precleaning opacity.
34. Remove the audit device/low range filter and chopper.
35. Clean the chopper and the transceiver measurement window.
36. Replace the chopper, the audit device, and the low range filter.
37. Record the time of the transceiver optical surface cleaning on
blank 21.
38. Wait an additional three or twelve minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
4.3 CALIBRATION CHECK
Normally, the calibration check is performed using a portable audit device
with an adjustable retroreflector (iris) to simulate clear stack conditions.
the audit device and neutral density filters can be used to determine the
linearity of the instrument response free of interference from varying stack
opacity. The calibration check does not determine the actual instrument zero
or the status of the on-stack alignment.
Note: Many sources which utilize Contraves Goerz
monitors have an audit device (referred to as the
calibration kit) which may be used for the
calibration check; however, the source's audit device
zero should not be adjusted, since the zero is set by
the factory.
A true calibration check can also be obtained by removing the on-stack
components and setting them up in the control room, making sure that the proper
pathlength and alignment are attained, and then placing the calibration filters
in the measurement beam path.
4.3.1 Zero Audit Device
39. Remove the low range filter and adjust the audit device iris to
produce a 0% opacity reading on the transceiver meter.
Note: If two people are performing the audit, adjust
the iris until the chart recorder displays a 0%
opacity value.
40. Tighten the iris set screw.
Note: This procedure simulates the amount of light
that should be returned to the transceiver during
clear stack conditions.
50
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41. Allow three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging curcuit) for the tranceiver meter to display a stable
reading and for the chart log to record the opacity value.
42. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 22.
4.3.2 Insert Low Range Filter
43. Insert the low range neutral density filter into the audit
device.
44. Wait for three or twelve minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging curcuit) for the chart recorder to log the opacity
value.
45. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 23.
46. Record the low range filter opacity value on blank 24 and serial
number on blank 25.
4.3.3 Insert Mid range Filter
47. Remove the low range filter from the audit device.
48. Verify that the reading displayed on the transceiver meter
returns to 0% opacity.
Note: If the reading is not 0% opacity, the
calibration check should be started over (i.e.,
return to Section 4.3.1).
49. Insert the mid range neutral density filter and repeat the
procedures in Section 4.3.2.
50. Record the time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number
on blanks 26, 27_, and 28^ respectively.
4.3.4 Insert High Range Filter
51. Repeat the procedures in Section 4.3.3 for the high range filter.
52. Record the time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number
on blanks 29, 30, and 31, respectively.
51
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4.3.5 Monitor Response Repeatability
53. Repeat the procedures in Sections 4.3.2, 4.3.3, and 4.3.4, until
a total of five opacity readings is obtained for each neutral
density filter.
54. Record the time for each test on blanks 32 through 43.
55. Once the calibration check is completed, remove the audit device.
4.4 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
56. Return to the chart recorder.
57. Mark the time of day on the chart recorder.
58. Retrieve the opacity data found on the chart recorder.
Note: If the monitoring system has a control unit,
skip to Section 4.4.3; if there is no control unit,
continue with the next step.
4.4.1 Retrieve Internal Zero Response
Note: Perform this step if the monitoring system is
not equipped with a control unit.
59. Locate the opacity reading corresponding to the time stated on
blank 15_.
60. Record the chart recorder opacity reading on blank 44.
4.4.2 Retrieve Internal Span Response
Note: Perform this step if the monitoring system is
not equipped with a control unit.
61. Locate the opacity reading corresponding to the time on blank 17.
62. Record this chart recorder opacity reading on blank 45.
4.4.3 Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
63. Locate the chart recorder opacity reading immediatley before the
stated time on blank 2Q_.
64. Record the opacity reading on blank 46.
65. Locate the opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 20.
66. Record the opacity reading on blank 47.
52
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A.4.4 Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
67. Perform the same operation as described in Section 4.4.3 for the
stated time on blank 21.
68. Record the opacity readings on.blanks 48 and 49.
4.4.5 Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
69. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 22.
70. Record the opacity value on blank 50.
4.4.6 Retrieve Low Range Filter Data
71. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank ^3_.
72. Record the opacity value on blank 51.
4.4.7 Retrieve Mid range Filter Data
73. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 26.
74. Record the opacity value on blank 52.
4.4.8 Retrieve High Range Filter Data
75. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 29.
76. Record the opacity value on blank 53_.
4.4.9 Retrieve Monitor Response Repeatability Data
77. Locate the opacity readings corresponding to the times stated on
blanks _3JL through 43.
78. Record the opacity values on blanks 5^ through 65, respectively.
4.5 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
This section addresses the analysis of the performance audit data.
Specific criteria for the different monitor checks are stated to provide a
means to determine what areas of the monitoring system are performing
correctly. The areas which are not within the stated specifications should be
addressed and corrected.
The following analyses are not a complete listing of all of the problems
that may affect the monitor accuracy; however, they do address the most
frequent problems. These analyses will normally provide sufficient information
53
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to assess the accuracy of the monitor data and to indicate the deficiencies
within the monitoring system.
4.5.1 True Assessment of Opacity Monitor Performance
A true assessment of the opacity monitor performance could be determined
if clear stack conditions were present or if the source allowed the on-stack
monitoring components to be removed from the stack and tested in a dust free
environment (the same on-stack alignment and pathlength must be achieved).
These two situations are not normally possible. Therefore, the following
performance audit analyses are necessary to ascertain the specific problem
areas within the monitoring system. These analyses provide a qualitative and
quantitative assessment of opacity monitor performance.
4.5.2 Stack Exit Correlation
The pathlength correction error on blank 66^ should be within + 2%. This
error exponentially affects the opacity readings and the error in the opacity
readings may be greater than or less than the stack exit correction error,
depending upon the opacity measured. The most common error in computing the
optical pathlength ratio is the use of the flange-to-flange distance, rather
than the stack/duct inside diameter. (The STR is factory-set and the user
should not attempt adjustments without consulting the manufacturer.)
4.5.3 Control Panel or Transceiver Meter Correction Factor
The accuracy of the control panel meter or transceiver meter is determined
by comparing the appropriate meter readings to the specified chopper span
value. (It is not necessary to determine the correction factor for the
transceiver meter if a control panel meter is present.) The errors in the
control panel meter or transceiver meter should not affect the opacity data
reported by the monitoring system, unless the control panel or transceiver
meter is used to adjust the zero and span functions. The correction factor
associated with the control panel meter or transceiver meter is found on blank
67 or 68, respectively. Even though it is not essential that the control panel
or transceiver meter be accurate, the source should adjust the appropriate
meter so that the correction factor falls within a range of 0.98 to 1.02.
Since the control panel meter or transceiver meter error is determined by using
the span portion of the chopper, any change in the chopper will result in an
incorrect assessment of the meter error. The chopper span value may change due
to replacement of the chopper, exposure to stack gases, or excessive dust
accumulation on the chopper. Each time the monitor is thoroughly calibrated,
the chopper span value should be renamed. The newest chopper span value should
be used in the applicable analyses. A meter error of greater than 10%
indicates a different monitor problem which should become apparent once the
audit has been completed.
4.b.4 Internal Zero Offset and Span Error Calculation
The internal zero and span opacity responses on the chart recorder (blank
n_ or blank 44) and (blank j>9_ or 70) should agree within + 2% opacity with the
manufacturer's specified values.
The internal zero and span functions will not indicate the anticipated
opacity values for several reasons: (1) a chart recorder offset, (2) excessive
54
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dust accumulation on the transceiver optical surfaces, (3) a change in the
actual value for the internal zero and span functions, and/or (4) electronic
drift. A chart recorder offset will introduce an error of the same sign
(positive or negative) and magnitude for both functions; the reported effluent
opacity data will be offset (in error) in the same manner. Optical surface
dust accumulation will be indicated by an activated fault lamp and/or during
optical surface cleaning. A change in the actual values for the zero and span
functions is apparent when a properly calibrated monitor does not accurately
respond to the internal functions. If inaccurate zero and span responses
cannot be shown to be due to the above reasons, the errors are probably due to
electronic drift of the monitor.
4.5.5 Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Analysis
The opacity of the transceiver optical surface (blank 71a) and the opacity
of the retroreflector optical surface (blank 71b) are combined to determine the
total dust accumulation on the monitor's exposed optical surfaces. The opacity
of the optical surfaces (blank 71c) should be j< 4% Op. A dust accumulation
value of more than 4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system
and/or that the cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate. When
determining the retroreflector optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor
should note whether the stack opacity is fairly stable (within + 1% opacity)
before and after the cleaning of the optical surface.
4.5.6 Calibration Check Analysis Calculation
To compare the chart recorder opacity responses to the opacity values of
the neutral density filters, the filter values have to be corrected to stack
exit conditions according to the equations on the audit data sheets (i.e.,
analysis Step E). The calculations are based on the assumption that the audit-
device produced a zero response on the chart recorder (i.e., value found on
blank 50 is 0% Op). If this is not the case, the expected monitor responses to
the audTt filters (blanks 1_2_ through 74) must be corrected again to account for
this zero offset as follows:
100
where: Op , . = Correct monitor response
Op = filter opacity, corrected to stack exit conditions
Op r = audit device zero offset (monitor opacity
7 G 1TO
response to audit device without filter)
The calibration errors for the three audit filters (blanks 102, 103^ and 104)
should be <^ 3% opacity.
Biases in the monitor responses to the audit filters are due to
misadjustment of the zero and span functions or to calibration of the monitor
with neutral density filters that had not been corrected by the monitor's
optical pathlength correlation factor. If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same
55
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direction as the zero and span errors. Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper ranges, the monitor may still not be electronically aligned
(i.e., the monitor should be adjusted to indicate 0% opacity during clear stack
conditions). If the monitor is calibrated using neutral density filters
(usually off-stack) without applying the optical pathlength correction factor
to the filters, the monitor responses will agree with the audit filters before
they have been corrected to stack exit conditions. If this is the case, the
monitor should be recalibrated according to the annual recalibration procedure.
56
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CORPORATION, MODEL 1000A
OPACITY MONITORING SYSTEM
The EDC opacity monitor system consists of three major components: the
transmissometer, the air-purging system, and the data acquisition system. The
transmissometer component consists of an optical transmitter/receiver
(transceiver) unit mounted on one side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector
unit mounted on the opposite side. The transceiver unit contains a light
source, a photodiode detector, and associated electronics, and the output from
the transceiver is transmitted to a control unit or directly to a chart
recorder. The chopper zero and span signals are monitored continuously and are
electronically compensated through a gain control circuit so that the signals
remain constant. Since the electronic gain compensation affects the zero and
span signals and the measurement signal amplitude equally, all perturbations
resulting from lamp intensity changes are theoretically cancelled out of the
measurement signal.
The air-purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of moisture from stack gases; and (3) it minimizes
thermal conduction from the stack to the instrument. A standard installation
has one air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the
retroreflector unit; each system has a blower that provides filtered air.
5.1 STACK EXIT OPACITY DETERMINATION
The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted across the
stack and returned from the retroreflector. The control unit calculates the
optical density (OD) of the effluent stream, corrects the OD for pathlength
differences between the measurement site and the stack exit, and converts the
result to opacity. The relationship between stack exit opacity and optical
density is described by the following equation:
oPx = i - 10-&
where: Op = stack exit opacity (%)
X
L~ = optical pathlength ratio
L = stack exit diameter (ft)
X
L = measurement pathlength (ft)
OD = transmissometer optical density
57
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5.1.1 Determine Accuracy of the Pathlength Ratio
1. Determine the transmissometer pathlength and stack exit diameter.
2. Record the stack exit diameter and the transmissometer pathlength
on blanks 1 and 2^ respectively, of the EDC 1000A Performance
Audit Data Sheet in Appendix E.
Note: If actual measurements are not practical,
obtain the data from detailed plant blueprints or
other available source information. The monitor
pathlength is two times the length of the inside
diameter of the stack at the monitor installation
location.
3. Calculate the pathlength ratio (divide the value on blank _!_ by
value on blank 2).
4. Record the calculated pathlength ratio value on blank .3.
5. Obtain the preset pathlength ratio used by the monitor, and
record the value on blank 4^
Note: The pathlength ratio is preset by the
manufacturer using information supplied by the
source. The origin of the pathlength ratio value
should be noted.
5.2 MONITORING SYSTEM CHECK
This section describes checks to gather the pertinent operating parameters
necessary to ascertain whether the monitoring system is functioning properly.
Since the EDC 1000A does not have a control unit, only Section 5.2.1 is
performed in the control room. The test procedures described in Sections 5.2.2
through 5.2.4 are performed at the monitoring site to determine the status of
the optical surfaces.
Many of the procedures call for a waiting period at the conclusion of an
audit step to ensure that the strip chart recorder has had sufficient time to
stabilize and record a steady response. For recorders with instantenous
opacity readings, a waiting interval of three minutes should be sufficient.
For recorders displaying six-minute averages, a waiting period of thirteen
minutes is recommended. At a later time during the audit, the auditor retrieves
the recorded opacity data corresponding to the specific audit steps.
Although the audit can be conducted by one person, two people can
significantly reduce the waiting intervals and data retrieval times. The second
person can stay with the strip chart recorder and record the necessary data as
soon as a steady reading occurs.
58
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5.2.1 Instrument Zero and Span Check
6. Mark the time of day on the chart recorder paper.
7. If the source has installed a switch to initiate the internal
zero and span functions, initiate the zero and span cycle mode by
pressing this CAL-INITIATE button.
Note: The monitor will remain in the zero mode for
approximately three minutes, after which the span
mode will be automatically initiated.
8. Record the zero and span responses on blanks _5_ and 6^,
respectively) that is displayed on the chart recorder.
Note: The monitor will automatically return to
normal operation. The cross-stack zero is simulated
by using the zero mirror in the transceiver. The zero
and span checks provide an indication of the status
of the electronic alignment of the instrument. They
do not, however, provide an indication of dirty
window conditions, optical misalignment, or the true
cross-stack zero.
9. Record the zero and span values on blanks 7_ and 8^ respectively,
determined by the manufacturer.
Note: The zero and span values are found in the
Operation Manual.
5.2.2 Internal Calibration Check
10. If there is no CAL-INITIATE button in the control room, locate
the MODE switch on the front of the transceiver, next to the
input/output cable.
11. Move the MODE switch to the up position (ZERO).
12. Record the time of day on blank _9_.
13. Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes (thirteen
minutes if the monitoring system processes the data through a
six-minute averaging circuit) for the chart recorder to log the
zero response.
14. Move the MODE switch to the down position (SPAN).
15. Record the time of day on blank 10.
16. Wait another three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of
an averaging circuit) for the chart recorder to log the span
response.
17. Return the MODE switch to the center posit ion.(OPERATE).
59
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5.2.3 Transceiver Window Check
18. Allow the monitor to operate at least three or thirteen minutes
(depending upon the use of an averaging circuit).
19. Clean the measurement window of the transceiver.
20. Record the time of cleaning on blank 11.
21. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit).
Note: The transceiver window is mounted in a slide
at the front of the transceiver. The slide pulls up
approximately six inches to allow cleaning of the
transceiver window; do not remove the slide
completely.
5.2.4 Retroreflector Window Check
22. Repeat the procedures described in Section 5.2.3, except clean
the retroreflector optical surface in lieu of the transceiver
measurement window.
23. Record the time of cleaning on blank 12.
5.3 CALIBRATION CHECK
Normally, the calibration check (incremental) is performed by substituting
neutral density slides in place of the transceiver measurement window. This
check should be performed only when the stack opacity is fairly steady. The
calibration check provides a determination of the linearity of the instrument
response and utilizes all of the components of the measurement system. This
calibration check does not provide a test of the actual instrument zero.
Only under clear stack conditions will the calibration check provide a
check of the actual instrument zero and calibration status. A true calibration
check can also be obtained by removing the on-stack components and setting them
up in the control room, making sure that the on-stack pathlength and alignment
are duplicated.
5.3.1 Insert Low Range Filter
24. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
25. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 13.
26. Insert the low range neutral density filter slide into the
retroreflector.
60
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27. Wait another three or thirteen minutes.
28. Record the time at the end of this second waiting period on
blank 14.
29. Remove the low range audit slide.
30. Wait another three or thirteen minutes.
31. During this waiting period, record the audit filter's opacity
value on blank _15_ and serial number on blank 16.
32. Record the time at the end of this third waiting period on blank
II-
5.3.2 Insert Mid range Filter
33. Insert the mid range audit filter.
34. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
35. Record the time at end of the waiting period on blank 18.
36. Remove the mid range slide.
37. Wait another three or thirteen minutes.
38. During this second waiting period, record the audit filter's
opacity value on blank _19_ and serial number blank 20.
39. Record the time at the end of the second waiting period on blank
2J_.
5.3.3 Insert High Range Filter
40. Insert the high range audit slide.
41. Wait three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
42. Record the time at end of the waiting period on blank 22.
43. Remove the audit slide.
44. Record the slide's opacity value on blank 23 and serial number on
blank 24.
5.3.4 Monitor Response Repeatability
45. Repeat the procedures in Sections 5.3.1, 5.3.2, and 5.3.3 until a
total of five opacity readings is obtained for each neutral
density slide.
61
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46. Record the approximate times for each test on blanks 25 through
48.
47. After removing the high range audit slide for the last time, wait
an additional three or thirteen minutes.
48. Record the time at the end of this final waiting period on blank
49_.
5.4 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
49. Return to the chart recorder location, and mark the time of day
on the chart recorder paper.
50. Retrieve the opacity data found on the chart recorder.
5.4.1 Retrieve Internal Span Data
51. If the internal zero and span modes were initiated at the
transceiver, locate the opacity reading corresponding to the time
on blank _9.«
52. Record the zero response on blank 50.
53. Locate the opacity reading corresponding to the time on blank 10.
54. Record the span response on blank 51.
5.4.2 Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
55. Locate the opacity reading immediatley before the stated time on
blank ll_
56. Record the opacity reading on blank 52.
57. Locate the opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 11.
58. Record the opacity reading on blank 53.
5.4.3 Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
59. Perform the same operation as described in Section 5.4.2 for the
stated time on blank 12.
60. Record the opacity readings on blanks 54 and 55.
5.4.4 Retrieve Low Range Filter Data
61. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated times on
blanks 13, ,14., and l]_.
62. Record the opacity values on blanks 56> 57, and 58, respectively.
62
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5.4.5 Retrieve Mid Range Filter Data
63. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated times on
blanks 18 and 21.
64. Record the opacity values on blanks 59 and 60^
5.4.6 Retrieve High Range Filter Data
65. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 22.
66. Record the opacity value on blank 61.
5.4.7 Retrieve Monitor Response Repeatability_Data
67. Locate the opacity readings (as in Sections 5.4.4, 5.4.5 and
5.4.6) corresponding to the times stated on blanks 25. through^.
68. Record the opacity values on blanks 62 through 85, respectively.
5.5 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
This section addresses the analysis of the performance audit data.
Specific criteria for the different monitor checks are stated to provide a
means to determine which areas of the monitoring system are performing
correctly. Tne areas that are not within the stated specifications should be
addressed and corrected. The following analyses are not a complete listing of
all of the problems that may affect the monitor accuracy; however, they do
address the most frequently encountered problems. These analyses will normally
provide the auditor with sufficient information to assess the accuracy of the
monitor data and to identify deficiencies in the operation and maintenance
practices of the monitoring system.
5.5.1 True Assessment of Opacity Monitor Performance
A true assessment of the opacity monitor performance could be determined
if clear stack conditions were present or if the source allowed the on-stack
monitoring components to be removed from the stack and tested in a dust-free
environment , . ,N _ _ii,T
(the same on-stack alignment and pathlength must be achieved). Normally
these two situations are not possible; therefore, the following performance
audit analyses are necessary to ascertain the specific problem areas within the
monitoring system and to provide qualitative and quantitative assessment of the
performance of the opacity monitor.
5.5.2 Stack Exit Correlation
The pathlength correction error on blank 87_ should be within +2%. This
error exponentially affects the opacity readings. The error in the opacity
readings may be greater than or less than the stack exit correction error,
depending upon the opacity measured. The most common error in computing the
optical pathlength ratio is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather
than the stack/duct inside diameter. (The pathlength ratio is factory-set and
63
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the user should not attempt adjustments without consulting the manufacturer.)
5.5.3 Internal Zero and Span Error Calculation
The internal zero and span opacity responses on the chart recorder (blank
88 or 90) and (blank 89 or 91), respectively should agree within + 2% opacity
with the manufacturer's specified values.
The internal zero and span errors may be caused by electronic drift, a
chart recorder offset, excessive dust accumulation on the transceiver optical
surfaces, and/or a change in the zero filter value. Electronic drift results
from inadequate electrical alignment maintenance practices and may result in
zero and span errors of different directions and magnitude. A recorder offset
will cause zero and span errors in the same direction and magnitude and will
offset the opacity data in the same manner. Excessive dust accumulation on the
transceiver optical surfaces will result in positive zero and span errors
having the same magnitude, and the opacity data also will be biased in the same
manner. A change in the span filter opacity occurs because of either ageing or
replacement of the filter (i.e., the new span filter probably will have a
different opacity value).
5.5.4 Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Analysis
The opacity of the transceiver optical surface (blank 92a) and the opacity
of the retroreflector optical surface (blank 92b) are combined to determine the
total dust accumulation on the monitor's exposed optical surfaces. The total
opacity of the optical surfaces (blank 92c) should be _< 4% Op. A dust
accumulation value of more than 4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the
purge system is inadequate and/or the cleaning frequency of the optical
surfaces is inadequate. When determining the optical surface dust accumulation,
the auditor should note whether the stack opacity is fairly stable (within + 1%
opacity) before and after the cleaning of the optical surfaces.
5.5.5 Calibration Check Analysis Calculation
Since the stack opacity is measured in conjunction with the audit slides,
the chart recorder displays the combined effect. To compare the chart recorder
opacity responses with the opacity values of the neutral density slides, the
slide values (corrected to stack exit conditions, analysis Step E) have to be
combined with the stack opacity (analysis Steps F, H, and J). The stack opacity
during the combined measurement is assumed to equal the average of the measured
stack opacity before and after the insertion of an audit slide. The
calibration errors for the three audit slides (blanks 138, 139, and 140) should
be _<_ 3% opacity.
Biases in the monitor responses to the audit filters are often due to
misadjustment of the zero and span functions or to calibration of the monitor
with neutral density filters that had not been corrected by the monitor's
optical pathlength correlation factor. Zero and span errors will cause the
calibration check data to be biased in the same direction. Even if the zero
and span errors are within the proper ranges, the monitor may still not be
electronically aligned. If the monitor is calibrated using neutral density
filters (usually off-stack) without applying the optical pathlength correction
factor to the filters, the monitor responses will agree with the audit filters
before they have been corrected to stack exic conditions and the monitor should
be recalibrated.
64
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6. THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION,
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA D-R280 AV OPACITY MONITORING SYSTEM
The Thermo Electron opacity monitor system consists of three major
components: the transmissometer and on-stack control unit, the air-purging
system and the remote control unit and data acquisition equipment. The
transmissometer component consists of an optical transmitter/receiver
(transceiver) unit mounted on one side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector
unit mounted on the opposite side. The transceiver contains a light source, a
photodiode detector, and their associated electronics. The on-stack control
unit provides a readout of the milliamp signal from the transceiver and
initiates the internal zero and span checks. Figure 6-1 illustrates the general
arrangement of the transmissometer transceiver, on-stack control unit, and
retroreflector units on the stack. The transceiver uses a single-lamp,
single-detector system and a chopper to determine stack opacity. The chopper,
located inside the optical compartment, modulates the light beam to eliminate
interference from ambient light.
The air-purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of moisture from stack gases; and (3) it minimizes
thermal conduction from the stack to the instrument. A standard installation
has one air-purging system for both the transceiver and the retroreflector
unit, and one blower that provides filtered air.
The remote control unit (Figure 6-2) converts the nonlinear transmittance
output from the transceiver (a milliamp signal) into linear opacity
measurements. It also corrects the opacity measurement according to the ratio
of the stack exit diameter to the transmissometer pathlength. (Thermo Electron
now markets a "new" opacity monitoring system - the D-R281 AV; this system is
the same as the D-R280, except that the remote control unit also provides an
optical density readout.)
6.1 STACK EXIT OPACITY DETERMINATION
The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted across the
stack and returned from the retroreflector. The remote control unit then
calculates the optical density (OD) of the effluent stream at the monitor
location, corrects for pathlength differences between the measurement site and
the stack exit, and converts the OD to opacity. The relationship between stack
exit opacity and optical density is described by the following equation:
65
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Figure 6-1. Thermo Electron D-R280 AV Transmissometer General Arrangement
-------
INTEGRATOR
ALARM SETPOINT
(mA)
Increase(+)* Decrease (-)*
DIRECT OPACITY
ALARM SETPOINT
(mA)
Decrease(-)* Increase(+)*
DIGITAL
DISPLAY
ALARM SElMOtNT
MA
CTEG. ClRiXCT
CALIBRATION
CYCLE SELECTOR
(-) Decrease*
(Hours)
(+)Increase*
Environmental Data
UNCORRECTEO
ACK. RESET DIRECT
n : ' -V
HIGH INTEGRATOR
ALARM INDICATOR
HIGH OPACITY
ALARM INDICATOR
BLOWER FAILURE
ALARM INDICATOR
FILTER BLOCKAGE
ALARM INDICATOR
OPACITY RANGE
(-)Decrease*
U)
(+)Increase*
'DISPLAY SELECT
DIRECT/INTEG.
MANUAL CALIBRATE
SELECTOR/INDICATOR
WINDOW CHECK
SELECTOR/ALARM
INDICATOR
AL-'M RELAY
lu::CATOR/rA'iUAL RESET
PUSH-BUTTON DECADE SWITCH.
Figure 6-2.' Thermo Electron D-R280 Control Panel
-------
Op
where: Op = stack exit opacity (%)
X
T
optical pathlength ratio
x =
x
Lt =
OD =
stack exit diameter (ft)
measurement pathlength (ft)
transmissometer optical density
Even though the Thermo Electron D-R280 AV transmissometer is a dual-pass
monitor, use the measurement pathlength (L ), not two times the stack inside
diameter, to calculate the pathlength ratio (the factor of two is already
accounted for by the control unit's electronics).
6.1.1 Stack Exit Correlation Error
1,
2.
Measure the transmissometer pathlength and stack exit diameter.
Record the stack exit inside
pathlength on blanks _!_ and _2,
diameter and
respectively,
transmissometer
of the Thermo
Electron D-R280 AV Performance Audit Data Sheet in Appendix F.
Note: If actual measurements are not practical,
obtain the data from detailed plant blueprints or
other available source information. The monitor
pathlength is the length of the inside diameter of
the stack at the monitor installation location.
3. Calculate the pathlength ratio (divide the value on blank 1 by
the value on blank 2), and record the value on blank 3~~
4. Obtain the preset pathlength ratio used by the monitor, and
record the value on blank 4.
Note: The pathlength ratio is preset by the
manufacturer using information supplied by the
source. This preset ratio is recorded on the
instrument data sheet delivered with the monitor.
6.2 MONITORING SYSTEM CHECK
This section describes checks to gather the pertinent operating parameters
necessary to ascertain whether the monitoring system is functioning properly.
The remote control unit parameters are addressed within the procedures found in
Sections 6.2.1 through 6.2.3. The test procedures described in Sections 6.2.4
through 6.2.6 are performed at the monitoring site to determine the status of
the optical surfaces and the transmissometer alignment.
68
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Many of the procedures call for a waiting period at the conclusion of an
audit step to ensure that the strip chart recorder has had sufficient time to
stabilize and record a steady response. If the recorder displays instantaneous
opacity readings, a waiting interval of three minutes should be sufficient. If
the recorder displays only six-minute averages, a waiting period of thirteen
minutes is recommended. At a later time during the audit, the auditor retrieves
the recorded opacity data corresponding to the specific audit steps.
Although the audit can be conducted by one person, a second person can
significantly reduce the waiting intervals by staying with the strip chart
recorder and recording the necessary data as soon as a steady reading occurs.
6.2.1 Fault Indicators Check
The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on a Thermo
Electron transmissometer remote control unit front panel. Unless otherwise
noted, the audit analyses can continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided
that the source has been informed of the fault conditions.
5. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the BLOWER FAILURE fault lamp on
blank _5.
Note: An illuminated BLOWER FAILURE fault lamp
indicates no power to the transceiver or to purge air
blowers. If this condition exists, the audit should
be halted and the source should be notified
immediately, since the monitor may be damaged by the
stack gases.
6. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the FILTER BLOCK fault lamp on
blank ^.
Note: The FILTER BLOCK fault lamp indicates
inadequate purge airflow to maintain optical surface
cleanliness. If the FILTER BLOCK fault lamp is
illuminated, the filter element cleaning the purge
air is dirty and restricting the airflow; the filter
needs to be cleaned. Plant personnel should be
informed if this lamp is on so corrective measures
can be initiated at the conclusion of the audit.
(This fault lamp is not an indicator of dirt on the
measurement window.)
7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the WINDOW fault lamp on blank 7.
Note: An illuminated WINDOW fault lamp indicates that
the opacity of the measurement window exceeds the
preset limit of 3% opacity. When the dirty window
limit has been exceeded, the opacity data may be
biased. This lamp indicates a need to clean the
dirty window surfaces; however, it only monitors the
transceiver window.
69
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6.2.2 Instrument Zero and Span Check
8. Check the opacity range switch indicator located on the remote
control panel above the ACK/CENTRAL ALARM lamp (see Figure 6-2)
to determine the range selected.
9. Record the range on blank 8.
10. Set the opacity range switch to range "4".
11. Initiate the calibration cycle by pushing the CALIBR button on
the control panel.
Note: The green CALIBR lamp will light, and the
monitor will automatically cycle through the internal
and external zero and span modes.
12. Record the internal zero milliamp value on blank _9 displayed on
the control panel.
Note: The internal zero simply checks the reference
beam inside the transceiver and provides a check of
the electronic alignment of the instrument. After
two minutes in the internal zero mode, the monitor
will automatically switch to the external zero mode.
13. Record the external zero value displayed on the panel meter on
blank IQa and the zero value displayed on the chart recorder on
Blank IQb.
Note: The external zero is simulated by using the
zero retroreflector. The external zero value
displayed on the panel meter provides an indication
of the amount of dust on the transceiver measurement
window. The external zero value displayed on the
chart recorder is the monitor zero after compensation
for dust accumulation on the transceiver optics.
Neither the panel meter nor strip chart recorder
external zero values provide an indication of dirty
window conditions at the measurement retroreflector,
of optical misalignment, or of the true cross-stack
zero. After two minutes in the external zero mode,
the monitor cycles into the internal span function;
the milliamp signal on the control unit corresponds
to the span opacity value.
14, Record the span milliamp value on blank JJ^ displayed on the
control panel meter and the span percent opacity value on blank
12 displayed on the chart recorder.
Note: The transceiver automatically spans the
monitor using the span filter and the external zero
retroreflector. The span measurement provides
another check of the electrical alignment and the
linearity of the transmissometer response to opacity.
70
-------
After the completion of the zero and span calibration
cycle, the monitor will automatically return to the
stack opacity measurement mode.
15. Mark the time of day on the chart recorder.
6.2.3 Span Value Check
16. Record the span filter milliamp value on blank 13 and opacity
value on blank l^_ supplied by the manufacturer.
Note: The span values are recorded on the Instrument
Data Sheet supplied with the monitor. If the
manufacturer did not supply the source with the
opacity value of the internal span, the following
equation should be used to compute the span opacity
value.
(Blank 14) = 6.25[(Blank 13) - 4.0]
6.2.4 Alignment Check
17. Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the bull's eye
on the side of the transceiver (Figure 6-3) .
18. Observe whether the images are centered on either side the cross
hairs and record this information (YES or NO) on blank 15.
Note: There are two types of retroreflectors used for
the monitor, and the resulting alignment images are
different, as indicated in Figure 6-4. Instrument
optical alignment has no effect on the internal
checks of the instrument or the calibration error
determination; however, if the instrument is
misaligned, the opacity data will be biased high,
since all the light transmitted to the retroreflector
is not returned to the detector.
6.2.5 Retroreflector Window Check
19. Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes
(thirteen minutes if the monitoring system processes the data
through a six-minute averaging circuit).
20. Clean the window of the measurement retroreflector.
21. Record the time of the measurement retroreflector window cleaning
on blank 16.
22. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
6.2.6 Transceiver Window Check
23. Open the transceiver, clean the zero . retroref lector and
i"fr measurement window, and close the transceiver.
-------
TRANSCEIVER
HOUSING
INSTRUMENT
MOUNTING
FLANGES
REFLECTOR
HOUSING
ALIGNMENT
EYE VIEWER
FOCUS
ADJUST
PURGING AIR
INLETS
Figure 6-3.
Thermo Electron D-R280 Transceiver
-------
GLASS CORNERCUBE
Ref1ector
Image
Correct
SCOTCH-LITE REFLECTOR
Reflector
Image
Correct
Figure 6-4. Instrument Alignment Guide
73
-------
24. Record the time of the transceiver optical surface cleaning on
blank 17.
25. Wait an additional three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the
use of an averaging circuit) before proceeding to the next step.
6.3 CALIBRATION CHECK
Normally, the calibration check is performed using a portable audit
device with an adjustable retroreflector (iris) to simulate clear stack
conditions. The audit device and neutral density filters can be used to
determine the linearity of the instrument response free of interference
from varying stack opacity. The calibration check does not determine the
actual instrument zero or the status of the on-stack alignment.
If clear stack conditions exist, the audit device should not be used
for the calibration check; instead the calibration filters should be
placed in the measurement beam path. A true calibration check can also be
obtained by removing the on-stack components and setting them up in the
control room, making sure that the proper pathlength and alignment are
attained, and then placing the calibration filters in the measurement beam
path.
6.3.1 Install Audit Device
26. Install the audit device.
27. Adjust the audit device iris to produce a 4 mA reading on the
on-stack control unit panel meter (Figure 6-5).
Note: This procedure simulates the amount of light
that should be returned to the transceiver during
clear stack conditions. If two people are conducting
the audit, use the chart recorder instead of the
stack meter to zero the instrument.
28. Allow three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit) for the tranceiver meter to display a stable
reading and for the chart recorder to log the opacity value.
29. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 18.
6.3.2 Insert Low Range Filter
30. Insert the low range neutral density filter.
31. Wait for three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
averaging circuit).
32. Record the time at the end of the waiting period on blank 1^9.
33. Record the low range filter opacity value on blank 20 and the
serial number on blank 21.
74
-------
TRANSCEIVER
CABLE CONNECTOR
POWER
FUSE
JUNCTION
TERMINAL
. ni «/»«/
inA OUTPUT
METER
CALIBRATION
INDICATOR
CHECK/OUTPUT
METER SWITCH
'igure6-5. On-Stack Control Unit
7S
-------
6.3.3 Insert Mid range Filter
34. Remove the low range filter from the audit device.
35. Check to see if the reading displayed on the on-stack control
unit meter returns to 4 mA.
Note: If the reading is not 4 mA, reinitiate the
calibration check.
36. Insert the mid range neutral density filter and repeat the
procedures in Section 6.3.2.
37. Record the time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number
on blanks 22, 23, and 24, respectively.
6.3.4 Insert High Range Filter
38. Repeat the procedures in Section 6.3.3 for the high range filter.
39. Record the time, filter opacity value, and filter serial number
on blanks 25, 26, and 27, respectively.
6.3.5 Monitor Response Repeatability
40. Repeat the procedures in Sections 6.3.2, 6.3.3, and 6.3.4 until a
total of five opacity readings is obtained for each neutral
density filter.
41. Record the time for each test on blanks 28 through 39.
42. Remove the audit device once the calibration check is finished.
43. Return to the control room.
44. Change the opacity range switch back to its original position
(blank 8), if it was changed for the audit.
6.4 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
45. Return to the chart recorder location.
46. Mark the time of day on the chart recorder paper.
47. Retrieve the opacity data found on the chart recorder.
6.4.1 Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
48. Locate the chart recorder opacity reading immediately before the
stated time on blank 16.
49. Record the opacity reading on blank 40.
76
-------
50. Locate the opacity reading recorded after the appropriate time
interval (three or thirteen minutes) from the time on blank 16.
51. Record the opacity reading on blank 41.
6.4.2 Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
52. Perform the same operation as described in Section 6.4.1 for the
stated time on blank 17.
53. Record the opacity readings on blanks 42 and 43.
6.4.3 Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
54. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 18.
55. Record the opacity value on blank 44.
6.4.4 Retrieve Low Range Filter Data
56. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank JjK
57. Record the opacity value on blank 45.
6.4.5 Retrieve Midrange Filter Data
58. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank ^2_.
59. Record the opacity value on blank 46.
6.4.6 Retrieve High Range Filter Data
60. Locate the opacity reading immediately after the stated time on
blank 25.
61. Record the opacity value on blank 47.
6.4.7 Retrieve Monitor Response Repeatability Data
62. Locate the opacity readings corresponding to the times stated on
blanks j^8_ through 39.
63. Record the opacity values on blanks 48 through _59_. respectively.
6.5 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
This section addresses the analysis of the performance audit data.
Specific criteria for the different monitor checks are stated to provide a
means of determining which areas of the monitoring system are performing
correctly. The areas that are not within the stated specifications should be
addressed and corrected. The following analyses are not a complete listing of
-------
all of the problems that may affect monitor accuracy; however, they do address
the most frequent problems. These analyses will normally provide sufficient
information to assess the accuracy of the monitor data and to indicate the
deficiencies within the monitoring system.
6.5.1 True Assessment of Opacity Monitor Performance
A true assessment of the opacity monitor performance could be determined
if clear stack conditions were present or if the source allowed the on-stack
monitoring components to be removed from the stack and tested in a dust free
environment
(the same on-stack alignment and pathlength must be achieved). Normally
these two situations are not possible. Therefore, the following performance
audit analyses are necessary to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the
performance of the transmissometer.
6.5.2 Stack Exit Correlation
The pathlength correction error (blank 60) should be within + 2%. The
error exponentially affects the opacity readings and the error in the opacity
readings may be greater than or less than the stack exit correction error,
depending upon the opacity measured. The most common error in computing the
optical pathlength ratio is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather
than the stack/duct inside diameter. (The correction factor is factory-set, and
the user should not attempt adjustments without consulting the manufacturer.)
6.5.3 Control Panel Meter Correction Factor
The accuracy of the remote control panel meter is determined by comparing
the appropriate meter readings to the specified span filter value. The errors
in the control panel meter should not affect the opacity data reported by the
monitoring system, unless the control panel meter is used to adjust the zero
and span functions. The correction factor associated with the control panel
meter is found on blank 61. Even though it is not essential that the control
panel meter be accurate, the source should adjust the meter so that the
correction factor falls within a range of 0.98 to 1.02. Since the control panel
meter error is determined by using the span filter, any change in the specified
values for the span filter will cause an erroneous assessment of the control
panel meter errors. The span filter value may change due to ageing,
replacement, etc. Each time the monitor is thoroughly calibrated, the internal
span filter should be renamed (new specified values); the latest values
determined for the span filter should be used in all applicable analyses. A
meter error of greater than 10% indicates a different monitor problem which
should become apparent once the audit has been completed.
6.5.4 Zero and Span Error Analysis
The internal zero response on blank 9 should fall within a range of 3.7 mA
to 4.3 mA. The external zero response on blank IQb (monitor zero after
compensation for dust accumulation) and span response (on blank 62) should
agree within + 2% opacity with the manufacturer's specified values.
The internal zero and span errors may be caused by electronic drift, a
chart recorder offset, excessive dust accumulation on the optical surfaces,
78
-------
and/or a change in the zero filter value. Electronic drift results from
inadequate electrical alignment maintenance practices, and may result in the
zero and span errors in different directions and magnitude. A recorder offset
will cause zero and span errors in the same direction and magnitude and will
offset the opacity data in the same manner. Excessive dust accumulation on the
transceiver optical surface will result in positive zero and span errors, and
will have the same magnitude; the opacity data also will be biased in the same
manner. A change in the span filter opacity occurs because of either ageing or
replacement of the filter (i.e., the new span filter probably will have a
different opacity value).
6.5.5 Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Analysis
The opacity of the transceiver optical surface (blank 63) and the opacity
of the retroreflector optical surface (blank 64) are combined to determine the
total dust accumulation on the monitor's exposed optical surfaces. The opacity
of the optical surfaces (blank 65) should be _< 4% opacity. A dust accumulation
value of more than 4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system is
inadequate and/or the cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces is inadequate.
When determining the optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note
whether the stack opacity is fairly stable (within + 1% opacity) before and
after the cleaning of the optical surfaces.
The external zero displayed on the control unit panel meter is an
indication of the dust deposition upon the zero retroreflector and transceiver
measurement window, and thus, the external zero response (blank IQa) , converted
to % opacity, should equal the amount of dust found on the transceiver optics
(blank 63). To convert the panel meter raA response to % opacity, use the
following equation:
Meter response in % opacity = 6.25[(Blank IQa) - (Blank 9)]
If the monitor's internal zero response (blank 9} is within the
recommended range (3.7 mA to 4.3 ma mA), the accuracy of the monitor's external
zero function can be checked through the use of the dust accumulation analysis
results. The external zero is an indication of the dust deposition upon the
zero retroreflector and transceiver measurement window, and thus, the external
zero response (blank 10) should equal the amount of dust found on the
transceiver optics (blank 63).
6.5.6 Calibration Check Calculation
To compare the chart recorder opacity responses to the opacity values of
the neutral density filters, the filter values must be corrected to stack exit
conditions according to the equations on the audit data sheets (i.e., analysis
Step E). The calculations are based on the assumption that the audit device
produced a zero response on the chart recorder (i.e., value found on blank 44
is 0% Op). If this is not the case, the expected monitor responses to the
audit filters (blanks 66^ through 68) must be corrected again to account for
this zero offset as follows:
79
-------
oPadi= [i -a -
J
100 100
where: Op , . = Correct monitor response
Opftr = filter opacity, corrected to stack exit conditions
Op = audit device zero offset (monitor opacity
response to audit device without filter)
Biases in the monitor responses are due to tnisad justment of the zero and
span functions or to calibration of the monitor with neutral density filters
that had not been corrected by the monitor's optical pathlength correlation
factor. If the zero and span are not within the proper range, the calibration
check data will often be biased in the same direction as the zero and span
errors. Even if the zero and span errors are within the proper ranges, the
monitor may still not be electronically aligned (i.e., the monitor should be
adjusted to indicate 0% opacity during clear stack conditions). If the monitor
is calibrated using neutral density filters (usually off-stack) without
applying the optical pathlength correction factor to the filters, the monitor
responses will agree with the audit filters before they have been corrected to
stack exit conditions. If this is the case, the monitor should be recalibrated
according to the annual recalibration procedure.
30
-------
APPENDIX A.
GENERAL TRANSMISSOMETER AUDIT
QUESTIONNAIRE
-------
GENERAL TRANSMISSOMETER AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRE
Date Auditor
PART I.
Plant Information Survey
1. Source Name:
2. Location: St. #
City State Zip_
3. Mailing Address:
4. Plant Contact: Title.
5. Telephone No.: ( )
6. Plant Category:
7. Number of Transmissometers:
Control
Jnit # MW Output Device ^sj Type of Fuel
a.
b.
c .
d.
e .
f. ,
g- .
h.
i.
A-2
-------
b.
3> d-
CO
r. .
f .
h.
i .
Transmissometer Information:
*
Manufacturer Model No. Serial No. Date Installed Date Certified
* If greater than 6 months between installation and certification, determine if any monitor system problems
delayed certification testing.
-------
9. Transmissometer Monitoring Location:
Monitor
Height
Type of
Access
Control Unit
Location
Monitor
Enclosure
b.
c .
d.
>
i
e.
f .
h.
i .
-------
3. Describe the monitor location with respect to stability
and freedom from vibration and expansion problems.
4. Data Recording Information:
a. Data recording equipment
b. Are data recorded instantaneous or 6 nin. avg. _
c. Corrected to stack exit yes no
5. Have simultaneous Method 9 observations and opacity data
been compared, and was there any correlation? yes
no
6. Frequency of zero and span checks hours
A-5
-------
GENERAL TRANSMISSOMETER AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRE
Date Auditor
Source Name . Unit No.
Source ID No. Monitor Type
PART II.
On Site Survey
Note: Bring Copies of Part II equal to number of transmissometers.
Transceiver Serial No. __ _ Retroref lector Serial No.
1. Describe the general location of the transmissometer.
a. Placed upstream _______; or downstream from particulate
control equipment.
b. Distance from nearest bend or flow disturbance:
(1) Downstream ; (2) Upstream
c. Flow disturbances or air leaks observed yes no.
d. If yes, describe
Monitor location:
(1) Stack/duct inside diameter at monitor
(2) No. of stack/duct diameters upstream from last flow
disturbance
(3) No. of stack/duct diameters downstream from last flow
disturbance
2. Describe the accessibility of the monitoring components for
servicing (e.g., height of climb to monitor platform; does
monitor platform have adequate space for servicing monitor;
is the monitor protected from adverse weather, etc.)
A-6
-------
7. Monitor Calibration Procedures:
a. Frequency of source personnel checking monitor
calibration
b. Criteria used to determine when recalibration is
necessary
c. Date of last calibration
d. Frequency of monitor calibration ....
e. Description of calibration procedures (e.g., using
calibration jig and filters, clear stack zero and
span check, off-stack zero and span adjustment, etc.)
f. Is annual clear stack, or clear path zero check
performed? yes no
8. Data and Maintenance Log Review
a. Status of zero checks (latest 30 day period)
Dates covering 30 day period
(1) Internal zero value % Op
(2) Highest zero value recorded % Op; Date
(3) Lowest zero value recorded % Op; Date
(4) Was zero adjustment performed? ; Date
b. Status of span checks (latest 30 day period);
(1) Internal span value % Op
(2) Highest span value recorded % Op; Date
(3) Lowest span value recorded % Op; Date
(4) Was span adjustment performed? ; Date
c Downtime (i.e., any period data was not recorded during
latest 30 day period). State date and length of downtime
A-7
-------
8. (continued)
Repairs and adjustments (i.e., any preventive or un-
scheduled maintenance performed during latest 30 day
period). Check strip charts for indications of
adjustments that are not recorded in logbook. State
date and type of maintenance.
e. Maintenance intervals. Differentiate between time
periods for checking a component and performing main-
tenance. Also state date of latest check and mainte-
nance action.
(1) Air purge system (changing filters):
(a) Check. Date ; Interval
(b) Change. Date ; Interval
(2) Optical surfaces (cleaning):
(a) Check. Date ; Interval
(b) Clean. Date ; Interval
(3) Adjust zero and span
(a) Check. Date ; Interval
(b) Adjust. Date ; Interval
A-8
-------
APPENDIX B.
LEAR SIEGLER RM-41
PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
-------
LEAR SIEGLER, INC. RM41 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
Date Auditor Source ID No.
AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
A. Stack Exit Correlation
1. Stack exit diameter (ft), L
X
2. Transmissometer pathlength (ft) , L
3. Calculated OPLR
4. Preset OPLR
B. Fault Indicator Lamps ON OFF
5. FILTER lamp
6. SHUTTER lamp
7. REF lamp
8. WINDOW lamp
9. OVER RANGE lamp
C. Reference Signal Check
10. Original position of measurement knob
11. Reference signal current (mA)
D. Opacity Measurement Range
12. Original position of opacity range switch
E. Instrument Zero Check
13. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
F. Zero Compensation Check
14. Control panel meter optical density (OD)
5-2
-------
G. Internal Span Check
15. Original position of optical density range switch
16. Control panel meter opacity (%
17. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
18. Control panel meter input current (mA)
19. Control panel meter optical density (OD)
H. Span Filter Check
20. Span filter optical density (OD)
21. Span filter output current (mA)
I. AGC Check
22. Lamp status
23. Image status (centered)
K. Retroreflector VJindox Check
24. Time of cleaning
L. Transceiver Window Check
25. Time at end of waiting period
26. Time of cleaning
M. Install Audit Device
27. Time of zero of audit device
N. Insert Low Range Filter
28. Time at end of waiting period
29. Filter opacity (% Op)
30. Filter serial number
YES NO
J. Alignment Check
B-3
-------
0. Insert Mid Range Filter
31. Time at end of waiting period
32. Filter opacity (% Op)
33. Filter serial number
P. Insert High Range Filter
34. Time at end of waiting period
35. Filter opacity (% Op)
36. Filter serial number
Q. Monitor Response Repeatability
37-48. Time at end of waiting periods:
Low Mid High
TJ38 39
40 41 42
43 44 45
4~647 48
R. Recheck Zero Compensation
49. Control panel meter optical density (OD)
S. RetrieveRetroflector window Check Data
50. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
51. Fina] opacity reading (% Op)
T. Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
52. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
53. Final opacity reading (% Op)
B-4
-------
U. Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
54. Opacity reading (% Op)
V. Retrieve All Calibration Filter Data
55-69. Opacity readings (% op)
Low Mid High
55 56 57~
585960
616263~~
6465 66
676869~~
B-5
-------
AUDIT ANALYSES
A. Stack Exit Correlation Error
70. Error (%):
(Blank 4) - (Blank 3)
(Blank 3)
x 100
x 100 =
B. Control 'Panel Meter Correction Factors
71. Opacity scale factor:
-(Blank 4) (Blank 20)'
^
(Blank 16)
1-10
x 100
x 100 =
72. Input scale factor:
(Blank 21)
(Blank 18)
73. Optical density scale factor:
(Blank 20)
[(Blank 19)/5]
B-6
-------
C. Reference Signal Error
74. Error (%):
[ [(Blank ll)/20] -1 ] x 100
[ [ ( )/20] -1 ] x 100 =
D. Zero Compensation Analysis
75. Zero compensation (OD):
= (Blank 14)
= ( )
76. Post cleaning zero compensation (OD):
= (Blank 49)
= ( ) =
E. Internal Span Error
77a. Error (% Op):
= [(Blank 17)]-[(l-10-(Blank 4)(Blank 20))xl00]
= [ ( )]-[(l-10~( ) ( })x!00]
F. Internal Zero Analysis
77b. Zero opacity reading (% Op) :
(Blank 13)
= ( )
B-7
-------
G. Optical Surface Dust Accumulation
78. Transceiver Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= [(Blank 52)]-[(Blank 53)]
= [( )]-[( )] =
79. Retroreflector Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= [(Blank 50)]-[(Blank 51)]
= [( )]-[( )] =
80. Total Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= [(Blank 78)]+[(Blank 79)]
= [( )] + [( )] =
H. OPLR Corrections on Audit Filters
81. Low range filter (% Op):
= [!-(!-[(Blank 29)/100])2] x 100
= [!-(!-[( )/100])2( }] x 100 =
82. Mid rangefilter (% Op):
= [!-(!-[(Blank 32)/100])2(Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[( )/100])2( }] x 100 =
83. High range filter (% Op):
= [!-(!-[(Blank 35)/100])2(Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[( )/100])2( *] x 100 =
B-8
-------
I. Determine Mean Error for Low Range Audit Filter
84. Test #1 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 55)-(Blank 81)
=()-()=
85. Test #2 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 58)-(Blank 81)
=()-()=
86. Test )f 3 Difference (% Op) :
= (Blank 61)-(Blank 81)
=()-()=
87. Test #4 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 64)-(Blank 81)
=()-()=
88. Test #5 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 67)-(Blank 81)
=()-<)=
89. Mean Error (% Op):
= (Blank 84)+(Blank 85)+(Blank 86)+(Blank 87)+(Blank 88)
B-9
-------
J. Determine Mean Error for Mid Range Audit filter
90. Test #1 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 56)-(Blank 82)
=()-()=
91. Test #2 Difference (% Op) :
= (Blank 59)-(Blank 82)
=()-()=
92. Test #3 Difference (% Op):
= (.Blank 62)-(Blank 82)
=()-()=
93. Test #4 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 65)-(Blank 82)
=()-()=
94. Test #5 Difference (% Op):
= (Blank 68)-(Blank 82)
=()-()=
95. Mean Error (% Op):
= (Blank 90)+(Blank 91)+(Blank 92)+(Blank 93)+(Blank 94)
5
= ( ) + ( )+( ) + ( )+( )
B-10
-------
K. Determine Mean Error for High Range Audit Filter
96. Test #1 Difference(% Op):
= (Blank 57)-(Blank 83)
97. Test #2 Difference (% Op)
= (Blank 60)-(Blank 83)
= ( )-( )
98. Test tt3 DifferenceU Op)
= (Blank 63)-(Blank 83)
= ( )-( )
99. Test #4 Difference (% Op)
= (Blank 66)-(Blank 83)
= ( )-( )
100. Test #5 Difference(% Op)
= (Blank 69)-(Blank 83)
101. Mean Error (% Op):
= (Blank 96)+(Blank 97)+(Blank 98)+(Blank 99)+(Blank 100)
B-ll
-------
L. Low Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
102. zJDifferencesj:
= |(Blank 84)|+|(Blank 85)|+|(Blank 86)|+|(Blank 87)+(Blank 88)|
2
103. z(Differences) :
= (Blank 84)2+(Blank 85)2+(Blank 86)2+(Blank 87) +(Blank 88)
104. Confidence Interval (% °P) :
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 103)]-[(Blank 102)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2])0*5 =
M. Mid rangeAudit Filter Confidence Interval
105. E (Differences) :
= [(Blank 90)|+|(Blank 91)|+|(Blank 92)|+|(Blank 93)|+|(Blank 94)|
l«
2
106. z(Differences) :
= (Blank 90)2+(Blank 91)2+(Blank 92)2+(Blank 93)2+(Blank 94)
107. Confidence Interval(% Op) '
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 106)]-[(Blank 105) ])
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( ) 1)
B-12
-------
N. High Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
108. £ (Differences| :
= |(Blank 96)|+|(Blank 97)|+|(Blank 98)|+|(Blank 99)|+|(Blank 100)|
2
109. £ (Differences) :
*"> O 9
= (Blank 96)2+(Blank 97)2+(Blank 98)2+(Blank 99) +(Blank 100)
= ( )2+( ) +( ) +( ) +( }
110. Confidence Interval(% Op):
]-[(Blank 108)
21X0.5 _
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 109)]-[(Blank 108) ])
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[(
0. Calibration Error
111. Low range error (% Op):
= |(Blank 89)|+(Blank 104)
112. Mid range error (% Op) '
= |(Blank 95)|+(Blank 107)
113. High range error (% Op) :
= |(Blank 101)|+(Blank 110)
B-13
-------
APPENDIX C.
DYNATRON 1100
PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
-------
DYNATRON, INC. 1100 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
Date Auditor Source ID NO.
AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
A. Stack Exit Correlation
1. Stack exit diameter (ft), L
X
2. Transmissometer pathlength (ft), L
3. Calculated pathlength ratio
4. Preset pathlength ratio
B. Fault Indicator Lamps ON ,OFF
5. LAMP
6. WINDOW
7. AIR PURGE
C. Internal Zero and Span Check
8. Automatic calibration timer position
9. Meter display position
10. Zero reading on panel meter (% Op)
11. Span reading on panel meter (% op)
12. Zero reading on chart recorder (% Op)
13. Span reading on chart recorder (% Op)
D. Zero and Span Responses from Operation Manual
14. Zero response (% Op)
15. Span response (% Op)
E. Alignment Check YES . NO
16. Image status (centered)
C-2
-------
F. Transceiver Window Checjc
17. Time of cleaning
G. Retroflector Window Check
18. Time of cleaning
H. Insert Low Range Filter^
19. Time at end of first waiting period
20. Time at end of second waiting period
21. Filter opacity (% Op)
22. Filter serial number
23. Time at end of third waiting period
I. InsertMid Range. Filter
24. Time at end of first waiting period
25. Filter opacity (% Op)
26. Filter serial number
27. Time at end of second waiting period
j. insert High Range Filter
28. Time at end of waiting period
29. Filter opacity (% Op)
30. Filter serial number
-------
K. Monitor Response Repeatability
31-54. Time at end of waiting periods:
Low Mid High
First Second Third First Second First
Period Period Period Period Period Period
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55. Final waiting period
L. Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
56. Initial opacity reading (?< Op)
57. Final opacity reading (% Op)
M. Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
58. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
59. Final opacity reading (% Op)
C-4
-------
N. Retrieve All Calibration Filter Data
60-89. Opacity readings (% Op)
Low Mid High
First
Period
60
Second
Period
61
Third
Period
62
First
Period
63
Second
Period
64
First
Period
65
66 67 68 69 70 71
C-5
72 73 74 75 76 77
78 79 80 81 82 83
84 85 86 87 88 89
90. Final opacity reading (% op)
-------
AUDIT ANALYSES
A. Stack Exit Correlation Error
91. Error (%):
"(Blank 4) - (Blank 3)
(Blank 3)
x 100
x 100 =
B. Control Panel Meter Correction Factor
92. Panel meter factor:
(Blank 15)
(Blank 11)
C. Internal Zero and Span Analysis
93. Zero error (% Op):
= (Blank 12)-(Blank 14)
= ( )-( ) :
94. Span error (% Op):
= (Blank 13)-(Blank 15)
C-6
-------
D. Optical Surface Dust Accumulation
95a. Transceiver Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 56)-(Blank 57)
= ( )-( ) =
95b. Retroreflector Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= (Blank 58)-(Blank 59)
= ( )-( ) =
95c. Total Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 95a)+(Blank 95b)
= ( ) + ( ) =
E. Pathlength Ratio Correction of Audit Slides
96. Low range slide :
= [l-(Blank 21/100)]
= [l-( /100)]2(
97. Mid range slide :
= [l-(Blank 25/100)]2(
= [i-( /100)]2(
98. High range slide :
- [l-(Blank 29/100)]2(Blank
= [l-( /100)]2(
-------
F. Calculation of Expected Response to Low Range Aud i t SlJ.de
99. Test 1 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 60)+(Blank 62)
100.
101.
103.
1-
1-
200
(Blank 96
1-
200
x 100
x 100 =
Test 2 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 66)+(Blank 68)
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 96)
200
x 100
x 100 =
Test 3 expected response (% op)
(Blank 72)+(Blank 74)
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 96)
200
X 100
x 100 =
102. Test
.
1-
expected response (% Op)
(Blank 78)+(Blank 80)
200
(Blank 96)
1-
200
X 100
x 100 =
Test 5 expected response (% op)
(Blank 84)+(Blank 86)
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
200
(Blank 96)
X 100
x 100 =
C-8
-------
G. Determine Mean Error for Low Range Audit Slide
104. Test 1 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 61)-(Blank 99)
= ( )-( ) =
105. Test 2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 67)-(Blank 100)
= ( )-( ) =
106. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 73)-(Blank 101)
= ( )-( ) =
107. Test 4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 79)-(Blank 102)
= ( )-( ) =
108. Test 5 difference(,% Op)
= (Blank 85)-(Blank 103)
109. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 104)+(Blank 105)+(Blank 106)+(Blank 107)+(Blank 108)
)
C-9
-------
H. Calculation of Expected Response toMid Range Audit Slide
110. Test 1 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 64)+(Blank 62)
113.
114.
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 97)
x ll
200
111. Test 2 expected response (% Op)
1-
r,
.
i-
i_
(Blank 70)+(Blank
200
( ) + (
200
68)"
J
j
(Blank
x 100 =
112. Test 3 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 76)+(Blank 74)
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
97)
200
Test 4 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 82)+(Blank 80)
1-
1-
1-
200
97)
200
x 100
x 100 =
Test 5 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 88)+(Blank 86)
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
200
(Blank 97)
x 100
x 100 =
C-10
-------
I. Determine Mean Error for Mid Range Audit Slide
115. Test 1 differenceU Op)
= (Blank 63)-(Blank 110)
= ( )-( ) =
116. Test 2 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 69)-(Blank 111)
= ( )-( ) =
117. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 75)-(Blank 112)
= ( )-( ) =
118. Test 4 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 81)-(Blank 113)
= ( )-( ) =
119. Test 5 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 87)-(Blank 114)
= ( )-( ) =
120. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 115)+(Blank 116)+(Blank 117)+(Blank 118)+(Blank 119)
-------
J . Calculation of Expected Response to High Range Audit Slide
121. Te
3t 1
1-
T
expected response (% Op)
(Blank 64) + (Blank 66)"
T
_L
200
T
JL J-
L 200
122. Test 2 expected response (% Op)
[ (Blank 70) + (Blank 72)"
i t
\
\
123. Te
124. Te
125. Te
1-
st 3
-
1-
st 4
1-
-
st 5
1-
200
i
i
200
expected response (% Op)
(Blank 76)+(Blank 78)~
200
( ) + ( )"
1
200
expected response (% Op)
(Blank 82)+(Blank 84)~
T
1
200
( ) + ( f
-
expected response (% Op)
(Blank 88)+(Blank 90)~
i
200
200
(Blank 98)
( )
(Blank 98)
( )
(Blank 98)
( )
(Blank 98)
( )
(Blank 98)
( )
x 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
X 100
C-12
-------
K. Determine Mean Error for High Range Audit Slide
126. Test 1 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 65)-(Blank 121)
= ( )-( ) =
127. Test 2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 71)-(Blank 122)
= ( )-( ) =
128. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= .(Blank 77)-(Blank 123)
= ( )-( ) =
129. Test 4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 83)-(Blank 124)
= ( )-( ) =
130. Test 5 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 89)-(Blank 125)
= ( )-( ) =
131. Mean error (% °P)
= (Blank 126)+(Blank 127)+(Blank 128)+(Blank 129)+(Blank 130)
C-13
-------
L. Low Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
132. E |Differences | :
= |(Blank 104)|+|(Blank 105)|+|(Blank 106)|+|(Blank 107)|+|(Blank 108)|
133. z(Differences)2:
= (Blank 104)2+(Blank 105)2+(Blank 106)2+(Blank 107)2+(Blank 108)2
134. Confidence Interval(% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 133)]-[(Blank 132)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( ^2^0.5 =
M. Mid Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
135. E (Differences):
= |(Blank 115)|+|(Blank 116)|+|(Blank 117)|+|(Blank 118)|+|(Blank
136. E (Differences) :
= (Blank 115)2+(Blank 116)2+(Blank 117)2+(Blank 118)2+(Blank 119)2
= ( )2+( )2+( )2+( )2+( )2
137. Confidence Interval(% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 136)]-[(Blank 135)2])0-5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2])0'5
C-14
-------
N. High Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
138. ZJDifferences) :
= ((Blank 126)|+|(Blank 127)|+ ((Blank 128)|+|(Blank 129)|+|(Blank 130)|
140. Confidence Interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 139)]-[(Blank 138) ])
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( ) ]) '
0. Calibration Error
141. Low range error (% Op)
= ((Blank 109)|+(Blank 134)
142. Midrange error (% Op)
= ((Blank 120)|+(Blank 137)
143. High range error (% Op)
= ((Blank 131)|+(Blank 140)
2
139. z(Differences) :
= (Blank 126)2+(Blank 127)2+(Blank 128)2+(Blank 129)2+(Blank 130)
-------
APPENDIX D.
CONTRAVES 400
PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
-------
CONTRAVES-GOERZ CORP. 400 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
Date _ Auditor . __ Source ID No.
AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
A. Stack Exit Correlation
1. Stack exit diameter (ft), L
X
2. Transmissometer pathlength (ft) , L.
£
3. Calculated STR
4. Preset STR
C. Instrument Zero Check (Control Unit)
11. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
D. Internal Span Check (Control Unit)
12. Control panel meter opacity (% Op)
13. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
E Span Val ue Check
14. Chopper span opacity (% Op)
B. Fault Indicator Lamps ON
5. CAL FAULT
6. DIRTY WINDOW
7. PURGE AIR
8. STACK POWER
9. LAMP FAILURE
10. ALARM
D-2
-------
F. Zero Check at Transceiver (no Control Unit)
15. Time of check
16. Transceiver meter opacity (% °P)
G. Span Check at Transceiver (no Control Unit)
17. Time of check
18. Transceiver meter opacity (% Op)
YES
H. Alignment Check
19. Image status (centered)
x. Retroreflector Window Check
20. Time of cleaning
j Transceiver Window Check,
21. Time of cleaning
K. Install Audit Device
22. Time at end of waiting period
L. Insert Low Range Filter
23. Time at end of waiting period
24. Filter opacity (% Op)
25. Filter serial number
0-3
-------
M. Insert Mid Range Filter
26. Time at end of waiting period
27. Filter opacity (% Op)
28. Filter serial number
N. Insert High Range Filter
29. Time at end of waiting period
30. Filter opacity (% Op)
31. Filter serial number
0. Monitor Response Repeatability
32-43. Time at end of waiting periods:
Low Mid High
32 33 34
35 36 37
38 39 40
41 42 43
P. Retrieve Internal Zero Response (no Control Unit)
44. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
Q. Retrieve Internal Span Response (no Control Unit)
45. Chart recorder opacity (% Op)
R. Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
46. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
47. Final opacity reading (% op)
D-4
-------
S. Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
48. Initial opacity reading (% °P)
49. Final opacity reading (% Qp)
T. Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
50. Opacity reading (% °P)
U. Retrieve All Calibration Filter Data
51-65. Opacity readings (% Op)
Mid Hi9h
Low
51
57
60
52 53
55 56
"58 59
61
62
65
D-5
-------
AUDIT ANALYSES
A. Stack Exit Correlation Error
66. Error (%) :
"(Blank 4) - (Blank 3)
(Blank 3)
B. Meter Correction Factor
67.
Panel meter factor:
(Blank 14)
(Blank 12)
68.
Transceiver meter factor:
(Blank 14)
(Blank 18)
x 100
x 100 =
C. Internal Span Error
69. Span error with control unit (% Op)
(Blank 13) - (Blank 14)
= ( ) - ( )
D-6
-------
70. Span error without control unit (% Op)
= (Blank 45) - (Blank 14)
= ( ) - ( )
D. Optical Surface Dust Accumulation
Via. Transceiver Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 48) - (Blank 49)
= ( ) - ( )
71b. Retroref lector Dust Accumulation (% Op) :
= (Blank 46) - (Blank 47)
= ( ) - ( )
71c. Total Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 71a) + (Blank 71b)
= ( ) - ( ) =
5. Pathlength Ratio Corrections on Audit Filters
72. Low range filter (% Op) :
= [i-(i-[(Blank 24)/100]) (Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[ ( )/100] ) ( ] ] x 100
73. Mid range filter (% Op):
= [l-(l-[(Blank 27) /100] ) (Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[ ( )/100] ) ( } ] x 100
74. High range filter (% Op):
30)/100]) (Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[( )/100]) x 100
D-7
-------
F. Determine Mean Error for Low Range Audit Filter
75. Test #1 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 51)-(Blank 72)
=()-()=
76. Test #2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 54)-(Blank 72)
=()-()=
77. Test #3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 57)-(Blank 72)
=()-()=
78. Test #4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 60)-(Blank 72)
=()-()=
79. Test #5 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 63)-(Blank 72)
=()-()=
80. Mean error (% op)
= (Blank 75)+(Blank 76)+(Blank 77)+(Blank 78)+(Blank 79)
D-8
-------
Determine Mean Error for Mid Range Audit Filter
81. Test ttl difference (% Op)
= (Blank 52)-(Blank 73)
=()-()=
82. Test |2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 55)-(Blank 73)
=()-()=
83. Test #3 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 58)-(Blank 73)
=()-()=
84. Test #4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 61)-(Blank 73)
=()-()=
85. Test #5 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 64)-(Blank 73)
=()-()=
86. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 81)+(Blank 82)+(Blank 83)+(Blank 84)+(Blank 85)
D-9
-------
H. Determine Mean Error for High Range Audit Filter
81. Test #1 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 53)-(Blank 74)
=()-()=
88. Test #2 difference (% °P)
= (Blank 56)-(Blank 74)
=()-()=
89. Test #3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 59)-(Blank 74)
=()-()=
90. Test #4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 62)-(Blank 74)
=()-()=
91. Test #5 difference (% op)
= (Blank 65)-(Blank 74)
=()-()=
92. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 87)+(Blank 88)+(Blank 89)+(Blank 90)+(Blank 91)
D-10
-------
I. Low Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
93. EJDifferencesj:
= |(Blank 75)|+|(Blank 76)|+|(Blank 77)|+|(Blank 78)|+|(Blank 79)|
2
94. l(Differences) :
= (Blank 75)2+(Blank 76)2+(Blank 77)2+(Blank 78)2+(Blank 79)
95. Confidence interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 94)]-[(Blank 93) ])
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[ ( ) ] ) * =
J. Mid_Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
96. EJDifferences|:
= ((Blank 81)[f|(Blank 82)|+|(Blank 83)|+|(Blank 84)|+|(Blank 85)
2
97. Z(Differences) :
- (Blank 81)2+(Blank 82)2+(Blank 83)2+(Blank 84) +(Blank 85)
98. Confidence interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 97)]-[(Blank 96) ])
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( ) ])
D-n
-------
K. High Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
99. ZJDifferencesj:
= [(Blank 87)|+|(Blank 88 )|+|(Blank 89)|+|(Blank 90)|+(Blank 91)
= ( )|
100. £(Differences) :
= (Blank 87)2+(Blank 88)2+(Blank 89)2+(Blank 90)2+(Blank 91)
101. Confidence interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank IBB)]-[(Blank 99)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x(
2 I.S
L. Calibration Error
102. Low range error (% Op)
= |(Blank 80)|+(Blank 95)
103.
104.
Midrange error (% op)
= |(Blank 86)+(Blank 98)
High range error (% Op)
= |(B]ank 92)|+(Blank 101)
D-12
-------
APPENDIX E.
EDC 1000A
PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CORP. 1000A PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
Date _ . Auditor __ Source ID No.
AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
A. Stack Exit Correlation
1. Stack exit diameter (ft) , LX
2. Transmissometer pathlength (ft) , Lt
3. Calculated pathlength ratio
4. Preset pathlength ratio
B. Internal Zero and Span Check (Control Room)
5. Zero reading on chart recorder (% op)
6. Span reading on chart recorder (% Op)
C. Zejro and Sjpan Responses from Operation Manual
7. Zero response (% Op)
8. Span response (%
D. Internal Zero and Span Check (Transceiver)
9. Time of zero check
10. Time of span check
E. Transceiver Window Check
11. Time of cleaning
F. Retro flee tor Window Check
12. Time of cleaning
E-2
-------
G. Insert Low Range Filter
13. Time at end of first waiting period
14. Time at end of second waiting period
15. Filter opacity (% Op)
16. Filter serial number
17. Time at end of third waiting period
H. Insert Mid Range Filter
18. Time at end of first waiting period
19. Filter opacity (% Op)
20. Filter serial number
21. Time at end of second waiting period
I. Insert High Range Filter
22. Time at end of waiting period
23. Filter opacity (% Op)
24. Filter serial number
E-3
-------
J. Monitor Response Repeatability
25-48. Time at end of waiting periods:
Low Mid High
First Second Third First Second First
Period Period Period Period Period Period
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49. Final waiting period
K. Internal Zero and Span Response Retrieval (Transceiver)
50. Zero response (% Qp)
51. Span response <%
L. Retrieve Transceiver Window Check Data
52. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
53. Final opacity reading (%
M. Retrieve Retroref lector Window Check Data
54. Initial opacity reading (% Qp)
55. Final opacity reading (% Op)
E-4
-------
N. Retrieve All Calibration Filter Data
6-85. Opac
First
Period
56
62
68
74
ity read
Low
Second
Period
57
63
69
75
ings (% Op)
Third
Period
58
64
70
76
First
Period
59
65
71
77
Mid High
Second First
Period Period
60 61
66 67
72 73
78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85
86. Final opacity reading (% op)
E-5
-------
A. Stack Exit Correlation Error
87. Error (%) :
'(Blank 4) - (Blank 3)
(Blank 3)
x 100
x 100 =
B. Internal Zero and Span Analysis (Control Room)
88. Zero error (% Op) :
= (Blank 5)-(Blank 7)
= ( )-( ) =
89. Span error (% Op):
= (Blank 6)-(Blank 8)
= ( )-( ) =
C. Internal Zero and Span Analysis (Transceiver)
90. Zero error (% Op):
= (Blank 50)-(Blank 7)
= ( )-( ) =
91. Span error (% Op):
= (Blank 51)-(Blank 8)
= ( )-( ) =
E-6
-------
D. Optical Surface Dust Accumulation
92a. Transceiver Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 52)-(Blank 53)
= ( )-( ) =
92b. Retroreflector Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= (Blank 54)-(Blank 55)
= ( )-( ) =
92c. Total Dust Accumulation (% Op):
= (Blank 92a)-(Blank 92b)
= ( )-( ) =
E. Pathlength Ratio Correction on Audit Slides
93. Low range slide :
= [l-(Blank 15/100)]2(Blank 4)
= [l-( /100)]2( } =
94. Mid range slide :
= [l-(Blank 19/100)]2(Blank 4)
= [l-( /100)]2( ) =
95. High range slide :
- [l-(Blank 23/100)]2(
= [l-( /100)]2(
E-7
-------
F. C a 1c u1 a tion of Expected Response to Low Pange Audit Slide
96. Test 1 expected response (% op)
1-
1-
r
i- i i-
Blank 56)+(Elank 58;
200
200
I
(Blank 9!
x 100
x 100 =
97. Test 2 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 62)+(Blank 64)
1-
i-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 93)
x 100
X 100 =
98. Test 3 expected response (% op)
(Blank 68)+(Blank 70)'
200
(Blank 93)
x 100
1-
200
99.
Test 4 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 74)+(Blank 76;
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 93)
200
X 100
x 100 =
100. Test 5 expected response (% Op)
r
-fi-
1-
1-
[Blank 80) + (Elank 82)'
200
200
Blank 93)
X 100
x 100 =
E-8
-------
G. Determine Mean Error for Low Range Audit Slide
101. Test I difference (% Op)
= (Blank 57)-(Blank 96)
= ( )-( ) =
102. Test 2 difference (% Qp)
= (Blank 63)-(Blank 97)
= ( )-( ) =
103. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 69)-(Blank 98)
= ( )-( ) =
104. Test 4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 75)-(Blank 99)
= ( )-( ) =
105. Test 5 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 81)-(Blank 100)
= ( )-( ) =
106. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 101)+(Blank 102)+(Blank 103)+(Blank 104)+(Blank 105)
E-9
-------
H. Calculation of Expected Response to Mid Range Audit Slide
107. Test 1 expected response (% Op)
[ T (Blank 58)+(Blank 60)'
1 ' ""
"I
108. Tes
109. Tes
110. Te
111. Te
200
1 _
r ( )+( )"
1
L 200
;t 2 expected response (% Op)
f (Blank 64) + (Blank 66)"
1
L 200
- r ( )+( n
ill
i " 1 1 -
200 j
st 3 expected response (% Op)
f T (Blank 70)+(Blank 72)"
i IT
L L 200
r r ( ) + ( )"
11
i
L 200
st 4 expected response (% Op)
|~ f (Blank 76) + (Blank 78)"
11
L 200
r ( )+( f
i
L 200
st 5 expected response (% Op)
r P (Blank 82)+(Blank 84)'
- 1
: L 200
b_ U- _
r ( >+( r
1 1
1 200
-]
(Blank 94)
r
)
L
r- ~
i (Blank 94)
( )
(Blank 94)
( )
(Blank 94)
( )
(Blank 94)
r«
!
r
X 100
Y 1 ft ft ~~
x 100
x 1 00 -
x 100
v 1 0101
X 100
v 1 010!
X 100
x 100
E-10
-------
I. Determine Mean Error forMid Range Audit Slide
112. Test 1 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 59)-(Blank 107)
= ( )-( ) =
113. Test 2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 65)-(Blank 108)
= ( )-( ) =
114. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 71)-(Blank 109)
= ( )-( ) =
115. Test 4 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 77)-(Blank 110)
- ( )-( ) =
116. Test 5 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 83)-(Blank 111)
117. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank n2)+(Blank l!3)+(Blank 114)+(Blank 115)+(Blank 116)
5
E-ll
-------
j. Calculation of Expected Response to High Range Audit Slide
118. Test 1 expected response (% Qp)
(Blank 60) + (Blank 62)"
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
) + (
(Blank 95)
200
x 100
x 100 =
119. Test 2 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 66) + (Blank 68)"
1-
1-
1-
1-
200
(Blank 95)
200
x 100
x 100 =
120. Test 3 expected response (% °P)
(Blank 72) + (Blank 74)"
200
1-
1-
(Blank 95)
1-
200
x 100
x 100 -
121
Test 4 expected response (%
(Blank 78) + (Blank 80)'
1-
1-
200
(Blank 95)
1- 1- ~
200
x 100
x 100 =
122
Test 5 expected response (% Op)
(Blank 84)+(Blank 86)"
1-
1-
1-
200
200
(Blank 95)
x 100
x 100 =
E-12
-------
K. Determine Mean Error for High Range Audit Slide
123. Test 1 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 61)-(Blank 118)
= ( )-( ) =
124. Test 2 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 67)-(Blank 119)
- ( )-( ) =
125. Test 3 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 73)-(Blank 120)
= ( )-( ) =
126. Test 4 difference(% Op)
= (Blank 79)-(Blank 121)
= ( )-( ) =
127. Test 5 difference (% Op)
= (Blank 85)-(Blank 122)
= ( )-( ) =
128. Mean error (% Op)
= (Blank 123)+(Blank 124)+(Blank 125)+(Blank 126)+(Blank 127)
E-13
-------
L. Low Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
129. E Differences I :
= |(Blank 101)|+|(Blank 102)|+|(Blank 103)|+|(Blank 104 )|+|(Blank 105)|
2
130. £ (Differences) :
= (Blank 101)2+(Blank 102)2+(Blank 103)2+(Blank 104)2+(Blank 105)2
131. Confidence Interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 130)]-[(Blank 129)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2])0'5 =
M. Mid Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
132. £ |Differencesj:
= [(Blank 112)|+[(Blank 113)|+|(Blank 114)|+|(Blank 115)|+|(Blank 116)
2
133. £ (Differences) :
= (Blank 112)2+(Blank 113)2+(Blank 114)2+(Blank 115)2+(Blank 116)'
134. Confidence Interval (% Op)
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 133)]-[(Blank 132)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2])0'5 =
E-14
-------
N. High Range Audit Slide Confidence Interval
135. E JDifferences j:
= ((Blank 123)|+|(Blank 124)|+|(Blank 125)|+|(Blank 126)|+
(Blank 127)
2
136. £ (Differences) :
- (Blank 123)2+(Blank 124)2+(Blank 125)2+(Blank 126) 2-f (Blank 127)2
137. Confidence Interval (% Op)
2 05
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 136)]-[(Blank 135) ])
.2,.0.5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( ) J)
0. Calibration Error
138. Low range error (% Op)
= |(Blank 106)|+(Blank 131)
- |t >H >
139. Mid range error (% Op)
= ((Blank 117)|+(Blank 134)
= |( )|+( }
140. High range error (% Op)
= ((Blank 128)|+(Blank 137)
E-15
-------
APPENDIX F.
THERMO ELECTRON D-R280 PERFORMANCE
DATA SHEETS
-------
THERMO ELECTRON CORP. D-R280 AV PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA SHEETS
Date Auditor Source ID No._
AUDIT DATA RETRIEVAL
A. Stack Exit Correlation
1. Stack exit diameter (ft), L
X
2. Transmissometer pathlength (ft), L.
3. Calculated pathlength ratio
4. Preset pathlength ratio
B. Fault Indicator Lamps
5. BLOWER FAILURE
6. FILTER BLOCK
7. WINDOW
C. Instrument Zero And Span Checks
8. Opacity range switch initial position
9. Internal zero reading on control panel (mA)
10a. External zero reading on control panel (mA)
lOb. External zero reading on chart recorder (% Op)
11. Control panel meter span value (mA)
12. Chart recorder span value (% Op)
D. Span Value Check
13. Span filter current value (mA)
14. Span filter opacity value (% Op)
F-2
-------
E. Alignment Check
15. Images centered (on either side of "x")
F. Retroreflector Window Check
16. Time of cleaning
G. Transceiver Window Check
17. Time of cleaning
H. Install Audit Device
18. Time at end of waiting period
I. Insert Low Range Filter
19. Time at end of waiting period
20. Filter opacity (% Op)
21. Filter serial number
J. InsertMid Range Filter
22. Time at end of waiting period
23. Filter opacity (% Op)
24. Filter serial number
K. Insert High Range Filter
25. Time at end of waiting period
26. Filter opacity (% Op)
27. Filter serial number
F-3
-------
L. Monitor Response Repeatability
28-39. Time at end of waiting periods:
Low Mid High
28 29 30
31 32 33
34 35 36
37 ' 38 39
M. Retrieve Retroreflector Window Check Data
40. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
41. Final opacity reading (% Op)
N. Retrieve Transceiver Vvindow Check Data
42. Initial opacity reading (% Op)
43. Final opacity reading (% Op)
0. Retrieve Audit Device Installation Data
44. Opacity reading (% Op)
F-4
-------
p. Retrieve All Calibration Filter Data
45-59. Opacity readings (% Op):
Low Mid High
45 46 47
48 49 50
51 52 53
54 55 56
57 58 59
F-5
-------
AUDIT ANALYSES
A. Stack Exit Correlation Error
60. Error (%):
(Blank 4) - (Blank 3)
(Blank 3)
x 100
x 100 =
B. Meter Correction Factor
61.
Panel meter factor:
(Blank 13)
(Blank 11)
C. Internal Span Error
62. Span error (% Op)
= (Blank 12) - (Blank 14)
= ( ) - ( ) =
D. Optical Surface Dust Accumulation
63. Transceiver Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= (Blank 42) - (Blank 43)
= ( ) - ( ) =
F-6
-------
64. Retroreflector Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= (Blank 40) - (Blank 41)
= ( ) - ( ) =
65. Total Dust Accumulation (% Op)
= (Blank 63) - (Blank 64)
= ( ) - ( ) =
E. Pathlength Ratio Corrections on Audit Filters
66. Low range filter (% Op):
= [l-(l-[(Blank 20J/100])(Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[( )/100])( ^ x 100
67. Mid range filter (% Op):
= [l-(l-[(Blank 23)/100])(Blank 4)] x 100
= [!-(!-[( J/100])( h x 100
68. High range filter (% Op):
26)/100])(Blank 4)] x 100
100( ^ x 100
F-7
-------
Determine Kean irror for Low Kctnye Audit I liter
69. Test #1 aifference (% Op):
= (Blank 45)-(Blank 66)
=()-()=
70. Test #2 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 4S)-(blank 66)
=()-()=
71. Test #3 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 51)-(Blank 66)
=()-()=
72. Test #4 difference (% Op) :
= (blank 54)-(blank 66)
=()-()=
73. Test #5 difference (% Op):
= (blank 57)-(blank 66)
=()-()=
74. Mean error (% Op):
= (Blank G9)+(Blank 70)+(Blank 71)+(blank 72)+(Blank 73)
F-8
-------
G. Determine Mean Error for Mid RangeAudit Filter
75. Test #1 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 46)-(Blank 67)
=()-()=
76. Test #2 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 49)-(Blank 67)
=()-()=
77. Test #3 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 52)-(Blank 67)
=()-()=
78. Test #4 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 55)-(Blank 67)
=()-()=
79. Test #5 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 58)-(Blank 67)
=()-()=
80. Mean error (% Op):
= (Blank 75)+(Blank 76)+(Blank 77)+(Blank 78)+(Blank 79)
F-9
-------
H. Determine mean Error for High Range Audit Filter
81. Test #1 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 47)-(Blank 68)
=()-()=
82. Test #2 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 50)-(Blank 68)
=()-()=
83. Test #3 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 53)-(blank 68)
=()-()=
84. Test #4 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 56)-(blank 68)
=()-()=
85. Test #5 difference (% Op):
= (Blank 59)-(Blank 68)
=()-()=
86. Mean error (% Op):
= (Blank 81)+(Blank 82)+(Blank 83)+(Blank 84)+(BlanK 85)
5
= ( )+( )+( )+( )+( )
F-10
-------
I. Low Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
87. xJDifferencesj :
= ((Blank 69)|+|(blank 70)|+|(Blank 71)j+|(Blank 72)|+|(Blank 73)|
2
88. E(Diff erences) :
= (Blank 69)2+(Blank 70)2+(blanK 71)2+(blank 72)2+(blank 73)
89. Confidence interval (% Op):
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 88)]-[(Blank 87)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2J)0'5
j. Mid Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
90. Z JDifferences) :
= ((Blank 75)|+|(Blank 76)|+|(Blank 77)|+|(Blank 78)|+|(Blank 79)|
2
91. Z(Differences) :
= (Blank 75)2+(Blank 76)2+(Blank 77)2+(blank 78)2+(Blank 79)
92. Confidence interval (% Op):
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 91)J-[(Blank 90)2])0'5
- 0.2776 x ([5x( )]-[( )2])B'5
F-ll
-------
K. High Range Audit Filter Confidence Interval
93. £ |D!fferences| :
= |(blanK 81)|+|(blank y2)|+|(Blank 83)|+|(blank 84)|+|(Blank 85)|
o
94. x (Differences) :
= (blank 81)2+(blank 82)2+(blank 83)2+(Blank 84)2+(Blank 85)2
22222
95. Confidence interval (% Op):
= 0.2776 x ([5x(Blank 94)]-[(Blank 93)2])0'5
= 0.2776 x ( [5x( )]-[ ( )2])0"5
L. Calibration Error
96. Low range error (% Op):
= ((Blank 74)|+(Blank 89)
97. Mid range error (% Op):
= ((Blank 80)|+(Blank 92 ^
98. High range error (% Op):
= ((Blank 8o)|+(Blank 95)
F-12
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-340/1-83/010
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Performance Audit Procedures for Opacity Monitors
5. REPORT DATE
January 1983
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Entropy Environmentalists, Tnc,
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
P.O. Box 12291
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-6317
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
OAQPS
Stationary Source Compliance Division
Waterside Mall, 401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL - IN-HOUSE
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Field performance audit procedures were developed for five common opacity
monitoring systems: (1) Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) Model RM41, (2) Dynatron,
Inc. Model 1100, (3) Contraves Goerz Corporation Model 400, (4) Environ-
mental Data Corporation (EDC) Model 1000A, and Thermo Electron Corporation
Model D-R280 AV. These procedures were designed to enable audits to be per-
formed by a single, relatively inexperienced technician. The results of the
audit establish the overall quality of the reported opacity monitoring data
and detect deficiencies within the source's operation and maintenance program
which affect the accuracy and availability of the monitoring systems.
This document contains monitor-specific audit procedures and data recovery
calculation worksheets for use in conducting performance audits of installed
opacity monitoring systems.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Monitoring
Opacity Monitoring
Systems
Audit Procedures
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Report)
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
174
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
F-13
-------
t09C9
}??.', S u.ica:3?Q i|;nc3 072
^.ipjqn 'A iic:r?a
-------
United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Environmental Protection Stationary Source Compliance Division
Agency Washington, D.C 20460
Official Business Publication No EPA-340/1-83-010 Pr,ctano anH
Penalty for Private Use Fe°fs PL
Environmental
Protection
Agency
EPA 335
If your address is incorrect, please change on the above label,
tear off, and return to the above address
If you do not desire to continue receiving this technical report
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