United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Municipal
Pollution Control (WH-546)
Washington DC 20460
February 1987
EPA 430/9-87-001
1986 Needs Survey
Report to Congress
Assessment of Needed/Publicly
Owned Wastewater Treatment
Facilities in the United/States
"?7"*5*.JS_
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Document is available for sale to the public through:
Dr. Howe, U.S. EPA Instruction Resource Center,
1200 Chambers Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212
National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal, Springfield, Virginia 22151
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** \
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D.C 20460
101987
THE ADMINISTRATOR
Honorable George Bush
President of the Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Mr. President:
Enclosed is the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) report on the
"1986 Assessment of Needed Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities in
the United States," commonly known as the 1986 Needs Survey. This report is
required by Sections 205(a) and 516(b)(l) of the Clean Water Act.
The 1986 Needs Survey, a joint effort by the States and EPA, assesses
the capital investment required to build or improve needed municipal
wastewater treatment facilities. It also includes a discussion of the needs
necessary to bring facilities into compliance with their final permit
limits. As in previous Needs Surveys, EPA estimates are limited to
facilities that are eligible for construction grant funds, including
categories eligible through the governor's discretionary authority, under
Section 201(g)(l) of the Clean Water Act.
In preparing the 1986 Needs Survey, we concentrated on improving the
quality of cost estimates and establishing a consistent basis for including
facilities in the Survey. Only facilities with acceptable documentation of
water quality or public health problems are included in EPA estimates. We
have encouraged all States to submit separate estimates where they believe
additional needs exist that could not satisfy the water quality/public
health based documentation criteria. Twelve States submitted separate
estimates which are presented in the report. We placed special emphasis on
the cost estimates for facilities with the largest need to ensure that they
are based on the most recent data available. I believe these efforts have
substantially improved the quality of the Survey.
I would be pleased to further discuss the results of this Survey at your
convenience.
Lee M. Thomas
Enclosure
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\
I UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
\. .,.
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1986 Needs Survey
Report to Congress
Assessment of Needed Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Facilities in the United States
U.S. Envfronmental Protection Agency
R^fpon V, Library
230 South Dearborri Street "
Chlcago, Illinois 606Q4 '^1^
February 10, 1987
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Municipal Pollution Control (WH-595)
Washington, D.C. 20460
Tele. (202) 382-7251
Prepared Under Contract Number 68-01-6830
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E&Ironmentaf Protection Agerrcy
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Acknowledgements
Many individuals have been involved in the Needs Survey effort. It is virtually
impossible to acknowledge all of them and their many contributions. However,
the following people at the EPA Regions, States, and Territories are gratefully
acknowledged for their active support, cooperation, and continuing interest in
the Needs Survey.
Rosalie Minor - Region VII
Keith Bridson, IA
Ralph Turkic, IA
Michael Tate, KS
Doug Garrett, MO
Susan Hoppel, NE
Paula Cifka - Region VIII
Bill McKee, CO
Diane C. Davison, MT
Rod Beck, ND
Terry Keller, SD
Ronald Roberts, UT
Jerry Placzek, WY
Mike Blum/
Diane Grosser - Region IX
Ron Frey, AZ
Herb Deardorff, CA
Dennis Tulang, HI
James B. Williams, NV
Meiling Odom, CNMI
Danny Collier,
American Samoa/TTPI
Doris Betuel, Guam
Bryan Yim/
Kathy Veit - Region X
Dick Marcum, AK
Alan Stanford, ID
Maggie Conley, OR
Carrie Berry, WA
Nancy Thompson, WA
Thanks also for their fine work to Pete Ciotoli, Joe Spollen, Ron Ragan, Bob
Caprara, Mary Anne DeHaven, and the rest of the staff at Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
contractor for the 1986 Needs Survey.
Finally, special thanks to Charlie Bishop, Jim Leinicke, and Bryan Yim who
have made enormous contributions to many past Surveys but have now gone on
to contribute their hard work, insights, and dedication to other pursuits.
Paul Cutler/
Charles Bishop - Region 1
Dennis Greci, CT
Dennis Purington, ME
Tom Seigle, NH
Albert P. Marcello, RI
Edward Leonard, VT
Brian Jeans, MA
Dan Vito, MA
Fred Schauffler, NEIWPC
Ray Kvalheim - Region II
Joseph Potena, NJ
Chet Feehan, NJ
Mark Burdyl, NY
Francine Lang, VI
Tomas Rivera, PR
Ava Hernandaz, PR
Thomas O. Maher - Region III
Roy F. Parikh, DE
Mohsin Siddique, DC
Judy Marsh, MD
Brij M. Garg, PA
Carrie L. Chumney, VA
Kent Ware, VA
Rosalie Ortega, WV
Dorothy Rayfield - Region IV
William L. Hornsby, AL
Gerald Herting, FL
Ken Jordan, GA
Jon Roper, KY
Lee Hamblin, KY
Jon Huey, MS
Daniel Blaisdell, NC
Webster Lineback, SC
James M. Poff, TN
Edwin C. Horn, Jr./
Susan George - Region V
James R. Leinicke, IL
Paul J. Serguta, IN
Janice Tompkins, MI
John E. Hensel, MN
Anne Jackson, MN
Orville Ball, OH
Dick Kalnicky, WI
Gene Wossum/
Le Young - Region VI
Larry Wilson, AR
Michael Vince, LA
Cordelia Snow, NM
Glen Jones, OK
Bill Allen, TX
ill
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Page
Introduction 3
What is the Needs Survey? 3
The 1986 Needs Survey 5
What Were the Major Objectives? 5
What Is a "Need?" 6
What Are the Needs? 8
How Are the Needs Distributed? 10
How Were the Needs Documented? 11
What Are the Separate State Estimates? 14
How Have the Needs Changed? 16
What Is the Potential Impact of the Redefinition of 18
Secondary Treatment?
What Are the Needs for Phased/Segmented Facilities? 19
What Are the Needs Required to Achieve and Maintain 20
Compliance With Final Permit Limits?
Glossary of Terms 23
Appendices 31
A Current, Maximum Eligible, and Design Year Needs (by State) A-l
B Summary of 1984 Needs (by State) B-l
C Summary of Current and Future Treatment Plants and Collection C-l
Systems Information
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List of Tables
Table Page
1 Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities 9
2 List of Acceptable Documentation for the 1986 Needs Survey 11
3 Documentation Status of Facilities in 1984 Needs Survey 12
4 Separate State Estimates - Current Needs 14
5 Separate State Estimates - Design Year Needs 15
6 Comparison of Total Needs - 1982 Through 1986 Needs Surveys 16
7 Comparison of Total 1984 and 1986 Needs for Documented 17
Facilities
8 Potential Capital Cost Savings from Redefinition of Secondary 18
Treatment
9 Total Category I, II, IIIA, and IVB Needs for Phased/Segmented 19
Facilities
VI
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List of Figures
Figure Page
1 Current, Maximum Eligible, and Design Year Needs for Publicly 8
Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities
2 Design Year Needs by State for Categories I-V 10
3 Maximum Eligible Needs by State for Categories I, II, IIIA, 10
andlVB
4 Per Capita Distribution of Maximum Eligible Needs by State 10
5 Type of Documentation Used to Include Facilities in the 1986 13
Survey that were Previously Undocumented
6 1986 Needs Survey Facility Documentation 13
7 Type of Documentation Used to Support Cost Estimates in the 13
1986 Needs Survey
8 Changes in Total Needs Between the 1984 and 1986
Needs Surveys 16
9 Comparison of 1982 Through 1986 Needs Surveys 17
10 Current Eligible Needs of Noncompliant POTWS by 20
Needs Category
11 Current Eligible Needs of Noncompliant POTWS by 21
Facility Size
12 Noncompliant POTWS by Existing Level of Treatment 21
vn
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If I"1"11,
1"
Executive
Summary
The 1986 Needs Survey, a joint effort
between the States and EPA, was
conducted to meet the requirements of
Sections 205(a) and 516(b)(l) of the
Clean Water Act.
The report provides the EPA's
detailed estimate of the capital costs
needed (i.e., "needs") to build
publicly owned municipal wastewater
treatment facilities to comply with the
Clean Water Act.
The reliability and consistency of the
Needs Survey data have been
significantly improved in 1986. The
EPA's needs estimates are now limited
to those facilities for which a water
quality or public health problem could
be documented in accordance with
specific established criteria. The actual
cost estimates were also updated.
States submitted separate estimates
for needs they believed to be authentic
but did not meet the established
documentation criteria.
The needs for documented facilities
are:
• $76.2 billion to satisfy all categories
of need for the design year (2005)
population.
• $60.3 billion to satisfy all categories
of need for the current (1986)
population.
• $36.2 billion to meet the needs in
Categories I, II, IIIA, and IVB
potentially eligible for grant
assistance under the Clean Water
Act reserve capacity restriction.
The Total Design Year Needs for the
Nation fell by $36.0 billion from 1984
to 1986. This one-third reduction was
due to a variety of factors, the most
significant being the elimination of
needs for which the established
documentation criteria were not
satisfied. Changes in planning and
design and reduction of needs through
grant awards also accounted for the
significant decrease in needs.
The 1986 Needs Survey identified
10,131 facilities with documented
water quality or public health
problems, including 315 facilities with
combined sewer overflow needs.
The Needs Survey shows that there
are 15,438 operating treatment plants
in 1986, and that a total of 16,980
should be in operation when the needs
are met for all documented facilities.
The existing plants serve a population
of 172 million, which represents 73
percent of the Nation's population.
When the needs are met for all
documented facilities, the population
served will increase to 244 million or
87 percent of the Nation.
There are currently 13,280 facilities
with secondary or advanced levels of
treatment (up 4 percent from 1984),
2,112 facilities with less than
secondary treatment (down 19 percent
from 1984), and 149 facilities with raw
discharges (down 26 percent from
1984).
Current Category I, II, IIIA, and
IVB Needs for facilities presently out
of compliance with final permit limits
are estimated at $15.5 billion. These
needs, together with needs to maintain
compliance at other operating
treatment plants, represent almost
three-fourths of the Current Category
I, II, IIIA, and IVB Needs.
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Introduction
What is the Needs Survey?
This report summarizes the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA)
1986 assessment of the cost of
constructing all needed publicly
owned wastewater treatment works
necessary to meet the goals of the
Clean Water Act. This biennial report
is required by Sections 205(a) and
516(b)(l) of the Clean Water Act. The
1986 Needs Survey, a joint effort of
the States and the EPA, is the eighth
needs survey since enactment of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
Cost estimates presented in previous
surveys have served as a basis for
Congressional allotment of funds
appropriated for the construction
grants program in accordance with the
provisions of the Clean Water Act.
The Needs Survey is also used
extensively to assist the Federal
Government and the States in
program planning, policy evaluation,
and management. Private firms,
public interest groups, and trade
associations use Needs Survey
information in marketing, cost
estimating, and policy formulation.
The Needs Survey data base contains
detailed cost and technical information
on approximately 24,000 wastewater
facilities nationwide, including
facilities with unmet needs and those
for which needs have already been
met. The primary emphasis of this
report is to summarize the cost
information. Detailed summaries of
the technical data can be found in the
Addendum to the Needs Survey
which is published separately.
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The 1986
Needs Survey
What Were the
Major Objectives?
The major objectives of the 1986
Needs Survey were to establish a
consistent basis for determining if a
facility belonged in the Survey and to
improve the accuracy of the cost
estimates. These objectives were
accomplished by establishing specific
documentation criteria that were used
to evaluate the existence of a facility's
water quality or public health
problem and the cost of the
proposed solution.
Problem Documentation
The process of moving toward a more
fully documented and consistent
Needs Survey began with the 1984
Needs Survey. To account for the
wide range in the quality of
documentation used to support the
estimates, the 1984 Survey separated
the needs into those that were based
on facilities planning or design
estimates and those that were based on
construction cost curves (where
detailed planning was not available).
For the 1986 Survey, the EPA and
representatives of State water
pollution control programs established
criteria that could be used to
consistently document a water quality
or public health problem of a facility.
These criteria consisted of a list of 17
specific items (e.g., a facilities plan,
sanitary survey, grant application, or
compliance information). The State
then supplied documentation in
accordance with this list for every
facility that was not based on a
facilities plan or design estimate.
Needs that could not be documented
were deleted from the Survey.
Cost Documentation
The EPA also required specific
documentation to improve the cost
estimates and actively sought to obtain
updated cost estimates for facilities
with high dollar needs. Some facilities
had problems that could be
documented, but cost estimates that
could not. For these facilities, we used
nationally developed cost curves to
calculate the cost estimates.
The end result of this problem and
cost documentation effort was to
reduce the wide range in the quality of
documentation in Needs Survey
estimates. Needs presented in the
1986 Survey are for facilities that have
a documented water quality or public
health problem in accordance with
specific criteria.
A more detailed discussion of the
documentation process is presented in
the section entitled "How Were the
Needs Documented?" later in this
report.
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What Is a "Need?'
A "need" is a cost estimate for
building a publicly owned wastewater
treatment facility that may be eligible
for Federal financial assistance under
the Clean Water Act (1981 Amend-
ments). Needs are estimated for
facilities used in the conveyance,
storage, treatment, recycling, and
reclamation of municipal wastewater.
Estimates are included for all types of
required changes to wastewater
facilities, such as the construction of
entirely new facilities, and enlarging,
upgrading, abandoning, and replacing
existing facilities. Existing facilities are
considered for replacement when they
have reached the end of their design
life and are no longer able to operate
satisfactorily. Other types of changes
to existing facilities are projected as a
response to the statutory requirements
of the Clean Water Act.
Needs estimates do not include costs
for operation and maintenance. They
also do not include needs that are
ineligible for Federal assistance under
Title II of the Clean Water Act (1981
Amendments), such as house
connections to sewers and certain land
acquisition costs not part of a
treatment process.
The Needs Survey estimates are
collected and reported in two ways.
The first is by type of wastewater
treatment project; the second is by
timeframe.
Type of
Wastewater Treatment Project
The types of wastewater treatment
projects for which needs estimates are
presented are:
• Category I—Secondary Treatment
• Category II—Advanced Treatment
• Category IIIA— Infiltration/
Inflow Correction
• Category IIIB—Replacement/
Rehabilitation of
Sewers
• Category IVA—New Collector
Sewers
• Category IVB—New Interceptor
Sewers
• Category V—Combined Sewer
Overflows
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Typically, costs for Categories IIIB
(replacement/rehabilitation of sewers),
IVA (new collector sewers), and V
(combined sewer overflows) are
ineligible for Federal financial
assistance. However, costs for these
categories are included because the
Clean Water Act provides a governor
with discretionary funding authority
to use up to 20 percent of a State's
construction grants allotment in any
fiscal year for these project categories.
Since there is no way of knowing
which facilities will be funded, or how
much of the 20-percent discretionary
funding authority will be used in any
State, the entire need is reported in
the Survey. More detailed
explanations of each category can be
found in the Glossary of Terms.
Timeframe
The EPA's assessment of the capital
investment necessary to address
municipal wastewater treatment needs
was developed for three points in
time:
1. Current Needs - needs for
documented facilities to satisfy the
current population on January 1,
1986.
2. Maximum Eligible Needs - the
portion of the Design Year Needs
eligible for Federal financial
assistance in accordance with the
Section 204(a)(5) reserve capacity
limitations of the Clean Water
Act.1
3. Design Year Needs - total needs
for documented facilities to satisfy
the design year population (2005).
'Section 204(a)(5) of the Clean Water Act states that, beginning October 1, 1984, no grant shall be made to construct that portion of a treatment works providing
reserve capacity in excess of needs existing on the date of approval of a grant. Further, grants awarded after September 30, 1990 must be limited to needs existing on
September 30, 1990. In cases where a grant applicant proposes to provide reserve capacity greater than that eligible for Federal financial assistance, the incremental
costs of the additional reserve capacity shall be paid by the applicant.
However, there are exceptions to this limitation. The grandfathering provisions are:
a. If the EPA awarded a grant for a Step 3 interceptor segment before December 29, 1981, grants for the remaining interceptor segments included in the facilities
plan may include the full planned reserve capacity for up to 40 years.
b. For primary, secondary, or advanced treatment facilities and associated interceptors included in a facilities plan approved before October 1, 1984 and with grants
for Step 3 segments awarded before October 1, 1984, any remaining segments may include a 20-year reserve capacity.
To approximate the impact of the reserve capacity limitations of the 1981 Clean Water Act Amendments, EPA reduced the Total Design Year Needs submitted by
the States because these estimates contained no restrictions on reserve capacity. EPA limited the size of each facility not affected by the grandfathering provisions of
the Clean Water Act to its projected 1990 capacity.
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What Are the Needs?
The EPA's estimates of the capital
investment necessary to address the
Nation's municipal wastewater
treatment needs are presented in
Table 1. An estimated $76.2 billion is
required to satisfy the total needs of
facilities with documented current
water quality or public health
problems. Of this amount, $60.3
billion is needed to satisfy the
population in existence on January 1,
1986 within the service area of these
facilities. The $15.9-billion difference
represents needs to serve growth
within these service areas between
1986 and 2005 (the design year
population).
If only Categories I, II, IIIA, and
IVB are considered, the Design Year
Needs are reduced to $45.2 billion and
the corresponding needs for the
current population drop to $33.1
billion. These categories include
secondary and advanced treatment,
infiltration/inflow correction, and new
interceptor sewers.
In addition to the Design Year and
Current Needs projections, estimates
were also developed for Maximum
Eligible Needs. These are the needs
which could be eligible for
construction grants funding under the
reserve capacity limitations of the
Clean Water Act. The Maximum
Eligible Needs for Categories I
through V are $67.2 billion. For
Categories I, II, IIIA, and IVB, the
Maximum Eligible Needs are $36.2
billion. The relationship of Design
Year Needs to both Current and
Maximum Eligible Needs is shown in
Figure 1.
FIGURE 1
Current, Maximum Eligible, and Design
Year Needs for Publicly Owned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
| Categories I, II, IIIA, & IVB
| Categories IIIB, IVA, & V
Type of Need
Current
Maximum
Eligible
Design Year
January 1986 Dollars in Billions
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Table 1
Needs For Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities
(January 1986 dollars in billions)
Needs Category
I Secondary Treatment
II Advanced Treatment
IMA Infiltration/Inflow
NIB Replacement/Rehabilitation5
IVA New Collector Sewers5
IVB New Interceptor Sewers
V Combined Sewer Overflows5
CATEGORIES I - V
TREATMENT CATEGORIES I & II
CATEGORIES I, II, IIIA, & IVB
Current
1986
Needs1
$17.8
3.3
2.6
3.0
9.0
9.4
15.2
60.3
21.1
33.1
Maximum
Eligible
Needs2
$20.1«
3.6"
2.6
3.0
12.8
9.94
15.2
67.24
23.74
36.24
Design
Year
Needs3
$23.9
4.3
2.6
3.0
12.8
14.4
15.2
76.2
28.2
45.2
1 Current Needs - needs for documented facilities to satisfy the current population on January 1, 1986.
2Maximum Eligible Needs - the portion of the Design Year Needs eligible for Federal financial assistance
in accordance with the Section 204(a)(5) reserve capacity limitations of the Clean Water Act.
3Design Year Needs - total needs for documented facilities to satisfy the design year population (2005).
4Needs estimates limited by Section 204(a)(5) reserve capacity limitations.
5For these categories, a governor may not use more than 20 percent of a State's allotment in any fiscal year
except for combined sewer overflows (CSOs) funded under Section 201(n).
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How Are the
Needs Distributed?
To show how needs are distributed
geographically throughout the Nation,
we have disaggregated them by State.
Figure 2, which presents Design Year
Needs for Categories I through V,
illustrates that the States with the
largest needs are generally located in
the northeast quadrant of the Nation,
and in Florida, Texas, and California.
The distribution of Current Needs,
although not shown, follows the same
pattern as Design Year Needs.
Figure 3 displays the State
distribution of Maximum Eligible
Needs for Categories I, II, IIIA, and
IVB. The distribution pattern for
States with the highest needs is similar
to that shown in Figure 2, with the
addition of Washington.
Maximum Eligible Needs are
displayed on a per capita basis in
Figure 4. Low-density States (such as
Maine, New Hampshire, West
Virginia, Kentucky, Alaska, and the
Territories) are among the States with
the highest Maximum Eligible per
capita Needs. Appendix A provides a
detailed presentation of needs for each
State and U.S. Territory.
FIGURE 2
Design Year Needs by State for
Categories I-V
Range of State Need in Millions
of January 1986 Dollars
| | Less Than $100
VT^ $100-$499
MM $500 - $999
$1000 — 52499
^B Greater Than $2500
FIGURE 3
Maximum Eligible Needs by State for
Categories I, II, IIIA, & IVB
Range of State Need in Millions
of January 1986 Dollars
| ] Less Than $50
[ZZJ $50-$99
unnn $100 - $499
$500 —$999
^B Greater Than $1000
FIGURE 4
Per Capita Distribution of Maximum
Eligible Needs by State
Range of Stale Need in Millions
of January 1986 Dollars
| | Less Than $75
EZ $75-$125
innni $126-$200
•^1 Greater Than $200
10
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How Were the
Needs Documented?
Documentation Process
The EPA implemented the
documentation process to ensure that
the needs for all facilities included in
the 1986 Needs Survey were based on
consistent, specific, and reliable forms
of documentation. In previous Needs
Surveys, States submitted needs to
EPA based on a wide variety of
documentation, many of which were
inconsistent within and among the
States.
EPA started this effort by identifying
a list of ways a problem could be
documented and thus become a need.
A workgroup of representatives from
the EPA and a number of States
developed a preliminary list which was
presented during a series of 1986
Needs Survey startup meetings to all
10 EPA Regions and all of the States.
Based on comments received during
these meetings, the EPA finalized the
list. The final list of documentation
criteria is shown in Table 2. Although
some States objected to some elements
of the final list, it was generally
supported by a large majority of the
States.
Table 2
List of Acceptable Documentation for the 1986 Needs Survey
Documentation Type
Use
Justification Justification
of Problem of Cost
Capital Improvement Plan Yes Yes
A capital improvement plan must adequately address why the
project is needed and provide project-specific costs.
Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) Analysis Yes Yes
Sewer System Evaluation Survey (SSES) Yes Yes
Final Engineer Estimate Yes Yes
The final engineer's report is typically submitted as a result of a
detailed facility design.
Cost of Previous Comparable Construction No Yes
This document may be used to justify costs if stringent
guidelines are followed and the costs are project specific.
Facilities Plan Yes Yes
Excerpts from a facilities plan are acceptable forms of
documentation to justify a need and to update cost estimates.
Plan of Study Yes No
This documentation type must be an official project description.
A plan of study precedes a facilities plan.
State Priority List Yes No
A State's project priority list is acceptable as adequate problem
documentation if the list was accepted by the EPA. The 1 -year
fundable plus 4-year planning portion of the FY 1985 or 1986
lists may be used with appropriate EPA Regional Office
acceptance by October 31,1985
State-Approved Area-Wide or Regional Basin Plan Yes Yes
An area-wide or regional basin plan (per Section 208 or 303 of
the CWA) is an acceptable document to justify that a need exists
if specific project descriptions are cited and the plan is State
approved. The problem areas should be specifically identified.
Grant Application Form (Step 3 or 4) Yes Yes
Municipal Compliance Plan Yes Yes
This document may be used to justify a need and to update
costs if the costs are project specific.
Diagnostic Evaluation Results of Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants Yes No
The results of a diagnostic evaluation of a treatment plant may
be used if the results indicate that construction is needed to
achieve compliance.
Administrative Order/Court Order/Consent Decree Yes No
These documents may be used to justify that a need exists if
they specifically describe an existing or historic problem
demonstrating a need to construct.
Sanitary Survey Yes No
A sanitary survey by a health agency can be used to justify a
need if the document specifically identifies any existing or
historic problem of high failure rates
State-Approved Local/County Comprehensive Water and
Sewer Plan Yes Yes
This document may be used to justify a need and to update
costs if the document contains descriptions that are project
specific and cost specific.
State Certification of Excessive Flow Yes No
A document that is preliminary to an I/I report may be used to
justify that a need exists for Category III.
State-Approved Municipal Wasteload Allocation Plan Yes Yes
This document may be used to justify a need and to update
costs if the document contains descriptions that are project
specific and cost specific
11
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After finalizing the list, facilities for
which documentation already met the
established criteria were identified.
Generally, these facilities were based
on facilities plans. The States' major
effort in the 1986 Needs Survey was
then to provide documentation for the
remaining facilities, as shown in Table
3. Every need category for every
facility had to be documented using
the established list.
The EPA reviewed State-submitted
documentation for every need
category for each facility to ensure
that it met the established list of
criteria and that it was:
• Based on a public health or
water quality problem.
• A current problem (e.g., needs
solely for future growth were
not accepted).
• Project specific (e.g.,
documentation describing a
county-wide problem of septic
system failures due to poor soils
was unacceptable to document
the needs of a particular town in
that county).
States were also required to document
their cost estimates in addition to their
water quality or public health
problems. The established
documentation types were also used to
verify cost estimates. As noted in
Table 2, many types of documentation
that were acceptable to establish a
problem were inadequate to support a
cost estimate.
Table 3
Documentation Status of Facilities in 1984 Needs Survey
Facilities with No Needs
Facilities with Documented Needs
(as per established criteria)
Facilities with Needs to be
Documented (as per established criteria)
TOTAL
Total Needs Number of
(In billions of 1986 Dollars) Facilities
0 9,804
82.0 7,072
30.2 15,468
112.2 32,344
Once a State adequately documented a
water quality or public health
problem, the EPA accepted it into the
Needs Survey whether or not a
documented cost estimate was
available. For needs with
undocumented or unavailable cost
estimates, the EPA used nationally
derived cost curves to calculate the
dollar amount.' The curves used level
of treatment (e.g., secondary or
advanced), general type of treatment
(e.g., lagoon or mechanical plant),
population, flow, and type of proposed
improvement (e.g., upgrade,
enlargement, abandonment, or
reconstruction) to generate cost
estimates.
To further improve the quality of cost
estimates for the largest facilities, EPA
asked the States to review and provide
current cost estimates for their 20
largest facilities (in terms of dollar
needs) or all facilities with needs
greater than $10 million. Many of
these facilities had needs based on old
facilities plans with out-of-date cost
estimates. For facilities where the
State could not provide more current
cost estimates and the best estimate
was over 10 years old, the EPA also
used the national cost curves.
An additional effort to improve cost
estimates and verify documentation of
needs included site visits by a
State/EPA team to seven communities
with large needs. This on-site
investigation confirmed the
documentation of $3.6 billion in
needs. Site visits were also conducted
during previous Needs Surveys for
this purpose.
'Texas and Connecticut use their own State-derived and EPA-accepted cost curves to estimate costs for
their sewers.
12
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Although controversial, the intent of
the 1986 Needs Survey documentation
effort was widely supported by the
States. Some States, however, felt that
not all their legitimate needs were
included in the Survey because of the
established documentation require-
ments. State concerns regarding
documentation are presented in the
section entitled "What are the
Separate State Estimates?"
Results of Documentation
Thirty-three percent of the previously
undocumented needs were eventually
documented in accordance with the
established criteria. As shown in
Figure 5, the most prevalent forms of
documentation used to substantiate a
water quality or public health problem
were facilities plans, local wastewater
plans, sanitary surveys, priority lists,
and plans of study. Adding these
facilities to those that were already
based on a facilities plan in the 1984
Needs Survey brings the total of
facilities documented by a facilities
plan to 62 percent. The resulting
distribution of documentation types
for facilities in the 1986 Needs Survey
is presented in Figure 6.
FIGURE 5
Type of Documentation Used to Include
Facilities in the 1986 Survey That Were
Previously Undocumented (by Percent
of Facilities)
Facilities Plan
35%
Plan of Study
9%
Sanitary
Survey
13%
State
Priority List
14%
Other
15%
Other
Local Plans*
14%
Number of Facilities Documented Since
the 1984 Needs Survey - 3,673
•Other Local Plans Include Capital Improvement Plans,
Area-Wide or Regional Basin Plans, Diagnostic
Evaluations, Sanitary Surveys, Local/County
Comprehensive Water and Sewer Plans, and Municipal
Wasteload Allocation Plans
FIGURE 6
1986 Needs Survey Facility
Documentation (by Percent
of Facilities)
Facilities Plan
62%
In terms of cost documentation,
Figure 7 shows that nearly three-
quarters of all costs were documented
with facilities plans. Another 12
percent of the costs were derived from
national EPA cost curves. Cost curves
were used when a facility with a
documented problem did not have an
acceptable or current cost estimate.
FIGURE 7
Type of Documentation Used to
Support Cost Estimates in the 1986
Needs Survey (by Percent of Design
Year Dollars)
Facilities Plan
74%
Final
Engineer
Estimate
Capital '" 4%
Improvement Analysis
Plan & SSES
4% 3%
Total Design Year Needs
(January 1986 Dollars)
$76.2 Billion
I/I Analysis & SSES
State Priority List
6%
Other
18%
Sanitary
Survey
6%
Facilities with Needs 10,131
13
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What Are the
Separate State Estimates?
Only needs documented in accordance
with the 17 criteria described in the
section entitled "How Were the Needs
Documented?" are included in the
EPA estimates presented in this
report. The inevitable consequence of
applying these established
documentation criteria is that
legitimate needs may have been
excluded. States were encouraged to
submit separate State estimates for
needs which they believe to be
legitimate, but which were either
justified with documents outside the
established documentation criteria of
the Survey or which had no written
documentation. Approximately $23
billion of needs reported in the 1984
Survey have been eliminated in this
report because of the documentation
requirements. A portion of the $23
billion may be real needs for which
States simply did not have the
appropriate documentation. The
inability of a State to verify the
existence of a part of its 1984 needs
does not necessarily mean that the
needs do not exist.
Table 4
Separate State Estimates - Current Needs
(January 1986 dollars in millions)
Needs Category
California
Indiana
Maryland
Mississippi
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina1
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
West Virginia
TOTAL
1 North Carolina did
I
233.7
53.8
72.0
39.3
0.0
1,385.2
—
92.3
98.3
204.0
8.5
63.4
2,250.5
11
399.8
17.2
267.0
10.6
0.0
71.8
—
71.2
33.2
70.0
2.6
1.1
944.5
IMA
I9.8
2.2
0.0
0.6
0.0
24.5
—
2.2
0.0
102.0
0.0
0.0
151.3
NIB
24.8
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.0
17.2
—
3.8
0.0
-42.0
0.4
0.0
5.1 1
IVA
22I.7
109.7
118.0
34.0
0.0
758.2
—
I82.3
93.4
340.0
I0.5
105.4
,973.2
IVB
196.3
21.3
0.0
14.1
0.0
120.0
—
30.5
16.8
193.0
2I.3
I4.2
627.5
V
3.2
426.9
15.0
0.0
600.0
829.4
—
1,068.5
455.7
0.0
0.0
I26.2
3,524.9
Total
1099.3
631.5
472.0
99.1
600.0
3,206.3
—
1,450.8
697.4
867.0
43.3
3I0.3
9,477.0
not submit an estimate for Current Needs.
Some States submitted separate
estimates for these additional needs
with a brief summary of the reasons.
In general, the type of additional
needs reported are summarized as
follows:
1. Needs to build or expand a
centralized system for communities
on individual systems. Specific
plans or studies (in accordance with
the 17 criteria) describing a current
problem often do not exist. Many
of these areas have not undertaken
facilities planning or local sewer
planning for identifying a current
problem. Local health officials may
have general knowledge of a
problem but may not have
conducted a sanitary survey or
other planning required by the
documentation criteria. Also, many
communities on septic systems may
not have an existing problem, but
States believe these systems will
fail in the future because of lot
sizes, or soil or hydrological
conditions.
2. Needs to address combined sewer
overflow (CSO) problems where no
formal study is available to
document evidence of a public
health or water quality problem. In
addition, no national planning
standards have been defined for
CSO problems. In the past, the
existence of a CSO was sufficient
to justify a need in the Survey.
14
-------
3. Needs that are strictly for future
growth without any current public
health or water quality problems.
Although they may become
documented needs in the future,
they were systematically excluded
from the Survey because of the
J
emphasis on current needs. This
tended to affect the States with the
largest growth projections.
Twelve States have submitted separate
estimates which are presented in
Tables 4 (Current Needs) and 5
(Design Year Needs). Other States
indicated that, due to time and
resource limitations, they were unable
to submit an estimate for their States.
The separate State estimates are in
addition to the EPA estimates. If
these estimates were added to the EPA
assessment, the Total Design Year
Needs would increase by $15.4 billion.
Table 5
Separate State Estimates - Design Year Needs
(January 1986 dollars in millions)
Needs Category
California
Indiana
Maryland
Mississippi
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
West Virginia
TOTAL
I
1,706.0
7I.2
81.0
69.2
200.0
1,530.2
127.0
116.5
124.3
6I3.0
32.7
73.0
4,744.1
II
443.0
70.8
291.0
17.8
0.0
36.0
43.4
61.4
38.8
IOO.O
5.2
1.3
1,108.7
IIIA
20.7
2.2
0.5
0.6
0.0
24.4
32.0
759.0
0.0
102.0
0.0
0.0
941.4
1MB
14.8
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.0
17.0
12.4
0.0
0.0
-42.0
7.9
0.0
12.0
IVA
1,226.0
I34.2
128.0
45.1
0.0
864.7
159.3
170.0
134.6
420.0
27.0
119.3
3,428.2
IVB
456.2
34.1
44.0
24.5
0.0
225.7
227.2
40.4
33.2
467.0
79.7
17.5
1,649.5
V
3.2
427.0
17.0
0.0
600.0
829.4
0.3
1,068.5
455.7
0.0
0.0
126.2
3,527.3
Total
3,869.9
739.9
562.5
157.7
800.0
3,527.4
601.6
2,215.8
786.6
1,660.0
152.5
337.3
15,411.2
15
-------
How Have
the Needs Changed?
Needs have varied considerably from
Survey to Survey. A comparison of
the total needs for the past three
Surveys is presented in Table 6. The
most significant feature of this table is
that, after considering inflation, the
national needs decreased from 1984 to
1986 by $36.0 billion, approximately
33 percent.
As displayed in Figure 8, the major
reason for this change is the
documentation requirement,
accounting for $23.4 billion (or 65
percent) of the $36.0 billion reduction.
Grant awards between January 1,
1984 and January 1, 1986 are the
second largest reason for the reduction
($8.8 billion, or 24 percent of the
decrease). Revisions to the planning or
design of facilities in this Survey were
another significant reason for change.
Such revisions were the result of
local planning decisions to
eliminate or combine facilities, or
changes to the scope, level of
treatment, and size of projected
facilities in the Survey.
Table 6
Comparison of Total Needs
1982 through 1986 Needs Surveys*
(January 1986 dollars in billions except as noted)
1982 1984
Needs Category Survey Survey
I Secondary Treatment 33.4 33.1
II Advanced Treatment 6.1 5.7
MIA Infiltration/Inflow 3.0 2.9
NIB Replacement/Rehabilitation 5.5 3.3
IVA New Collector Sewers 24.5 23.1
IVB New Interceptor Sewers 21.1 20.0
V Combined Sewer Overflows 42.1 24.1
CATEGORIES I - V 135.7 112.2
TREATMENT CATEGORIES I & II 39.5 38.8
CATEGORIES I, II, IIIA, & IVB 63.6 61.7
CATEGORIES I-V 118.4 108.9
(nominal dollars)
*The 1982 and 1984 Surveys estimated total needsfor the year 2000 population. The 1986 Survey estimates Total
Design Year needs for the year 2005 population for documented facilities to better approximate a 20-year
design life for the facilities in the Survey. For comparison purposes, all the needs have been presented in
January 1986 dollars. We have also included a total line in nominal dollars (the face dollar value not adjusted
for inflation) so that these numbers can be compared to past Survey reports.
FIGURE 8
Changes in Total Needs Between the
1984 and 1986 Needs Surveys
1986
Survey
23.9
4.3
2.6
3.0
12.8
14.4
15.2
76.2
28.2
45.2
76.2
Total Change in Needs from 1984 to
1986 (In 1986 Dollars) $36 Billion
16
-------
Table 6 shows that the categories with
the largest dollar changes are
secondary treatment (Category I), new
collector sewers (Category IVA), and
combined sewer overflows (Category
V). Category I changes were due
primarily to grant award deductions
and the deletion of many facilities
intended to replace failing septic tank
systems. For the most part, Category
IVA changes were also due to the
deletion of these types of facilities.
Combined sewer overflow (CSO)
needs decreased primarily because
previous Surveys included CSO needs
wherever a CSO existed. The 1986
Survey required that the water quality
or public health problems caused by
the CSO meet the established
documentation criteria to remain in
the Survey.
Categories IIIA and IIIB experienced
very little overall change because most
infiltration/inflow correction and
rehabilitation/replacement of sewers
were well documented in previous
Surveys.
Between 1984 and 1986, the total
number of facilities decreased by 26
percent (from 32,344 in the 1984
Survey to 23,965 in the 1986 Survey).
This was due almost entirely to the
deletion of facilities for which a water
quality or public health problem could
not be documented in accordance with
the established criteria. Of the deleted
facilities, 77 percent were for
communities with on-site systems
proposed to be replaced by centralized
collection and treatment.
Of the total 23,965 facilities included
in the 1986 Survey, 10,131 have
remaining needs. This represents a
reduction of 55 percent from the
Table 7
Comparison of Total 1984 and 1986 Needs
for Documented Facilities
(January 1986 dollars in billions)
Needs Category
I Secondary Treatment
II Advanced Treatment
IIIA Infiltration/Inflow
IIIB Replacement/ Rehabilitation
IVA New Collector Sewers
IVB New Interceptor Sewers
V Combined Sewer Overflows
CATEGORIES I - V
TREATMENT CATEGORIES I & II
CATEGORIES I, II, IIIA, & IVB
1984'
Survey
22.7
3.9
2.3
2.6
10.9
14.8
15.6
72.8
26.6
43.7
19862
Survey
23.9
4.3
2.6
3.0
12.8
14.4
15.2
76.2
28.2
45.2
'Year 2000 Needs.
2Design Year (2005) Needs.
22,540 facilities with needs in the 1984
Survey.
For the 10,131 documented facilities
with remaining needs in 1986, the cost
estimate increased by 4.7 percent from
1984 to 1986. This change, shown in
Table 7, was due primarily to
improved cost estimates.
FIGURE 9
Comparison of 1982 Through 1986
Needs Surveys (January 1986 Dollars
in Billions)
Design Year
Maximum Eligible
Current
In addition, a graphic comparison of
Total Needs (Categories I through V)
from 1982 through 1986 is presented
in Figure 9. It shows the overall
decline in Current, Maximum
Eligible, and Design Year Needs. The
Total Design Year Needs from 1982
to 1986 declined by 44 percent.
1982
1984
Needs Survey Year
1986
17
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What is the Potential Impact
of the Redefinition of
Secondary Treatment?
Based on Section 23 of the 1981 Clean
Water Act Amendments, the EPA
developed a rule amending the
secondary treatment regulation. This
rule establishes categories of facilities
that are deemed equivalent to
secondary treatment (i.e., trickling
filters and waste stabilization ponds)
and establishes new (not to be
exceeded) limitations for such
facilities. The rule states that the
effluent quality generally attainable by
the trickling filter unit process or the
waste stabilization pond treatment
process be considered equivalent to
secondary treatment as long as water
quality is not adversely affected.
Table 8 shows the potential savings in
capital costs that would be realized if
the new options were adopted
universally. These potential savings
are not reflected in any of the other
needs totals because they depend
largely on decisions yet to be made by
each permitting authority. Therefore,
the estimate is a maximum; the actual
amount could be considerably less. To
date, progress has been very slow in
identifying facilities for permit
adjustment. Less than 5 percent of the
facilities considered eligible for permit
adjustment have been identified thus
far.
The estimate of savings is broken into
two parts: savings at existing facilities
and savings at new facilities. Savings
at existing facilities would be realized
if the authority could forego an
upgrading program and continue to
use an existing trickling filter or
lagoon process until it requires
replacement. Savings at new or
replacement facilities would be
realized if the authority could choose a
less costly process train and still
achieve the new equivalent limits for
secondary treatment. It should be
noted that the potential savings from
the redefinition of secondary
treatment reported in the 1986 Survey
are only approximately one-third of
the $1.88 billion in savings reported in
the 1984 Survey. This change results
from a sizable reduction in treatment
needs in 1986 and a refinement in the
method for calculating potential
savings.
Table 8
Potential Capital Cost Savings from Redefinition of Secondary Treatment
(January 1986 dollars in billions)
Existing Treatment Facilities
New Treatment Facilities
TOTAL
Treatment Needs
$0.10
1.15
$1.25
Potential Savings
$0.10
0.47
$0.57
18
-------
What Are the Needs for
Phased/Segmented
Facilities?
The sum of the Category I, II, IIIA,
and IVB needs for grandfathered
phased/segmented facilities is $11.0
billion, as presented in Table 9.
A phased/segmented project is a
discrete portion of a wastewater
treatment works that may be
separately funded if one or more of
the following conditions exist:
• The cost would require a major
portion of the State's allotment.
• Construction would last more than 3
years.
• The treatment works must be
phased or segmented to meet a court
order.
Grandfathered phased/segmented
projects are eligible for 75 percent
Federal grant share and are eligible for
full reserve capacity funding under
Section 204(a)(5) of the Clean Water
Act. The definition of grandfathered
projects is discussed in the section
entitled "What is a 'Need?'" Since
only a portion of the needs for
phased/segmented facilities are
grandfathered, the estimates in Table
9 will be greater than the actual
grandfathered amount.
The identification of phased/
segmented projects was based on State
input into the Grants Information and
Control System. These projects were
then cross-referenced with the Needs
Survey, where corresponding needs
estimates for Categories I, II, IIIA,
and IVB were identified.
Table 9
Total Category I, II, IIIA, & IVB Needs for Phased /Segmented Facilities
(January 1986 dollars in billions)
Category of Need
Total I II IIIA IVB
Nation 11.0 6.3 1.0 0.3 3.4
19
-------
What Are the Needs Required
to Achieve and Maintain
Compliance With Final
Permit Limits?
The National Municipal Policy
(NMP) has outlined the strategy for
ensuring that all municipal dischargers
achieve compliance with the Clean
Water Act requirements by July 1,
1988. Dischargers needing
construction to comply with this
deadline should proceed using agreed-
upon enforceable compliance
schedules with or without Federal
construction grants funding.
The compliance-related construction
needs presented in this section are
focused on those facilities that are
currently out of compliance with
their final permit limits and need
construction to comply. They do not
include facilities that need only
operation and maintenance
improvements to comply or
noncompliant facilities for which
grants were awarded prior to January
1, 1986 and are under construction.
It is important to note that there are
additional compliance-related needs
associated with maintaining
compliance at existing operating
facilities. For example, the cost of
maintaining compliance includes
needs for facilities where interim steps
to achieve short-term compliance have
been taken, but construction is needed
to maintain long-term compliance.
Because of the importance of
maintaining compliance throughout
the useful life of a facility, these needs
estimates are also presented in this
section.
The total compliance-related needs
discussed in this section are
approximately $23.5 billion. This
represents approximately three-
fourths of the Current Category I, II,
IIIA, and IVB Needs. The remaining
needs for these categories are for
facilities necessary to replace failing
septic tank systems, improve sludge
handling and disposal facilities, and
maintain and improve other
nondischarging facilities such as land
treatment systems. A discussion of the
compliance-related needs follows.
Needs for Facilities
Currently Out of Compliance
The Current Category I, II, IIIA, and
IVB Needs for facilities presently out
of compliance with their final permit
limits are estimated at $15.5 billion.
Of this amount, approximately $13.0
billion is for majors, defined as plants
with a flow of at least 1 mgd and
certain smaller plants having
significant water quality impacts. The
remaining facilities, minors, constitute
approximately $2.5 billion of this
Need. These needs represent almost
50 percent of the total Current
Category I, II, IIIA, and IVB Needs.
Figure 10 presents a detailed
breakdown of these compliance needs.
Figure 11 presents a further
disaggregation of the needs by flow
ranges.
FIGURE 10
Current Eligible Needs of Noncompliant
POTWS by Needs Category
Category II
14%
Category I
57%
Category IIIA
6%
Category IVB
23%
Total = $15.5B
20
-------
FIGURE 11
Current Eligible Needs of Noncompliant
POTWS by Facility Size
5-20 MGD
$2B
> 20 MGD
$8B
1-5 MGD
S3B
I MGD
$2.56
Total = $15.58
In terms of numbers of noncomplying
treatment plants, there are
approximately 800 majors1 and
roughly 2,000 minors2 with Current
Category I, II, III A, and IVB Needs
for construction to comply with
permit limits. This represents 20
percent of the total number of
operating treatment plants in the
nation. The existing level of treatment
provided by these facilities is
displayed in Figure 12. Approximately
one-half will require construction of
advanced treatment facilities. This is
an indication that many of the
currently noncomplying facilities
needing construction are discharging
to water quality-limited streams.
Needs to Maintain Compliance
The remaining Current Category I,
II, IIIA, and IVB Needs for other
operating treatment plants with a
surface water discharge are
approximately $8.0 billion, much of
which is needed to maintain
compliance at these facilities. Included
in this estimate are:
• Needs to provide a long-term
solution for facilities currently in
compliance due to interim measures
(e.g., chemical addition).
• Needs to expand hydraulically
overloaded facilities with effluent
concentrations still within but near
final effluent limits.
These needs to maintain compliance
represent approximately 25 percent of
the Current Category I, II, IIIA, and
IVB Needs.
FIGURE 12
Noncompliant POTWS by Existing
Level of Treatment
Raw
Discharge
2%
Secondary
Treatment
46%
Primary
Treatment
40%
Total = 2,800
Advanced
Treatment
12%
•Determined using EPA's Permit Compliance System (PCS) and coordination with EPA Regional Offices and States
nonCOmPliant min°" *™ the Needs Survey in conjunction with data submitted by most of the
21
-------
Glossary of Terms
NOTE:
Definitions are given to help the reader understand the terms used, but are not
necessarily definitions to be used for legal purposes.
23
-------
Glossary
Advanced Treatment
See Needs Categories, Category II.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of dissolved oxygen required to decompose organic matter in
water. BOD is a measure of pollution since heavy wasteloads have a high
demand for oxygen.
Collector Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IVA.
Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)
See Needs Categories, Category V.
Conveyance Needs
Capital investment needed to construct, expand, or upgrade sewer systems for
transporting wastewater to treatment plants.
Current Needs
The cost estimate for building publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities
(to serve the 1986 population) eligible for Federal financial assistance under the
Clean Water Act.
Design Capacity
The average daily flow that a treatment plant is designed to accommodate.
Design Year (2005) Needs
The cost estimate for building publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities to
satisfy the design year population for documented facilities.
Documentation
Documentation is a process in which the States were required to provide certain
plans, reports, etc., to show that an actual problem existed and that it was: (1)
related to a water quality or public health problem, (2) project specific, and (3)
current. Needs were documented by using the list of 17 documentation types
which the EPA accepted as verification of a need and a cost estimate. This list
of 17 documentation types is listed in the section entitled "How were the
Needs Documented?"
Effluent
Liquid that is discharged to the environment from a treatment facility after
completion of the treatment process.
Effluent Standard
A limit on how much of a particular pollutant may be discharged by industries
and municipalities into the environment. Effluent standards are set for each
individual treatment facility. Minimum standards for all plants are set by the
Clean Water Act. More stringent standards are set on a case-by-case basis
whenever the protection of local water quality warrants.
25
-------
G lossary Facade. pians
Plans and studies which directly relate to the construction of treatment works
necessary to comply with the Clean Water Act. A facilities plan investigates
needs and provides information on the cost effectiveness of alternatives. A
recommended plan and an environmental assessment of the recommendations
are also presented in a facilities plan.
A facilities plan includes a description of the treatment works for which
construction drawings and specifications are to be prepared. The description
includes preliminary engineering data, cost estimates for design and
construction of the treatment works, and a schedule for completion of design
and construction.
Federal Grant Share
Level of Federal participation in a grant for municipal wastewater treatment
facilities. After October 1, 1984, the Federal share is generally 55 percent of
eligible project costs, except for grandfathered phased or segmented projects
that may receive 75 percent, or innovative/alternative projects that may receive
a 20-percent bonus (not to exceed 85 percent). A governor may further reduce
the grant share uniformly throughout a State.
Grandfathered Projects
Phases or segments of projects that may receive 75 percent Federal funding
without reserve capacity restrictions after October 1,1984 because a previous
phase or segment described in the same facilities planning document received
funding prior to that date.
Infiltration/Inflow Correction
See Needs Categories, Category IIIA.
Influent
Wastewater flowing into a treatment facility.
Interceptor Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IVB.
Lagoon
A shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to treat
wastewater. Lagoons are widely used by small communities to provide
wastewater treatment.
Majors
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with flows greater than or equal to 1
mgd (or service population equivalent to 10,000 persons) and certain other
POTWs having significant water quality impacts.
Maximum Eligible Needs
The cost estimate for constructing publicly owned wastewater treatment
facilities which represents the portion of the Design Year Needs eligible for
Federal assistance in accordance with the Section 204(a)(5) reserve capacity
limitations of the Clean Water Act.
26
-------
Glossary Minors
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with flows less than 1 mgd.
National Municipal Policy (NMP)
The policy, developed by the EPA and the States, by which all noncomplying
POTWs must be managed until they return to compliance with applicable
Clean Water Act requirements. Deadline is set for July 1, 1988. The 1986
Needs Survey covers only those POTWs which require construction to satisfy
Clean Water Act permit requirements. The NMP also deals with facilities
which can return to compliance through improved operation and maintenance.
Needs
The cost estimate for constructing publicly owned wastewater treatment
facilities potentially eligible for Federal financial assistance under the Clean
Water Act.
Needs Categories
Categories of projects that are potentially eligible for Federal financial
assistance under the Clean Water Act. Needs categories are as follows:
Secondary Treatment (Category I)
The minimum level of treatment which must be maintained by all
treatment facilities, except those facilities granted waivers under Section
301(h) of the Clean Water Act. Treatment levels are specified in terms of
the concentration of conventional pollutants in the wastewater being
discharged from a facility. Secondary treatment requires an 85 percent
reduction in conventional pollutant concentration in the wastewater
treated by a facility. Needs reported in this category are necessary to attain
secondary treatment. Needs to attain incremental reductions in
conventional pollutant concentrations beyond secondary treatment
requirements are included in Category II.
Advanced Treatment (Category II)
A level of treatment more stringent than secondary treatment. Advanced
treatment requires greater than 85 percent reduction in conventional
pollutants, or a significant reduction in nonconventional pollutants present
in the wastewater treated by a facility. Needs reported in this category are
necessary to attain incremental reductions in pollutant concentrations
beyond basic secondary treatment.
Infiltration/Inflow Correction (Category IIIA)
The penetration into a sewer system of water other than wastewater from
the ground through such means as defective pipes or manholes
(infiltration) or from sources such as drains, storm sewers, and other
improper entries into the system (inflow). Included in this category are
costs for correction of sewer system infiltration/inflow problems. Costs
also are reported for preliminary sewer system analysis and for detailed
sewer system evaluation surveys.
Replacement/Rehabilitation of Sewers (Category IIIB)
Reinforcement or reconstruction of structurally deteriorating sewers. This
category includes cost estimates for rehabilitation of existing sewer systems
beyond those for normal maintenance. Costs are reported if the corrective
actions are necessary to maintain the structural integrity of the system.
27
-------
f* I S\OQ O f\j Collector Sewers (Category IVA)
Pipes used to collect and carry wastewater from an individual source to an
interceptor sewer that will convey the wastewater to a treatment facility.
This category includes the costs of constructing new collector sewer
systems and appurtenances.
Interceptor Sewers (Category IVB)
Major sewer lines receiving wastewater flows from collector sewers. The
interceptor sewer carries wastewater directly to the treatment plant or to
another interceptor. This category includes costs for constructing new
interceptor sewers and pumping stations necessary for conveying
wastewater from collector sewer systems to treatment facilities or to
another interceptor.
Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) (Category V)
A discharge of a mixture of stormwater and domestic wastes that occurs
when the flow capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a rainstorm.
Costs reported are for grant-eligible facilities to prevent or control periodic
bypassing of untreated wastes from sewers which convey a combination of
wastewater and stormwater to achieve water quality objectives. This
category does not include costs for overflow control allocable to flood
control or drainage improvement or for treatment or control of stormwater
in separate storm and drainage systems.
Ocean Discharge Waiver
A variance from the secondary treatment requirements for discharges into
marine waters.
Phased/Segmented Project
A wastewater treatment works construction project that is divided into
substantial, discrete portions for Federal funding or construction bidding
purposes. Phases or segments are generally built in sequence and funded from
consecutive yearly appropriations.
Primary Treatment
The first stage of wastewater treatment; removal of floating debris and solids by
screening and sedimentation.
Replacement/Rehabilitation of Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IIIB.
Reserve Capacity
Extra hydraulic capacity built into treatment plants and interceptor sewers to
accommodate flow increases due to future population growth.
Secondary Treatment
See Needs Categories, Category I.
28
-------
f5 Incca rw Septic Tanks
^ IwOOOl y Used as part of a septic system to treat and dispose of wastewater on-site from
individual houses. The septic tank is the predominant method used to treat
wastewater from individual houses located in unsewered areas.
The septic tank is an enclosure that stores and processes wastes. Bacteria
decompose the organic matter into sludge which must be pumped off
periodically. The liquid is disposed of through a subsurface drain field.
Suspended Solids (SS)
That portion of the pollutants that are in the form of very small solid particles.
Suspended solids are removed through a combination of settling and filtering
operations.
Tertiary Treatment
Advanced treatment of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biological
stage. It removes nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and most
suspended solids.
301(h) Ocean Discharge Waiver
A variance from the secondary treatment requirements for treatment facilities
discharging to bays or estuaries.
Treatment Plant
A structure constructed to treat wastewater prior to discharge to the
environment. The treatment is accomplished by subjecting the wastewater to a
combination of physical, chemical, and/or biological processes which reduce the
concentration of contaminants in the wastewater.
Trickling Filter Unit Process
A biological treatment process where wastewater is treated by trickling
wastewater over rocks or other media on which colonies of bacteria are growing.
The bacteria remove the organic impurities from the wastewater and use it as a
food source. The name "trickling filter" is a misnomer since no filtering action
occurs in a physical sense.
Urbanized Area
Refers to the area surrounding cities which have more than 50,000 residents.
The urbanized areas delineated by the Bureau of Census are used for Needs
Survey purposes.
Wastewater
Dissolved or suspended waterborne waste material from homes, farms,
businesses, and industries.
29
-------
Appendices
These Appendices contain State and national summaries of the various cost
estimates collected during the 1986 Needs Survey. Included in Appendix A are
summaries by State of Current Needs, Maximum Eligible Needs, and Design
Year Needs by Needs Survey category. Appendix B contains a summary of
needs by State from the 1984 Survey. Appendix C contains selected technical
information.
31
-------
List of Tables
Table Page
A-l Current 1986 Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Needs Eligible for Federal Financial Assistance Under the Clean
Water Act (by State) A-3
A-2 Maximum Eligible Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Needs Eligible for Federal Financial Assistance Under
the Clean Water Act (by State) A-5
A-3 Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Works (by State) A-7
B-l Current 1984 Needs Reported in the 1984 Needs Survey
(by State) B-3
B-2 Future Year 2000 Needs Reported in the 1984 Needs
Survey (by State) B-5
C-l Number of Operational Treatment Plants and
Collection Systems in 1986 (by State) C-3
C-2 Number of Operational Treatment Plants and
Collection Systems When All Needs Are Met for
Documented Facilities (by State) C-5
C-3 Number of Treatment Plants by Flow Range C-7
C-4 Treatment Plant Information by Level of Treatment C-9
C-5 Treatment Plant Operational Data in 1986 and When
All Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities C-l 1
C-6 Number of Treatment Plants Not Meeting Secondary
Requirements C-l 3
C-7 Number of Treatment Plants Meeting or Exceeding
Secondary Requirements C-l5
C-8 Number of Nondischarging Treatment Plants C-l7
C-9 Projected Changes for Treatment Plants C-l9
32
-------
Appendix A
Current, Maximum Eligible,
and Design Year Needs
(By State)
A-l
-------
Table A-1
Current 1986 Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Needs Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance Under the Clean Water Act (by State)
Table A-1 summarizes the EPA assessment of needs by State for the current 1986 population for facilities meeting the
established documentation criteria.
The Current 1986 Needs represent the capital investment necessary to build all needed publicly owned wastewater
treatment facilities to meet the requirements of the Clean Water Act. The Current Needs do not contain an allowance
for future population growth and migration. The assessment includes all planning, design, and construction activities
eligible for Federal financial assistance under the Clean Water Act. All ineligible project costs are excluded from the
assessment. States were asked to provide both Design Year and Current Needs for all facilities in the 1986 Survey. For
facilities where the Current Needs were unavailable, the EPA estimated them by prorating needs based on the ratio of
1986 to 2005 populations.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-1 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 1 due to rounding.
A-2
-------
Table A-1
Current 1986 Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Needs Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance Under the Clean Water Act (by State)
Category of Need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
Total
445
112
477
232
4632
72
1041
48
245
2352
599
208
118
2732
1485
595
367
1140
796
267
642
3733
3016
903
393
925
39
120
95
735
3290
56
11451
921
15
3096
268
727
1453
346
446
58
869
2088
288
144
792
2069
856
1107
24
12
21
22
1131
90
18
I
156
50
255
122
2173
32
166
11
87
777
159
80
49
394
131
338
120
193
284
98
112
1381
809
300
149
469
12
75
50
117
1339
25
1918
201
5
562
77
150
598
44
132
39
312
945
165
43
225
764
266
375
18
4
16
9
322
70
7
II
42
0
72
15
16
32
83
2
158
208
82
3
4
287
127
65
0
53
19
0
257
44
51
57
45
2
0
0
25
4
142
0
154
61
0
408
63
35
103
3
30
3
70
292
34
10
26
15
10
49
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
IIIA
78
5
1
25
252
2
23
0
0
46
43
0
5
92
46
50
21
76
58
24
61
39
52
19
62
13
0
0
2
9
225
0
169
76
0
272
12
40
18
0
36
0
155
124
43
1
21
126
27
64
0
1
0
0
36
0
0
IIIB
15
0
2
2
487
4
11
0
0
26
26
0
3
38
9
2
23
8
33
7
57
18
40
162
1
13
2
8
3
4
104
15
1542
31
0
46
12
33
5
0
0
0
18
57
5
5
4
78
15
3
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
IVA
92
18
32
33
323
0
236
21
0
883
57
88
26
83
164
36
42
536
237
55
60
559
365
25
61
46
15
7
9
200
252
8
1149
281
0
466
30
248
488
53
67
7
215
168
21
19
157
247
358
86
1
5
3
3
345
12
8
IVB
62
39
115
35
369
2
141
13
0
408
154
37
29
239
91
99
147
252
165
64
86
589
654
97
75
284
9
10
6
176
461
8
913
270
10
752
74
120
125
45
181
7
90
502
20
15
159
294
165
320
5
2
2
10
391
8
3
,7 (I, II,
v IIIA, IVB)
0
0
0
0
1012
0
381
1
0
4
78
0
2
1599
917
5
14
22
0
19
9
1103
1045
243
0
98
1
20
0
225
767
0
5606
1
0
590
0
101
116
201
0
2
9
0
0
51
200
545
15
210
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
338
94
443
197
2810
68
413
26
245
1439
438
120
87
1012
395
552
288
574
526
186
516
2053
1566
473
331
768
21
85
83
306
2167
33
3154
608
15
1994
226
345
844
92
379
49
627
1863
262
69
431
1199
468
808
23
7
18
19
751
78
10
Total
60222
17780
3263
2550
2991
9006
9399
15233
32992
A-3
-------
Table A-2
Maximum Eligible Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Needs Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance Under the Clean Water Act (by State)
Table A-2 summarizes the EPA's assessment of the Maximum Eligible Needs. The Maximum Eligible Needs represent
the portion of the Design Year Needs that are potentially eligible for Federal financial assistance under the Section
204(a)(5) reserve capacity limitations of the Clean Water Act. Specifically, Maximum Eligible Needs exclude the
portion of the Design Year Needs that are attributable to reserve capacity for population growth after 1990 except for
certain grandfathered phased/segmented projects.
All ineligible project costs are excluded from the assessment.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-2 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 1 due to rounding.
A-4
-------
Table A-2
Maximum Eligible Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Needs Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance Under the Clean Water Act (by State)
Category of Need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
TOTAL
Total
487
173
567
266
5263
77
1091
52
245
3942
655
309
170
2797
1555
647
390
1358
925
295
675
3913
3098
1010
434
973
43
130
135
835
3538
139
12226
1076
17
3265
339
778
1625
388
497
60
954
2430
360
149
859
2097
920
1189
33
18
40
35
1462
98
18
67120
I
163
81
331
135
2685
36
172
11
87
958
176
98
77
431
132
362
139
266
319
103
114
1405
823
404
158
496
13
84
69
134
1479
68
1940
214
6
590
129
159
658
70
152
40
323
1138
224
44
247
782
277
412
26
5
28
12
504
73
7
20069
II
45
0
72
17
50
33
84
2
158
249
85
3
8
301
128
69
0
71
22
0
259
50
52
57
52
2
0
0
42
6
157
0
163
65
0
434
77
42
108
4
33
3
72
346
38
10
28
17
10
49
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
3577
IIIA
78
5
1
25
252
2
23
0
0
46
43
0
5
92
46
50
21
76
58
24
61
39
52
19
62
13
0
0
2
9
225
0
169
76
0
272
12
40
18
0
36
0
155
124
43
1
21
126
27
64
0
1
0
0
36
0
0
2550
A-5
IIIB
15
0
2
2
487
4
11
0
0
26
26
0
3
38
9
2
23
8
33
7
57
18
40
162
1
13
2
8
3
4
104
15
1542
31
0
46
12
33
5
0
0
0
18
57
5
5
4
78
15
3
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
2991
IVA
119
19
38
50
377
0
279
25
0
2230
83
144
37
96
232
40
45
646
312
78
89
709
425
27
81
60
18
8
13
252
328
31
1893
403
0
565
30
279
595
60
84
7
287
227
30
23
193
252
411
117
1
10
8
5
440
16
8
12835
IVB
67
68
123
37
400
2
141
13
0
429
164
64
38
240
91
119
148
269
181
64
86
589
661
98
80
291
9
10
6
205
478
25
913
286
11
768
79
124
125
53
192
8
90
538
20
15
166
297
165
334
6
2
4
18
443
9
3
9865
V
0
0
0
0
1012
0
381
1
0
4
78
0
2
1599
917
5
14
22
0
19
9
1103
1045
243
0
98
1
20
0
225
767
0
5606
1
0
590
0
101
116
201
0
2
9
0
0
51
200
545
15
210
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
15233
(1,11,
IIIA, IVB)
353
154
527
214
3387
73
420
26
245
1682
468
165
128
1064
397
600
308
682
580
191
520
2083
1588
578
352
802
22
94
119
354
2339
93
3185
641
17
2064
297
365
909
127
413
51
640
2146
325
70
462
1222
479
859
32
8
32
30
987
82
10
36061
-------
Table A-3
Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works (by State)
Table A-3 summarizes the EPA's assessment of needs to satisfy the design year (2005) population for facilities which
meet the established documentation criteria. The needs estimates are not restricted by any limitations on reserve
capacity.
The Total Design Year Needs represent the capital investment necessary to build all publicly owned wastewater
treatment facilities that have met the established documentation criteria. These are the funds necessary to provide
adequate wastewater treatment systems for the 1986 population, plus population growth and migration for the next 19
years. The assessment includes all planning, design, and construction activities considered eligible for funding under the
Clean Water Act.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-3 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 1 due to rounding.
A-6
-------
Table A-3
Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works (by State)
Category of Need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
TOTAL
Total
695
221
753
365
6139
112
1166
68
245
5414
972
363
219
2975
1618
736
606
1517
1102
321
866
4169
3200
1084
531
1109
49
136
152
897
3647
156
12456
1452
21
3545
435
866
1713
388
725
65
1406
3259
561
155
992
2485
982
1244
37
20
40
46
1558
114
27
76195
I
225
93
433
201
3142
48
193
12
87
1599
281
132
110
540
168
388
200
286
418
119
197
1493
878
446
207
548
17
89
75
150
1531
70
2004
299
7
716
174
204
713
70
219
43
434
1475
370
48
308
930
310
432
28
6
28
18
545
85
10
23852
II
60
0
73
24
97
44
107
2
158
314
119
3
10
325
136
72
1
78
27
0
331
65
59
68
63
3
0
0
42
6
188
0
177
101
0
475
90
50
119
4
42
3
98
456
66
12
60
19
10
65
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
4326
A-7
IIIA
78
5
1
25
252
2
23
0
0
46
43
0
5
92
46
50
21
76
58
24
61
39
52
19
62
13
0
0
2
9
225
0
169
76
0
272
12
40
18
0
36
0
155
124
43
1
21
126
27
64
0
1
0
0
36
0
0
2550
IIIB
15
0
2
2
487
4
11
0
0
26
26
0
3
38
9
2
23
8
33
7
57
18
40
162
1
13
2
8
3
4
104
15
1542
31
0
46
12
33
5
0
0
0
18
57
5
5
4
78
15
3
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
2991
IVA
119
19
38
50
377
0
279
25
0
2230
83
144
37
96
232
40
45
646
312
78
89
709
425
27
81
60
18
8
13
252
328
31
1893
403
0
565
30
279
595
60
84
7
287
227
30
23
193
252
411
117
1
10
8
5
440
16
8
12835
IVB
198
104
206
63
772
14
172
28
0
1195
342
84
52
285
110
179
302
401
254
74
122
742
701
119
117
374
11
11
17
251
504
40
1065
541
14
881
117
159
147
53
344
10
405
920
47
15
206
535
194
353
8
3
4
23
498
13
9
14408
V
0
0
0
0
1012
0
381
1
0
4
78
0
2
1599
917
5
14
22
0
19
9
1103
1045
243
0
98
1
20
0
225
767
0
5606
1
0
590
0
101
116
201
0
2
9
0
0
51
200
545
15
210
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
15233
-------
Appendix B
Summary of 1984 Needs
(By State)
B-l
-------
Tables B-1 and B-2
Current 1984 and Future Year 2000 Needs Reported in the 1984
Needs Survey (by State)
Tables B-1 and B-2 summarize the results of the EPA's 1984 Needs Survey. Current 1984 needs are listed in Table B-1
and total year 2000 needs are listed in Table B-2. All values are given in millions of 1986 dollars. These tables are
provided as a convenience to those who wish to compare the 1984 and the 1986 Survey results. Table B-1 is comparable
to Table A-1.
Needs estimates presented in Table B-2 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 6 due to rounding.
B-2
-------
Table B-1
Current 1984 Needs Reported in the 1984
Needs Survey (by State)
Category of Needs
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
TOTAL
Total
Needs
833
170
547
354
4267
151
1762
283
305
2970
1018
381
223
4033
2043
974
675
1358
1010
913
1136
4678
3223
1313
523
2910
63
178
96
1035
4685
101
15178
1069
23
4540
405
1008
4449
779
756
98
1742
2809
387
278
1343
2973
1965
1688
37
41
19
64
1689
99
25
87675
I
259
76
207
143
1348
97
424
25
99
864
224
84
79
581
302
414
130
282
303
160
168
1380
961
327
220
804
16
130
41
224
2241
54
3236
253
9
683
159
85
1255
130
166
51
355
1123
214
76
538
1040
378
557
31
15
8
11
311
48
11
23410
II
78
0
65
37
40
9
76
1
174
218
145
0
2
260
108
88
1
87
22
2
511
110
233
78
57
3
2
0
22
3
132
1
171
92
0
499
57
13
262
8
35
12
78
163
49
28
41
16
17
31
1
0
0
1
3
1
0
4143
B-3
IIIA
92
5
10
31
352
5
18
5
0
121
69
0
6
172
22
65
21
83
88
23
59
36
40
20
61
51
1
1
3
9
187
0
193
101
0
103
13
81
15
1
78
1
163
233
45
4
19
129
5
54
1
0
2
0
27
0
1
2925
IIIB
2
0
1
2
485
1
21
5
0
19
16
20
3
39
3
2
23
6
19
10
59
21
101
21
1
282
1
1
3
5
81
1
1563
1
0
242
11
19
3
40
0
1
12
18
0
7
2
90
3
7
0
0
1
0
15
0
0
3289
IVA
314
22
156
105
1249
20
591
32
0
1261
250
230
96
166
251
115
89
505
394
208
228
906
512
123
109
256
26
22
21
303
300
36
2615
452
4
619
90
277
1176
183
286
3
424
536
53
55
381
683
736
167
2
7
6
35
953
34
9
18682
IVB
88
61
108
36
260
3
175
26
0
484
139
47
29
200
97
118
150
187
184
109
85
718
619
211
75
412
16
7
6
259
524
9
1046
169
2
1109
75
73
255
89
191
5
77
736
26
19
186
333
188
682
2
19
2
17
359
16
4
11122
V
0
6
0
0
533
16
457
189
32
3
175
0
8
2615
1260
172
261
208
0
401
26
1507
757
533
0
1102
1
17
0
232
1220
0
6354
1
8
1285
0
460
1483
328
0
25
633
0
0
89
176
682
638
190
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
24104
-------
Tables B-1 and B-2 (Continued)
B-4
-------
Table B-2
Future Year 2000 Needs Reported in the 1984
Needs Survey (by State)
Category of Needs
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oreaon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
TOTAL
Total
Needs
1255
358
955
675
6866
472
2031
313
305
5582
1701
656
396
4481
2271
1193
984
2022
1645
1003
1576
5079
3834
1670
827
3500
89
317
201
1250
5066
214
15988
1799
47
5233
670
1315
5104
827
1468
153
2492
4901
735
295
1716
3895
2152
1932
67
63
42
102
2292
136
50
112261
I
377
178
465
306
2618
275
474
27
99
1834
457
191
161
807
401
485
229
378
606
190
307
1505
1344
520
341
1157
23
194
94
288
2474
117
3499
357
25
929
298
163
1474
147
409
74
516
2063
426
80
670
1299
452
648
44
25
24
17
478
70
17
33126
II
111
0
72
54
141
25
91
2
174
355
217
0
12
326
138
99
1
116
31
2
620
123
285
138
98
5
2
0
39
8
169
1
271
121
0
627
87
29
321
14
59
20
119
272
94
31
81
23
22
38
8
0
0
1
6
1
0
5700
B-5
IIIA
92
5
10
31
352
5
18
5
0
121
69
0
6
172
22
65
21
83
88
23
59
36
40
20
61
51
1
1
3
9
187
0
193
101
0
103
13
81
15
1
78
1
163
233
45
4
19
129
5
54
1
0
2
0
27
0
1
2925
IIIB
2
0
1
2
485
1
21
5
0
19
16
20
3
39
3
2
23
6
19
10
59
21
101
21
1
282
1
1
3
5
81
1
1563
1
0
242
11
19
3
40
0
1
12
18
0
7
2
90
3
7
0
0
1
0
15
0
0
3289
IVA
380
22
219
144
1771
28
744
41
0
1782
351
334
135
197
297
130
113
660
478
242
263
970
601
157
130
318
27
30
30
352
354
45
2782
566
6
734
116
343
1427
194
393
4
555
749
79
64
480
838
792
228
2
7
7
53
1298
36
22
23120
IVB
293
147
188
138
966
122
226
44
0
1468
416
111
71
325
150
240
336
571
423
135
242
917
706
281
196
624
34
74
32
356
581
50
1326
652
8
1313
145
220
381
103
529
28
494
1566
91
20
288
834
240
767
12
31
8
31
447
29
10
20036
V
0
6
0
0
533
16
457
189
32
3
175
0
8
2615
1260
172
261
208
0
401
26
1507
757
533
0
1063
1
17
0
232
1220
0
6354
1
8
1285
0
460
1483
328
0
25
633
0
0
89
176
682
638
190
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
24065
-------
Appendix C
Summary of Current and
Future Treatment Plants and
Collection Systems
Information
NOTE:
Due to the strong emphasis on
documenting needs and improving
cost estimates, some States did not
update all of the technical data used
to generate Tables C-l through C-9-
C-l
-------
Table C-1
Number of Operational Treatment Plants and Collection Systems
in 1986 (by State)
Table C-1 summarizes the number of facilities in operation in 1986. This summary gives the number of treatment
facilities and collection systems in each State and U.S. Territory.
C-2
-------
Table C-1
Number of Operational Treatment Plants and Collection Systems
in 1986 (by State)
Treatment
Plants
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
231
45
117
288
576
275
103
20
1
255
388
30
149
724
358
684
567
223
318
104
158
112
371
509
303
543
160
450
51
78
Collection
Systems
275
52
133
311
774
336
139
35
1
325
490
35
168
965
402
714
577
274
354
164
213
204
603
635
349
608
164
516
56
101
Treatment
Plants
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
Total
222
102
466
501
291
681
498
202
663
20
225
270
235
1291
97
91
242
245
171
572
108
2
7
2
33
6
4
15438
Collection
Sys terns
500
113
858
586
293
856
513
247
1243
31
288
272
261
1554
153
100
323
308
243
720
115
2
7
2
33
6
4
19604
C-3
-------
Table C-2
Number of Operational Treatment Plants and Collection Systems
When All Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities (by State)
Table C-2 shows the number of treatment plants and collection systems that are planned to be in operation when needs
are met for facilities documented by the established criteria. A summary is provided for each State and U.S. Territory.
C-4
-------
Table C-2
Number of Operational Treatment Plants and Collection Systems
When All Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities (by State)
Treatment
Plants
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
262
53
124
306
633
273
107
21
1
258
337
34
178
813
415
703
571
279
409
146
211
143
440
562
292
560
176
448
57
94
Collection
Systems
338
57
149
355
873
336
165
40
1
394
497
45
202
1108
492
748
597
353
503
182
296
251
750
696
407
678
181
517
63
125
Treatment
Plants
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
Total
150
104
581
554
296
759
496
219
804
21
220
274
278
1447
108
100
262
256
369
612
107
2
6
4
31
11
3
16980
Collection
Systems
540
115
1078
713
302
1067
524
276
1525
33
333
277
342
1752
180
114
394
339
556
823
117
2
7
4
34
11
4
22861
C-5
-------
Table C-3
Number of Treatment Plants by Flow Range
Table C-3 is a summary by flow range of all treatment plants in operation in 1986, as well as those projected to be in
operation when all needs are met for facilities documented by the established criteria.
This table gives four flow ranges in millions of gallons per day (mgd) for 1986 and the design year; the number of plants
in each range; and the cumulative total of their design flow capacities. These data are for all types of treatment plants,
regardless of their level of treatment. Other tables in this Appendix provide summaries by level of treatment for both
existing and projected plants.
C-6
-------
Table C-3
Number of Treatment Plants by Flow Range
Treatment Plants in Operation in 1986
Flow Ranges Flow Capacity
Number of Plants _ (mgd) _
0.01 to 0.10 4960 251
0.11 to 1.00 7003 2671
1.01 to 10.00 2898 9372
10.01 and greater 577 24383
Total 15438 36677
Treatment Plants Projected to be in Operation
When Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities
Flow Ranges Flow Capacity
(mgd) Number of Plants (mgd)
0.01 to 0.10 5664 287
0.11 to 1.00 7430 2763
1.01 to 10.00 3191 10389
10.01 and greater 695 29584
Total 16980 43023
C-7
-------
Table C-4
Treatment Plant Information by Level of Treatment
Table C-4 summarizes the degree of treatment received by all wastewater collected in the United States in 1986 and the
degree of treatment projected to be received when all needs are met for facilities documented by the established criteria.
This summary provides details on the number of plants and their associated flow by level of treatment. All flow values
are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd).
Definitions of the levels of treatment (no discharge, primary, secondary, etc.) are given in subsequent tables that
summarize each individual level of treatment.
C-8
-------
Table C-4
Treatment Plant Information by Level of Treatment
Treatment Plants in Operation in 1986
Level of Treatment
Less than Secondary
Secondary
Greater than Secondary
No Discharge
Other*
Total
Number of
Facilities
2112
8403
3115
1762
46
15438
Design
Capacity
(mgd)
5529
15714
14373
973
88
36677
Average Daily
Flow in 1986
(mqd)
4580
12140
10364
608
NA
27692
Treatment Plants Projected to be in Operation
When All Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities
Level of Treatment
Less Than Secondary
Secondary
Greater Than Secondary
No Discharge
Other*
Number of
Facilities
45
9675
4906
2273
81
Design
Capacity
(mgd)
387
18844
21996
1686
110
Total
16980
43023
*Note: Level of treatment and design capacity data were unavailable
for these facilities.
C-9
-------
Table C-5
Treatment Plant Operational Data in 1986 and When All
Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities
Table C-5 summarizes information pertaining to pollutant loadings, removal efficiencies, and discharge rates for all
treatment plants in operation in 1986 as well as for when all needs are met for facilities documented by the established
criteria. This table gives estimates of the overall average daily pollutant loads received by all treatment plants, and the
quantities of pollutants in the effluent of facilities discharging to rivers and streams. Also summarized are the number of
people now served and those projected to be served in the future.
This summary represents the national average of operational data for all treatment plants without regard to the level of
treatment provided. National summaries for the performance of plants by specific levels of treatment are provided in
subsequent tables.
All flow values are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd), and all pollutant removal values are given in tons per day
(tpd).
C-10
-------
Table C-5
Treatment Plant Operational Data in 1986 and When All
Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities
1986
Number of Treatment Plants
Number of People Served
Percent of the Nation
15,438
172,205,000
73.1
When all Identified
Year 2005 Needs Are Met
16,980
243,723,000
86.6
Removal Efficiencies*
Flow (mgd)
27,692 mgd
43,023 mgd
Influent BOD5
Effluent BOD5
Percent Removal
Influent Solids
Effluent Solids
Percent Removal
23,220
3,705
84.0
26,270
3,593
86.3
tpd
tpd
tpd
tpd
38,558
3,889
89.9
40,995
4,544
88.9
tpd
tpd
tpd
tpd
*Facilities with no discharge or raw discharge are not included.
C-ll
-------
Table C-6
Number of Treatment Plants Not Meeting Secondary Requirements
Table C-6 summarizes information for wastewater treatment plants that are not meeting the secondary requirements
defined in the Clean Water Act. These plants are designed to achieve less than secondary treatment.
Treatment plants included in this summary provide either no treatment (raw discharge), primary treatment, or
advanced primary treatment. Primary and advanced primary treatment generally include unit processes such as
comminution, screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation. Advanced primary treatment facilities may provide
some biological treatment, but are unable to treat wastewater to the degree necessary to comply with EPA's previous
definition of secondary treatment (i.e., 30 mg/1 BOD and 30 mg/1 suspended solids). Facilities that may be able to meet
the EPA's revised definition of seconary treatment are included in Table C-6. Both primary and advanced primary
plants are included under the "less than secondary" portion of this table.
Some facilities collect wastewater and discharge it as raw waste to the environment. The wastewater is not subjected to
any treatment beyond what is considered preliminary treatment. Preliminary treatment includes comminution,
screening, grit removal, etc., but not primary sedimentation. When the needs are met for documented facilities, these
communities will have constructed treatment facilities or interceptors to neighboring facilities to eliminate the raw
discharge.
All flow values are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd), and all pollutant removal values are given in tons per day
(tpd).
C-12
-------
Table C-6
Number of Treatment Plants Not Meeting Secondary Requirements
Raw Discharge
Number of Communities
Number of People Served
Percent of the Nation
1986
149
1605000
0.7
When All Needs
Are Met
0
0
0
Removal Efficiencies
Not applicable. There is no treatment, therefore, no removal
efficiency can be calculated.
Less Than Secondary Treatment
Number of Treatment Plants
Number of People Served
Percent of the Nation
When All Needs
Are Met for
1986 Documented Facilities
2112 45*
28815000 2887000
12.2 0.01
Removal Efficiencies
Flow
4580 mgd
387 mgd
Influent BODS
Effluent BODS
Percent Removal
Influent Solids
Effluent Solids
Percent Removal
4325
1834
57.5
4722
1424
69.8
tpd
tpd
tpd
tpd
349
99
71.6
356
92
74.2
tpd
tpd
tpd
tpd
* These treatment plants have applied for a waiver from the
secondary treatment requirements in accordance with section 301(h)
of the Clean Water Act. All have received at least tentative
approval.
C-13
-------
Table C-7
Number of Treatment Plants Meeting or Exceeding Secondary Requirements
Table C-7 summarizes the information for wastewater treatment plants that are designed to meet or exceed the
secondary treatment requirements of the Clean Water Act. Secondary treatment plants generally include some type of
preliminary treatment process followed by a biological process (trickling filter, activated sludge, rotating biological
contactor, etc.) with no additional treatment processes, except disinfection.
Advanced treatment plants include facilities that are capable of consistently producing effluent BOD and suspended
solids concentrations that are more stringent than 30 mg/1 or that have specific processes that can remove phosphorus
or ammonia in excess of the amounts normally removed by secondary treatment.
C-14
-------
Table C-7
Number of Treatment Plants Meeting or Exceeding Secondary Requirements
Secondary Treatment
Number of Treatment Plants
Number of People Served
Percent of the Nation
1986
8403
72285000
30.7
When All Needs
Are Met for
Documented Facilities
9675
107391000
38.2
Removal Efficiencies
Flow
Influent BOD5
Effluent BODS
Percent Removal
12140 mgd
10378 tpd
1279 tpd
87.6
18844 mgd
18553 tpd
2364 tpd
87.2
Influent Solids
Effluent Solids
Percent Removal
10989 tpd
1478 tpd
86.5
19155 tpd
2726 tpd
85.7
Better Than Secondary
Treatment
Number of Treatment Plants
Number of People Served
Percent of the Nation
1986
3115
54935000
23.3
When All Needs
Are Met for
Documented Facilities
4906
85831000
30.5
Removal Efficiencies
Flow
Influent BODS
Effluent BOD5
Percent Removal
10364 mgd
8514 tpd
595 tpd
93.0
21996 mgd
19560 tpd
1377 tpd
93.0
Influent Solids
Effluent Solids
Percent Removal
10556 tpd
691 tpd
93.4
21276 tpd
1694 tpd
92.0
C-15
-------
Table C-8
Number of Nondischarging Treatment Plants
Table C-8 summarizes information for wastewater treatment plants that are designed to be nondischarging, i.e., treated
wastewater is not discharged to any stream or river. The majority of the nondischarging plants are lagoon systems
designed to dispose of the total flow they receive by means of evaporation or percolation to groundwater. Also included
are plants that dispose of their effluent by recycling, reuse, spray irrigation or other land disposal, or groundwater
recharge.
All flow values are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd), and all pollutant removal values are given in tons per day
(tpd).
C-16
-------
Table C-8
Number of Nondischarging Treatment Plants
Nondischarging Treatment Plants 1986
Number of Treatment Plants 1762
Number of People Served 5679000
Percent of the Nation 2.4
When All Needs are Met
for Documented Facilities
2273
10858000
3.9
Removal Efficiencies
Flow
Influent BODS
Effluent BOD5
Percent Removal
Influent Solids
Effluent Solids
Percent Removal
608 mgd
558 tpd
0 tpd
100
558
0
100
1686 mgd
1548 tpd
0 tpd
100
1548
0
100
C-17
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Table C-9
Projected Changes for Treatment Plants
Table C-9 summarizes the dollar needs identified for changes to treatment plants that were operational in 1986, plus the
dollar needs for new plants projected to be built when all needs are met for facilities documented by the established
criteria.
The table is divided into two sections. The first section details planned changes and related costs for all treatment plants
operational in 1986. The second section summarizes the number of new plants (and their identified costs) projected to
be built when needs are met for facilities documented by the established criteria.
C-18
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Table C-9
Projected Changes for Treatment Plants
Changes for Treatment Plants Operational in 1986
Identified Needs
Type of Change Number of Plants (millions)
Enlargement 958 $4729
Upgrade 1455 3630
Enlarge and Upgrade 1598 8877
Replace 736 1355
Abandon 1035 120
Other 627 4090
No Change 9029 116
Total 15438 $22917
New Treatment Plants Projected to be Built When All Needs Are Met
for Documented Facilities
Identified Needs
Level of Treatment Number of Plants (millions)
Secondary 1582 $2040
Greater Than Secondary 341 601
No Discharge 634 1155
Total 2557 $3796
6 US OOVEKHMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1987 - 717-845 - 1302/1119 C~ 1 9
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US. Environmental Protection
Library
Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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