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Environmental Protection Agency » ' --X^^/
Office of Enforcement
EPA-330/1-77413 Do not remove. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
A SUMMARY
>- OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES INFORMATION
FOR THE
KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement
EPA-330/1-77413 Do not remove. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
_
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A SUMMARY
>- OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES INFORMATION
FOR THE
KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA
February 1978
National Enforcement Investigations Center
Denver, Colorado
Protection
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5
III. BACKGROUND 13
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 13
PREVIOUS STUDIES 14
CURRENT NEIC INVESTIGATIONS 16
IV. STUDY METHODS 19
BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION 19
AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE 19
DETAILED PLANT STUDIES 21
V. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 23
WATER QUALITY 23
AIR QUALITY 27
VI. SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 29
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION 29
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION 49
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 50
NON-POINT SOURCES 50
VII. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY 53
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 53
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 77
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 85
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 85
NON-POINT SOURCES 87
VIII. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY 89
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 91
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 129
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 145
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 149
NON-POINT SOURCES 149
IX. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY 151
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 151
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES 215
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 222
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 222
NON-POINT SOURCES 234
APPENDICES
A West Virginia Water Quality Regulations
B Ambient Air Data, Kanawha Valley, West Virginia
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FIGURES
1 Location Map - Kanawha Valley Study Area 3
2 Location Map - Kanawha River and Major Discharges 17
3 Dissolved Oxygen Profiles in the Kanawha River 24
4 Area Map - Upper Kanawha Valley 54
5 Location - Alloy and Boomer Areas 56
6 Union Carbide Ferroalloys Plant - South Half 59
7 Union Carbide Ferroalloys Plant - North Half 60
8 Location Map - Glasgow Area 62
9 Location Map - Cabin Creek and Chelyan Areas 64
10 Location Map - Belle Area 65
11 DuPont and Diamond Shamrock - North Side 67
12 DuPont and Diamond Shamrock - South Side 68
13 DuPont Anaerobic Pond 73
14 DuPont Disposal Area 74
15 Location Map - Handley & Hugheston Areas 79
16 Cecil Walker Machinery Co. - Belle 83
17 Materials Stockpile West of Chelyan 84
18 Area Map - Central Kanawha Valley 90
19 Location Map - South Charleston Area 93
20 East Landfill Area 99
21 West Landfill Area 100
22 South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company 103
23 FMC South Charleston - East Plant Area 104
24 FMC South Charleston - Central Plant Area 107
25 FMC South Charleston - West Plant Area 108
26 FMC Fly Ash Pond Ill
27 Location Map - Institute Area 113
28 Union Carbide Institute Plant - Wastewater Treatment Plant . . 117
29 Union Carbide Institute Plant - Fly Ash Pond 118
30 Cunningham Realty Co. - Fly Ash Pond 119
31 Union Carbide Institute Plant - Ash Pond 120
32 Union Carbide Chemical Land Fill - West Side 123
33 Union Carbide Chemical Land Fill - East Side 124
34 Union Carbide Institute Plant - North Process Area 125
35 Union Carbide Institute Plant - Land Fill Area 126
36 Location Map - Kanawha City Area 130
37 Location Map - Charleston Area 132
38 N. L. Industries 135
39 Charleston Wastewater Treatment Plant 147
40 Area Map - Lower Kanawha Valley 152
41 Location Map - Nitro Area 154
42 Allied Chemical Corp. - Nitro Plant 155
43 Avtex and FMC Nitro Plants 159
44 Avtex Landfill 160
45 Monsanto Production Facilities 165
46 Monsanto Wastewater Treatment Plant - East Half 171
47 Monsanto Wastewater Treatment Plant - West Half 172
48 Monsanto Landfill Area 173
49 Monsanto Small Landfill Area 174
50 Nitro Industrial Complex - Southeast Area 177
51 Coastal Tank Lines, Inc., Trailer Cleaning Procedure 194
52 CST Biological Treatment 197
53 Location Map - Amos Power Plant 214
54 Location Map - Winfield Area 219
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TABLES
1 Summary of Compounds Detected in the Kanawha River
Valley on February 12, 1977 26
2 Kanawha Valley Industrial Inventory 30
3 Products List - E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company,
Belle, West Virginia 71
4 Municipal Sources of Pollution - Upper Kanawha Valley . . 86
5 Products List for Union Carbide's South
Charleston and Institute Plants 94
6 Materials Transported by Chemical Leaman
Tank Lines, Inc 143
7 Municipal Sources of Pollution -
Central Kanawha Valley 146
8 Products List for Monsanto's Nitro Plant 167
9 Raw Materials List for Monsanto's Nitro Plant 168
10 Products and Raw Materials, Fike Chemicals, Inc 179
11 Organic Chemical Data - Fike and Coastal
Discharges to CST 188
12 Organic Chemicals - Evaporation Pond and Wells 191
13 CST Discharge 199
14 Toxic Data 200
15 Municipal Sources of Pollution - Lower Valley 223
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Kanawha Valley centered on Charleston, West Virginia, con-
tains five large industrial complexes and numerous smaller industrial
plants. Most of the large facilities are engaged in the production
of organic and/or inorganic chemicals. In the past, major volumes of
water pollutants were discharged to the Kanawha River that traverses
the valley. Water quality degradation during low flow periods was
severe. Air quality was also severely degraded by emissions of air
pollutants from the industrial facilities and the urban area.
Major reductions in the discharge of water pollutants to the
Kanawha River have been achieved during the past 20 years with result-
ant improvements in water quality. Air quality has also been improved
by various air pollution control measures at the industrial facilities.
Even though these major improvements have been made, environmental
quality is not yet acceptable.
Most of the water pollution control improvements have concen-
trated on reducing discharges of oxygen demanding substances. The
passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1976 focused attention
on the need to also control discharges of toxic substances. This is
especially true in the case of the Kanawha River which is a major
tributary of the Ohio River, a public water supply for millions.
Toxic substances produced in the Valley have been found in the Kanawha
River and in downstream public drinking water supplies. This relation-
ship was vividly demonstrated by the major spill of carbon tetrachloride
that occurred in February 1977. The potential for other major spills
or releases of toxic substances in the Valley continues to exist.
Continuous discharges of toxic chemicals still exist at some industrial
facilities.
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December 1977. Precise information was obtained on several plants
from recent NEIC plant studies and from submissions of data by several
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The passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in _
1976 also focused attention on toxic substances in solid and hazard- |
ous wastes. Large volumes of such wastes are produced and disposed
of in the Kanawha Valley with a resultant long-term potential for •
release to the environment.
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The Enforcement Division of EPA Region III, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, requested the National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC)
to conduct investigations of air and water pollution and solid waste
disposal practices at selected industrial facilities in the Valley. _
As a part of these investigations, the NEIC completed a compilation |
of information on all sources of toxic substances in the Valley.
This report summarizes the results of that compilation. •
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The study area encompassed the narrow developed valley of a 96 •
km (60 mi) reach of that Kanawha River extending from Winfield Dam to
Alloy [Figure 1]. This area includes major industrial facilities at
Alloy, Belle, South Charleston, Institute and Nitro. Area population
is in excess of 200,000 persons, primarily located in Charleston and
adjacent communities. •
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Information presented in this report was compiled entirely from •
material present in EPA files. A review of Region III files con-
tributed most of the historic data. Additional information was ob- •
tained from an aerial reconnaissance of the Valley in October and
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facilities preparatory to such studies.
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,2r^u,,y^L,y /•*.£«
°""l!]=-O;ennen^>^' |e'a " ' ^BL;
>le« tfMPSr^/~< T,p.t,nSummfrs-7>
*"
^g^— -v-^i$
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Figure 1. Location Map - Kanawha Valley Study Area
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Because water quality in the Kanawha River was severely degraded
in the past, numerous studies have been made of sources of water
pollution in the Valley. Although most of these studies concen-
trated on the classical water pollutants (principally oxygen
demanding substances), they did provide adequate information to
define the potential sources of toxic substances. Additional
information will be required, however, to define actual dis-
charges of toxic substances to area watercourses.
Data on toxic substances in the Kanawha River are limited. Data
from a February 1977 study of organic compounds were available,
however, and documented the presence of at least 10 toxic sub-
stances in the lower reaches of the river. Some of these were
known carcinogens. All are either produced or handled by indus-
trial plants in the Kanawha Valley. The presence of these sub-
stances in the river is of special concern because the Kanawha
River is a major tributary of the Ohio River, the source of drink-
ing water for millions.
The presence of large volumes of toxic and/or hazardous substances
at industrial plants poses a potential for a major environmental
problem from spills or releases of such substances. The February
1977 major spill of carbon tetrachloride is a recent example of
such a problem. Releases of toxic substances to the atmosphere
could also pose a serious problem because of the proximity of
industrial plants to urban and residential areas. Several acci-
dental releases of vinyl chloride occurred at South Charleston
in 1977. Continuous discharges of some toxic chemicals to the
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Kanawha River and emissions to the atmosphere from several
sources have been documented.
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4. Data on emissions of toxic substances to the atmosphere are more
limited than water pollution data. Ambient air data other than •
criteria pollutants were very limited. Limited ambient air ^
sampling has detected various toxic substances including several •
carcinogens. Emission data showed that more than 50 toxic sub- P
stances including some nitrosamines and vinyl chloride were being ^
released to the atmosphere. •
5. Disposal of solid or hazardous wastes containing toxic substances •
poses a special problem in the Kanawha Valley. Large volumes of
such wastes are produced at industrial plants in Alloy, Belle, i
South Charleston, Institute and Nitro. Disposal practices used *
include landfills (both on and off-site), incineration, on-site
deep well injection, sludge storage ponds, lagoons, fly ash ponds,
open pits and off-site contractor disposal. Aerial photographs ^
of the Valley taken in late 1977 showed the presence of large •
deposits of solid wastes that potentially contain toxic substances
that could be released to the atmosphere and to ground or surface •
waters. This was of special concern in the Nitro area where
actual contamination of ground water with toxic substances has •
been documented. Additional on-site investigations and monitor- *
ing would be needed to define the extent of actual releases of
toxic substances.
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6. A 1976 Manufacturing Directory listed 206 manufacturers in the •
study area. Of this total, 19 have NPDES permits and 17 are
tracked by the EPA air pollution control program. An additional •
12 non-manufacturing industrial facilities have NPDES permits
and three are tracked by the air program. Eleven plants are f|
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monitored by both the NPDES permit and air programs. There are
218 industrial plants of all types in the Valley. Only 40 of
these are monitored by EPA programs. Eight of the manufacturing
plants are considered to be known major sources and six are
potential major sources of toxic substances in wastewater dis-
charges. Forty-five plants are considered potential minor
sources. For air emissions of toxic substances, six plants are
considered known major sources, two plants are potential major
sources and 23 plants are potential minor sources. With respect
to hazardous wastes, four plants were known major sources, 9
were potential major sources and 39 were potential minor sources.
Thus, less than half of the known or potential sources of toxic
substances are monitored by EPA programs.
7. There are 22 municipal sources of wastewater discharged to the
Kanawha River in the study area. All but two of these are not
considered significant sources of toxic substances because of
the small population served and lack of major contributing in-
dustries on their sewer systems. The South Charleston waste-
water treatment plant treats about 15,000 to 23,000 m3/day (4 to
6 mgd) of industrial wastewater from Union Carbide's South
Charleston Plant. Industrial influent to the plant contains
toxic substances. Available data do not adequately define
effluent characteristics with respect to toxic substances.
Sludge from the plant containing toxic substances is disposed of
in a large fly ash pond. The Charleston wastewater treatment
plant serves a population of about 80,000 and numerous small
industries. N.L. Industries, a lead oxide plant, is a major
contributing industry. Data are not adequate to evaluate this
municipal treatment plant's contribution of toxic substances.
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8. Of the 31 industrial sources of wastewater discharges in the
Valley that have NPDES permits, 19 of these are considered major
dischargers by the permit program. For water pollution control
planning purposes, the following eight sources are considered
majors because of their large discharges of oxygen demanding
substances. These eight are also known or potential major
sources of toxic substances.
Source
Avtex Fibers, Inc.
E.I. duPont deNemours & Co.,Inc.
FMC Corp.
FMC Corp.
Monsanto Co.
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Co.
Union Carbide Corp.
Union Carbide Corp.
Location
Nitro
Belle
Nitro
South Charleston
Nitro
South Charleston
Institute
South Charleston
All of these major plants except Avtex Fibers, Inc. and FMC
Corp. at South Charleston are scheduled for plant inspections by
NEIC. A limited inspection was previously completed at FMC
Corp.
In addition to the routine process evaluations, inspection of
air and water pollution control measures, review of air emission
and wastewater discharge data and review of solid and hazardous
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waste disposal data, the scheduled plant visits should include
inspections of the following practices and/or operations:
Plant Practice or Operation
duPont Anaerobic pond and adjacent solid and
hazardous waste disposal areas.
Monsanto Solid waste disposal practices
including the main landfill and
associated potential for contami-
nation of Armour Creek.
Union Carbide, Flyash disposal, sludge holding
Institute Plant ponds, history of solid waste dis-
posal in the wastewater treatment
plant vicinity, Goff Mountain
Chemical landfill, and the indepen-
dent tank cleaning operation.
Union Carbide, Ward Hollow and Holz flyash and
South Charleston Plant sludge disposal ponds, Technical
Center wastewater discharges, land-
fill operations.
Consideration should be given to making a follow-up inspection
of the fly ash pond and adjacent landfill activities at the FMC
Corp. South Charleston Plant.
Where indicated by the results of the plant inspections, moni-
toring of wastewater discharges may be necessary to define
actual discharges of toxic substances and to assist in estab-
lishing appropriate effluent limitations. Some monitoring of
selected air emissions and monitoring of groundwater in the
vicinity of disposal facilities may also be desirable to fully
document potential toxicity problems.
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9. Detailed plant inspections have been completed by NEIC at Chemical
Formulators, Inc.; Fike Chemicals, Inc.; Coastal Tank Lines,
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Inc.; and Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. in Nitro. Compliance
monitoring of wastewater discharges was performed at all facilities £
except Chemical Formulators, Inc. which was not operating during
the monitoring period. The results of these studies documented I
the discharge of at least 17 toxic chemicals to the Kanawha River
from the Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. facility providing j|
industrial wastewater treatment for Fike Chemicals, Inc., and *
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc. Solid and liquid wastes containing ^
toxic substances including known carcinogens were disposed of by 9
the four facilities in unlined ponds and/or pits on-site. Contam-
ination of groundwater by toxic substances was documented. Abate- •
ment of this environmental pollution is needed to prevent further
contamination of the groundwater system and to protect downstream M
public water supplies.
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10. Available information is adequate to indicate that the potential ^
for significant discharges and/or emissions of toxic substances |
exists at the following nine industrial facilities. Additional
detailed information including data on toxic substances in raw I
materials, intermediates, by-products, final products, wastewater
discharges, air emissions and solid wastes is needed to define •
if actual discharges of toxic substances are occurring.
Source Location ™
*ACF Industries, Inc. Red House M
Allied Chemical Corp. Nitro P
^American Mobile Clean, Inc. Fraziers Bottom (Winfield)
Avtex Fibers, Inc. Nitro M
*Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. Institute •
Diamond Shamrock Corp. Belle
*Mason and Dixon Tank Lines, Inc. St. Albans
Union Carbide Alloy M
Vimasco Corp. Nitro •
* Tank Cleaning Facilities flt
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A review of information submitted by the companies and the
available information summarized in this report will probably
indicate that detailed plant inspections will be necessary for
plants with the potential for substantial releases of toxic
substances. Follow-up monitoring may also be necessary as in
the case of the major plants.
11. Because of the nature of their operations, facilities for clean-
ing tank trailers and tank cars that have been used for hauling
various chemical substances produce wastewaters that are highly
variable in flow, chemical makeup and treatability. Numerous
toxic chemicals are transported in such units and are thus present
in wastewaters, treated effluents/ and associated sludges. Residual
toxic chemicals in tanks pose disposal problems. There are at
least six facilities in the Kanawha Valley that clean large numbers
of tank trailers and cars. A special study is needed to define
treatment and disposal practices and effluent characteristics at
these facilities so that appropriate actions can be taken to
minimize the release of toxic substances to the environment from
this industry. Adequate data are available on Coastal Tank Lines,
Inc. at Nitro. Additional data are needed on the four facilities
listed in item 10 above and on the independent tank cleaner discharg-
ing to Union Carbide's wastewater treatment plant at Institute.
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III. BACKGROUND
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Kanawha Valley Is the narrow, winding valley of the Kanawha
River in west-central West Virginia surrounding the capitol city,
Charleston. The Kanawha River traverses the western foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains for 155 km (97 mi) from its origin at Gauley
Bridge at the confluence of the New and Gauley Rivers to its con-
fluence with the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, West Virginia north-
west of Charleston. The study area encompassed only about 96 km (60
mi) of the valley between Alloy and Winfield [Figure 1, Section I].
Because the river traverses mountainous country, the valley is
relatively narrow, reaching a maximum width of only about 1.6 km (1
mi) in the study area. The area of the valley floor in the study
area is less than 130 sg. km (50 sq. mi), much of which is developed
for urban, industrial or residential uses. The elevation of flanking
mountains range from 100 to 430 m above the valley floor. This particu-
lar topography tends to hold air pollutants from industrial and munici-
pal sources in the valley in close proximity to populated areas.
The total population of the study area is about 200,000. Popu-
lation densities are low in the upper and lower thirds of the valley
with most population concentrated in Charleston and adjacent communi-
ties in the Central Valley.
Streamflow in the Kanawha River can be highly variable ranging
from flooding conditions in late Winter and Spring to low flows in
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late Summer and Fall. Extreme low flow is about 55 m /sec (1,930 cfs).
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Water quality standards are based on low flows of 70 m /sec (2,490 ^
cfs) at Kanawha Falls near Gauley Bridge and 82 m /sec (2,890 cfs) at ||
Charleston. The Kanawha River is navigable throughout the study area
with slack water provided by London, Marmet and Winfield Dams. I
Water supply in the study area is obtained largely from surface •
sources. A portion of the upper valley is served by the West Virginia
Water Company plant at Montgomery using Kanawha River water. The
large West Virginia Water Company plant at Charleston provides a munici-
pal supply to most of the valley between Belle and Nitro, a population ^
of more than 160,000. This plant treats about 114,000 m3/day (30 |
mgd) of water from the Elk River. The company no longer operates the
plant at Nitro that used Kanawha River water. Other smaller municipal I
systems are operated at Cedar Grove, East Bank, Glasgow and Pratt in
the upper valley and at St. Albans in the central valley. Large indus- •
trial plants obtain cooling water and some process water directly
from the Kanawha River. «
PREVIOUS STUDIES , I
Because of the concentration of chemical industries in the Kanawha •
Valley and their environmental impacts, various studies have been *
conducted of environmental pollution and its sources over the past
two decades. The State of West Virginia initiated a phased program
to reduce pollution of the Kanawha River in 1958. As a result, dis- -
charges of oxygen demanding substances to the river were reduced by •
89% between 1958 and 1976. To assist in achieving this waste load
reduction and to provide for additional water quality enhancement, •
EPA has conducted a number of receiving water and waste source investi-
gations during the past seven years. Several of these provided basis •
data for this report. ™
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In 1972, plant inspections and effluent sampling were conducted
at 40 industrial facilities in the Valley by EPA's National Field
Investigation Center in Cincinnati. These inspections provided basic
information on processes, raw materials, products, wastewater treat-
ment and control practices and effluent characteristics. Data on
toxic substances in the effluents were usually limited to heavy metals.
No organic analyses were performed. For most of the minor sources,
this was the most recent detailed inspection by EPA. Self monitoring
data are submitted by these sources to EPA on a regular basis but
contain little data on toxic substances.
In 1975, effluent samples collected by Region III from major
wastewater discharges from chemical plants in the Valley were analyzed
for organic compounds by NEIC. Limited data on toxic substances in
these effluents were developed in this study.
Reconnaissance inspections of major wastewater dischargers in
the Valley have been made by Region III staff during the past two
years. Trip reports of these inspections provided data on current
pollution control practices and recent process changes.
Reconnaissance inspections of specific air pollution sources in
major facilities have been made by Region III staff during the past
several years. Inspection reports provided some data on emissions of
toxic substances.
In February 1977, a large spill of toxic carbon tetrachloride
occurred in the Kanawha River. This prompted an EPA sampling survey
of the river and selected industrial effluents. Organic analyses of
these samples provided an inventory of toxic organic chemicals present
in the river.
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CURRENT NEIC INVESTIGATIONS
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Data on current wastewater treatment practices at eight major —
industrial facilities in the Valley were compiled by a contractor in fl
early 1977 as part of an areawide water pollution control planning
study [Figure 2]. •
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At the request of Region III, NEIC has begun a series of plant g[
inspections and monitoring studies at major sources of pollution in
the Valley. These studies include evaluations of processes, of •
pollution control practices (air, water, solid waste and hazardous
materials), and of effluent characteristics.
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A partial evaluation of the FMC Corp. plant at South Charleston
was conducted in February 1977 when a carbon tetrachloride spill occur-
red at the plant.
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Detailed plant inspections and monitoring surveys were conducted
at Fike Chemicals, Inc., Coastal Tank Lines, Inc. and the Cooperative •
Sewage Treatment, Inc. facility in Nitro during September and October
1977. A plant inspection was made at Chemical Formulators, Inc. in •
Nitro in September 1977 but no monitoring was done as the plant was *
not in operation. •
Region III has requested that NEIC conduct plant inspections at
the following facilities: •
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Belle •
FMC Corp., Nitro
Monsanta Co., Nitro
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Co., South Charleston
Union Carbide Corp., Institute
Union Carbide Corp., South Charleston
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Inspections at these plants are scheduled for the first half of •
1978. Requested data including information on products, processes •
and pollution control practices has been received from most of these
installations. •
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IV. STUDY METHODS
BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION
The primary method of background data collection was a manual
search of Region III program files. Basic information on sources of
wastewater discharges was obtained from NPDES permit program files.
This included some information on toxic substances in raw materials,
products and wastewater discharges. Plant and outfall locations and
descriptions of wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal facili-
ties were also obtained from these files. About 60 municipal and
industrial permit files were reviewed.
About 20 air program files were reviewed. These files contained
trip reports and emissions data on specific sources of air pollution
within the large industrial complexes.
Solid waste disposal and drinking water program files were also
reviewed.
Available reports of previous studies were compiled from various
sources.
AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE
Three aerial reconnaissances of the entire study area were con-
ducted in 1977. On September 29, 1977, an aerial reconnaissance of
all known industrial wastewater dischargers, major municipal waste-
water discharges and major air pollution sources was conducted from a
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light aircraft. About 50 color transparencies (35 mm slides) of facil-
ities of specific interest were obtained with a hand held camera. £
Locations of industrial facilities, disposal ponds, landfills and
solid waste disposal areas were marked on U.S. Geological Survey topo- I
graphical maps (Scale 1:24,000).
The results of this preliminary investigation were collated with "
the background data and used to select specific target areas for a M
more detailed aerial reconnaissance. During the period October 10 to B
15, 1977, aerial photographs and thermal infrared imagery were record-
ed over the selected target areas using high performance reconnais- •
sance aircraft equipped with multi-band photography and thermal sensor
capabilities. Thermal data were obtained both during the day and at •
night. Aerial photographs included true color, false color infrared
and ultra violet transparencies. Black and white prints of selected •
true color photographs are presented in this report. ™
The photographs and thermal imagery were subjected to a detailed £
review, evaluation and interpretation. Observed features were compared
with the available background data.- Special emphasis was placed on •
detection and characterization of solid, liquid and hazardous waste
disposal sites (both reported and unreported) that could be storage I
areas for toxic substances.
Review of the reconnaissance data and receipt of additional back- *
ground data indicated that not all potential sources of toxic sub- «
stances had been imaged in the October study. A limited follow-up I
reconnaissance was conducted on December 13, 1977. Imagery from this
flight was subjected to the same interpretation as previous photographs. £
The results of these investigations are reported in appropriate •
discussions in this report.
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21
DETAILED PLANT STUDIES
As discussed in Section III, the NEIC is currently engaged in a
series of detailed plant studies in the Kanawha Valley. Four such
investigations have been completed to date. Data available from
these studies provided documentation of current releases to the en-
vironment of toxic substances from these four facilities.
Detailed data had been submitted to NEIC by four additional
plants preparatory to investigations at these facilities. This data
was not as complete as that produced by the NEIC monitoring studies.
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V. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
WATER QUALITY
Large discharges of water pollutants to the Kanawha River in the
past severely degraded water quality in most of the study area. Down-
stream from Charleston, dissolved oxygen was frequently completely
depleted during low flow conditions. The phased reduction of dis-
charges of oxygen demanding substances has resulted in improvements
in the dissolved oxygen content of the river. Improvements during
the past decade are shown graphically in Figure 3.
Taste and odor problems have been severe at times. These and
other quality problems restricted beneficial uses of the river.
Because the Kanawha River is a major tributary of the Ohio River,
degraded water quality in the Kanawha River contributed to taste and
odor problems in public water supplies obtained from the Ohio River.
These problems have been substantially reduced in recent years by
improved pollution controls.
Water uses and water quality in the Kanawha River and its tribu-
taries are protected by water quality regulations adopted by the West
Virginia State Water Resources Board in 1974 [Appendix A]. The Kanawha
River is divided into two zones by the regulations. The river from
its origin at Gauley Bridge to River Mile (RM) 72 at Diamond upstream
of Belle and all tributaries are in Zone 1. Water uses to be protected
in this zone include water contact recreation; public drinking water
and agricultural supplies; propagation of fish and other aquatic life;
and water transport, cooling and power uses. Water uses for Zone 2,
the main stem Kanawha River from Diamond to the Ohio River, include
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25
all of the Zone 1 uses except agricultural water supply. Additional
uses in Zone 2 are industrial water supply and treated waste trans-
port and assimilation. Only one major source of toxic substances is
located in Zone 1. All the rest are in Zone 2.
Specific water quality criteria applicable to the study area are
contained in Appendix A. With respect to toxic substances, three
types of criteria are applicable. The general conditions prohibit
sewage, industrial wastes or any other wastes entering the river from
causing therin or contributing to concentrations of materials poison-
ous to man, animal or fish life. The specific criteria indicate toxic
substances are not to exceed 1/10 of the 96-hr median tolerance limit.
Maximum allowable in-stream concentrations are specified for six heavy
metals, cyanide and phenol [Appendix A].
Very little data exist on the presence and magnitude of toxic
substances in the Kanawha River. A February 1977 organic survey pro-
vided data on organic compounds present at four locations [Table 1].
Marmet Dam at RM 67.7 is downstream from the Alloy and Belle industrial
complexes. Four compounds including two priority pollutants were
present. Actual concentrations were not determined. The Elk River
sampling location at RM 58 is just upstream of the South Charleston
industrial complex. There are no significant sources of toxic sub-
stances between Marmet Dam and the Elk River. Winfield Dam (RM 31)
is downstream from all sources of pollution in the study area. Seven
priority pollutants were present among the 13 compounds detected at
this location. There were 17 compounds and 10 priority pollutants
detected near the mouth of the river. There are no additional signifi-
cant sources of toxic substances along the lower river. Therefore,
these compounds must have originiated upstream of Winfield Dam.
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Table 1
SUMMARY OF COMPOUNDS DETECTED IN THE KANAWHA
RIVER ON FEBRUARY 123 1977
I
Kanawha River Sampling Location |
Compound Marmet Dam
Benzene* -**
Carbon Tetrachloride* D
Chlorobenzene*
Chloroform*
Di chlorobenzene isomers*
1 ,2-Dichlorethane*
Isopropyl Ether B
Methyl Aniline isomer
Methyl Methacrylate D
Methyl Phenyl Ether
2-Methyl-3-Heptanol - -
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
4-Methyl -3-pentene-2-one
cis-or trans-3-Methyl-2-pentene
Two Terpineol isomers
Two Terpinene isomers
Tetralin
Tetrachlorethylene* D
Toluene*
Trichloroethylene*
Trichlorobenzene*
Xylene isomers '-
Two C-|gH-,6 isomers
* Priority Pollutant
** Compound not detected at this location
*** Relative level of compound in sample analyzed
spectrometry (GC/MS) . A is highest, D lowest.
determined.
Elk River Winfield Dam
Q***
A
_
D B
A
D
A
-
-
-
— —
-
D
C&D
D
D
-
C
D
_ _
D
- -
by gas chromatography -
Actual concentration
Near
B
A
D
C
A
D
C
D
-
D
D
D
D
-
-
-
_
D
A
D
D
-
D
mass
not
Mourn
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27
AIR QUALITY
Because of the narrow valley topography, air pollutants are fre-
quently trapped in the valley, resulting in severe air quality degrada-
tion. This is most significant in the vicinity of the five industrial
centers. Valley air currents also move the pollution up or down the
valley from the industrial centers to residential and urban areas.
Improvements in air pollution controls have resulted in substantial
reductions in particulate levels, especially in the South Charleston
area. Sulfur dioxide levels in the Valley preclude the addition of
new sources of SCL emissions unless offsetting reductions are made at
other sources.
Very little data were available on other than criteria pollutants.
Special ambient air monitoring in late 1975 detected nitrosamines
near Belle and South Charleston. Releases of vinyl chloride from
South Charleston were detectable in the atmosphere. Special ambient
air sampling in mid-1975 was conducted at about 15 locations in the
Kanawha Valley by Research Triangle'Institute (RTI) under contract to
EPA. The Kanawha Valley was one of several locations sampled as part
of a study to develop techniques for measuring carcinogenic vapors in
ambient atmospheres. Volatile organic vapors detected during the
study are tabulated in Appendix B. Toxic compounds detected included
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dichloro-
benzene, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, napthalene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene. Concentrations were not
given.
A contract to conduct additional ambient air sampling in the
Kanawha Valley was awarded by EPA to RTI in October 1977. This
sampling was conducted in late 1977 and early 1978. The results were
not yet available when this report was completed.
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VI. SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
As a first step in defining the location and characteristics of
sources of toxic substances, an inventory of all known sources of
pollution was developed. An inventory of all known industrial facil-
ities was developed from a manufacturing directory and from air and
water pollution program files. NPDES permit files provided an inven-
tory of municipal sources. Limited file data were also available on
solid and hazardous waste disposal practices and on non-point sources.
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION
The 1976 Manufacturing Directory is the latest available inven-
tory of manufacturing facilities in the study area. The 206 manufac-
turers in the study area are listed in Table 2, arranged alphabetically
by city and county. Also listed are the number of employees, industry
type as given by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code,
and general product description for each manufacturer. Other data in
Table 2 is explained below.
Because the directory only lists manufacturers, there are 12 -
non-manufacturing industrial sources of pollution in the valley not
listed. Most significant are three thermal-electric power plants and
three chemical transport trucking firms. Data on all significant
sources of pollution whether or not listed in Table 2, are presented
in Sections VII, VIII and IX.
The Table 2 list was compared with the NPDES permit list and an
appropriate entry made in the NPDES permit column in Table 2. As in-
dicated on the last page of Table 2, 14 of the 206 manufacturers had
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major permits, 5 had minor permits and one was a major contributing
industry on a municipal sewerage system. This indicated that only
about 10% of the manufacturers are monitored by the NPDES permit program.
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An evaluation was made of the known or potential presence and
magnitude of toxic substances in the wastewater discharges from each •
manufacturer. If no other data were available, this evaluation was
based on industry type, products and size as indicated by the number mm
of employees. Eight of the facilities were known to discharge toxic I
substances at a level considered to be major and six were potential
major discharges. There were 45 manufacturers considered potential jj
minor dischargers. Most of these minor sources probably discharge to
municipal sewerage systems. " •
A comparison was also made between the Table 2 list and th air •
program Compliance Data System (CDS) list. Twelve of the manufactur- *
ers are considered major sources of air pollution and five are minor •
sources. Three are sources of hazardous air pollutants. Less than I
10% of the manufacturers are monitored by the air pollution program.
A similar evaluation of emissions of toxic substances was made as for •
wastewater discharges. Six of the plants were known major emitters
of toxic substances, two were potential major sources and 23 were •
potential minor sources.
With respect to solid and hazardous wastes containing toxic sub- •
stances, four manufacturers were known major sources, 9 were potential •
major sources and 39 were potential minor sources. I
In addition to the 19 manufacturing facilities listed in Table 2 |
that have NPDES permits, there are 12 non-manufacturing industrial
plants that have NPDES permits. These include power plants, bulk •
petroleum terminals and trucking firms. The three power plants are
non-manufacturing sources of air pollution tracked by the air program. •
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A comparison of the numbers of NPDES permits and plants tracked
by the air pollution program with the numbers of known and potential
sources of toxic substances shows that less than half of these sources
are tracked by EPA programs.
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION
The NPDES permit list indicates that there are 22 municipal sources
of wastewater discharged to the Kanawha River. Most of these are
small sewerage systems serving only commercial and residential areas
with little or no industry. Most systems are thus not considered
significant sources of toxic substances. Details of specific munici-
pal sources are discussed in Sections VII, VIII, and IX.
Two municipal wastewater discharges are considered significant
sources of toxic substances. The South Charleston Sewage Treatment
Company provides treatment for industrial process wastewaters contain-
ing toxic substances from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant in
addition to municipal wastewater from a population of about 20,000.
The Charleston wastewater treatment plant serves a population of
about 80,000 and a number of small industrial facilities. The only
major contributing industries are the N. L. Industries lead oxide
plant and a major water treatment facility.
In addition to the 23 specific municipal sources, there are
about 25 sources of treated or untreated domestic wastewater dis-
charges from trailer parks, schools, and small commercial or indus-
trial facilities. These are not considered significant sources of
toxic substances.
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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
NON-POINT SOURCES
In the upper valley, surface and underground coal mines (active
and abandoned) contribute pollution in surface runoff and drainage.
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Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes containing toxic
substances are produced and disposed of in the Kanawha Valley. Sub- I
stantial amounts of wastes are exported out of the Valley for dis-
posal by contractors or by other means. Ultimate disposal methods •
and locations were usually not defined. •
Disposal methods used by industrial facilities in the Valley in- |
elude incineration, on-site deep well injection, landfill (both on
and off-site), sludge storage ponds, lagoons, flyash ponds, and open •
pits. Except for one licensed landfill, EPA file data on State approval
and control of disposal sites and methods were limited. Details of I
the disposal methods used at specific industrial sites are discussed
in Sections VII, VIII, and IX. .
•
Municipal solid wastes are landfilled at various locations in _
the Valley. These sites are potential sources of toxic substances |
disposed of by smaller industrial facilities and from normal domestic
waste materials. There were no EPA file data available on these •
practices.
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There are a variety of non-point sources of pollution in the
Valley. Mobil sources such as automobiles, trucks and trains con- •
tribute air pollutants with the major contributions being in the
Charleston area. I
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Urban and suburban areas contribute pollution in surface runoff.
Rain-out of air pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide, con-
• tribute some water pollution.
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VII. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES - UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY
For purposes of this report, the Upper Kanawha Valley is defined
as the developed narrow valley of the Kanawha River between Alloy at
the head of navigation (River Mile 90.7), and Marmet Dam northwest of
Belle, River Mile 67.7 [Figure 4]. This 37 km (23 mi) reach of the
valley is very narrow and winding and is flanked on both sides by
mountains with elevations ranging up to 430 m (1,400 ft) above river
level. The entire navigation pools of the Marmet and London Dams are
located in this valley reach.
The population of the upper valley is low. Numerous small towns
and villages are scattered along the valley. Montgomery, with a popula-
tion of about 2,500, is the largest community. Large industrial fa-
cilities are at Alloy and Belle. A fewer smaller industrial plants
are scattered along the river. Numerous coal mines are located along
this valley reach at varying distances up to several kilometers from
the river. Coal preparation plants and/or barge or train loading
facilities service many of these mines.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are five major industrial plants in the upper valley. The
duPont plant at Belle is the largest and most significant from both
the toxic substances and classical pollutants viewpoints. Two plants
are coal-fired thermal electric power plants. A ferroalloy plant and
an organic chemicals plant are the other two major facilities.
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Union Carbide Corporation, Ferroalloys Division, Alloy (RM 89.7R)
Union Carbide Corporation operates a ferroalloy plant at Alloy
on the north bank of the Kanawha River [Figure 5]. The plant has
been in operation since 1934 with significant expansions in 1941 and
1951. Plant modernization has continued during the past 10 years.
Employment was about 1,250 persons in 1972 with about 1,450 required
for full production. Production capacity was in the range of 145,000
to 170,000 m. tons (160,000 to 190,000 tons) of alloys per year.
In 1972, the plant had 15 electric arc furnaces for alloy pro-
duction. Electric power was obtained from hydroelectric plants on
the New River and an on-site, coal-fireci power plant. Raw materials
were batch loaded into the furnaces, smelted, and the molten metal
cast in molds for sale to customers.
Raw materials included coal, coke, charcoal, dolemite, lime,
limestone, mi 11 scale, silicate of soda, produced metals, produced
slags, chrome ore (Kefdag Turkish, Yassitepe, Russian and Transval),
manganese ore (El Paso, Amopa, Comilog, Mamativan, Chilean and Turkish),
sand (silica and Zirconium), North Carolina gravel and Winona quartz.
By-products were several "throw away" slags including ferro-
chrome silicon, silicomanganese, ferrochrome and ferromanganese slags.
Finished products included the following: silicon metal, ferrosili-
cons, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferromanganese silicon, cal-
cium silicon, SMZ (silicon manganese zirconium), 35-40% zirconium,
strontium silicon, calcium barium silicon, low carbon ferrochrome,
ferrochrome silicon, silicon titanium and hypercal.
3
Water use at the plant was reported as about 378,000 m /day
(100 mgd) in April 1977, of which 257,000 m3/day (68 mgd) was power
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#*:A^
Figure 5 . Location Map - Alloy & Boomer Areas
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plant cooling water. Most of the remaining flow was furnace cooling
water. Other water uses were for an air pollution scrubber on one
furnace, tap washing on another furnace, bottom ash sluicing at the
power plant and sanitary purposes.
In 1972, scrubber and tap washing waters were treated in a
series of two small settling ponds. Settled sludge was diposed of in
a landfill. Bottom ash was sluiced to another series of three set-
tling ponds with solids removed to a landfill. Sanitary wastewaters
were treated in a small biological treatment plant. Cooling waters
were not treated. Aerial photographs of the plant recorded in Octo-
ber 1977 showed the two series of settling ponds to still be in use
[Figure 6]. An additional long rectang'ular pond had been constructed
at the north end of the plant [Figure 7]. This was apparently part
of additional treatment facilities to be constructed in 1977.
Emissions from all but one of the furnaces were controlled by
dry bag dust collector systems. The one furnace was controlled by a
scrubber, as previously discussed. In 1972, reuse of the collected
dust was being investigated, indicating a probable high metal con-
tent. Actual disposal was not reported. Fly ash from the power plant
was controlled by electrostatic precipitators with disposal to land-
fill (location undefined).
In addition to the materials discussed above that were disposed
of in landfills, the "throw away" slags were also sent to landfill.
Some of these materials have reportedly been landfilled along Jarret
Branch for years. This is a small stream entering the plant site
from the east and flowing under the southeast corner of the plant
[Figure 5]. The 1977 aerial photographs showed a delta of deposited
solids at the mouth of the creek [Figure 6]. Reportedly, metals are
leached from the landfill or washed with solids into Jarrett Branch
resulting in elevated metals concentrations in the stream discharge
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to the Kanawha River. Ownership of the landfill area was not
defined. •
Solid wastes have also been landfilled along the river edge, •
most noticeably at the northwest corner of the plant site where the
fill extends into the river [Figure 7]. This could allow metal bear- •
ing solids to be washed into the river. Surface runoff from ore ™
stockpiles is another potential source of heavy metals. •
Effluents from six outfalls were sampled in 1972. Outfall 007
was not yet constructed. It apparently serves the new pond. Outfall •
008, Jarret Branch, also was not sampled. The only toxic substance
present in significant amounts was chromium which was discharged at •
21 kg (47 lb)/day. Bioassays detected no toxicity in plant effluents.
As part of their NPDES permit requirements, Union Carbide must ™
periodically monitor for As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni , Pb and Zn. In April «
1977, the plant reported an average chromium discharge of 22 kg (48 |
lb)/day.
Toxic substances present in air emissions include SO^ in the
power plant combustion gases and heavy metals in particulate matter I
passing furnace control equipment. The amount of furnace emissions
is not defined. Power plant S0? emissions were reported as 225 ppm •
in 207,000 ACFM in 1974. •
I
In summary, toxic substances released to the environment from
the Union Carbide facility at Alloy are known to include chromium
discharged in plant wastewaters (22 kg/day), SOp emissions from power •
plant boilers and heavy metals leached or washed from the Jarret Branch
landfill. Additional heavy metals may be released from landfills on •
other portions of the plant site. Chromium is an NRDC priority pollutant.
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JARRETT
BRANCH
Figure 6.
Union Carbide Ferroa//oys Plant - South Half
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mm.
Figure 7.
Union Carbid* Ferroalloys Plant-North Half
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Appalachian Power Companyt Kanawha River Plant, Glasgow, RM 78.3R
This is a 430 MW coal-fired thermal electric power plant. The
plant operates continuously. It began operation in 1953.
Condenser cooling is provided by once-through use of Kanawha
River water. Water use was 1,590,000 m /day (420 mgd) in 1972 of
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which only 5,300 m /day (1.4 mgd) was treated for boiler feed, bear-
ing cooling and sanitary uses.
Bottom ash was sluiced to storage ponds north of the plant
3
[Figure 8]. Overflow averaging 265 m /day (0.07 mgd) was discharged
to the river. The bulk of the bottom ash was hauled away for fill.
Fly ash was collected dry and hauled to a storage area east of the
plant.
Drainage from the coal storage area was pumped to the river. It
averaged only 6 gpm.
Analysis of the ash pond effluent in 1972 showed low levels of
copper, chromium, lead, nickel and zinc to be present. Higher levels
of these metals were present in the coal storage drainage but dis-
charge loads were small. Less than 2 kg (5 lb)/day of heavy metals
were discharged by the power plant.
Combustion of coal in the plant boilers releases large volumes
of SOp to the atmosphere. The amount was not determined in this
study.
In summary, except for SO,, emissions, the Kanawha River power
plant is not a significant source of toxic substances.
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Figure 8 ., Location Map - Glasgow Area
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Appalachian Power Company, Cabin Creek Plant, Cabin Creek, RM 74.31
This coal-fired power plant was originally built in 1913. It
was modified to its present type of operation with six generating
units in 1942. Operations were reduced to a peaking basis in 1962.
In 1972, only two units with a capacity of 180 MW were operated. The
other units were shut down because they were not equipped with air
pollution control equipment.
Water use at the plant was 738,000 m3/day (195 mgd) in 1972.
The plant had 18 outfalls of which 4 were deactivated when the four
3
units were shut down. Bottom ash was sluiced in about 1,500 m /day
(0.39 mgd) of water to a small pit. Th'e overflow was discharged to
Cabin Creek near its mouth. Bottom ash was hauled to a coal refuse
dump in 1972 but reportedly was to be pumped to the fly ash ponds
shortly thereafter. Fly ash was sluiced to ponds located west across
Cabin Creek [Figure 9]. One of the two ponds was being filled while
fly ash from the other was hauled by truck to a fill site downstream.
The pond o'
the river.
The pond overflow of about 230 m /day (0.06 mgd) was discharged to
Sampling of the two ash system discharges in 1972 showed the
same results as for the Kanawha River Plant, low levels of heavy
metals present. The Cabin Creek Plant does not appear to be a sig-
nificant source of toxic substances except for S0? emissions from the
boilers. The plant reportedly burns 0.75% sulfur coal.
Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, Belle, RM 69.3R
Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company operates an organic chemical
plant at Belle adjacent to the duPont chemical plant [Figure 10].
The plant was initially operated by Belle Alkali as a chlorine caus-
tic plant in 1920. Facilities for chlorination of methane to methyl
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T'i R.
upont-City
AEROBIC POND
Du PONT
DIAMOND SHAMROCK
KER MACHINERY
Figure 10. Location Map - Belle Area
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chloride and methylene were added in 1932. After World War II,
production of chlorine and caustic was stopped. The plant was con- •
verted to a methanol starting point in 1969.
Raw materials in 1972 were chlorine, brought in by barge, and
methanol piped directly from the duPont plant. Products manufactured •
include methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, muriatic ™
acid and an intermediate product of methyl chloride. Production was _
estimated to beMn'the range of 180 to 230 m. tons (200 to 250 tons)/day |
in 1976. Carbon tetrachloride production was about 1.4 to 2.3 m. ton
(1.5 to 2.5 tons)/day. |
About 30,000 m /day (7.9 mgd) was "withdrawn from the Kanawha Ij
River in 1972 and used for once-through, non-contact cooling. Only
3
about 8 m /day (0.002 mgd) was used in the process in the liquid phase
of a caustic scrubber used to neutralize the methyl chloride gas stream
containing small amounts of hydrogen chloride. This waste stream was _
not treated in 1972. The 1977 aerial photographs [Figures 11 and 12] |
showed a small pond at the northeast corner of the plant; its function
was unknown. I
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Analysis of the Diamond Shamrock effluents in 1972 detected no •
heavy metals other than a low level of zinc. No organic analyses
were run. In late 1976, testing for carbon tetrachloride detected a
discharge of 3.6 kg (8 lb)/day. No chloroform data were reported.
Analyses of samples obtained from the two effluents in February 1977 _
during an investigation of carbon tetrachloride discharges to the |
Kanawha River detected low levels of carbon tetrachloride, chloro-
form, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, •
1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and dichlorobenzene
isomers. All of these compounds are priority pollutants as are the •
final products, methylene chloride and methyl chloride.
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Figure jj.
DuPonf and Diamond Shamrock - North Side
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DUPONT WWTP
-&l-< AM ROCK
Figure 12,
DuPonf and Diamond Shamrock - South Side
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Organic residues from the process are primarily recovered and
used in the process. Residues not used are sent to a disposal con-
tractor. All residues containing carbon tetrachloride collected be-
tween 1968 and January 1975 (33 tons), were sent to a contractor in
early 1975. Ultimate disposal locations were not defined.
Available data indicate that the plant has discharged at least
eight priority pollutants with known toxicity. Three raw materials
and final products are also toxic. However, the data show only low
levels of releases of these toxic substances to the environment. The
potential for major releases in the event of an accident or spill
does exist.
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Belle, RM 68.5R
The duPont plant is a large chemical production facility situated
on about 42 hectares (104 acres) along about 1.6 km (1 mi) of the
Kanawha River [Figure 10]. The plant began operation in 1926 with
the only product being ammonia. Various products have been added
through plant expansions and more than 30 organic and inorganic chem-
icals are now produced. Peak employment reached about 5,000 about
1945. Current employment is 1,600. Plant operations are continuous
and relatively uniform.
In July 1976, substances identified by duPont as handled, used
as raw materials or produced as final product, intermediate or by-
product at the Belle plant and present on an EPA proposed hazardous
substance list included the following:
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A list of products submitted to EPA in late 1977 is presented in
Table 3.
incineration.
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Acetic Acid Hydrochloric Acid
Acetic Anhydride Hydrogen Cyanide •
Acetone Cyanhydrin . Methyl Mercaptan |
Aluminum Sulfate Methyl Methacrylate
Ammonia Monomethylamine ^
Ammonium Chloride Phosphoric Acid •
Ammonium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide *
Aniline Propyl Alcohol
Antimony Potassium Tartrate Sodium Hydroxide I
Antimony Trioxide ' Sodium Hypochlorite I
Calcium Hypochlorite Sodium Methyl ate
Chlorine Sodium Nitrite •
Cupric Formate Styrene |
Cyclohexane Sulfuric Acid
Dimethyl amine Triethyl amine
Formaldehyde ' Trimethyl amine •
VansrHnm Ppnt.nvirlp •
Vanadium Pentoxide
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Water use in early 1977 was averaging about 435,000 m /day •
3
(115 mgd), a substantial reduction from 662,000 m /day (175 mgd) in
1972. The reduction is due to process changes. Treated wastewater •
is discharged to the Kanawha River through four outfalls. There are
an additional 51 "non-contact water" outfalls. •
mid-1972 included a biological (activated sludge) wastewater treat- *
Waste disposal facilities and practices in use at Belle in
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ment plant, an anaerobic pond, incineration, burning of liquid organic
wastes in the powerhouse, barging of fly ash to a local landfill,
barging of brines to the Gulf of Mexico and on-site deep well disposal of
brine and organic wastes. In late 1977, barging of fly ash and brines |
had been discontinued. In addition to incineration and wastewater
treatment, some deep well disposal was continuing. Various waste •
materials were disposed of by contractors. These were transported
out of state by truck, rail and barge for disposal by landfill or •
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Table 3
PRODUCTS LIST
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND CO.
Belle, West Virginia
Agricutlure Chemical Intermediate F-3259, F-3455
Ammonia
Benlate
Benomyl
Bis-para-aminocyclohexyl-methane
Carbon Monoxide
Dimethylacetamide
Dimethylether
Di methylformami de
Dimethylsulfate
Ethylene glycol
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Hydrogen
Hydroxyacetic Acid
Methacrylate:
Methyl Methacrylate
n-Butyl Methacrylate
2-Ethyl Hexyl Methacrylate
Methacrylic Acid
Ethyl Methacrylate
Methyl amines
Monomethylamines
Dimethyl amines
Trimethyl amines
Methylenedianaline
Methyl Formate
Small Lots Manufacturing Products
Sodium Styrene Sulfonate
Vazo
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Most process wastewater streams are discharged to the biological
plant for treatment. Treated flows are in the range of 7,600 to g
2
11,400 m /day (2 to 3 mgd). Treatment units include neutralization,
three isolation tanks for storage of spills, a large equalization •
tank, a cooling tower, phosphorous feed, five aeration units and five
final clarifiers [Figure 12]. Waste activated sludge is pumped to •
the anaerobic pond. A 65% increase in treatment capacity was com-
pleted in 1977.
•
The 3 hectare (7 acre) anaerobic pond is in a side valley of
Simmons Creek, about 1 km (0.6 mi) north of the main plant site [Fig- |
ures 13 and 14]. Originally built for fly ash disposal, the pond was
converted to treatment of organic waste's. It now is used for dis- I
posal of waste activated sludge. In 1972, some process wastes were
also pumped to the pond. •
The pond was formed by construction of a dam from cinders and
from clay and rock fill. A cinder keyway through the dam allows the
pond contents to continuously seep through the dam where they are
collected in a sump and piped to the biological treatment plant. I
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Areas adjacent to the pond appeared, in aerial photographs taken •
in October 1977, to be used for disposal of various solid and liquid
wastes. An apparently active disposal area was located north (up- •
hill) of the pond [Figure 14]. Black 55-gal drums were neatly stacked ™
beside three upright cylindrical tanks at the north edge of the disposal M
area. A pile of randomly dumped drums were at the south edge of the I
area. Unknown solid wastes were dumped in the area. Near the north
end of the pond, rusting containers had been dumped down the hillside. |
A diversion ditch has been constructed around the pond to pre- •
vent surface runoff from adjacent hillsides from reaching the pond.
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Figure 13.
DuPonf Anaerobic Pond
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Figure M.
DuPon/ Disposal Area
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Near the west end of the dam forming the anaerobic pond, a small
pond was diked off on the hillside [Figure 13]. It contained a red-
dish brown liquid in contrast to the black anaerobic pond contents.
Unknown solid wastes had been dumped into the pond on the west side.
A 1973 duPont drawing labeled the pond as a "waste retention" pond.
An active landfill operation was present south of the dam. A
white material had been placed against the toe of the dam. Gray ma-
terial with the^appearance of bottom ash and/or fly ash was being
deposited downstream from the dam. It is not documented in file ma-
terials if this is the present fly ash disposal area.
There were no data in the file to "define what wastes are land-
filled in this area, what control measures are employed or if there
are any linings or other protective barriers to prevent contamination
of groundwater. There did not appear to be a lining under the anaero-
bic pond.
Solid wastes from the plant are disposed of by various contrac-
tors.
Two deep wells, 460 and 1,610 m (1,500 and 5,300 ft) deep, respec-
tively, were previously used for waste disposal. Injected wastes
were primarily brines but included soluble organic materials such as
aniline, aromatic ami no compounds, and chlorinated and brominated
derivatives of benzene. A 1972 State permit limited the total volume
to be injected to 518,000 m3 (137 million gal)/year. In late 1977,
the deepest well (No. 2) was still in use. Materials and volumes
discharged to the well were not documented. It is thus not known if
the same substances are still injected. It is probable that process
changes and diversion of wastes to biological treatment have occurred.
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A source of nitrosamine emissions was discovered at the Belle
plant by EPA in early 1976. These emissions are now flared. Nitros-
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Materials barged to the Gulf were wastes from spent glycol re-
covery and from production of Benlate benomyl fungicide and sodium I
styrene sulfonate (SSS). The wastes contained sodium terephthalate,
ethylene glycol, SSS, chlorides, sulfates, other organics, antimony I
and low levels of cadmium and mercury. Current disposal of these
wastes was not documented. • •
Antimony, copper and phenol are the only priority pollutants «
monitored in the wastewater discharges. Discharge monitoring reports |
showed copper loads averaged 43 kg (95 lb)/day in 1975 and 34 kg (74
lb)/day in 1976 with a maximum discharge of 113 kg (250 lb)/day. I
Both antimony and phenol discharges were nil. In 1973, about 14,500
kg (32,000 lb)/month of antimony were barged to ocean disposal. I
amines were also present in the anaerobic pond. • _
In late 1977, duPont reported that 49 hydrocarbon compounds were
emitted to the atmosphere from the Belle plant. Ten of these com- I
pounds (analine, butyl isocyanate, carbon monoxide, dimethyl sulfate,
ethyl chloroformate, HCN, methyl chloroformate, methylene chloride, I
methylene dianiline and mono methyl amine) are considered by duPont to
have serious toxicity. •
Data showed that NO,, emissions from the three boilers were more _
than 380 kg (850 lb)/hr. Carbon monoxide emissions from several sources |
totaled more than 620 kg (1,370 lb)/hr. Methylene chloride emissions
were about 14 kg (30 lb)/hr. J
A total of 35 spills of chemicals, acids and oils were reported I
to the EPA between August 1975 and August 1977. Copper liquor was
one toxic chemical spilled. •
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In summary, the duPont Belle plant handles large quantities of
chemicals, some of which are known toxic substances. Known dis-
charges of toxic substances to the Kanawha River are small except for
copper. The potential for larger releases is present, however, and
monitoring data on toxic substances are very limited. Large emis-
sions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are reported. Emissions
of other toxic substances to the atmosphere are reportedly small.
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are six known minor industrial sources of wastewater dis-
charges with NPDES permits in the Upper Kanawha Valley. In addition,
aerial photographs recorded in October 1977 showed several potential
sources of water pollution. None of these sources appear to be sig-
nificant sources of toxic substances.
Exxon Corporation, Boomer Terminal, RM 88.9R
This is a small terminal engaged in the wholesale distribution
of petroleum and petroleum products [Figure 5]. Originally con-
structed about 55 years ago, the terminal was remodeled in 1966.
3
Sales volume is about 114,000 m (30 million gal)/year.
Surface runoff and water drained from the storage tanks are treat-
ed in an oil separator with a capacity of 11,000 liters (3,000 gal).
Any recovered petroleum is used off-site. Sludge is removed from the
oil separator annually by a tank cleaning contractor for off-site
disposal.
There appears to be no significant potential for release of toxic
substances to the environment from this facility.
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West Virginia Water Company, Montgomery Plant, RM 85.6
This small water treatment plant has been in operation since
1927. Water withdrawn from the Kanawha River is mixed with alum and
chlorine, clarified and passed through pressure sand filters. In
1972, an average of about 2,200 m3 (578,000 gal)/day was treated.
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Sanitary wastes, filter backwash and clarifier sludge were _
scheduled to be connected to the Montgomery sewerage system in 1972. |
Thus, there may no longer be a direct surface discharge at this
facility. I
Except for the minor potential of chlorine releases, this •
facility is not a source of toxic substances.
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Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Co., Handley, RM 83.6L
This terminal facility includes a yard office, a locomotive car
building, a car department building, a fueling station, and a turn- •
table and roundhouse [Figure 15]. It has been in existence about 100 •
years. •
Most buildings are served by septic tanks; the YMCA is served by
a small package aerobic digestion plant. An oil separator is used to •
3
treat drainage from the fueling station. Flow averages about 15 m
(4,000 gal)/day. Oil is salvaged and shipped off-site. Sludge is I
periodically removed by a septic tank contractor.
This facility is not a significant source of toxic substances. *
Analysis of an effluent sample for heavy metals in 1972 detected none
present.
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TTil* \ £" \\ U VV ^S^^V* b^-'Sm S.
Figure 15. Location Map - Handley & Hugheston Areas
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Texaco, Inc., Hugheston (Montgomery) Terminal, RM 81.6R
This small terminal receives, stores and distributes petroleum
products !Figure 151. There was no industrial use of water in 1972. I
Storm runoff and water drained from the tanks were discharged un-
treated. An oil separator was to be installed in 1972. This termin- •
al is not a source of toxic substances. *
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Valley Camp Coal Co., Shrewsbury, RM 74.5R
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This facility consists of a mine and a coal preparation plant
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[Figure 9]. Mine infiltration water averaging 190 m (50,000 gal)/day
is discharged untreated to the Kanawha River.
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At the preparation plant, coal is crushed, washed, screened, |
graded to size, and stockpiled for shipment. Wastewaters are col-
lected in a sludge tank and then passed through sieves and centri- I
fugal driers. Collected solids are returned to a coal storage pile.
Effluents from the driers are sent to thickeners, given chemical and I
coagulation treatment and vacuum filtered to recover coal and mineral
solids. All water is then recycled, except for irregular discharges •
to lagoons used for drying beds. Overflows from the lagoons averag- "
•3
ing 4 m /day (1,000 gpd) are discharged to the Kanawha River. _
Sampling of the two effluents from the mine and preparation plant
in 1972 detected low levels of several heavy metals and a zinc load •
of about 14 kg (30 lb)/day. Except for zinc, this facility does not
appear to discharge toxic substances. I
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Cecil I. Walker Machinery Co., Belle, RM 70.4R
This facility is located in Belle just upstream of the Diamond
Shamrock-duPont complex [Figure 10]. The Company is engaged in the
sale, maintenance, overhaul and repair of earth-moving equipment.
The plant was constructed in 1959. In 1972, the plant operated.
two shifts/day, five days/week, and employed about 280 persons.
Water supply is obtained from the Belle water system. In 1972,
3
about 9 m /day (7,500 gpd) were used in the wash room to wash equip-
ment, and in the dynometer room to cool motors. Sanitary wastewaters
were discharged to the municipal system. Wash and cooling water were
discharged to three long, narrow lagoons operated in series. Most of
the sediment in the wash water was earth, which was settled out in
the first lagoon. Sediments were periodically removed by a back hoe
and used for landfill on Company property.
Aerial photographs recorded in October 1977 showed the three
ponds were still in use [Figure 16]. The first pond in series appear-
ed to contain either very turbid water or to be nearly filled with
sediment. More than one-third of the surface area was covered with
oil. The other two pond surfaces were bright yellow, the same color
as the paint on the refinished equipment. Apparently, some type of
paint waste was being discharged to the lagoons. Piles of solid waste,
probably sediments dredged from the first pond, were adjacent to the
pond system.
Grab samples of the final pond effluent taken in 1971 and 1972
showed the effluent to have high COD and solids. Low levels of chrome,
copper, lead, and zinc were detected.
It would appear that paint wastes not present in 1972 are now
being discharged from this facility. This could increase the dis-
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Other Minor Industrial Sources
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charge of heavy metals. No data were available on organic chemicals
or on air emissions, disposal of contaminated sediments on-site I
could result in surface runoff of heavy metals. However, this plant
does not appear to be a significant source of toxic substances. I
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Aerial photographs of the Upper Kanawha Valley taken in October I
1977 detected several additional possible sources of water pollution
[Figures 9 and 17]. West of Chelyan on the south bank of the river I
was a small facility with three storage tanks identified on the navi-
gation charts as the Pure Oil Company. „ Several trucks that appeared •
to have hauled asphalt or heavy crude oil were parked at the site. I
No NPDES permit exists for this facility.
A stockpile of what appeared to be a chemical substance was adja-
cent to the west side of the Pure Oil facility. The stockpile con- I
tained alternating bands of white and light blue substances. A drag-
line was actively unloading a white substance from a barge. Material I
was being dumped into a hopper that fed a conveyor that moved the
material to the stockpile. Spillage around the hopper was reaching •
the river. Surface runoff from the pile could easily move material •
into the river. The nature or ownership of the stockpile was unknown.
A dredging operation was active in the river near the stockpile
[Figure 17]. A clamshell or dragline was dredging material from the •
river bottom for processing in a floating-washing facility. Coal re-
covered from the sediments was then conveyed to an adjacent barge. •
The washing operation produced a long, black plume in the river.
Across the river at Diamond, a waste pond was observed next to a •
large building [Figure 9]. The nature of the operation and disposal _
of effluent, if any, could not be determined. |
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it-
16.
Cecil Walker Machinery Company -Belle
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Figure 17.
Materials Stockpile West of Che/yon
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MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
There are 12 communities in the Upper Kanawha Valley that have
NPDES permits to discharge municipal wastewaters to the Kanawha River.
Wastewater volumes and levels of treatment for these discharges are
listed in Table 4.
Known industrial facilities in Upper Valley communities were
previously listed in Table 2 in Section VI. Except for major indus-
tries with known direct discharges to the Kanawha River, there are no
significant industrial sources of toxic substances in these communi-
ties. Therefore, toxic substances present in the municipal discharges
would be primarily from normal domestic-wastes.
Because the population of the Upper Valley is relatively small,
no significant discharges of toxic substances from municipal sources
should be present. Disposal of sludge from the various treatment
facilities could be a minor potential source of toxic substances in-
cluding heavy metals.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes are generated by
major industrial facilities in the Upper Kanawha Valley. Disposal
practices at the Union Carbide plant at Alloy, the Diamond Shamrock
and duPont plants at Belle, and the two Appalachian Power Company
power plants were previously discussed. Some solid wastes potentially
containing minor amounts of toxic subtances are generated by minor
industries and by municipalities. These are not considered to be
significant sources of toxic substances. Municipal solid waste dis-
posal practices were not defined.
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Table 4
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY
Community
Belle
Cedar Grove
Chelyan Public
Service Dist.
Chesapeake
Glasgow
Handley
Kanawha Falls PSD
(Boomer Village,
Charlton Heights
Population
Served
2,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
1,000
200
7,000
Village,
Flow
3
m /day
760
1,890
1,140
1,890
490
76
2,650
,
mgd
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.13
0.02
0.7
Level of
Treatment
Secondary
None
None
Primary
Primary
None
None .
Falls View Village,
Glen Ferris Vill
Montgomery
Pratt
TOTALS
age)
5,000
1 ,000
29,200
1,890
450
11,236
0.5
0.12
2.97
Primary
None
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DuPont and Diamond Shamrock dispose of wastes off-site by con-
tractor. Movement of these wastes by truck, train and barge presents
the potential for spills and for inadequate disposal practices at
other locations.
NON-POINT SOURCES
There is much,coal mining activity in the Upper Kanawha Valley
vicinity, both surface and underground. Runoff from surface mines
and drainage pumped from underground mines can contain acids and heavy
metals. Data were not available to define the potential contribution
of toxic substances from these sources.,.
Populated areas are concentrated along valley floors adjacent to
water courses. Surface runoff and indiscriminant dumping in these
areas would contribute small amounts of toxic substances.
Mobil sources including automobiles, trucks, trains and boats
emit toxic substances including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and
variuos hydrocarbons. Because of the small population, the amount of
these toxics emitted would be relatively low, but would be in close
proximity to populated areas.
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VIII. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES — CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY
For purposes of this report, the Central Kanawha Valley is defined
as the developed valley of the Kanawha River between Marmet Dam at
Marmet (River Mile 67.7) and St. Albans (River Mile 46) [Figure 18].
This 35 km (22 mi) reach of the valley is wider and less winding than
the Upper Kanawha Valley but is still relatively narrow with a maximum
valley floor width of about 1.6 km (1 mi). Flanking mountains decrease
in height above the valley floor moving downstream. Average mountain
heights are less than 200 m in the Charleston vicinity.
A large majority of the Kanawha Valley population is concen-
trated in this central area. The cities of Charleston, South Charles-
ton, Dunbar, Institute and St. Albans have a combined population of
about 115,000. Urban and industrial developments are concentrated
along the valley floor with residential areas divided between the
valley and adjacent hillside and tributary valley suburbs.
Major industrial facilities are located along the Kanawha River
at South Charleston and Institute. Several small industrial plants
are scattered up and down the valley.
The municipal water supply for most of the area is provided by
the West Virginia Water Company. Raw water is obtained from the Elk
River. Most industrial water is obtained from the Kanawha River.
This valley reach encompasses the upper half of the Winfield Dam navi-
gation pool.
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91
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are three major industrial plants and a major municipal
wastewater treatment facility primarily treating industrial waste-
waters in the central valley. Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant
is one of the largest petrochemical plants in the world. The adja-
cent South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company facility treats Union
Carbide's process wastewaters along with South Charleston municipal
wastewaters and can be considered an industrial source of toxic sub-
stances. FMC Corp. operates a large inorganic chemicals plant at
South Charleston just downstream from Union Carbide. A few kilome-
ters downstream, Union Carbide operates a major organic chemicals
plant at Institute.
The following sections discuss the raw materials, products, water
uses, wastewater treatment, wastewater discharge characteristics, air
emissions and hazardous waste disposal practices at each of the four
facilities as they effect releases of toxic substances to the environment.
Union Carbide Corp., Chemicals and Plastics Div.,
South Charleston, RM 54.6-56.2
Union Carbide's Chemicals and Plastics Division operates two
facilities in South Charleston, the South Charleston Plant and the
Technical Center. The South Charleston Plant is one of the largest
petrochemical plants in the world. It produces more than 500 different
chemicals, plastics and fibers from derivatives of natural gas and
petroleum. Most products are intermediates that are either used in
other processes or are sold to customers for use in finished products.
The plant occupies an area of about 93 hectares (230 acres).
Production facilities are on 2 km (1.25 mi) long Blaine Island and
about a 1.6 km (1 mi) reach of the south bank of the Kanawha River
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The Center occupies an area of about 255 hectares (630 acres).
This includes the large Ward Hollow and Holz waste disposal ponds.
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[Figure 19]. Two storage facilities occupy about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of «
the north river bank. |
Production at the plant is continuous. An average of about I
3,630,000 kg (8,000,000 Ib) of intermediates and products were re-
portedly used in the processes or produced for sale to customers each •
day in 1971. Current employment is about 1,700. Production at this
location began in 1929. •
' • I
To the southwest is the large Technical Center [Figure 19]. _
This research, development and engineering center employed about . |
2,800 in 1971. No products as such are manufactured at the Center.
However, various pilot plants are operated as part of the research •
and development activities. Most union Carbide products were devel-
oped at this Center. • 9
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The Center has a low potential for release of toxic substances |
to the environment relative to the major production facility. The
following discussion will concentrate on releases from the South Charles- I
ton Plant.
The list of raw materials, intermediates and final products used
or produced at the South Charleston plant is voluminous. A partial
listing including products of both the South Charleston and Institute
plants is given in Table 5. .
More than 450 raw materials are received at South Charleston
including the following priority pollutants: acrylonitrile, benzene, I
ethylene dichloride, isophorone, nickel, vinyl chloride and zinc chloride.
In late 1976, Union Carbide estimated that about 65 of 300 compounds I
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1
i4.?^' F ' (It /r^^- f'y^^'- ^=*^>&'ft1* ^^^'li*
3£w/- Jkr ^;1 rfi--\^x ;\*-- s<^s^^'^f\) • •./^i?
S/Sr,!8ksS*«SSS XfOi*5& ',1:,'
•• .
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•lj- -t,T^«V^"°S
5?^*; to
m ^.A^X^
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94
TABLE 5
Products List - Union Carbide Corp
Institute and South Charleston Plants
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acids, Patty and Higher Synthetic
Fatty Acids - Chemically Specified Group
Hexanoic
Synthetic Group
2-Methylpentanoic acid
2-Ethylbutanoic
2-Ethylhexanoic
Alcohols, Fatly and Higher Synthetic
4-Methyl-2-pentano!
5-Elhyl-2-nonanol
Aldol
Alkylate, linear
Alkylpyridme
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) ethyl acelate
n-Butyl acetate
Butyraldol
n-Butyric acid
Carbon monoxide
1-Chlorobutane
Chlorodifluorome thane
2-Chloroethanol
Crotonaldehyde
3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Diethyl maleate
2.6-Dimethylmorpholine
N.N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine
2.4-Dinitrotoluene
2.4- (and 2.6)-Dmitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane
3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3.4-epoxycyclohexane carboxyla'e
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-(2-[2-Ethoxyethoxyl ethoxy) ethanol
Ethyl acetate
2-Ethylbutyraldehyde
Ethylene glycol diacetate
Ethyl ether
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
2-Ethylhexyl tallate
5-Ethyhdenenorbornene
Etnyi silicate
Ethyl vinyl ether
flavor and Fragrance Chemicals
Oiethyl succmate
Isobutyl acetate
F.jO'OCarbons
G'jtaraldehyde
G jtsnc anhydride
Hydrochloric acid
r-yO'ogen
Mfd'Oxyethyl cellulose
\ 2 Hydroxyethyldiethylenetriamme
M2-Hydroxyethyl) ethyleneimine
^yo'oxyethylpiperazine
4 riydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanono
l.r-lminodi-2-propanol
isobutoxyethanol
liobutyl vinyl ether
iiocyanates. Organic
Methyl isocyanate
Toluene dusocyanate
Isopenianoic acid
isophorone
isopropyl acetate
Kovalerone
Vedicmals
Piperazme, base
Piperazme derivatives
Mesityl oxide
2-Methoxyethyl acetate
Meihoxypolyethylene glycol
l-Methoxy-2-propanol
3-(3-Methoxypropoxy)-1-propanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl chloride
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine
Methyl isobutyl ketone
2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol
2-Methyt-2,4-pentanediol diacetate
N-Methylpiperazme
2-Methylvaleraldehyde
Methyl vinyl ether
1-Naphthol
t .1'. 1 "-Nitnlotri-2-propanol
Oxo chemicals
Paraldehyde
2.4-Pentanedione
2-Pentanone
Pesticides
Aldicarb
2-Ethyl-1.3-hexanediol
Sevin®
Phosgene
2-Picoline
4-Picplino
Plasticizers
Tetraethyleno glycol di (2-ethylhexanoate)
Tnethylene glycol di-(2-ethylbutyrate)
Tn (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
Plastics and Resins
Acrylic resins
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins
Polyurethane surface coating resins
Polyvmyl acetate resins
Polyvinyl butyral resins
Polyvinyl phloride-acetate copolymer resins
Polyether polyols for urethane applications
Polyethor polyols for non-urethane applications
Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene oxide
"olypropoxy ethers
Polypropylene glycol
P'Opionic anhydride
n-Propy| acetate
"-Propyl alcohol
Pfopylene glycol
Surface-Active Agents
Alcohols, mixed linear, ethoxylated and sulfated.
sodium salt
Nonylphenol. ethoxylated
n-Octylamme
Phenol, ethoxylated
Poly (mixed ethylene/propylene) glycol
Tetraethylene glycol
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
Tetralol
Tetralone
N.N.N',N'-Tetramethyl-1.3-butanediamine
Toluene-2.4-diamme
Triacetm
Tnethylene glycol diacetate
2.6,8-Tnmethyl-4-nonanone
Tripropylene glycol
Valeric acid
4-Vmyl-1-cyclohexene
5-Vinyl norbornene
General and Compounded Products
Phenyl alkanes
UCAR Fiimer 351
UCON Hydrolubes (H8 series. LB series, and WC series)
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listed in an EPA proposed Hazardous Substance List were handled at
South Charleston. At the same time, a preliminary review of the 65
priority pollutants by Union Carbide indicated that only four (acryl-
onitrile, haloethers, isophorone and vinyl chloride) were known or
believed to be present in wastewater discharges.
3
In 1976, water use at the plant averaged 540,000 m /day (143
mgd), down from 840,000 m3/day (222 mgd) in 1972. Only 15,000 m3/day
(4 mgd) of the 1976 flow was used for contact process purposes. At
one time the plant had 91 active wastewater outfalls. This was reduced
to 20 in 1977. Only cooling waters are discharged directly to the
Kanawha River. Various pollutants are present in the cooling waters
because of leaks, spills, etc. Process" wastewaters are collected in
a redwood flume for transport to the South Charleston Sewage Treat-
ment Company for treatment and disposal (see discussion in the follow-
ing section).
Phenol and vinyl chloride are the only priority pollutants required
to be monitored in the cooling water discharges by the NPDES permit.
In 1976, an average of 10 kg (22 lb)/day of phenol was reportedly
discharged. No vinyl chloride discharge was reported. Bioassays are
required periodically on several outfalls. A TLm of 4.7% was reported
for one outfall (025) indicating the effluent was strongly toxic.
Union Carbide periodically monitored its cooling water outfalls
for organic chemicals during the last half of 1976. Gas chromato-
graph analysis detected 29 specific organic chemicals. The frequency
of detection ranged from 1 to 23 times during the 180-day period.
Observed concentrations ranged from 1 to 385 ppm. Acetone was the
most frequently detected and the highest concentration. None of the
chemicals detected were priority pollutants.
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Union Carbide also monitors the process wastewaters discharged «
to the South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company. Gas chromatograph X
analyses detected 44 specific organic chemicals in average concentra-
tions ranging from 2 to 954 ppm. Acrylonitrile, a priority pollutant, I
was discharged at an average concentration of 192 ppm.
Various outfalls were sampled for phenols and heavy metals during
the 1972 EPA survey. Concentrations were either below detection limits •
or at low levels. In 1975, several samples were collected from South •
Charleston Plant outfalls for organic analyses. No organics were _
detected in measurable quantities. . |
Numerous organic compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from 19 •
source areas with numerous emission points. More than 50 of these
compounds have known toxicities ranging from slightly toxic to carcino- • I
genie. Compounds of special concern include acrylonitrile (3 kg/hr),
benzene, dioxane, isophorone, and vinyl chloride. The most hazardous •
emission is vinyl chloride monomer. This substance is covered by •
NESHAPS regulations. The vinyl chloride operations at this location ^
have a waiver of compliance until 1978. Prior to 1977, vinyl chlor- |
ide emissions were about 14 kg (30 lb)/hr. These were reduced to
about 1.4 kg (3 lb)/hr in 1977 by a process change. Also, vinyl chlor- •
ide vents are now incinerated at the steam plants. Three reported
accidental releases of vinyl chloride totalling 2,700 kg (5,900 Ib) fl|
occurred during March-August 1977. The largest, a release of 1,700
kg (3,800 Ib), occurred on March 20. •
There are two power plants at this facility. The Island Power _
House has nine boilers ranging in design capacity from 95 to 330 million H
Btu. Various fuels including coal, natural gas, liquid waste and
3 tt
waste gases can be used. In 1975, an average of 57 to 95 m (15,000 •
to 25,000 gal)/day of miscellaneous hydrocarbon residues were inciner-
ated. ' Combustion of waste gases and liquids and of coal releases SO^ B
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and NO to the atmosphere along with other possible toxic substances.
/^
No data were available in the Region III air files to define the quantity
or characteristics of possible emissions of toxic substances from the
boilers. About 450 kg (1,000 lb)/hr of NO are emitted with all boilers
X
in operation.
The Mainland Power Station has two boilers rated at 200 million
Btu each. They can burn natural gas or coal. Combustion of coal
releases S09 and NO to the atmosphere. Emissions of NO are about
£- J\ /\
200 kg (440 lb)/hr.
Fly ash slurry from the power plants containing about 45,400 kg
(100,000 lb)/day of solids is pumped to" a disposal pond south of the
Technical Center [Figure 19]. Prior to 1973, the pond used was the
Ward Hollow Pond. This pond also received industrial sludges from
the South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company containing 9,000 kg
(20,000 lb)/day of solids and possibly some wastewaters from the Techni-
cal Center. Effluent from the pond was initially discharged to Ward
Hollow and thence to the Kanawha River by way of Davis Creek. Because
of the high oxygen demand of the pond effluent, it was piped to the
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company in 1972.
Use of the Ward Hollow Pond was discontinued about 1973 and use
of the Holz Pond to the west initiated [Figure 19]. Holz Pond effluent
is piped to the treatment plant. File information does not indicate
if the Ward Hollow Pond still discharges to the treatment plant. No
information was available to define the potential for seepage from
the ponds into ground and surface waters.
The 1972 EPA survey sampled the Ward Hollow effluent, then dis-
charged to the river. Its main constituents were high levels of cal-
cium chloride. Low levels of cyanide, phenols, cadmium, chromium,
copper and nickel were detected. No organic analyses were performed.
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Aerial photographs of the ponds taken in December 1977, showed M
that the Ward Hollow Pond was still partially covered by water. Two m
large tank trucks were discharging liquids to the upper end of the
Holz Pond. This could have been sludge from sludge storage ponds at I
Union Carbide's Institute Plant. Sludge from the Institute plant
containing 13,600 kg (30,000 lb)/day of solids is also piped to the I
Holz Pond. These sludge discharges began in late 1977.
Chemical wastes (apparently both solid and liquid) are trans- ™
ported to the Goff Mountain Landfill adjacent to the Union Carbide ^
Institute Plant (see later section on this plant). Non-chemical solid I
wastes (lumber, paper, scrap polymer) are landfilled in the "Fill-
mont" area between the Technical Center and the FMC Inorganic Chemicals I
Division's fly ash pond [Figure 19] or are sent to an undefined land-
fill operated by Kanawha County. Aerial photographs taken in October •
1977 showed two fill areas bisected by the Interstate Highway [Fig-
ures 20 and 21]. Both areas showed recent use. ' •
In summary, the Union Carbide South Charleston Plant is a major
petrochemical facility that handles numerous hazardous and/or toxic
substances. Available information indicates that direct discharges
of toxic substances to the Kanawha River in plant wastewaters are a
relatively small. Only a few priority pollutants are discharged.
The potential for spills of toxic substances exists. Air emissions •
also contain toxic substances. Vinyl chloride emissions have been
recently reduced but three accidental releases occurred during 1977. •
Emissions from incineration of organic pollutants have not been defined. *
The plant disposes of large volumes of solid wastes in disposal ponds ^
and landfills. The current environmental impact of these disposal V
practices is undefined.
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Figure 20.
Fast Landfill A rea
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Figure 21.
West Landfill Area
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South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company,
South Charleston, RM 56.2L
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company (STC), a subsidiary of
Union Carbide, operates a wastewater treatment plant owned by the
City of South Charleston. The facility is a joint venture between
Union Carbide and the City to treat process wastewaters from Union
Carbide's South Charleston Plant and municipal wastewaters from the
City and is adjacent to the South Charleston Plant [Figure 19].
The plant began operation in 1963. It provided primary treat-
ment of both industrial and municipal wastewaters and secondary treat-
ment of about one-third of the effluent. Facilities to provide secon-
dary treatment of all flows were completed in 1968. Additional facili-
ties were completed in 1977.
The plant is designed for separate primary treatment of municipal •
and industrial wastes. The two primary effluents could then be mixed
for secondary treatment or handled separately. In 1977, the two effluents
received separate secondary treatment. Treated effluents were combined
before discharge.
Municipal primary treatment units include a grit chamber, two
primary clarifiers, a sludge thickener and vacuum sludge filters.
Both pre- and post-chlorination are provided. Primary sludge is thick-
ened and then dewatered on the filters. Filter cake is hauled to a
South Charleston landfill. The location was not given in the file.
There is no sludge digestion.
Chlorinated primary effluent receives secondary treatment (acti-
vated sludge process) in the Aero Accelators. These units provide
both aeration and secondary clarification. Waste activated sludge is
pumped to the industrial influent. Effluent from the Aero Accelators
is discharged to the plant outfall.
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No data were present in the file on toxic substances in the muni- ^
cipal wastewaters. There were no reported Major Contributing Industries JQ
on the municipal system. The manufacturing directory did not list
any significant potential industrial sources of toxic substances with •
South Charleston addresses other than plants with known direct surface
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discharges. Municipal flow was about 7,600 m /day (2 mgd) in September fl
1976. The South Charleston population is about 16,000. There thus
appears to be no significant industrial flow in the municipal system.
•
Existing municipal flow is about one-third of design flow. Appar- ^
ently, the municipal system is usually operated with only one primary |
clarifier and one Aero Accelator in use at one time. Aerial photographs
taken in late September and mid-October showed the No. 2 clarifier •
and accelator were not in operation [Figure 22].
Process wastewaters from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant
are conveyed to the treatment plant in a redwood flume. These waste- •
waters can be pumped to one of the four large holding tanks for spill m
containment or for emergency storage during power outages.
Process wastewaters from the redwood flume are pumped to a grit
chamber and then to two primary clarifiers operated in parallel. •
Grit is landfilled in Union Carbide's "Fillmont" area. Primary indus-
trial sludge (including municipal and industrial waste activated sludge) jft
containing about 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)/day of solids is pumped to the *
Holz Pond near Union Carbide's Technical Center [Figure 19]. No sludge
thickening is provided. Return supernatant from Holz Pond is discharged
to the treatment plant influent. _
w
Primary effluent is neutralized by chemical additions and conveyed
to the equalization tanks. It is then released to the large, rectangular •
aeration basin. Basin effluent flows through three final clarifiers
operated in parallel. Clarified effluent goes to the plant outfall. •
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Figure 22.
Ch«r/««ton S«wog« Tr««fm.nf Company
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Figure 23.
FMC South Charleston - East P/anf Are,
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Activated sludge is returned to the aeration basin with waste sludge
combined with primary industrial sludge for pumping to Holz Pond.
In 1977, the average industrial flow treated was in the range of
3
15,000 to 23,000 m /day (4 to 6 mgd). Phenol and vinyl chloride monomer
are the only priority pollutants limited by the NPDES permit. Phenol
loads must average less than 1.4 kg (3 lb)/day. A vinyl chloride
concentration of 0.58 ppm was measured in the effluent in December
1977. During the 1972 EPA survey, no heavy metals, cyanide or phenol
were measured in the plant effluent. However, a 96-hour TLm of 26%
indicated that effluent toxicity was higher than would be expected
following this treatment. In July 1977, a 96-hr LC50 of 38% was measured.
The 1975 organics sampling detected low" levels of only two compounds
in the effluent.
As discussed in the previous section, numerous organic compounds
including acrylonitrile, a priority pollutant, have been detected in
the Union Carbide process wastewaters discharged to the treatment
plant. Current data is inadequate to assess the removal of these
substances in the treatment process.
Because of the presence of toxic substances in the process waste-
waters treated by the plant, any bypassing would result in the discharge
of toxic substances to the Kanawha River. Industrial sludges currently
landfilled would also contain toxic substances.
FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Division, South Charleston, RM 54-55L
FMC Corp. operates this major chemical plant occupying three
production areas in South Carolina [Figure 19]. The main production
area is the east plant adjacent to Union Carbide's South Charleston
plant [Figure 23]. The two other production areas are adjacent to
the converted Naval Ordnance Center [Figures 24 and 25].
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106
Completed in 1915, this plant was the first major chemical plant
in the Kanawha Valley. Production is continuous with little seasonal
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variation. Current employment is about 1,250.
A 1977 list of products included ammonia, carbon disulfide, car-
bon tetrachloride, chlorine, cyanuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium •
hydroxide, dichloro-5-triazine-2,4,6-(!H, 3H, 5H) trione, sodium salt
and 1, 3, 5-trichloro-s-triazine-2,4,6-(lH, 3H, 5H) trione. Most •
products are manufactured at the east plant. Chlorinated dry bleach *
is made at the central plant and hydrogen peroxide at the west plant. •
Principal raw materials are salt brine, coal, urea, sulfur and natural •
gas.
3
An annual average of 360,000 m /day (95 mgd) of cooling water is
withdrawn from the Kanawha River through intakes at the east end and •
central production areas. The only treatment is coarse screening and
3
chlorination. About 11,000 m /day (3 mgd) of process, sanitary and
drinking water is obtained from the West Virginia Water Company.
Cooling water intakes are downstream of wastewater discharges from _
Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant and the South Charleston Sew- •
age Treatment Company.
In early 1977, wastewaters were discharged through 26 outfalls,
25 of which discharged to the Kanawaha River and one to Davis Creek •
about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) above its confluence with the river. Eight
outfalls were considered to be major with the remainder discharging £
non-contact cooling water, condensates or surface runoff. Very little ™
wastewater treatment was provided. As noted during the 1972 EPA survey, ^
the potential for spills was high at the plant. •
A large discharge of carbon tetrachloride detected in the Kanawha m
River in February 1977 allegedly originated at the FMC Plant. As a
result and because of requirements for reductions of pollutants •
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Figure 24.
P/MC Soufh Charleston - Central Pfanf Area
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£.?C'~; ' " ''
Figure 25.
FMC Soufh Charfesfon - W«sf Plant Ar*a
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109
discharged by July 1977, various wastewater treatment and control
measures were implemented in 1977. These included consolidation of
minor discharges, construction of a neutralization facility at the
east plant and installation of spill control facilities. The current
status of these improvements was not defined.
A 16 hectare (40 acre) flyash pond provides settling and partial
neutralization of some plant wastes including (in early 1977) flyash
from plant boilers, calcium and magnesium carbonate slurry from brine
purification and some process wastes from hydrogen peroxide and chlorin-
ated bleach production [Figure 26]. The pond discharges to Davis
3
Creek. Treated flow was about 5,700 m /day (1.5 mgd) in 1976.
Toxic substance limited by the NPDES permit include arsenic,
hexavalent chromium, lead and chlorine. Discharges of the first three
totalled less than one kg per day on the average in 1976. Chlorine
discharged averaged 2,970 kg (6,540 Ib) per day, about half the 1975
discharge. The 1972 survey detected 7 kg (16 lb)/day of chromium in
the flyash pond effluent.
During the investigation of the February 1977 carbon tetrachloride
discharge samples were obtained from the FMC cooling water intake and
seven outfalls for organic analysis. Organic compounds detected in
the wastewater discharges that were not detected in the intake included
di-m-butyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichlorobenzene,
methyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, benzene, napthalene, 4-me-2-pen-
tanone and numerous other unidentified aromatic compounds. Five of
these compounds are priority pollutants. Concentrations were not
determined.
Air pollution data in the file were limited. Sources of S0? in-
cluded the carbon disulfide plant, a sulfur recovery plant, the carbon
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landfill. Bottom ash, waste asbestos and other plant solid wastes
were landfilled. The location was not given. An active landfill
Union Carbide, Chemicals and Plastics Division,
Institute Plant, RM 48.1-49.6R
Union Carbide operates this large chemicals plant about 13 km (8
mi) downriver from their South Charleston Plant. Production facilities
occupy most of the southeastern portion of the 314 hectare (775 acre)
plant site [Figure 27]. Wastewater treatment facilities are to the
west and a chemical landfill to the north.
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tetrachloride plant, a sulfur purification plant and the four plant M
boilers. Emission rates were not indicated. The chlor-alkali plant Q
is under NESHAPS regulations for asbestos. Asbestos is handled in
the wet state. In mid-1977 filter press cake was being sent to a I
landfill in New York.
The report of the 1972 study indicated that FMC then operated a
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area adjacent to the west plant was detected in the October 1977 —
aerial photographs. This area [Figure 20] or a landfill west across V
the Interstate Highway [Figure 21] could have been used by FMC and/or
Union Carbide. • •
New bottom ash and flyash handling facilities were reportedly it
under construction in 1977. Ultimate disposal was not specified. '
I
In summary, the FMC South Charleston Plant produces only one
priority pollutant, carbon tetrachloride. However, seven additional _
priority pollutants have been detected in its effluents. Although j[
reduced from past levels, chlorine discharges are large. Spills of
toxic substances have occurred in the past. Waste asbestos could •
have been disposed of in a local landfill. Air emissions of toxic
substances are not defined. V
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111
Figure 26.
FMC Fly Ash Pond
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'A/I o r^mm^^mm
iOwfcss^P«
nr**i=J/;J-' Ib^^^i^I 'V\.f-.'-.'.g-.'t?^h
/ niitr*-''^'^'^ ^/f -•''''"•'"•-^^
(O
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The Institute plant was originally built for the U.S. Government —
during World War II to produce butadiene and styrene. Union Carbide |
purchased the plant in 1947 to make other chemicals. Various processes
have been added over the years. In 1972, annual production was about •
1.5 million tons of basic and intermediate materials. The products
included chemical additives for gasoline, jet fuels, water based paints, B
cheese, baked goods, and other foods. More than 100 chemicals were
made for the textile finishing industry and more than 90 for pharma- •
ceutical companies. Several agricultural chemicals were produced »
including the insecticide SEVIN. —
A listing of raw materials, intermediates, and final products
provided by Union Carbide in early 1978" included more than 350 com- •
pounds. The principal raw materials were natural gas, chlorine, caustic,
ethylene oxide, naphthalene, alcohols, amines and air. Priority pollu- A
tants among the 350 compounds were acrylonitrile, benzo(a) pyrene,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chlorophenol; •*
chrome, copper, dichlorobenzene, dichlorophenol, dicyclopentadiene, •
isophorone, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, naphthalene, nickel, _
silver, toluene and trichlorophenol. |
The South Charleston and Institute plants apparently interchange •
various chemicals. A 1977 listing of combined products of the two
plants is presented in Table 5 in the South Charleston Plant section. V
An undated listing of hazardous materials stored at South Charleston
and Institute contained more than 600 substances. Many of these were •
identified by trade names or mixture numbers. Their actual chemical »
makeup was not defined. The hazardous material listing also indicated ^
that the materials were moved by various combinations of tank truck, Q
tank car and barge. Some materials were purchased, some moved between
the two plants and some transported to customers. For the priority I
3 "'
pollutants, storage tanks were reported as less than 380 m (100,000
gal) in size except for vinyl chloride which was stored in tanks in
the 380 to 1,900 m3 (100,000 to 500,000 gal) volume range.
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115
The Institute Plant operates continuously with little production
variation. Current employment is about 1,800.
Water use at the plant in 1977 was about 1,100,000 m /day (290
mgd). Except for 3,800 m /day (1 mgd) purchased from the municipal
supply, all water was withdrawn from the Kanawha River. Two in-plant
3
water treatment facilities provided about 23,000 m /day (5.8 mgd) for
process water and boiler feed. Cooling water use averaged about
1,060,000 m3/day (280 mgd).
The plant has 11 active outfalls; six discharge directly to the
Kanawha River and five to Goff Branch, a small tributary draining the
chemical landfill area. Outfall 001 is" the effluent from the waste-
water treatment plant. One outfall is water screen backwash water
and the remaining nine are classified as non-contact cooling water
discharges. These discharges have some contamination, however, from
leaks, spills and undetected process connections.
The wastewater treatment plant has been expanded and modified
several times since it was placed iii operation in 1963. In 1972,
treatment units included an equalization basin, three aeration basins
(activated sludge process), two final clarifiers and a sludge storage
basin. Primary sludge from the equalization basin and waste acti-
vated sludge were pumped to the sludge holding basin, then to nearby
sludge drying beds. Dried sludge was landfilled at an adjacent site.
It is not clear if this was immediately adjacent to the wastewater
treatment plant or at the Goff Mountain chemical landfill. All of
the 1972 units are shown on the topographical map [Figure 27].
Major modifications in the treatment system were completed in
1977. Two primary clarifiers, an emergency holding pond, a neutral-
ization capability, a sludge thickener and a third final clarifier
were constructed. Three sludge ponds had previously been added north-
east of the treatment plant since 1972. In late 1977, primary sludge
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116
3
During the 1972 survey, an average of 22,000 m /day (5.8 mgd) of
of the substances had known toxic effects.
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and waste activated sludge were thickened and pumped via pipeline to ^
Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant for pumping to the Holz Pond |
in South Charleston. Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 showed
all new treatment units in place and apparently operational [Figure •
28]. In January 1978, Union Carbide reported that about 26,500 m3 (7
million gal) of activated sludge were stored in two sludge ponds north- B
east of the treatment facility. This sludge was being trucked to the
Holz Pond for disposal.
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treated process wastewaters were discharged. These contained daily (
loads of about 45 kg (100 Ib) of phenols, 150 kg (330 Ib) of cadmium,
6 kg (14 Ib) of zinc, 5 kg (12 Ib) of copper and small amounts of I
lead, nickel and chromium. A bioassay yielded a 96-hr TLm of 9% indi-
cating the effluent was highly toxic. . •
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Phenol is the only priority pollutant limited by the NPDES permit
and this limit was effective July 1, 1977. Wasteload reports submitted
to the State indicated average phenol loads discharged have been reduced
to less than 4 kg (10 lb)/day. Quarterly bioassays in 1977 showed J
TLm's of 16 to 35% indicating the effluent is still moderately to
highly toxic. •
Sampling of the cooling water discharges in 1972 detected a phenol fl|
load of 19 kg (42 lb)/day. DMR data indicated phenol loads were reduced
to average and maximum daily loads of 4 and 27 kg (8 and 60 Ib), respec-
tively, in 1976.
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Sampling of the Institute Plant effluents in 1975 resulted in |
the detection of 37 organic compounds including the priority pollutants
dichlorobenzene, dinitrololuene, and bis (2-chloroethyl) ether. Ten I
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Figure 28.
Union Carbide Institute Plant - Wasf.wafer Treafmenf P/Onf
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-»i V * *'*%*^ I*
on^iji ,.-* i^.
Figure 29.
Union Carbide Institute Plant- Fly Ash Pond
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Figure 30.
Cunningham ft* a Ity Company - fly Ash Pond
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?•*• 'HE*
f «£/ t 4&s*
Figure 31.
Union Carbide Institute Plant •• Ash Pond
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121
Analysis of the treatment plant effluent in March 1977 detected
13 specific organic compounds. Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether, carbon
tetrachloride, ethyl benzene and toluene, all priority pollutants,
were present in low levels. Dichlorobenzene isomers were present at
higher levels. Concentrations were not determined.
A 1977 emissions inventory listed about 80 organic compounds
that are emitted to the atmosphere from various sources at the Insti-
tute plant. Fifty-nine of these have toxicity ratings ranging from
slightly toxic to highly toxic. Five are suspected carcinogens. Ten
are priority pollutants.
The Institute Plant has two boiler" houses with eight boilers
each. All units can burn process residue. Various methods of bottom
and fly ash disposal have apparently been used. At some time in the
last few years, a rectangular settling pond was constructed on the
north side of Goff Branch in the northeast portion of the plant [Fig-
ure 29]. Bottom and flyash were pumped to this pond. Supernatant
was discharged to Goff Branch. Aerial photographs and thermal imagery
recorded in October 1977 indicated the pond was not active.
During the 1972 EPA study, fly ash was slurried and pumped to
disposal ponds on Finney Branch east of the plant [Figure 30] (see
discussion of Cunningham Realty Co. in the minor industrial source
section). The flow discharged to this contract disposal facility was
3
about 11,000 m /day (2.9 mgd). Aerial photographs and thermal imagery
recorded in October 1977 indicated this operation was continuing.
The photographs also showed a small pond on the river bank just east
of Outfall 002 [Figure 31]. The pond could have been used for settling
bottom and/or fly ash. The thermal imagery indicated the pond was at
ambient temperature and thus probably not in current use. However, a
dragline or clamshell unit was parked at the pond and solid waste
that appeared to have been dredged from the pond was piled along the
west edge.
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Union Carbide operates a State licensed chemical landfill in the
Goff Branch drainage area on the north side of the Institute Plant.
Class I chemicals from both the Institute and South Charleston Plants
are disposed of there. In 1972, about 3 out of 16 hectares (7 out of |
40 acres) of the site were actively used for disposal. An applica-
tion was submitted to the State in March 1977 to upgrade the facility •
and extend its life to the year 2004.
The landfill uses the wet process. A clay blanket has been placed *
below active fill areas. Peripheral drainage controls keep surface M
runoff from adjacent hillsides from entering the fill areas. Wastes m
are blended with soil with the location in the fill and blending ratios
dependent upon the waste characteristics. Leachate is collected in a •
pond(s) and piped to the wastewater treatment plant.
The 1977 application indicated that more than 50 different waste
materials are disposed of in the landfill with a weight more than 54 ' •
m. tons (60 tons)/day. Toxic substances included in the wastes were *
dicyclopentadiene, Sevin insecticide and naphthalene. _
Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 [Figures 32 and 33]
showed that materials were being disposed of at several locations in I
the valley. Two small diked ponds were present along the west side
of Goff Branch [Figure 32]. The north pond contained a liquid various •
shades of brown. The south pond contained a green/brown liquid.
Various materials had been dumped uphill of the south pond. Near the •
northeast corner of the disturbed area was a stack of black drums "
that appeared to be leaking [Figure 33]. Most of the area around the M
ponds and the leaking drums had been disturbed indicating that materials w
have probably been buried there.
It is not clear where leachate from the area is intercepted for
conveyance to the treatment plant. The two ponds could not catch all •
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f i g u r e 32.
Union Carbide Chemicaf Land fill • Wesf Side
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Figure 33.
Union Carbide Chemical landfill - East Side
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Figure 34.
Union Carbide fnsfifufe Plant - Norfh Process Area
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•&'
Figure 35.
Union Carbide Institute Plant - Land Fill Area
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127
such leachate. It appeared that several concrete drop structures
(stair-stepped conduits) were being actively constructed in the bed
of Goff Branch. This would allow the stream flow during wet weather
to pass through the disturbed area with less erosion potential. It
appeared that interception of the entire runoff from the valley would
be necessary to treat all leachate.
One group of process units was east of the south edge of the
landfill area [Figure 34], Two small ponds, one probably unlined,
were associated with these units.
Solid wastes from the plant have also been disposed of at other
on-site locations. A 6 hectare (15 acre) site west of the wastewater
treatment plant was reportedly used for disposal of inert (non-chemi-
cal) wastes in 1972. Some sludge could also have been disposed of in
the vicinity of the treatment plant in the past. At the treatment
plant site, construction of the third final clarifier was delayed in
1976 by unstable soil conditions. Ashes, waste oil and other materials
were reportedly dumped in the area in the past. The potential for
contamination of groundwater with toxic substances in the vicinity of
the treatment plant is high. Aerial photographs showed that some
solid wastes of unknown makeup had been dumped in the area between
the wastewater treatment plant and the production facilities [Figure
35].
In 1977, undefined solid wastes were disposed of by contract at
two off-site landfills operated by the Kanawha County Regional Develop-
ment Authority (Cross Lanes) and by the City of Huntington.
There was no documentation in the file concerning the use of
contractors for disposal of toxic substances.
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In addition to Union Carbide wastewaters, the treatment plant
reportedly received wastewaters from an independent tank truck/tank I
car cleaning facility west of the plant in late 1976. A 1976 Union
Carbide map labeled this facility the Kanawha Valley tank car and •
tank truck cleaning facilities. Wastewaters received primary treat-
ment before batch discharge to the treatment facility. No data on •
flow volume or characteristics were reported. Apparently the facil- •
ity primarily serviced units transporting Union Carbide materials.
October 1977 aerial photographs showed a small unlined pond on the p
east of the cleaning facility. Its temperature was warmer than ambient.
The Chemical-Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. tank cleaning facility (see dis- •
cussion under minor sources) is north of the wastewater treatment
plant [Figure 27]. Its treatment plant, discharge apparently flows to •
the Kanawha River in the vicinity of the independent tank cleaning *
facility. M
In summary, Union Carbide's Institute Plant is a major producer
and handler of organic chemicals. At least 20 chemical substances I
handled or produced by the Institute Plant are priority pollutants
and a number of other chemicals have known toxic effects. Low levels •
of most of the priority pollutants present at the plant have been
detected in wastewater discharges. The potential for larger spills •
exists. More than 50 toxic substances are released to the atmosphere *
including three suspected carcinogens. The disposal of chemical wastes M
at the Goff Mountain landfill creates a potential for release of toxic •
substances to the atmosphere and to ground and surface waters. Toxic
substances could also be present in old landfills in the vicinity of p
the wastewater treatment plant. Contamination of groundwater with
toxic substances in that area is possible. •
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129
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are nine minor industrial facilities in the Central Valley
that have or had, direct discharges of wastewaters to the Kanawha
River that required NPDES permits. There are numerous additional
small industrial plants located in urban areas of the Valley. These
would be expected to be serviced by municipal sewerage systems. The
potential for releases of toxic substances to the environment from
these small plants was summarized in Table 2 in Section VI.
Libby-Owens-Ford Company, Charleston, RM 63.4L
A flat sheet (window) glass plant is operated by LOF in the
Kanawha City area of Charleston [Figure 36]. Plant operations began
in 1916 with plant expansions occurring in 1920, 1923 and 1960. The
plant had 12 glass furnaces in operation at its peak. In 1972, four
gas-fired units were in operation producing an average of 428 m. ton
(472 ton)/day of glass. Employment has been as high as 2,200 but was
reported as 957 in 1972 and 475 in 1976.
Potable water is obtained from the municipal supply and sanitary
wastewaters are discharged to the municipal sewerage system. The
plant uses Kanawha River water for furnace cooling and for dust inhibi-
3
tion when preparing furnace charges. In 1972, about 700 m /day (0.195
mgd) of river water was treated (settling with alum and soda ash additions,
filtration and chlorination), and used for make-up water for the closed
cooling system. A low chromate preparation called Hagatreat 168 was
added for scale prevention and algae control. There was no cooling
system blowdown. Filter backwash (every two days) was discharged to
the river. The settling basin was cleaned annually with sludge dis-
charged to the river.
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Figure 36 . Location Map - Kanawha City Area
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In 1972 all combustible wastes were incinerated at the plant
site. Waste glass and rejected batch materials were hauled to a land-
fill.
Emission sources are the four gas-fired glass furnaces.
Aerial photographs of the plant site in October 1977 did not
reveal any potential sources of toxic substances not reported.
•>. .
This plant is not considered a significant source of toxic sub-
stances.
American Oil Company, Charleston, RM 62.OR
American Oil Company operates a small bulk petroleum products
distribution facility across the Kanawha River from Kanawha City
[Figure 36]. The facility does not have an NPDES permit. From the
size and type of operation, it is probable this is not a significant
source of toxic substances.
Exxon Company, Charleston, RM 57.81
The Exxon Company operates a bulk petroleum products terminal on
the south bank of the Kanawha River across from downtown Charleston
[Figure 37]. The terminal was built over 50 years ago and was re-
3
modeled in 1966. In 1972, annual sales volume averaged 284,000 m
(75 million gal). The plant employed 39 persons.
Petroleum products are received by barge or railroad tank car.
Both tank cars and tank trucks can be loaded for product distribution.
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There are no manufacturing activities or process water uses at
the terminal. Potable water is obtained from the municipal supply
with sanitary wastewaters discharged to the municipal sewerage system.
Surface runoff from the tank farm and from loading/unloading
areas is treated in two oil separators before discharge to the river.
Water collected in storage tanks is periodically drained off and passed
through an oil separator before discharge to the river. Salvaged oil
from the separator is used off-site. Sludge is removed annually from
the separators by a contractor for off-site disposal.
This terminal is not a significant source of toxic substances.
N. L. Industries, Inc., Charleston, RM 56.81
The Industrial Chemicals Division of N. L. Industries operates
this plant (formerly known as Evans Lead Co.) on the south bank of
the Kanawha River [Figures 37 and 38]. The plant began operations in
1922. There have been few changes in the plant in the last 25 years.
The plant was operating 24 hours/day, five days/week, 240 hrs/year
in 1972. Employment was 56 persons in 1972 and 77 in 1976.
This facility produces lead silicates and oxides for use in glass
manufacture. A 1977 product listing included lead bisilicate, lead
silicate, red lead oxide and yellow lead oxide. The 1976 manufacturing
inventory also listed antimony oxides, bentone gellants and litharge.
Primary raw materials are metallic lead and sand and clay for frit
formation. Lead is passed through primary and secondary furnaces,
combined with frit formulation materials, reduced in size, separated
and packaged. No intermediates or by-products are produced. All
product materials not saleable are recyled through the secondary furnaces
or shipped to other locations for processing.
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Air emission data were not defined.
Aerial photographs of the plant taken in October 1977 did not
wastewater treatment plant, or through solid waste disposal.
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In 1972, water obtained from the West Virginia Water Company m
3 •
averaged 73 m /day (19,200 gpd). Non-contact cooling water for fur- •
nace operations averaged 64 m /day (17,000 gpd) and the remainder was
used for domestic and control laboratory purposes. Wastewaters were I
discharged to the Kanawha River through two outfalls. Cooling water
and storm runoff was discharged untreated through one outfall and •
untreated sanitary wastewaters through the other. Solid waste from
laboratory sinks was recovered in sumps for reuse.
•
The plant has connected to the Charleston municipal sewerage _
system since 1972. It is listed as a major contributing industry for . |
the Charleston wastewater treatment plant. Apparently the non-contact
cooling water was connected to the municipal system as N. L. Industries •
no longer has an NPDES permit.
A Company sample of the cooling water discharge in June 1971
detected a lead discharge of 1 kg (2.4 lb)/day and trace amounts of •
arsenic, cadmium and chromium. EPA sampling in February 1972 detected •
only trace amounts of heavy metals.
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detect any wastewater discharges. At the east end of the plant site I
[Figure 38], various small piles of material were present. Material
colors included white, white-gray, light brown, gray and medium brown.
It could not be determined if these were raw materials or wastes. A
small unlined pond containing a light-brown liquid surrounded by piles —
of material, was detected. V
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No significant releases of toxic substances from this plant were •
documented. It has the potential, however, for the release of toxic
lead to the environment at the plant site, through the Charleston •
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Figure 38.
N.t . Industries
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Trojan Steel Company, Charleston, RM 56.6L
Trojan Steel Company operates a steel fabrication shop on the
south bank of the Kanawha River adjacent to the N. L. Industries plant
[Figure 37]. Items fabricated include structural steel shapes, tanks
and plates. In 1972 about 45 m. ton (50 ton) of steel were processed
daily. The plant was operating two 8-hr shifts, five days/week. Em-
ployment was about 130 persons.
o
Water use in 1972 was only about 15 m (3,600 gal)/day. Sani-
tary and contact cooling water was discharged untreated to the Kanawha
River through five outfalls. EPA sampling of the cooling water dis-
charge detected chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc with a total load
of less than one kg/day.
Trojan steel has connected to the municipal sewerage system since
1972. No discharge from the plant was detected in October 1977 aerial
photographs. The plant does not have an active NPDES permit.
This plant is not a significant source of toxic substances.
True Temper Corporation, Charleston RM 56.2R
True Temper operates a plant for the production of hand-held
striking and cutting tools (hammers, axes, scythes, picks, etc.) on
the north bank of the Kanawha River across from the South Charleston
Sewage Treatment Company [Figure 37]. Most of the plant was construct-
ed in 1905.
The plant operates with one 8~hr shift, five days/week, and about
235 days/year. Seasonal product demands require a second shift about
120 days/year. Employment averages about 400 persons.
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In early 1972, plant sanitary wastewaters were being connected
to the municipal sewerage system. The Company was investigating solids
removal systems for the other wastewaters.
No information was available on furnace emissions or lacquer use
or characteristics. Thus, no data on possible toxic emissions could
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Raw materials are primarily steel, wood handles, lacquer coating _
and handle grip covering material. About 15,000 units are produced |
daily. No intermediates or by-products are produced. About 1,450 m.
ton (1,600 ton) of scrap steel are salvaged annually. Processes in- I
elude forging furnaces, wet grinding, tumble abrading, shot peening
and heat treating. I
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Potable water obtained from the West Virginia Water Company
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averaged 82 m /day" (31 ,600 gpd) in 1972 and was used for cooling two
air compressors, for a water rinse in steel tempering operations, for
make-up water to a closed salt tempering system, and domestic require-
ments. About 2,600 m /day (0.7 mgd) was withdrawn from the Kanawha
River in 1972 and filtered before use for cooling, wet grinding and I
polishing operations. Cooling water used was one-through in external
jackets on the forging furnaces. Wastewaters were discharged untreat- . •
ed to the Kanawha River through seven outfalls. *
•
EPA sampling of wastewater discharges in 1972 detected small •
amounts of chromium and copper and about 2 kg (4.5 lb)/day of lead.
No organic analyses were performed. •
be compiled.
In 1972, a long-term accumulation of dust, abrasive materials
and metal fines was noted piled along the river bank. Surface runoff I
and bank erosion had washed some of this material into the river.
Aerial photographs of the plant and river taken in October 1977 showed •
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139
that the piles of solid waste were still present along the river bank
indicating that this source of toxic substances (metals) remains uncon-
trolled. A light oil slick was detected in the photographs extending
more than one kilometer downstream and appearing to originate at the
plant.
This plant would appear to be a minor source of toxic substances.
Gulf Oil Corporation, Charleston, RM 55.6R
Gulf Oil Corporation operates a small bulk petroleum products
terminal adjacent to the Charleston Was-tewater Treatment Plant and
across the Kanawha River from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant
[Figure 19]. The size and nature of the operation indicate the terminal
is not a significant source of toxic substances.
Charleston Truck and Trailer Service, Inc., South Charleston, RM 50.61
This firm is engaged in the selling and servicing of new and
used trucks and trailers. The facility is about 35 years old. Em-
ployment in 1972 was 27.
This facility has an NPDES permit for a small discharge from a
truck washing pad. In 1972, water use for truck washing was only 1.3
3
m /day (350 gpd). Wastewaters were treated in a catch basin and an
oil separator. Sludge from the catch basin was periodically removed
and hauled to a landfill.
EPA sampling of the wastewater discharge detected trace levels
of several heavy metals. No organic analyses were performed.
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It would appear that this facility does no washing of chemical
tank trucks. It is not considered to be a significant source of toxic
substances.
Cunningham Realty Company, Finney Creek Flyash
Disposal Site Institute, RM 50.5R
Industrial wastes are incinerated in the boilers from which ash
is sluiced to these ponds. The current extent of this practice relative
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Cunningham" Realty Company has contracted with Union Carbide to |
dispose fly ash from the Institute Plant. This is being accomplished
by conveying a fly ash slurry from the plant through a pipeline to •
ponds adjacent to Finney Creek (Finney Branch) about 2.4 km (1.5 mi)
east of the plant [Figure 27]. In 1972% slurry flow was reported as B
-i m
6,000 m /day (1.6 mgd). A 1972 EPA report on the Union Carbide Institute
Plant indicated the flow was about 11,000 m3/day (2.9 mgd).
•
Initially, it was expected that the ponds would be full by 1975 _
but, in 1972, because of reduced production at the Institute Plant |
and conversion of some boilers to gas fuel, the projections were for
a longer fill period. Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 showed •
that the largest (south) pond was still in use [Figure 30]. Slurry
entered the pond at the west end. Supernatant overflowed at the east I
end of the pond to a ditch around the north side of the pond, then
into Finney Branch where it flowed to the Kanawha River. Finney Branch •
was a dark gray matching the pond contents. There was no treatment •
of supernatant. Total fill in the ponds when full will be about _
765,000 m3 (1,000,000 yd3). |
Effluent from one fly ash pond (not defined) was sampled by EPA •
in February 1972. Analysis for heavy metals showed only trace amounts.
No organic analyses were performed. •
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to 1972 was not defined. Toxic substances present in industrial wastes _
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could possibly be transported by the fly ash. Data were not adequate
to evaluate this possibility.
Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc., Institute, RM 48R
Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. operates a large truck terminal
and tank cleaning facility in Institute north of Union Carbide's waste-
water treatment facility [Figure 27]. The facility has been in operation
since 1962. Employment increased from 112 in 1962 to 250 in 1972.
The terminal was the base for 173 tank trailers and 110 truck tractors
in 1972.
The functions of the terminal are the repair and maintenance of
the truck tractors and the cleaning of the tank trailers. A wide
variety of chemicals are hauled to, from and in"the Kanawha Valley
for various firms. Empty trailers are returned to the terminal for
cleaning before dispatch to the next job. Cleaning procedures vary
depending on the type of-substance last hauled.
Any liquid product remaining in the tank trailer was drained
into drums for "proper disposal" in 1972. This included reclamation
of pure products for reuse, or disposal by combustion or in proper
land fills. Disposal sites were not specified.
A recirculating system was used for cleaning tanks that had trans-
ported materials requiring detergent cleaning. Detergent from a hold-
ing tank was impinged upon the inside of the tank trailer and returned
to the holding tank. Disposal of depleted detergent solution was not
defined.
After detergent cleaning, the tank trailer was then flushed with
hot water which drained out of the trailer to a floor drain and then
to holding tanks. Some tank trailers were cleaned with steam rather
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than the two step detergent and hot water washes. Steam condensate
drained from the trailer to the floor drain.
washing and tank cleaning (except recirculated detergents) were then
pumped to the wastewater treatment plant.
Water is obtained from the municipal supply. All water except
significant concentration. No organic analyses were performed.
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Tractor and trailer exteriors were washed and rinsed by a travel- I
ing high pressure water system. Wash waters were collected in another
tank by a floor drain system. All wash waters from both exterior •
™
M
About 30 to 50 tanks were cleaned daily in 1972. A listing of
chemicals and liquid products transported during a representative Q
60-day period in 1971-1972 is presented in Table 6. The frequency of
tank washings for each substance is also shown. This listing pro- I
vided to EPA in 1972 by the Company contains various product and mix-
ture names and some misspellings. Thus, the actual chemical makeup •
of many of the items cannot be determined from the table. It is appar- ™
ent that at least 68 tanks were cleaned that contained the indicated • «
eight priority pollutants. 8
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escaping steam and wastewater sludge is treated in the wastewater
3 •
treatment plant. In 1972, the treated flow was about 950 m /day •
(0.25 mgd). Treatment units included a blending tank, a mixing and
coagulation tank (alum addition), a primary settling tank, a skimming •
device, a trickling filter with some recirculation, a secondary set- *
tling tank and a chlorine contact tank. Sludge from the settling
tanks and surface skimmings were transferred to a sludge holding tank
for eventual transport by tank trailer to "authorized" disposal sites
in Ohio or Pennsylvania.
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EPA sampling of the plant effluent in February 1972 found high I
chemical oxygen demand (543 mg/1) and phenol (3.2 mg/1). Analyses
for cyanide and heavy metals detected only chromium (0.45 mg/1) in a •
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TABLE 6
Acetate - 92*
Butyl Acetate - 23
Cellosolve Acetate - 53
Ethyl Acetate - 19
Methyl Acetate -'17
Vinyl Acetate - 29
Acetone - 76
Acetic Acid - 42
**Acrylanitrils - 4
Acrylate - 23
Alcohol - 15
Amines - 13
Ammemum - 2
Aniline Oil - 4
Antifreeze - 2
Beer - 1
Blue Indigo - 1
Blowing Agent - 2
Butanol - 11
Butyal Cellosolve - 36
Bi tyraldehyde - 1
Carbon Block Dispersent - 1
Caribital - 16
Carbon Wax - 4
Caustic - 2
Capatone - 1
Caplaeolane - 1
Cellosolve - 25
Chemlay - 11
Chemicals No. 1 - 2
DEA - 4
DIBK - 15
**DI Cyclo Pentadine - 5
Dicatone Alcohol - 2
Di leer - 4
Di Ispropyomine - 1
DMAC - 8
DMF - 22
Dowfax - 2
DMA - 4
Emfac 1202-1
Echlanhdrin - 1
Ether - 2
Ethanol - 18
**Ethylene Di Chloride - 1
Ethyl Hexanol - 3
Ethyl Hexane - 2
Ethyl Di Amines - 3
Ethyl Hexal Acratate - 1
Ethyl Monomer - 3
Ethyl Triamine - 1
Fatty Acid - 3
Fatty Alcohol - 1
Feed Additive - 3
Formaldehyde - 36
Flexal Plasticizer - 147
Gasoline - 1
Glue - 1
Glycerine - 2
Glyoxal - 27
Clycol - 102
Hexane - 46
Hexanol - 13
Hexaline - 5
HF Acid - 5
Hyd. Oil - 18
Hydroxyaceticeide 2
Ico - Silicate - 1
Isobutyl - 12
**Isophrone - 38
Isopropanal - 86
Isopropanal Ether - 3
Isooctanal - 3
Latex - 54
Lub Oil - 7
Lutidine - 1
MEA - 13
HEK - Methyl ethyl Kitane - 45
MIK - Methyl Isobutyl Kitane - 23
MBK - 15
Methanal - 71
Methyl Acrylate - 9
Methyl Chloroform - 1
Methyl Acid - 2
**Methylene Chloride - 3
Methoxene - 3
MMA - 9
Methyl Chlorformate - 2
Mesitycoxide - 1
Methyl Cellosolve - 10
Methacrylic Acid - 7
Manasthlalemines - 1
Muriatic Acid - 9
Monochloronochlorobenzene - 1
Morynoline - 1
Monomer - 58
Niax Activataes - 3
Nitric Acid - 7
Normal Pentane - 1
Nanyl Phenol - 13
Paint - 3
**Phenol - 8
(alcohols)
PM - plant mixtures - 64
Polyal - 26
. Propanic Acid - 6
Propylene Oxid - 5
Plurocan - 1
Proplene Di Chloride - 1
Resin - 25
Rhoplex - 2
Rubber Prev. - 3
Rayon Softener - 1
Santicizer - 2
Soap - (MA-80) - 6
Silicon Oil - 1
Silicate - 2
Silk Softener - 1
Sodium Sulpohyprate - 2
Sodium Silicate - 2
Sugar Water - 2
Sulfuric Acid - 2
Sulphide - 1
Tall Oil - 10
TEA (cleaning compound) - 12
TDI - 42
Tergital - 73
Textali Softener - 1
Thickening Compound - 1
**Toluene - 8
TSA - 2
Tricthanalamines - 1
**Trichloroethylene - 1
Ucar Additive - 1
Ucon Lub - 16
Ucon Diester - 3
Waste Water - 7
Waterclearfishsol - 1
Wire Enamel - 6
Whisky - 3
Zink Sulphate Sol . - 4
* Frequency of Tank Washings
** Priority Pollutants
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December 1977 aerial photographs showed that changes have been
made in the treatment system since 1972. Several units have been
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The Company reported some planned changes to EPA in 1972. Tanks
hauling phenols or acid wastes would be steam cleaned and the con- |
densate collected in a holding tank for off-site disposal. No acid
or phenol wastes would be treated at this site. Sludge was planned I
to be hauled to Union Carbide for burning. It is not documented if
these changes have been implemented. •
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added including an aeration tank.
It is evident that this facility is a major potential source of
toxic substances. Data is not adequate" to define the present dis- •
charge of toxic substances to the Kanawha River.
Rish Equipment Company, St. Albans, RM 46.PL
Rish Equipment Co. operates a facility engaged in the sale, clean-
ing, repair and maintenance of heavy construction equipment. About B
65 persons were employed in 1972. The facility was completed in 1971.
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Water for domestic and industrial use is obtained from the Teays
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Valley Water Company. Total consumption was about 72 m /day (18,700 _
gpd) in 1972 with about 56 m /day (13,700 gpd) used for equipment |
cleaning. The wash water is treated in a settling basin and grease
trap before discharge to the Kanawha River. Oil is manually skimmed •
off and drummed. Oil and settled solid wastes are removed by a private
contractor for off-site disposal. Sanitary wastes are treated in a I
separate package activated sludge plant.
The plant effluent was not sampled in 1972. No organic sampling ™
has been done. This facility is not believed to be a significant _
source of toxic substances because of the nature of the operation. |
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MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
A major portion of the municipal wastewaters in the Kanawha
Valley are discharged to the Kanawha River in the central area.
There are 7 communities in the Central Valley with NPDES permits to
discharge municipal wastewaters. Wastewater volumes, populations
served and levels of treatment are shown in Table 7.
There are four major treatment plants in this area. The South
Charleston plant was previously discussed in the Major Industrial
Sources section. A majority of the flow treated by this plant is
industrial wastewater from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant.
The Charleston plant serves the largest population of any plant
in the Valley (80,000). As previously listed in Table 2 in Section
VI, there are numerous small industries in the Charleston service
area. Only N.L. Industries and the West Virginia Water Company plants
are considered major contributing industries. N.L. Industries was
previously discussed in the Minor Industrial Sources section. Water
treatment wastewaters are contributed by the water company. Because
of the volume of flow treated and size of population served, this
plant could contribute significant amounts of toxic substances from
municipal, commercial and minor industrial sources. Data are not
available to evaluate this contribution. Digested sludge from this
plant could also contain heavy metals and other toxic substances.
Sludge disposal was not defined.
October 1977 aerial photographs [Figure 39] showed that there
were four wastewater discharges from the Charleston plant. This would
suggest that the plant was bypassing untreated or partially treated
wastewaters that would increase the discharge of toxic substances.
The St. Albans plant serves a population of 20,000 and has an
average discharge of 4,920 m /day (1.3 mgd). Secondary treatment
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Table 7
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY
Community
Charleston-
Woodland Hts.
Cl overleaf -
Sanitary Distr.
Dunbar
Marlaing Public
Service Distr.
Marmet
South Charleston
St. Albans
TOTALS
Population
Served
80,000
200
12,000
200
2,000
20,000
20,000
134,400
Flow
m /day
37,850
76
4,920
76
760
26,500
4,920
75,102
mgd
10
0.02
1.3
0.02
0.2
7.0
1.3
19.84
Level of
Treatment
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
None
Primary
Secondary
Primary
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Figure 39.
Charleston Wastewrater Treatment Plant
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facilities are currently under construction. There are no signifi-
cant industrial facilities tributary to this sewerage system. The
lack of tributary industries and the smaller population served would
suggest that toxic substances discharged by this plant are substan-
tially less than the other two major facilities.
The Dunbar plant serves a population of 12,000 and has the same
flow as the St. Albans plant. Population size and the lack of tribu-
tary industries also suggest that this plant is not a significant
source of toxic substances.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes are generated by
major industrial facilities in South Charleston and Institute. Dis-
posal practices at the Union Carbide plants at South Charleston and
Institute, the FMC plant at South Charleston and the South Charleston
Sewage Treatment Company were previously discussed in the Major Indus-
trial Sources Section. These disposal practices include incineration,
landfill, controlled chemical landfill, storage in sludge ponds, and
storage in large fly ash ponds. These practices pose a major potential
for releases of toxic substances in close proximity to the major urban
area of the valley.
Some solid wastes generated by minor industries and municipalities
potentially contain minor amounts of toxic substances. Municipal
solid waste disposal practices were not defined.
NON-POINT SOURCES
Because much of the Central Kanawha Valley is urbanized or in-
dustrialized, there is the potential for surface runoff to contain
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significant quantities of toxic substances such as lead from fuels
and other heavy metals. Runoff from industrial sites could contain
some toxic substances.
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The increased population density would result in a greater con-
tribution of toxic substances from mobil sources, especially cars, •
than in other areas of the valley. No data were available on non-
point contributions of toxic substances.
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IX. SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES - LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY
The Lower Kanawha Valley is defined for this report to be the
valley of the Kanawha River between St. Albans (River Mile 46) and
Winfield Dam near Winfield (River Mile 31.1) [Figure 40]. The lower
50 km (31 mi) of the Kanawha River are outside the study area [Figure
1]. The physical characteristics of the lower valley are similar to
the central valley at Charleston.
The population of the lower valley' is low with a majority in the
vicinity of Nitro (population about 8,000). Almost all of the indus
trial facilities are also concentrated at Nitro.
Municipal water supply is furnished by the West Virginia Water
Company and is obtained from the Elk River. Kanawha River water is
no longer used for the municipal supply at Nitro. Most industrial
water supplies are obtained directly from the Kanawha River with some
from the municipal supply.
The lower valley encompasses the downstream half of the Winfield
Dam navigation pool. There is much barge traffic carrying chemicals
to and from the central and upper valley chemical plants.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are nine major industrial sources of toxic substances in
the lower valley. Three of these facilities, a viscose rayon staple
plant and two chemical plants, are considered large in the classical
sense and are major sources of oxygen demanding wastewaters. Four of
the plants are smaller and do not contribute major oxygen demanding
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-SAINT
§;„ V.II.T- ^ ALBANS
Figure 40. Area Map - Lower Kanawha Valley
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wastewater volumes. They are, however, major actual or potential
sources of toxic substances. One of the remaining sources is an in-
dustrial wastewater treatment plant and the other a very large coal
fired power plant.
Allied Chemical Corp., Industrial Chemicals Division,
Nitro, RM 43.2R
Allied Chemical Corp. operates a sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric
acid plant at Nitro at the southwest corner of the industrial complex
[Figure 41]. In 1972 the plant was producing 340 m.tons (380 tons)/
day of sulfuric acid and 32 m.tons (36 ,tons)/day of hydrofluoric acid.
Employment was 60 people.
Raw materials were sulfur and fluorospar. A byproduct that was
wasted was calcium sulfate. There were no other products manufactur-
ed but the facility was a soda ash distribution point.
About 18,000 m /day (4.8 mgd) of water was obtained directly
3
from the Kanawha River. About 16,000 m /day (4.2 mgd) of water was
used for cooling purposes and returned to the river untreated. The
remainder was used to sluice calcium sulfate residues to two settling
ponds operated in series. The overflow from these ponds went to a
third pond and then to the river. The three ponds in use in 1972 are
shown in Figure 41, the topographical map. Aerial photographs taken
in October 1977 showed that a fourth pond had been constructed ad-
jacent to the river [Figure 42]. The easternmost pond had been de-
watered. The calcium sulfate waste was apparently being sluiced to
the middle original pond. Clarified water was then pumped out of the
middle existing pond. The function of the new pond was not apparent
but may have been for additional settling for any surplus pond water.
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Cour
^
LANDFILL
° ° f
CHEMICAL
FIKE CHEMICALK!
MASON
DIXON
OASTAL TANKER
CHEMICAL FORMULATO
UMiro;
terl \ b?JL
Figure 41. Location Map - Nitro Area
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Figure 42.
Allied Chemical Corporation - Nifro Plant
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157
Sampling of the plant's four wastewater streams in 1972 detected
high fluoride levels (10-13 mg/1) in the hydrofluoric acid plant cool-
ing water and the settling pond effluent. These flows totalled about
3
3,400 m /day (0.9 mgd). Trace levels of heavy metals were detected.
Analysis of samples from two of Allied's discharges in February
1977 detected 9 specific organic compounds in one sample and 11 in
the other. Nine of these were priority pollutants including benzene,
carbon tetrachlbride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dichlorobenzene isomer,
1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene.
Since none of these substances were reportedly used or produced by
Allied, they may have been in their intake water. Intake samples
were apparently not analyzed.
Exhaust gasses from the sulfuric acid process pass through a
Brinks mist eliminator before discharge to the atmosphere. About
1,700 to 1,800 ppm of SOp were being vented when the plant was in-
spected in August 1975. About 2,700 kg (6,000 lb)/day of S02 were
being emitted with the plant operating at half capacity. There were
no data on possible emissions of hydrogen fluoride.
No information was present in the file on solid waste disposal.
One file sketch indicated a mud disposal area next to the east settling
pond. Aerial photographs show that this area is currently occupied
by large piles of granular material. The area has the appearance of
an aggregate stockpiling operation.
In summary, this Allied Chemical Corp. facility is a sulfuric
and hydrofluoric acid plant. Documented discharges of toxic substances
are small, although nine priority pollutants were detected in February
1977. Known emissions of toxic substances are principally SO.
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The plant is operated continuously year around. Production rates
vary substantially with market conditions. Production capacity is
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Avtex Fibers, Inc., Nitro. RM 42.3-42.7R
This plant occupies about 57 hectares (140 acres) between the
Allied Chemical and FMC plants [Figure 41]. Constructed by American Jl
Viscose in 1938 and acquired by FMC Corp. in 1963, the plant was sold
to Avtex in 1976. During this entire period, the basic manufacturing
process remained unchanged and the plant produced only viscose rayon
staple.
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Principal raw materials are dissolving cellulose pulp, caustic
soda, carbon bisulfide, zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid (obtained from •
the adjacent Allied Chemical plant). Anhydrous sodium sulfate is
marketed as a by-product. - fl
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about 109,000 m. tons (120,000 tons)/year. Current employment is • _
about 1,000. ||
Water use at the plant averaged about 34,000 m /day (9 mgd) in •
1977. Most of this was withdrawn from the Kanawha River and treated
for process water and boiler feed. Minor water volumes were purchased U
from the municipal supply for potable uses. This water use was a
3
major reduction from the 1973 average of 144,000 m /day (38 mgd). ri|
In 1977, process wastewaters were treated in a treatment plant _
employing both physical-chemical and biological processes [Figure p
43]. Treatment units included an emergency storage lagoon, four neu-
tralization tanks in series, two primary clarifiers in parallel, two •
aeration chambers in parallel, a final clarifier, an excess sludge
aerobic digester and a sludge thickener. Zinc was removed as zinc •
hydroxide in the primary clarifiers. The zinc-rich primary sludge
was dewatered on two rotary vacuum filters. Filter cake was disposed A
of in an adjacent Avtex landfill. Digested waste activated sludge •
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AVTEX WWTF
Figure 43.
Avfex and FMC Nitro Plants
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Figure 44.
Avf«x Landfill
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161
was discharged to the plant outfall. Fly ash from the boiler house
also was discharged to the plant outfall and bypassed the treatment
plant.
Zinc is the only priority pollutant limited by the NPDES permit.
During the 1972 EPA survey, no wastewater treatment was operating and
the plant was discharging 3,900 kg (8,700 lb)/day of zinc. The new
treatment facility reduced the zinc discharge to a reported daily
average of 36 kg (79 Ib).
Quarterly bioassays of the plant effluent are required. No
toxicity was shown by these tests in 1976 in contrast to high tox-
icity in 1972.
Process emissions of air pollutants are large and uncontrolled.
Hydrogen sulfide emissions in mid-1977 were about 309 kg (682 lb)/hr.
Carbon bisulfide emissions were much higher, about 2,800 kg (6,200
lb)/hr. Some S0? is also emitted by the process.
The plant has 11 boilers; four are gas- or oil-fired and the
other seven are fired with low sulfur coal. The coal fired units
would emit SO,,. There are no SOp controls on the boiler exhausts.
A large waste disposal area occupies the southwest one-third of
the plant site. In addition to the zinc sludges previously dis-
cussed, rejected batches of alkali cellulose crumbs and viscose
solution are reportedly disposed of in this area. Aerial photographs
taken in October 1977 showed the presence of large deposits of solid
waste [Figure 44]. A pond containing a dark liquid was in the center
of the filled area. This pond reportedly overflows to an outfall
along the south edge of the plant site that also receives effluent
from Chemical Formulators, Inc. and the Cooperative Sewage Treatment,
Inc. industrial wastewater treatment plant. In 1972 this overflow
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162
FMC Corp., Organic Chemicals Div., Nitro, RM 42.6R
™
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had a pH of 13. Other small ponds of dark liquid were present through- »
out the fill area. Near the parking lot were two pits, one contain- 9
ing a green liquid and the other a yellow-green liquid.
Several piles of drums were dumped near the south edge of the
disposal area. Two solid waste piles were noted near the southeast -J
corner of the plant site. Two piles of a white substance were present
in the old powerhouse ruins. White material was present on the ground •
around the anhydrous sulfate storage building. ™
In summary, the Avtex plant has large emissions of toxic air . 1
pollutants. Zinc loads in wastewater discharges have been sub-
stantially reduced but are still significant. The plant operates a •
landfill that stores large volumes of zinc. Runoff from at least a
portion of the landfill reaches the river. - m
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FMC operates this plant on a small 6 hectare (14 acre) site be- •
tween Avtex and Monsanto [Figures 41 and 43]. It produces inorganic
and organic phosphorus compounds. Initial production began in 1930. M
The plant has been operated by FMC since 1951. Employment is about
200. •
Principal products are reportedly phosphorus trichloride and fc
oxychloride and triaryl, tributoxyethyl and tributyl phosphates. •
Products may also include hydrochloric acid and tri-p-cresyl, tri-
isopropylphenyl and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphates. A substantial M
number of plasticizers were produced at this plant but have been de-
leted. Raw materials are butyl alcohol, butyl cellosolve, sodium f|
hydroxide, chlorine, oxygen, phenol, phosphorus, propylene and cresylic ™
acid. Arsenic is present as a contaminant in the phosphorus. Of £
these products and raw materials, only arsenic and phenol are priority P
pollutants.
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163
o
About 9,000 m /day (2.4 mgd) of water is withdrawn from the
Kanawha River and used for once-through cooling without treatment.
3
Treated water averaging 1,500 m /day (0.4 mgd) is purchased from West
Virginia Water Company (Elk River water) and used for domestic and
process water, cooling tower make-up and boiler feed.
Process wastewaters are treated in a system consisting of neutrali-
zation tanks, an equalization basin, two aerated lagoons in series,
and a final clarifier. Ammonia is added as a nutrient. All activated
sludge is returned to the first aerated lagoon.
Toxic substances limited by the NPDES permit are arsenic, chromium
and phenol. In 1972, phenols discharged were several hundred kilograms
per day. Phenol has since been reduced to less than 4 kg (10 lb)/day.
Arsenic and chromium are less than 1 kg/day. Effluent toxicity was a
problem in 1972. Toxicity had been reduced somewhat in 1976 (TLm 40
to 100%).
Sampling of the FMC effluent for organics in 1975 detected 14
specific compounds (primarily phenolics). Most were at low levels.
No file information was available on emissions of toxic substances
to the atmosphere.
No information was available on solid waste disposal to landfill.
Some process residues (AsCl~) are reportedly drummed and stored for
off-site contract disposal.
Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 did not reveal any signi-
ficant spills or storage and/or landfill of waste materials on the
plant site.
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Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co., Nitro, RM 41.4-42.5
3
Cooling water averaging about 22,700 m /day (6 mgd) is withdrawn
from the Kanawha River and returned to the river untreated through
outfall 002. Water for domestic, process and other uses averages
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In summary, this plant does not produce any priority pollutants.
Only two (arsenic and phenol) are present in raw materials. Past p
major discharges of phenols have apparently been abated. Information
on air emissions and solid waste disposal is lacking. •
i
Monsanto operates an industrial chemicals plant on about 97 •
hectares (240 acres) adjacent to the FMC organic chemicals plant
[Figure 41]. Production facilities and the wastewater treatment plant •
extend for about 1.6 km (1 mi) along the river [Figure 45].
I
The plant began operations in 1921. Monsanto has operated the *
plant since 1929. Reportedly, products are more than 40 major kinds *
of organic chemicals including rubber antioxidants, vulcanizing agents, p
rubber intermediates and accelerators, oil additives, pre-vulcanizing
inhibitors, plasticizer antioxidants, animal feed antioxidants, paper ,•
sizing agents, poultry feed supplements, herbicides, resin modifiers,
and refined tall oils. In late 1977, Monsanto reported 47 products •
listed by trade name in Table 8. Raw materials used in production of
these chemicals exceed 100 and include alcohols, acids, caustics, m
oils, crude tall oil and numerous organic and inorganic salts. Prin- ™
cipal raw materials reported by Monsanto in late 1977 are listed in —
Table 9. f
Plant operations are continuous year around. Except for tall m
oil, most chemicals are produced in intermittent batch processes.
Annual production capacity is in the range of 160 million kg (350 fl
million Ib). Employment in 1977 was about 650.
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Figure 45.
Monsanto Production Facilities
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Table 8
LIST OF PRODUCTS
MONSANTO COMPANY
West Virginia
Santocure NS Pellets
MHA Acid
Calcium MHA
Maul
Santoquin
Sodium MET
Unmilled.Santowhite Crystals
Santoflex AW
Santogard PVI
Flectol H
Sulfasan R
Thiofide
Santowhite Powder
Santocure Pellets
Santonox R
Santovar A
Santocure NS Pellets
Santocure Powder
50% Sodium MBT
Santocure NS Powder
Santosize 70T
Santoflex DD
M-530
PC-1244
PC-1344
Thiotax
Mersize 70-TFL
Mersize 77-T
Mersize 77-TFL
Santosize 77
Rosin Size KIP 70
Monsize
-Mersize 603 Adduct
Sulfasan R Wax Pellets
Multiflow
BTH
CDEC
TORUFA
UFA Bleached
Emtall 730
Emtall 786 - Pitch
Emtall 743 - SFA
Emtall 729
Emtall 731.
Emtall 753-V
Emtall 745
PVI Waxed Pellets
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168
Table 9
LIST OF PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS
MONSANTO COMPANY
Nitro, West Virginia
Acetic Acid, Glacial
*Acrolein
Acrylate, 2-Ethyl Hexyl
N-Butyl Alcohol
Ammonia, Anhydrous
Ammonia, Aqua
Benzoyl Peroxide
Butyraldehyde
Calcium Chloride
Carbon Bisulfide
Carbon Black
Chlorine
Clay
Clenzolene
Coal
Kerosene
Cresol, TBM
* 2 ,3-Dichloropropene
Die thy la mine
Dow Corning Fluid
Ethyl Acrylate
Dicalite 4200
Skellysolve (Heptane)
*Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydroquinone
Lime
Methocel
Rule 66 Mineral Spirits
Morpholine
Muriatic Acid
Nitrogen
No. 2 Fuel Oil
Crude Tall Oil
Phosphoric Acid
Polyethylene Glycol
Potassium Chloride
Pyridine
Soda Ash
S.A.B.S.
Sodium Chloride
Stearic Acid
Molten Sulfur
Sulfur Dichloride
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Monochloride
Tertiary Amylene
* Toluene
* Trichloroethylene
Varsol 2
White Crude Scale Wax
Liquid Crystal Wax
Xylene
Foam, Fire
Toluene Sulfonic Acid
Fumaric Acid
Muriatic Acid
Dodecyl Aniline
Para Phenetidine
Potassium
Hydroxide
Sodium Sulfite
Acetone
Phthalic Anhydride
Tertiary Butylamine
Methanol
Phthalic Anhydride
50% Formalin
Methyl Mercaptan
Aniline Oil
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexyl Mercaptan
Disod. Phosphate (DSP)
CO2
Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulphonates
Priority Pollutants
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169
o
about 5,700 m /day (1.5 mgd) and is purchased from the West Virginia
Water Company (Elk River water). All domestic and process waste-
waters, spills and leaks, and surface runoff from plant areas are
collected and pumped to a treatment facility for ultimate discharge
to the Kanawha River through 001.
Prior to 1977, the wastewater treatment facility consisted of
three primary settling lagoons, a limestone neutralization pit and
three aerated lagoons. Substantial modifications were completed in
1977. Treatment units in series now include a spill/surge lagoon, an
emergency overflow lagoon, a covered equalization pond/primary set-
tling lagoon, the limestone pit, neutralization facilities, an aerated
activated sludge basin and a final clarlfier [Figures 46 and 47].
Effluent from the final clarifier can either be discharged directly
to the river or to a large aerated lagoon for additional treatment.
Excess activated sludge is pumped to an aerated lagoon for aerobic
digestion and long-term storage. Primary sludge is stored in the
equalization pond where it was settled. Many years capacity is available.
Toxic substances limited by the NPDES permit for Outfall 001
include chromium and cyanide. No loads have been reported but average
limits are 0.4 kg (1 lb)/day. Quarterly bioassays are required. A
TLm of 3.3% to 5.4% was reported in 1976. The 1972 EPA survey yielded
a TLm of 7.6%. This effluent was thus highly toxic to test organisms.
Phenols were measured at 2 kg (5 lb)/day in 1972.
For Outfall 002, no toxics are limited by the permit but bioassays
are required. In 1975, TLm's of 24 to 76% were reported indicating
some toxicity was present.
Analysis of the Outfall 001 discharge for organics in 1975 detected
low levels (<1 ppm) of 31 specific organic compounds. About half of
these had some reported toxic effects. Tetrachloroethylene, a priority
pollutant, was present at a concentration of 0.9 mg/1.
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170
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The list of raw materials [Table 9] includes five priority ^
pollutants (acrolein, dichloropropene, cyanide, toluene and tri- j§
chloroethylene). File data did not indicate that these pollutants
had been detected in plant effluents. I
Hydrogen sulfide off-gases from a reactor are passed through a fl
sulfur recovery unit and then to an incinerator. Other off-gases are ™
also incinerated. There is no SOp control on the incinerator emis- i*
sions. Maximum SOp emission rates are about 136 kg (300 lb)/hr. The •
incinerator-sulphur recovery system is equipped with an emergency
flare. An emergency flare is also present for control of HCN storage £
emissions. Other air pollution controls include baghouses on most
process units for product recovery. " •
In late 1977, Monsanto reported that 64 hydrocarbon compounds - A
were emitted to the atmosphere, most in very small intermittent ™
amounts. Daily emissions of toluene were 110 kg (250 Ib); NO , 23 kg M
(50 Ib) and trichloroethylene, 14 kg (30 Ib). Small amounts of 9
acrolein, formaldehyde, carbon disulfide and HCN were also emitted.
The plant has five boilers (two on natural gas, three on coal)
and a tall oil furnace. The furnace burns pitch and natural gas. I
About 74,000 m.tons (82,000 tons)/year of coal with a sulfur content
of 0.75 to 1.09% are burned.
9
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About 25 m.tons (28 tons)/day of flyash are disposed of offsite
by a contractor. Various solid wastes are disposed of in a landfill
on Monsanto property northeast of the wastewater treatment plant
[Figure 41]. In late 1977, Monsanto reported that wastes disposed of 'p
annually included 816 m.tons (900 tons) of filter cake, 1,000 m.tons
(1,100 tons) of pitch, 220 m.tons (240 tons) of residue and 1,500 V
m.tons (1,650 tons) of trash. The filter cake and pitch were con-
sidered by Monsanto to be "relatively harmless" while the residue was
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171
& %fl!!
Figure 46.
Wosf.waf.r
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172
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Figure 47.
Monsanto Wostewoter Treatment Plant -West Half
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173
NITRO
MONSANTO
LANDFILL
Figure 48.
Monsanto Landfill Area
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174
iff
LANDFILL
*&*?.f§jp
5 *
$8P# J^"" flPJI^^J^^MPiSF *•
I
Figure 49.
Monsanto Small Landfill Area
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175
"relatively harmless to slightly toxic." All three were described as
practically insoluble.
Aerial photographs of the plant site taken in October 1977 detected
two areas of landfill ing activities. The major area [Figure 48] was
in the location described by Monsanto. Wastes had been dumped over
most of the available area. Some ponded dark liquid was present,
primarily among some building ruins. The proximity of the landfill
to Armour Creek made movement of surface runoff and leachate into the
creek highly probable.
A second smaller landfill area was detected north of the production
area [Figure 49]. The characteristics of deposited materials could
not be defined. A small, dark pond was present in some ruins adjacent
to recent fill material.
In summary, the Monsanto plant handles and/or discharges at least
seven priority pollutants. Documented discharges of toxic substances
are small. However, treated plant effluent is toxic to aquatic organisms.
The potential for spills of toxic substances to surface waters is
relatively low because of spill containment facilities. Air emissions
of toxic substances include SO,,, NO , toluene and trichloroethylene.
c* f\.
Substantial volumes of solid wastes are disposed of on-site in a land-
fill adjacent to a waterway. Some runoff or seepage of toxic sub-
stances could occur.
Fike Chemicals, Inc., Nitro
Fike Chemicals, Inc. (Fike), operates a small chemicals plant in
the southeastern part of the Nitro industrial complex [Figure 41].
The plant began operations in 1953 as the Roberts Chemical Company.
It has been Fike Chemicals, Inc. since 1971.
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176
The plant discharges industrial wastewaters to a treatment plant
operated by Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. Coastal Tank Lines,
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Inc. also discharges industrial wastewaters to this treatment facility.
These two facilities are discussed in the following sections. V
m
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The plant is on a compact 4.5 hectare (11 acre) site adjacent to I
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc., Vimasco Corp. (See discussion in Minor Indus-
trial Sources section) and a truck tractor maintenance facility operated f
by Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. [Figure 50]. This complex of ~
chemical producers and transporters coupled with inadequate pollution
control and waste disposal practices has produced documented pollution
of the groundwater system with toxic substances. It is highly probable
that surface runoff from the area is also contaminated with toxic M
substances. The presence of toxic substances in wastewater discharges
to the Kanawha River have been documented. It is also probable that M
toxic chemicals are being released to the atmosphere.
1
The Fike plant is a small -volume firm that specializes in the *
development of new chemicals, in custom chemical processing and in £
specialty chemicals. About 50 different products are manufactured at V
the site. Table 10 lists these products, raw materials, by-products
and waste disposal methods. At least 13 chemicals produced or used by •
Fike are priority pollutants.
All processes are small [maximum 2,270 kg (5,000 lb)/day)] batch-
type operations with reaction times that can be as long as a week. A
This results in intermittent wastewater discharges. Wastewaters from '
the plant are disposed of in two ways. Treatable wastewaters are
discharged to the Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. (CST) facility
for treatment and discharge to the Kanawha River. Highly contamin- _
ated wastewaters are discharged to an "evaporation" pond at the south- £
west corner of the site [Figure 50]. Poor housekeeping practices at
the plant are prevalent and it is probable that some of the highly 9
contaminated wastewaters are discharged to the CST facility.
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177
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179
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During the NEIC monitoring survey in October 1977, composite
samples of the Fike discharge to the CST treatment facility were taken
on five days and analyzed for organic compounds. Thirty-seven organic
compounds were identified in the discharge [Table 11].
A 96-hour static bioassay was performed on the Fike discharge to
the CST treatment facility. The estimated 96-hour LC50 for this dis-
charge was 0.56% indicating it was highly toxic.
Chemicals have been spilled on the ground surface at many spots
in the processing area. Some wastewaters have been placed in steel
drums that were allowed to rust out with subsequent spillage onto the
ground. The entire processing area is so contaminated with unknown
chemicals that it is probable that surface runoff is highly contamin-
ated and that leaching of chemicals into the groundwater occurs.
Air pollution controls are minimal. Only two of four scrubbers
were operational during the NEIC monitoring survey. Nauseating odors
were present throughout the survey. As indicated in Table 10, various
toxic chemicals are emitted to the atmosphere.
Two methods of solid waste disposal are used. Paper and trash
are hauled to a sanitary landfill by a disposal contractor. Drums,
still bottoms and various reaction byproducts are disposed of on-site
in an unlined pit [Figure 50]. Materials are not regularly covered
with earth. The drums rust allowing their contents to flow onto the
ground. Once the pit is full, a bulldozer is used to crush the drums
and backfill the pit. This disposal method allows toxic chemicals to
leach into the ground and the groundwater system. The pit in use
3 3
during the October survey had a volume of about 1,500 m (53,500 ft )
and was about 40% full. The volume of materials previously disposed
of on-site in this manner was not documented.
-------
188
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190
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I
There are two "evaporation" ponds on the site. The old pond has _
been in use for about 8 years. It is of unlined earth construction •
2 2
and has a surface area of about 1,400 m (15,100 ft ) and an average
depth of 0.5 m (1.5 ft). In addition to the Fike wastewaters, the I
"evaporation" pond in the past received sludge from the CST treatment
facility and concentrated initial rinse waters from the Coastal Tank ft
Lines, Inc. tank trailer cleaning operations.
I
I
A new "evaporation" pond was constructed in September 1977. It
3 3
has an estimated volume of 1,230 m (43,500 ft ). Coastal rinse waters
and CST sludge were being discharged to the new pond during the October
survey.
Computations show that if there was no seepage from the old pond,
no evaporation or no precipitation, the pond would fill to the level ft
observed in about 35 processing days. It would overflow in an additional
23 processing days. In this geographical area, precipitation exceeds •
evaporation. Therefore, it is evident that the pond contents seep •
into the ground. Based on October 1977 influent rates, the new pond _
would be expected to fill in about 30 working days. Thus, this pond |
could only function for a long time period if it seeps.
I
During the NEIC survey, samples were taken of the old pond contents
and from three monitoring wells near the pond. Twenty-one organic I
compounds were detected in the pond contents including five priority
pollutants [Table 12]. Ten of the same compounds including four prior- £
ity pollutants were found in the monitoring well closest to the pond, *
confirming that there was seepage from the pond to the groundwater. —
Arsenic, cadmium and lead were also found in both the pond and the ft
groundwater. Other organic chemicals were detected in the wells but
not in the pond, indicating groundwater contamination from sources •
other than the pond.
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193
Because of the batch nature of processes at Fike, it is probable
that additional toxic substances not detected during the NEIC survey
are periodically discharged to the evaporation pond and the CST treat-
ment facility.
It is evident from the data collected during the NEIC survey
that the Fike plant is a major source of toxic substances released to
the environment through air emissions, wastewater discharges and dis-
posal of solid and hazardous wastes. As discussed in the following
two sections, the Fike plant is part of a major pollution problem in
the Nitro area requiring abatement.
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc., Nitro
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc. (Coastal) operates a truck terminal
adjacent to the Fike plant [Figures 41 and 50]. The Company hauls
finished chemical products and raw materials for numerous chemical
firms. Empty tank trailers are returned to the terminal for cleaning
and repair before resuming service. About 70 truck tractors and 107
tank trailers are serviced by the Coastal terminal.
About 25 trucks and trailers are washed/day, 6 days/week. The
empty trailers normally contain only 19 to 38 liters (5 to 10 gal-
lons), of the material hauled when they return to the terminal.
The interior of the trailers first receive a prerinse, using
water that had been used for a final rinse [Figure 51]. After the
prerinse, a cleaning solution is added to the interior of the trail-
ers; this solution is recyled to the cleaning solution make-up tank.
The trailers then receive a final wash and this water is recycled and
used for the prerinse. When the cleaning solution is spent, it is
pumped to a tank trailer dedicated for this use. Occasionally, the
cleaning solutions will overflow the make-up tank and discharge to
the CST treatment plant.
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194
STEP 1 PRE RINSE
F low
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
STEP 2 RECYCLE OF CLEANING SOLUTIONS
I . Flow
A
o
u.
B
- p
"c
Fl6w
Flow
STEP 3 FINAL RINSE
Flow
(
/~-^x
/ \
^
_J — L_
!
to CST Sewer
)
Spent So
as Re
A
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lu 1 10
q'd.
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-t_
"To CST Lagoon"
NOTES:
A. PRE RINSE WATER STORAGE TANK
B CLEANING SOLUTION STORAGE TANK
C. RINSE WATER STORAGE TANK
D. PRESSURE PUMP
E. RETURN PUMP
F. TANK TRAILER
G. PORTABLE HOLDING TANK
Figure SlCoaslal Tank lines. Inc. Trailer Cleaning Proceedure
and Wolfe D/spoio/ touting to C.S.T.
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195
Coastal has two ways of disposing of the waste from washing the
3
trucks. First, the prerinse water is pumped into a 19 m (5,000 gal)
tank trailer (discussed above), and dumped into the evaporative pond
along with the spent cleaning solution. Secondly, after the final
washwater is transferred to the prerinse tank, any excess is dis-
charged to the CST sewer (the excess final washwater does not enter
the prerinse tank). The tank trailer is discharged about 3 times in
a 48-hour period.
Coastal does not have any air pollution control devices; the
only sources of stationary emissions are the vapors from the make-up
tanks for cleaning solutions and vapors released from tank trailers
when they are opened for cleaning. The"make-up tanks are in build-
ings which exhaust to the atmosphere.
The discharges of toxic substances in wastewaters from trailer
rinsing to the Fike "evaporation" ponds contribute to the pollution
problems created by these ponds [Table 12]. Wastewaters discharged
to the CST treatment facility contained at least 13 toxic substances
during the NEIC survey [Table 11]. A bioassay of the discharge to
the CST treatment facility showed it to be highly toxic as indicated
by a 96-hr LC50 of 2.2%.
Coastal does not have any wastewater treatment facilities. All
of its wastewaters are disposed of either in the Fike evaporation
ponds or in the Kanawha River after treatment by CST. Therefore,
abatement of pollution from Coastal is related to pollution control
at the other two facilities.
Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. Nitro
Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. (CST) was formed by Fike and
Coastal to treat their wastewaters. A treatment facility was built
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196 "
I
with costs shared by the two Companies. Fike operates the plant.
Operating costs are shared on the basis of water use. M
The treatment plant initially also served Vimasco Corp. and Atlas •
Steel Container Corp. Atlas has ceased operation. Vimasco has stopped
its discharge to the CST plant and discharges to small ponds on its •
property. ™
Treatment units are shown in Figure 52 as they existed during m
the October 1977 NEIC survey. The biological system was achieving
BOD removals comparable to primary treatment only. The low treatment £
efficiency was due partly to an inadequate system for return of sludge
from the final pond to the aeration pontl. A new final clarifier was •
constructed in October 1977 but was not operational during the NEIC
survey. Excess sludge from the plant is hauled to the Fike evaporation •
ponds for disposal. ™
Effluent from the CST plant is discharged to the Kanawha River 0
through an old city of Nitro sewer that discharges to the Kanawha
River just downstream from the Allied Chemical Plant [Figure 41]. I
Leachate from the pond in the Avtex landfill reportedly is discharged
to this outfall as is wastewater from Chemical Formulators, Inc., 8
discussed in the following section.
During the NEIC survey, the CST effluent averaged 151 m /day *
(0.0399 mgd), about 90% of which was contributed by Fike. This was
about half the flow measured during a 1972 EPA survey.
I
Analyses of the effluent in the 1977 survey detected an average •
of less than 1 kg/day total of arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium,
lead and silver. The average COD and BOD concentrations (2,980 and •
760 mg/1, respectively) were very high for a treated effluent. The
average COD load (450 kg/day) was about 6% of the 1972 survey load. •
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197
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198
Both phenol and arsenic discharges were excessive in 1972. The aver
age phenol discharge in 1977 was less than 1 kg/day.
concern.
Chemical Formulators, Inc., Nitro
*
I
Organic compounds detected in the CST effluent in October 1977 •
are summarized in Table 13. Seventeen of the 37 compounds detected
had known toxic effects. Nine are known or suspected carcinogens. •
Five are priority pollutants. Toxicity data on chemicals discharged
by Fike, Coastal and the CST plant are summarized in Table 14. •
A flow-through bioassay of the CST plant effluent yielded a 96-hr »
LC50 of 0.22% showing a very high toxicity. . 8
The discharge of these toxic substances to a major tributary of •
the Ohio River, a major public drinking water supply, is of special
I
I
Chemical Formulators, Inc. operates a small (22 employees) chemical •
plant adjacent to Coastal [Figures 41 and 50]. The plant produces
methoxychlor, maleic hydrazine, maleic hydrazine 30 and Bordeaus mix- fl
ture as products and anisole as an intermediate for making methoxychlor. *
All products are batch made. Raw materials include phenol, methyl •
chloride, trichloracetaldehyde, aluminum catalyst, hydrazine hydrate, 9
sulfuric acid, maleic anhydride, diethanolamine, copper sulfate and _
lime. All of these materials and products are hazardous and five are J|
priority pollutants.
I
In 1972, the plant also formulated and packaged a variety of in-
secticides from purchased pesticide materials. These operations have ff
been discontinued.
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212
carbon columns on the final effluent were added.
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Water supply is obtained from two sources. Well water is used
for make-up in a non-contact recirculating cooling water system. g
o
Process water averaging about 570 m (150,000 gal)/month is purchased
from the West Virginia Water Company. I
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All process wastewater and most storm runoff is treated in the fl
plant's treatment facility prior to discharge to the outfall sewer
that also conveys the CST effluent to the Kanawha River. In 1972,
treatment units^included a primary settling tank with pH adjustment
for aluminum precipitation, an oil-skimming unit, a secondary set-
tling (holding) tank, a spray aeration and trickling filter unit, and |
a final clear well. Effluent from the trickling filter flowed to the
clear well where it could either be recycled to the process units or I
discharged to the outfall. This arrangement produced intermittent
discharges to the river outfall. Frequently, no effluent was dis- . •
charged for days. "
The treatment system was modified in late 1977. A phenol treat- I
ment unit, sludge dewatering ponds, a final treatment pond and two
I
Operations of the chemical plant are seasonal, averaging 9 to 10 I
months/year. An NEIC plant inspection was made in September 1977.
No compliance monitoring was performed during the October 1977 survey •
at the adjacent chemical plants because Chemical Formulators was shut *
down. No effluent data has been obtained from the new treatment plant. •
The volume of treated wastewater discharged is small. For the
period January through May, 1977, wastewater was discharged only 11
3
days. The maximum discharge was 200 m /day (53,000 gpd).
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The 1972 EPA survey found low levels of lead, cyanide, cadmium,
chromium, and nickel in the plant effluent. Higher levels of zinc •
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213
(10 mgl) and copper (0.7 mg/1) were observed. Phenol was very high
at 2,500 mg/1. This was a discharge of 25 kg (55 lb)/day on the day
sampled. Self-monitoring data for the first half of 1977 showed that
phenol concentrations ranged from 420 to 3,450 mg/1 for the 11 days
of discharge. The maximum load discharged was 143 kg (316 lb)/day.
A State survey in September 1976 found an even higher 4,180 mg/1 of
phenol in a short-term discharge. Arsenic, cadmium and lead were
present at low levels. Chromium at 0.9 mg/1 and copper at 1.3 mg/1
were higher. Methoxychlor was present at a 5 mg/1 level.
It is apparent from this data that past intermittent discharges
from Chemical Formulators contained substantial amounts of toxic sub-
stances. No data are available to evaluate discharges from the modi-
fied treatment system.
Emissions from the two methoxychlor reactors are vented through
scrubbers. Emissions can contain HC1 fumes.
Paper, trash, etc., are hauled by a private contractor to a land-
fill. On-site disposal in an unlined pit is used for solid wastes
(primarily sodium phenolate) generated by the processes.
Appalachian Power Company, John E. Amos Plant, Nitro, RM 39.51
Appalachian Power Company operates this very large, coal-fired,
thermal electric power plant north of Nitro [Figure 53]. The plant
has three generating units, two rated at 800 MW each and one at 1,300
MW. The plant was placed in operation between 1971 and 1973.
The plant has a recirculating cooling system with three large
natural draft hyperbolic cooling towers. Make-up water is withdrawn
from the Kanawha River and treated with sulfuric acid.
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APPALACHIAN POWER CO
C==, T'Tilf
Golf .
Course '•
./
Figure 53. Location Map - Amos Power Plant
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215
Bottom ash is sluiced to ponds northwest of the power plant.
Cooling tower blowdown also flows to these ponds. Pond effluent is
pumped with flyash to a large pond southwest of the power plant on
3
Little Scary Creek. Flyash pond effluent averaging about 41,600 m /day
(11 mgd) flows down Little Scary Creek to the Kanawha River opposite
the Monsanto Company facility. Except for a small treated sanitary
wastewater discharge, this is the only effluent from the plant.
Sampling of the flyash pond effluent in 1972 showed only low
levels of heavy metals. The plant had been in operation for about a
year at the time of the sampling. There does not appear to be a sig-
nificant discharge of toxic substances in wastewater from this plant.
About 25,000 ton/day of coal with a sulfur content of 0.9% are
burned at full operation. This results in the discharge of large
volumes of S0? through the plant's two very tall stacks.
The flyash lagoon has about 15-year storage capacity. Bottom
ash pond capacity was not specified.
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
There are four minor industrial sources of pollution in the lower
valley, two small chemical plants, a trucking terminal and a tank car
repair facility.
P. B. & S. Chemical Company, St. Albans, RM 43.9L
The P. B. & S. Chemical Company operates a small plant for the
production of commercial bleach, sodium hypochlorite. This process
involves the reaction of chlorine gas with caustic soda. No liquid
process wastes are produced. The only wastewaters are equipment wash-
water and compressor cooling water.
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216
The affiliated Hat-Ra Chemical Company at the same site re-
packages chlorine from tank cars to smaller pressure containers.
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The total wastewater flow from the site was only about 4.5 m /day I
(1,200 gpd) in 1972. Sampling of the effluent in 1972 detected un-
expectedly high levels of chrome, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. I
Because of the small flow, however, loads were insignificant.
. . I
Except for the potential hazard of accidental releases of •
chlorine gas, this plant is not a significant source of toxic sub- _
stances. ||
Vimasco Corp. , Nitro ™
Vimasco Corp. operates a small (26 employees), chemical manu- |
facturing plant for the production of several formulations of vinyl
coatings [Figure 41]. Latex paints, fire retardant coatings and vinyl I
mastic are the principal products. The plant at one time manufactur-
ed a thermal insulation by combining asbestos and polyvinyl emulsion. •
This operation would require a NESHAPS permit. The Company indicated
it would cease the use of asbestos rather than get a permit. No other
data were available on materials used.
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Water use at the plant was only 14 m (4,000 gal)/week when visit- •
3
ed by EPA in 1972. Industrial wastewaters were treated in a 38 m
(10,000 gal) three-compartment primary sedimentation tank, a sludge I
pond and a clear water pond in 1972. There was no outfall from the
pond. This wastewater discharge was previously treated in the Coopera- •
tive Sewage Treatment, Inc. plant but this was discontinued in 1971
or 1972. No samples of the pond were taken in 1972. It was con- •
sidered probable that the pond overflowed onto adjacent low areas. ™
Domestic wastes were treated in a septic tank that overflowed onto M
the ground surface. •
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217
The October 1977 aerial photographs showed a three-section un-
lined pond at the plant [Figure 50]. The largest section contained a
white foam over a grey-brown liquid. The other sections contained a
light gray-green liquid and a medium brown-green liquid, respectively.
A small unlined pit containing a white substance was about 10 m west
of the ponds. Water was pooled between the railroad tracks northeast
of the ponds.
No data were available on solid waste disposal or air emissions.
It is probable that the discharge of industrial wastewaters to
the unlined ponds contributes to the pollution of both surface waters
and the groundwater system in this industrial complex. No data are
available on what toxic substances could be included in this pollution.
Mason and Dixon Tank Lines, Inc., St. Albans, RM 43.51
Mason and Dixon operates a truck terminal for the cleaning and
repair of bulk chemical tank trucks across the river from Allied Chemical
in Nitro [Figure 41]. In 1972, about 50 employees including truck
drivers were based at-the terminal. This facility is thus much smaller
than either the Chemical Leaman or Coastal terminals previously discussed.
Specific tank cleaning procedures were not described in avail-
able information but they are apparently similar to those used by
Chemical Leaman and Coastal. About 10 tanks were cleaned daily in
1972.
A wide variety of chemicals is carried by the tank trucks. Thus
many chemicals would be included in the tank drainage and wash water.
The method used- for disposal of residual liquids in the tanks when
they reach the terminal was not documented.
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218
The wastewater treatment plant was operated in a batch mode one
shift/day in 1972, although cleaning operations occurred around the
clock. Wastewaters were discharged to a 38 m (10,000 gal) holding
3 I
tank. They were then treated in 13 m (3,500 gal) batches in primary jj
holding tanks. The wastewater was then passed through an air flotation
unit and an activated sludge package plant with post-chlorination. •
Sewage was discharged to the activated sludge plant. Sludge disposal
2
was not specified. The average flow treated was about 40 m /day •
(0.011 mgd). * ' •
When inspected by EPA in 1972, the treatment system was pro- . •
ducing a poor quality effluent as indicated by high BOD (2,450 mg/1),
COD (7,050 mg/1) and suspended solids (850 mg/1). Phenols, cyanide J
and copper were present at low levels.
Data are not adequate to assess the magnitude of discharges of
toxic substances from this facility. Any toxic substances carried in •
the tank trucks would be expected to be present in the treated effluent. ™
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ACF Industries, Inc., Shippers Car Line Div. , Red House RM 31.4R
This plant at Red House [Figure 54] is engaged in the maintenance
and repair of the Shippers Car Line Division lease fleet of railroad •
cars. Operations include mechanical repairs, steel work, cleaning •
and painting. In 1972, the average annual plant flow was 2,100 cars _
of which about 600 were new and only required internal painting. m
Employment in 1972 was about 85 persons. Operations were two shifts,
five days/week, 50 weeks/year. The plant was built in 1956. I
Water supply obtained from two wells was used for domestic pur- •
poses, boiler feed and make-up water for a recirculating cooling system
3
for two air compressors. About 8 to 12 m /day (0.002 to 0.003 mgd)
of water was obtained from the Kanawha River and used for washing
1
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Figure 54 . , Location Map - Winfield Area
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220
cars. Domestic wastewater was treated in a package plant installed
in 1965 and discharged to the river.
off-site for disposal. No data were available on the products hauled
in the tank cars.
Aerial photos taken in September and December 1977 showed that
the three lagoons were still in use. The two settling tanks were not
evident. An active discharge to the river was noted that appeared
larger than the 1972 average flow.
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The only source of industrial wastewater was the car washing I
operation. Car washing procedures were not documeted. Any products
remaining in the tank cars were drained into containers and shipped I
•
In 1972, the industrial wastewater treatment facilities con- _
sisted of three unlined ponds in series with sand filters in the di- |
viding dikes to allow flow between the ponds and two small settling
tanks equipped with sand filters. Detention time was about six months. I
Oil was removed from the surface of the first lagoon by a skimmer,
drummed and disposed of by others. I
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A fourth and larger pond had been constructed west of the ori- •
ginal ponds. Its function was not clear.
A small disposal area was present west of the new lagoon. Un-
known solid wastes had been dumped in a small area with disturbed •
earth and two small areas of ponded water. B
EPA sampling in 1972 detected only low levels of heavy metals |
and phenol. No organic analyses were done.
Data on this source is inadequate to assess the magnitude of
discharges of toxic substances. The potential for such discharges is •
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221
largely dependent upon the products hauled in tank cars cleaned for
repair.
American Mobile Clean, Inc., Fraziers Bottom
American Mobile Clean, Inc. operates a facility for cleaning
chemical tank trailers about 8 km (5 mi) west of Winfield and down-
stream of Winfield-Dam. In 1974, the facility employed 25 persons
and cleaned less than 100 tank trailers per month. It was thus smaller
than the three tank cleaning facilities previously discussed.
Water supply for tank cleaning was.obtained from a well in 1974.
3
Water use was less than 38 m /day (0.01 mgd). Both steam and high
pressure water cleaning processes were used. Disposal of residual
chemicals in the tank trailers was not defined. Chemicals hauled in
the tanks cleaned were also not defined.
In 1974, wastewaters were discharged to a closed system which
provided retention, treatment and reuse for tank cleaning. There was
no discharge to surface waters. The treatment units included two
primary settling ponds in series; an activated sludge system con-
sisting of an aeration basin and final clarifier; a chlorine contact
tank and chlorinator; and a final holding pond. Activated sludge
from the clarifier was recycled to the aeration basin or wasted to
the first primary settling pond. Treated wastewaters in the final
pond were recycled for tank cleaning uses.
The 1974 permit application indicated that modifications would
be made in 1975 to add a carbon adsorption unit and a clarifier with
ferric chloride and lime additions between the chlorine contact tank
and final pond. Sludge from the clarifier would go to the first primary
pond.
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222
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File data did not indicate if the ponds were lined. Ultimate «
disposal of sludge also was not defined. |
Although this facility does not have a direct discharge to sur- I
face waters, it does have a potential for seepage of toxic substances
into the groundwater system. Also toxic substances could be present I
in sludges and residual chemicals requiring disposal. The significance
of any toxic substance problem is related to the types of chemicals •
hauled in the tank trailers and the number of units cleaned. •
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This facility would appear to have the best wastewater treatment
system of the tank cleaning facilities evaluated in the Kanawha Valley.
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
The industrial plants in the Nitro complex produce large volumes
of solid and hazardous wastes, much of which is disposed of on-site.
The specific disposal problems were discussed in the previous sections
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There are 3 communities in the Lower Kanawha Valley that have
NPDES permits to discharge municipal wastewaters to the Kanawha River. |
Wastewater volumes and levels of treatment for these discharges are
listed in Table 15. I
The only significant municipal discharge in the lower valley is •
from the City of Nitro facility serving a population of about 8,000.
There are no significant industrial plants in the service area except
those with known direct discharges of industrial wastewaters to the
Kanawha River. This plant should not be a significant source of toxic
substances. '
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223
Table 15
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY
Community
Population
Served
Flow
East Kanawha
Public Serv.
Distr. 2,000
Nitro 8,000
Winfield 1,500
TOTALS 11,500
m /day mgd
760 0.2
2,650 0.7
570 0.15
3,980 1.05
Level of
Treatment
Secondary
Secondary
None
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on specific plants. Discharges of toxic substances to surface and
ground waters in the Nitro area from such disposal problems have been
documented.
NON-POINT SOURCES
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Surface runoff from the Nitro industrial complex is a non-point
source of toxic substances. Because of the low population density of I
most of the lower valley, non-point sources other than at Nitro are
not significant in this area. I
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APPENDIX A
WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS
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WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS
(West Virginia Administrative Regulations, State Water Resources Board; Chapter 20,
Articles 5 and 5A, Code of West Virginia; Effective April 15, 1974)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1. GENERAL
SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS
SECTION 3. GENERAL CONDITIONS NOT AL-
LOWABLE IN STATE WATERS
SECTION 4. REPORTING SPILLS AND ACCI-
DENTAL DISCHARGES
SECTION 5. ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
MEASURES
WEST VIRGINIA ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS -
STATE WATER RESOURCES BOARD
SECTION 6. GENERAL AND WATER USE
CATEGORIES
SECTION 7. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
7.01 North Branch of the Potomac River, including
South Branch of the Potomac River
SECTION 8. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
8.01 Tributaries in West Virginia draining to the
Potomac River from its headwaters, including the Shenan-
doah River
SECTION 9. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
9.01 Zone One — Kanavvha River and Tributaries
9.02 Zone Tow - Kanawha River and Tributaries
SECTION 10. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
10.1 Tributaries to the Bluestone River rising in West
Virginia and flowing into Virginia
10.2 Bluestone River
10.3 East River to the Virginia stateline
10.4 New River, except Bluestone and East Rivers to
the head of the backwater of Bluestone Reservoir
10.5 New River and all tributaries from tailwaters of
Bluestone Reservoir
10.6 Bluestone Reservoir
10.7 Gauley River and tributaries
SECTION 11. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
11.01 Big Sandy River and tributaries to the mouth of
Levisa Fork and Tug Fork
11.02 Tug Fork and tributaries
11.03 Guyandot River from its mouth at Huntington
to its headwaters
SECTION 12. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
12.01 Ohio River from Ohio-Pennsylvania-West Virginia
stateline to Ohio-Kentucky-West Virginia stateline
"12.02 Tributaries of the Ohio River in West Virginia,
excluding Big Sandy, Guyandot and Kanawha Rivers
SECTION 13. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
13.01 Monongahela River and tributaries
13.02 West Fork River and tributaries
13.03 Tygart Valley River and tributaries
13.04 Cheat River and tributaries from the West
Virginia-Pennsylvania stateline to its headwaters
13.05 Tributaries of the Youghiogheny River in West
Virginia
SECTION 14. TROUT WATERS
14.10 Water Quality Criteria for Trout Waters
SECTION 15. COIN-OPERATED AND OTHER COM-
MERCIAL LAUNDRIES
15.01 General
15.02 Within corporate limits or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or privately owned installation
with approved sewage treatment facility
15.03 Outside corpoiate limits or boundaries of Public
Service District or within corporate limits or boundaries
of Public Service or Sanitary District not served by
approved sewage treatment facilities
15.04 Nonallowable systems
SECTION 16. COIN-OPERATED AND OTHER COM-
MERCIAL CAR WASHING ESTABLISHMENTS
16.01 General
16.02 Within corporate limits or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or privately owned installation
with approved sewage treatment facility
16.03 Outside corporate limits or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or within corporate limits or
boundaries of Public Service or Sanitary District not
served by approved sewage treatment facility
16.04 Non-allowable systems
SECTION 17. WATER PURIFICATION WASTE
WATER CONTROL MEASURE
17.01 Means of waste and sludge disposal
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Series 1
1965
Subject: REQUIREMENTS GOVERNING THE DIS-
CHARGE OR DEPOSIT OF SEWAGE, INDUSTRIAL
WASTES AND OTHER WASTES INTO THE WATERS '
OF THE STATE.
The State Water Resources Board and the Chief of the
Division of Water Resources in the State Department of
Natural Resources, under Chapter 20, Article 5A, Code of
West Virginia, have the power and authority to determine
whether any person, firm, municipality or corporation is
polluting any of the waters of the State and to prevent,
control, eliminate or reduce such pollution. In making
such determination, due consideration shall be given, in
accordance with the public policy of the State of West
Virginia, to the use of available and reasonably practicable
methods to control and reduce pollution. In so doing,
recognition shall be given to the fact that each.stream in
the State may represent a separate problem and further,
that the use of a watercourse for assimilation of wastes is
proper so long as the net results do not cause or
contribute to conditions hereinafter not allowed.
Section 1. GENERAL
1.01 Scope — These regulations establish requirements
governing the discharge or deposit of sewage, industrial
wastes and other wastes into the waters of the State.
1.02 Authority - These regulations are issued under
authority of West Virginia Code, (Section 3, Article 5A,
Chapter 20).
1.03 Effective Date - These regulations are promul-
gated on January 14, 1974, and become effective thirty
d:ys after filing in the Secretary of State's Office.
1.04 Filing Date — These regulations were filed in the
Office of the Secretary of State on March 15, 1974.
1.05 Certification — These regulations are certified
authentic by the Chairman of the State Water Resources
Board by certification number 4.
Section 2. DEFINITIONS
2.01 "Person," "waters," "pollution," "sewage," "in-
dustrial wastes," and "other wastes," shall have the same
meanings as defined by the code of West Virginia,
Chapter 20, Article 5A, Section 2.
2.02 "Natural" or "natural occurring" values - shall
mean for all of the waters of the State:
(a) those water quality values which exist unaffected
by — or unaffected as a consequence of — any water use
by any person;
(b) those water quality values which exist unaffected
by the discharge, or direct or indirect deposit of, any
solid, liquid or gaseous substance by any person.
2.03 Mixing zones
(A) The water quality standards contained herein shall
not apply within mixing zones as specified in section (B)
hereunder. The water quality standards specified in
section (C) hereunder shall apply to those waters
designated as mixing zones.
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(B) The following criteria shall determine the size of
the area that may be used as a mixing zone:
(1) For warm-water fisheries streams no mixing zone I
shall B
(a) Exceed the following physical dimensions:
(1) It shall not extend across more than fifty percent _
(50%) of the width of the receiving stream; B
(2) It shall not make up more than thirty-three percent •
(33%) of the flowage or more than thirty-three percent
(33%) (depth times width) of the crosssectional area of m
the receiving stream; B
(3) The length of the mixing zone shall not exceed ten
times the average width of the mixing zone;
(4) No mixing zone shall exceed a horizontal area of
twenty-three (23) acres in the Ohio River or twelve (12)
acres in any other stream.
(b) Include spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life. B
(c) Overlap a drinking water supply intake. B
(2) For cold-water fisheries streams no mixing zone
shall K
(a) Exceed the following physical dimensions: I
(1) It shall not extend more than thirty-three percent
(33%) (depth times width) of the width of the receiving
stream; •
(2) It shall not make up more than twenty percent B
(20%) of the flowage or twenty percent (20%) of the
cross-sectional area of the receiving stream; _
(3) The length of any mixing zone shall not exceed I
five (5) times the average width of the mixing zone; B
(4) No mixing zone shall exceed the horizontal area
of three (3) acres. ' •
(b) include spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the B
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life.
(c) Overlap a drinking water supply intake.
(3) For lakes no mixing zone shall
(a) Extend more than three hundred (300) feet in any
direction from the point of discharge.
(b) Include hypoliminic waters. _
(c) Include spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the B
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life. •
(d) Overlap a drinking water supply intake.
(C) The following water quality standards shall apply •
in mixing zones: • I
(1) For cold-water fisheries streams the quality of the
water shall not
(a) Be lethal to indigenous aquatic organisms. B
(b) Contain chemical constituents or combination of B
chemical constitutents which exceed, at any time, 1/10
the 96-hour median tolerance limit for indigenous fish _
and their good organisms as determined by bioassays B
using indigenous aquatic species and performed in ac- ™
cordance with standard methods described in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewatcr, •
13th Edition, 1971, or such other methods as are accept- B
able to State or Federal governments.
(2) For warm-water fisheries and other inland waters
the quality of the water shall not B
(a) Be lethal to indigenous aquatic organisms. B
(b) Contain chemical constitutents or combinations of
chemical constituents which exceed, at any time 1/10 the •
96-hour median tolerance limit for indigenous fish and B
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their food organisms as determined by bioassays using
indigenous aquatic species and performed in accordance
with standard methods described in Standard Methods for
the Kxamination of Water and Wastcwatcr, 13th Edition,
1971, or such other methods as are acceptable to State or
Federal governments.
Section 3. GENERAL CONDITIONS NOT ALLOWABLE
IN STATE WATERS
3.01 Certain characteristics of sewage, industrial wastes
or other wastes or factors which render waters directly or
indirectly detrimental to the public health or unreason-
ably and adversely affect such waters for present or
reasonable uses, are objectionable in all waters of the
State. Therefore, the State Water Resources Board does
hereby proclaim that the following general conditions are
not to be allowed in any of the waters of the State.
No sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes entering
any of the waters of the §tate, shall cause therein or
materially to contribute to any of the following condi-
tions thereof, which shall be the minimum conditions
allowable:
(a) Distinctly visible floating or settleable solids, scum,
foam or oily sleeks of unreasonable kind or quantity;
(b) Objectionable deposits on bottom or sludge banks;
(c) Objectionable odors in the vicinity of the waters;
(d) Objectionable taste and/or odor in municipal water
supplies;
(e) Concentrations of materials poisonous to man,
animal or fish life;
(f) Objectionable color;
(g) Objectionable bacterial concentrations;
(h) Requiring an unreasonable degree of treatment for
the production of potable water by modern water treat-
ment processes as commonly employed.
3.02 Waters whose existing quality is better than the
established standards will not be lowered in quality unless
and until it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the
Chief of the Division of Water Resources, Department of
Natural Resources, that such change is justifiable as a
result of necessary development and will not interfere
with or become injurious to any present of future
assigned uses of such waters. In special cases where the
facts warrant, more stringent standards or exceptions
thereto may be established. In implementing the policy of
this paragraph as it relates to interstate streams, the
Secretary of The Interior will be kept advised and pro-
vided with such information as he will need from time to
time to protect the interests of the United States and the
authority of the Secretary in maintaining high quality of
interstate waters.
Section 4. REPORTING SPILLS AND ACCIDENTAL
DISCHARGES
4.01 It is recognized that spills and accidental dis-
charges of sewage, industrial wastes and other wastes are
contrary to the language and intent of the State Water
Pollution Control Law and these spills and accidental
discharges are likely to occur from time to time, notwith-
standing efforts to prevent them.
It is further recognized that such spills and discharges
arc likely to have such a deleter!,-
Section 9, Article 5 A, Chapter 20, Code of West Virgini
shall be punishable under Section 19, Article 5A, Chaptc
20, Code of West Virginia.
Section 5. ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTRO1
MEASURES
5.01 Certain acid mine drainage control measures were
adopted by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
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Commission and promulgated as Resolution No. 5-60, as
amended January 10, 1963. The State of West Virginia is
at member of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Compact and as such has agreed to carry out the control
measures so established. Waters of the State of West
Virginia are being polluted by acid discharges from coal
mining and related operations, hereinafter referred to as
"acid mine drainage", contrary to the language and intent
of the State Water Pollution Control Law.
5.02 It has been demonstrated that the conscientious
application of certain principles and practices will, under
certain conditions, alleviate the pollution from acid mine
drainage. Therefore in furtherance of the policy and
procedures of the State Water Resources Board, the
following measures are hereby adopted by the Water
Resources Board for the control of acid mine drainage
pollution in the State of West Virginia:
(a) 1. Surface waters and ground waters- shall be
diverted where practicable to prevent the entry or reduce
the flow of waters into and through workings.
2. Water that does gain entry to the workings shall be
handled in a manner which will minimize the formation
and discharge of acid mine drainage to streams.
(b) Refuse from the mining and processing of coal
shall be handled and disposed of in a manner which will
minimize discharge of acid mine drainage therefrom to
streams. Where acid-producing materials are encountered
in the overburden in stripping operations, these materials
shall be handled so as to prevent or minimize the
production of acid mine drainage, taking into considera-
tion the need for stream pollution prevention and all
economic factors involved.
(c) Discharge of acid mine drainage to streams shall be
regulated insofar as practicable to equalize the flow of
daily accumulations throughout a 24-hour period.
(d) Upon discontinuance of operations of any mine all
practicable mine-closing measures, consistent with safety
requirements shall be employed to minimize the forma-
tion and discharge of acid mine drainage.
(e) Under appropriate circumstances, consideration
shall be given to the treatment of acid mine drainage by
chemical or other means in order to mitigate its pollution-
al properties.
Series II
(1967)
Section 6. GENERAL AND WATER USE CATEGORIES
6.01 Scope. — These regulations establish requirements
governing the discharge or deposit of sewage, industrial
wastes and other wastes into the waters of the State and
establish general water use categories and water quality
standards for the waters of the State.
6.02 Authority. — These regulations are issued under
authority of the West Virginia Code (Section 3, Article
5A, Chapter 20).
6.03 Effective Date. — These regulations are promul-
gated on January 14, 1974, and become effective thirty
days after filing in the Secretary of State's Office.
6.04 Filing Date. - These regulations were filed in the
Office of the Secretary of State on March 15, 1974.
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6.05 Certification. — These regulations are certified
authentic by the Chairman of the State Water Resources _
Board by certification number 4. •
6.06 Category A. Water Contact Recreation: This cate- ™
gory includes swimming, fishing, water skiing, and certain
types of pleasure boating such as sailing in very small
craft and small outboard motor boats.
6.07 Category Bl. Water Supply, Public: This category
is used to describe all waters used for public supplies. It
dees not include water for cooling.
6.08 Category B2. Water Supply, Industrial: This cate-
gory is used to describe all waters used for industrial
supplies. It does not include water for cooling. _
6.09 Category B3. Water supply, Agricultural: This •
category includes all water used for agriculture, includes •
irrigation, as well as livestock watering. It is understood
that these waters would also be suitable for wildlife
watering.
6.10 Category C. Propagation of Fish and Other
Aquatic Life: This category is self explanatory and does
recognize the importance of other aquatic life in addition
to fish.
6.11 Category D. Water Transport, Cooling and Power:
This category includes commercial and pleasure vessel
activity except those small craft included in Category A. •
Cooling water is that water used for industrial cooling. B
Power production in this definition is hydropower.
6.12 Category E. Treated Wastes Transport and Assimi-
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7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count)
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Concentration mg/1
00.1
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Constituent
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
45
100
0.001
0.025
1.0
0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Section 8. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
8.01 Except where lesser quality is due to natural
conditions, the following criteria are established for the
purpose of maintaining water quality in all streams and
their tributaries in West Virginia draining to the Potomac
River from its headwaters at the junction of the north
and south branches of the Potomac to the stateline at
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, including the Shenandoah
River. The following stream quality standards are to apply
at all times when flows are equal to or greater than the
minimum mean 7-consecutive-day drought flow with a
10-year return frequency.
(a) Uses: A, Bl, B2, B3, C, D, E, (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses.
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at any
time.
2. pH: Not less than 6.0 nor more than 8.5, except
streams carrying significant quanitites of acid mine drain-
age shall have a pH of not less than 5.5.
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited to
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 87 degrees F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of tin
96-hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed I,00(
per 100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed thh
number in 20 percent of the samples examined durinj
any month; nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any day.
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during an>
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more thai
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-da>
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceec
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity frorr
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activitj
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
-Lead
Silver
10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Concentration mg/1
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
Constituents
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
45
100
0.001
0.025
1.0
0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards.
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Section 9. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
9.01 Zone One: To include all of the Kanawha Rivei
tributaries from its mouth at Point Pleasant to Gaulcy
Bridge and the mainstream of the Kanawha River from
the junction of the Gauley and New Rivers at Gaulc}
Bridge to Milepoint 72 near Diamond, West Virginia
Except where lesser quality is due to natural conditions
the following criteria are established for purposes o
maintaining water quality in Zone One.
(a) Uses: A, Bl, B3, C, D, (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses: Based on a mini
mum flow of 2490 cfs at Kanawha Falls gauge, main sten
Kanawha River only, On the tributaries of the Kanawli:
River, Zone One, to apply to at all times when flows an
equal to or greater than the minimum mean 7-consecu
live-day drought flow with a 10-year return frequency.
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at air
time.
2. pH: Values normal for the waters in the area is
question; however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5
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except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drai.uige shall have a pH of not less than 5.5.
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited to
no more than 5 deg:* cs F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 87 degrees F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the
96-hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed 1,000
per 100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed this
number in 20 percent of the samples examined during
any month, nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any day.
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN of MF count)
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituent Concentration mg/1
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
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lead
Silver
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Constituent Concentration rng/l
Nitrates 45
Chlorides 100
Phenol 0.001
Cyanide 0.025
Fluoride 1.0
Selenium
0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant, more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
9.02 Zone Two: To include the mainstream of the
Kanawha River from Milepoint 0 to Milepoint 72 near
Diamond, West Virginia. Except where lesser quality is
due to natural conditions, the following criteria are
established for purposes of maintaining water quality in
Zone Two.
(a) Uses: A, Bl, B2, C, D, E (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses: Based on a mini-
mum flow of 2,890 cfs, at Charleston gauge.
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 4 mg/1 at any
time.
2. pH: Values normal for the waters in the area in
question; however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5,
except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine •
drainage shall have a pi I of not less than 5.5. •
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited
to no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature,
not to exceed 90 degrees F in any case.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 24 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average. _
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the •
96-hour median tolerance limit. •
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed 1,000
per 100 ml as a monthly average value nor exceed this •
number in more than 20 percent of the samples examined •
during any month, nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any
day.
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count) I
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric •
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than •
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day •
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1 nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Concentration mg/1
• 0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
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10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents Concentration mgfl •
Nitrates 45 •
Chloride 200
Phenol 0.001
Cyanide 0.025
Fluoride 1.0
Selenium 0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant, more •
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards, ™
may be established in the individual case with approval of
the Environmental Protection Agency. •
Section 10. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY •
CRITERIA
10.01 Except where lesser quality is due to natural
condition, the following criteria are established for all the •
tributaries to the Bluestone River arising in West Virginia •
and flowing into Virginia for the purpose of maintaining
water quality. The following stream quality standards are «
to apply at all times when flows are equal to or greater •
than the minimum mean 7-consecutive-day drought flow ™
with a 10-year return frequency.
(a) Uses: A, Bl, B2, D, E (See Section 6).
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Xb) Water Quality Criteria for Uses.
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at any
time.
2. pH: Values normal for the waters in the area in
question; however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5,
except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited to
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 81 degrees F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees as a daily
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the 96-
hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed 1,000
per 100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed this
number in more than 20 percent of the samples examined
during any month, nor exceed 2400 per 100 ml on any
day.
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count)
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
10. Other Compounds:
Constituents
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
Concentration mg/1
45
100
0.001
0.025
1.0
0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
10.02 Except where lesser quality is due to natural
condition, the following criteria are established for the
Bluestone River and all its tributaries for the Virginia-
West Virginia statcline to the head of the backwater of
the Bluestone Reservoir for the purpose of maintaining
water quality. The following stream quality standards are
to apply at all times when flows are equal to or greater
than the minimum mean 7-consecutivc-day drought flov
with a 10-year return frequency.
(a) Uses: A, B2, B3, C, E (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at an}
time.
2. pH; Values normal for the waters in area in ques
tion; however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5, excep
streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine drain
age shall have a pH of not less than 5.5
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited tc
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature, no'
to exceed 81 degrees F at any time during the months o
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees 1
at any time during November through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed ;
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees as a dail;
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the 96
hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed l.OOt
per 100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed thi
number in 20 percent of the samples examined durin;
any month, nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any day.
- 7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometri
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during an}
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more tha:
ten percent (10%) or of all samples during any 30-da;
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceet
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity fron,
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1 nor shall activit)
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
10. Other Compounds:
Constituents
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
Concentration mg/1
45
100
0.001
0.025
1.0
0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant, more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards.
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Enviionrnental Protection Agency.
10.03 Except where lesser quality is due to natural
condition, the following criteria are established for the
East River and all its tributaries from its source to the
-------
West Virginia-Virginia stateline for the puipose of main-
taining water quality. The following stream gravity stand-
ards are to apply at all times when flows are equal to or
greater than the minimum mean 7-consecutive-day
drought flow with a 10-year retum frequency.
(a) Uses: A, B2, B3, C, E (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at any
time.
2. pH; Values normal for the waters in the area in
question, however; generally held between 6.0 and 8.5,
except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited, no
more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature not to
exceed 81 degrees F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to^ exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the 96-
hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed 1,000
per 100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed this
number in 20 percent of the samples examined during
any month, nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any day
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count)
shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
ten percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day
period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
10. Other Compounds:
Constituents
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
Concentration mg/1
45
100
0.001
0.025
1.0
0.01
New River and all its tributaries, except the Bluestone
and East Rivers, from the West Virginia-Virginia stateline
to the head of the backwater of the Bluestone Reservoir
for the purpose of maintaining water quality. The follow-
ing stream quality standards are to apply at all times
when flows are equal to or greater than the minimum
mean 7-consecutive-day drought flow with a 10-year
return frequency.
(a) Uses: A, B2, B3, C, E (See Section 6).
(b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 5 mg/1 at any
time.
2. pH: Values normal for the waters in the area in
question, however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5,
except streams carrying significant qualities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5.
3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited to
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature; not
to exceed 81 degrees F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed a
threshold odor number of 8 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average.
5. Toxic Substances: Not to exceed 1/10 of the 96-
hour median tolerance limit.
6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed
1000/100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed this
number in more than 20 percent of the samples, nor
exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any day.
7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF) shall
not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric mean
based on not less than five (5) samples during any 30-day
period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than ten
percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day period.
8. Radioactivity: Gross beta activity not to exceed
1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
9. Other Compounds:
Concentration mg/1
0.03
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
mg/1
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant, more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be established in the individual cases with the
approval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
10.04 Except where lesser quality is due to natural
condition, the following criteria are established for the
Constituen ts Concen tration
Nitrate 45
Chlorides 100
Phenol 0.001
Cyanide ' 0.025
Flouride 1.0
Selenium 0.01
(c) In special cases where the facts warrant, more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be established in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
1
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APPENDIX B
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I AMBIENT AIR DATA
m KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA
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EPA-6«0/7-77-055
June 1977
THE MEASUREMENT OF CARCINOGENIC VAPORS
IN AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES
by
Edo 0. Pellizzari
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-02-1228
Project Officer
Eugene Sawicki
Atoospheric Chenistry and Physics Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
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139
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Table 38. ORGANIC VAPORS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR
IN SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV*
Chroraatographic
Peak No.
1A
JB
1C
ID
2
2A
3
3A
4
4A
4B
4C
5A
5
5B
6
6A
6B
7
8
9
9A
10
IDA
10B
11
1JA
12
12A
128
13
Elution Temperature
TO
83
89
92
95
102
103
106
106
108
109
1JO
111
112
113
114
115-7
lib
116
117
120
124
125
126
128
129
135
135
136
137
137
138
(continued)
155
Compound
co2
cyclopropane
chlorome thane
1-butene
isopentane
C,H,_ isomer
5 10
furan
n-pentane
acetaldehyde
C,H_ isomer
j. J 0
CrH,,. isoirer
5 10
dichloromt thane
carbon disulflde
propanni
methyl silane (BKG)
acetone
C,H._ isomer
o 12
C,H. . isomer
6 14
C.H.,0 isomer
C,H,. isomer
6 14
n-hexane and 2-meLhyifur.in
C,H,_ isomer
6 12
3-mc-thy] furan (tent.)
trichloromo thane
mecliylcyc iopentane
1,1,1-lrichloroe thane
2-butanor.2
3,3-dluiechy I pen Lane
benzene
carbon tetrachlorido
cyclohcxane and C.H., isoaor
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Chromatographic
Peak No.
77
78
79
81
82
83
84
85
Table 38
Elution Temperature
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
74A
75
76
76A
209
210
210
212
213
214
215
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
221
222
223
223
224
225
226
227
228
228
230
230
230
(continued)
158
Compound
a-dichlorobenzene or (p_)
C..H-, isomer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
l,2,3-trimethylben2enc
C.,H_. Isomer
11 24
C,-alkylcyclohexane isomer
a-methylstyrene
C.-alkyl benzene isoaer
C,-alI:yl benzene isomer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
C.-Hj, isomer
C.-alkyl benzene isoner
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
C..H__ isomer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
ji-undecane
dimethylstyrene isoaer
C,-aikyl benzene isomer and
C,,H_, isomer
12 26
C--alkyl benzene and C.^H.-
isomers
-.
/o
isomer
^"12^26 *somer
Cj-alkyl benzene isoraer
C^-alkyl benzene isomer
silanc compound and C H.
Isomer 12 '<
C12H24 lsotncr
C13H28 lsoner a"d C,
benzene isomer
Cj-cyclohexanc isomtr
CW->A isomcr
-------
Table 38 (cont'd)
Chromntographic
Peak No.
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Elution Temperature
CO
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
Compound
C.-H-, isomer
C.-H., isomer
silane compound (BKG)
C.,H._ isomor
C13H28 isoiner
n-dodecane •
Cj-Hjg isoiner
naphthalene
s site was 167 llth Ave. at. the Dcpt. of Health, State
Hycenic Laboratory. See Table 28 (SI) for sampling protocol.
159
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1
1
^•1
1
1
1
1
•
1
•
1
••
1
1
1
1
1
Table 39.
ORGANIC VAPORS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR IN
S. CHARLESTON, W*
Chroma tographic
Peak No.
„
1
2
2A
3
4
5
5A
6
6A
6B
7
7A
8
9
10
10A
11
12
13
14
14A
14B
15
ISA
16
16A
162
17
18
ISA
19
Llution Temperature
CC)
81
88
89
91
101
105
106
107
108
109
111
112
115
116
119
121
123
124
125
128 .
129
130
131
132
133
134
134
135
136
136
137
Compound
co2
1-butcne
jn- butane
2-butcne
isopentane
C,HIQ isomer and furan
n-pentane
acctaldehyde
dichloromethane
carbon disulfide (tent.)
propanal
methylsilane
acetone
2-methylpentane
3-methylpentane
C,H-2 isomer
ji-hexane and 2-methylfuran
C,H, . isomer
b 12
3-methylfuran and chloroform
C,H. , isomer
6 14
silane compound (BKG)
2 , '^-diwethylpentane
2,4-dinethylpentane
2,2,3-trinethylbutane
1,1,1-trichloroe thane
C,H. , isomer and methyl ethyl
kcr.one
3 , 3-d lu'fc thy 1 pvMitatie
benzene
carbon tetrachioride
cyclohexana
2-cetnylhc.xcne
(continued)
160
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Table 39 (cont'd)
I
Chromatographic Elution Temperature
Peak No. (*C)
20
20A
21
21A
22
23
23A
24
25
25A
26
27
28
29
29A
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4]
42
43
44
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
149
150
150
152
152
153
154
155
156
157
157
158
159
161
164
167
169
170
172
173
175
176
(continued)
161
Compound
2,3-dimethylpentane
CjH., isomer
3-methylhexane
C,H,. isomer
7 14
l,cis-2-din>ethylcyclohexane
1, trans-2-dimethylcyclohexane
C-H. . + C-H.- isomer
n-heptane
C0H.D isomer
8 18
dlmethylcyclopentane isomer
tnethylcyclohexane
C_H, , isoraer
8 10
2,4-dimethylhexane
C8H18 + C8H16 lsomer
C8H18 ls°raer
C8Hlg isomer
methylethylpentane isomer
+ C8H16
1, trans-2,cis-3-trimethylcyclo-
pentcne
C8H18 isomer
2,3-dimcthylhexane
toluene
3-methylheptane
4-methyl-2-pontanone +
dimethylcyclohexane isomer
ji-octane
hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
tctrachlorocthylcne
isobutyl acetate
C9H20 lsomcr
Cn!l_. isomer
9 20
2-hexanone
i
1
•
1
1
•
1
|
• •
1
•
•
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
SSfgsliSlgJsJJ^K
agg
-------
^p^'aS^aaiStfeWatstg!
1
1
•
'
1
•
*
1
^B
•
•
1
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
•
Chronatographic
Peak No.
45
45A
46
47
48
48A
49
50
51
52
52A
53
54
55
55A
56
57
57A
58A
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66A
67
68
Table 39 (cent
Elution Temperature
CO
177
178
179
180
181-4
184
185
136
189
191
*
191
192
193
194
194
195
196
197
197
198
198
199
200
201
201
201
202
203
204
205
205
206
(continued)
162
. . .-- - —
'd)
Compound
r»-butyl acetate
chlorobenzene
°9H20 isomer
ethylbenzene
£-xylene
phenyl acetylene
dibutyl ether
styrene
£-xylene + n-nonane
C1ftH__ isomer
10 22
CgH.Q isomer
C,rtH,_ isomer
10 22
isopropylbenrene
C.-H.. isomer
C,_H-,. isomer
10 20
C--alkylcyclohexane isomer
C10H16 + C10H22 lsomcr
C10H20 is0ner
C.-H0_ isomer
10 22
5-methylnonane
n-propylbenzene
m-ethyltoluene
3-raethylnonane
1,3, 5-trimethylbenzcne
C,,H0/ isomer
11 24
C.-II-- + silane compound
C.-H-- isomer
10 22
e»-ethyltoliicne
CirtH^ft isomer
10 20
n_-decane
1. 2,4-trtmethylbenzcne
C,,H,_ isoiner
11 22
-------
Table 39 (conc'd)
Chroma copir.Tphic
Peak No.
69
70
71
71A
72
73
73A
74
75
75A
76
77
77A
78
79
80
81
82
83
83A
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
Eli'tion Temperature
rc)
208
209
209
210
210
211
211
212
213
213
*
214
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
219
220
220
221
222
223
225
226
227
227
229
230
230
230
(continued)
163
Compound |
JO -20
benzaldchyde + C..H_ isor.icr
isobutylbcnzenc j
C.,H_, isomer
11 24
B- or £-dlchlorobenzene
C..H-. isomer
11 24
o-cymcne
1,2,3-triciethylbcnzene
C, ,H_. isomer
11 24
C, ,H,- isomer
11 22
C,-alkyi cyclohexane isomer
a-nethylstyrene
j>- cyme no
j>-propyl toluene
C, ,H_. isomer
11 24
£-diet!iylbcnzenc
ii-butyl benzene
C.-H-., isoner
12 26
o-propyl toluene
C.^.H.0 isomer
diTK-'Chyletl.ylbonzene isoner
ii-undccanc
C,_U_, isomer
12 26
C H
12 26
C.-alkyl benzene* isomer
C._II_, isomer
12 26
C12H26 iiiomer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer .
C12!I24 + CJ1H20 1*01"*r
C.-nlkyl benzene isorcer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
C-.H... Iso~i;r
12 id
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•
|
W
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1
-------
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Table 39 (cont'd)
Chrcaatographic
Peak No.
96
97
98
100
101
102
103
Elution Temperature
CO
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
Compound
Cj.H_, isomer
C,,1I-0 isomer
13 2o
silanc compound (EKC)
C.-H.g isomer
C13H28 lsomer
C12H2A isomer
ri-dodecane
aSee Table 28 (S2) for sampling protocol.
164
-------
Table 40.
POLLUTANTS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR
FROM SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV*
Chromatographic Elution Temperature
Peak No. (0C)
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
14A
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
85
88
89
91
97
100
101
104
109
113
115
117
119
121
121
123
124
130
132
133
134
'.35
135
136
136
138
140
141
143
148
(continued)
165
Compound
carbon dioxide
chloromethane (tent.)
ethylene oxide (tent.)
2-oethylpropene (tent.)
chloroethane (tent.)
C5H12
trichlorofluoromethane (tent.)
ethanol
propylene oxide (tent.)
„ acetone
C6H14
2-propanol (tent.)
C6H14
C H
6 14
W JL~
2-methylpropenal (tent.)
vinyl acetate
2-methylfuran
methyl vinyl ketone
methyl ethyl ketone
3 ,3-dimethylpentane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
cyclohexane
r H
C7 16
C7H16
P W
7 16
r H
C7H14
C7H14
C H
7 16
C7H14
V
1
!
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1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
! ••
1
1
-------
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Table 40 (cont'd)
Chrooatographic
Peak No.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52A
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Elutlon Teoperature
CC)
148
152
152
154
155
156
158
160
163
164
165
167
168
168
172
175
177
178
179
180
182
184
185
185
191
192
193
194
196
197
198
(continued)
166
Compound
C,H,,
7 14
C0H,_
8 18
C,H_.
7 14
CC.H.,
8 16
C0H.,
8 16
C0H,0
8 18
toluene
C0Hio
8 18
C0H,,
8 16
C0H,^
6 16
C U
8 18
dlbromodichlorome thane (tent.)
hexaaethylcyclotrisiloxane
tetrachloroethyleoe
C0H,,
8 16
chlorobcnzene
C0H_-
9 20
ethylbenzene
p_-xylene
m-xylene
phenylacetylene
C.H.-
9 18
o-xylene
C»H.n
9 20
C«H.rt
9 20
Isopropylbenzene
C«H.n
9 20
C«H10
9 18
CftH,0
9 18
n_-propylbenzene
B-«thyltoluena
-------
Chrosatographic
Peak No.
Elution Temperature
CO
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
73A
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
198
199
199
200
202
202
203
203
206
207
203
208
209
211
211
212
212
212
213
213
213
214
215
215
216
217
218
218
219
220
(continued)
167
Compound
£-ethyltolucne
1,3,5-trinethylbenzene
unknown m/e 133, 193, 191,
249, 251
C10H22
a-ethyltoluene
C10H20
C10H22
1,2,4-crimechylbenzene
benzaldehyde
C.-alkyl benzene
in-dlchlorobenzen*
C,-alkyl benzene
1,2,3-trimethy[benzene
acetophenone
£-dichlorobenzene
C10H20
C.-alkyl benzene
indan
C.-alkyl benzene
£-dichZorobenzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C11H2',
C11H24
C.-alkyl benzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C.-alkyl benzene
C11H24
-------
Table 40 (cont'd)
I
Chrona cographic
Peak No.
Elution Temperature
CC)
Compound
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
113A
114
115
116
117
118
A AW
221
221
222
223
22U
22t
225
225
226
226
228
229
229
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
nethylindan (tent
C -alkyl benzene
4
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C5~alkyl benzene
C, ,H_
12 26
C,-alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
unknown, m/e 73
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C* ^H. f
12 26
nethylindan (tent
unknown, m/e 105,
C,oH0£
12 26
C,-alkyl benzene
methylindan (tent
C.-alkyl benzene
CI-,H,,
12 26
C.-alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
tetralin
C, -alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
c, ^HM f
12 26
C,,H_,
12 26
C- ««H. .
12 24
.)
.)
106
.)
C,Hq-alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
C H
12H26
(continued)
168
-•^-iv* >-."•^f':,,--.i(';-'*,< >;.*V-.f*t JWK?.'i^^^"-i^^^-£^3^^^'.^^^^^^^^S^^^rj^t^^
•'•" .'••.•'-.. ' -i. j -i--..v«."-v-~ ^-r-'^iSS';feaf? i'*i^*fea^^i'i£^^^'B^-5^i4a^iiS2i^i--"*"*s^S$^
n i i.f ni^-irMi' Mrr i .tf*rti8fH*if'fi^ViOTi^^»«»tii
-------
>•
Chronatographic
Peak No.
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
A^U
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
^*^^^^^^S^s^y^^^t^^^ff^vi^^r^^^ii^^f9^^f^r-^-~
Table 40 (cont'd)
Elution Temperature
(*C) Compound
naphthalene
C.-alkyl benzene
unknown alkane
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C.-alkyl benzene
O
unknown
unknown
C H
C13U26
C13H28
C13H26
C13H28
C13H28
C13H28
C14H30
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C . . n. n
13 28
C14H28 (tent')
C14H30 (tent°
unknown, m/e 73
C14H30
C13H26 (tent.)
unknown
2-taethylnaphthalene
C14H28 (tent>)
C14H28 (t*nt°
C,.H,n (tent.)
14 30
1-methylnaphthalene
C14H30 (tent°
C14H30 (tent')
C15H32
(continued)
169
-— — i m*« •» tmr_ " *>^*-^*^mi*
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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Chroaatographic Elation Temperature
• Peak. No. (*C) Compound
Table 40 (cont'd)
150 C14H28 (tcnt'>
"Wso
" 152 CUH30
tm 151- unknown
154 unknown, m/e 73
155 C15H32
156 unknown
I
aSee Table 28 (S9) for sampling protocol.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, •
Reg'on V, Library
'-730 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60004 •
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