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                                  Environmental  Protection Agency   »  '          --X^^/
                                       Office of Enforcement
                                          EPA-330/1-77413        Do not remove. This document
                                                                 should be retained in the EPA
                                                                 Region 5 Library Collection.
                                             A SUMMARY

                                  >-            OF
                                   TOXIC SUBSTANCES INFORMATION
                                              FOR THE
                                   KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA

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                                                                    ,
                                        Environmental  Protection  Agency
                                            Office  of Enforcement
                                               EPA-330/1-77413         Do not remove. This document

                                                                       should be retained in the EPA
                                                                       Region 5 Library Collection.
_
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                                                  A SUMMARY

                                        >-            OF
                                        TOXIC SUBSTANCES  INFORMATION

                                                   FOR THE

                                        KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA
                                                February 1978
                                 National Enforcement Investigations Center
                                              Denver, Colorado
                                                                          Protection
                                                        230 South Dearborn Street
                                                        Chicago, Illinois  60604

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                              CONTENTS


   I.     INTRODUCTION 	   1

  II.     SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS   	   5

 III.     BACKGROUND	13
          DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA	13
          PREVIOUS STUDIES  	  14
          CURRENT NEIC INVESTIGATIONS  	  16

  IV.     STUDY METHODS	19
          BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION  	  19
          AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE 	  19
          DETAILED PLANT STUDIES   	  21
   V.     ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS  	  23
          WATER QUALITY	23
          AIR QUALITY	27

  VI.     SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION  	  29
          INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION 	  29
          MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION  	  49
          SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE  DISPOSAL   	  50
          NON-POINT SOURCES 	  50
 VII.     SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
           UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY	53
          MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  53
          MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  77
          MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES  	  85
          SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE  DISPOSAL   	  85
          NON-POINT SOURCES 	  87

VIII.     SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
           CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY  	  89
          MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  91
          MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  129
          MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES  	  145
          SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE  DISPOSAL   	  149
          NON-POINT SOURCES 	  149
  IX.     SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES -
           LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY	151
          MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  151
          MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES  	  215
          MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES  	  222
          SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE  DISPOSAL   	  222
          NON-POINT SOURCES 	  234

                             APPENDICES

          A  West Virginia Water Quality Regulations
          B  Ambient Air Data, Kanawha  Valley, West Virginia

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                               FIGURES

 1  Location Map - Kanawha Valley Study  Area  	   3
 2  Location Map - Kanawha River and  Major  Discharges   	  17
 3  Dissolved Oxygen Profiles  in the  Kanawha  River  	  24
 4  Area Map - Upper Kanawha Valley	54
 5  Location - Alloy and Boomer Areas  	  56
 6  Union Carbide Ferroalloys  Plant - South Half  	  59
 7  Union Carbide Ferroalloys  Plant - North Half  	  60
 8  Location Map - Glasgow Area	62
 9  Location Map - Cabin Creek and Chelyan  Areas  	  64
10  Location Map - Belle Area	65
11  DuPont and Diamond Shamrock - North  Side	67
12  DuPont and Diamond Shamrock - South  Side	68
13  DuPont Anaerobic Pond	73
14  DuPont Disposal Area	74
15  Location Map - Handley & Hugheston Areas	79
16  Cecil Walker Machinery Co. - Belle  	  83
17  Materials Stockpile West of Chelyan	84
18  Area Map - Central Kanawha Valley	90
19  Location Map - South Charleston Area	93
20  East Landfill Area	99
21  West Landfill Area	100
22  South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company  	 103
23  FMC South Charleston - East Plant Area	104
24  FMC South Charleston - Central Plant Area	107
25  FMC South Charleston - West Plant Area	108
26  FMC Fly Ash Pond	Ill
27  Location Map - Institute Area	113
28  Union Carbide Institute Plant - Wastewater Treatment  Plant  .  . 117
29  Union Carbide Institute Plant - Fly  Ash Pond	118
30  Cunningham Realty Co. - Fly Ash Pond	119
31  Union Carbide Institute Plant - Ash  Pond	120
32  Union Carbide Chemical Land Fill  - West Side	123
33  Union Carbide Chemical Land Fill  - East Side	124
34  Union Carbide Institute Plant - North Process Area  	 125
35  Union Carbide Institute Plant - Land Fill Area	126
36  Location Map - Kanawha City Area	130
37  Location Map - Charleston  Area	132
38  N. L. Industries	135
39  Charleston Wastewater Treatment Plant  	 147
40  Area Map - Lower Kanawha Valley	152
41  Location Map - Nitro Area	154
42  Allied Chemical Corp. - Nitro Plant   	 155
43  Avtex and FMC Nitro Plants	159
44  Avtex Landfill	160
45  Monsanto Production Facilities 	 165
46  Monsanto Wastewater Treatment Plant  - East Half  	 171
47  Monsanto Wastewater Treatment Plant  - West Half  	 172
48  Monsanto Landfill  Area	173
49  Monsanto Small Landfill Area 	 174
50  Nitro Industrial Complex - Southeast Area  	 177
51  Coastal  Tank Lines,  Inc.,  Trailer Cleaning Procedure  	 194
52  CST Biological  Treatment	197
53  Location Map - Amos Power  Plant	214
54  Location Map - Winfield Area	219

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                               TABLES
 1   Summary of Compounds  Detected  in  the  Kanawha  River
      Valley on February  12,  1977	    26
 2   Kanawha Valley Industrial  Inventory   	    30
 3   Products List - E.  I.  DuPont de Nemours  &  Company,
      Belle, West Virginia	    71
 4   Municipal  Sources  of  Pollution -  Upper Kanawha Valley   .  .    86
 5   Products List for  Union  Carbide's South
      Charleston and Institute Plants  	    94
 6   Materials  Transported by Chemical  Leaman
      Tank Lines, Inc	    143
 7   Municipal  Sources  of  Pollution -
      Central  Kanawha  Valley 	    146
 8   Products List for  Monsanto's Nitro Plant 	    167
 9   Raw Materials List for Monsanto's Nitro  Plant  	    168
10   Products and Raw Materials,  Fike  Chemicals,  Inc	    179
11   Organic Chemical Data -  Fike and  Coastal
      Discharges to CST	    188
12   Organic Chemicals  - Evaporation Pond  and Wells  	    191
13   CST Discharge	    199
14   Toxic Data	    200
15   Municipal  Sources  of  Pollution -  Lower Valley  	    223

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                           I.   INTRODUCTION
     The Kanawha Valley centered on Charleston, West Virginia,  con-
tains five large industrial complexes and numerous smaller industrial
plants.   Most of the large facilities are engaged in the production
of organic and/or inorganic chemicals.   In the past, major volumes of
water pollutants were discharged to the Kanawha River that traverses
the valley.   Water quality degradation during low flow periods  was
severe.   Air quality was also severely degraded by emissions of air
pollutants from the industrial facilities and the urban area.

     Major reductions in the discharge of water pollutants to the
Kanawha River have been achieved during the past 20 years with  result-
ant improvements in water quality.   Air quality has also been improved
by various air pollution control measures at the industrial facilities.
Even though these major improvements have been made, environmental
quality is not yet acceptable.

     Most of the water pollution control improvements have concen-
trated on reducing discharges of oxygen demanding substances.   The
passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1976 focused attention
on the need to also control discharges of toxic substances.  This is
especially true in the case of the Kanawha River which is a major
tributary of the Ohio River, a public water supply for millions.
Toxic substances produced in the Valley have been found in the  Kanawha
River and in downstream public drinking water supplies.  This relation-
ship was vividly demonstrated by the major spill of carbon tetrachloride
that occurred in February 1977.  The potential for other major  spills
or releases of toxic substances in the Valley continues to exist.
Continuous discharges of toxic chemicals still exist at some industrial
facilities.

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December 1977.  Precise information was obtained on several plants
from recent NEIC plant studies and from submissions of data by several
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     The passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in             _
1976 also focused attention on toxic substances in solid and hazard-          |
ous wastes.   Large volumes of such wastes are produced and disposed
of in the Kanawha Valley with a resultant long-term potential  for             •
release to the environment.

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     The Enforcement Division of EPA Region III,  Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, requested the National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC)
to conduct investigations of air and water pollution and solid waste
disposal practices at selected industrial facilities in the Valley.            _
As a part of these investigations, the NEIC completed a compilation           |
of information on all sources of toxic substances in the Valley.
This report summarizes the results of that compilation.                        •
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     The study area encompassed the narrow developed valley of a 96           •
km (60 mi) reach of that Kanawha River extending from Winfield Dam to
Alloy [Figure 1].   This area includes major industrial facilities at
Alloy, Belle, South Charleston, Institute and Nitro.   Area population
is in excess of 200,000 persons, primarily located in Charleston and
adjacent communities.               •
                                                                             I
     Information presented in this report was compiled entirely from          •
material present in EPA files.   A review of Region III files con-
tributed most of the historic data.   Additional information was ob-           •
tained from an aerial reconnaissance of the Valley in October and
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facilities preparatory to such studies.
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                                                                ,2r^u,,y^L,y /•*.£«
                                                                  °""l!]=-O;ennen^>^' |e'a " ' ^BL;
                                                               >le« tfMPSr^/~< T,p.t,nSummfrs-7>

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               Figure 1.   Location Map  -  Kanawha  Valley Study Area

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                II.   SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Because water quality in the Kanawha River was severely degraded
in the past, numerous studies have been made of sources of water
pollution in the Valley.  Although most of these studies concen-
trated on the classical  water pollutants (principally oxygen
demanding substances), they did provide adequate information to
define the potential sources of toxic substances.   Additional
information will be required, however, to define actual dis-
charges of toxic substances to area watercourses.

Data on toxic substances in the Kanawha River are limited.   Data
from a February 1977 study of organic compounds were available,
however, and documented the presence of at least 10 toxic sub-
stances in the lower reaches of the river.   Some of these were
known carcinogens.   All  are either produced or handled by indus-
trial plants in the Kanawha Valley.  The presence of these sub-
stances in the river is of special concern because the Kanawha
River is a major tributary of the Ohio River, the source of drink-
ing water for millions.

The presence of large volumes of toxic and/or hazardous substances
at industrial plants poses a potential for a major environmental
problem from spills or releases of such substances.   The February
1977 major spill of carbon tetrachloride is a recent example of
such a problem.  Releases of toxic substances to the atmosphere
could also pose a serious problem because of the proximity of
industrial plants to urban and residential  areas.   Several  acci-
dental releases of vinyl chloride occurred at South Charleston
in 1977.  Continuous discharges of some toxic chemicals to the

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     Kanawha River and emissions  to  the  atmosphere  from  several
     sources have  been documented.
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4.   Data on emissions of toxic substances to the atmosphere are more
     limited than water pollution data.   Ambient air data other than         •
     criteria pollutants were very limited.   Limited ambient air             ^
     sampling has detected various toxic substances including several        •
     carcinogens.  Emission data showed that more than 50 toxic sub-         P
     stances including some nitrosamines and vinyl  chloride were being       ^
     released to the atmosphere.                                             •

5.   Disposal of solid or hazardous wastes containing toxic substances       •
     poses a special problem in the Kanawha Valley.  Large volumes of
     such wastes are produced at industrial  plants in Alloy, Belle,          i
     South Charleston, Institute and Nitro.   Disposal practices used         *
     include landfills (both on and off-site), incineration, on-site
     deep well injection, sludge storage ponds,  lagoons, fly ash ponds,
     open pits and off-site contractor disposal.  Aerial photographs         ^
     of the Valley taken in late 1977 showed the presence of large           •
     deposits of solid wastes that potentially contain toxic substances
     that could be released to the atmosphere and to ground or surface       •
     waters.  This was of special concern in the Nitro area where
     actual contamination of ground water with toxic substances has          •
     been documented.  Additional on-site investigations and monitor-        *
     ing would be needed to define the extent of actual releases of
     toxic substances.
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6.    A 1976 Manufacturing Directory listed 206 manufacturers in the          •
     study area.   Of this total,  19 have NPDES permits and 17 are
     tracked by the EPA air pollution control  program.   An additional         •
     12 non-manufacturing industrial  facilities have NPDES permits
     and three are tracked by the air program.   Eleven plants are            f|
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     monitored by both the NPDES permit and air programs.   There are
     218 industrial  plants of all types in the Valley.   Only 40 of
     these are monitored by EPA programs.   Eight of the manufacturing
     plants are considered to be known major sources and six are
     potential major sources of toxic substances in wastewater dis-
     charges.   Forty-five plants are considered potential  minor
     sources.   For air emissions of toxic substances, six plants are
     considered known major sources, two plants are potential major
     sources and 23 plants are potential minor sources.   With respect
     to hazardous wastes, four plants were known major sources, 9
     were potential  major sources and 39 were potential  minor sources.
     Thus, less than half of the known or potential sources of toxic
     substances are monitored by EPA programs.

7.    There are 22 municipal sources of wastewater discharged to the
     Kanawha River in the study area.  All but two of these are not
     considered significant sources of toxic substances because of
     the small population served and lack of major contributing in-
     dustries on their sewer systems.  The South Charleston waste-
     water treatment plant treats about 15,000 to 23,000 m3/day (4 to
     6 mgd) of industrial wastewater from Union Carbide's South
     Charleston Plant.   Industrial influent to the plant contains
     toxic substances.   Available data do not adequately define
     effluent characteristics with respect to toxic substances.
     Sludge from the plant containing toxic substances is disposed of
     in a large fly ash pond.   The Charleston wastewater treatment
     plant serves a population of about 80,000 and numerous small
     industries.   N.L.  Industries, a lead oxide plant, is a major
     contributing industry.  Data are not adequate to evaluate this
     municipal treatment plant's contribution of toxic substances.

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8.    Of the 31 industrial  sources of wastewater discharges in the
     Valley that have NPDES permits, 19 of these are considered major
     dischargers by the permit program.   For water pollution control
     planning purposes, the following eight sources are considered
     majors because of their large discharges of oxygen demanding
     substances.  These eight are also known or potential  major
     sources of toxic substances.
                    Source

          Avtex Fibers,  Inc.
          E.I.  duPont deNemours & Co.,Inc.
          FMC Corp.
          FMC Corp.
          Monsanto Co.
          South Charleston Sewage Treatment Co.
          Union Carbide  Corp.
          Union Carbide  Corp.
Location

Nitro
Belle
Nitro
South Charleston
Nitro
South Charleston
Institute
South Charleston
     All of these major plants except Avtex Fibers,  Inc.  and FMC
     Corp.  at South Charleston are scheduled for plant inspections by
     NEIC.   A limited inspection was previously completed at FMC
     Corp.

     In addition to the routine process evaluations,  inspection of
     air and water pollution control measures,  review of air emission
     and wastewater discharge data and review of solid and hazardous
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     waste disposal data, the scheduled plant visits should include

     inspections of the following practices and/or operations:
     Plant                         Practice or Operation


duPont                        Anaerobic pond and adjacent solid and
                              hazardous waste disposal areas.

Monsanto                      Solid waste disposal practices
                              including the main landfill and
                              associated potential for contami-
                              nation of Armour Creek.

Union Carbide,                Flyash disposal, sludge holding
Institute Plant               ponds, history of solid waste dis-
                              posal in the wastewater treatment
                              plant vicinity, Goff Mountain
                              Chemical landfill, and the indepen-
                              dent tank cleaning operation.

Union Carbide,                Ward Hollow and Holz flyash and
South Charleston Plant        sludge disposal ponds, Technical
                              Center wastewater discharges, land-
                              fill operations.
     Consideration should be given to making a follow-up inspection

     of the fly ash pond and adjacent landfill activities at the FMC

     Corp. South Charleston Plant.



     Where indicated by the results of the plant inspections, moni-

     toring of wastewater discharges may be necessary to define

     actual discharges of toxic substances and to assist in estab-

     lishing appropriate effluent limitations.  Some monitoring of

     selected air emissions and monitoring of groundwater in the

     vicinity of disposal facilities may also be desirable to fully

     document potential toxicity problems.

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 9.    Detailed  plant  inspections have been completed by NEIC at Chemical
      Formulators,  Inc.;  Fike Chemicals,  Inc.; Coastal Tank Lines,
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      Inc.;  and  Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. in Nitro.  Compliance
      monitoring of wastewater  discharges was performed at  all facilities      £
      except Chemical  Formulators, Inc. which was not operating during
      the  monitoring period.  The results of these studies  documented          I
      the  discharge of at  least 17 toxic chemicals to the Kanawha  River
      from the Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. facility  providing           j|
      industrial  wastewater treatment  for Fike Chemicals, Inc., and            *
      Coastal Tank Lines,  Inc.   Solid  and liquid wastes containing            ^
      toxic substances including known carcinogens were disposed of by         9
      the  four facilities  in  unlined ponds  and/or pits on-site.  Contam-
      ination of groundwater  by toxic  substances was documented.   Abate-       •
      ment of this environmental pollution  is needed to prevent further
      contamination of the groundwater system and to protect  downstream        M
      public water supplies.
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 10.   Available  information  is  adequate  to  indicate  that  the  potential         ^
      for significant discharges  and/or  emissions  of toxic  substances          |
      exists  at  the  following nine  industrial  facilities.   Additional
      detailed information  including  data on  toxic substances in  raw          I
      materials,  intermediates, by-products,  final products,  wastewater
      discharges,  air emissions and solid wastes  is  needed  to define          •
      if actual  discharges  of toxic substances are occurring.

                     Source                    Location                         ™
          *ACF Industries,  Inc.                Red  House                        M
           Allied  Chemical  Corp.               Nitro                            P
          ^American  Mobile  Clean,  Inc.         Fraziers Bottom (Winfield)
           Avtex Fibers,  Inc.                  Nitro                            M
          *Chemical  Leaman  Tank Lines,  Inc.    Institute                        •
           Diamond Shamrock Corp.              Belle
          *Mason and Dixon  Tank Lines,  Inc.    St.  Albans
           Union Carbide                       Alloy                            M
           Vimasco Corp.                       Nitro                            •
           *   Tank Cleaning Facilities                                         flt

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     A review of information submitted by the companies and the
     available information summarized in this report will  probably
     indicate that detailed plant inspections will  be necessary for
     plants with the potential  for substantial releases of toxic
     substances.   Follow-up monitoring may also be  necessary as in
     the case of the major plants.

11.   Because of the nature of their operations, facilities for clean-
     ing tank trailers and tank cars that have been used for hauling
     various chemical  substances produce wastewaters that are highly
     variable in flow, chemical makeup and treatability.   Numerous
     toxic chemicals are transported in such units  and are thus present
     in wastewaters, treated effluents/ and associated sludges.  Residual
     toxic chemicals in tanks pose disposal problems.   There are at
     least six facilities in the Kanawha Valley that clean large numbers
     of tank trailers and cars.  A special study is needed to define
     treatment and disposal practices and effluent  characteristics at
     these facilities so that appropriate actions can be taken to
     minimize the release of toxic substances to the environment from
     this industry.   Adequate data are available on Coastal Tank Lines,
     Inc.  at Nitro.   Additional data are needed on  the four facilities
     listed in item 10 above and on the independent tank cleaner discharg-
     ing to Union Carbide's wastewater treatment plant at Institute.

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                           III.   BACKGROUND
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

     The Kanawha Valley Is the narrow, winding valley of the Kanawha
River in west-central West Virginia surrounding the capitol city,
Charleston.  The Kanawha River traverses the western foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains for 155 km (97 mi) from its origin at Gauley
Bridge at the confluence of the New and Gauley Rivers to its con-
fluence with the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, West Virginia north-
west of Charleston.  The study area encompassed only about 96 km (60
mi) of the valley between Alloy and Winfield [Figure 1, Section I].

     Because the river traverses mountainous country, the valley is
relatively narrow, reaching a maximum width of only about 1.6 km (1
mi) in the study area.   The area of the valley floor in the study
area is less than 130 sg.  km (50 sq. mi), much of which is developed
for urban, industrial or residential uses.   The elevation of flanking
mountains range from 100 to 430 m above the valley floor.  This particu-
lar topography tends to hold air pollutants from industrial and munici-
pal sources in the valley in close proximity to populated areas.

     The total population of the study area is about 200,000.  Popu-
lation densities are low in the upper and lower thirds of the valley
with most population concentrated in Charleston and adjacent communi-
ties in the Central Valley.

     Streamflow in the Kanawha River can be highly variable ranging
from flooding conditions in late Winter and Spring to low flows in
                                                     3
late Summer and Fall.  Extreme low flow is  about 55 m /sec (1,930 cfs).

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                                                                              ™
Water quality standards are based on low flows of 70 m /sec (2,490           ^
cfs) at Kanawha Falls near Gauley Bridge and 82 m /sec (2,890 cfs) at        ||
Charleston.   The Kanawha River is navigable throughout the study area
with slack water provided by London, Marmet and Winfield Dams.                I

     Water supply in the study area is obtained largely from surface         •
sources.   A portion of the upper valley is served by the West Virginia
Water Company plant at Montgomery using Kanawha River water.   The
large West Virginia Water Company plant at Charleston provides a munici-
pal supply to most of the valley between Belle and Nitro, a population       ^
of more than 160,000.  This plant treats about 114,000 m3/day (30            |
mgd) of water from the Elk River.  The company no longer operates the
plant at Nitro that used Kanawha River water.  Other smaller municipal       I
systems are operated at Cedar Grove, East Bank, Glasgow and Pratt in
the upper valley and at St. Albans in the central valley.  Large indus-      •
trial plants obtain cooling water and some process water directly
from the Kanawha River.                                                      «


PREVIOUS STUDIES                   ,                                         I

     Because of the concentration of chemical industries in the Kanawha      •
Valley and their environmental impacts, various studies have been            *
conducted of environmental pollution and its sources over the past
two decades.  The State of West Virginia initiated a phased program
to reduce pollution of the Kanawha River in 1958.  As a result, dis-         -
charges of oxygen demanding substances to the river were reduced by          •
89% between 1958 and 1976.  To assist in achieving this waste load
reduction and to provide for additional water quality enhancement,           •
EPA has conducted a number of receiving water and waste source investi-
gations during the past seven years.  Several of these provided basis        •
data for this report.                                                        ™
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                                                                     15
     In 1972, plant inspections and effluent sampling were conducted
at 40 industrial facilities in the Valley by EPA's National Field
Investigation Center in Cincinnati.  These inspections provided basic
information on processes, raw materials, products, wastewater treat-
ment and control practices and effluent characteristics.   Data on
toxic substances in the effluents were usually limited to heavy metals.
No organic analyses were performed.  For most of the minor sources,
this was the most recent detailed inspection by EPA.  Self monitoring
data are submitted by these sources to EPA on a regular basis but
contain little data on toxic substances.

     In 1975, effluent samples collected by Region III from major
wastewater discharges from chemical plants in the Valley were analyzed
for organic compounds by NEIC.  Limited data on toxic substances in
these effluents were developed in this study.

     Reconnaissance inspections of major wastewater dischargers in
the Valley have been made by Region III staff during the past two
years.   Trip reports of these inspections provided data on current
pollution control practices and recent process changes.

     Reconnaissance inspections of specific air pollution sources in
major facilities have been made by Region III staff during the past
several years.   Inspection reports provided some data on emissions of
toxic substances.

     In February 1977, a large spill of toxic carbon tetrachloride
occurred in the Kanawha River.  This prompted an EPA sampling survey
of the river and selected industrial effluents.  Organic analyses of
these samples provided an inventory of toxic organic chemicals present
in the river.

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16
 CURRENT  NEIC  INVESTIGATIONS
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      Data  on current wastewater treatment practices at eight major            —
 industrial  facilities  in the Valley were compiled by a contractor in          fl
 early 1977 as part of  an areawide water pollution control planning
 study [Figure 2].                                                             •
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     At the  request of Region  III, NEIC has begun a series of plant           g[
 inspections  and monitoring studies at major sources of pollution  in
 the  Valley.  These studies include evaluations of processes, of               •
 pollution  control practices (air, water, solid waste and hazardous
 materials),  and of effluent characteristics.
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      A  partial evaluation of the FMC Corp. plant at South Charleston
was  conducted  in  February 1977 when a carbon tetrachloride spill occur-
red  at  the  plant.
                                                                              1
      Detailed  plant  inspections and monitoring surveys were conducted
at Fike Chemicals, Inc., Coastal Tank Lines, Inc. and the Cooperative         •
Sewage  Treatment,  Inc.  facility in Nitro  during September and October
1977.   A plant inspection was made at Chemical Formulators, Inc. in           •
Nitro in September 1977 but no monitoring was done as the plant was           *
not  in  operation.                                                             •

      Region III  has  requested that NEIC conduct plant inspections  at
the  following  facilities:                                                     •
                E.I.  duPont  de  Nemours and Co., Belle                          •
                FMC  Corp., Nitro
                Monsanta  Co., Nitro
                South Charleston  Sewage Treatment  Co.,  South  Charleston
                Union Carbide Corp.,  Institute
                Union Carbide Corp.,  South Charleston
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     Inspections at these plants  are scheduled for the first half of         •
1978.   Requested data including information on products,  processes           •
and pollution control practices has been received from most of these
installations.                                                                •

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                          IV.   STUDY METHODS
BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION



     The primary method of background data collection was a manual

search of Region III program files.   Basic information on sources of

wastewater discharges was obtained from NPDES permit program files.

This included some information on toxic substances in raw materials,

products and wastewater discharges.   Plant and outfall locations and

descriptions of wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal facili-

ties were also obtained from these files.   About 60 municipal and

industrial permit files were reviewed.



     About 20 air program files were reviewed.  These files contained

trip reports and emissions data on specific sources of air pollution

within the large industrial complexes.



     Solid waste disposal and drinking water program files were also

reviewed.



     Available reports of previous studies were compiled from various

sources.
AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE



     Three aerial reconnaissances of the entire study area were con-

ducted in 1977.  On September 29, 1977, an aerial reconnaissance of

all known industrial wastewater dischargers, major municipal waste-

water discharges and major air pollution sources was conducted from a

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20
1
1
 light aircraft.  About 50 color transparencies (35 mm slides) of facil-
 ities of  specific  interest were obtained with a hand held camera.             £
 Locations  of  industrial  facilities, disposal ponds, landfills and
 solid waste disposal areas were marked on U.S. Geological Survey topo-        I
 graphical  maps  (Scale 1:24,000).

     The  results of this preliminary  investigation were collated with         "
 the  background  data and  used  to select specific target areas for a            M
 more detailed aerial reconnaissance.  During the period October 10  to         B
 15,  1977,  aerial photographs  and thermal infrared imagery were record-
 ed over the selected target areas  using high performance reconnais-           •
 sance aircraft  equipped  with  multi-band photography and thermal sensor
 capabilities.   Thermal data were obtained both during the day and at          •
 night.  Aerial  photographs included true color, false color infrared
 and  ultra  violet transparencies.   Black and white prints of selected          •
 true color photographs are presented  in this report.                          ™

     The  photographs and thermal imagery were subjected to a detailed         £
 review, evaluation and interpretation.  Observed features were compared
 with the  available background data.-  Special emphasis was placed on           •
 detection  and characterization of  solid, liquid and hazardous waste
 disposal  sites  (both reported and  unreported) that could be storage           I
 areas for  toxic substances.

     Review of  the reconnaissance  data and receipt of additional back-        *
 ground data indicated that not all potential sources of toxic sub-            «
 stances had been imaged  in the October study.  A limited follow-up            I
 reconnaissance  was conducted  on December 13, 1977.  Imagery from this
 flight was subjected to  the same interpretation as previous photographs.      £

     The  results of these  investigations are reported  in appropriate          •
 discussions in  this report.
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                                                                     21
DETAILED PLANT STUDIES


     As discussed in Section III, the NEIC is currently engaged in a

series of detailed plant studies in the Kanawha Valley.  Four such

investigations have been completed to date.  Data available from

these studies provided documentation of current releases to the en-

vironment of toxic substances from these four facilities.


     Detailed data had been submitted to NEIC by four additional

plants preparatory to investigations at these facilities.  This data

was not as complete as that produced by the NEIC monitoring studies.

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                     V.   ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
WATER QUALITY

     Large discharges of water pollutants to the Kanawha River in the
past severely degraded water quality in most of the study area.   Down-
stream from Charleston, dissolved oxygen was frequently completely
depleted during low flow conditions.  The phased reduction of dis-
charges of oxygen demanding substances has resulted in improvements
in the dissolved oxygen content of the river.   Improvements during
the past decade are shown graphically in Figure 3.

     Taste and odor problems have been severe at times.  These and
other quality problems restricted beneficial uses of the river.
Because the Kanawha River is a major tributary of the Ohio River,
degraded water quality in the Kanawha River contributed to taste and
odor problems in public water supplies obtained from the Ohio River.
These problems have been substantially reduced in recent years by
improved pollution controls.

     Water uses and water quality in the Kanawha River and its tribu-
taries are protected by water quality regulations adopted by the West
Virginia State Water Resources Board in 1974 [Appendix A].  The Kanawha
River is divided into two zones by the regulations.  The river from
its origin at Gauley Bridge to River Mile (RM) 72 at Diamond upstream
of Belle and all tributaries are in Zone 1.   Water uses to be protected
in this zone include water contact recreation; public drinking water
and agricultural supplies; propagation of fish and other aquatic life;
and water transport, cooling and power uses.  Water uses for Zone 2,
the main stem Kanawha River from Diamond to the Ohio River, include

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24
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                                                                     25
all of the Zone 1  uses except agricultural water supply.   Additional
uses in Zone 2 are industrial water supply and treated waste trans-
port and assimilation.  Only one major source of toxic substances is
located in Zone 1.  All the rest are in Zone 2.

     Specific water quality criteria applicable to the study area are
contained in Appendix A.   With respect to toxic substances, three
types of criteria are applicable.   The general conditions prohibit
sewage, industrial wastes or any other wastes entering the river from
causing therin or contributing to concentrations of materials poison-
ous to man, animal or fish life.  The specific criteria indicate toxic
substances are not to exceed 1/10 of the 96-hr median tolerance limit.
Maximum allowable in-stream concentrations are specified for six heavy
metals, cyanide and phenol [Appendix A].

     Very little data exist on the presence and magnitude of toxic
substances in the Kanawha River.  A February 1977 organic survey pro-
vided data on organic compounds present at four locations [Table 1].
Marmet Dam at RM 67.7 is downstream from the Alloy and Belle industrial
complexes.  Four compounds including two priority pollutants were
present.   Actual concentrations were not determined.   The Elk River
sampling location at RM 58 is just upstream of the South Charleston
industrial complex.   There are no significant sources of toxic sub-
stances between Marmet Dam and the Elk River.  Winfield Dam (RM 31)
is downstream from all sources of pollution in the study area.   Seven
priority pollutants were present among the 13 compounds detected at
this location.  There were 17 compounds and 10 priority pollutants
detected near the mouth of the river.   There are no additional  signifi-
cant sources of toxic substances along the lower river.  Therefore,
these compounds must have originiated upstream of Winfield Dam.

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26
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                                  Table 1

               SUMMARY OF COMPOUNDS DETECTED IN THE KANAWHA
                            RIVER ON FEBRUARY 123 1977
I
Kanawha River Sampling Location |
Compound Marmet Dam
Benzene* -**
Carbon Tetrachloride* D
Chlorobenzene*
Chloroform*
Di chlorobenzene isomers*
1 ,2-Dichlorethane*
Isopropyl Ether B
Methyl Aniline isomer
Methyl Methacrylate D
Methyl Phenyl Ether
2-Methyl-3-Heptanol - -
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
4-Methyl -3-pentene-2-one
cis-or trans-3-Methyl-2-pentene
Two Terpineol isomers
Two Terpinene isomers
Tetralin
Tetrachlorethylene* D
Toluene*
Trichloroethylene*
Trichlorobenzene*
Xylene isomers '-
Two C-|gH-,6 isomers

* Priority Pollutant
** Compound not detected at this location
*** Relative level of compound in sample analyzed
spectrometry (GC/MS) . A is highest, D lowest.
determined.





Elk River Winfield Dam
Q***
A
_
D B
A
D
A
-
-
-
— —
-
D
C&D
D
D
-
C
D
_ _
D
- -



by gas chromatography -
Actual concentration






Near
B
A
D
C
A
D
C
D
-
D
D
D
D
-
-
-
_
D
A
D
D
-
D



mass
not






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                                                                     27
AIR QUALITY

     Because of the narrow valley topography, air pollutants are fre-
quently trapped in the valley, resulting in severe air quality degrada-
tion.  This is most significant in the vicinity of the five industrial
centers.  Valley air currents also move the pollution up or down the
valley from the industrial centers to residential and urban areas.

     Improvements in air pollution controls have resulted in substantial
reductions in particulate levels, especially in the South Charleston
area.  Sulfur dioxide levels in the Valley preclude the addition of
new sources of SCL emissions unless offsetting reductions are made at
other sources.

     Very little data were available on other than criteria pollutants.
Special ambient air monitoring in late 1975 detected nitrosamines
near Belle and South Charleston.   Releases of vinyl chloride from
South Charleston were detectable in the atmosphere.  Special ambient
air sampling in mid-1975 was conducted at about 15 locations in the
Kanawha Valley by Research Triangle'Institute (RTI) under contract to
EPA.  The Kanawha Valley was one of several locations sampled as part
of a study to develop techniques for measuring carcinogenic vapors in
ambient atmospheres.  Volatile organic vapors detected during the
study are tabulated in Appendix B.  Toxic compounds detected included
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dichloro-
benzene, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, napthalene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene.  Concentrations were not
given.

     A contract to conduct additional ambient air sampling in the
Kanawha Valley was awarded by EPA to RTI in October 1977.  This
sampling was conducted in late 1977 and early 1978.  The results were
not yet available when this report was completed.

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                VI.   SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
     As a first step in defining the location and characteristics of
sources of toxic substances, an inventory of all known sources of
pollution was developed.  An inventory of all known industrial facil-
ities was developed from a manufacturing directory and from air and
water pollution program files.   NPDES permit files provided an inven-
tory of municipal sources.  Limited file data were also available on
solid and hazardous waste disposal practices and on non-point sources.
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION

     The 1976 Manufacturing Directory is the latest available inven-
tory of manufacturing facilities in the study area.  The 206 manufac-
turers in the study area are listed in Table 2, arranged alphabetically
by city and county.  Also listed are the number of employees, industry
type as given by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code,
and general product description for each manufacturer.   Other data in
Table 2 is explained below.

     Because the directory only lists manufacturers, there are 12  -
non-manufacturing industrial sources of pollution in the valley not
listed.  Most significant are three thermal-electric power plants and
three chemical transport trucking firms.  Data on all significant
sources of pollution whether or not listed in Table 2,  are presented
in Sections VII, VIII and IX.

     The Table 2 list was compared with the NPDES permit list and an
appropriate entry made in the NPDES permit column in Table 2.  As in-
dicated on the last page of Table 2, 14 of the 206 manufacturers had

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48
 major  permits,  5  had minor permits and one was a major contributing
 industry  on  a municipal sewerage system.  This indicated that only
 about  10% of the  manufacturers are monitored by the NPDES permit program.
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      An  evaluation was made of the known or potential presence and
 magnitude  of  toxic substances in the wastewater discharges from each          •
 manufacturer.   If no  other data were available, this evaluation was
 based on industry type, products and size as indicated by the number          mm
 of  employees.   Eight  of the facilities were known to discharge toxic          I
 substances at a level considered to be major and six were potential
 major discharges.  There were 45 manufacturers considered potential           jj
 minor dischargers.  Most of these minor sources probably discharge to
 municipal  sewerage systems.            "                                      •
      A  comparison was  also made between the Table 2  list and th air           •
 program Compliance  Data System (CDS)  list.  Twelve of the manufactur-         *
 ers  are considered  major  sources of air pollution and five are minor          •
 sources.   Three  are sources  of hazardous  air pollutants.  Less than           I
 10%  of  the manufacturers  are monitored by the air pollution program.
 A  similar  evaluation of emissions of  toxic substances was made as  for         •
 wastewater discharges.  Six  of the plants were  known major emitters
 of toxic substances, two  were potential major sources and 23 were             •
 potential  minor  sources.

      With  respect to solid and hazardous  wastes  containing toxic sub-         •
 stances, four manufacturers  were known major sources, 9 were potential        •
 major sources and 39 were potential minor sources.                            I

      In addition to the 19 manufacturing  facilities  listed in Table 2         |
 that have  NPDES  permits,  there are 12 non-manufacturing industrial
 plants  that have NPDES permits.  These include  power plants, bulk             •
 petroleum  terminals and trucking firms.   The three power plants are
 non-manufacturing sources of air pollution tracked by the air program.        •
                                                                              I

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                                                                     49
     A comparison of the numbers of NPDES permits and plants tracked

by the air pollution program with the numbers of known and potential

sources of toxic substances shows that less than half of these sources

are tracked by EPA programs.
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION



     The NPDES permit list indicates that there are 22 municipal sources

of wastewater discharged to the Kanawha River.   Most of these are

small sewerage systems serving only commercial  and residential areas

with little or no industry.  Most systems are thus not considered

significant sources of toxic substances.   Details of specific munici-

pal sources are discussed in Sections VII, VIII, and IX.



     Two municipal wastewater discharges are considered significant

sources of toxic substances.   The South Charleston Sewage Treatment

Company provides treatment for industrial process wastewaters contain-

ing toxic substances from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant in

addition to municipal wastewater from a population of about 20,000.



     The Charleston wastewater treatment plant serves a population of

about 80,000 and a number of small industrial facilities.  The only

major contributing industries are the N.  L.  Industries lead oxide

plant and a major water treatment facility.



     In addition to the 23 specific municipal sources, there are

about 25 sources of treated or untreated domestic wastewater dis-

charges from trailer parks, schools, and small  commercial or indus-

trial facilities.  These are not considered significant sources of

toxic substances.

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50
 SOLID  AND  HAZARDOUS  WASTE  DISPOSAL
 NON-POINT SOURCES
      In the upper valley,  surface and underground coal  mines (active
 and abandoned) contribute  pollution in surface runoff and drainage.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes containing toxic
substances are produced and disposed of in the Kanawha Valley.   Sub-          I
stantial amounts of wastes are exported out of the Valley for dis-
posal by contractors or by other means.  Ultimate disposal methods            •
and locations were usually not defined.                                       •

     Disposal methods used by industrial facilities in the Valley in-         |
elude incineration, on-site deep well injection, landfill (both on
and off-site), sludge storage ponds, lagoons, flyash ponds, and open          •
pits.  Except for one licensed landfill, EPA file data on State approval
and control of disposal sites and methods were limited.   Details of           I
the disposal methods used at specific industrial sites are discussed
in Sections VII, VIII, and IX.                                           .
                                                                              •
      Municipal  solid  wastes  are  landfilled  at  various  locations  in            _
 the Valley.   These sites  are potential  sources of  toxic  substances            |
 disposed of  by  smaller industrial  facilities and from  normal  domestic
 waste materials.   There were no  EPA  file  data  available  on  these             •
 practices.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
      There are a variety of non-point sources  of pollution in the
 Valley.   Mobil sources  such as  automobiles,  trucks  and trains con-            •
 tribute  air pollutants  with the major contributions being in the
 Charleston area.                                                              I
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
                                                                              I

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                    Urban  and  suburban  areas  contribute  pollution  in  surface  runoff.
                    Rain-out of  air  pollutants,  especially  sulfur  dioxide,  con-
•             tribute  some water pollution.
51
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       VII.   SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES - UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY
     For purposes of this report, the Upper Kanawha Valley is defined

as the developed narrow valley of the Kanawha River between Alloy at

the head of navigation (River Mile 90.7), and Marmet Dam northwest of

Belle, River Mile 67.7 [Figure 4].  This 37 km (23 mi) reach of the

valley is very narrow and winding and is flanked on both sides by

mountains with elevations ranging up to 430 m (1,400 ft) above river

level.  The entire navigation pools of the Marmet and London Dams are

located in this valley reach.


     The population of the upper valley is low.   Numerous small towns

and villages are scattered along the valley.   Montgomery, with a popula-

tion of about 2,500, is the largest community.  Large industrial fa-

cilities are at Alloy and Belle.  A fewer smaller industrial plants

are scattered along the river.  Numerous coal mines are located along

this valley reach at varying distances up to several kilometers from

the river.  Coal preparation plants and/or barge or train loading

facilities service many of these mines.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES


     There are five major industrial plants in the upper valley.   The

duPont plant at Belle is the largest and most significant from both

the toxic substances and classical pollutants viewpoints.  Two plants

are coal-fired thermal electric power plants.  A ferroalloy plant and

an organic chemicals plant are the other two major facilities.

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                                                                     55
Union Carbide Corporation, Ferroalloys Division,  Alloy (RM 89.7R)

     Union Carbide Corporation operates a ferroalloy plant at Alloy
on the north bank of the Kanawha River [Figure 5].   The plant has
been in operation since 1934 with significant expansions in 1941  and
1951.  Plant modernization has continued during the past 10 years.
Employment was about 1,250 persons in 1972 with about 1,450 required
for full production.  Production capacity was in the range of 145,000
to 170,000 m. tons (160,000 to 190,000 tons) of alloys per year.

     In 1972, the plant had 15 electric arc furnaces for alloy pro-
duction.  Electric power was obtained from hydroelectric plants on
the New River and an on-site, coal-fireci power plant.   Raw materials
were batch loaded into the furnaces, smelted, and the molten metal
cast in molds for sale to customers.

     Raw materials included coal, coke, charcoal, dolemite, lime,
limestone, mi 11 scale, silicate of soda, produced metals, produced
slags, chrome ore (Kefdag Turkish, Yassitepe, Russian and Transval),
manganese ore (El Paso, Amopa, Comilog, Mamativan,  Chilean and Turkish),
sand (silica and Zirconium), North Carolina gravel  and Winona quartz.

     By-products were several "throw away" slags including ferro-
chrome silicon, silicomanganese, ferrochrome and ferromanganese slags.
Finished products included the following:  silicon metal, ferrosili-
cons, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferromanganese silicon, cal-
cium silicon, SMZ (silicon manganese zirconium),  35-40% zirconium,
strontium silicon, calcium barium silicon, low carbon ferrochrome,
ferrochrome silicon, silicon titanium and hypercal.

                                                           3
     Water use at the plant was reported as about 378,000 m /day
(100 mgd) in April 1977, of which 257,000 m3/day (68 mgd) was power

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56
                                                   #*:A^
           Figure  5 .   Location Map -  Alloy & Boomer Areas
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                                                                     57
plant cooling water.   Most of the remaining flow was furnace cooling
water.  Other water uses were for an air pollution scrubber on one
furnace, tap washing on another furnace, bottom ash sluicing at the
power plant and sanitary purposes.

     In 1972, scrubber and tap washing waters were treated in a
series of two small settling ponds.   Settled sludge was diposed of in
a landfill.  Bottom ash was sluiced to another series of three set-
tling ponds with solids removed to a landfill.   Sanitary wastewaters
were treated in a small biological treatment plant.  Cooling waters
were not treated.  Aerial photographs of the plant recorded in Octo-
ber 1977 showed the two series of settling ponds to still be in use
[Figure 6].  An additional long rectang'ular pond had been constructed
at the north end of the plant [Figure 7].  This was apparently part
of additional treatment facilities to be constructed in 1977.

     Emissions from all but one of the furnaces were controlled by
dry bag dust collector systems.  The one furnace was controlled by a
scrubber, as previously discussed.  In 1972, reuse of the collected
dust was being investigated, indicating a probable high metal  con-
tent.  Actual disposal was not reported.  Fly ash from the power plant
was controlled by electrostatic precipitators with disposal to land-
fill (location undefined).

     In addition to the materials discussed above that were disposed
of in landfills, the "throw away" slags were also sent to landfill.
Some of these materials have reportedly been landfilled along Jarret
Branch for years.  This is a small stream entering the plant site
from the east and flowing under the southeast corner of the plant
[Figure 5].  The 1977 aerial photographs showed a delta of deposited
solids at the mouth of the creek [Figure 6].  Reportedly, metals are
leached from the landfill or washed with solids into Jarrett Branch
resulting in elevated metals concentrations in the stream discharge

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58
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 to the Kanawha River.   Ownership  of  the  landfill  area  was  not
 defined.                                                                      •

      Solid wastes  have  also  been  landfilled  along the  river  edge,             •
 most noticeably at the  northwest  corner  of the  plant site  where  the
 fill extends into  the  river  [Figure  7].   This could allow  metal  bear-         •
 ing solids to be washed into the  river.   Surface  runoff from ore             ™
 stockpiles is another  potential source of heavy metals.                       •

      Effluents from six outfalls  were  sampled in  1972.   Outfall  007
 was not yet constructed.   It apparently  serves  the new pond.   Outfall         •
 008, Jarret Branch,  also was not  sampled.  The  only toxic  substance
 present in significant  amounts  was chromium  which was  discharged at          •
 21 kg (47 lb)/day.   Bioassays detected no toxicity in  plant  effluents.

      As part of their  NPDES  permit requirements,  Union Carbide must          ™
 periodically monitor for As, Ba,  Cd,  Cr,  Hg, Ni ,  Pb and Zn.  In  April         «
 1977, the plant reported an  average  chromium discharge of  22 kg  (48          |
 lb)/day.

      Toxic substances  present in  air emissions  include SO^ in  the
 power plant combustion  gases and  heavy metals in  particulate matter          I
 passing furnace control equipment.   The  amount  of furnace  emissions
 is not defined.   Power  plant S0?  emissions were reported as  225  ppm          •
 in 207,000 ACFM in 1974.                                                      •
I
      In summary,  toxic substances released to the environment from
 the Union Carbide facility at Alloy are known to include chromium
 discharged in plant wastewaters (22 kg/day),  SOp emissions from power        •
 plant boilers and heavy metals leached or washed from the Jarret Branch
 landfill.  Additional  heavy metals may be released from landfills on         •
 other portions of the plant site.  Chromium is an NRDC priority pollutant.
                                                                              I
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                                                               59
                  JARRETT

                  BRANCH
                    Figure 6.

Union  Carbide  Ferroa//oys  Plant -  South Half

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                                                  mm.

                           Figure  7.

           Union Carbid* Ferroalloys Plant-North Half
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                                                                     61
Appalachian Power Companyt Kanawha River Plant, Glasgow, RM 78.3R



     This is a 430 MW coal-fired thermal electric power plant.   The

plant operates continuously.   It began operation in 1953.



     Condenser cooling is provided by once-through use of Kanawha

River water.  Water use was 1,590,000 m /day (420 mgd) in 1972 of
                  o
which only 5,300 m /day (1.4 mgd) was treated for boiler feed,  bear-

ing cooling and sanitary uses.



     Bottom ash was sluiced to storage ponds north of the plant
                                     3
[Figure 8].   Overflow averaging 265 m /day (0.07 mgd) was discharged

to the river.   The bulk of the bottom ash was hauled away for fill.

Fly ash was collected dry and hauled to a storage area east of the

plant.



     Drainage from the coal storage area was pumped to the river.  It

averaged only 6 gpm.



     Analysis of the ash pond effluent in 1972 showed low levels of

copper, chromium, lead, nickel  and zinc to be present.  Higher levels

of these metals were present in the coal storage drainage but dis-

charge loads were small.   Less than 2 kg (5 lb)/day of heavy metals

were discharged by the power plant.



     Combustion of coal in the plant boilers releases large volumes

of SOp to the atmosphere.   The amount was not determined in this

study.



     In summary, except for SO,, emissions, the Kanawha River power

plant is not a significant source of toxic substances.

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Figure 8 .,  Location Map - Glasgow Area
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                                                                   63
Appalachian Power Company, Cabin Creek Plant, Cabin Creek, RM 74.31


     This coal-fired power plant was originally built in 1913.   It

was modified to its present type of operation with six generating

units in 1942.  Operations were reduced to a peaking basis in 1962.

In 1972, only two units with a capacity of 180 MW were operated.   The

other units were shut down because they were not equipped with air

pollution control equipment.



     Water use at the plant was 738,000 m3/day (195 mgd) in 1972.

The plant had 18 outfalls of which 4 were deactivated when the four
                                                              3
units were shut down.  Bottom ash was sluiced in about 1,500 m /day

(0.39 mgd) of water to a small pit.  Th'e overflow was discharged to

Cabin Creek near its mouth.  Bottom ash was hauled to a coal refuse

dump in 1972 but reportedly was to be pumped to the fly ash ponds

shortly thereafter.  Fly ash was sluiced to ponds located west across

Cabin Creek [Figure 9].  One of the two ponds was being filled while

fly ash from the other was hauled by truck to a fill site downstream.

The pond o'

the river.
The pond overflow of about 230 m /day (0.06 mgd) was discharged to
     Sampling of the two ash system discharges in 1972 showed the

same results as for the Kanawha River Plant, low levels of heavy

metals present.  The Cabin Creek Plant does not appear to be a sig-

nificant source of toxic substances except for S0? emissions from the

boilers.  The plant reportedly burns 0.75% sulfur coal.
Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, Belle, RM 69.3R



     Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company operates an organic chemical

plant at Belle adjacent to the duPont chemical plant [Figure 10].

The plant was initially operated by Belle Alkali as a chlorine caus-

tic plant in 1920.   Facilities for chlorination of methane to methyl

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T'i  R.
upont-City
                                               AEROBIC POND
                                             Du  PONT
                                           DIAMOND  SHAMROCK
                                      KER  MACHINERY
                Figure 10.   Location Map  - Belle Area

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66
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
 chloride  and  methylene were  added  in  1932.  After World War  II,
 production  of chlorine and caustic was  stopped.  The plant was con-           •
 verted to a methanol  starting  point in  1969.

      Raw  materials  in 1972 were  chlorine,  brought in by barge, and
 methanol  piped directly  from the duPont plant.   Products manufactured         •
 include methylene chloride,  chloroform, carbon  tetrachloride, muriatic        ™
 acid and  an intermediate product of methyl  chloride.   Production was          _
 estimated to  beMn'the range of  180 to  230 m. tons  (200 to 250 tons)/day      |
 in 1976.  Carbon tetrachloride production  was about 1.4 to 2.3 m. ton
 (1.5 to 2.5 tons)/day.                                                        |

      About  30,000 m /day (7.9  mgd) was "withdrawn from  the Kanawha             Ij
 River in  1972 and used for once-through,  non-contact cooling.  Only
          3
 about 8 m /day (0.002 mgd) was used in  the process  in  the liquid phase
 of a caustic  scrubber used to  neutralize  the methyl chloride gas stream
 containing  small amounts of  hydrogen  chloride.   This waste stream was         _
 not treated in 1972.  The 1977 aerial photographs [Figures 11 and 12]         |
 showed a  small pond at the northeast  corner of  the  plant; its function
 was unknown.                                                                  I
                                                                             I
                                                                              I
     Analysis of the Diamond Shamrock effluents in 1972 detected no          •
heavy metals other than a low level  of zinc.   No organic analyses
were run.  In late 1976, testing for carbon tetrachloride detected a
discharge of 3.6 kg (8 lb)/day.   No  chloroform data were reported.
Analyses of samples obtained from the two effluents in February 1977         _
during an investigation of carbon tetrachloride discharges to the            |
Kanawha River detected low levels of carbon tetrachloride, chloro-
form, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,         •
1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and dichlorobenzene
isomers.  All of these compounds are priority pollutants as are the          •
final products, methylene chloride and methyl chloride.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I

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                                                           67
               Figure   jj.

DuPonf  and  Diamond Shamrock - North Side

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68
                 DUPONT WWTP
                -&l-< AM ROCK
                                  Figure   12,

                  DuPonf and  Diamond Shamrock - South Side
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                                                                     69
     Organic residues from the process are primarily recovered and

used in the process.   Residues not used are sent to a disposal con-

tractor.   All residues containing carbon tetrachloride collected be-

tween 1968 and January 1975 (33 tons), were sent to a contractor in

early 1975.  Ultimate disposal locations were not defined.



     Available data indicate that the plant has discharged at least

eight priority pollutants with known toxicity.   Three raw materials

and final products are also toxic.  However, the data show only low

levels of releases of these toxic substances to the environment.  The

potential for major releases in the event of an accident or spill

does exist.
E.  I.  duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Belle, RM 68.5R



     The duPont plant is a large chemical production facility situated

on about 42 hectares (104 acres) along about 1.6 km (1 mi) of the

Kanawha River [Figure 10].  The plant began operation in 1926 with

the only product being ammonia.  Various products have been added

through plant expansions and more than 30 organic and inorganic chem-

icals are now produced.  Peak employment reached about 5,000 about

1945.   Current employment is 1,600.   Plant operations are continuous

and relatively uniform.


     In July 1976, substances identified by duPont as handled, used

as raw materials or produced as final product, intermediate or by-

product at the Belle plant and present on an EPA proposed hazardous

substance list included the following:

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70
      A list of products  submitted to EPA in late 1977 is  presented in
 Table 3.
 incineration.
                                                                         I
                                                                         I
                                                                         I
      Acetic Acid                        Hydrochloric  Acid
      Acetic Anhydride                    Hydrogen  Cyanide                      •
      Acetone Cyanhydrin            .      Methyl  Mercaptan                      |
      Aluminum Sulfate                    Methyl  Methacrylate
      Ammonia                            Monomethylamine                       ^
      Ammonium Chloride                   Phosphoric  Acid                       •
      Ammonium Hydroxide                  Potassium Hydroxide                   *
      Aniline                            Propyl  Alcohol
      Antimony Potassium  Tartrate         Sodium  Hydroxide                      I
      Antimony Trioxide   '                Sodium  Hypochlorite                   I
      Calcium Hypochlorite                Sodium  Methyl ate
      Chlorine                           Sodium  Nitrite                        •
      Cupric Formate                     Styrene                              |
      Cyclohexane                        Sulfuric  Acid
      Dimethyl amine                      Triethyl amine
      Formaldehyde                      ' Trimethyl amine                        •
                                         VansrHnm  Ppnt.nvirlp                   •
                                   Vanadium Pentoxide

                                                                         I
      Water use in early 1977 was  averaging about 435,000 m /day              •
                                                  3
 (115 mgd), a substantial  reduction  from 662,000 m /day (175 mgd)  in

 1972.   The reduction is due to process  changes.   Treated wastewater          •
 is discharged to the Kanawha River  through four outfalls.   There  are
 an additional 51 "non-contact water"  outfalls.                                •
 mid-1972 included a biological  (activated sludge)  wastewater treat-          *
Waste disposal facilities and practices in use at Belle in
                                                           >at-

                                                                         I
 ment plant,  an anaerobic pond,  incineration,  burning of liquid organic
 wastes in the powerhouse,  barging of fly ash  to a local landfill,
 barging of brines to the Gulf of Mexico and on-site deep well  disposal of
 brine and organic wastes.   In late 1977, barging of fly ash and brines       |
 had been discontinued.   In addition to incineration and wastewater
 treatment, some deep well  disposal was continuing.   Various waste             •
 materials were disposed of by contractors.   These were transported
 out of state by truck,  rail and barge for disposal  by landfill or             •
                                                                              I

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                                                             71
                      Table 3

                   PRODUCTS LIST
         E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND CO.
               Belle, West Virginia
Agricutlure Chemical Intermediate F-3259, F-3455
Ammonia
Benlate
Benomyl
Bis-para-aminocyclohexyl-methane
Carbon Monoxide
Dimethylacetamide
Dimethylether
Di methylformami de
Dimethylsulfate
Ethylene glycol
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Hydrogen
Hydroxyacetic Acid
Methacrylate:
     Methyl Methacrylate
     n-Butyl Methacrylate
     2-Ethyl Hexyl Methacrylate
     Methacrylic Acid
     Ethyl Methacrylate
Methyl amines
     Monomethylamines
     Dimethyl amines
     Trimethyl amines
Methylenedianaline
Methyl Formate
Small Lots Manufacturing Products
Sodium Styrene Sulfonate
Vazo

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72
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     Most process wastewater streams are discharged to the biological
plant for treatment.   Treated flows are in the range of 7,600 to             g
        2
11,400 m /day (2 to 3 mgd).   Treatment units include neutralization,
three isolation tanks for storage of spills, a large equalization            •
tank, a cooling tower, phosphorous feed, five aeration units and five
final clarifiers [Figure 12].   Waste activated sludge is pumped to           •
the anaerobic pond.  A 65% increase in treatment capacity was com-
pleted in 1977.
                                                                              •
      The  3  hectare  (7  acre)  anaerobic pond  is  in  a  side  valley  of
 Simmons Creek,  about 1  km  (0.6 mi)  north  of the main  plant  site [Fig-         |
 ures  13 and 14].  Originally built  for  fly  ash disposal,  the  pond was
 converted to treatment of  organic waste's.   It  now is  used for dis-            I
 posal  of  waste  activated sludge.  In 1972,  some process  wastes  were
 also  pumped to  the  pond.                                                      •

      The  pond was formed by  construction  of a  dam from cinders  and
 from  clay and rock  fill.   A  cinder  keyway through the dam allows the
 pond  contents to continuously seep  through  the dam  where they are
 collected in a  sump and piped to the biological treatment plant.              I
                                                                             I
      Areas  adjacent  to  the  pond  appeared,  in  aerial  photographs  taken        •
 in October  1977,  to  be  used for  disposal  of various  solid and liquid
 wastes.   An apparently  active  disposal  area was  located  north (up-            •
 hill) of the pond [Figure  14].   Black 55-gal  drums were  neatly stacked       ™
 beside three upright cylindrical  tanks at the north  edge of the  disposal      M
 area.   A pile of  randomly  dumped drums were at the south edge of the         I
 area.   Unknown solid wastes were dumped in the area.   Near the north
 end of the  pond,  rusting containers  had been  dumped  down the hillside.        |

      A diversion  ditch  has  been  constructed around the pond to pre-          •
 vent surface runoff  from adjacent hillsides from reaching the pond.
                                                                              I
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                                                73
       Figure  13.

DuPonf  Anaerobic  Pond

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74
                                Figure  M.

                           DuPon/ Disposal  Area
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                                                                      75
     Near the west end of the dam forming the anaerobic pond, a small

pond was diked off on the hillside [Figure 13].   It contained a red-

dish brown liquid in contrast to the black anaerobic pond contents.

Unknown solid wastes had been dumped into the pond on the west side.

A 1973 duPont drawing labeled the pond as a "waste retention" pond.


     An active landfill operation was present south of the dam.  A

white material had been placed against the toe of the dam.  Gray ma-

terial with the^appearance of bottom ash and/or fly ash was being

deposited downstream from the dam.  It is not documented in file ma-

terials if this is the present fly ash disposal  area.


     There were no data in the file to "define what wastes are land-

filled in this area, what control measures are employed or if there

are any linings or other protective barriers to prevent contamination

of groundwater.  There did not appear to be a lining under the anaero-

bic pond.


     Solid wastes from the plant are disposed of by various contrac-

tors.


     Two deep wells, 460 and 1,610 m (1,500 and 5,300 ft) deep, respec-

tively, were previously used for waste disposal.  Injected wastes

were primarily brines but included soluble organic materials such as

aniline, aromatic ami no compounds, and chlorinated and brominated

derivatives of benzene.  A 1972 State permit limited the total volume

to be injected to 518,000 m3 (137 million gal)/year.  In late 1977,

the deepest well  (No. 2) was still in use.  Materials and volumes

discharged to the well were not documented.  It is thus not known if

the same substances are still injected.  It is probable that process

changes and diversion of wastes to biological treatment have occurred.

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76
      A source of nitrosamine  emissions  was  discovered  at  the  Belle
 plant by EPA in early 1976.   These  emissions  are  now flared.   Nitros-
I
I
      Materials  barged  to  the  Gulf  were  wastes  from  spent  glycol  re-
 covery and from production  of Benlate benomyl  fungicide and  sodium            I
 styrene sulfonate  (SSS).  The wastes contained sodium  terephthalate,
 ethylene glycol, SSS,  chlorides, sulfates,  other  organics, antimony           I
 and low levels  of  cadmium and mercury.   Current disposal  of  these
 wastes was not  documented.                            •                        •

      Antimony,  copper  and phenol are the only  priority pollutants             «
 monitored in the wastewater discharges.   Discharge  monitoring  reports         |
 showed copper loads  averaged  43  kg (95  lb)/day in 1975 and 34  kg (74
 lb)/day in 1976 with a maximum discharge of 113 kg  (250 lb)/day.              I
 Both antimony and  phenol  discharges were nil.   In 1973, about  14,500
 kg (32,000 lb)/month of antimony were barged to ocean  disposal.               I
 amines  were also present in  the  anaerobic  pond.                          •     _

      In late 1977,  duPont reported  that  49 hydrocarbon  compounds  were
 emitted to the atmosphere from the  Belle plant.   Ten of these com-            I
 pounds  (analine, butyl  isocyanate,  carbon  monoxide,  dimethyl  sulfate,
 ethyl  chloroformate,  HCN, methyl  chloroformate,  methylene chloride,           I
 methylene dianiline and mono methyl amine)  are  considered by duPont  to
 have serious toxicity.                                                        •

      Data showed that NO,, emissions from the three boilers were more         _
 than 380 kg (850 lb)/hr.   Carbon monoxide  emissions  from several  sources     |
 totaled more than 620 kg (1,370  lb)/hr.  Methylene chloride emissions
 were about 14 kg (30 lb)/hr.                                                  J

      A total of 35 spills of chemicals,  acids  and oils  were reported         I
 to the EPA between August 1975 and  August  1977.   Copper liquor was
 one toxic chemical  spilled.                                                   •
                                                                              I

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                                                                     77
     In summary, the duPont Belle plant handles large quantities of

chemicals, some of which are known toxic substances.   Known dis-

charges of toxic substances to the Kanawha River are small except for

copper.  The potential for larger releases is present, however, and

monitoring data on toxic substances are very limited.  Large emis-

sions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are reported.  Emissions

of other toxic substances to the atmosphere are reportedly small.
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES



     There are six known minor industrial sources of wastewater dis-

charges with NPDES permits in the Upper Kanawha Valley.   In addition,

aerial photographs recorded in October 1977 showed several potential

sources of water pollution.  None of these sources appear to be sig-

nificant sources of toxic substances.
Exxon Corporation, Boomer Terminal, RM 88.9R



     This is a small terminal engaged in the wholesale distribution

of petroleum and petroleum products [Figure 5].  Originally con-

structed about 55 years ago, the terminal was remodeled in 1966.
                               3
Sales volume is about 114,000 m  (30 million gal)/year.


     Surface runoff and water drained from the storage tanks are treat-

ed in an oil separator with a capacity of 11,000 liters (3,000 gal).

Any recovered petroleum is used off-site.  Sludge is removed from the

oil separator annually by a tank cleaning contractor for off-site

disposal.



     There appears to be no significant potential for release of toxic

substances to the environment from this facility.

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78


 West Virginia Water Company,  Montgomery  Plant,  RM  85.6

      This small  water treatment plant has  been  in  operation  since
 1927.   Water withdrawn from the Kanawha  River is mixed  with  alum and
 chlorine, clarified and passed through pressure sand  filters.   In
 1972,  an average of about 2,200 m3  (578,000  gal)/day  was  treated.
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      Sanitary wastes,  filter backwash  and  clarifier sludge  were               _
 scheduled to be connected to the  Montgomery sewerage system in  1972.          |
 Thus, there may no longer be a direct  surface  discharge  at  this
 facility.                                                                     I

      Except for the minor potential  of chlorine releases, this                •
 facility is not a source of toxic substances.

                                                                              I
 Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Co.,  Handley,  RM 83.6L

      This terminal facility includes a yard office, a locomotive car
 building, a car department building, a fueling station,  and a turn-           •
 table and roundhouse [Figure 15].  It  has  been in existence about 100        •
 years.                                                                        •

      Most buildings are served by septic tanks; the YMCA is served by
 a small package aerobic digestion plant.  An oil  separator  is used to        •
                                                                   3
 treat drainage from the fueling station.  Flow averages  about 15 m
 (4,000 gal)/day.   Oil  is salvaged and shipped  off-site.   Sludge is           I
 periodically removed by a septic  tank contractor.

      This facility is  not a significant source of toxic  substances.           *
 Analysis of an effluent sample for heavy metals in 1972  detected none
 present.
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TTil* \ £" \\   U VV  ^S^^V*  b^-'Sm  S.
                       Figure  15.  Location Map - Handley & Hugheston Areas

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80                                                                            ™

                                                                              I
 Texaco,  Inc.,  Hugheston (Montgomery)  Terminal,  RM 81.6R

      This small  terminal  receives,  stores  and distributes  petroleum
 products !Figure 151.   There  was  no industrial  use of water in  1972.          I
 Storm runoff and water drained from the  tanks were discharged un-
 treated.   An oil separator was to be  installed in 1972.  This termin-         •
 al  is not a source of toxic substances.                                       *

                                                                              I
 Valley Camp Coal Co., Shrewsbury, RM 74.5R
                                                                              I
      This facility consists  of a mine and a coal  preparation plant
                                                     3
 [Figure 9].   Mine infiltration water averaging 190 m  (50,000 gal)/day
 is discharged untreated to the Kanawha River.
I
      At the preparation plant,  coal  is  crushed,  washed,  screened,              |
 graded to size,  and stockpiled  for shipment.   Wastewaters are col-
 lected in a sludge tank and then passed through  sieves and centri-            I
 fugal driers.   Collected solids are returned  to  a coal storage pile.
 Effluents from the driers are sent to thickeners, given chemical  and          I
 coagulation treatment and vacuum filtered to  recover coal and mineral
 solids.  All water is then recycled,  except for  irregular discharges          •
 to lagoons used for drying beds.   Overflows from the lagoons averag-          "
        •3
 ing 4 m /day (1,000 gpd) are discharged to the Kanawha River.                 _

      Sampling of the two effluents from the mine and preparation plant
 in 1972 detected low levels of  several  heavy  metals and a zinc load           •
 of about 14 kg (30 lb)/day.  Except for zinc, this facility does not
 appear to discharge toxic substances.                                         I
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                                                                     81
Cecil I.  Walker Machinery Co., Belle, RM 70.4R


     This facility is located in Belle just upstream of the Diamond

Shamrock-duPont complex [Figure 10].   The Company is engaged in the

sale, maintenance, overhaul and repair of earth-moving equipment.



     The plant was constructed in 1959.   In 1972, the plant operated.

two shifts/day, five days/week, and employed about 280 persons.



     Water supply is obtained from the Belle water system.   In 1972,
         3
about 9 m /day (7,500 gpd) were used in the wash room to wash equip-

ment, and in the dynometer room to cool  motors.   Sanitary wastewaters

were discharged to the municipal system.  Wash and cooling water were

discharged to three long, narrow lagoons operated in series.   Most of

the sediment in the wash water was earth, which was settled out in

the first lagoon.  Sediments were periodically removed by a back hoe

and used for landfill on Company property.



     Aerial  photographs recorded in October 1977 showed the three

ponds were still in use [Figure 16].   The first pond in series appear-

ed to contain either very turbid water or to be nearly filled with

sediment.  More than one-third of the surface area was covered with

oil.  The other two pond surfaces were bright yellow, the same color

as the paint on the refinished equipment.  Apparently, some type of

paint waste was being discharged to the lagoons.  Piles of solid waste,

probably sediments dredged from the first pond,  were adjacent to the

pond system.



     Grab samples of the final pond effluent taken in 1971  and 1972

showed the effluent to have high COD and solids.  Low levels of chrome,

copper, lead, and zinc were detected.



     It would appear that paint wastes not present in 1972 are now

being discharged from this facility.   This could increase the dis-

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82
 Other Minor Industrial  Sources
I
I
 charge of heavy metals.   No data were available  on organic chemicals
 or on air emissions,   disposal  of contaminated sediments  on-site             I
 could result in surface  runoff  of heavy metals.   However,  this  plant
 does not appear to be a  significant source of toxic substances.               I
I
      Aerial  photographs of the Upper Kanawha Valley taken in October         I
 1977 detected several  additional  possible sources of water pollution
 [Figures 9 and 17].   West of Chelyan on the south bank of the river          I
 was a small  facility with three storage tanks identified on the navi-
 gation charts as the Pure Oil  Company.  „ Several  trucks that appeared         •
 to have hauled asphalt or heavy crude oil were parked at the site.            I
 No NPDES permit exists for this facility.

      A stockpile of what appeared to be a chemical  substance was adja-
 cent to the west side of the Pure Oil facility.   The stockpile con-          I
 tained alternating bands of white and light blue substances.   A drag-
 line was actively unloading a white substance from a barge.   Material        I
 was being dumped into a hopper that fed a conveyor that moved the
 material to the stockpile.   Spillage around the hopper was reaching          •
 the river.  Surface runoff from the pile could easily move material          •
 into the river.   The nature or ownership of the stockpile was unknown.

      A dredging operation was active in the river near the stockpile
 [Figure 17].   A clamshell or dragline was dredging material from the         •
 river bottom for processing in a floating-washing facility.   Coal re-
 covered from the sediments was then conveyed to an adjacent barge.            •
 The washing operation produced a long, black plume in the river.

      Across the river at Diamond, a waste pond was observed next to a        •
 large building [Figure 9].   The nature of the operation and disposal         _
 of effluent, if any, could not be determined.                                |
                                                                              I

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it-
                           16.
  Cecil Walker Machinery Company -Belle

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                               Figure 17.

                  Materials  Stockpile West of Che/yon
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                                                                      85
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES


     There are 12 communities in the Upper Kanawha Valley that have

NPDES permits to discharge municipal wastewaters to the Kanawha River.

Wastewater volumes and levels of treatment for these discharges are

listed in Table 4.



     Known industrial facilities in Upper Valley communities were

previously listed in Table 2 in Section VI.  Except for major indus-

tries with known direct discharges to the Kanawha River, there are no

significant industrial sources of toxic substances in these communi-

ties.  Therefore, toxic substances present in the municipal discharges

would be primarily from normal domestic-wastes.



     Because the population of the Upper Valley is relatively small,

no significant discharges of toxic substances from municipal sources

should be present.  Disposal of sludge from the various treatment

facilities could be a minor potential source of toxic substances in-

cluding heavy metals.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL



     Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes are generated by

major industrial facilities in the Upper Kanawha Valley.  Disposal

practices at the Union Carbide plant at Alloy, the Diamond Shamrock

and duPont plants at Belle, and the two Appalachian Power Company

power plants were previously discussed.  Some solid wastes potentially

containing minor amounts of toxic subtances are generated by minor

industries and by municipalities.  These are not considered to be

significant sources of toxic substances.  Municipal solid waste dis-

posal practices were not defined.

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86
                               Table 4

              MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
                         UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY
Community
Belle
Cedar Grove
Chelyan Public
Service Dist.
Chesapeake
Glasgow
Handley
Kanawha Falls PSD
(Boomer Village,
Charlton Heights
Population
Served
2,000
5,000

3,000
5,000
1,000
200
7,000

Village,
Flow
3
m /day
760
1,890

1,140
1,890
490
76
2,650
,

mgd
0.2
0.5

0.3
0.5
0.13
0.02
0.7


Level of
Treatment
Secondary
None

None
Primary
Primary
None
None .


Falls View Village,
Glen Ferris Vill
Montgomery
Pratt
TOTALS
age)
5,000
1 ,000
29,200

1,890
450
11,236

0.5
0.12
2.97

Primary
None
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                                                                     87
     DuPont and Diamond Shamrock dispose of wastes off-site by con-

tractor.   Movement of these wastes by truck, train and barge presents

the potential for spills and for inadequate disposal practices at

other locations.
NON-POINT SOURCES


     There is much,coal mining activity in the Upper Kanawha Valley

vicinity, both surface and underground.  Runoff from surface mines

and drainage pumped from underground mines can contain acids and heavy

metals.  Data were not available to define the potential contribution

of toxic substances from these sources.,.


     Populated areas are concentrated along valley floors adjacent to

water courses.  Surface runoff and indiscriminant dumping in these

areas would contribute small amounts of toxic substances.


     Mobil sources including automobiles, trucks, trains and boats

emit toxic substances including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and

variuos hydrocarbons.  Because of the small population, the amount of

these toxics emitted would be relatively low, but would be in close

proximity to populated areas.

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     VIII.  SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES — CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY
     For purposes of this report, the Central Kanawha Valley is defined

as the developed valley of the Kanawha River between Marmet Dam at

Marmet (River Mile 67.7) and St.  Albans (River Mile 46) [Figure 18].

This 35 km (22 mi) reach of the valley is wider and less winding than

the Upper Kanawha Valley but is still relatively narrow with a maximum

valley floor width of about 1.6 km (1 mi).  Flanking mountains decrease

in height above the valley floor moving downstream.  Average mountain

heights are less than 200 m in the Charleston vicinity.


     A large majority of the Kanawha Valley population is concen-

trated in this central area.  The cities of Charleston, South Charles-

ton, Dunbar, Institute and St.  Albans have a combined population of

about 115,000.  Urban and industrial developments are concentrated

along the valley floor with residential areas divided between the

valley and adjacent hillside and tributary valley suburbs.



     Major industrial facilities are located along the Kanawha River

at South Charleston and Institute.   Several small industrial plants

are scattered up and down the valley.


     The municipal water supply for most of the area is provided by

the West Virginia Water Company.   Raw water is obtained from the Elk

River.  Most industrial water is obtained from the Kanawha River.

This valley reach encompasses the upper half of the Winfield Dam navi-

gation pool.

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                                                                     91
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES


     There are three major industrial plants and a major municipal

wastewater treatment facility primarily treating industrial waste-

waters in the central valley.  Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant

is one of the largest petrochemical plants in the world.  The adja-

cent South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company facility treats Union

Carbide's process wastewaters along with South Charleston municipal

wastewaters and can be considered an industrial source of toxic sub-

stances.   FMC Corp. operates a large inorganic chemicals plant at

South Charleston just downstream from Union Carbide.  A few kilome-

ters downstream, Union Carbide operates a major organic chemicals

plant at Institute.



     The following sections discuss the raw materials, products, water

uses, wastewater treatment, wastewater discharge characteristics, air

emissions and hazardous waste disposal practices at each of the four

facilities as they effect releases of toxic substances to the environment.
Union Carbide Corp., Chemicals and Plastics Div.,

South Charleston, RM 54.6-56.2



     Union Carbide's Chemicals and Plastics Division operates two

facilities in South Charleston, the South Charleston Plant and the

Technical Center.  The South Charleston Plant is one of the largest

petrochemical plants in the world.  It produces more than 500 different

chemicals, plastics and fibers from derivatives of natural gas and

petroleum.  Most products are intermediates that are either used in

other processes or are sold to customers for use in finished products.



     The plant occupies an area of about 93 hectares (230 acres).

Production facilities are on 2 km (1.25 mi) long Blaine Island and

about a 1.6 km (1 mi) reach of the south bank of the Kanawha River

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92
      The Center occupies  an area of about 255 hectares  (630  acres).
 This includes the large Ward Hollow and Holz  waste  disposal  ponds.
I
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 [Figure 19].   Two storage facilities  occupy about 0.8  km (0.5  mi)  of         «
 the north river bank.                                                         |

      Production at the plant is  continuous.   An  average  of about             I
 3,630,000 kg  (8,000,000 Ib)  of intermediates and products were re-
 portedly used in the processes or produced  for sale to customers each        •
 day in 1971.   Current employment is about  1,700.   Production at this
 location began in 1929.                                                       •
                '   •                                                           I
      To the southwest is the large Technical Center [Figure 19].              _
 This research, development and engineering  center employed about            . |
 2,800 in 1971.  No products  as such are manufactured at  the Center.
 However, various pilot plants are operated  as part of  the research           •
 and development activities.   Most union Carbide  products were  devel-
 oped at this  Center.                                                      •    9
 I
      The Center has a low potential  for release  of toxic substances           |
 to the environment relative to the  major production facility.   The
 following discussion will  concentrate on releases  from the South Charles-      I
 ton Plant.

      The list of raw materials,  intermediates  and  final  products used
 or produced at the South Charleston plant is voluminous.   A partial
 listing including products of both  the South Charleston  and Institute
 plants is given in Table 5.                                                   .

      More than 450 raw materials are received  at South Charleston
 including the following priority pollutants:   acrylonitrile, benzene,         I
 ethylene dichloride, isophorone, nickel, vinyl chloride  and zinc chloride.
 In late 1976, Union Carbide estimated that about 65 of 300 compounds          I
 I
                                                                               I

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                ••      .


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    94
                                             TABLE  5

                         Products  List -  Union  Carbide  Corp
                       Institute  and  South  Charleston  Plants
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acids, Patty and Higher Synthetic
  Fatty Acids -  Chemically Specified  Group
    Hexanoic
  Synthetic Group
    2-Methylpentanoic acid
    2-Ethylbutanoic
    2-Ethylhexanoic
Alcohols, Fatly  and  Higher Synthetic
  4-Methyl-2-pentano!
  5-Elhyl-2-nonanol
Aldol
Alkylate, linear
Alkylpyridme
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) ethyl  acelate
n-Butyl  acetate
Butyraldol
n-Butyric acid
Carbon monoxide
1-Chlorobutane
Chlorodifluorome thane
2-Chloroethanol
Crotonaldehyde
3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Diethyl  maleate
2.6-Dimethylmorpholine
N.N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine
2.4-Dinitrotoluene
2.4- (and 2.6)-Dmitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane
3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3.4-epoxycyclohexane carboxyla'e
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-(2-[2-Ethoxyethoxyl ethoxy) ethanol
Ethyl acetate
2-Ethylbutyraldehyde
Ethylene glycol  diacetate
Ethyl ether
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
2-Ethylhexyl tallate
5-Ethyhdenenorbornene
Etnyi silicate
Ethyl vinyl  ether

flavor and  Fragrance  Chemicals
  Oiethyl succmate
  Isobutyl acetate
F.jO'OCarbons
G'jtaraldehyde
G jtsnc  anhydride
Hydrochloric acid
r-yO'ogen
Mfd'Oxyethyl  cellulose
\ 2  Hydroxyethyldiethylenetriamme
M2-Hydroxyethyl) ethyleneimine
^yo'oxyethylpiperazine
4 riydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanono
l.r-lminodi-2-propanol
isobutoxyethanol
liobutyl  vinyl  ether
iiocyanates. Organic
  Methyl isocyanate
  Toluene dusocyanate
Isopenianoic acid
isophorone
isopropyl acetate
Kovalerone
Vedicmals
  Piperazme, base
  Piperazme derivatives
Mesityl oxide
2-Methoxyethyl  acetate
Meihoxypolyethylene glycol
l-Methoxy-2-propanol
3-(3-Methoxypropoxy)-1-propanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl chloride
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine
Methyl isobutyl  ketone
2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol
2-Methyt-2,4-pentanediol diacetate
N-Methylpiperazme
2-Methylvaleraldehyde
Methyl vinyl ether
1-Naphthol
t .1'. 1 "-Nitnlotri-2-propanol
Oxo chemicals
Paraldehyde
2.4-Pentanedione
2-Pentanone
Pesticides
  Aldicarb
  2-Ethyl-1.3-hexanediol
  Sevin®
Phosgene
2-Picoline
4-Picplino
Plasticizers
  Tetraethyleno glycol di (2-ethylhexanoate)
  Tnethylene glycol di-(2-ethylbutyrate)
  Tn  (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
Plastics and Resins
  Acrylic resins
  Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins
  Polyurethane surface coating resins
  Polyvmyl  acetate resins
  Polyvinyl  butyral resins
  Polyvinyl  phloride-acetate  copolymer  resins
 Polyether polyols for  urethane applications
 Polyethor polyols for  non-urethane applications
 Polyethylene glycol
 Polyethylene oxide
 "olypropoxy ethers
 Polypropylene glycol
 P'Opionic anhydride
 n-Propy| acetate
 "-Propyl alcohol
 Pfopylene glycol
 Surface-Active  Agents
   Alcohols, mixed linear,  ethoxylated  and sulfated.
      sodium salt
   Nonylphenol. ethoxylated
   n-Octylamme
   Phenol,  ethoxylated
   Poly  (mixed ethylene/propylene) glycol
 Tetraethylene glycol
 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
 Tetralol
 Tetralone
 N.N.N',N'-Tetramethyl-1.3-butanediamine
 Toluene-2.4-diamme
 Triacetm
 Tnethylene glycol diacetate
 2.6,8-Tnmethyl-4-nonanone
 Tripropylene glycol
 Valeric acid
 4-Vmyl-1-cyclohexene
 5-Vinyl norbornene
  General and Compounded Products
    Phenyl  alkanes
    UCAR  Fiimer 351
    UCON  Hydrolubes (H8  series. LB series,  and WC  series)
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                                                                    95
listed in an EPA proposed Hazardous Substance List were handled at
South Charleston.   At the same time, a preliminary review of the 65
priority pollutants by Union Carbide indicated that only four (acryl-
onitrile, haloethers, isophorone and vinyl chloride) were known or
believed to be present in wastewater discharges.
                                                       3
     In 1976, water use at the plant averaged 540,000 m /day (143
mgd), down from 840,000 m3/day (222 mgd) in 1972.   Only 15,000 m3/day
(4 mgd) of the 1976 flow was used for contact process purposes.   At
one time the plant had 91 active wastewater outfalls.  This was reduced
to 20 in 1977.  Only cooling waters are discharged directly to the
Kanawha River.  Various pollutants are present in the cooling waters
because of leaks,  spills, etc.  Process" wastewaters are collected in
a redwood flume for transport to the South Charleston Sewage Treat-
ment Company for treatment and disposal (see discussion in the follow-
ing section).

     Phenol and vinyl chloride are the only priority pollutants required
to be monitored in the cooling water discharges by the NPDES permit.
In 1976, an average of 10 kg (22 lb)/day of phenol was reportedly
discharged.  No vinyl chloride discharge was reported.  Bioassays are
required periodically on several outfalls.  A TLm of 4.7% was reported
for one outfall (025) indicating the effluent was strongly toxic.

     Union Carbide periodically monitored its cooling water outfalls
for organic chemicals during the last half of 1976.  Gas chromato-
graph analysis detected 29 specific organic chemicals.  The frequency
of detection ranged from 1 to 23 times during the 180-day period.
Observed concentrations ranged from 1 to 385 ppm.   Acetone was the
most frequently detected and the highest concentration.  None of the
chemicals detected were priority pollutants.

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                                                                              I

                                                                              I
     Union Carbide also monitors the process wastewaters discharged           «
to the South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company.   Gas chromatograph          X
analyses detected 44 specific organic chemicals in average concentra-
tions ranging from 2 to 954 ppm.  Acrylonitrile,  a priority pollutant,        I
was discharged at an average concentration of 192 ppm.

     Various outfalls were sampled for phenols and heavy metals during
the 1972 EPA survey.  Concentrations were either  below detection limits       •
or at low levels.  In 1975, several samples were  collected from South         •
Charleston Plant outfalls for organic analyses.  No organics were             _
detected in measurable quantities.                                          .  |

     Numerous organic compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from 19         •
source areas with numerous emission points.  More than 50 of these
compounds have known toxicities ranging from slightly toxic to carcino-   •    I
genie.  Compounds of special concern include acrylonitrile (3 kg/hr),
benzene, dioxane, isophorone, and vinyl chloride.   The most hazardous         •
emission is vinyl chloride monomer.  This substance is covered by             •
NESHAPS regulations.  The vinyl chloride operations at this location          ^
have a waiver of compliance until 1978.  Prior to 1977, vinyl chlor-          |
ide emissions were about 14 kg (30 lb)/hr.  These were reduced to
about 1.4 kg (3 lb)/hr in 1977 by a process change.  Also, vinyl chlor-       •
ide vents are now incinerated at the steam plants.  Three reported
accidental releases of vinyl chloride totalling 2,700 kg (5,900 Ib)           fl|
occurred during March-August 1977.  The largest,  a release of 1,700
kg (3,800 Ib), occurred on March 20.                                          •

     There are two power plants at this facility.   The Island Power           _
House has nine boilers ranging in design capacity from 95 to 330 million      H
Btu.  Various fuels including coal, natural gas,  liquid waste and
                                                           3                  tt
waste gases can be used.  In 1975, an average of 57 to 95 m  (15,000          •
to 25,000 gal)/day of miscellaneous hydrocarbon residues were inciner-
ated. ' Combustion of waste gases and liquids and of coal releases SO^         B
                                                                              I

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                                                                   97
and NO  to the atmosphere along with other possible toxic substances.
      /^
No data were available in the Region III air files to define the quantity
or characteristics of possible emissions of toxic substances from the
boilers.   About 450 kg (1,000 lb)/hr of NO  are emitted with all boilers
                                          X
in operation.

     The Mainland Power Station has two boilers rated at 200 million
Btu each.   They can burn natural gas or coal.   Combustion of coal
releases S09 and NO  to the atmosphere.  Emissions of NO  are about
           £-       J\                                    /\
200 kg (440 lb)/hr.

     Fly ash slurry from the power plants containing about 45,400 kg
(100,000 lb)/day of solids is pumped to" a disposal pond south of the
Technical  Center [Figure 19].  Prior to 1973,  the pond used was the
Ward Hollow Pond.  This pond also received industrial sludges from
the South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company containing 9,000 kg
(20,000 lb)/day of solids and possibly some wastewaters from the Techni-
cal Center.  Effluent from the pond was initially discharged to Ward
Hollow and thence to the Kanawha River by way of Davis Creek.  Because
of the high oxygen demand of the pond effluent, it was piped to the
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company in 1972.

     Use of the Ward Hollow Pond was discontinued about 1973 and use
of the Holz Pond to the west initiated [Figure 19].  Holz Pond effluent
is piped to the treatment plant.  File information does not indicate
if the Ward Hollow Pond still discharges to the treatment plant.  No
information was available to define the potential for seepage from
the ponds into ground and surface waters.

     The 1972 EPA survey sampled the Ward Hollow effluent, then dis-
charged to the river.  Its main constituents were high levels of cal-
cium chloride. Low levels of cyanide, phenols, cadmium, chromium,
copper and nickel were detected.  No organic analyses were performed.

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                                                                             I

                                                                             I
     Aerial photographs of the ponds taken in December 1977,  showed          M
that the Ward Hollow Pond was still  partially covered by water.   Two         m
large tank trucks were discharging liquids to the upper end of the
Holz Pond.  This could have been sludge from sludge storage ponds at         I
Union Carbide's Institute Plant.  Sludge from the Institute plant
containing 13,600 kg (30,000 lb)/day of solids is also piped to the          I
Holz Pond.  These sludge discharges  began in late 1977.

     Chemical wastes (apparently both solid and liquid) are trans-           ™
ported to the Goff Mountain Landfill adjacent to the Union Carbide           ^
Institute Plant (see later section on this plant).   Non-chemical solid       I
wastes (lumber, paper, scrap polymer) are landfilled in the "Fill-
mont" area between the Technical Center and the FMC Inorganic Chemicals      I
Division's fly ash pond [Figure 19]  or are sent to an undefined land-
fill operated by Kanawha County.   Aerial photographs taken in October       •
1977 showed two fill areas bisected by the Interstate Highway [Fig-
ures 20 and 21].  Both areas showed recent use.                         '     •

     In summary, the Union Carbide South Charleston Plant is a major
petrochemical facility that handles  numerous hazardous and/or toxic
substances.  Available information indicates that direct discharges
of toxic substances to the Kanawha River in plant wastewaters are             a
relatively small.  Only a few priority pollutants are discharged.
The potential for spills of toxic substances exists.  Air emissions           •
also contain toxic substances.  Vinyl chloride emissions have been
recently reduced but three accidental releases occurred during 1977.          •
Emissions from incineration of organic pollutants have not been defined.      *
The plant disposes of large volumes of solid wastes in disposal ponds         ^
and landfills.  The current environmental impact of these disposal            V
practices is undefined.
                                                                              "
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                                               99
      Figure  20.
Fast  Landfill A rea

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                                Figure  21.

                           West Landfill Area
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                                                                   101
South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company,
South Charleston, RM 56.2L

     South Charleston Sewage Treatment Company (STC), a subsidiary of
Union Carbide, operates a wastewater treatment plant owned by the
City of South Charleston.  The facility is a joint venture between
Union Carbide and the City to treat process wastewaters from Union
Carbide's South Charleston Plant and municipal wastewaters from the
City and is adjacent to the South Charleston Plant [Figure 19].

     The plant began operation in 1963.  It provided primary treat-
ment of both industrial and municipal wastewaters and secondary treat-
ment of about one-third of the effluent.   Facilities to provide secon-
dary treatment of all flows were completed in 1968.   Additional facili-
ties were completed in 1977.

     The plant is designed for separate primary treatment of municipal •
and industrial wastes.  The two primary effluents could then be mixed
for secondary treatment or handled separately.  In 1977, the two effluents
received separate secondary treatment.   Treated effluents were combined
before discharge.

     Municipal primary treatment units include a grit chamber, two
primary clarifiers, a sludge thickener and vacuum sludge filters.
Both pre- and post-chlorination are provided.  Primary sludge is thick-
ened and then dewatered on the filters.  Filter cake is hauled to a
South Charleston landfill.  The location was not given in the file.
There is no sludge digestion.

     Chlorinated primary effluent receives secondary treatment (acti-
vated sludge process) in the Aero Accelators.  These units provide
both aeration and secondary clarification.  Waste activated sludge is
pumped to the industrial influent.   Effluent from the Aero Accelators
is discharged to the plant outfall.

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102
                                                                              I
     No data were present in the file on toxic substances in the muni-        ^
cipal wastewaters.   There were no reported Major Contributing Industries      JQ
on the municipal system.   The manufacturing directory did not list
any significant potential industrial  sources of toxic substances with         •
South Charleston addresses other than plants with known direct surface
                                             fj
discharges.   Municipal flow was about 7,600 m /day (2 mgd) in September       fl
1976.  The South Charleston population is about 16,000.   There thus
appears to be no significant industrial  flow in the municipal system.
                                                                              •
     Existing municipal flow is about one-third of design flow.   Appar-       ^
ently, the municipal system is usually operated with only one primary         |
clarifier and one Aero Accelator in use at one time.   Aerial  photographs
taken in late September and mid-October showed the No.  2 clarifier            •
and accelator were not in operation [Figure 22].

     Process wastewaters from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant
are conveyed to the treatment plant in a redwood flume.   These waste-         •
waters can be pumped to one of the four large holding tanks for spill         m
containment or for emergency storage during power outages.

     Process wastewaters from the redwood flume are pumped to a grit
chamber and then to two primary clarifiers operated in parallel.               •
Grit is landfilled in Union Carbide's "Fillmont" area.   Primary indus-
trial sludge (including municipal and industrial waste activated sludge)      jft
containing about 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)/day of solids is pumped to the          *
Holz Pond near Union Carbide's Technical Center [Figure 19].   No sludge
thickening is provided.  Return supernatant from Holz Pond is discharged
to the treatment plant influent.                                              _
                                                                              w
     Primary effluent is neutralized by chemical additions and conveyed
to the equalization tanks.   It is then released to the large, rectangular     •
aeration basin.  Basin effluent flows through three final clarifiers
operated in parallel.  Clarified effluent goes to the plant outfall.          •
                                                                              m
                                                                              9
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                                                 103
           Figure  22.

Ch«r/««ton S«wog«  Tr««fm.nf Company

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104
                             Figure  23.

            FMC  South Charleston  - East P/anf Are,
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                                                                   105
Activated sludge is returned to the aeration basin with waste sludge
combined with primary industrial sludge for pumping to Holz Pond.

     In 1977, the average industrial flow treated was in the range of
                  3
15,000 to 23,000 m /day (4 to 6 mgd).   Phenol and vinyl chloride monomer
are the only priority pollutants limited by the NPDES permit.  Phenol
loads must average less than 1.4 kg (3 lb)/day.   A vinyl chloride
concentration of 0.58 ppm was measured in the effluent in December
1977.  During the 1972 EPA survey, no heavy metals, cyanide or phenol
were measured in the plant effluent.  However, a 96-hour TLm of 26%
indicated that effluent toxicity was higher than would be expected
following this treatment.  In July 1977, a 96-hr LC50 of 38% was measured.
The 1975 organics sampling detected low" levels of only two compounds
in the effluent.

     As discussed in the previous section, numerous organic compounds
including acrylonitrile, a priority pollutant, have been detected in
the Union Carbide process wastewaters discharged to the treatment
plant.  Current data is inadequate to assess the removal of these
substances in the treatment process.

     Because of the presence of toxic substances in the process waste-
waters treated by the plant, any bypassing would result in the discharge
of toxic substances to the Kanawha River.   Industrial sludges currently
landfilled would also contain toxic substances.
FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Division, South Charleston, RM 54-55L

     FMC Corp.  operates this major chemical plant occupying three
production areas in South Carolina [Figure 19].   The main production
area is the east plant adjacent to Union Carbide's South Charleston
plant [Figure 23].   The two other production areas are adjacent to
the converted Naval Ordnance Center [Figures 24 and 25].

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106
      Completed  in  1915,  this plant was the  first major chemical plant
 in  the  Kanawha  Valley.   Production is continuous with little seasonal
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
variation.  Current employment is about 1,250.

     A 1977 list of products included ammonia,  carbon disulfide,  car-
bon tetrachloride, chlorine, cyanuric acid,  hydrogen peroxide,  sodium         •
hydroxide, dichloro-5-triazine-2,4,6-(!H, 3H,  5H) trione,  sodium salt
and 1, 3, 5-trichloro-s-triazine-2,4,6-(lH,  3H, 5H) trione.   Most             •
products are manufactured at the east plant.   Chlorinated  dry bleach          *
is made at the central plant and hydrogen peroxide at the  west plant.         •
Principal raw materials are salt brine, coal,  urea, sulfur and natural        •
gas.

                                   3
     An annual average of 360,000 m /day (95 mgd) of cooling water is
withdrawn from the Kanawha River through intakes at the east end and          •
central production areas.   The only treatment is coarse screening and
                             3
chlorination.   About 11,000 m /day (3 mgd) of process, sanitary and
drinking water is obtained from the West Virginia Water Company.
Cooling water intakes are downstream of wastewater discharges from            _
Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant and the South Charleston Sew-          •
age Treatment Company.

     In early 1977, wastewaters were discharged through 26 outfalls,
25 of which discharged to the Kanawaha River and one to Davis Creek           •
about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) above its confluence with the river.  Eight
outfalls were considered to be major with the remainder discharging           £
non-contact cooling water, condensates or surface runoff.   Very little        ™
wastewater treatment was provided.  As noted during the 1972 EPA survey,      ^
the potential  for spills was high at the plant.                               •

      A large discharge of carbon tetrachloride detected in the Kanawha       m
River in  February 1977 allegedly originated at the FMC Plant.  As a
result and because of requirements for reductions of pollutants               •
                                                                              I
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                                                                             T07

                  Figure   24.
P/MC Soufh Charleston - Central Pfanf Area

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108
                           £.?C'~;  '   "  ''
                                Figure   25.

              FMC  Soufh Charfesfon -  W«sf Plant Ar*a
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                                                                   109
discharged by July 1977, various wastewater treatment and control
measures were implemented in 1977.   These included consolidation of
minor discharges, construction of a neutralization facility at the
east plant and installation of spill control facilities.   The current
status of these improvements was not defined.

     A 16 hectare (40 acre) flyash pond provides settling and partial
neutralization of some plant wastes including (in early 1977) flyash
from plant boilers, calcium and magnesium carbonate slurry from brine
purification and some process wastes from hydrogen peroxide and chlorin-
ated bleach production [Figure 26].  The pond discharges  to Davis
                                      3
Creek.  Treated flow was about 5,700 m /day (1.5 mgd) in  1976.

     Toxic substance limited by the NPDES permit include  arsenic,
hexavalent chromium, lead and chlorine.  Discharges of the first three
totalled less than one kg per day on the average in 1976.   Chlorine
discharged averaged 2,970 kg (6,540 Ib) per day, about half the 1975
discharge.   The 1972 survey detected 7 kg (16 lb)/day of  chromium  in
the flyash pond effluent.

     During the investigation of the February 1977 carbon tetrachloride
discharge samples were obtained from the FMC cooling water intake  and
seven outfalls for organic analysis.  Organic compounds detected in
the wastewater discharges that were not detected in the intake included
di-m-butyl  ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichlorobenzene,
methyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, benzene, napthalene,  4-me-2-pen-
tanone and numerous other unidentified aromatic compounds.   Five of
these compounds are priority pollutants.  Concentrations  were not
determined.
     Air pollution data in the file were limited.   Sources of S0? in-
cluded the carbon disulfide plant, a sulfur recovery plant, the carbon

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no
 landfill.   Bottom ash, waste asbestos and other plant solid wastes
 were  landfilled.  The  location was not given.  An active landfill
Union Carbide, Chemicals and Plastics Division,
Institute Plant, RM 48.1-49.6R

     Union Carbide operates this large chemicals plant about 13 km (8
mi) downriver from their South Charleston Plant.  Production facilities
occupy most of the southeastern portion of the 314 hectare (775 acre)
plant site [Figure 27].   Wastewater treatment facilities are to the
west and a chemical landfill to the north.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
 tetrachloride plant, a  sulfur purification plant and the four plant           M
 boilers.   Emission  rates were not indicated.  The chlor-alkali plant          Q
 is  under  NESHAPS  regulations for asbestos.  Asbestos is handled in
 the wet state.  In  mid-1977 filter press cake was being sent to a             I
landfill in New York.

     The report of the 1972 study indicated that FMC then operated a

                                                                              I
area adjacent to the west plant was detected in the October 1977              —
aerial photographs.   This area [Figure 20] or a landfill  west across          V
the Interstate Highway [Figure 21] could have been used by FMC and/or
Union Carbide.                                        •                       •

     New bottom ash and flyash handling facilities were reportedly            it
under construction in 1977.   Ultimate disposal  was not specified.              '
                                                                              I
     In summary, the FMC South Charleston Plant produces only one
priority pollutant, carbon tetrachloride.   However,  seven additional           _
priority pollutants have been detected in its effluents.   Although            j[
reduced from past levels, chlorine discharges are large.   Spills of
toxic substances have occurred in the past.   Waste asbestos could             •
have been disposed of in a local  landfill.   Air emissions of toxic
substances are not defined.                                                    V
                                                                               I
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                                                                               1

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                                           111
    Figure   26.

FMC Fly Ash  Pond

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114
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     The Institute plant was originally built for the U.S. Government         —
during World War II to produce butadiene and styrene.  Union Carbide          |
purchased the plant in 1947 to make other chemicals.  Various processes
have been added over the years.  In 1972, annual production was about         •
1.5 million tons of basic and  intermediate materials.  The products
included chemical additives for gasoline, jet fuels, water based paints,      B
cheese, baked goods, and other foods.  More than 100 chemicals were
made for the textile finishing industry and more than 90 for pharma-          •
ceutical companies.  Several agricultural chemicals were produced             »
including the insecticide SEVIN.                                              —

     A listing of raw materials, intermediates, and final products
provided by Union Carbide in early 1978" included more than 350 com-           •
pounds.  The principal raw materials were natural gas, chlorine, caustic,
ethylene oxide, naphthalene, alcohols, amines and air.  Priority pollu-       A
tants among the 350 compounds were acrylonitrile, benzo(a) pyrene,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride,  chlorobenzene, chloroform, chlorophenol;      •*
chrome, copper, dichlorobenzene, dichlorophenol, dicyclopentadiene,           •
isophorone, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, naphthalene, nickel,         _
silver, toluene and trichlorophenol.                                          |

     The South Charleston and  Institute plants apparently interchange         •
various chemicals.  A 1977 listing of combined products of the two
plants is presented in Table 5 in the South Charleston Plant section.         V
An undated listing of hazardous materials stored at South Charleston
and  Institute contained more than 600 substances.  Many of these were         •
identified by trade names or mixture numbers.  Their actual chemical          »
makeup was not defined.  The hazardous material listing also indicated        ^
that the materials were moved  by various combinations of  tank truck,          Q
tank car and barge.  Some materials were purchased, some  moved between
the  two plants and some transported to customers.  For the priority           I
                                                          3                   "'
pollutants, storage tanks were reported as less than 380  m  (100,000
gal) in size except for vinyl  chloride which was stored  in tanks  in
the  380 to 1,900 m3 (100,000 to 500,000 gal) volume  range.
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                                                                   115
     The Institute Plant operates continuously with little production
variation.   Current employment is about 1,800.

     Water use at the plant in 1977 was about 1,100,000 m /day (290
mgd).  Except for 3,800 m /day (1 mgd) purchased from the municipal
supply, all water was withdrawn from the Kanawha River.  Two in-plant
                                                  3
water treatment facilities provided about 23,000 m /day (5.8 mgd) for
process water and boiler feed.  Cooling water use averaged about
1,060,000 m3/day (280 mgd).
     The plant has 11 active outfalls; six discharge directly to the
Kanawha River and five to Goff Branch, a small tributary draining the
chemical landfill area.   Outfall 001 is" the effluent from the waste-
water treatment plant.  One outfall is water screen backwash water
and the remaining nine are classified as non-contact cooling water
discharges.  These discharges have some contamination, however, from
leaks, spills and undetected process connections.

     The wastewater treatment plant has been expanded and modified
several times since it was placed iii operation in 1963.   In 1972,
treatment units included an equalization basin, three aeration basins
(activated sludge process), two final clarifiers and a sludge storage
basin.  Primary sludge from the equalization basin and waste acti-
vated sludge were pumped to the sludge holding basin, then to nearby
sludge drying beds.  Dried sludge was landfilled at an adjacent site.
It is not clear if this was immediately adjacent to the wastewater
treatment plant or at the Goff Mountain chemical landfill.   All of
the 1972 units are shown on the topographical map [Figure 27].

     Major modifications in the treatment system were completed in
1977.   Two primary clarifiers, an emergency holding pond, a neutral-
ization capability, a sludge thickener and a third final clarifier
were constructed.  Three sludge ponds had previously been added north-
east of the treatment plant since 1972.   In late 1977, primary sludge

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116
                                                   3
      During  the  1972  survey, an average of 22,000 m /day (5.8 mgd) of
 of the substances  had  known  toxic  effects.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
 and waste activated sludge were thickened and pumped via pipeline to          ^
 Union  Carbide's South Charleston Plant for pumping to the Holz Pond           |
 in South Charleston.  Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 showed
 all new treatment units in place and apparently operational [Figure           •
 28].   In January 1978, Union Carbide reported that about 26,500 m3 (7
 million gal) of activated sludge were stored in two sludge ponds north-       B
 east of the treatment facility.  This sludge was being trucked to the
 Holz Pond for disposal.
                                                                              I
 treated  process wastewaters were discharged.  These contained daily           (
 loads  of about 45  kg  (100  Ib) of phenols, 150 kg (330 Ib) of cadmium,
 6  kg (14 Ib)  of zinc, 5  kg (12  Ib) of copper and small amounts of             I
 lead,  nickel  and chromium.  A bioassay yielded a 96-hr TLm of 9% indi-
 cating the effluent was  highly  toxic.                                     .    •
                                                                              I
     Phenol is the only priority pollutant limited by the NPDES permit
and this limit was effective July 1,  1977.   Wasteload reports submitted
to the State indicated average phenol  loads discharged have been reduced
to less than 4 kg (10 lb)/day.   Quarterly bioassays in 1977 showed            J
TLm's of 16 to 35% indicating the effluent is still moderately to
highly toxic.                                                                  •

     Sampling of the cooling water discharges in 1972 detected a phenol       fl|
load of 19 kg (42 lb)/day.   DMR data  indicated phenol loads were reduced
to average and maximum daily loads of 4 and 27 kg (8 and 60 Ib), respec-
tively, in 1976.
                                                                               I
      Sampling  of  the  Institute  Plant  effluents  in  1975  resulted  in             |
 the  detection  of  37 organic  compounds including the priority  pollutants
 dichlorobenzene,  dinitrololuene,  and  bis  (2-chloroethyl)  ether.   Ten           I
                                                                               I
                                                                               I

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                                                                   117
                          Figure   28.
Union  Carbide  Institute  Plant  -  Wasf.wafer Treafmenf P/Onf

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118
                                              -»i V * *'*%*^  I*

                   on^iji  ,.-*  i^.
                               Figure   29.
              Union Carbide  Institute  Plant- Fly Ash  Pond
                                                                        I

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                                                      U9
            Figure 30.

Cunningham ft* a Ity Company  - fly Ash  Pond

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120
                                       ?•*•  'HE*
                                       f       «£/ t 4&s*
                       Figure  31.

             Union Carbide Institute Plant •• Ash Pond
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                                                                   121
     Analysis of the treatment plant effluent in March 1977 detected
13 specific organic compounds.  Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether, carbon
tetrachloride, ethyl benzene and toluene, all priority pollutants,
were present in low levels.  Dichlorobenzene isomers were present at
higher levels.  Concentrations were not determined.

     A 1977 emissions inventory listed about 80 organic compounds
that are emitted to the atmosphere from various sources at the Insti-
tute plant.  Fifty-nine of these have toxicity ratings ranging from
slightly toxic to highly toxic.  Five are suspected carcinogens.   Ten
are priority pollutants.

     The Institute Plant has two boiler" houses with eight boilers
each.  All units can burn process residue.  Various methods of bottom
and fly ash disposal have apparently been used.  At some time in the
last few years, a rectangular settling pond was constructed on the
north side of Goff Branch in the northeast portion of the plant [Fig-
ure 29].  Bottom and flyash were pumped to this pond.   Supernatant
was discharged to Goff Branch.  Aerial photographs and thermal imagery
recorded in October 1977 indicated the pond was not active.

     During the 1972 EPA study, fly ash was slurried and pumped to
disposal ponds on Finney Branch east of the plant [Figure 30] (see
discussion of Cunningham Realty Co. in the minor industrial source
section).   The flow discharged to this contract disposal facility was
              3
about 11,000 m /day (2.9 mgd).  Aerial photographs and thermal imagery
recorded in October 1977 indicated this operation was continuing.
The photographs also showed a small pond on the river bank just east
of Outfall 002 [Figure 31].  The pond could have been used for settling
bottom and/or fly ash.  The thermal imagery indicated the pond was at
ambient temperature and thus probably not in current use.  However, a
dragline or clamshell unit was parked at the pond and solid waste
that appeared to have been dredged from the pond was piled along the
west edge.

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122
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      Union Carbide operates a State licensed chemical landfill in the
 Goff  Branch drainage area on the north side of the Institute Plant.
 Class I  chemicals from both the Institute and South Charleston Plants
 are disposed  of there.   In 1972, about 3 out of 16 hectares (7 out of         |
 40 acres) of  the site were actively used for disposal.  An applica-
 tion  was submitted to the State in March 1977 to upgrade the facility         •
 and extend its life to the year 2004.

      The landfill uses the wet process.  A clay blanket has been placed       *
 below active  fill areas.  Peripheral drainage controls keep surface           M
 runoff from adjacent hillsides from entering the fill areas.  Wastes          m
 are blended with soil with the location in the fill and blending ratios
 dependent upon the waste characteristics.  Leachate is collected in a         •
 pond(s)  and piped to the wastewater treatment plant.

      The 1977 application indicated that more than 50 different waste
 materials are disposed of in the landfill with a weight more than 54    '      •
 m. tons  (60 tons)/day.   Toxic substances included in the wastes were          *
 dicyclopentadiene, Sevin insecticide and naphthalene.                         _

      Aerial photographs  taken in October 1977 [Figures 32 and 33]
 showed that materials were being disposed of at several locations  in           I
 the valley.   Two small diked ponds were present along the west side
 of Goff Branch [Figure 32].  The north pond contained a liquid various         •
 shades of brown.  The south pond contained a green/brown  liquid.
 Various materials had been dumped  uphill of the south pond.  Near  the          •
 northeast corner of the  disturbed  area was a stack of black drums              "
 that  appeared to be leaking [Figure 33].  Most of the area around  the          M
 ponds and the leaking drums had been disturbed indicating that materials       w
 have  probably been buried there.

      It is  not clear where  leachate from the area  is  intercepted  for
 conveyance  to the treatment plant.  The two ponds could not catch  all          •
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                                                            123
                   f i g u r e  32.

Union Carbide Chemicaf Land fill •  Wesf Side

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124
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                                                          LM«;VT^ -     I
                              Figure   33.

              Union Carbide  Chemical landfill -  East Side
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                                                              125
                     Figure  34.
Union Carbide  fnsfifufe Plant  - Norfh Process  Area

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126
    •&'
                                  Figure   35.

               Union Carbide Institute  Plant  -  Land Fill Area
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                                                                   127
such leachate.   It appeared that several concrete drop structures
(stair-stepped conduits) were being actively constructed in the bed
of Goff Branch.   This would allow the stream flow during wet weather
to pass through the disturbed area with less erosion potential.  It
appeared that interception of the entire runoff from the valley would
be necessary to treat all leachate.

     One group of process units was east of the south edge of the
landfill area [Figure 34],  Two small ponds, one probably unlined,
were associated with these units.

     Solid wastes from the plant have also been disposed of at other
on-site locations.  A 6 hectare (15 acre) site west of the wastewater
treatment plant was reportedly used for disposal of inert (non-chemi-
cal) wastes in 1972.  Some sludge could also have been disposed of in
the vicinity of the treatment plant in the past.  At the treatment
plant site, construction of the third final clarifier was delayed in
1976 by unstable soil conditions.  Ashes, waste oil and other materials
were reportedly dumped in the area in the past.  The potential for
contamination of groundwater with toxic substances in the vicinity of
the treatment plant is high.  Aerial photographs showed that some
solid wastes of unknown makeup had been dumped in the area between
the wastewater treatment plant and the production facilities [Figure
35].

     In 1977, undefined solid wastes were disposed of by contract at
two off-site landfills operated by the Kanawha County Regional Develop-
ment Authority (Cross Lanes) and by the City of Huntington.

     There was no documentation in the file concerning the use of
contractors for disposal of toxic substances.

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128
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      In  addition  to  Union  Carbide wastewaters, the treatment plant
 reportedly  received  wastewaters  from an  independent tank truck/tank           I
 car cleaning  facility west of  the plant  in  late  1976.  A 1976 Union
 Carbide  map labeled  this facility the  Kanawha Valley tank car and             •
 tank truck  cleaning  facilities.  Wastewaters received primary treat-
 ment before batch discharge to the  treatment facility.  No  data  on            •
 flow volume or characteristics were reported.  Apparently the facil-          •
 ity primarily serviced  units transporting Union  Carbide materials.
 October  1977  aerial  photographs  showed a small unlined pond on the            p
 east of  the cleaning facility.   Its temperature  was warmer  than  ambient.
 The Chemical-Leaman  Tank Lines,  Inc. tank cleaning facility (see dis-         •
 cussion  under minor  sources) is  north  of the wastewater treatment
 plant [Figure 27].   Its treatment plant,  discharge apparently flows to         •
 the Kanawha River in the vicinity of the independent tank cleaning            *
 facility.                                                                     M

      In  summary,  Union  Carbide's Institute  Plant is a major producer
 and handler of organic  chemicals.   At  least 20 chemical substances            I
 handled  or  produced  by  the Institute Plant  are priority pollutants
 and a number  of other chemicals  have known  toxic effects.   Low levels         •
 of most  of  the priority pollutants  present  at the plant have been
 detected in wastewater  discharges.  The  potential for  larger spills           •
 exists.   More than 50 toxic substances are  released to the  atmosphere          *
 including three suspected  carcinogens.  The disposal of chemical wastes       M
 at the Goff Mountain landfill  creates  a  potential for  release of toxic        •
 substances  to the atmosphere and to ground  and surface waters.   Toxic
 substances  could also be present in old  landfills in the vicinity  of           p
 the wastewater treatment plant.   Contamination of groundwater with
 toxic substances in  that area  is possible.                                     •
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                                                                   129
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES

     There are nine minor industrial facilities in the Central Valley
that have or had, direct discharges of wastewaters to the Kanawha
River that required NPDES permits.   There are numerous additional
small industrial plants located in urban areas of the Valley.   These
would be expected to be serviced by municipal sewerage systems.  The
potential for releases of toxic substances to the environment from
these small plants was summarized in Table 2 in Section VI.


Libby-Owens-Ford Company, Charleston, RM 63.4L

     A flat sheet (window) glass plant is operated by LOF in the
Kanawha City area of Charleston [Figure 36].  Plant operations began
in 1916 with plant expansions occurring in 1920, 1923 and 1960.  The
plant had 12 glass furnaces in operation at its peak.  In 1972, four
gas-fired units were in operation producing an average of 428 m. ton
(472 ton)/day of glass.  Employment has been as high as 2,200 but was
reported as 957 in 1972 and 475 in 1976.

     Potable water is obtained from the municipal supply and sanitary
wastewaters are discharged to the municipal sewerage system.  The
plant uses Kanawha River water for furnace cooling and for dust inhibi-
                                                          3
tion when preparing furnace charges.  In 1972, about 700 m /day (0.195
mgd) of river water was treated (settling with alum and soda ash additions,
filtration and chlorination), and used for make-up water for the closed
cooling system.  A low chromate preparation called Hagatreat 168 was
added for scale prevention and algae control.  There was no cooling
system blowdown.  Filter backwash (every two days) was discharged to
the river.  The settling basin was cleaned annually with sludge dis-
charged to the river.

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130
            Figure 36 .  Location Map - Kanawha City Area
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                                                                   131
     In 1972 all combustible wastes were incinerated at the plant

site.   Waste glass and rejected batch materials were hauled to a land-

fill.



     Emission sources are the four gas-fired glass furnaces.



     Aerial photographs of the plant site in October 1977 did not

reveal any potential sources of toxic substances not reported.
               •>.   .


     This plant is not considered a significant source of toxic sub-

stances.
American Oil Company, Charleston, RM 62.OR



     American Oil Company operates a small bulk petroleum products

distribution facility across the Kanawha River from Kanawha City

[Figure 36].  The facility does not have an NPDES permit.  From the

size and type of operation, it is probable this is not a significant

source of toxic substances.
Exxon Company, Charleston, RM 57.81


     The Exxon Company operates a bulk petroleum products terminal on

the south bank of the Kanawha River across from downtown Charleston

[Figure 37].  The terminal was built over 50 years ago and was re-
                                                                 3
modeled in 1966.   In 1972, annual sales volume averaged 284,000 m

(75 million gal).  The plant employed 39 persons.



     Petroleum products are received by barge or railroad tank car.

Both tank cars and tank trucks can be loaded for product distribution.

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                                    -S """-^i --k^.« •" c8 •- ',?// '•
                                    £ - -^^^s*j> /-; -;"7x/.'' ;<••-
               /r
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                                                                    133
     There are no manufacturing activities or process water uses at

the terminal.  Potable water is obtained from the municipal supply

with sanitary wastewaters discharged to the municipal sewerage system.



     Surface runoff from the tank farm and from loading/unloading

areas is treated in two oil separators before discharge to the river.

Water collected in storage tanks is periodically drained off and passed

through an oil separator before discharge to the river.  Salvaged oil

from the separator is used off-site.  Sludge is removed annually from

the separators by a contractor for off-site disposal.



     This terminal is not a significant source of toxic substances.




N. L. Industries, Inc., Charleston, RM 56.81



     The Industrial Chemicals Division of N.  L. Industries operates

this plant (formerly known as Evans Lead Co.) on the south bank of

the Kanawha River [Figures 37 and 38].  The plant began operations in

1922.  There have been few changes in the plant in the last 25 years.



     The plant was operating 24 hours/day, five days/week, 240 hrs/year

in 1972.  Employment was 56 persons in 1972 and 77 in 1976.


     This facility produces lead silicates and oxides for use in glass

manufacture.   A 1977 product listing included lead bisilicate, lead

silicate, red lead oxide and yellow lead oxide.  The 1976 manufacturing

inventory also listed antimony oxides, bentone gellants and litharge.

Primary raw materials are metallic lead and sand and clay for frit

formation.   Lead is passed through primary and secondary furnaces,

combined with frit formulation materials, reduced in size, separated

and packaged.  No intermediates or by-products are produced.   All

product materials not saleable are recyled through the secondary furnaces

or shipped to other locations for processing.

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134
      Air  emission  data were  not defined.

      Aerial photographs of the plant taken  in October  1977 did not
 wastewater  treatment  plant,  or  through  solid waste  disposal.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     In 1972,  water obtained from the West Virginia Water Company            m
             3                                                               •
averaged 73 m /day (19,200 gpd).   Non-contact cooling water for fur-         •
nace operations averaged 64 m /day (17,000 gpd)  and the remainder was
used for domestic and control  laboratory purposes.   Wastewaters were         I
discharged to the Kanawha River through two outfalls.   Cooling water
and storm runoff was discharged untreated through one outfall  and            •
untreated sanitary wastewaters through the other.   Solid waste from
laboratory sinks was recovered in sumps for reuse.
                                                                              •
     The  plant  has connected to the Charleston municipal sewerage             _
 system  since  1972.   It  is  listed as a major contributing industry for       .  |
 the  Charleston  wastewater  treatment plant.  Apparently the non-contact
 cooling water was connected to the municipal system as N. L. Industries       •
 no  longer has an NPDES  permit.

     A  Company  sample of the cooling water discharge in June 1971
 detected  a lead discharge  of 1 kg (2.4 lb)/day and trace amounts of           •
 arsenic,  cadmium and chromium.  EPA sampling in February 1972 detected        •
 only trace amounts of heavy metals.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
 detect  any wastewater  discharges.  At the east end of the plant  site          I
 [Figure 38],  various small  piles  of material were present.  Material
 colors  included  white, white-gray, light brown, gray and medium  brown.
 It  could not  be  determined  if  these were raw materials or wastes.  A
 small unlined pond  containing  a  light-brown liquid surrounded  by piles        —
 of  material,  was detected.                                                    V
                                                                              I
      No  significant  releases  of  toxic  substances  from this plant were          •
 documented.   It  has  the  potential,  however,  for the  release  of  toxic
 lead to  the  environment  at  the plant site, through the  Charleston              •
                                                                               I

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                                             135
   Figure  38.
N.t . Industries

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                                                                   137
Trojan Steel Company, Charleston, RM 56.6L


     Trojan Steel Company operates a steel fabrication shop on the

south bank of the Kanawha River adjacent to the N.  L.  Industries plant

[Figure 37].  Items fabricated include structural steel  shapes, tanks

and plates.  In 1972 about 45 m.  ton (50 ton) of steel were processed

daily.  The plant was operating two 8-hr shifts, five days/week.  Em-

ployment was about 130 persons.


                                          o
     Water use in 1972 was only about 15 m  (3,600 gal)/day.   Sani-

tary and contact cooling water was discharged untreated to the Kanawha

River through five outfalls.   EPA sampling of the cooling water dis-

charge detected chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc with a total load

of less than one kg/day.



     Trojan steel has connected to the municipal sewerage system since

1972.  No discharge from the plant was detected in October 1977 aerial

photographs.  The plant does not have an active NPDES permit.



     This plant is not a significant source of toxic substances.



True Temper Corporation,  Charleston RM 56.2R


     True Temper operates a plant for the production of hand-held

striking and cutting tools (hammers, axes, scythes, picks, etc.) on

the north bank of the Kanawha River across from the South Charleston

Sewage Treatment Company [Figure 37].  Most of the plant was construct-

ed in 1905.



     The plant operates with one 8~hr shift, five days/week,  and about

235 days/year.   Seasonal  product demands require a second shift about

120 days/year.   Employment averages about 400 persons.

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138
     In early 1972, plant sanitary wastewaters were being connected
to the municipal sewerage system.   The Company was investigating solids
removal systems for the other wastewaters.
      No  information was available on furnace emissions or  lacquer  use
 or  characteristics.  Thus,  no data on possible toxic emissions could
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     Raw materials are primarily steel, wood handles, lacquer coating         _
and handle grip covering material.  About 15,000 units are produced           |
daily.  No intermediates or by-products are produced.  About 1,450 m.
ton (1,600 ton) of scrap steel are salvaged annually.  Processes in-          I
elude forging furnaces, wet grinding, tumble abrading, shot peening
and heat treating.                                                            I
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     Potable water obtained from the West Virginia Water Company
             o
averaged 82 m /day" (31 ,600 gpd) in 1972 and was used for cooling two
air compressors, for a water rinse in steel tempering operations, for
make-up water to a closed salt tempering system, and domestic require-
ments.   About 2,600 m /day (0.7 mgd) was withdrawn from the Kanawha
River in 1972 and filtered before use for cooling, wet grinding and           I
polishing operations.   Cooling water used was one-through in external
jackets on the forging furnaces.  Wastewaters were discharged untreat-   .     •
ed to the Kanawha River through seven outfalls.                               *
                                                                              •
      EPA  sampling  of wastewater discharges in 1972 detected small              •
 amounts of chromium and copper and about 2 kg (4.5 lb)/day of  lead.
 No  organic analyses were performed.                                            •
 be  compiled.

      In  1972,  a  long-term  accumulation of dust, abrasive materials
 and metal  fines  was  noted  piled  along the river bank.   Surface  runoff          I
 and bank erosion had washed  some of  this material  into  the  river.
 Aerial photographs of  the  plant  and  river taken in October  1977 showed         •


                                                                               I

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                                                                   139
that the piles of solid waste were still present along the river bank

indicating that this source of toxic substances (metals) remains uncon-

trolled.  A light oil slick was detected in the photographs extending

more than one kilometer downstream and appearing to originate at the

plant.


     This plant would appear to be a minor source of toxic substances.




Gulf Oil Corporation, Charleston, RM 55.6R


     Gulf Oil Corporation operates a small bulk petroleum products

terminal adjacent to the Charleston Was-tewater Treatment Plant and

across the Kanawha River from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant

[Figure 19].   The size and nature of the operation indicate the terminal

is not a significant source of toxic substances.




Charleston Truck and Trailer Service, Inc., South Charleston, RM 50.61


     This firm is engaged in the selling and servicing of new and

used trucks and trailers.   The facility is about 35 years old.   Em-

ployment in 1972 was 27.


     This facility has an NPDES permit for a small discharge from a

truck washing pad.   In 1972, water use for truck washing was only 1.3
 3
m /day (350 gpd).  Wastewaters were treated in a catch basin and an

oil separator.  Sludge from the catch basin was periodically removed

and hauled to a landfill.



     EPA sampling of the wastewater discharge detected trace levels

of several heavy metals.   No organic analyses were performed.

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140
      It would appear that this facility does no washing of chemical
 tank  trucks.  It  is not considered to be a significant source of toxic
 substances.
 Cunningham  Realty  Company, Finney Creek Flyash
 Disposal  Site  Institute, RM 50.5R
      Industrial  wastes  are incinerated in the  boilers  from which ash
 is sluiced to these ponds.   The current extent of this practice relative
                                                                              I
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                                                                              I
     Cunningham" Realty Company has contracted with Union Carbide to           |
dispose fly ash from the Institute Plant.   This is being accomplished
by conveying a fly ash slurry from the plant through a pipeline to            •
ponds adjacent to Finney Creek (Finney Branch) about 2.4 km (1.5 mi)
east of the plant [Figure 27].  In 1972%  slurry flow was reported as          B
       -i                                                                      m
6,000 m /day (1.6 mgd).   A 1972 EPA report on the Union Carbide Institute
Plant indicated the flow was about 11,000 m3/day (2.9 mgd).
                                                                              •
      Initially,  it was  expected that the ponds would be  full  by  1975          _
 but,  in  1972,  because of  reduced production at the  Institute  Plant            |
 and  conversion of some  boilers to  gas  fuel, the projections were  for
 a  longer fill  period.   Aerial photographs taken in  October 1977  showed        •
 that the largest (south)  pond was  still in use [Figure 30].   Slurry
 entered  the  pond at  the west end.   Supernatant overflowed at  the  east         I
 end  of the pond  to a ditch  around  the  north side  of the  pond,  then
 into Finney  Branch where  it flowed to  the Kanawha River.  Finney  Branch       •
 was  a dark gray  matching  the pond  contents.  There  was no treatment          •
 of supernatant.   Total  fill in the ponds when full  will  be about              _
 765,000  m3 (1,000,000 yd3).                                                   |
      Effluent from one  fly ash  pond  (not  defined)  was  sampled by EPA         •
 in February 1972.   Analysis for heavy  metals  showed only trace amounts.
 No organic analyses were  performed.                                           •
                                                                              I
to 1972 was not defined.  Toxic substances present in industrial wastes       _

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                                                                    141
could possibly be transported by the fly ash.   Data were not adequate

to evaluate this possibility.
Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc., Institute, RM 48R


     Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc.  operates a large truck terminal

and tank cleaning facility in Institute north of Union Carbide's waste-

water treatment facility [Figure 27].   The facility has been in operation

since 1962.  Employment increased from 112 in 1962 to 250 in 1972.

The terminal was the base for 173 tank trailers and 110 truck tractors

in 1972.


     The functions of the terminal are the repair and maintenance of

the truck tractors and the cleaning of the tank trailers.  A wide

variety of chemicals are hauled to, from and in"the Kanawha Valley

for various firms.  Empty trailers are returned to the terminal for

cleaning before dispatch to the next job.   Cleaning procedures vary

depending on the type of-substance last hauled.


     Any liquid product remaining in the tank trailer was drained

into drums for "proper disposal" in 1972.   This included reclamation

of pure products for reuse, or disposal by combustion or in proper

land fills.  Disposal sites were not specified.


     A recirculating system was used for cleaning tanks that had trans-

ported materials requiring detergent cleaning.  Detergent from a hold-

ing tank was impinged upon the inside of the tank trailer and returned

to the holding tank.  Disposal of depleted detergent solution was not

defined.



     After detergent cleaning, the tank trailer was then flushed with

hot water which drained out of the trailer to a floor drain and then

to holding tanks.  Some tank trailers were cleaned with steam rather

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142
 than  the  two  step detergent and hot water washes.  Steam condensate
 drained from  the trailer to the floor drain.
washing and tank cleaning (except recirculated detergents) were then
pumped to the wastewater treatment plant.
      Water is  obtained  from  the  municipal  supply.  All water  except
 significant concentration.   No  organic  analyses  were  performed.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
      Tractor  and trailer exteriors were washed and rinsed by a travel-        I
 ing  high  pressure water system.  Wash waters were collected in another
 tank by a floor drain  system.  All wash waters from both exterior             •
                                                                              ™
                                                                              M
      About  30  to  50  tanks were cleaned daily  in  1972.  A  listing of
 chemicals and  liquid products transported during a representative             Q
 60-day  period  in  1971-1972  is presented  in Table 6.  The  frequency of
 tank washings  for each  substance  is also shown.  This  listing pro-            I
 vided to EPA  in 1972 by the  Company contains  various product and mix-
 ture names  and some  misspellings.  Thus, the  actual chemical makeup           •
 of  many of  the items cannot  be determined from the table.   It is appar-       ™
 ent that at least 68 tanks were cleaned  that  contained the  indicated    •      «
 eight priority pollutants.                                                    8
                                                                              I
 escaping  steam  and  wastewater  sludge  is  treated  in  the wastewater
                                                            3                  •
 treatment plant.  In  1972,  the treated flow was  about 950 m /day              •
 (0.25  mgd).   Treatment  units included a  blending tank, a mixing and
 coagulation  tank  (alum  addition),  a primary settling tank,  a  skimming         •
 device, a trickling filter  with some  recirculation, a secondary set-          *
 tling  tank and  a  chlorine contact  tank.   Sludge  from the settling
 tanks  and surface skimmings were transferred  to  a sludge holding tank
 for eventual  transport  by tank trailer to "authorized" disposal sites
 in Ohio or Pennsylvania.
                                                                              I
      EPA sampling of  the  plant  effluent  in  February  1972  found  high            I
 chemical  oxygen demand  (543  mg/1)  and  phenol  (3.2  mg/1).   Analyses
 for cyanide  and heavy metals detected  only  chromium  (0.45 mg/1)  in a           •
                                                                               I

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                                                                                                             143
                                                         TABLE  6
        Acetate - 92*
        Butyl  Acetate - 23
        Cellosolve Acetate - 53
        Ethyl  Acetate - 19
        Methyl  Acetate -'17
        Vinyl  Acetate - 29

        Acetone - 76
        Acetic Acid - 42
      **Acrylanitrils - 4
        Acrylate - 23
        Alcohol - 15
        Amines - 13
        Ammemum - 2
        Aniline Oil - 4
        Antifreeze - 2

        Beer - 1
        Blue Indigo - 1
        Blowing Agent - 2
        Butanol - 11
        Butyal  Cellosolve - 36
        Bi tyraldehyde - 1

        Carbon Block Dispersent - 1
        Caribital - 16
        Carbon Wax - 4
        Caustic - 2
        Capatone - 1
        Caplaeolane - 1
        Cellosolve - 25
        Chemlay - 11
        Chemicals No. 1 - 2
        DEA -  4
        DIBK - 15
      **DI  Cyclo Pentadine - 5
        Dicatone Alcohol - 2
        Di  leer - 4
        Di  Ispropyomine - 1
        DMAC - 8
        DMF -  22
        Dowfax - 2
        DMA -  4

        Emfac  1202-1
        Echlanhdrin - 1
        Ether  - 2
        Ethanol - 18
      **Ethylene Di Chloride - 1
        Ethyl  Hexanol - 3
        Ethyl  Hexane - 2
        Ethyl  Di Amines - 3
        Ethyl  Hexal Acratate - 1
        Ethyl  Monomer - 3
        Ethyl  Triamine - 1
  Fatty Acid - 3
  Fatty Alcohol - 1
  Feed Additive - 3
  Formaldehyde - 36
  Flexal Plasticizer - 147

  Gasoline - 1
  Glue - 1
  Glycerine - 2
  Glyoxal - 27
  Clycol - 102

  Hexane - 46
  Hexanol - 13
  Hexaline - 5
  HF Acid - 5
  Hyd. Oil - 18
  Hydroxyaceticeide 2

  Ico - Silicate - 1
  Isobutyl - 12
**Isophrone - 38
  Isopropanal - 86
  Isopropanal Ether - 3
  Isooctanal - 3

  Latex - 54
  Lub Oil - 7
  Lutidine - 1

  MEA - 13
  HEK - Methyl ethyl  Kitane - 45
  MIK - Methyl Isobutyl Kitane - 23
  MBK - 15
  Methanal - 71
  Methyl Acrylate -  9
  Methyl Chloroform - 1
  Methyl Acid - 2
**Methylene Chloride - 3
  Methoxene - 3
  MMA - 9
  Methyl Chlorformate - 2
  Mesitycoxide - 1
  Methyl Cellosolve - 10
  Methacrylic Acid - 7
  Manasthlalemines - 1
  Muriatic Acid - 9
  Monochloronochlorobenzene - 1
  Morynoline - 1
  Monomer - 58

  Niax Activataes -  3
  Nitric Acid - 7
  Normal Pentane - 1
  Nanyl Phenol - 13
  Paint - 3
**Phenol  - 8
    (alcohols)
  PM - plant mixtures - 64
  Polyal  - 26
 . Propanic Acid - 6
  Propylene Oxid - 5
  Plurocan - 1
  Proplene Di Chloride - 1

  Resin - 25
  Rhoplex - 2
  Rubber Prev. - 3
  Rayon Softener - 1

  Santicizer - 2
  Soap - (MA-80) - 6
  Silicon Oil - 1
  Silicate - 2
  Silk Softener - 1
  Sodium Sulpohyprate - 2
  Sodium Silicate - 2
  Sugar Water - 2
  Sulfuric Acid - 2
  Sulphide - 1

  Tall Oil - 10
  TEA (cleaning compound) - 12
  TDI - 42
  Tergital - 73
  Textali Softener - 1
  Thickening Compound - 1
**Toluene - 8
  TSA - 2
  Tricthanalamines - 1
**Trichloroethylene - 1

  Ucar Additive - 1
  Ucon Lub - 16
  Ucon Diester - 3

  Waste Water - 7
  Waterclearfishsol - 1
  Wire Enamel - 6
  Whisky - 3

  Zink Sulphate Sol . - 4
       *  Frequency of Tank Washings
      **  Priority Pollutants
I

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144
     December  1977 aerial photographs showed that changes have been
made in the treatment system since 1972.  Several units have been
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     The Company reported some planned changes to EPA in 1972.  Tanks
 hauling phenols or acid wastes would be steam cleaned and the con-            |
 densate collected in a holding tank for off-site disposal.  No acid
 or phenol wastes would be treated at this site.  Sludge was planned           I
 to be  hauled to Union Carbide for burning.  It is not documented if
 these  changes have been implemented.                                          •
                                                                             I
added including an aeration tank.

     It is evident that this facility is a major potential  source of
toxic substances.   Data is not adequate" to define the present dis-           •
 charge  of toxic  substances to the Kanawha River.


 Rish  Equipment Company, St. Albans, RM 46.PL

      Rish Equipment Co. operates a facility engaged in the sale, clean-
 ing,  repair and  maintenance of heavy construction equipment.  About           B
 65 persons were  employed  in 1972.  The facility was completed in 1971.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     Water for domestic and industrial use is obtained from the Teays
                                                       o
Valley Water Company.   Total consumption was about 72 m /day (18,700          _
gpd) in 1972 with about 56 m /day (13,700 gpd) used for equipment             |
cleaning.   The wash water is treated in a settling basin and grease
trap before discharge to the Kanawha River.   Oil is manually skimmed          •
off and drummed.  Oil  and settled solid wastes are removed by a private
contractor for off-site disposal.  Sanitary wastes are treated in a           I
separate package activated sludge plant.

     The plant effluent was not sampled in 1972.  No organic sampling         ™
has been done.  This facility is not believed to be a significant             _
source of toxic substances because of the nature of the operation.            |
                                                                              I

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                                                                    145
MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

     A major portion of the municipal wastewaters in the Kanawha
Valley are discharged to the Kanawha River in the central area.
There are 7 communities in the Central Valley with NPDES permits to
discharge municipal wastewaters.   Wastewater volumes, populations
served and levels of treatment are shown in Table 7.

     There are four major treatment plants in this area.  The South
Charleston plant was previously discussed in the Major Industrial
Sources section.  A majority of the flow treated by this plant is
industrial wastewater from Union Carbide's South Charleston Plant.

     The Charleston plant serves the largest population of any plant
in the Valley (80,000).  As previously listed in Table 2 in Section
VI, there are numerous small industries in the Charleston service
area.  Only N.L. Industries and the West Virginia Water Company plants
are considered major contributing industries.  N.L. Industries was
previously discussed in the Minor Industrial Sources section.  Water
treatment wastewaters are contributed by the water company.  Because
of the volume of flow treated and size of population served, this
plant could contribute significant amounts of toxic substances from
municipal, commercial and minor industrial sources.  Data are not
available to evaluate this contribution.  Digested sludge from this
plant could also contain heavy metals and other toxic substances.
Sludge disposal was not defined.

     October 1977 aerial photographs [Figure 39] showed that there
were four wastewater discharges from the Charleston plant.   This would
suggest that the plant was bypassing untreated or partially treated
wastewaters that would increase the discharge of toxic substances.

     The St.  Albans plant serves a population of 20,000 and has an
average discharge of 4,920 m /day (1.3 mgd).  Secondary treatment

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146
                               Table 7

              MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
                       CENTRAL KANAWHA VALLEY
Community
Charleston-
Woodland Hts.
Cl overleaf -
Sanitary Distr.
Dunbar
Marlaing Public
Service Distr.
Marmet
South Charleston
St. Albans
TOTALS
Population
Served

80,000

200
12,000

200
2,000
20,000
20,000
134,400
Flow
m /day

37,850

76
4,920

76
760
26,500
4,920
75,102
mgd

10

0.02
1.3

0.02
0.2
7.0
1.3
19.84
Level of
Treatment

Secondary

Primary
Secondary

None
Primary
Secondary
Primary

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                                                         147
               Figure   39.

Charleston Wastewrater Treatment Plant

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                                                                   149
facilities are currently under construction.   There are no signifi-

cant industrial facilities tributary to this  sewerage system.   The

lack of tributary industries and the smaller  population served would

suggest that toxic substances discharged by this plant are substan-

tially less than the other two major facilities.



     The Dunbar plant serves a population of  12,000 and has the same

flow as the St. Albans plant.  Population size and the lack of tribu-

tary industries also suggest that this plant  is not a significant

source of toxic substances.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL



     Large volumes of solid and hazardous wastes are generated by

major industrial facilities in South Charleston and Institute.   Dis-

posal practices at the Union Carbide plants at South Charleston and

Institute, the FMC plant at South Charleston and the South Charleston

Sewage Treatment Company were previously discussed in the Major Indus-

trial Sources Section.  These disposal practices include incineration,

landfill, controlled chemical landfill, storage in sludge ponds, and

storage in large fly ash ponds.   These practices pose a major potential

for releases of toxic substances in close proximity to the major urban

area of the valley.



     Some solid wastes generated by minor industries and municipalities

potentially contain minor amounts of toxic substances.  Municipal

solid waste disposal practices were not defined.




NON-POINT SOURCES



     Because much of the Central Kanawha Valley is urbanized or in-

dustrialized, there is the potential for surface runoff to contain

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150
 significant  quantities of toxic substances such as  lead from fuels
 and  other  heavy metals.  Runoff from  industrial sites could contain
 some toxic substances.
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      The  increased population density would result  in a greater con-
 tribution of  toxic substances from mobil sources, especially cars,             •
 than  in other areas  of  the  valley.  No data were available on  non-
 point contributions  of  toxic substances.
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        IX.   SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES - LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY
     The Lower Kanawha Valley is defined for this report to be the

valley of the Kanawha River between St.  Albans (River Mile 46) and

Winfield Dam near Winfield (River Mile 31.1) [Figure 40].   The lower

50 km (31 mi) of the Kanawha River are outside the study area [Figure

1].   The physical characteristics of the lower valley are similar to

the central valley at Charleston.



     The population of the lower valley' is low with a majority in the

vicinity of Nitro (population about 8,000).   Almost all of the  indus

trial facilities are also concentrated at Nitro.


     Municipal water supply is furnished by the West Virginia Water

Company and is obtained from the Elk River.   Kanawha River water is

no longer used for the municipal supply at Nitro.  Most industrial

water supplies are obtained directly from the Kanawha River with some

from the municipal supply.



     The lower valley encompasses the downstream half of the Winfield

Dam navigation pool.  There is much barge traffic carrying chemicals

to and from the central and upper valley chemical plants.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES



     There are nine major industrial sources of toxic substances in

the lower valley.   Three of these facilities, a viscose rayon staple

plant and two chemical plants, are considered large in the classical

sense and are major sources of oxygen demanding wastewaters.   Four of

the plants are smaller and do not contribute major oxygen demanding

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152
                              -SAINT
                      §;„ V.II.T- ^ ALBANS
            Figure  40.  Area  Map - Lower Kanawha  Valley
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                                                                    153
wastewater volumes.  They are, however, major actual or potential

sources of toxic substances.  One of the remaining sources is an in-

dustrial wastewater treatment plant and the other a very large coal

fired power plant.
Allied Chemical Corp., Industrial Chemicals Division,

Nitro, RM 43.2R


     Allied Chemical Corp. operates a sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric

acid plant at Nitro at the southwest corner of the industrial complex

[Figure 41].  In 1972 the plant was producing 340 m.tons (380 tons)/

day of sulfuric acid and 32 m.tons (36 ,tons)/day of hydrofluoric acid.

Employment was 60 people.


     Raw materials were sulfur and fluorospar.  A byproduct that was

wasted was calcium sulfate.  There were no other products manufactur-

ed but the facility was a soda ash distribution point.


     About 18,000 m /day (4.8 mgd) of water was obtained directly
                                       3
from the Kanawha River.  About 16,000 m /day (4.2 mgd) of water was

used for cooling purposes and returned to the river untreated.  The

remainder was used to sluice calcium sulfate residues to two settling

ponds operated in series.  The overflow from these ponds went to a

third pond and then to the river.  The three ponds in use in 1972 are

shown in Figure 41, the topographical map.  Aerial photographs taken

in October 1977 showed that a fourth pond had been constructed ad-

jacent to the river [Figure 42].   The easternmost pond had been de-

watered.  The calcium sulfate waste was apparently being sluiced to

the middle original pond.  Clarified water was then pumped out of the

middle existing pond.  The function of the new pond was not apparent

but may have been for additional  settling for any surplus pond water.

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                                                                  Cour

                                                            ^
                                                          LANDFILL


                                                             ° ° f
CHEMICAL
FIKE  CHEMICALK!
MASON
 DIXON
                                                OASTAL TANKER
                                    CHEMICAL  FORMULATO
                       UMiro;
                 terl  \   b?JL
                  Figure 41.  Location Map - Nitro Area


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                                                          155
                 Figure   42.

Allied Chemical  Corporation  -  Nifro  Plant

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                                                                   157
     Sampling of the plant's four wastewater streams in 1972 detected
high fluoride levels (10-13 mg/1) in the hydrofluoric acid plant cool-
ing water and the settling pond effluent.   These flows totalled about
       3
3,400 m /day (0.9 mgd).   Trace levels of heavy metals were detected.

     Analysis of samples from two of Allied's discharges in February
1977 detected 9 specific organic compounds in one sample and 11 in
the other.   Nine of these were priority pollutants including benzene,
carbon tetrachlbride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dichlorobenzene isomer,
1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene.
Since none of these substances were reportedly used or produced by
Allied, they may have been in their intake water.   Intake samples
were apparently not analyzed.

     Exhaust gasses from the sulfuric acid process pass through a
Brinks mist eliminator before discharge to the atmosphere.   About
1,700 to 1,800 ppm of SOp were being vented when the plant was in-
spected in August 1975.   About 2,700 kg (6,000 lb)/day of S02 were
being emitted with the plant operating at half capacity.   There were
no  data on possible emissions of hydrogen fluoride.

     No information was present in the file on solid waste disposal.
One file sketch indicated a mud disposal area next to the east settling
pond.   Aerial photographs show that this area is currently occupied
by  large piles of granular material.  The area has the appearance  of
an  aggregate stockpiling operation.

     In summary, this Allied Chemical Corp. facility is a sulfuric
and hydrofluoric acid plant.  Documented discharges of toxic substances
are small,  although nine priority pollutants were detected in February
1977.   Known emissions of toxic substances are principally SO.

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     The plant is operated continuously year around.   Production rates
vary substantially with market conditions.   Production capacity is
                                                                             I
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158


 Avtex Fibers, Inc., Nitro. RM 42.3-42.7R

      This plant occupies about 57 hectares (140 acres) between the
 Allied Chemical and FMC plants [Figure 41].   Constructed by American         Jl
 Viscose in 1938 and acquired by FMC Corp.  in 1963,  the plant was sold
 to Avtex in 1976.   During this entire period, the basic manufacturing
 process remained unchanged and the plant produced only viscose rayon
 staple.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     Principal raw materials are dissolving cellulose pulp,  caustic
soda, carbon bisulfide, zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid (obtained from         •
the adjacent Allied Chemical plant).   Anhydrous sodium sulfate is
marketed as a by-product.               -                                       fl
                                                                              I
 about 109,000 m.  tons (120,000 tons)/year.   Current employment is       •     _
 about 1,000.                                                                 ||

      Water use at the plant averaged about 34,000 m /day (9 mgd) in          •
 1977.  Most of this was withdrawn from the Kanawha River and treated
 for process water and boiler feed.   Minor water volumes were purchased       U
 from the municipal supply for potable uses.  This water use was a
                                                   3
 major reduction from the 1973 average of 144,000 m /day (38 mgd).            ri|

      In 1977, process wastewaters were treated in a treatment plant          _
 employing both physical-chemical and biological processes [Figure            p
 43].  Treatment units included an emergency storage lagoon, four neu-
 tralization tanks in series, two primary clarifiers in parallel, two         •
 aeration chambers in parallel, a final clarifier, an excess sludge
 aerobic digester and a sludge thickener.  Zinc was removed as zinc           •
 hydroxide in the primary clarifiers.  The zinc-rich primary sludge
 was dewatered on two rotary vacuum filters.  Filter cake was disposed        A
 of  in an adjacent Avtex landfill.  Digested waste activated sludge           •
                                                                             I

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                                                    159
                                      AVTEX WWTF
         Figure  43.
Avfex and  FMC  Nitro Plants

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160
                                     Figure 44.
                                  Avf«x  Landfill
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                                                                   161
was discharged to the plant outfall.   Fly ash from the boiler house
also was discharged to the plant outfall and bypassed the treatment
plant.

     Zinc is the only priority pollutant limited by the NPDES permit.
During the 1972 EPA survey, no wastewater treatment was operating and
the plant was discharging 3,900 kg (8,700 lb)/day of zinc.  The new
treatment facility reduced the zinc discharge to a reported daily
average of 36 kg (79 Ib).

     Quarterly bioassays of the plant effluent are required.   No
toxicity was shown by these tests in 1976 in contrast to high tox-
icity in 1972.

     Process emissions of air pollutants are large and uncontrolled.
Hydrogen sulfide emissions in mid-1977 were about 309 kg (682 lb)/hr.
Carbon bisulfide emissions were much higher, about 2,800 kg (6,200
lb)/hr.  Some S0? is also emitted by the process.

     The plant has 11 boilers; four are gas- or oil-fired and the
other seven are fired with low sulfur coal.  The coal fired units
would emit SO,,.  There are no SOp controls on the boiler exhausts.

     A large waste disposal area occupies the southwest one-third of
the plant site.  In addition to the zinc sludges previously dis-
cussed, rejected batches of alkali cellulose crumbs and viscose
solution are reportedly disposed of in this area.  Aerial photographs
taken in October 1977 showed the presence of large deposits of solid
waste [Figure 44].  A pond containing a dark liquid was in the center
of the filled area.   This pond reportedly overflows to an outfall
along the south edge of the plant site that also receives effluent
from Chemical Formulators, Inc.  and the Cooperative Sewage Treatment,
Inc.  industrial wastewater treatment plant.  In 1972 this overflow

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162
FMC Corp., Organic Chemicals Div.,  Nitro,  RM 42.6R
                                                                             ™
                                                                             I
had a pH of 13.   Other small  ponds of dark liquid were present through-      »
out the fill  area.   Near the  parking lot were two pits, one contain-         9
ing a green liquid and the other a yellow-green liquid.

     Several  piles of drums were dumped near the south edge of the
disposal area.   Two solid waste piles were noted near the southeast          -J
corner of the plant site.   Two piles of a white substance were present
in the old powerhouse ruins.   White material was present on the ground       •
around the anhydrous sulfate  storage building.                                ™

     In summary, the Avtex plant has large emissions of toxic air           . 1
pollutants.  Zinc loads in wastewater discharges have been sub-
stantially reduced but are still significant.   The plant operates a          •
landfill that stores large volumes of zinc.   Runoff from at least a
portion of the landfill reaches the river.                                 -   m
                                                                              I
     FMC operates this plant on a small  6 hectare (14 acre) site be-         •
tween Avtex and Monsanto [Figures 41  and 43].   It produces inorganic
and organic phosphorus compounds.  Initial production began in 1930.         M
The plant has been operated by FMC since 1951.   Employment is about
200.                                                                          •

     Principal products are reportedly phosphorus trichloride and            fc
oxychloride and triaryl, tributoxyethyl  and tributyl phosphates.             •
Products may also include hydrochloric acid and tri-p-cresyl, tri-
isopropylphenyl and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphates.  A substantial             M
number of plasticizers were produced at this plant but have been de-
leted.  Raw materials are butyl alcohol, butyl  cellosolve, sodium            f|
hydroxide, chlorine, oxygen, phenol,  phosphorus, propylene and cresylic      ™
acid.  Arsenic is present as a contaminant in the phosphorus.  Of            £
these products and raw materials, only arsenic and phenol are priority       P
pollutants.
                                                                              i

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                                                                   163
                  o
     About 9,000 m /day (2.4 mgd) of water is withdrawn from the

Kanawha River and used for once-through cooling without treatment.
                               3
Treated water averaging 1,500 m /day (0.4 mgd) is purchased from West

Virginia Water Company (Elk River water) and used for domestic and

process water, cooling tower make-up and boiler feed.
     Process wastewaters are treated in a system consisting of neutrali-

zation tanks, an equalization basin, two aerated lagoons in series,

and a final clarifier.   Ammonia is added as a nutrient.   All activated

sludge is returned to the first aerated lagoon.



     Toxic substances limited by the NPDES permit are arsenic, chromium

and phenol.  In 1972, phenols discharged were several hundred kilograms

per day.   Phenol has since been reduced to less  than 4 kg (10 lb)/day.

Arsenic and chromium are less than 1 kg/day.   Effluent toxicity was a

problem in 1972.  Toxicity had been reduced somewhat in 1976 (TLm 40

to 100%).



     Sampling of the FMC effluent for organics in 1975 detected 14

specific compounds (primarily phenolics).  Most  were at low levels.



     No file information was available on emissions of toxic substances

to the atmosphere.



     No information was available on solid waste disposal to landfill.

Some process residues (AsCl~) are reportedly drummed and stored for

off-site contract disposal.



     Aerial photographs taken in October 1977 did not reveal any signi-

ficant spills or storage and/or landfill of waste materials on the

plant site.

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164
 Monsanto  Industrial Chemicals Co., Nitro, RM 41.4-42.5
                                            3
      Cooling  water  averaging  about  22,700  m /day  (6  mgd)  is withdrawn
 from the Kanawha  River  and  returned to  the river  untreated through
 outfall  002.   Water for domestic, process  and  other  uses  averages
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      In  summary, this plant does not produce any priority pollutants.
 Only  two (arsenic and phenol) are present in raw materials.  Past             p
 major discharges of phenols have apparently been abated.  Information
 on  air emissions and solid waste disposal is lacking.                         •
i
     Monsanto  operates an  industrial chemicals plant on about 97              •
 hectares  (240  acres)  adjacent to the FMC organic chemicals plant
 [Figure 41].   Production facilities and the wastewater treatment plant        •
 extend for  about  1.6  km (1 mi) along the river [Figure 45].
                                                                              I
     The  plant began  operations in 1921.  Monsanto has operated the           *
 plant since 1929.   Reportedly, products are more than 40 major kinds          *
 of  organic  chemicals  including rubber antioxidants, vulcanizing agents,       p
 rubber intermediates  and accelerators, oil additives, pre-vulcanizing
 inhibitors,  plasticizer antioxidants, animal feed antioxidants, paper         ,•
 sizing agents,  poultry feed  supplements, herbicides, resin modifiers,
 and refined tall  oils.  In late 1977, Monsanto reported 47 products           •
 listed by trade name  in Table 8.  Raw materials used in production of
 these chemicals exceed 100 and include alcohols, acids, caustics,             m
 oils, crude tall  oil  and numerous organic and inorganic salts.  Prin-         ™
 cipal raw materials reported by Monsanto in late 1977 are  listed in           —
 Table 9.                                                                      f

     Plant  operations are  continuous year around.  Except  for tall            m
 oil, most chemicals are produced in intermittent batch processes.
 Annual production capacity is in the range of 160 million  kg (350             fl
 million  Ib).   Employment in  1977 was about 650.
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                                                   165
            Figure 45.

Monsanto  Production Facilities

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                                                        167
                      Table  8
                 LIST OF PRODUCTS
                 MONSANTO COMPANY
                      West Virginia
Santocure NS Pellets
MHA Acid
Calcium MHA
Maul
Santoquin
Sodium MET
Unmilled.Santowhite Crystals
Santoflex AW
Santogard PVI
Flectol H
Sulfasan R
Thiofide
Santowhite Powder
Santocure Pellets
Santonox R
Santovar A
Santocure NS Pellets
Santocure Powder
50% Sodium MBT
Santocure NS Powder
Santosize 70T
Santoflex DD
M-530
 PC-1244
 PC-1344
 Thiotax
 Mersize 70-TFL
 Mersize 77-T
 Mersize 77-TFL
 Santosize 77
 Rosin Size KIP 70
 Monsize
-Mersize 603 Adduct
 Sulfasan  R Wax Pellets
 Multiflow
 BTH
 CDEC
 TORUFA
 UFA Bleached
 Emtall 730
 Emtall 786 - Pitch
 Emtall 743 - SFA
 Emtall 729
 Emtall 731.
 Emtall 753-V
 Emtall 745
 PVI Waxed Pellets

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168
                             Table 9
                  LIST OF PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS
                         MONSANTO COMPANY
                       Nitro, West Virginia
     Acetic Acid, Glacial
     *Acrolein
     Acrylate, 2-Ethyl Hexyl
     N-Butyl Alcohol
     Ammonia, Anhydrous
     Ammonia, Aqua
     Benzoyl Peroxide
     Butyraldehyde
     Calcium Chloride
     Carbon Bisulfide
     Carbon Black
     Chlorine
     Clay
     Clenzolene
     Coal
     Kerosene
     Cresol, TBM
     * 2 ,3-Dichloropropene
      Die thy la mine
      Dow Corning Fluid
      Ethyl Acrylate
      Dicalite 4200
      Skellysolve (Heptane)
     *Hydrogen Cyanide
      Hydroquinone
      Lime
      Methocel
      Rule 66 Mineral Spirits
      Morpholine
      Muriatic Acid
      Nitrogen
      No.  2  Fuel Oil
      Crude  Tall Oil
       Phosphoric Acid
       Polyethylene Glycol
       Potassium Chloride
       Pyridine
 Soda Ash
 S.A.B.S.
 Sodium Chloride
 Stearic Acid
 Molten Sulfur
 Sulfur  Dichloride
 Sulfuric Acid
 Sulfur  Monochloride
 Tertiary Amylene
* Toluene
* Trichloroethylene
 Varsol 2
 White  Crude Scale Wax
 Liquid Crystal Wax
 Xylene
 Foam,  Fire
 Toluene Sulfonic Acid
 Fumaric Acid
 Muriatic Acid
 Dodecyl Aniline
 Para Phenetidine
 Potassium
 Hydroxide
 Sodium Sulfite
 Acetone
 Phthalic Anhydride
 Tertiary  Butylamine
 Methanol
 Phthalic Anhydride
 50% Formalin
 Methyl Mercaptan
 Aniline Oil
 Cyclohexylamine
 Cyclohexyl Mercaptan
 Disod. Phosphate (DSP)
 CO2
  Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulphonates
         Priority Pollutants
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                                                                   169
             o
about 5,700 m /day (1.5 mgd) and is purchased from the West Virginia
Water Company (Elk River water).  All domestic and process waste-
waters, spills and leaks, and surface runoff from plant areas are
collected and pumped to a treatment facility for ultimate discharge
to the Kanawha River through 001.

     Prior to 1977, the wastewater treatment facility consisted of
three primary settling lagoons, a limestone neutralization pit and
three aerated lagoons.  Substantial modifications were completed in
1977.  Treatment units in series now include a spill/surge lagoon, an
emergency overflow lagoon, a covered equalization pond/primary set-
tling lagoon, the limestone pit, neutralization facilities, an aerated
activated sludge basin and a final clarlfier [Figures 46 and 47].
Effluent from the final clarifier can either be discharged directly
to the river or to a large aerated lagoon for additional treatment.
Excess activated sludge is pumped to an aerated lagoon for aerobic
digestion and long-term storage.  Primary sludge is stored in the
equalization pond where it was settled.  Many years capacity is available.

     Toxic substances limited by the NPDES permit for Outfall 001
include chromium and cyanide.  No loads have been reported but average
limits are 0.4 kg (1 lb)/day.  Quarterly bioassays are required.  A
TLm of 3.3% to 5.4% was reported in 1976.  The 1972 EPA survey yielded
a TLm of 7.6%.  This effluent was thus highly toxic to test organisms.
Phenols were measured at 2 kg (5 lb)/day in 1972.

     For Outfall 002, no toxics are limited by the permit but bioassays
are required.  In 1975, TLm's of 24 to 76% were reported indicating
some toxicity was present.

     Analysis of the Outfall 001 discharge for organics in 1975 detected
low levels (<1 ppm) of 31 specific organic compounds.  About half of
these had some reported toxic effects.   Tetrachloroethylene, a priority
pollutant, was present at a concentration of 0.9 mg/1.

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170
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      The  list  of  raw materials [Table 9] includes five priority               ^
 pollutants  (acrolein, dichloropropene, cyanide, toluene and tri-              j§
 chloroethylene).   File data did not  indicate that these pollutants
 had  been  detected in plant effluents.                                         I

      Hydrogen  sulfide off-gases from a reactor are passed through a           fl
 sulfur  recovery unit and then to an  incinerator.  Other off-gases are         ™
 also incinerated.  There is no SOp control on the incinerator emis-           i*
 sions.  Maximum SOp emission rates are about 136 kg (300 lb)/hr.  The         •
 incinerator-sulphur recovery system  is equipped with an emergency
 flare.  An  emergency flare is also present for control of HCN storage         £
 emissions.  Other air pollution controls include baghouses on most
 process units  for product recovery.    "                                       •

      In late 1977, Monsanto reported that 64 hydrocarbon compounds        -    A
 were emitted to the atmosphere, most in very small intermittent               ™
 amounts.  Daily emissions of toluene were 110 kg (250 Ib); NO , 23 kg         M
 (50  Ib) and trichloroethylene, 14 kg (30 Ib).  Small amounts of               9
 acrolein, formaldehyde, carbon disulfide and HCN were also emitted.

      The  plant has five boilers (two on natural gas, three on coal)
 and  a tall  oil furnace.  The furnace burns pitch and natural gas.             I
 About 74,000 m.tons (82,000 tons)/year of coal with a sulfur content
 of 0.75 to  1.09%  are burned.
9
I
      About  25  m.tons  (28  tons)/day  of  flyash  are  disposed  of  offsite
 by a contractor.   Various solid wastes  are  disposed  of  in  a landfill
 on Monsanto property  northeast of the  wastewater  treatment plant
 [Figure 41].   In  late 1977,  Monsanto reported that wastes  disposed  of         'p
 annually included 816 m.tons (900 tons)  of  filter cake,  1,000 m.tons
 (1,100 tons)  of pitch,  220 m.tons (240 tons)  of residue  and 1,500             V
 m.tons (1,650  tons) of trash.  The  filter cake and pitch were con-
 sidered by  Monsanto to be "relatively  harmless" while the  residue was
                                                                              I

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                                                                                 171
                              &            %fl!!
       Figure  46.
Wosf.waf.r

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172
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                               Figure  47.

           Monsanto  Wostewoter Treatment  Plant  -West Half
                                                                            i
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                                                  173
NITRO
                 MONSANTO

                  LANDFILL
           Figure  48.

   Monsanto Landfill  Area

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174
 iff
                  LANDFILL
                                       *&*?.f§jp
                                         5   *
                                           $8P#  J^"" flPJI^^J^^MPiSF *•
I
                             Figure  49.

                    Monsanto Small Landfill Area
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                                                                   175
"relatively harmless to slightly toxic."  All three were described as
practically insoluble.

     Aerial photographs of the plant site taken in October 1977 detected
two areas of landfill ing activities.  The major area [Figure 48] was
in the location described by Monsanto.   Wastes had been dumped over
most of the available area.  Some ponded dark liquid was present,
primarily among some building ruins.  The proximity of the landfill
to Armour Creek made movement of surface runoff and leachate into the
creek highly probable.

     A second smaller landfill area was detected north of the production
area [Figure 49].   The characteristics of deposited materials could
not be defined.  A small, dark pond was present in some ruins adjacent
to recent fill material.

     In summary, the Monsanto plant handles and/or discharges at least
seven priority pollutants.  Documented discharges of toxic substances
are small.  However, treated plant effluent is toxic to aquatic organisms.
The potential for spills of toxic substances to surface waters is
relatively low because of spill containment facilities.  Air emissions
of toxic substances include SO,,, NO , toluene and trichloroethylene.
                              c*    f\.
Substantial volumes of solid wastes are disposed of on-site in a land-
fill adjacent to a waterway.  Some runoff or seepage of toxic sub-
stances could occur.
Fike Chemicals, Inc., Nitro

     Fike Chemicals, Inc. (Fike), operates a small chemicals plant in
the southeastern part of the Nitro industrial complex [Figure 41].
The plant began operations in 1953 as the Roberts Chemical Company.
It has been Fike Chemicals, Inc. since 1971.

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176
     The plant discharges industrial wastewaters to a treatment plant
operated by Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc.   Coastal Tank Lines,
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
Inc.  also discharges industrial  wastewaters to this treatment facility.
These two facilities are discussed in the following sections.                 V
                                                                             m
                                                                             m
     The plant is on a compact 4.5 hectare (11 acre) site adjacent to        I
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc., Vimasco Corp. (See discussion in Minor Indus-
trial Sources section) and a truck tractor maintenance facility operated     f
by Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. [Figure 50].  This complex of            ~
chemical producers and transporters coupled with inadequate pollution
control and waste disposal practices has produced documented pollution
of the groundwater system with toxic substances.  It is highly probable
that surface runoff from the area is also contaminated with toxic            M
substances.  The presence of toxic substances in wastewater discharges
to the Kanawha River have been documented.  It is also probable that         M
toxic chemicals are being released to the atmosphere.
                                                                             1
     The Fike plant is a small -volume firm that specializes in the           *
development of new chemicals, in custom chemical processing and in           £
specialty chemicals.  About 50 different products are manufactured at        V
the site.  Table 10 lists these products, raw materials, by-products
and waste disposal methods. At least 13 chemicals produced or used by        •
Fike are priority pollutants.

     All processes are small [maximum 2,270 kg (5,000 lb)/day)] batch-
type operations with reaction times that can be as long as a week.           A
This results in intermittent wastewater discharges.  Wastewaters from        '
the plant are disposed of in two ways.  Treatable wastewaters are
discharged to the Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc. (CST) facility
for treatment and discharge to the Kanawha River.  Highly contamin-            _
ated wastewaters are discharged to an "evaporation" pond at the south-        £
west corner of the site [Figure 50].  Poor housekeeping practices at
the plant are prevalent and it is probable that some of the highly           9
contaminated wastewaters are discharged to the CST facility.
                                                                             f
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                                                                    187
     During the NEIC monitoring survey in October 1977, composite
samples of the Fike discharge to the CST treatment facility were taken
on five days and analyzed for organic compounds.   Thirty-seven organic
compounds were identified in the discharge [Table 11].

     A 96-hour static bioassay was performed on the Fike discharge to
the CST treatment facility.   The estimated 96-hour LC50 for this dis-
charge was 0.56% indicating it was highly toxic.

     Chemicals have been spilled on the ground surface at many spots
in the processing area.   Some wastewaters have been placed in steel
drums that were allowed to rust out with subsequent spillage onto the
ground.  The entire processing area is so contaminated with unknown
chemicals that it is probable that surface runoff is highly contamin-
ated and that leaching of chemicals into the groundwater occurs.

     Air pollution controls are minimal.  Only two of four scrubbers
were operational during the NEIC monitoring survey.   Nauseating odors
were present throughout the survey.  As indicated in Table 10, various
toxic chemicals are emitted to the atmosphere.

     Two methods of solid waste disposal are used.  Paper and trash
are hauled to a sanitary landfill by a disposal contractor.  Drums,
still bottoms and various reaction byproducts are disposed of on-site
in an unlined pit [Figure 50].  Materials are not regularly covered
with earth.  The drums rust allowing their contents to flow onto the
ground.  Once the pit is full, a bulldozer is used to crush the drums
and backfill the pit.   This disposal method allows toxic chemicals to
leach into the ground and the groundwater system.  The pit in use
                                                       3           3
during the October survey had a volume of about 1,500 m  (53,500 ft )
and was about 40% full.   The volume of materials previously disposed
of on-site in this manner was not documented.

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190
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     There are two "evaporation" ponds on the site.  The old pond has         _
been in use for about 8 years.  It is of unlined earth construction           •
                                       2           2
and has a surface area of about 1,400 m  (15,100 ft ) and an average
depth of 0.5 m (1.5 ft).  In addition to the Fike wastewaters, the            I
"evaporation" pond in the past received sludge from the CST treatment
facility and concentrated initial rinse waters from the Coastal Tank          ft
Lines, Inc. tank trailer cleaning operations.

                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     A new "evaporation" pond was constructed in September 1977.   It
                                  3           3
has an estimated volume of 1,230 m  (43,500 ft ).   Coastal rinse  waters
and CST sludge were being discharged to the new pond during the October
survey.

     Computations show that if there was no seepage from the old  pond,
no evaporation or no precipitation, the pond would fill  to the level         ft
observed in about 35 processing days.   It would overflow in an additional
23 processing days.  In this geographical area, precipitation exceeds        •
evaporation.   Therefore, it is evident that the pond contents seep           •
into the ground.  Based on October 1977 influent rates,  the new pond         _
would be expected to fill in about 30 working days.   Thus, this pond         |
could only function for a long time period if it seeps.
                                                                              I
      During  the NEIC survey, samples were taken of the old pond contents
 and  from  three monitoring wells near the pond.  Twenty-one organic            I
 compounds were detected  in the pond contents  including five priority
 pollutants [Table  12].   Ten of the same compounds including four prior-       £
 ity  pollutants were found in the monitoring well closest to the pond,         *
 confirming that there was seepage from the pond to the groundwater.           —
 Arsenic,  cadmium and lead were also found in  both the pond and the            ft
 groundwater.  Other organic chemicals were detected  in the wells but
 not  in  the pond, indicating groundwater contamination from sources            •
 other than the pond.
                                                                              1
                                                                              I

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                                                                    193
     Because of the batch nature of processes at Fike, it is probable
that additional toxic substances not detected during the NEIC survey
are periodically discharged to the evaporation pond and the CST treat-
ment facility.

     It is evident from the data collected during the NEIC survey
that the Fike plant is a major source of toxic substances released to
the environment through air emissions, wastewater discharges and dis-
posal of solid and hazardous wastes.  As discussed in the following
two sections, the Fike plant is part of a major pollution problem in
the Nitro area requiring abatement.
Coastal Tank Lines, Inc., Nitro

     Coastal Tank Lines, Inc. (Coastal) operates a truck terminal
adjacent to the Fike plant [Figures 41 and 50].  The Company hauls
finished chemical products and raw materials for numerous chemical
firms.  Empty tank trailers are returned to the terminal for cleaning
and repair before resuming service.  About 70 truck tractors and 107
tank trailers are serviced by the Coastal terminal.

     About 25 trucks and trailers are washed/day, 6 days/week.   The
empty trailers normally contain only 19 to 38 liters (5 to 10 gal-
lons), of the material hauled when they return to the terminal.

     The interior of the trailers first receive a prerinse, using
water that had been used for a final rinse [Figure 51].   After the
prerinse, a cleaning solution is added to the interior of the trail-
ers; this solution is recyled to the cleaning solution make-up tank.
The trailers then receive a final wash and this water is recycled and
used for the prerinse.  When the cleaning solution is spent, it is
pumped to a tank trailer dedicated for this use.  Occasionally, the
cleaning solutions will overflow the make-up tank and discharge to
the CST treatment plant.

-------
194
           STEP  1 PRE RINSE
             F low
                                      Flow
                                                             Flow
                           Flow
                                                        Flow
           STEP 2 RECYCLE  OF CLEANING SOLUTIONS
                                          I  .  Flow
A
o
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B

- p
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                                                             Fl6w
                                                   Flow
           STEP 3 FINAL RINSE
                                                 Flow
(








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            "To CST Lagoon"


   NOTES:



 A.  PRE  RINSE  WATER STORAGE TANK

 B   CLEANING SOLUTION STORAGE TANK

 C.  RINSE WATER STORAGE TANK

 D.  PRESSURE  PUMP
E. RETURN PUMP

F. TANK TRAILER

G.  PORTABLE HOLDING TANK
           Figure  SlCoaslal Tank lines. Inc.  Trailer Cleaning Proceedure

                        and Wolfe D/spoio/ touting to  C.S.T.
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                                                                    195
     Coastal has two ways of disposing of the waste from washing the
                                                        3
trucks.   First, the prerinse water is pumped into a 19 m  (5,000 gal)
tank trailer (discussed above), and dumped into the evaporative pond
along with the spent cleaning solution.   Secondly, after the final
washwater is transferred to the prerinse tank, any excess is dis-
charged to the CST sewer (the excess final washwater does not enter
the prerinse tank).  The tank trailer is discharged about 3 times in
a 48-hour period.

     Coastal does  not have any air pollution control devices; the
only sources of stationary emissions are the vapors from the make-up
tanks for cleaning solutions and vapors released from tank trailers
when they are opened for cleaning.  The"make-up tanks are in build-
ings which exhaust to the atmosphere.

     The discharges of toxic substances in wastewaters from trailer
rinsing to the Fike "evaporation" ponds contribute to the pollution
problems created by these ponds [Table 12].   Wastewaters discharged
to the CST treatment facility contained at least 13 toxic substances
during the NEIC survey [Table 11].  A bioassay of the discharge to
the CST treatment  facility showed it to be highly toxic as indicated
by a 96-hr LC50 of 2.2%.

     Coastal does  not have any wastewater treatment facilities.  All
of its wastewaters are disposed of either in the Fike evaporation
ponds or in the Kanawha River after treatment by CST.  Therefore,
abatement of pollution from Coastal is related to pollution control
at the other two facilities.
Cooperative Sewage Treatment, Inc.  Nitro

     Cooperative Sewage Treatment,  Inc.  (CST) was formed by Fike and
Coastal to treat their wastewaters.   A treatment facility was built

-------
196                                                                           "

                                                                              I
with costs shared by the two Companies.  Fike operates the plant.
Operating costs are shared on the basis of water use.                         M

     The treatment plant initially also served Vimasco Corp. and Atlas        •
Steel Container Corp.  Atlas has ceased operation.  Vimasco has stopped
its discharge to the CST plant and discharges to small ponds on its           •
property.                                                                     ™

     Treatment units are shown in Figure 52 as they existed during            m
the October  1977 NEIC survey.  The biological system was achieving
BOD removals comparable to primary treatment only.  The low treatment         £
efficiency was due partly to an inadequate system for return of sludge
from the final pond to the aeration pontl.  A new final clarifier was          •
constructed  in October 1977 but was not operational during the NEIC
survey.  Excess sludge from the plant  is hauled to the Fike evaporation       •
ponds for disposal.                                                           ™

     Effluent from the CST plant is discharged to the Kanawha River           0
through an old city of Nitro sewer that discharges to the Kanawha
River just downstream from the Allied  Chemical Plant [Figure 41].             I
Leachate from the pond in the Avtex landfill reportedly is discharged
to this outfall as is wastewater from  Chemical Formulators, Inc.,             8
discussed in the following section.

     During  the NEIC survey, the CST effluent averaged 151 m /day             *
(0.0399 mgd), about 90% of which was contributed by Fike.  This was
about half the flow measured during a  1972 EPA survey.
I
      Analyses  of  the  effluent  in  the  1977  survey  detected  an  average          •
 of  less  than  1  kg/day total  of arsenic,  cadmium,  hexavalent chromium,
 lead  and silver.   The average  COD and BOD  concentrations (2,980  and           •
 760 mg/1,  respectively)  were very high for a  treated  effluent.   The
 average  COD  load  (450 kg/day)  was about 6% of the 1972  survey load.           •
                                                                              I

-------

197
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-------
198
Both phenol and arsenic discharges were excessive in 1972.   The aver
age phenol discharge in 1977 was less than 1  kg/day.
 concern.
Chemical Formulators, Inc., Nitro
                                                                             *
                                                                             I
     Organic compounds detected in the CST effluent in October 1977           •
are summarized in Table 13.   Seventeen of the 37 compounds detected
had known toxic effects.   Nine are known or suspected carcinogens.             •
Five are priority pollutants.   Toxicity data on chemicals discharged
by Fike, Coastal and the CST plant are summarized in Table 14.                 •

     A flow-through bioassay of the CST plant effluent yielded a 96-hr        »
LC50 of 0.22% showing a very high toxicity.                                  .  8

     The discharge of these toxic substances to a major tributary of          •
the Ohio River, a major public drinking water supply, is of special
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     Chemical Formulators, Inc.  operates a small  (22 employees) chemical      •
plant adjacent to Coastal [Figures 41  and 50].   The plant produces
methoxychlor, maleic hydrazine,  maleic hydrazine 30 and Bordeaus mix-         fl
ture as products and anisole as  an intermediate for making methoxychlor.      *
All products are batch made.  Raw materials include phenol, methyl            •
chloride, trichloracetaldehyde,  aluminum catalyst, hydrazine hydrate,         9
sulfuric acid, maleic anhydride, diethanolamine,  copper sulfate and           _
lime.  All of these materials and products are hazardous and five are         J|
priority pollutants.
                                                                              I
     In 1972, the plant also formulated and packaged a variety of in-
secticides from purchased pesticide materials.   These operations have         ff
been discontinued.
                                                                              I
                                                                              I

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212
 carbon columns on the final effluent were added.
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
      Water supply is obtained from two sources.   Well  water is used
 for make-up in a non-contact recirculating cooling water system.              g
                                    o
 Process water averaging about 570 m  (150,000 gal)/month is purchased
 from the West Virginia Water Company.                                         I
                                                                               I
     All process wastewater and most storm runoff is treated in the          fl
plant's treatment facility prior to discharge to the outfall sewer
that also conveys the CST effluent to the Kanawha River.   In 1972,
treatment units^included a primary settling tank with pH  adjustment
for aluminum precipitation, an oil-skimming unit, a secondary set-
tling (holding) tank, a spray aeration and trickling filter unit, and        |
a final clear well.   Effluent from the trickling filter flowed to the
clear well where it could either be recycled to the process units or         I
discharged to the outfall.   This arrangement produced intermittent
discharges to the river outfall.  Frequently, no effluent was dis-        .   •
charged for days.                                                            "

     The treatment system was modified in late 1977.  A phenol treat-        I
ment unit, sludge dewatering ponds, a final treatment pond and two
                                                                              I
      Operations of the chemical plant are seasonal, averaging 9 to 10         I
 months/year.  An NEIC plant inspection was made in September 1977.
 No compliance monitoring was performed during the October 1977 survey         •
 at the adjacent chemical plants because Chemical Formulators was shut         *
 down.  No effluent data has been obtained from the new treatment plant.       •

      The volume of treated wastewater discharged is small.  For the
 period January through May, 1977, wastewater was discharged only 11
                                       3
 days.  The maximum discharge was 200 m /day (53,000 gpd).
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
      The 1972 EPA survey found low levels of lead, cyanide, cadmium,
 chromium, and nickel in the plant effluent.  Higher levels of zinc            •
                                                                               I

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                                                                   213
(10 mgl) and copper (0.7 mg/1) were observed.   Phenol was very high
at 2,500 mg/1.   This was a discharge of 25 kg (55 lb)/day on the day
sampled.  Self-monitoring data for the first half of 1977 showed that
phenol concentrations ranged from 420 to 3,450 mg/1 for the 11 days
of discharge.   The maximum load discharged was 143 kg (316 lb)/day.
A State survey in September 1976 found an even higher 4,180 mg/1 of
phenol in a short-term discharge.   Arsenic, cadmium and lead were
present at low levels.  Chromium at 0.9 mg/1 and copper at 1.3 mg/1
were higher.  Methoxychlor was present at a 5 mg/1 level.

     It is apparent from this data that past intermittent discharges
from Chemical  Formulators contained substantial amounts of toxic sub-
stances.  No data are available to evaluate discharges from the modi-
fied treatment system.

     Emissions from the two methoxychlor reactors are vented through
scrubbers.  Emissions can contain HC1 fumes.

     Paper, trash, etc., are hauled by a private contractor to a land-
fill.  On-site disposal in an unlined pit is used for solid wastes
(primarily sodium phenolate) generated by the processes.

Appalachian Power Company, John E. Amos Plant, Nitro, RM 39.51

     Appalachian Power Company operates this very large,  coal-fired,
thermal electric power plant north of Nitro [Figure 53].   The plant
has three generating units, two rated at 800 MW each and one at 1,300
MW.  The plant was placed in operation between 1971 and 1973.

     The plant has a recirculating cooling system with three large
natural draft hyperbolic cooling towers.  Make-up water is withdrawn
from the Kanawha River and treated with sulfuric acid.

-------
  APPALACHIAN  POWER CO
                                                 C==,  T'Tilf
                                                     Golf    .
                                                    Course   '•
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     Figure  53. Location Map  - Amos Power  Plant
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                                                                    215
     Bottom ash is sluiced to ponds northwest of the power plant.

Cooling tower blowdown also flows to these ponds.   Pond effluent is

pumped with flyash to a large pond southwest of the power plant on
                                                                  3
Little Scary Creek.  Flyash pond effluent averaging about 41,600 m /day

(11 mgd) flows down Little Scary Creek to the Kanawha River opposite

the Monsanto Company facility.  Except for a small treated sanitary

wastewater discharge, this is the only effluent from the plant.



     Sampling of the flyash pond effluent in 1972 showed only low

levels of heavy metals.  The plant had been in operation for about a

year at the time of the sampling.  There does not appear to be a sig-

nificant discharge of toxic substances in wastewater from this plant.



     About 25,000 ton/day of coal with a sulfur content of 0.9% are

burned at full operation.   This results in the discharge of large

volumes of S0? through the plant's two very tall stacks.



     The flyash lagoon has about 15-year storage capacity.  Bottom

ash pond capacity was not specified.
MINOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES



     There are four minor industrial sources of pollution in the lower

valley, two small chemical plants, a trucking terminal and a tank car

repair facility.




P. B. & S. Chemical Company, St. Albans, RM 43.9L



     The P. B. & S. Chemical Company operates a small plant for the

production of commercial bleach, sodium hypochlorite.  This process

involves the reaction of chlorine gas with caustic soda.  No liquid

process wastes are produced.  The only wastewaters are equipment wash-

water and compressor cooling water.

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216
      The  affiliated Hat-Ra Chemical Company at the same site re-
 packages  chlorine  from  tank cars to smaller pressure containers.
I
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      The  total wastewater flow  from the site was only about 4.5 m /day        I
 (1,200  gpd)  in 1972.   Sampling  of the effluent  in  1972 detected un-
 expectedly high  levels of chrome, copper,  lead, nickel and zinc.              I
 Because of the small  flow, however, loads  were  insignificant.

               .   .                                                           I
      Except  for  the potential hazard of accidental  releases of                •
 chlorine  gas, this plant is  not a significant source of toxic sub-            _
 stances.                                                                      ||


 Vimasco Corp. , Nitro                                                          ™

      Vimasco Corp. operates  a small (26 employees), chemical manu-            |
 facturing plant  for the production of several formulations of vinyl
 coatings  [Figure  41].  Latex paints, fire  retardant coatings and vinyl        I
 mastic  are the principal products.  The plant at one time manufactur-
 ed  a  thermal  insulation by combining asbestos and  polyvinyl emulsion.         •
 This  operation would  require a  NESHAPS permit.  The Company indicated
 it  would  cease the use of asbestos rather  than  get a permit.  No other
 data  were available on materials used.
I
      Water use  at  the  plant was  only  14  m   (4,000  gal)/week when  visit-       •
                                                                  3
 ed by EPA in  1972.   Industrial wastewaters  were  treated  in a  38 m
 (10,000  gal)  three-compartment primary sedimentation  tank, a  sludge           I
 pond and a clear water pond in 1972.  There was  no outfall from the
 pond.  This wastewater discharge was  previously  treated  in the Coopera-       •
 tive Sewage Treatment,  Inc. plant but this  was discontinued  in 1971
 or 1972.   No  samples of the pond were taken in 1972.   It was  con-            •
 sidered  probable that  the pond overflowed onto adjacent  low  areas.            ™
 Domestic wastes were treated  in  a septic tank that overflowed onto            M
 the ground surface.                                                           •
                                                                              I

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                                                                   217
     The October 1977 aerial photographs showed a three-section un-

lined pond at the plant [Figure 50].   The largest section contained a

white foam over a grey-brown liquid.   The other sections contained a

light gray-green liquid and a medium brown-green liquid, respectively.

A small unlined pit containing a white substance was about 10 m west

of the ponds.  Water was pooled between the railroad tracks northeast

of the ponds.



     No data were available on solid waste disposal or air emissions.



     It is probable that the discharge of industrial wastewaters to

the unlined ponds contributes to the pollution of both surface waters

and the groundwater system in this industrial complex.  No data are

available on what toxic substances could be included in this pollution.
Mason and Dixon Tank Lines, Inc., St. Albans, RM 43.51



     Mason and Dixon operates a truck terminal for the cleaning and

repair of bulk chemical tank trucks across the river from Allied Chemical

in Nitro [Figure 41].  In 1972, about 50 employees including truck

drivers were based at-the terminal.  This facility is thus much smaller

than either the Chemical Leaman or Coastal terminals previously discussed.


     Specific tank cleaning procedures were not described in avail-

able information but they are apparently similar to those used by

Chemical Leaman and Coastal.  About 10 tanks were cleaned daily in

1972.



     A wide variety of chemicals is carried by the tank trucks.  Thus

many chemicals would be included in the tank drainage and wash water.

The method used- for disposal of residual liquids in the tanks when

they reach the terminal was not documented.

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218
      The  wastewater  treatment plant was operated  in a batch mode one
 shift/day in  1972, although  cleaning operations occurred around the
 clock.  Wastewaters  were  discharged to a 38 m  (10,000 gal) holding
                                     3                                        I
 tank.   They were  then  treated in  13 m  (3,500 gal) batches in primary         jj
 holding tanks.  The  wastewater was then passed through an air flotation
 unit  and  an activated  sludge package plant with post-chlorination.            •
 Sewage  was discharged  to  the activated sludge plant.  Sludge disposal
                                                           2
 was not specified.   The average flow treated was  about 40 m /day              •
 (0.011  mgd).    *   '                                                           •

      When inspected  by EPA  in 1972, the treatment system was pro-            . •
 ducing  a  poor quality  effluent as indicated by high BOD (2,450 mg/1),
 COD (7,050 mg/1)  and suspended solids (850 mg/1).  Phenols, cyanide           J
 and copper were present at  low levels.

      Data are not adequate  to assess the magnitude of discharges of
 toxic substances  from  this  facility.  Any toxic substances carried  in         •
 the tank  trucks would  be  expected to be present in the treated effluent.      ™

                                                                              I
 ACF Industries, Inc.,  Shippers Car Line Div. , Red House RM 31.4R

      This plant at Red House [Figure 54] is engaged in the maintenance
 and repair of the Shippers  Car Line Division  lease fleet of railroad          •
 cars.   Operations include mechanical repairs, steel work, cleaning            •
 and painting.   In 1972, the average annual plant  flow was 2,100 cars          _
 of which  about 600 were new and only required internal painting.               m
 Employment in 1972 was about 85 persons.  Operations were two shifts,
 five  days/week, 50 weeks/year.  The plant was built in 1956.                   I

      Water supply obtained  from two wells was used for domestic pur-           •
 poses,  boiler feed and make-up water for a recirculating cooling  system
                                         3
 for two air  compressors.  About 8 to 12 m /day  (0.002 to 0.003 mgd)
 of water  was  obtained  from  the Kanawha River  and  used for washing
 1
 1

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Figure 54 .  , Location Map - Winfield  Area

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220
 cars.   Domestic wastewater was  treated  in  a package plant  installed
 in  1965 and  discharged  to the river.
off-site for disposal.   No data were available on the products hauled
in the tank cars.
      Aerial  photos  taken  in  September  and  December  1977  showed  that
 the three lagoons were  still  in  use.   The  two  settling tanks  were  not
 evident.   An active discharge to the river was  noted  that  appeared
 larger than  the 1972 average  flow.
                                                                             I
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      The  only  source  of  industrial wastewater was the car washing             I
 operation.   Car washing  procedures were  not documeted.  Any  products
 remaining in the tank cars were  drained  into containers and  shipped           I
                                                                              •
      In  1972,  the  industrial  wastewater  treatment  facilities  con-             _
 sisted of three  unlined  ponds in  series  with  sand  filters  in  the di-          |
 viding dikes  to  allow flow  between  the ponds  and two  small  settling
 tanks equipped with  sand filters.   Detention  time  was about six months.       I
 Oil  was  removed  from the surface  of the  first lagoon  by  a  skimmer,
 drummed  and disposed of  by  others.                                            I
                                                                              I
      A fourth and larger pond had been  constructed west of the ori-            •
 ginal  ponds.   Its function  was not clear.

      A small  disposal  area  was present  west of the new lagoon.   Un-
 known solid wastes had been dumped in a small  area with disturbed             •
 earth and two small  areas of ponded water.                                     B

      EPA sampling in 1972 detected only low levels of heavy metals            |
 and phenol.   No organic analyses  were done.

      Data on this source is inadequate  to assess the magnitude of
 discharges of toxic substances.   The potential for such discharges is         •
                                                                               I

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                                                                   221
largely dependent upon the products hauled in tank cars cleaned for

repair.




American Mobile Clean, Inc., Fraziers Bottom



     American Mobile Clean, Inc.  operates a facility for cleaning

chemical tank trailers about 8 km (5 mi) west of Winfield and down-

stream of Winfield-Dam.   In 1974, the facility employed 25 persons

and cleaned less than 100 tank trailers per month.  It was thus smaller

than the three tank cleaning facilities previously discussed.



     Water supply for tank cleaning was.obtained from a well in 1974.
                            3
Water use was less than 38 m /day (0.01 mgd).  Both steam and high

pressure water cleaning processes were used.  Disposal of residual

chemicals in the tank trailers was not defined.   Chemicals hauled in

the tanks cleaned were also not defined.



     In 1974, wastewaters were discharged to a closed system which

provided retention, treatment and reuse for tank cleaning.  There was

no discharge to surface waters.  The treatment units included two

primary settling ponds in series; an activated sludge system con-

sisting of an aeration basin and final clarifier; a chlorine contact

tank and chlorinator; and a final holding pond.   Activated sludge

from the clarifier was recycled to the aeration basin or wasted to

the first primary settling pond.   Treated wastewaters in the final

pond were recycled for tank cleaning uses.



     The 1974 permit application indicated that modifications would

be made in 1975 to add a carbon adsorption unit and a clarifier with

ferric chloride and lime additions between the chlorine contact tank

and final pond.  Sludge from the clarifier would go to the first primary

pond.

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222

                                                                              I
      File data did not indicate if the ponds were lined.  Ultimate            «
 disposal of sludge also was not defined.                                      |

      Although this facility does not have a direct discharge to sur-          I
 face  waters, it does have a potential for seepage of toxic substances
 into  the groundwater system. Also toxic substances could be present           I
 in sludges and residual chemicals requiring disposal.  The significance
 of any toxic substance problem is related to the types of chemicals           •
 hauled in the tank trailers and the number of units cleaned.                  •

                                                                              I
     This facility would appear to have the best wastewater treatment
system of the tank cleaning facilities evaluated in the Kanawha Valley.


MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL

     The industrial plants in the Nitro complex produce large volumes
of solid and hazardous wastes, much of which is disposed of on-site.
The specific disposal problems were discussed in the previous sections
                                                                              I
                                                                              I
     There  are  3 communities  in the Lower Kanawha Valley that have
 NPDES  permits to discharge municipal wastewaters to the Kanawha  River.        |
 Wastewater  volumes and  levels of treatment for these discharges  are
 listed in Table 15.                                                           I
      The  only  significant municipal discharge  in the  lower valley  is          •
 from  the  City  of  Nitro  facility serving a population  of about 8,000.
 There are no significant industrial plants  in  the service area except
 those with known  direct discharges of  industrial wastewaters to  the
 Kanawha  River.  This  plant  should not  be a  significant source of toxic
 substances.             '
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                                                                223
                          Table 15

          MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
                    LOWER KANAWHA VALLEY
     Community
Population
 Served
Flow
East Kanawha
  Public Serv.
  Distr.            2,000

Nitro               8,000

Winfield            1,500

TOTALS             11,500
                                  m /day  mgd
                760    0.2

               2,650   0.7

                570   0.15

               3,980  1.05
Level of
Treatment
           Secondary

           Secondary

             None

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224
 on  specific  plants.   Discharges  of  toxic  substances  to  surface  and
 ground waters  in  the  Nitro  area  from  such disposal problems  have  been
 documented.
 NON-POINT SOURCES
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      Surface runoff from the  Nitro  industrial  complex  is  a non-point
 source of toxic  substances.   Because  of  the  low population density of        I
 most of the lower valley,  non-point sources  other  than at Nitro  are
 not significant  in this  area.                                                 I
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              APPENDIX A



WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS

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                         WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS

             (West Virginia Administrative Regulations, State Water Resources Board; Chapter 20,
        Articles 5 and 5A, Code of West Virginia; Effective April 15, 1974)
              TABLE OF CONTENTS
  SECTION 1. GENERAL
  SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS
  SECTION 3.  GENERAL  CONDITIONS  NOT  AL-
LOWABLE IN STATE WATERS
  SECTION 4.   REPORTING  SPILLS  AND  ACCI-
DENTAL DISCHARGES
  SECTION 5.  ACID  MINE DRAINAGE  CONTROL
MEASURES

WEST VIRGINIA ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS -
        STATE  WATER RESOURCES BOARD
  SECTION  6.  GENERAL  AND  WATER   USE
CATEGORIES
  SECTION 7. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  7.01 North  Branch  of  the  Potomac River, including
South Branch of  the Potomac  River
  SECTION 8. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  8.01 Tributaries  in  West  Virginia draining  to  the
Potomac River from its headwaters, including the Shenan-
doah River
  SECTION 9. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  9.01 Zone One — Kanavvha River and Tributaries
  9.02 Zone Tow - Kanawha River and Tributaries
  SECTION 10.  WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  10.1 Tributaries  to the  Bluestone River rising in  West
Virginia and flowing into Virginia
  10.2 Bluestone River
  10.3 East River to the Virginia stateline
  10.4 New River,  except Bluestone and  East Rivers to
the  head of the backwater  of Bluestone Reservoir
  10.5 New River and all tributaries from tailwaters of
Bluestone Reservoir
  10.6 Bluestone Reservoir
  10.7 Gauley River and tributaries
  SECTION 11. WATER  USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  11.01 Big Sandy  River  and tributaries to the mouth of
Levisa Fork and Tug Fork
  11.02 Tug Fork and tributaries
  11.03 Guyandot River from its mouth  at Huntington
to its headwaters
  SECTION  12. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  12.01 Ohio River from Ohio-Pennsylvania-West Virginia
stateline to Ohio-Kentucky-West Virginia stateline
  "12.02 Tributaries of the Ohio River in West Virginia,
excluding Big Sandy, Guyandot and Kanawha Rivers
  SECTION  13. WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
  13.01 Monongahela River and tributaries
  13.02 West Fork River and tributaries
  13.03 Tygart Valley River and tributaries
  13.04 Cheat River  and  tributaries  from the West
Virginia-Pennsylvania stateline to its headwaters
  13.05 Tributaries of the Youghiogheny River in West
Virginia
  SECTION  14. TROUT WATERS
  14.10 Water Quality Criteria for Trout Waters
  SECTION  15. COIN-OPERATED AND  OTHER COM-
MERCIAL LAUNDRIES
  15.01 General
  15.02 Within corporate limits  or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or privately  owned installation
with approved sewage treatment facility
  15.03 Outside corpoiate limits or boundaries of Public
Service District or within corporate limits or boundaries
of  Public  Service or Sanitary District  not served  by
approved sewage treatment facilities
  15.04 Nonallowable systems
  SECTION  16. COIN-OPERATED AND  OTHER COM-
MERCIAL CAR WASHING ESTABLISHMENTS
  16.01 General
  16.02 Within corporate limits or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or privately  owned installation
with approved sewage treatment facility
  16.03 Outside corporate limits or boundaries of Public
Service or Sanitary District or within corporate limits or
boundaries of Public  Service or  Sanitary District  not
served by approved sewage treatment facility
  16.04 Non-allowable systems
  SECTION 17.  WATER  PURIFICATION  WASTE
WATER CONTROL MEASURE
  17.01 Means of waste and sludge disposal

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                       Series 1
                         1965
  Subject: REQUIREMENTS  GOVERNING  THE  DIS-
CHARGE  OR DEPOSIT  OF SEWAGE,  INDUSTRIAL
WASTES  AND OTHER WASTES  INTO THE WATERS '
OF THE STATE.
  The State Water  Resources Board and the Chief of the
Division  of Water Resources in the State Department of
Natural Resources, under Chapter 20, Article 5A, Code of
West Virginia, have the power and authority to determine
whether  any  person,  firm, municipality or corporation  is
polluting  any  of the  waters of the State and to prevent,
control,  eliminate or  reduce such pollution. In  making
such determination, due consideration shall  be given, in
accordance with  the  public  policy of the State of West
Virginia, to the use of available and reasonably practicable
methods  to control  and  reduce pollution. In so doing,
recognition shall  be given to the fact that each.stream in
the State may represent a separate problem and further,
that the  use of a watercourse for assimilation of wastes is
proper  so long  as  the  net  results do not  cause  or
contribute to conditions hereinafter not allowed.

Section  1. GENERAL
   1.01 Scope — These regulations establish requirements
governing  the  discharge or  deposit of sewage, industrial
wastes and other wastes into the waters of the State.
   1.02 Authority  -  These  regulations  are  issued under
authority of West  Virginia Code, (Section 3, Article 5A,
Chapter 20).
   1.03 Effective  Date -  These  regulations are  promul-
gated  on January  14,  1974, and become effective thirty
d:ys after filing in the Secretary of State's Office.
   1.04 Filing Date — These  regulations were filed in the
 Office of the Secretary of State on March 15, 1974.
   1.05 Certification   — These  regulations  are  certified
authentic by  the Chairman of the State Water Resources
Board by certification number 4.
 Section 2. DEFINITIONS
    2.01  "Person,"  "waters," "pollution," "sewage,"  "in-
 dustrial wastes," and "other wastes," shall have the same
 meanings  as  defined by   the  code  of West Virginia,
 Chapter 20, Article 5A, Section 2.
    2.02  "Natural"  or "natural occurring" values - shall
 mean for all of the waters of the State:
    (a) those water  quality values  which exist  unaffected
 by — or unaffected as a consequence of — any water use
 by any person;
    (b) those  water quality  values which exist  unaffected
  by the discharge,  or direct  or  indirect deposit of, any
  solid, liquid or gaseous substance by any person.
    2.03 Mixing zones
    (A) The  water  quality standards contained herein shall
  not apply  within  mixing zones as specified in  section (B)
  hereunder.  The   water   quality  standards  specified  in
  section  (C)  hereunder  shall  apply   to  those  waters
  designated as mixing zones.
                                                                                                                   I
  (B) The following  criteria shall determine  the  size of
the area that may be used as a mixing zone:
  (1) For  warm-water fisheries streams no mixing zone  I
shall                                                    B
  (a) Exceed the following physical dimensions:
  (1) It  shall  not extend across  more than fifty  percent  _
(50%) of the width of the receiving stream;                B
  (2) It shall not make up more than thirty-three  percent  •
(33%) of  the  flowage or more  than  thirty-three  percent
(33%) (depth  times width) of the crosssectional  area of  m
the receiving stream;                                     B
  (3) The length of the  mixing zone  shall  not exceed ten
times the average width of the mixing zone;
  (4) No mixing zone  shall exceed  a horizontal  area of
twenty-three (23) acres in the Ohio  River  or  twelve  (12)
acres in any other stream.
  (b) Include  spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life.                B
  (c) Overlap  a drinking water supply intake.              B
  (2) For cold-water fisheries streams  no mixing zone
shall                                                    K
  (a) Exceed  the following physical dimensions:           I
  (1) It shall  not extend more than thirty-three  percent
(33%) (depth  times width) of the width of the receiving
stream;                                                  •
  (2) It shall  not  make up  more  than twenty  percent  B
(20%)  of the  flowage  or twenty percent (20%) of the
cross-sectional area of the receiving stream;                _
  (3) The length  of any mixing zone  shall  not  exceed  I
five (5) times  the average width of the mixing zone;       B
   (4) No mixing zone shall exceed  the horizontal area
of three (3) acres.                                 '       •
   (b) include  spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the  B
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life.
   (c) Overlap a drinking water supply intake.
   (3) For lakes no mixing zone shall
   (a) Extend  more than three hundred (300) feet in any
direction from the point of discharge.
   (b) Include hypoliminic waters.                        _
   (c) Include  spawning or nursery areas nor interdict the  B
migratory routes of indigenous aquatic life.               •
   (d) Overlap a drinking water supply intake.
   (C)  The following water quality  standards shall apply  •
in mixing zones:                    •                    I
   (1)  For cold-water fisheries streams the quality of the
water shall not
   (a) Be lethal to indigenous aquatic organisms.           B
   (b)  Contain chemical  constituents or  combination  of B
chemical  constitutents which exceed, at  any time,  1/10
the 96-hour  median  tolerance  limit  for  indigenous fish _
and their good organisms  as  determined  by bioassays B
using  indigenous  aquatic species and  performed in ac- ™
cordance with  standard  methods  described  in Standard
 Methods for  the Examination of Water and Wastewatcr, •
 13th Edition, 1971,  or  such  other methods as are accept- B
 able to State  or Federal governments.
   (2) For warm-water  fisheries and other inland waters
 the quality of the water shall not                        B
   (a)  Be lethal to indigenous aquatic organisms.          B
   (b) Contain  chemical  constitutents or combinations of
 chemical constituents which exceed, at  any time  1/10 the •
 96-hour  median tolerance limit  for  indigenous  fish and B

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their  food organisms  as  determined by  bioassays  using
indigenous aquatic species and  performed in accordance
with standard methods described in Standard Methods for
the Kxamination  of Water and Wastcwatcr,  13th Edition,
1971, or such other methods as  are acceptable to State or
Federal governments.

Section 3. GENERAL CONDITIONS NOT ALLOWABLE
   IN STATE WATERS
   3.01  Certain characteristics of sewage, industrial wastes
or other wastes or factors which render waters directly or
indirectly detrimental to the public health  or  unreason-
ably  and adversely affect such  waters  for present or
reasonable uses,  are objectionable  in  all  waters of the
State. Therefore,  the  State Water  Resources Board  does
hereby proclaim  that the following  general conditions are
not to be allowed in any of the  waters of the State.
   No sewage, industrial wastes or  other wastes entering
any  of the  waters  of the §tate, shall cause  therein or
materially  to contribute  to  any of the following condi-
tions thereof,  which  shall be  the  minimum  conditions
allowable:
  (a) Distinctly visible floating  or settleable  solids, scum,
foam or oily  sleeks of unreasonable kind or quantity;

   (b) Objectionable deposits  on bottom or  sludge banks;
   (c) Objectionable odors in the vicinity of the  waters;
   (d) Objectionable taste  and/or odor in municipal water
supplies;
   (e) Concentrations  of  materials poisonous  to  man,
animal or fish life;
   (f) Objectionable color;
   (g) Objectionable bacterial concentrations;
   (h) Requiring  an unreasonable degree of treatment for
the  production of potable water by modern water treat-
ment processes as commonly employed.
   3.02  Waters whose  existing quality  is better than the
established standards will not be lowered in quality unless
and  until it  has  been affirmatively demonstrated  to the
Chief of the Division of Water  Resources, Department of
Natural  Resources,  that  such change  is justifiable  as  a
result  of necessary development and  will  not interfere
with  or  become  injurious  to  any  present   of  future
assigned uses of such waters. In special  cases  where the
facts warrant,  more  stringent   standards or  exceptions
thereto may be established. In implementing the policy of
this  paragraph  as it  relates to  interstate  streams,  the
Secretary of The Interior will  be  kept advised and pro-
vided with such  information as he will need from time to
time to  protect the interests of the United States and the
authority of the Secretary in maintaining high  quality of
interstate waters.

Section  4.   REPORTING SPILLS  AND  ACCIDENTAL
   DISCHARGES
   4.01  It is recognized  that  spills and  accidental  dis-
charges of sewage, industrial wastes and other  wastes are
contrary  to  the  language  and intent of the State  Water
Pollution Control  Law  and these spills  and  accidental
discharges are likely to occur from time to time, notwith-
standing efforts to prevent them.
   It is  further recognized that  such  spills and discharges
arc likely  to have  such a  deleter!,-
Section 9, Article 5 A, Chapter  20, Code of West Virgini
shall be  punishable under Section 19, Article  5A, Chaptc
20, Code of West Virginia.

Section   5.   ACID   MINE  DRAINAGE   CONTRO1
   MEASURES
   5.01  Certain acid mine drainage control measures were
adopted by  the Ohio  River  Valley  Water Sanitation

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Commission and promulgated as Resolution No. 5-60, as
amended January  10, 1963. The State of West Virginia is
at member  of the Ohio River Valley Water  Sanitation
Compact and  as such has agreed to  carry out the control
measures  so established. Waters  of the State  of  West
Virginia are being polluted by acid discharges from coal
mining and related operations, hereinafter referred  to as
"acid mine drainage", contrary to the language and intent
of the State Water Pollution Control  Law.

  5.02 It has been  demonstrated that the  conscientious
application of certain principles and practices will, under
certain conditions, alleviate the pollution from acid  mine
drainage.  Therefore  in  furtherance  of the  policy and
procedures  of the  State  Water Resources  Board, the
following  measures  are  hereby  adopted by   the Water
Resources  Board for the control of acid mine  drainage
pollution in the State of West Virginia:
  (a) 1.  Surface  waters and ground  waters- shall  be
diverted where practicable to prevent the entry or reduce
the flow of waters into and through workings.
  2. Water that does gain entry  to the workings shall be
handled in a manner which will minimize the formation
and discharge of acid mine drainage to streams.
  (b) Refuse  from  the mining  and processing of coal
shall be handled and disposed of in  a manner  which will
minimize  discharge of  acid mine drainage  therefrom  to
streams. Where acid-producing  materials are encountered
in the overburden in stripping operations, these materials
shall  be   handled so  as  to  prevent  or minimize  the
production of acid mine drainage, taking into considera-
tion  the  need for stream pollution prevention and  all
economic factors involved.
  (c) Discharge  of acid mine drainage to streams shall be
regulated insofar as  practicable to equalize the  flow  of
daily accumulations throughout a 24-hour period.
  (d) Upon discontinuance of operations of any mine all
practicable  mine-closing  measures, consistent with safety
requirements shall be employed  to minimize  the forma-
tion and discharge of acid mine drainage.
  (e) Under   appropriate  circumstances,  consideration
shall be given  to  the treatment of acid mine drainage  by
chemical or other means  in order  to mitigate its pollution-
al properties.

                       Series II
                        (1967)

Section 6.  GENERAL  AND WATER USE CATEGORIES
  6.01 Scope. — These  regulations establish requirements
governing the discharge or  deposit  of sewage, industrial
wastes and other wastes into the waters of the State and
establish  general  water use categories and  water quality
standards for the waters of the  State.
  6.02 Authority. — These regulations  are issued  under
authority  of the West Virginia  Code (Section 3, Article
5A, Chapter 20).
  6.03  Effective Date. —  These regulations are promul-
gated on  January 14,  1974, and become effective thirty
days after filing in the  Secretary of State's Office.
   6.04  Filing Date.  - These regulations were  filed in  the
Office of the Secretary of State on March 15,  1974.
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  6.05 Certification.  —  These  regulations  are certified
authentic  by the  Chairman of the State  Water Resources _
Board by certification number 4.                         •
  6.06 Category  A. Water Contact Recreation: This cate- ™
gory includes swimming,  fishing, water skiing, and certain
types of  pleasure boating such as sailing in very small
craft and small outboard motor boats.
  6.07 Category  Bl. Water Supply, Public: This category
is used to describe all waters used  for public supplies.  It
dees not include water for cooling.
  6.08 Category  B2. Water Supply, Industrial: This cate-
gory is  used to  describe all  waters  used for industrial
supplies. It does not include water  for cooling.            _
  6.09 Category  B3.  Water  supply,  Agricultural:  This •
category includes all water used for agriculture,  includes •
irrigation,  as well as livestock  watering. It is understood
that these  waters would  also  be suitable  for  wildlife
watering.
  6.10 Category  C.  Propagation  of  Fish   and  Other
Aquatic Life:  This category is self explanatory and does
recognize  the importance  of other aquatic life in  addition
to fish.
  6.11 Category  D. Water Transport, Cooling and Power:
This category  includes  commercial and pleasure vessel
activity  except those small craft included in  Category A. •
Cooling water  is that water used  for industrial  cooling. B
Power production in  this  definition  is hydropower.
  6.12 Category  E. Treated Wastes Transport and Assimi- 
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   7.  Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count)
 shall  not exceed 200  per  100 ml as a 30-day geometric
 mean based on not less than five (5) samples during any
 30-day  period nor  exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
 ten  percent  (10%) of all samples during  any  30-day
 period.
   8.  Radioactivity:  Gross beta activity  not to  exceed
 1,000 picocuries per  liter  (pCi/1)  nor  shall activity from
 dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
 from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3  pCi/1.

   9.  Heavy Metals:  Not to exceed the following:
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Concentration mg/1
              00.1
              0.50
              0.01
              0.05
              0.05
              0.05
   10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Constituent
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
                45
               100
             0.001
             0.025
                1.0
              0.01
  (c) In special  cases  where  the  facts warrant more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the  above standards,
may be  established  in  the  individual  case with  the ap-
proval of the Environmental  Protection  Agency.

Section   8.  WATER  USES  AND   WATER  QUALITY
  CRITERIA
  8.01  Except where  lesser quality is  due to  natural
conditions, the following  criteria are established  for the
purpose of maintaining  water quality  in all streams and
their tributaries in West Virginia draining to the Potomac
River from  its headwaters at  the junction of the north
and  south  branches of the Potomac to the  stateline at
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, including  the Shenandoah
River. The following stream quality standards are to apply
at all times when flows are equal  to or  greater than the
minimum mean 7-consecutive-day  drought flow  with a
10-year  return frequency.
  (a) Uses:  A, Bl, B2, B3, C, D, E, (See  Section 6).
  (b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses.
  1. Dissolved Oxygen: Not  less than  5  mg/1  at  any
time.
  2. pH:  Not less than 6.0 nor more than  8.5, except
streams  carrying significant quanitites of  acid mine drain-
age shall have  a pH of not less than 5.5.
  3. Temperature:  Temperature rise shall  be limited to
no more than  5  degrees F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 87 degrees F  at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
  4. Threshold  Odor:  Threshold odor not to  exceed a
threshold odor number  of 8 at 40  degrees C as  a daily
average.
   5.  Toxic  Substances:  Not  to  exceed  1/10  of  tin
 96-hour median tolerance limit.
   6.  Bacteria:  The Coliform group is not to exceed I,00(
 per  100 ml  as a  monthly average value,  nor  exceed  thh
 number in  20  percent  of the samples examined durinj
 any month; nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml  on any day.
   7.  Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count
 shall  not  exceed 200  per 100  ml as a 30-day geometric
 mean based on not less than five (5) samples during  an>
 30-day  period  nor exceed 400  per  100 ml  in more thai
 ten  percent (10%) of all  samples  during any  30-da>
 period.
   8.  Radioactivity:  Gross beta  activity  not to  exceec
 1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity frorr
 dissolved  strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activitj
 from dissolved  alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.

   9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
-Lead
Silver
   10.  Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Concentration mg/1
              0.01
              0.50
              0.01
              0.05
              0.05
              0.05
Constituents
Nitrates
Chlorides
Phenol
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
Concentration mg/1
                45
               100
             0.001
             0.025
                1.0
              0.01
                         (c) In special  cases  where  the  facts warrant  more
                       stringent standards,  or exceptions to the  above standards.
                       may be  established in  the  individual  case with  the  ap-
                       proval of the Environmental  Protection  Agency.

                       Section   9.  WATER  USES  AND   WATER  QUALITY
                       CRITERIA
                         9.01  Zone One:  To include  all of the Kanawha  Rivei
                       tributaries from its mouth  at  Point Pleasant to Gaulcy
                       Bridge  and the mainstream  of  the  Kanawha River  from
                       the junction of the Gauley and New Rivers at Gaulc}
                       Bridge   to Milepoint  72 near  Diamond, West  Virginia
                       Except  where lesser quality  is due to natural conditions
                       the  following  criteria  are  established  for  purposes o
                       maintaining water quality in  Zone One.
                         (a) Uses:  A,  Bl, B3, C, D, (See Section 6).
                         (b) Water  Quality Criteria for Uses: Based on a  mini
                       mum flow of 2490 cfs at Kanawha Falls gauge, main sten
                       Kanawha River only,  On the tributaries  of the Kanawli:
                       River, Zone  One, to apply to at all times when flows an
                       equal to or  greater than the minimum mean 7-consecu
                       live-day drought flow with a 10-year  return frequency.

                          1. Dissolved  Oxygen: Not  less than  5  mg/1  at air
                       time.
                         2. pH: Values normal  for  the waters in the area is
                       question; however,  generally held between  6.0  and 8.5

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except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drai.uige shall have a pH of not less than 5.5.
  3. Temperature:  Temperature rise shall  be  limited to
no more than 5 deg:* cs F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 87 degrees  F at any time during the months of
May through November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
  4. Threshold  Odor: Threshold odor  not to exceed a
threshold  odor number of 8 at 40 degrees C as a daily
average.
  5. Toxic  Substances:  Not   to  exceed  1/10  of the
96-hour median tolerance limit.
  6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed 1,000
per 100  ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed this
number in 20 percent of the  samples examined  during
any month, nor exceed 2,400 per  100 ml on any day.
  7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN of MF count)
shall not  exceed 200 per 100 ml as a  30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples  during any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100  ml in  more than
ten  percent  (10%) of all  samples during any  30-day
period.
  8. Radioactivity: Gross  beta activity not  to exceed
1,000  picocuries per  liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.

  9. Heavy Metals:  Not to exceed the following:

Constituent                         Concentration mg/1
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
                                                                                                                I
lead
Silver
0.01
0.50
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
   10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:

Constituent                        Concentration rng/l
Nitrates                                            45
Chlorides                                          100
Phenol                                          0.001
Cyanide                                         0.025
Fluoride                                           1.0
Selenium
0.01
   (c) In  special  cases  where  the  facts  warrant,  more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be  established  in  the individual case  with  the  ap-
proval  of the Environmental Protection Agency.
   9.02 Zone Two:  To  include  the  mainstream of  the
Kanawha River  from  Milepoint 0  to Milepoint 72 near
Diamond, West  Virginia.  Except where lesser quality is
due to  natural  conditions, the  following  criteria  are
established for purposes of maintaining water quality in
Zone Two.
   (a)  Uses: A, Bl, B2, C, D, E (See Section 6).
   (b)  Water Quality  Criteria for Uses: Based on a mini-
mum flow of 2,890 cfs, at Charleston gauge.
   1. Dissolved Oxygen:  Not less  than 4  mg/1 at  any
time.
            2. pH:  Values normal  for  the  waters in the  area  in
         question;  however,  generally held  between  6.0 and 8.5,
         except streams  carrying significant quantities of acid mine  •
         drainage shall have a pi I of not less than 5.5.              •
               3.  Temperature: Temperature  rise  shall be limited
         to no  more than 5 degrees F  above  natural temperature,
         not to exceed 90 degrees F in  any case.
            4. Threshold  Odor:  Threshold odor  not to exceed  a
         threshold  odor number of 24 at 40  degrees C as a daily
         average.                                                _
            5. Toxic   Substances:  Not  to  exceed  1/10  of  the  •
         96-hour median tolerance limit.                          •
            6. Bacteria: The  Coliform group is not to exceed  1,000
         per  100 ml  as a monthly average value nor  exceed this  •
         number in more than 20 percent of the samples examined  •
         during any month,  nor exceed 2,400 per 100 ml on any
         day.
            7. Fecal Coliform Content: (Either MPN or MF count) I
          shall not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a  30-day geometric •
          mean  based  on not less than  five  (5) samples during any
          30-day period  nor  exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than •
          ten percent  (10%)  of all samples during  any  30-day •
          period.
            8. Radioactivity:  Gross  beta  activity not to  exceed
          1,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
          dissolved strontium-90  exceed 10  pCi/1  nor shall activity
          from dissolved alpha emitters  exceed 3 pCi/1.
            9. Heavy Metals:  Not to exceed the following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Concentration mg/1
            •  0.01
              0.50
              0.01
              0.05
              0.05
              0.05
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  10. Other Compounds: Not to exceed the following:
Constituents                        Concentration mgfl •
Nitrates                                            45 •
Chloride                                           200
Phenol                                          0.001
Cyanide                                         0.025
Fluoride                                            1.0
Selenium                                         0.01
  (c) In  special  cases where  the  facts  warrant,  more •
stringent  standards,  or  exceptions to the above standards, ™
may be established in the individual case with approval of
the Environmental Protection Agency.                   •
Section  10. WATER  USES AND  WATER  QUALITY •
  CRITERIA
   10.01  Except where lesser  quality  is due  to natural
condition, the following criteria are established for all the •
tributaries to the Bluestone River arising in West Virginia •
and  flowing into  Virginia  for the purpose of maintaining
water quality. The following stream  quality standards are «
to apply at all times when flows are equal to or greater •
than the minimum mean  7-consecutive-day drought flow  ™
with a 10-year return frequency.
   (a) Uses: A, Bl, B2, D,  E (See Section 6).
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  Xb) Water Quality Criteria for Uses.
   1. Dissolved Oxygen:  Not  less  than 5  mg/1  at  any
time.
   2. pH:  Values  normal for  the  waters  in  the  area in
question;  however, generally  held  between 6.0 and  8.5,
except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5
   3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall  be limited to
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature, not
to exceed 81  degrees F at any time during the months of
May through  November and not to exceed 73 degrees F
at any time during December through April.
   4. Threshold  Odor:  Threshold odor  not to exceed a
threshold  odor number of 8  at  40 degrees as  a daily
average.
   5. Toxic  Substances: Not to  exceed 1/10 of  the  96-
hour median tolerance limit.
   6. Bacteria: The Coliform group  is not to exceed 1,000
per  100  ml as a  monthly average  value, nor  exceed  this
number in more than 20 percent of the samples examined
during any month, nor  exceed 2400 per 100 ml  on  any
day.
   7. Fecal Coliform  Content:  (Either MPN or MF count)
shall not  exceed 200 per 100 ml  as a  30-day geometric
mean based on not less than five (5) samples during  any
30-day period nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
ten  percent   (10%)  of all  samples  during  any  30-day
period.
   8. Radioactivity:  Gross beta  activity not  to  exceed
1,000  picocuries  per liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed  10 pCi/1, nor shall  activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
   9. Heavy Metals:  Not to  exceed the following:
      Constituents
      Arsenic
      Barium
      Cadmium
      Chromium (Hexavalent)
      Lead
      Silver

   10. Other Compounds:
      Constituents
      Nitrates
      Chlorides
      Phenol
      Cyanide
      Fluoride
      Selenium
Concentration mg/1
       0.01
       0.50
       0.01
       0.05
       0.05
       0.05
Concentration mg/1
        45
       100
         0.001
         0.025
         1.0
         0.01
  (c) In  special  cases where  the  facts  warrant more
stringent standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be  established  in the individual case with the ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
   10.02 Except  where lesser quality is  due to  natural
condition, the  following  criteria are established  for the
Bluestone  River  and all  its tributaries for the Virginia-
West Virginia statcline  to the head of the backwater of
the  Bluestone  Reservoir  for the purpose  of  maintaining
water quality. The  following stream quality standards are
to  apply  at  all times when flows are equal to or greater
 than the minimum  mean  7-consecutivc-day drought  flov
 with a  10-year return frequency.
   (a) Uses: A, B2, B3, C,  E (See Section 6).
   (b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
   1. Dissolved  Oxygen:  Not  less than  5 mg/1  at an}
 time.
   2. pH; Values  normal  for the  waters  in area in ques
 tion; however, generally held between 6.0 and 8.5, excep
 streams carrying significant quantities of  acid mine drain
 age  shall have a pH of not  less than 5.5
   3. Temperature: Temperature rise shall be limited  tc
 no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature, no'
 to exceed 81 degrees  F at any  time during the months o
 May through November and not to  exceed 73  degrees  1
 at any  time during November through April.
   4. Threshold Odor:  Threshold odor not to exceed  ;
 threshold odor number of  8  at 40 degrees  as  a dail;
 average.
   5. Toxic  Substances: Not to exceed  1/10 of  the  96
 hour median tolerance limit.
   6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed  l.OOt
 per  100 ml as a monthly average value, nor exceed thi
 number in  20  percent  of the samples examined durin;
 any month, nor exceed 2,400 per  100 ml on any day.
-  7. Fecal  Coliform  Content:  (Either MPN or MF count
 shall not exceed  200 per  100 ml as a 30-day  geometri
 mean based on not less than five (5) samples during an}
 30-day  period nor exceed 400 per  100 ml in more  tha:
 ten  percent (10%) or  of  all samples during any 30-da;
 period.
   8. Radioactivity:  Gross  beta activity  not  to exceet
 1,000 picocuries  per liter  (pCi/1) nor shall activity fron,
 dissolved strontium-90 exceed  10 pCi/1 nor  shall  activit)
 from dissolved alpha emitters exceed  3 pCi/1.
   9. Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
      Constituents
      Arsenic
      Barium
      Cadmium
      Chromium (Hexavalent)
      Lead
      Silver

   10. Other Compounds:

      Constituents
      Nitrates
      Chlorides
      Phenol
      Cyanide
      Fluoride
      Selenium
Concentration mg/1
       0.01
       0.50
       0.01
       0.05
       0.05
       0.05
Concentration mg/1
        45
       100
         0.001
         0.025
         1.0
         0.01
                               (c) In  special cases where the  facts warrant,  more
                            stringent standards, or exceptions to  the above standards.
                            may  be established in the individual case with  the  ap-
                            proval of the Enviionrnental Protection Agency.

                               10.03 Except  where lesser quality is  due to  natural
                            condition,  the  following  criteria  are established  for  the
                            East  River and  all  its tributaries  from its source to  the

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West  Virginia-Virginia  stateline for the puipose of main-
taining water quality. The following stream gravity stand-
ards are to apply at all times  when flows are equal to or
greater  than   the  minimum  mean   7-consecutive-day
drought flow with a  10-year retum frequency.
  (a) Uses:  A, B2, B3, C, E (See  Section 6).
  (b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
  1. Dissolved Oxygen:  Not  less  than 5 mg/1 at any
time.
  2. pH;  Values normal  for  the waters in  the area  in
question,  however; generally held between 6.0 and 8.5,
except streams carrying significant quantities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5
  3. Temperature:  Temperature rise shall  be  limited, no
more than 5 degrees F above  natural temperature not  to
exceed 81 degrees F at  any time during the months of
May through November and not  to^ exceed 73  degrees F
at any time during December through April.
  4. Threshold  Odor:  Threshold  odor not to  exceed a
threshold  odor number of 8 at 40  degrees C  as a daily
average.
  5. Toxic  Substances: Not to exceed  1/10 of the  96-
hour median tolerance limit.
  6. Bacteria: The Coliform group is not to exceed  1,000
per  100 ml  as a monthly  average value, nor exceed this
number in 20 percent of the samples examined during
any month, nor exceed 2,400 per  100 ml on any day
  7. Fecal Coliform Content:  (Either MPN or MF count)
shall not  exceed  200 per  100 ml as a 30-day  geometric
mean based  on not less than five (5) samples during any
30-day period nor exceed  400 per 100 ml in more than
ten   percent  (10%)  of all  samples during any 30-day
period.
  8. Radioactivity:  Gross  beta  activity  not  to exceed
1,000 picocuries  per liter (pCi/1) nor  shall activity from
dissolved  strontium-90 exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
  9.  Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the following:
      Constituents
      Arsenic
      Barium
      Cadmium
      Chromium (Hexavalent)
      Lead
      Silver

   10. Other Compounds:

       Constituents
       Nitrates
       Chlorides
       Phenol
       Cyanide
       Fluoride
       Selenium
Concentration mg/1
       0.01
       0.50
       0.01
       0.05
       0.05
       0.05
 Concentration mg/1
        45
       100
         0.001
         0.025
         1.0
         0.01
New River and all its  tributaries,  except the Bluestone
and East Rivers, from the West Virginia-Virginia stateline
to the  head of the  backwater  of  the Bluestone Reservoir
for the  purpose of maintaining water quality. The  follow-
ing stream quality  standards  are to  apply at all times
when  flows are equal to or  greater  than the minimum
mean  7-consecutive-day  drought flow  with  a   10-year
return frequency.
   (a)  Uses: A, B2, B3, C, E (See  Section 6).
   (b) Water Quality Criteria for Uses:
   1. Dissolved Oxygen:  Not  less  than 5 mg/1  at  any
time.
   2. pH:  Values  normal for  the waters in  the  area in
question,  however,  generally held between  6.0 and  8.5,
except streams carrying significant qualities of acid mine
drainage shall have a pH of not less than 5.5.
   3. Temperature:  Temperature  rise  shall be limited to
no more than 5 degrees F above natural temperature;  not
to exceed 81  degrees  F at any time during the months of
May through  November  and not  to exceed  73 degrees  F
at any time during December through April.
   4. Threshold Odor: Threshold odor not to exceed  a
threshold  odor number of 8  at  40 degrees C as  a daily
average.
   5. Toxic Substances:  Not to exceed 1/10  of  the  96-
hour median tolerance limit.
   6. Bacteria:  The  Coliform  group  is  not  to  exceed
1000/100 ml as a monthly  average  value, nor exceed this
number in more  than  20  percent  of  the  samples,  nor
exceed 2,400 per  100 ml on any day.
   7. Fecal Coliform Content:  (Either  MPN or MF) shall
not exceed 200 per 100 ml as a 30-day geometric mean
based on not less than five (5) samples  during any 30-day
period  nor exceed  400  per  100 ml  in  more  than  ten
percent (10%) of all samples during any 30-day period.
   8. Radioactivity: Gross  beta  activity  not  to  exceed
1,000 picocuries  per  liter (pCi/1) nor shall activity from
dissolved strontium-90 exceed  10 pCi/1, nor shall  activity
from dissolved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.
   Heavy Metals: Not to exceed the  following:
Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
   9. Other Compounds:
                                   Concentration mg/1
                                        0.03
                                        0.50
                                        0.01
                                        0.05
                                        0.05
                                        0.05
                                                  mg/1
   (c) In  special  cases  where  the  facts  warrant,  more
 stringent  standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
 may be  established in  the  individual cases  with the
 approval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
   10.04 Except where  lesser quality is due  to  natural
 condition, the  following criteria are established  for the
Constituen ts                        Concen tration
Nitrate                                   45
Chlorides                                 100
Phenol                                    0.001
Cyanide              '                     0.025
Flouride                                   1.0
Selenium                                  0.01
  (c) In  special  cases  where  the facts  warrant,  more
stringent  standards, or exceptions to the above standards,
may be  established  in  the individual case with  the  ap-
proval of the Environmental Protection Agency.
1
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APPENDIX B
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I                                   AMBIENT AIR DATA
m                             KANAWHA VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA
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                                             EPA-6«0/7-77-055
                                             June 1977
   THE MEASUREMENT OF CARCINOGENIC VAPORS
           IN AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES
                     by

              Edo 0. Pellizzari
         Research Triangle Institute
            Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709
           Contract No. 68-02-1228
               Project Officer


               Eugene Sawicki
 Atoospheric Chenistry and Physics Division
 Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA  27711

-------












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Table 38.  ORGANIC VAPORS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR

             IN SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV*
Chroraatographic
Peak No.
1A
JB
1C
ID
2
2A

3
3A
4
4A
4B

4C
5A
5
5B
6
6A
6B

7
8

9
9A

10
IDA
10B
11
1JA
12
12A
128
13


Elution Temperature
TO
83
89
92
95
102
103

106
106
108
109
1JO

111
112
113
114
115-7
lib
116

117
120

124
125

126
128
129
135
135
136
137
137
138
(continued)
155
Compound
co2
cyclopropane
chlorome thane
1-butene
isopentane
C,H,_ isomer
5 10
furan
n-pentane
acetaldehyde
C,H_ isomer
j. J 0
CrH,,. isoirer
5 10
dichloromt thane
carbon disulflde
propanni
methyl silane (BKG)
acetone
C,H._ isomer
o 12
C,H. . isomer
6 14
C.H.,0 isomer
C,H,. isomer
6 14
n-hexane and 2-meLhyifur.in
C,H,_ isomer
6 12
3-mc-thy] furan (tent.)
trichloromo thane
mecliylcyc iopentane
1,1,1-lrichloroe thane
2-butanor.2
3,3-dluiechy I pen Lane
benzene
carbon tetrachlorido
cyclohcxane and C.H., isoaor


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Chromatographic
   Peak No.
   77
   78
   79
   81
  82
  83

  84
  85
        Table 38
Elution Temperature
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
74A
75
76
76A
209
210
210
212
213
214
215
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
221
222
223
223
                       224
                       225
    226
    227
    228

   228
   230

   230
   230
                          (continued)
                              158
                             Compound

                       a-dichlorobenzene or (p_)
                       C..H-,  isomer
                       C.-alkyl benzene  isomer
                       l,2,3-trimethylben2enc
                       C.,H_.  Isomer
                       11 24
                      C,-alkylcyclohexane  isomer
                      a-methylstyrene
                      C.-alkyl benzene isoaer
                      C,-alI:yl benzene isomer
                      C.-alkyl benzene isomer
                      C.-Hj,  isomer
                      C.-alkyl benzene isoner
                      C.-alkyl benzene isomer
                      C..H__  isomer
                      C.-alkyl benzene isomer
                     ji-undecane
                     dimethylstyrene  isoaer
                     C,-aikyl benzene isomer and
                     C,,H_,  isomer
                      12 26
                     C--alkyl benzene and C.^H.-
                     isomers
                                            -.
                                            /o
                                               isomer
 ^"12^26 *somer
 Cj-alkyl benzene isoraer
 C^-alkyl benzene isomer
 silanc compound  and  C  H.
 Isomer               12 '<
 C12H24 lsotncr
 C13H28 lsoner a"d C,
 benzene  isomer
Cj-cyclohexanc isomtr
CW->A isomcr

-------
                         Table  38  (cont'd)
Chromntographic
Peak No.
86
87
88
89
90
91
92

Elution Temperature
CO
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
Compound
C.-H-, isomer
C.-H., isomer
silane compound (BKG)
C.,H._ isomor
C13H28 isoiner
n-dodecane •
Cj-Hjg isoiner
naphthalene
       s site was 167 llth Ave. at. the Dcpt. of Health, State
Hycenic Laboratory.  See Table 28 (SI) for sampling protocol.
                                159
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1


Table 39.


ORGANIC VAPORS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR IN
S. CHARLESTON, W*
Chroma tographic
Peak No.
„
1
2
2A
3
4
5
5A
6
6A
6B
7
7A
8
9
10
10A
11
12
13
14
14A
14B
15
ISA
16
16A

162
17
18
ISA
19





Llution Temperature
CC)

81
88
89
91
101
105
106
107
108
109
111
112
115
116
119
121
123
124
125
128 .
129
130
131
132
133
134

134
135
136
136
137






Compound

co2
1-butcne
jn- butane
2-butcne
isopentane
C,HIQ isomer and furan
n-pentane
acctaldehyde
dichloromethane
carbon disulfide (tent.)
propanal
methylsilane
acetone
2-methylpentane
3-methylpentane
C,H-2 isomer
ji-hexane and 2-methylfuran
C,H, . isomer
b 12
3-methylfuran and chloroform
C,H. , isomer
6 14
silane compound (BKG)
2 , '^-diwethylpentane
2,4-dinethylpentane
2,2,3-trinethylbutane
1,1,1-trichloroe thane
C,H. , isomer and methyl ethyl
kcr.one
3 , 3-d lu'fc thy 1 pvMitatie
benzene
carbon tetrachioride
cyclohexana
2-cetnylhc.xcne
(continued)
160





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Table 39 (cont'd)
I
Chromatographic Elution Temperature
Peak No. (*C)

20
20A
21
21A
22
23
23A
24
25
25A
26
27
28
29
29A
30
31

32

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4]
42
43
44





138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
149
150
150
152
152
153
154
155
156

157

157
158
159
161
164
167
169
170
172
173
175
176
(continued)
161


Compound

2,3-dimethylpentane
CjH., isomer
3-methylhexane
C,H,. isomer
7 14
l,cis-2-din>ethylcyclohexane
1, trans-2-dimethylcyclohexane
C-H. . + C-H.- isomer
n-heptane
C0H.D isomer
8 18
dlmethylcyclopentane isomer
tnethylcyclohexane
C_H, , isoraer
8 10
2,4-dimethylhexane
C8H18 + C8H16 lsomer
C8H18 ls°raer
C8Hlg isomer
methylethylpentane isomer
+ C8H16
1, trans-2,cis-3-trimethylcyclo-
pentcne
C8H18 isomer
2,3-dimcthylhexane
toluene
3-methylheptane
4-methyl-2-pontanone +
dimethylcyclohexane isomer
ji-octane
hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
tctrachlorocthylcne
isobutyl acetate
C9H20 lsomcr
Cn!l_. isomer
9 20
2-hexanone




i

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1
•
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1

1


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•





1
•



Chronatographic
Peak No.
45
45A
46
47
48
48A
49
50
51
52

52A
53

54
55
55A

56
57
57A
58A

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

66
66A

67
68






Table 39 (cent
Elution Temperature
CO
177
178
179
180
181-4
184
185
136
189
191
*
191
192

193
194
194

195
196
197
197

198
198
199
200
201
201
201
202

203
204

205
205
206

(continued)
162
. . 	 	 .-- 	 - —

'd)
Compound
r»-butyl acetate
chlorobenzene
°9H20 isomer
ethylbenzene
£-xylene
phenyl acetylene
dibutyl ether
styrene
£-xylene + n-nonane
C1ftH__ isomer
10 22
CgH.Q isomer
C,rtH,_ isomer
10 22
isopropylbenrene
C.-H.. isomer
C,_H-,. isomer
10 20
C--alkylcyclohexane isomer
C10H16 + C10H22 lsomcr
C10H20 is0ner
C.-H0_ isomer
10 22
5-methylnonane
n-propylbenzene
m-ethyltoluene
3-raethylnonane
1,3, 5-trimethylbenzcne
C,,H0/ isomer
11 24
C.-II-- + silane compound
C.-H-- isomer
10 22
e»-ethyltoliicne
CirtH^ft isomer
10 20
n_-decane
1. 2,4-trtmethylbenzcne
C,,H,_ isoiner
11 22



-------
Table 39 (conc'd)
Chroma copir.Tphic
Peak No.
69
70
71
71A

72
73

73A
74
75
75A

76
77
77A
78
79

80
81
82

83
83A
84
85
86

87

88
89

90
91
92
93
94
95




Eli'tion Temperature
rc)
208
209
209
210

210
211

211
212
213
213
*
214
215
215
216
216

217
217
218

219
220
220
221
222

223

225
226

227
227
229
230
230
230

(continued)
163

Compound |
JO -20
benzaldchyde + C..H_ isor.icr
isobutylbcnzenc j
C.,H_, isomer
11 24
B- or £-dlchlorobenzene
C..H-. isomer
11 24
o-cymcne
1,2,3-triciethylbcnzene
C, ,H_. isomer
11 24
C, ,H,- isomer
11 22
C,-alkyi cyclohexane isomer
a-nethylstyrene
j>- cyme no
j>-propyl toluene
C, ,H_. isomer
11 24
£-diet!iylbcnzenc
ii-butyl benzene
C.-H-., isoner
12 26
o-propyl toluene
C.^.H.0 isomer
diTK-'Chyletl.ylbonzene isoner
ii-undccanc
C,_U_, isomer
12 26
C H
12 26
C.-alkyl benzene* isomer
C._II_, isomer
12 26
C12H26 iiiomer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer .
C12!I24 + CJ1H20 1*01"*r
C.-nlkyl benzene isorcer
C.-alkyl benzene isomer
C-.H... Iso~i;r
12 id



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                           Table 39 (cont'd)
Chrcaatographic
Peak No.
96
97
98
100
101
102
103
Elution Temperature
CO
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
Compound
Cj.H_, isomer
C,,1I-0 isomer
13 2o
silanc compound (EKC)
C.-H.g isomer
C13H28 lsomer
C12H2A isomer
ri-dodecane
aSee Table 28 (S2) for sampling protocol.
                               164

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Table 40.
POLLUTANTS IDENTIFIED IN AMBIENT AIR
FROM SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV*
Chromatographic Elution Temperature
Peak No. (0C)
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

14A
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25

26
27
28

29



85
88
89
91
97
100
101
104
109
113
115
117
119
121

121
123
124
130
132
133
134
'.35
135
136

136
138

140
141
143

148
(continued)
165

Compound
carbon dioxide
chloromethane (tent.)
ethylene oxide (tent.)
2-oethylpropene (tent.)
chloroethane (tent.)
C5H12
trichlorofluoromethane (tent.)
ethanol
propylene oxide (tent.)
„ acetone
C6H14
2-propanol (tent.)
C6H14
C H
6 14
W JL~
2-methylpropenal (tent.)
vinyl acetate
2-methylfuran
methyl vinyl ketone
methyl ethyl ketone
3 ,3-dimethylpentane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
cyclohexane
r H
C7 16
C7H16
P W
7 16
r H
C7H14
C7H14
C H
7 16
C7H14



V
1
!
i
1

1
•
1



1

1


1



1




1


1


I
! ••
1
1

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Table 40 (cont'd)
Chrooatographic
Peak No.
30

31

32

33

34

35

36
37

38

39

40

41
42
43
44

45
46

47
48
49
50
51

52
52A

53

54
55

56

57

58
59


Elutlon Teoperature
CC)
148

152

152

154

155

156

158
160

163

164

165

167
168
168
172

175
177

178
179
180
182
184

185
185

191

192
193

194

196

197
198
(continued)
166
Compound
C,H,,
7 14
C0H,_
8 18
C,H_.
7 14
CC.H.,
8 16
C0H.,
8 16
C0H,0
8 18
toluene
C0Hio
8 18
C0H,,
8 16
C0H,^
6 16
C U
8 18
dlbromodichlorome thane (tent.)
hexaaethylcyclotrisiloxane
tetrachloroethyleoe
C0H,,
8 16
chlorobcnzene
C0H_-
9 20
ethylbenzene
p_-xylene
m-xylene
phenylacetylene
C.H.-
9 18
o-xylene
C»H.n
9 20
C«H.rt
9 20
Isopropylbenzene
C«H.n
9 20
C«H10
9 18
CftH,0
9 18
n_-propylbenzene
B-«thyltoluena



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Chrosatographic
   Peak No.
Elution Temperature
      CO
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
73A
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
198
199
199
200
202
202
203
203
206
207
203
208
209
211
211
212
212
212
213
213
213
214
215
215
216
217
218
218
219
220
                      (continued)
                          167
                                             Compound

                                         £-ethyltolucne
                                         1,3,5-trinethylbenzene
                                         unknown m/e 133, 193, 191,
                                         249, 251
                                         C10H22
                                         a-ethyltoluene
                                         C10H20
                                         C10H22
                                         1,2,4-crimechylbenzene
                                         benzaldehyde
                                         C.-alkyl benzene
                                        in-dlchlorobenzen*
                                        C,-alkyl benzene
                                        1,2,3-trimethy[benzene
                                        acetophenone
                                        £-dichlorobenzene
                                        C10H20
                                        C.-alkyl benzene
                                        indan
                                        C.-alkyl benzene
                                       £-dichZorobenzene
                                       C.-alkyl benzene
                                       C.-alkyl benzene
                                       C.-alkyl benzene
                                       C11H2',
                                       C11H24
                                       C.-alkyl benzene
                                       C.-alkyl benzene
                                       C.-alkyl  benzene
                                       C.-alkyl  benzene
                                      C11H24


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                                                             Table  40  (cont'd)
I
                             Chrona cographic

                                 Peak No.
Elution Temperature

        CC)
Compound
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

96
97
98
99
100
101

102
103
104

105
106
107
108

109
110
111
112
113
113A

114

115

116
117
118
A AW
221
221
222
223
22U
22t
225

225
226
226
228
229
229

230
230
230

230
230
230
230

230
230
230
230
230
230

230

230

230



nethylindan (tent
C -alkyl benzene
4
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C5~alkyl benzene
C, ,H_
12 26
C,-alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
unknown, m/e 73
C, -alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
C* ^H. f
12 26
nethylindan (tent
unknown, m/e 105,
C,oH0£
12 26
C,-alkyl benzene
methylindan (tent
C.-alkyl benzene
CI-,H,,
12 26
C.-alkyl benzene
C, -alkyl benzene
tetralin
C, -alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
c, ^HM f
12 26
C,,H_,
12 26
C- ««H. .
12 24
.)














.)
106



.)














C,Hq-alkyl benzene
C,-alkyl benzene
C H
12H26



                                                                (continued)

                                                                     168

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             n i i.f ni^-irMi' Mrr i .tf*rti8fH*if'fi^ViOTi^^»«»tii
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>•
Chronatographic
Peak No.
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
A^U
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145

146
147
148
149


^*^^^^^^S^s^y^^^t^^^ff^vi^^r^^^ii^^f9^^f^r-^-~
Table 40 (cont'd)
Elution Temperature
(*C) Compound
naphthalene
C.-alkyl benzene
unknown alkane
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C.-alkyl benzene
O
unknown
unknown
C H
C13U26
C13H28
C13H26
C13H28
C13H28
C13H28
C14H30
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C,-alkyl benzene
o
C . . n. n
13 28
C14H28 (tent')
C14H30 (tent°
unknown, m/e 73
C14H30
C13H26 (tent.)
unknown
2-taethylnaphthalene
C14H28 (tent>)
C14H28 (t*nt°
C,.H,n (tent.)
14 30
1-methylnaphthalene
C14H30 (tent°
C14H30 (tent')
C15H32
(continued)
169

-— — i m*« •» tmr_ " *>^*-^*^mi*
I
1
1

I

1




1
1

1

1

1

1

1




1
1
1

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i
i                  	
                    Chroaatographic   Elation Temperature
•                     Peak. No.             (*C)                  Compound
                                             Table 40 (cont'd)
                         150                                  C14H28 (tcnt'>
                                                              "Wso
"                       152                                  CUH30 
tm                       151-                                  unknown
                         154                                  unknown, m/e 73
                         155                                  C15H32
                         156                                  unknown
I
                    aSee Table 28 (S9) for sampling protocol.
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                                                  170

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U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,                 •
Reg'on V, Library
'-730 South Dearborn  Street
Chicago, Illinois  60004                              •

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