Development
&EPA
easonal
Fluctuations of
Major Diatom
Species at Five
Stations Across
Lake Michigan
May 1 970 October 1 972
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EPA-600/3-80-066
July 1980
SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF MAJOR DIATOM
SPECIES AT FIVE STATIONS ACROSS LAKE
MICHIGAN, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
by
Ruth E. Holland
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Grant No. R-805133-01-1
Project Officer
Nelson A. Thomas
Large Lakes Research Station
Grosse He Laboratory
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commer-
cial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency has the responsibility to develop
understandings of the various components of the Great Lakes ecosystem. The
Great Lakes, because of their great size and complexity, require studies
that often span a full year with numerous samplings. The collection of
data through winter periods is quite difficult and have been limited. This
study utilized a source of transportation that provided sampling through
the winter periods on frequent intervals. Through the documentation of
phytoplankton population during the winter period, greater understanding
can be obtained on the species changes that may be taking place in Lake
Michigan. The study of phytoplankton during the winter period provides
insight into both population dynamics as well as factors controlling
population growth. Too often records of biological populations are not
adequately documented so that changes in the ecosystem can be adequately
accessed. It is hoped this study will provide a documentation of
phytoplankton, especially diatoms, throughout the winter period.
Norbert Jaworski
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
m
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ABSTRACT
From 27 May, 1970 to 4 October, 1972, we collected water samples from
five stations on a transect across Lake Michigan from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
to Ludington, Michigan. At all stations in the three years sampled, diatoms
reached their highest numbers in late spring or summer. These periods of
greatest abundance of total diatoms were the result of the rapid growth of
one or two species. Stephanodiscus hantzschii was the dominant species at
Station 1, off Milwaukee, and Rhizosolenia eriensis was the dominant species
or one of the predominant forms at the other 4 stations. Cyclotella
stelligera was the dominant diatom when highest yearly numbers were reached
at Stations 3 and 5 in August, 1972. Highest winter numbers were reached at
Station 1 on 22 February, 1972 when total frustules were 960/ml, and
Stephanodiscus minutus was dominant at all stations. Solar radiation
appeared to be the limiting factor in the productivity of winter plankton.
There were differences between inshore and offshore stations. Mean con-
centrations of total phosphorus and some diatoms, such as Tabellaria
flocculosa and Fragilaria crotonensis were higher, and mean concentrations
of silica were lower at Stations 1 and 5 than at the offshore stations.
Station 1, however, was most distinct. Mean concentrations of soluble
reactive phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, silica, chlorophyll, carotenoids,
total phosphorus, and total diatoms were higher at Station 1 than at the
other stations. Stephanodiscus hantzschii was consistently a seasonal
dominant, and Fragilaria capucina was more abundant at Station 1 than at
the other stations. Therefore, from both direct and indirect evidence, the
water at Station 1 was more eutrophic than the water in the other areas,
and reflected the continued input of nutrients from the Milwaukee area.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R-805133-01-1 by
Ruth E. Holland (Beeton) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This report covers a period from 1 April, 1977 to 30
June, 1979 and work was completed as of 3 July, 1979.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables ix
Acknowledgments x
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. Materials and Methods 4
5. Results 5
6. Discussion 8
References 13
Appendices
A. Figures 16
B. Tables 40
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FIGURES
Number Page
A-l Station locations for sampling across Lake Michigan
from the S.S. Badger, May 1970 - October 1972 16
A-2 Seasonal fluctuations of total diatoms from Stations
1 and 2, Milwaukee to Ludington transect, December
1970 - October 1972 17
A-3 Seasonal fluctuations of total diatoms from Stations
3, 4, and 5, Milwaukee to Ludington transect,
December 1970 - October 1972 18
A-4 Abundance of diatoms and associated corollary data for
five stations across Lake Michigan, Milwaukee to
Ludington, 22 February 1972 19
A-5 Seasonal fluctuations of Rhizosolenia eriensis at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 20
A-6 Abundance of Rhizosolenia eriensis in exponential
growth phase and associated variables at Station 4,
summer 1972 21
A-7 Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella stelligera at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 22
A-8 Abundance of Cyclotella stelligera in exponential
growth phase and associated variables at Station 3,
summer 1972 23
A-9 Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus hantzschii at
five stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 24
A-10 Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilaria capucina at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 25
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A-ll Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira ambigua at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 26
A-12 Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira islandica at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 27
A-13 Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira italica at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 28
A-14 Seasonal fluctuations of Tabellaria flocculosa at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 29
A-15 Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilaria crotonensis at
five stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 30
A-16 Seasonal fluctuations of Asterionella formosa at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 31
A-17 Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella michiganiana at
five stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 32
A-18 Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella ocellata at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 33
A-19 Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella comta at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 34
A-20 Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilaria construens at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 35
A-21 Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus alpinus at
five stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 36
A-22 Seasonal fluctuations of Synedra radians at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October
1972 37
Vll
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A-23 Seasonal fluctuations of Synedra ulna at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 38
A-24 Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus minutus at
five stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972 39
vm
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TABLES
Number Page
B-l Minimum, Maximum, Mean, and Standard Deviation Values
of Physical and Chemical Variables and Major Diatom
Species from Five Stations across Lake Michigan,
Milwaukee to Ludington, May 1970 - October 1972 40
B-2 Abundance of Major Diatom Species at Station 1, May
1970 - October 1972 45
B-3 Abundance of Major Diatom Species at Station 2, May
1970 - October 1972 53
B-4 Abundance of Major Diatom Species at Station 3, May
1970 - October 1972 61
B-5 Abundance of Major Diatom Species at Station 4, May
1970 - October 1972 69
B-6 Abundance of Major Diatom Species at Station 5, May
1970 - October 1972 77
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Mr. T. A. Winkel,
Superintendent of Steamships, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Drs. E,
J. Fee, U. Zimmerman, and Mr. D. C. Rousar collected the car ferry samples
and established methods for chemical determinations. Becky Glover drew the
isometric projection graphs of the major diatom species. Samples were
collected in conjunction with projects funded by the Wisconsin Sea Grant
Program.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Harsh winter weather conditions have always made year-round sampling of
the waters of the Great Lakes, especially offshore, hazardous and often im-
possible. Consequently, our knowledge of the winter offshore phytoplankton
is very limited. For example, the material examined by Stoermer and Yang
(1969) included only two samples taken in winter (12 January, 1966 and 27
January, 1967) from offshore waters. Other winter samples (December,
January, February) cited in their publication were from collections made
between 1881 and 1947 that were taken from nearshore waters in the vicinity
of Chicago. Ahlstrom (1936) was the earliest investigator to make a com-
prehensive study of the open-lake plankton, but he examined samples taken
only in warm-weather months. Other early investigators studied plankton of
the nearshore waters in the vicinity of Chicago (Davis 1966). Holland
(1969) studied the inshore and offshore waters of Lake Michigan, but only
from April to November.
Winter sampling in the other Laurentian Great Lakes has also generally
been confined to inshore waters. Notable exceptions have been the studies
by Munawar and Nauwerck (1971), and Stoermer, Bowman, Kingston, and Shaedel
(1975), but the authors of both investigations comment on the small number
of sampling stations during parts of the winter or other sampling limita-
tions because of severe winter weather.
Recent investigations have demonstrated significant differences between
inshore and offshore waters in Lake Michigan which show that inshore en-
vironments are deteriorating at a much faster rate than the offshore en-
vironments (Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 1968a, b; Holland
1968, 1969; Holland and Beeton 1972; Fee 1971; Beeton and Barker 1974). Re-
cognition of this fact is important since, in the past, many of the conclu-
sions concerning changes in the biota and environments of the Great Lakes
have been based upon data from water intakes sampling inshore water (Davis
1964; Beeton 1969). Moreover, many engineering studies dealing with water
supply and disposal of municipal, industrial, and thermal waste have been
based upon the assumption that the entire volume of the lake was available
for dispersion of pollutants.
The present study is valuable largely because samples were taken year-
round, at frequent intervals, and from inshore as well as offshore (in-
cluding mid-lake) waters.
Data from this transect on six sampling dates were analyzed earlier
(Holland and Beeton 1972).
1
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
At all stations, diatoms reached their highest numbers in either late
spring or summer generally as the result of the rapid growth of one or two
species. One of these species, Rhizosolenia eriensis H. L. Smith, has not
been listed as a dominant diatom in Lake Michigan since the study by
Ahlstrom (1936); since its period of abundance is relatively short, investi-
gators may not have sampled frequently enough to find it during peak abun-
dance.
Highest winter numbers of total diatoms (960/ml) were reached at Station
1 on 22 February, 1972 when Stephanodiscus minutus Grun. e.x Cleve and Miill.
was the dominant species at all stations. This winter peak is similar to
one observed by Chandler and Weeks (1945) in western Lake Erie. The size
and duration of such cold weather peaks appear to be limited by the amount
of solar radiation reaching the plankton.
There were differences between inshore and offshore stations, but
Station 1 was most distinct and reflected the continued input of nutrients
from the Milwaukee area.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Future studies to establish seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton or
even relative abundance of species in a lake should incorporate sampling
intervals as short as possible so that species with limited periods of abun-
dance are not missed; sampling at intervals of one week is recommended.
Future studies should take into account the possible differences among
different parts of the lake. Inshore areas differ from offshore areas and
the inshore areas of this study differed from each other.
Scientists should report results in absolute numbers rather than terms
of relative abundance so that comparisons among studies can be made and so
that future investigators will have a quantitative data base upon which they
can make conclusions of possible changes in species abundance.
Diatoms should be identified at magnifications appropriate to frustule
size; since small Gentries are sometimes as small as 2.5y in diameter, the
highest magnification (usually approximately lOOOx) is advised.
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SECTION 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In May 1970, we began to determine the spatial and temporal extent of
differences in the inshore and offshore planktonic diatom populations of
Lake Michigan. We sampled from a water-cooling intake at a depth of about
4 m of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad ferry Badger at five locations on
its route between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Ludington, Michigan (Figure A-l).
The sampling depth was close to the optimum depth for production in the
epilimnion in a previous study (Holland 1969). The nearshore stations were
located about 4.8 km from the harbor breakwalls; one offshore station was
located in midlake; and the two remaining offshore stations were located
half way between the midlake station and each nearshore station.
Diatoms were cleaned and then identified and counted at lOOOx as
described by Holland (1969). Major diatoms (those at one time or another
making up 5% or more of total frustules) are discussed. Synedra filiformis
Grun. is not discussed because it was important only on 26 June 1970
(Holland and Beeton 1972).
Abundance data for major diatom species are given in Tables B-2 through
B-6 in the appendix.
Many of the samples from the earlier part of the study deteriorated be-
cause of a chemical reaction between Lugol's preservative and the metal caps
of the bottles in which the samples were stored. In the isometric projec-
tion graphs, broken lines indicate that data are missing. A continuous re-
cording thermometer monitored temperatures of the intake water beginning 7
July 1970. Before that and during winter, temperatures of water samples
were taken by stem thermometers.
Corollary data summarized in this report and the methods of determina-
tion are treated extensively by Fee (1971), Rousar (1973), and Claflin
(1975).
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SECTION 5
RESULTS
At all stations, diatoms reached their highest numbers in either late
spring or summer (Figures A-2 and A-3). In 1970, this occurred on 26 June.
Unfortunately, the July samples for this year deteriorated before being
examined so it is not known whether populations continued to increase in
July. Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun. made up 82% of all diatoms at Station
1 on 26 June. Rhizosolenia eriensis was the dominant form at Stations 2, 3,
and 4, making up 37%, 58%, and 74% of total diatoms respectively. At
Station 5, the following forms predominated on this date: Rhizosolenia
eriensis, Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Knudson; Fragilaria crotonensis
Kitton; and Fragilaria construens (Ehrenb.) Grun. Total diatom abundance
for 1971 and 1972 are plotted in Figures A-2 and A-3. In 1971, diatoms at
Station 1 peaked on 25 May, and Stephanodiscus hantzschii again was the
dominant species, making up 60% of the total. Total diatoms peaked on 16
June at Stations 2, 3, and 5, and Rhizosolenia eriensis was again the
dominant form at Station 2 and 3, and co-dominant with Asterionella formosa
Hassan at Station 5. The June peak at Station 2 was about 2/3 less than
the peaks at Stations 1 and 3; no June peak was observed at Station 4. In
1972, diatoms peaked in spring only at Station 1 where the dominant species
was Melosira islandica 0. Mull. Highest populations for all stations that
year were recorded in July at Stations 1, 2, and 4 and in August at Stations
3 and 5. As in the two previous years, at the time of greatest total abun-
dance, Stephanodiscus hantzschii was the dominant diatom at Station 1 where
it comprised 50% of the total. Rhizosolenia eriensis was the dominant form
in the abundance peak at Station 2 on 9 July, and it was also the dominant
diatom at Stations 3 and 5 on this date. This form reached its greatest
numbers at Station 4 on 25 July when it made up 49% of total frustules
during the greatest abundance peak there. Cyclotella stelligera Cleve and
Grun. was the dominant diatom when highest yearly numbers were reached at
Stations 3 and 5 on 16 August.
In addition to the major abundance peaks, there were sometimes moderate
peaks during summer, fall, and winter. Fragilaria crotonensis and
Cyclotella stelligera were generally dominant or one of the predominant
forms during the minor warm weather increases. Fall was the period of least
growth for diatoms, but Stations 1 and 4 experienced moderatly increased
total numbers during October, 1971 when Fragilaria crotonensis was the
dominant form at both locations. Total diatoms were moderately increased at
Stations 1 and 5 during September, 1972 when Fragilaria crotonensis was
again the dominant diatom.
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Because of the dearth of information on winter plankton in Lake
Michigan, these data are perhaps most interesting. Total diatoms reached
578/ml on 9 December, 1970 at Station 1 when Fragilaria crotonensis
dominated. Stephanodiscus minutus was the dominant diatom at this station a
month later on 6 January, 1971 when total frustules were 481/ml.
Stephanodiscus minutus also was the major form during the slight January
1971 increase at Station 5. Unfortunately, the February data of this year
for all but Station 2 are missing. Winter data for 1972 are complete for
all stations, and total diatoms for all stations peaked on 22 February, when
Stephanodiscus minutus dominated at all stations, making up between 37 and
47 percent of all diatoms (Figure A-4). Highest numbers were recorded at
Station 1 with total cells at 960/ml.
Besides Stephanodiscus minutus, other important forms at Station 1 were
Fragilaria construens, Melosira islandica, Stephanodiscus hantzschii,
Melosira italica (Ehr.) Ku'tz., and Stephanodiscus alpinus Hust. ฃx Huber-
Pestalozzi. At all other stations, Cyclotella stelligera was important,
especially in offshore waters where it made up between 13 and 18 percent of
total frustules. Stephanodiscus alpinus was present in moderate numbers at
all stations as it had been in 1971; although this species is characteristic
of the winter plankton, it should be noted that its highest numbers (Ill/ml)
were found at Station 3 on 16 June, 1971.
During periods of greatest abundance of total diatoms, the peaks were
generally the result of the rapid growth of one or two species. At Station
1, this specie was Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and at the other stations the
species were Rhizosolenia eriensis and Cyclotella stelligera. These diatoms
were responding to local conditions. Stephanodiscus hantzschii flourished
in the inshore waters, especially off Milwaukee where nutrients were very
high. Although Rhizosolenia eriensis was abundant at all the other sta-
tions, Stations 2, 3, and 5 had peak numbers of this diatom simultaneously
during the summer of 1972 while peak numbers of Rhizosolenia eriensis at
Station 4 were reached 16 days later. During the 1972 winter maximum,
Stephanodiscus minutus peaked at all stations simultaneously, but the peaks
were sustained at Stations 2 and 3.
Although each station exhibited some uniqueness, there was also a con-
trast between inshor.e and offshore areas (Holland and Beeton 1972). Mean
concentrations of total phosphorus and some diatoms such as Tabellaria
flocculosa and Fragilaria crotonensis were higher and mean concentrations
of silica were lower at Stations 1 and 5 than at the offshore stations
(Table B-l). Station 1, however, was most distinct. Mean concentrations
of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, silica, chlorophyll,
carotenoids, and total diatoms were all higher at Station 1 than at the
other stations. Mean concentrations of total phosphorus were much higher
there. Stephanodiscus hantzschii was consistently a seasonal dominant at
Station 1; the only time it was the most abundant diatom at another station
was on 27 May, 1970 at Station 5.
Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres, a form abundant in nutrient-rich
southern Green Bay (Holland and Claflin 1975), was most abundant at Station
1. Hohn (1969) found that Fragilaria capucina increased dramatically in
-------
western Lake Erie as the lake underwent eutrophication. It is considered a
form characteristic of eutrophic waters (Huber-Pestalozzi 1942). From both
direct and indirect evidence, therefore, the water at Station 1 is dis-
tinctly more eutrophic than the water in the other areas, and reflects the
agricultural runoff and municipal discharge of the Milwaukee area, primarily
through the Milwaukee River. The contrast between Station 1 and the other
stations supports the contention that continued input of nutrients is neces-
sary to maintain a given level of eutrophication (Beeton and Edmondson
1972). The Ludington area also receives runoff from the Pere Marquette
River, but the discharge is not as rich in nutrients as that from the
Milwaukee River and its effects are felt closer to shore (Holland 1969).
Fee (1971) and Rousar (1973), working on replicate samples from the car
ferry stations, described a bimodal seasonal abundance of phytoplankton
based upon primary productivity and pigment analyses but their work included
no data from 1972. Claflin (1975) analyzed phytoplankton from replicate
samples taken 6 October, 1971 - 27 October, 1972. He included primary pro-
ductivity data and pigment analyses which show small peaks in February, 1972
which coincide with this study's winter diatom abundance peak for that year,
and varying peaks for summer as well as for spring and fall. Claflin found
a peak of non-diatom plankton in the fall ranging from approximately 1200
entities/ml at Stations 1, 2, 4, and 5, to about 4000 entities/ml at Station
3. It would thus appear that diatoms were the major producers in the fall.
However, it is possible that much of the chlorophyll observed in the samples
of Fee and Rousar in the fall originated in the subthermocline maximum ob-
served by Brooks and Mortonson (1978) and was brought into upper waters as
the thermocline began to be disturbed in the fall (Mortimer 1975).
There was no apparent consistent relationship among the corollary
nutrient data and diatom species fluctuations. Moreover, these relation-
ships would be most meaningful when the species becomes abundant during its
exponential growth phase which we are only sometimes able to observe, be-
cause it is often interrupted by various perturbations.
-------
SECTION 6
DISCUSSION
One of the striking findings of this study was the consistent peaks of
abundance of Rhizosolenia eriensis at all but Station 1 (Figure A-5). For
three consecutive years, it was the dominant or predominant form in spring
or early summer. Rhizosolenia eriensis is abundant in Lake Superior
(Holland 1965) and has declined to insignificance since the 1930's in Lake
Erie (Hohn 1969). Huber-Pestalozzi (1942) characterized the environment of
this species as deep lakes which tend toward oligotrophy. Its distribution
and abundance at the car ferry stations also suggested that it grows best in
relatively oligotrophic water. Tarapchak and Stoermer (1976) described it
as being mesotrophic but intolerant of nutrient enrichment. Rhizosolenia
eriensis has not been mentioned as a dominant species in Lake Michigan since
Ahlstrom (1936), who said it was abundant in most collections and in a few
samples, outnumbered all other organisms present.
I did not find this species to be a major diatom in my 1965 study of
Lake Michigan (1969) but we were able to sample only twice between 9 June
and 19 August (because our vessel was commandeered for another study) and it
is very likely that we missed the relatively short period of maximum abun-
dance of Rhizosolenia eriensis. This species was also found to have a
"quick spurt" of abundance in Canadaigua Lake, New York, but in the fall
rather than in the spring or summer (6. R. Wilcox, personal communication).
It is quite possible that other investigators of Lake Michigan plankton have
not found this diatom to be prominent because they have not sampled during
the relatively short period when it is abundant. Rhizosolenia eriensis was
found to be in exponential growth phase at Station 4 during the summer of
1972. The growth of this species paralleled an increase in temperature and
a decrease in silica and soluble reactive phosphorus, and a very slight de-
crease in nitrate nitrogen (Figure A-6).
Cyclotella stelligera (called Cyclotella glomerata-stel1igera, Holland
1965) is a dominant or predominant species during the summer in Lake
Superior and is a dominant or predominant form during the summer at all but
Station 1 on the car ferry transect (Figure A-7). This species, like
Rhizosolenia eriensis, has declined to insignificance in western Lake Erie
since the 1930's (Hohn 1969) while that lake has undergone accelerated
eutrophication (Beeton 1965). On the car ferry transect, it was most abun-
dant at the stations where nutrients were lowest, affirming the impression
that this is a relatively oligotrophic form. At Station 3, during the
summer of 1972, it was found to be in exponential growth phase. It is
during this growth phase that relationships to physical and chemical vari-
ables should be most meaningful.
8
-------
The growth of Cyclotella stelligera was found to parallel increasing
water temperatures and to be inversely related to the ratio of silica to
soluble reactive phosphorus (Figure A-8). The relationship between growth
of this species and Si/P ratio is interesting in light of the work of
Kilham and Kilham (1978) and Tilman (1977). They assume that silicate and
phosphate potentially limit the growth rates of diatom species and propose
that if one nutrient is kept constant and the other nutrient varied, the
species growth rates will react in different, but predictable ways along the
resource gradient. Their results of different optimum Si/P ratios for dif-
ferent species have been obtained under controlled laboratory conditions and
have not included Cyclotella stelligera. Natural field conditions are much
more complex, but trends between Si/P ratios and species in natural waters
are worth examining. Stoermer and Yang (1969) found relatively low numbers
of Cyclotella stelligera in their samples but they used a #20 mesh net for
collection which is not effective for capturing this diatom which is un-
cellular and may be as small as 2.5y.
Stephanodiscus hantzschii was a dominant species once at Station 5, and
consistently a seasonal dominant at Station 1 (Figure A-9). It has been
found to be abundant in the spring by Munawar and Nauerck (1971) and by
Stoermer e_t a\_. (1975) in Lake Ontario. Tarapchak and Stoermer (1976) des-
cribed this as an eutrophic form in Lake Michigan and Huber-Pestalozzi
(1942) described it as characteristic of strongly eutrophic water in Europe.
Fragilaria capucina was most abundant at Station 1 and slightly more
abundant at Station 5 than at the offshore stations (Figure A-10). This
species is abundant in eutrophic southern Green Bay (Holland and Claflin
1975) and has been associated with the eutrophication of Lake Erie (Hohn
1969).
The distribution of Melosira species between inshore and offshore waters
was not as clearcut as in a previous study (Holland 1968). Melosira ambigua
(Grun.) 0. Mull, mentioned previously as a species associated with inshore
waters was more abundant at the inshore stations but its numbers were
generally low everywhere (Figure A-ll). Maximum and mean values for
Melosira islandica were highest at Station 1 and lowest at Station 5 (Table
B-l).The abundance of Melosira italica at Stations 2 and 5 were similar.
Lund (1954) suggested that turbulence may be necessary to keep Melosira
species in suspension since Melosira italica (Ehr.) Ku'tz. subsp. subarctica
0. Mull, practically disappeared from near-surface waters as Blelham Tarn
stratified. In this study, Melosira islandica and Melosira italica were
also suppressed during stratification (Figures A-12 and A-13~TThermal
stratification (at 10 m) is generally established over the whole Lake
Michigan basin by the end of June. From mid-August onward, the thermocline
begins to descend while maintaining a steep gradient, and final mixing
(overturn) takes place in December (Mortimer 1975). Small populations of
Melosira ambigua, on the other hand, were sometimes maintained after
stratification was presumably established. Direct effects on optimum growth
may be a factor in the incidence of Melosira species. Stoermer et al.
(1975) point out that most literature sources indicate that Melosira
islandica reaches its maximum abundance at water temperatures of less that
12ฐC, and this was indeed the case in this study.
-------
Tabellaria flocculosa and Fragilaria crotonensis appeared to be favored
by the inshore environment. Tabellaria flocculosa was present at all sta-
tions on almost all sampling dates with lowest numbers in the spring, except
at Station 5, which in 1970 had a pring peak (Figure A-14). It was most
abundant at the inshore stations with highest maximum and mean values at the
station closest to Milwaukee (Table B-l). Fragilaria crotonensis was almost
always present at all stations with peaks of abundance generally in the
summer and fall, and at the inshore stations also, in the winter and spring
(Figure A-15). The mean cell numbers of this species were greater at the
inshore stations (Table B-l), but the greatest population (463/ml) was re-
corded at Station 4 on 24 August, 1972.
Asterionella formosa was most abundant during periods of thermal strati-
fication (Figure A-16). Highest numbers were found at Station 5 on 16 June,
1971 when cells reached 226/ml. Mean values were not significantly dif-
ferent among the stations. Tarapchak and Stoermer (1976) listed
Asterionella formosa as having its apparent maximum abundance in water that
is moderately enriched. It would appear that some factor other than enrich-
ment was also important.
Cyclotella michiganiana Skvortzow was most abundant during summer or
fall (Figure A-17), and reached maximum numbers in midlake, but the mean
abundance values there and at Station 5 were the same (Table B-l).
Cyclotella ocellata Pant, is a dominant diatom in Lake Superior in the
Apostle Island region (Holland and Beeton 1973), as well as in the open lake
(Holland 1965). It was present at all stations most of the time. At
Station 1, it was most abundant in November 1970 and July 1971; at all other
stations it was most abundant during the summer of 1972 (Figure A-18).
Mean values at all stations were approximately the same.
Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Ku'tz., another diatom well represented in Lake
Superior, was common in the late summer or fall (Figure A-19).
Fragilaria construens was most abundant at inshore stations; peak
periods of abundance were of short duration variably in spring, early
summer, and winter (Figure A-20).
Fragilaria sp. 1 (illustrated in Holland 1969) was generally absent or
in low abundance at all stations; numbers were highest in spring or early
summer.
Diatoma tenue var. elongatum Agardh and Fragilaria pinnata Ehr. were
found only occasionally and in low numbers at the offshore stations. They
were found in moderate numbers in the spring and summer at the inshore sta-
tions, and at Station 1 they were sometimes also moderately abundant in the
winter and fall.
Stephanodiscus alpinus has become a major species in Lake Erie in recent
years where it reaches highest numbers in winter and spring (Hohn 1969). It
has been reported primarily as a winter form in Lake Ontario (Stoermer e_t
al. 1975). It was characteristic of the winter plankton at all stations,
10
-------
and was present at Station 1 most of the year (Figure A-21). At the other
stations, it had a second period of moderate abundance during the warm
weather. It reached its highest numbers (Ill/ml) on 16 June, 1971 at
Station 3.
Synedra radians Kiitz. was most abundant for short periods during spring
or summer (Figure A-22). Patrick and Reiner (1966) comment that this
species is often found in waters with fairly high conductivity. The speci-
fic conductance of the waters when Synedra radians was most abundant ranged
from 262-278 ymhos/cm; at Station 5, the maximum value of this variable re-
corded at this station was 276/ymhos/cm.
Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr. was most abundant (50/ml) at Station 3 on 16
June, 1971. Modest numbers were found at all stations, primarily in the
spring (Figure A-23).
The offshore stations of this study were similar to each other and
differed from the inshore stations, and the inshore stations were also dif-
ferent from each other. The influence of nutrient input from the Milwaukee
area, primarily through the Milwaukee River, is the major reason why Station
1, closest to Milwaukee, shows the most eutrophic characteristics on this
transect. The Pere Marquette River, which empties into the lake at
Ludington, is a much poorer source of nutrients. In addition, the pre-
vailing wind across the lake is from the west; consequently there is greater
cloud cover and a greater concentration of ice floes along the east shore,
reducing solar radiation.
The moderate peaks of diatoms in February 1972 occurred when nutrients
were plentiful and when the possible solar radiation was increasing.
Highest winter numbers of total diatoms (960/ml) were reached at Station 1
on 22 February when Stephanodiscus minutus was dominant at all stations
(Figures A-4 and A-24). The number of diatoms from 12 January - 11 April,
1972 was 24% of the annual crop of diatoms at this station. Chandler and
Weeks (1945) found a similar pulse, which was 94% diatoms, in western Lake
Erie from 10 February - 12 April, 1942; it constituted 28.6% of the annual
crop of phytoplankton, which was largely diatoms. The pulse began under ice
cover when water temperature was 0.3ฐC and ended suddenly when ice cover
disappeared. Its inception coincided with the seasonal increase in solar
radiation. Chandler and Weeks attributed its abrupt termination to high
turbidities due to wind action and river discharge. Brooks and Mortonson
(1978) have found a maximum of chlorophyll a_ just under the thermocline,
reaching peak concentrations in June (5 yg/1) and July (10 yg/1) at a deep
water station east of Port Washington, Wisconsin. Brooks and,Mortonson
also showed that as nutrients decreased in the epilimnion, they remained
the same or increased in the hypolimnion. It would appear then, that as
long as nutrients are adequate, plankton flourishes in the cold water of the
hypolimnion, and solar radiation is the limiting factor in plankton pro-
duction. Essentially, the same conditions of temperature and nutrients
exist throughout the water column of Lake Michigan during the winter as
exist in the hypolimnion during the summer, so that winter productivity
should depend largely upon what amount of solar radiation reaches the plank-
11
-------
ton. In winter when there is less cloud cover over the lake, we should note
increased productivity.
The data presented here from May 1970 - October 1972 further substan-
tiate the preliminary finding (Holland and Beeton 1972) that there are dif-
ferences in plankton and nutrients between inshore and offshore areas of the
lake, and also between inshore areas themselves. These differences exist
during all seasons and therefore should be considered a persistent feature
of Lake Michigan limnology (see Figure A-4 for differences on one date in
winter). The thermal bar (Rodgers 1965) may enhance these contrasts but
Tailing (1966) has shown differences in plankton and nutrients between in-
shore and offshore areas of Lake Victoria, a tropical lake that does not
develop a thermal bar. The differences between inshore and offshore waters
along the car ferry transect are primarily reflections of point sources of
nutrients, the most striking of which is the Milwaukee area.
12
-------
REFERENCES
Ahlstrom, E.H. 1936. The deep-water plankton of Lake Michigan, exclusive
of the Crustacea. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 55: 286-299.
Beeton, A.M. 1965. Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 10: 240-254.
Beeton, A.M. 1969. Changes in the environment and biota of the Great
Lake. In: Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives. Nat.
Acad. Sci. Publ. 1700. pp. 150-187.
Beeton, A.M. and J.M. Barker. 1974. Investigation of the influence of
thermal discharge from a large electric power station on the biology and
near-shore circulation of Lake Michigan. Part A: Biology, Ctr. for
Great Lakes Stds., Univ. Wise., Milwaukee, Wise. Spec. Rept. No. 18.
138 pp.
Beeton, A.M. and W.T. Edmondson. 1972. The eutrophication problem. J.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 673-682.
Brooks, A.S. and J.A. Mortonson. 1978. Vertical and seasonal distribu-
tion of chlorophyll a_ and nutrients in Lake Michigan. Verh. Internat.
Verein. Limnol. 20: 334-335.
Chandler, D.C. and O.B. Weeks. 1945. Limnological studies of western Lake
Erie. Part V. Relation of limnological and meteorological conditions
to the production of phytoplankton in 1942. Ecolog. Monogr. 15: 435-
456.
Claflin, L.W. 1975. A multivariate data analysis of Lake Michigan phyto-
plankton. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Wise., Madison, Wise. 436 pp.
Davis, C.C. 1964. Evidence for the eutrophication of Lake Erie from phy-
toplankton records. Limnol. Oceanogr. g: 275-283.
Davis, C.C. 1966. Plankton studies in the largest Great Lakes of the world
with special reference to the St. Lawrence Great Lakes of North America.
Univ. Mich., Great Lakes Res. Div., Ann Arbor, Mich. Publ. 14. pp. 1-
36.
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968a. Lake Michigan
Basin: physical and chemical quality conditions. GPO. 81 pp.
13
-------
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968b. Lake Michigan
Basin: biology. 6PO. 41 pp.
Fee, E.J. 1971. A numerical model for the estimation of integral primary
production and its application to Lake Michigan. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis,
Univ. Wise., Madison, Wise. 168 pp.
Hohn, M.H. 1969. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of plankton dia-
toms, Bass Island area, Lake Erie, 1938-1965. Bull. Ohio. Biol. Surv.
N.S. 3: 1-211.
Holland, R.E. 1965. The distribution and abundance of planktonic diatoms
in Lake Superior. Univ. Mich., Great Lakes Res. Div., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Publ. 13. pp. 96-105.
Holland, R.E. 1968. Correlation of Melosira species with trophic condi-
tions in Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13: 555-557.
Holland, R.E. 1969. Seasonal fluctuations of Lake Michigan diatoms.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 14: 423-436.
Holland, R.E. and A.M. Beeton. 1972. Significance to eutrophication of
spatial differences in nutrients and diatoms in Lake Michigan. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 17: 88-96.
Holland, R.E. and A.M. Beeton. 1973. Planktonic diatoms in western Lake
Superior, summer and fall 1972. Report prepared for litigation, U.S.
Gov. vs. Reserve Mining Co., at the request of the Wise. Attorney
General's Office and the U.S. Legal Support Division.
Holland and L.W. Claflin. 1975. Horizontal distribution of planktonic dia-
toms in Green Bay, mid-July 1970. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 365-378.
Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1942. Die Binnengewasser Band 16, Das Phytoplankton
des Susswassers, Teil 2, Halfte 2, Diatomeen. Stuttgart, E.
Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 367-549.
Kilham, S.S. and P. Kilham. 1978. Natural community bioassays: predic-
tions of results based on nutrient physiology and competition. Verh.
Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20: 68-74.
Lund, J.W.G. 1954. The seasonal cycle of the plankton diatom, Melosira
italica (Ehr.) Kiitz. subsp. subarctica 0. Mull. J. Ecol. 42: 141-179.
Mortimer, C.H. 1975. Environmental status of the Lake Michigan region.
Vol. 2. Physical limnology of Lake Michigan. Part 1. Physical
characteristics of Lake Michigan and its responses to applied forces.
Argonne National Lab. pp. 13-102.
14
-------
Mimawar, M.M. and A. Nauwerck. 1971. The composition and horizontal dis-
tribution of phytoplankton in Lake Ontario during the year 1970. Proc.
14th Conf. Geat Lakes Res., Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. pp. 69-
78.
Patrick R. and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The diatoms of the United States exclu-
sive of Alaska and Hawaii. Vol. 1. Acad. of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Monograph 13. 688 pp.
Rodgers, G.K. 1965. The thermal bar in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Univ.
Mich., Great Lakes Res. Div., Ann Arbor, Mich. Publ. 13. pp. 358-363.
Rousar, D.C. 1973. Seasonal and spatial changes in primary production and
nutrients in Lake Michigan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2: 497-
514.
Stoermer, E.F. and J.J. Yang. 1969. Plankton diatom assemblages in Lake
Michigan. Univ. Mich., Great Lakes Res. Div., Ann Arbor, Mich. Spec.
Rept. No. 47. 268 pp.
Stoermer, E.F., M.M. Bowman, J.C. Kingston, and A.L. Shaedel. 1975. Phy-
toplankton composition and abundance in Lake Ontario during IFYGL. EPA-
660/3-75-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
373 pp.
Tailing, J.F. 1966. The annual cycle of stratification and phytoplankton
growth in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol.
51: 545-621.
Tarapchak, S.J. and E.F. Stoermer. 1976. Environmental status of the Lake
Michigan region. Vol. 4. Phytoplankton of Lake Michigan. Argonne
National Lab. 177 pp.
Tilman, D. 1977. Resource competition between planktonic algae: an ex-
perimental and theoretical approach. Ecology. 58: 338-348.
15
-------
LAKE MICHIGAN
Figure A-l. Station locations for sampling across Lake
Michigan from the S.S. Badger, May 1970 - October 1972.
16
-------
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900
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-|30
22 FEBRUARY, 1972
15 -1.5
-1.0
\
c
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Figure A-4. Abundance of diatoms and associated corollary data for five
stations across Lake Michigan, Milwaukee to Ludington, 22 February 1972.
19
-------
500*
400
V)
ui
300
en
c
LL
200
100
500
400
300
111
_l
200
100
<*
Rhizoso/enia
eriensis
Figure A-5. Seasonal fluctuations of Rhizosolenia eriensis at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970- October 1972,
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
20
-------
5DOP
400
300
13
t_
200
10O
/fy,*oso/enซi erieneis (f rustules/m!)
0 Temperature (ปC)
* Nitrate njtrogen(mgN/l)
*Sil ica (mg SiO2 /I)
Soluble reactive phosphorus (jjgp/1)
-1.5
2.0
\
01
6
rg
O
-1.0
-0.5
-15
20
CT
D.
O
Figure A-6. Abundance of Rhlzosolenia eriensis in exponential growth phase
and associated variables at Station 4, summer 1972.
21
-------
500
500
Cydotella
stelligera
Figure A-7. Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella stelligera at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
22
-------
2SOO
2OOO
15OO
E
N
10
1OOO
5OO
M
stellar* (f rustules/ml)
0= Temperature C*C)
-= Si/P units
1000
1/1
-p
3
0.
i/>
500
Figure A-8. Abundance of Cyclotella stelligera in exponential growth phase
and associated variables at Station 3, summer 1972.
23
-------
000
200
2542
649
200
150
100
V)
ut
-I
3
H
V)
DC
Stephanodiscus
hantzschii
Figure A-9. Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus hantzschii at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972,
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
24
-------
120
V)
UJ
to
120
E
ปป
CO
UJ
h-
co
N Fragilaria
capucina
Finure A-10. Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilari capucina at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
25
-------
120
I
Ul
t-
(0
oc
u.
Meloslra
amblgua
Figure A-11. Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira ambigua at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
26
-------
200
200
150
UJ
3
ff
100
150
100
I
Alelosira
island tea
Figure A-12. Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira islandica at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
27
-------
2OO
CO
UJ
15O
10O
200
150
100
/He/osira
italica
Figure A-13. Seasonal fluctuations of Melosira italica at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
28
v>
\u
ff
u.
-------
4OO
4OO
300
2OO
in
a
a
u.
1OO
Tabellaria
floculosa
Figure A-14. Seasonal fluctuations of Tabellaria flocculosa at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
29
-------
4OO
300
2OO
(A
1OO
Fmgilaria
crotonensis
Figure A-15. Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilaria crotonensis at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
30
-------
200
\
Asterionella
formosa
Figure A-16. Seasonal fluctuations of Asterionella formosa at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
31
-------
200
200<
150
v>
lit
100
Cyclotella
michiganiana
Figure A-17. Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella michiganiana at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
32
-------
Cyclotella
ocellata
Figure A-18. Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella ocellata at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
33
-------
200
150
100
W
oc
200
150
100
E
>.
w
oc
u.
Cy clot el I a
comta
Figure A-19. Seasonal fluctuations of Cyclotella comta at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
34
-------
400 <
300
CO
w
200
100
400
300
200
to
Ui
v>
3
K
U.
100
Fragilaria
construens
Figure A-20. Seasonal fluctuations of Fragilaria construens at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
35
-------
120
UJ
Stephanodiscus
alplnus
Figure A-21. Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus alpinus at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
36
-------
120
120
E
x
V)
oc
u.
Synedra
radians
Figure A-22. Seasonal fluctuations of Synedra radians at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
UJ
ft
U.
37
-------
120
E
w
UJ
120 |
(0
ui
^80 S2
C
U.
FS
Synedra
ulna
Figure A-23. Seasonal fluctuations of Synedra ulna at five stations
across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
38
-------
40 (X
400
' #* Stephanodiscus
minutis
Figure A-24, Seasonal fluctuations of Stephanodiscus minutus at five
stations across Lake Michigan, May 1970 - October 1972.
(Broken lines between points indicate missing data.)
39
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44
-------
TABLE B-2. ABUNDANCE (IN FRUSTULES/ML) OF MAJOR DIATOM SPECIES AT
STATION 1, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
100171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
221071
61171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
Total
Diatoms
514
M
M
3112
M
M
134
176
325
M
M
M
202
1302
M
M
578
388
481
302
M
151
249
123
M
150
159
1504
112
131
264
513
214
219
M
260
104
148
558
340
306
196
264
248
Melosira
.italica
14
M
M
11
M
M
<1
0
0
M
M
M
1
8
M
M
15
26
34
39
M
25
28
21
M
35
22
61
20
4
4
4
-1
2
M
<1
9
6
26
3
19
42
43
47
Rhizosolenia
eriensis
32
M
M
255
M
M
0
<1
0
M
M
M
<1
0
M
M
21
1
3
0
M
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Frag il aria
capucina
0
M
M
0
M
M
4
9
14
M
M
M
0
117
M
M
10
3
0
0
M
0
0
0
M
0
2
5
2
2
7
74
17
10
M
30
<1
9
31
52
19
5
17
6
Melosira
islandica
19
M
M
9
M
M
0
<1
0
M
M
M
<1
8
M
M
3
5
6
11
M
27
34
13
M
58
90
179
28
11
4
10
4
<1
M
0
1
10
19
36
28
35
38
36
(Continued)
45
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
80272
220272
140272
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
100171
30271
110371
240371
Total
Diatoms
203
960
452
214
154
592
655
106
153
232
1294
481
137
174
298
264
258
197
Aster i one 11 a
formosa
32
M
M
0
M
M
4
23
27
M
M
M
15
20
M
M
31
2
12
<1
M
0
<1
Melosira F
italica
43
64
68
27
41
142
70
18
91
8
21
0
0
<1
<1
3
8
19
Cvclotella
michiqaniana
0
M
M
0
M
M
4
6
9
M
M
M
19
16
M
M
7
3
8
3
M
2
2
thizosolenia
eriensis
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
97
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
Tabellaria
flocculosa
81
M
M
106
M
M
16
16
86
M
M
M
15
349
M
M
60
55
30
36
M
8
4
Fraailaria
capucina
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
27
55
32
2
0
<1
2
11
2
jvnedra
ulna
10
M
M
9
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
<1
8
M
M
0
<1
<1
<1
M
4
0
Melosira
islandica,
35
78
47
22
49
192
171
50
30
17
4
0
0
<1
<1
2
4
2
Fraailaria
crotonensis
187
M
M
84
M
M
46
98
172
M
M
M
97
268
M
M
186
71
100
43
M
32
28
(Continued)
46
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
221071
61171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140272
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Aster i one 11 a.
formosa
0
M
0
0
5
0
1
<1
14
<1
13
M
7
9
<1
26
3
2
<1
0
0
1
21
3
6
0
0
2
0
0
1
97
3
23
7
35
3
6
2
Cvclotella
^telliqera
11
M
Cvclotella
michiaaniana
3
M
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
4
M
1
3
1
8
6
2
3
0
<1
2
0
0
5
<1
2
2
<1
0
<1
17
2
2
<1
1
<1
0
<1
Stephan-
odiscus
mi nut us
0
M
Tabellaria
flocculosa
36
M
10
3
34
15
17
31
78
129
25
M
9
20
69
76
86
49
12
26
14
4
28
13
23
1
25
22
5
6
92
84
271
37
36
63
142
129
76
Stephan-
odiscus
hantzschii
35
M
Svnedra
ulna
1
M
6
12
25
9
4
7
3
4
0
M
0
0
9
3
0
<1
0
<1
2
<1
4
1
0
<1
6
6
4
3
5
17
5
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
Cvclotella
comta
0
M
Eragilaria
crotonensi^
43
M
14
11
62
11
23
44
113
45
86
M
119
37
25
109
118
58
32
37
33
22
25
17
9
2
40
64
7
3
18
76
104
62
78
153
77
72
32
Fraa il an' a
construens
3
M
(Continued)
47
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
100171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
221071
61171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
Cvclotella^
stelligera
M
0
M
M
6
0
0
M
M
M
21
16
M
M
27
0
37
9
M
3
21
15
M
0
0
17
0
<1
<1
5
4
0
M
0
<1
0
2
0
<1
1
4
6
8
0
Stephan-
odiscus
nriinjtus_
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
29
0
174
<1
M
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
363
Stephan-
odiscus
hantzschii
M
2542
M
M
0
2
2
M
M
M
5
268
M
M
45
1
3
14
M
0
2
0
M
0
3
900
6
28
95
29
<1
9
M
0
2
0
44
<1
5
2
21
13
9
78
Cyclotella,
romta
M
0
M
M
2
3
2
M
M
M
3
4
M
M
2
1
1
<1
M
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
1
M
16
10
6
8
7
3
2
5
1
0
4
Fraa il aria
construens
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
8
M
M
0
70
1
24
M
0
21
<1
M
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
9
M
0
2
0
46
<1
70
18
0
31
5
128
(Continued)
48
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
140272
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
100171
30271
110371
240371
Cvclotella
stall iaera
10
18
1
2
4
2
<1
<1
42
2
3
2
12
<1
0
1
Synedra
radians
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
0
M
0
2
Steohan-
odiscus
minutus
65
69
<1
0
2
1
0
<1
21
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus
0
M
M
0
M
M
<1
<1
0
M
M
M
<1
20
M
M
15
33
10
34
M
24
54
Stephan-
odiscus
hantzschii
14
<1
<1
0
6
7
0
11
649
8
1
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
221071
61171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140272
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Svnedra
radians
6
M
4
2
78
5
11
6
6
4
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
<1
<1
0
0
1
<1
1
4
2
2
6
8
15
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fraailaria
ninnata
3
M
Steohan-
odiscus
alpinus
17
M
6
3
17
<1
6
3
3
0
5
M
6
2
7
27
7
13
10
15
24
35
46
25
6
9
29
24
5
<1
3
17
2
<1
3
<1
4
9
11
Diatoma
tenue var.
0
M
Melosira
ambigua
0
M
0
0
0
0
2
8
53
0
9
M
9
3
<1
51
9
9
1
<1
1
<1
0
0
<1
0
16
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
<1
0
2
elonqatum
Cvclotell^
ocellata
<1
M
<1
0
0
0
1
<1
30
2
8
M
2
<1
1
5
4
11
6
12
5
10
0
11
6
4
6
4
1
4
1
15
16
2
1
2
8
13
9
Fraailaria
Sp. 1
2
M
4
9
5
<1
0
3
1
0
<1
M
0
<1
<1
0
0
4
5
2
1
1
0
3
2
2
27
16
0
2
1
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
(Continued)
50
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
110171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
221071
61171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140272
f rag il aria
pinnata
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
24
M
M
25
51
6
24
M
9
19
11
M
10
1
27
0
4
4
0
0
3
M
0
2
3
19
0
43
5
2
1
5
53
43
Diatom a
tenue var. elonqatum
M
0
M
M
<1
<1
<1
M
M
M
<1
0
M
M
0
0
1
0
M
0
0
0
M
0
0
67
<1
10
25
59
2
2
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
(Continued)
51
-------
TABLE B-2 (CONTINUED)
Date
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Frag il aria
pinnata
<1
9
31
73
0
0
3
0
0
0
4
3
2
0
7
Diatoma
ten ue var. elonqatum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
M = Data Missing.
52
-------
TABLE B-3. ABUNDANCE (IN FRUSTULES/ML) OF MAJOR DIATOM SPECIES AT
STATION 2, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
Total
Diatoms
260
M
M
1358
M
M
468
84
143
M
M
M
254
240
M
M
214
156
84
156
75
103
94
78
156
61
58
178
158
490
84
458
250
309
M
70
35
M
183
105
81
140
86
111
Melosira
italica
32
M
M
4
M
M
0
<1
0
M
M
M
<1
<1
M
M
18
15
16
29
24
27
18
26
79
19
32
77
62
22
1
0
0
0
M
<1
<1
M
1
5
13
22
17
34
Rhizosolenia
eriensis
62
M
M
501
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
3
5
M
M
7
2
1
<1
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
161
<1
0
0
0
M
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
<1
Frag 11 aria
caoucina
4
M
M
0
M
M
0
1
14
M
M
M
0
5
M
M
2
0
0
1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
6
0
M
5
<1
M
6
<1
2
<1
<-1
0
Melosira
islandica
18
M
M
4
M
M
0
<1
2
M
M
M
0
<1
M
M
1
1
<1
5
3
10
12
19
38
30
23
70
70
22
<1
1
0
0
M
0
<1
M
<1
1
3
10
10
16
(Continued)
53
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Total
Diatoms
139
425
416
96
78
121
164
150
104
157
1026
240
100
44
37
112
46
90
Aster i one 11 a
formosa
22
M
M
10
M
M
4
2
9
M
M
M
7
23
M
M
12
12
5
5
0
0
1
Melo$ira phizosolenia
italica
38
24
46
41
39
63
68
82
15
67
22
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
3
Cvclotella
miqhiqaniana
0
M
M
<1
M
M
92
4
14
M
M
M
15
6
M
M
8
6
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
eriensis
2
14
3
0
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
446
34
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
Tabellaria
flpcculosa
10
M
M
87
M
M
1
3
12
M
M
M
31
81
M
M
33
21
9
16
12
7
3
fragilaria,
capucina
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
3
0
4
1
<1
<1
<]
<1
<1
Svnedra
ulna
5
M
M
29
M
M
1
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
0
Melosira,
islandica
11
30
18
26
23
30
45
36
24
28
0
0
0
<1
<1
0
<1
0
Fragilaria,
crotonensis
22
M
M
198
M
M
45
60
72
M
M
M
165
77
M
M
87
58
20
32
19
19
14
(Continued)
54
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
110971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Aster i one ITa]
forjnosa_
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
2
9
4
6
M
2
2
M
52
18
2
4
<1
2
5
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
21
18
6
0
3
9
6
1
Cvclotella
stelliaera
0
M
Cyc 1 ote 1 1 a
michiganiana
<,
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
3
4
16
M
<1
1
M
8
7
3
4
4
3
<1
5
5
0
<1
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
0
19
<1
2
<1
<1
<1
<1
Stephaj]-
odiscus
minutus
0
M
Tabellarla
flocculosa
5
7
2
<1
2
4
7
3
16
66
6
M
20
5
M
39
22
18
18
10
6
5
3
5
1
2
2
6
5
24
5
4
13
36
8
9
45
8
43
Stephan-
odiscus
Mntzschj-L
6
M
Synedra
julna
0
2
3
<1
8
10
9
5
6
2
<1
M
0
0
M
<1
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
2
0
<1
<1
2
4
1
4
<1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
Cvclotella
.Stelligera
M
10
M
M
300
0
0
M
M
M
11
4
M
M
6
7
4
5
<1
11
14
4
<1
0
<1
<1
0
42
1
167
52
196
M
<1
5
M
0
1
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Cyclotella
stel 1 igera
83
<]
1
<1
2
0
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Synedra
radians
0
4
<1
0
1
2
18
17
9
0
0
M
0
0
M
<1
0
0
3
0
<1
0
2
2
<1
<1
2
2
2
2
16
78
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fragilaria
pinn,ata
0
M
Stephan-
odisru$
alpinus
5
4
<1
0
<1
0
49
<1
0
0
<1
M
1
1
M
1
<1
<1
3
4
8
12
19
10
3
1
<1
2
0
<1
1
21
<1
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
piatoma
tenue var.
0
M
Melosira
ambigua
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
<1
2
M
1
1
M
4
3
<1
3
0
<1
0
11
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
<1
0
<1
0
<1
plnngatuiT)
Cvclotella
ocellata
<1
2
<1
0
<1
3
5
4
17
12
<1
M
<1
<1
M
<1
4
2
4
2
0
12
2
5
1
4
4
0
2
2
6
71
9
2
1
<1
1
3
8
Fraailaria
Sp. 1
1
3
2
<1
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
M
0
0
0
2
<1
0
0
5
5
1
1
1
2
8
1
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
(Continued)
58
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
Fr^gi aria
p l'nn at a
M
0
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
3
0
<1
6
0
<1
0
0
0
0
<1
2
0
0
<1
0
0
0
M
0
<1
M
<1
0
0
5
<1
1
0
5
2
Dia,toma.
iฃnuฃ_var. elongatum
M
4
M
M
0
0
1
M
M
M
0
1
M
M
2
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
5
<1
0
M
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Continued)
59
-------
TABLE B-3 (CONTINUED)
Date
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Frag il an' a
jjinnata
<1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
Diatoma
tenue var. elonqatum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
19
0
<1
0
0
0
0
M = Data Missing
60
-------
TABLE B-4. ABUNDANCE (IN FRUSTULES/ML) OF MAJOR DIATOM SPECIES AT
STATION 3, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
60171
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
Total
Diatoms
286
M
M
1301
M
M
748
117
58
M
M
M
162
410
M
M
130
M
650
91
M
66
50
93
97
no
107
167
212
1558
121
350
408
108
81
52
80
M
170
112
161
124
215
53
Melosira
ital ica
43
M
M
14
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
1
5
M
M
8
M
13
25
M
19
32
28
36
38
45
66
82
55
7
3
0
0
<1
<1
0
M
<1
3
14
15
2
15
Rhizosoleni;
eripnsis
65
M
M
753
M
M
0
<1
<1
M
M
M
2
4
M
M
5
M
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Total
Diatoms
90
397
329
54
74
97
142
224
195
351
864
1076
2594
44
43
26
128
74
Aster ionel la
formosa
22
M
M
14
M
M
0
2
4
M
M
M
9
21
M
M
5
M
3
0
M
<1
0
Melosira J^hizosolenia
ital ica
25
47
30
25
36
53
60
in
115
75
45
0
5
<1
<1
<1
1
6
Cvclotella
michiganiana
<1
M
M
0
M
M
182
63
11
M
M
M
11
19
M
M
2
M
<1
2
M
<1
<1
j?riensis
<1
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
95
480
245
0
0
0
0
0
0
Jabellaria
f Inrculnsa
9
M
M
14
M
M
3
<1
4
M
M
M
29
88
M
M
16
M
6
13
M
5
<1
Fraailaria
capucina
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
<1
Synedra
ulna
2
M
M
23
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
M
1
<1
M
<1
<1
Melosira
.islandica
15
20
36
18
21
16
40
68
51
40
3
0
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
Fragilaria
crotonensis
12
M
M
32
M
M
17
23
12
M
M
M
77
202
M
M
44
M
14
28
M
11
0
(Continued)
62
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Aster i one 11 q
formosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
156
0
6
6
3
9
2
7
M
24
14
21
<1
6
1
2
19
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
26
10
<1
2
3
16
8
Cvclotella
stell igera
2
M
C.yc. 1 ote 1 1 a
michiganiana
^
<1
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
2
19
6
<1
2
2
M
8
6
8
8
6
1
2
7
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
<1
0
38
38
5
3
0
<1
1
1
Stephan-
odiscus
.minutus
0
M
Tabellaria
f loccujosa
8
7
5
3
4
6
5
5
6
3
3
14
1
6
M
8
16
14
14
12
4
4
11
4
3
1
3
8
6
2
16
6
8
5
4
15
10
34
24
Stephan-
odiscus
hantzschii
0
M
Synedra
ulna
<}
1
3
3
7
13
50
8
7
1
<1
<1
0
0
M
0
0
<1
0
<1
<1
0
0
1
<1
<1
3
<1
1
3
5
0
<1
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
Cyclotella
comta
0
M
Fragilaria
crotonensis
15
7
6
<1
3
27
186
59
245
277
71
46
4
19
M
72
61
89
44
44
18
14
27
8
<1
1
3
6
3
0
41
42
68
59
18
16
6
65
20
Fragilaria
construens
0
M
(Continued)
63
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
100571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
Cyclotella
stelligera
M
14
M
M
467
0
0
M
M
M
6
8
M
M
9
M
4
2
M
4
<1
1
<1
<1
0
0
<1
55
2
50
97
<1
4
36
13
M
5
<1
2
<1
<1
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Cvclotella
stel 1 igera
68
<1
2
1
3
0
1
8
70
516
2466
3
2
<1
1
2
Synedra
radians
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
M
0
<1
M
1
0
Stephan-
odiscus_
minutus^
133
<1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
15
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus.
8
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
0
1
M
M
<1
M
3
6
M
6
<1
Stephan-
odiscus.
hantzschi j
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
0
0
<1
0
0
0
Melosira.
ambigufl
0
M
M
0
M
M
6
0
1
M
M
M
2
3
M
M
1
M
1
0
M
0
0
Cvclotella
comta
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
1
0
0
4
5
4
2
2
3
2
Cyclotella
nrpllata
3
M
M
0
M
M
0
<1
<1
M
M
M
4
14
M
M
1
M
3
3
M
<1
<1
Fragi lari a
j;nnstruens
4
1
0
<1
<1
0
<1
0
0
22
0
2
0
<1
0
1
Jragilaria
.SjL^L-
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
<1
0
M
M
0
M
<1
<1
M
<1
<1
(Continued)
65
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
121171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Synedra
radjans
2
3
2
<1
1
11
76
19
2
0
0
0
0
0
M
<1
0
<1
<1
0
<1
1
0
1
<1
<1
3
4
4
1
25
67
11
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
Jragilaria
.pinnat^
0
M
Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus
6
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
111
0
<1
0
<1
0
<1
2
M
4
0
<1
1
3
1
7
15
7
1
3
<1
4
2
1
15
35
15
0
0
<1
<1
<1
0
Diatoma
.tenup^ var.
0
M
Melosira
amhigua
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
<1
0
2
0
<1
3
M
26
5
<1
2
0
0
0
4
0
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
4
0
0
<1
<1
0
0
plnng^tum
Cyclotella
oce 1 1 at a
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2
10
5
22
3
<1
0
1
<1
M
<1
2
2
5
5
2
1
4
4
<1
2
7
3
<1
3
6
54
38
39
5
<1
<1
2
8
. Frag il aria
Sn. 1
2
<1
3
4
6
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
M
0
0
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
0
<1
0
2
2
19
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Continued)
66
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
Frag il aria
pinnata
M
0
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
0
1
M
M
<1
M
3
<1
M
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
0
<1
1
M
3
0
0
7
7
<1
0
2
2
Diatoma
tenue var. elongatum
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
<1
4
M
M
<1
M
<1
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
M
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
(Continued)
67
-------
TABLE B-4 (CONTINUED)
Date
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Jragilaria
^3 inn at a
<1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
11
0
1
1
<1
0
0
Diatoma
tenue var. elongatiini
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
8
0
0
0
0
0
<1
M = Data Missing
68
-------
TABLE B-5. ABUNDANCE (IN FRUSTULES/ML) OF MAJOR DIATOMS SPECIES AT
STATION 4, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
Total
Diatoms
299
M
M
1075
M
M
871
143
228
M
M
M
162
240
M
M
580
1120
104
142
126
M
66
78
85
83
70
116
185
142
71
376
268
47
103
27
83
M
326
288
74
41
272
91
Melosira
italica
60
M
M
41
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
1
0
M
M
4
15
12
22
36
M
20
28
34
29
34
37
61
54
5
<1
<1
<1
0
<1
0
M
<1
<1
2
8
17
16
J^hizosolenia
eriensis
11
M
M
578
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
1
1
M
M
<1
<1
3
0
0
M
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
<1
0
Frag i Ian' a
capucina
0
M
M
0
M
M
6
6
2
M
M
M
2
11
M
M
0
<1
<1
2
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
<1
0
0
M
0
1
<1
<1
0
<1
^Melosira
.island iCA-
62
M
M
73
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
2
2
13
11
M
10
23
20
38
29
62
100
44
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
<1
<1
2
2
3
(Continued)
69
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
" " "
Date
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Total
Diatoms
170
219
126
103
90
61
101
166
214
273
271
999
592
599
369
120
39
120
Aster i one 11 a
.formQsa
17
M
M
8
M
M
3
0
0
M
M
M
10
22
M
M
4
7
8
<1
0
M
0
" ' '""-
Melosira 1
italica
32
33
40
42
45
31
49
92
126
127
17
4
2
1
<1
<1
1
1
.CyclQtella
.miqhiganiana
1
M
M
0
M
M
71
17
39
M
M
M
18
10
M
M
1
6
2
3
<1
M
<1
" ~" " """ * "
Rhizosolenia
eriensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
1
13
483
0
1
0
0
0
<1
Tabellaria
f locculosa
6
M
M
12
M
M
0
<1
3
M
M
M
28
53
M
M
5
18
9
26
16
M
5
Fragilari.
jLapucJua.
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
JjiynadOL
.ulna,.
6
M
M
8
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
0
0
1
<1
M
0
i_ Jlelosira
islandica
34
16
36
27
27
14
25
41
59
65
5
0
0
1
0
2
<1
0
, Fragilari a
^rotonensis
23
M
M
28
M
M
0
0
13
M
M
M
78
107
M
M
20
41
29
24
25
M
11
(Continued)
70
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Arc. ซ*.. .w- =.J,nm-l.ป.lJ-: 1 "--!-'- 'ป' -~ _--Tj-r-|._ u.-__L-.-.-r__.- irrL-.-T r- _ J_L, ซ. tt-,nr - - . _UTI_T- .HJT-. ซ_v-__i-u-.-. -I_,,-i-.-.-1-
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Asterionella
jForrnosjL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
15
2
<1
2
<1
5
M
95
28
2
<1
10
4
<1
5
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
15
46
2
8
46
18
<1
24
.Cvclotella
Stel 1 igera
12
M
Cyclotella
michiganlana
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
0
<1
<1
27
85
3
6
<1
3
M
9
19
4
3
6
3
3
3
0
2
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
0
10
4
3
3
2
<1
4
.Ste.pha.rir
odiscii^
rpinutus
31
M
Tabellaria
f locculosa
4
6
4
2
2
4
4
4
2
13
1
2
<1
4
M
7
17
6
2
9
5
24
2
<1
11
5
4
7
3
2
15
8
0
2
10
4
7
12
29
nStepJiarb-
qdiscus
hantzsr.hil
6
M
Svnedra
ulna
<1
1
<1
<1
3
7
6
5
2
0
1
0
0
0
M
0
<1
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
<1
0
1
<1
1
4
2
1
5
3
0
<1
0
0
5
0
Cyclotella
rnmta
0
M
(Conti
Fragi 1 an' a
crntnnengj^
5
8
4
0
3
4
14
20
289
115
26
5
5
20
M
133
200
53
18
64
32
35
14
1
4
2
<1
2
2
2
12
43
21
72
463
288
64
13
37
Frag il aria
im^ i ni nr i MTJI
-.cnnstrijens
0
M
nued)
71
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
Cyclotella
stel ligera
M
28
M
M
613
87
145
M
M
M
11
8
M
M
4
4
6
<]
2
M
1
2
2
1
0
0
<1
1
3
18
42
1
80
14
38
M
10
3
<1
<]
6
4
2
31
Stephan-
odiscus
minutus
M
0
M
M
27
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
2
0
16
0
2
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
7
0
2
82
Stephan-
odiscus
Jiantzschi i
M
4
M
M
10
4
2
M
M
M
1
4
M
M
4
<1
<1
1
<1
M
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
0
2
4
M
12
0
<1
0
13
<1
<1
1
Cyclatella Fragilaria
r.nmta cons-
M
0
M
M
0
1
2
M
M
M
3
4
M
M
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
M
0
0
0
<1
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
6
13
7
2
2
M
4
5
2
<1
2
1
<1
0
(Continued)
M
0
M
M
3
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
0
0
M
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
M
17
0
0
<1
82
6
1
2
72
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Date
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
.Cyclotella
stelligera,
0
<1
0
1
2
3
2
0
39
295
429
20
12
8
<1
6
Synedra
radians
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
<1
0
3
<1
M
<1
Stephan-
odiscus
jTVLnutu_s
2
0
0
0
4
<1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus
3
M
M
16
M
M
3
1
<1
M
M
M
0
6
M
M
4
4
3
20
22
M
0
Stephan-
odiscus
Jiantzschii
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Melosira
^mbigua^
0
M
M
32
M
M
27
1
2
M
M
M
<1
<1
M
M
<1
3
0
<1
<1
M
0
Cyclotella
Qomta
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
17
24
4
10
4
3
Cyclotella
ocellata
6
M
M
4
M
M
6
0
0
M
M
M
2
8
M
M
1
4
3
1
3
M
<1
Fragilaria
cnnstruens
9
<1
1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
3
0
0
Fragilaria
So. 1
1
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
0
2
4
0
M
2
(Continued)
73
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Synedra
radians
<1
3
<1
0
<1
5
7
14
2
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
<1
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
2
3
22
85
75
0
1
0
0
<1
<1
Fraailaria
pinnata
1
M
_Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus
10
4
2
1
1
0
<1
<1
0
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
M
3
0
1
<1
4
5
13
15
5
2
1
1
2
<1
2
2
11
4
0
0
0
<1
11
0
Diatoma
tenue var.
0
M
Melosira
ambigua
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
<1
0
<1
4
M
14
8
<1
<1
3
0
2
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
1
.elongatum
Cyclotella
ocel lata
1
1
<1
<1
<1
0
2
7
14
4
<1
0
<1
<1
M
0
2
<1
0
7
3
5
2
3
3
2
<1
3
7
4
7
22
32
63
52
4
4
4
12
Fragilaria
Sp. 1
<1
<1
<1
2
3
2
2
<1
0
0
0
<1
0
0
M
0
0
<1
<1
0
4
4
1
2
2
1
<1
1
4
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
(Continued)
74
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
Frag il aria
pinnata
M
0
M
M
6
0
5
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
1
0
2
1
<1
M
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
M
6
0
0
1
14
3
<1
2
12
Diatom a
tenue var. elnngatum
M
4
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
<1
1
M
M
0
<1
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Continued)
75
-------
TABLE B-5 (CONTINUED)
Date
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Fragilaria,
pinnata
4
0
<1
0
1
0
0
0
14
0
0
<1
0
0
0
*"
Diatom
_tฃmiฃ_var. ^ Ion gat urn
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
M = Data Missing
76
-------
TABLE B-6. ABUNDANCE (IN FRUSTULES/ML) OF MAJOR DIATOMS SPECIES AT
STATION 5, MAY 1970 - OCTOBER 1972
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
Total
Diatoms
1075
M
M
1132
M
M
494
332
364
M
M
M
58
234
M
M
98
104
221
249
130
M
123
104
106
78
98
136
95
786
288
291
273
352
M
76
104
80
130
189
195
244
no
205
Jdelosio..
jtalica
0
M
M
13
M
M
0
0
<1
M
M
M
<1
1
M
M
5
6
9
18
27
M
37
37
34
30
43
38
9
5
2
<1
2
0
M
<1
1
<1
<1
2
5
5
6
25
Rhizosolenia,
eriensis
3
M
M
243
M
M
2
0
1
M
M
M
<1
2
M
M
2
0
1
9
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
224
0
0
0
<1
M
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
^Fragilarifi
capur.ina
44
M
M
10
M
M
43
5
1
M
M
M
<1
3
M
M
3
<1
2
0
<1
M
0
0
1
0
0
2
5
5
9
0
5
0
M
9
0
10
1
2
<1
2
2
0
i -Melosira.
JslaridicA.
20
M
M
10
M
M
0
0
1
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
1
2
4
9
M
25
43
35
31
41
24
1
5
0
0
0
0
M
<1
0
0
<1
0
0
<1
<1
10
(Continued)
77
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
Date
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Total
Diatoms
77
481
116
153
900
128
239
198
198
185
880
680
1152
137
171
369
53
71
jaslfirionfilLa.
formosa .
38
M
M
17
M
M
30
6
27
M
M
M
4
15
M
M
9
<1
16
0
<1
M
0
_Me 1 05 Ir a J
ilalica
22
49
42
45
33
42
59
31
55
84
48
16
0
4
<1
9
3
20
_ jCjailolfilla.
jnicMgaj] i ana_
0
M
M
0
M
M
73
54
18
M
M
M
9
20
M
M
6
2
0
4
2
M
<1
Rhizosolenia
_ฃniejiSLS_
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
403
54
164
0
0
<1
<1
<]
Jabe].lania_
_LlQฃCUlQ-ฃ5_
125
M
M
296
M
M
10
6
15
M
M
M
12
28
M
M
9
13
4
11
21
M
11
"' - * " " "" -
Eragilaria
capucina
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
5
<1
0
20
0
8
<1
0
0
<]
-Syn&dcfl^
-LllnjL,
1
M
M
3
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
0
<1
M
<1
Melosi ra
f f IT 1, iV*,,
15
53
40
50
36
31
33
16
21
46
3
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
<]
. _ฃnagi.laiiia_
_cr.otpnejisj_s_
103
M
M
325
M
M
88
38
50
M
M
M
17
100
M
M
32
63
56
22
32
M
19
(Continued)
78
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
256571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Astprionella
jFormosa_
0
0
0
0
0
226
4
14
4
1
M
4
8
4
7
16
18
4
6
13
<1
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<1
42
13
24
<1
20
58
16
2
Cyclotella
stelligera .
0
M
Cyclotella
michiganiana
0
<1
<1
0
0
0
2
1
65
76
7
M
2
4
4
13
6
9
5
6
2
<1
9
<1
2
1
1
2
2
<1
0
0
17
40
3
3
2
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
- "" ~ " " "
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
Cvclotella
stelliflfira.
M
10
M
M
165
0
0
M
M
M
6
13
M
M
8
<1
18
6
<1
M
1
2
4
0
0
0
0
34
1
26
34
300
M
24
42
7
3
1
2
2
5
1
2
23
J>tephan-
odiscus
jLinutus.
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
60
103
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
184
Stephan-
.ndlscus
nantzschji
M
10
M
M
0
0
3
M
M
M
1
3
M
M
4
<1
<1
7
<1
M
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
34
<1
0
0
<1
M
6
6
0
0
<1
<1
0
1
1
<1
19
Cyclotella . Fraailariai
_comta _cons
M
0
M
M
2
1
1
M
M
M
<1
3
M
M
<1
<1
0
0
<1
M
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
M
5
2
2
3
<1
2
<1
0
2
<1
0
(Continued)
^-y_j - *".ซ; r'-^i-u.
M
325
M
M
0
0
50
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
2
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
1
1
0
19
0
128
2
3
11
0
3
80
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
' -.-..-,_r .._... ___ _..J-_, -,.-. ^ _.,,lJ,^J_r,T_T- '
Date
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
Cyclntella
stelligera
0
2
<1
<1
3
2
1
1
80
100
812
1
3
17
8
1
Synedra
radians
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
0
0
M
<1
.Stephan-
odiscus
minutus
<1
0
0
1
18
<1
0
0
0
26
4
0
0
2
0
<1
Stephan-
odiscus
alpinus
0
M
M
14
M
M
2
0
4
M
M
M
0
1
M
M
8
8
25
18
19
M
15
Stephan-
ndiscus
hantzschii
0
0
0
<1
2
2
1
0
13
6
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
Melosira
ambigga
53
M
M
28
M
M
5
1
4
M
M
M
<1
17
M
M
3
4
0
3
3
M
0
Cyqlotella
comta
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
8
7
5
3
3
Cyclotella
ocellata
6
M
M
3
M
M
2
2
3
M
M
M
2
2
M
M
<1
1
0
0
<1
M
2
Frag il aria
j;ongtruen^
0
<1
0
<1
2
1
0
0
16
30
0
0
2
2
0
<1
Fragilaria_
Sp. 1
0
M
M
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
0
<1
M
M
<1
<1
0
4
2
M
1
(Continued)
81
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
Date
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61071
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Date
270570
80670
Synedra
radians
1
2
<1
0
3
5
7
2
0
0
0
M
0
<1
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
0
0
20
27
20
10
64
8
8
0
0
0
0
<1
Frag il aril
pinnata
0
M
Steohan-
odiscus
alpinus
4
6
1
<1
<1
1
22
<1
2
0
<1
M
<1
1
<1
1
1
7
2
7
12
6
16
6
6
3
3
4
2
2
1
48
4
0
0
0
2
<1
2
Diatoma
tenue var.
18
M
Melosira
ambigua
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12
<1
0
1
M
<1
0
3
6
30
6
0
<1
<1
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
<1
<1
4
elonqatum
Cvclotella
ocellata
2
3
1
<1
<1
2
7
4
8
2
<1
M
<1
3
<1
<1
<1
2
<1
<1
2
1
5
2
4
3
7
6
6
8
5
29
10
68
4
2
2
2
2
Frag i 1 ar i a
Sn. 1
3
<1
4
2
1
<1
0
0
<1
0
7
M
0
0
0
<1
0
<1
<1
<1
1
2
4
4
5
3
7
10
<1
1
5
7
0
0
0
0
<1
<1
<1
(Continued)
82
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
Date
160670
260670
80770
200770
110870
210870
20970
140970
280970
81070
221070
31170
161170
281170
91270
221270
60171
190171
30271
110371
240371
60471
160471
300471
110571
250571
30671
160671
280671
190771
290771
170871
310871
100971
220971
61070
201071
131171
11271
121271
221271
120172
80272
220272
140372
Frag il an' a
pinnate
M
3
M
M
0
1
7
M
M
M
0
0
M
M
<1
0
3
2
2
M
<1
0
<1
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
<1
1
<1
3
0
0
2
3
9
0
0
0
Diatoma
tenue var . elongatum
M
45
M
M
0
0
0
M
M
M
<1
<1
M
M
0
0
1
<1
0
M
0
0
<1
0
0
0
<1
27
5
0
0
0
M
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
(Continued)
83
-------
TABLE B-6 (CONTINUED)
""" ' 1"11" " "
Date
290372
110472
270472
90572
210572
70672
210672
90772
250772
160872
240872
90972
230972
41072
271072
Fragilarla
pinnata
0
<1
<1
0
0
3
0
48
4
0
<1
0
<1
<1
0
' """ "
Diatoma
.tenue var. .alongatum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
12
0
0
0
<1
0
M = Data Missing
84
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-8G-066
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Seasonal Fluctuations of Major Diatom Species at
Five Stations Across Lake Michigan, May 1970 -
October 1972
5. REPORT DATE
.- JULY 1980 ISSUING DATE,
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Ruth E.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Holland
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA769
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
805133
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research
U.S. Environmental
Duluth, Minnesota
and Development
Protection Agency
55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Find 4/1/77 - 6/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
From 27 May, 1970 to 4 October, 1972, we collected water samples from five
stations on a transect across Lake Michigan from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Ludington,
Michigan. At all stations in the three years sampled, diatoms reached their
highest numbers in late spring or summer. These periods of greatest abundance
of total diatoms were the result of the rapid growth of one or two species.
Stephanodiscus hantzschii was the dominant species at Station 1, off Milwaukee,
and Rhizosolenia eriensis was the dominant species or one of the predominant
forms at the other 4 stations. Cyclotella stelligera was the dominant diatom
when highest yearly numbers were reached at Stations 3 and 5 in August, 1972.
Highest winter numbers were reached at Station 1 on 22 February, 1972 when total
frustules were 960/ml, and Stephanodiscus minutus was dominant at all stations.
Solar radiation appeared to be the limiting factor in the productivity of
winter plankton.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Phytoplankton
Nutrients
Lake Michigan
06F
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
95
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
85
if U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980--657-165/0074
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