United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and Support EPA 600 4 79-021
Laboratory ju|y 1979
Cincinnati OH 45268
Resewch and Development
A Guide to
Rotifers of the
Laurentian
Great Lakes
EP 600/4
79-021
U.S. EHVIROMSHTAL
HDI'SOK, N.J. 08817
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development. U S Environmental
Protectiop Agency, have been grouped into nine series These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields
The nine series are
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3 Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8 "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/4-79-021
July 1979
A GUIDE TO ROTIFERS
OF THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES
by
Richard S. Stemberger
The University of Michigan
Biological Station
Pellston, Michigan 49769
Grant No. R804652
Project Officer
Cornelius I. Weber
Aquatic Biology Section
Biological Methods Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
U. S. lOiV^ui >;i;ai/.L FR'OIBCTIOH ASSWCl
EDISOfl, H.J,. 08817 , < ~"~
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Monitoring § Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Environmental measurements are required to determine the
quality of ambient water, the character of effluents, and the
effects of pollutants on aquatic life. The Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory - Cincinnati conducts research
to develop, evaluate, and promulgate methods to:
- Measure the presence and concentration of physical,
chemical and radiological pollutants in water, wastewater,
bottom sediments, and solid waste.
- Concentrate, recover, and identify enteric viruses,
bacteria, and other microorganisms in water.
- Measure the effects of pollution on freshwater, estuarine,
and marine organisms, including the phytoplankton,
zooplankton, periphyton, macrophyton, macroinvertebrates,
and fish.
- Automate the measurement of the physical, chemical, and
biological quality of water.
- Conduct an Agency-wide quality assurance program to
assure standardization and quality control of systems
for monitoring water and wastewater.
The effectiveness of measures taken to restore and main-
tain the biological integrity of the Nation's surface waters
is dependent upon the level of our understanding of the changes
in the taxonomic composition of the aquatic life caused by
discharges of toxic substances and other pollutants. Rotifers
are important components of aquatic food webs and, because of
their short life cycles, are very sensitive to changes in
environmental conditions. This manual contains taxonomic keys
and descriptions for 167 species of rotifers, and is highly
illustrated with photomicrographs and drawings. Also included
are guidelines for sample collection and analysis, notes on the
ecology and distribution of the species, and an extensive
bibliography. The manual fills a long-standing need for a
comprehensive taxonomic reference to the common species of
planktonic rotifers in the Great Lakes, and will be widely use-
ful to biologists in determining the integrity of zooplankton
communities.
Dwight G. Ballinger
Director
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory - Cincinnati
iii
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ABSTRACT
This guide to Laurentian Great Lakes rotifers treats 38
genera, which include 167 taxa. Major emphasis is given to
planktonic and near-shore members of the Class Monogononta.
The guide briefly'covers materials and methods used in
collecting, preparing and counting rotifer samples, as well
as techniques used in examining rotifer trophi and preparing
permanent rotifer mounts. Major anatomical identification
characteristics of rotifers are also discussed. In addition
to a key to genera, keys are given for major species, along
with ecological and taxonomic notes. Descriptions for each
taxon incorporate photomicrographs, line drawings, and
pertinent biometric data. The appendix is a compilation of
all rotifers reported for the Great Lakes and includes
synonyms, authors and dates of species, and the investigators
who reported the species.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of
Grant No, R-804652 by the University of Michigan under the
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
This report covers a period from 15 September 1976 to 14
September 1978 and work was completed as of August 1978.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract . . . iv
List of Figures vi
List of Plates vii
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
Acknowledgments xii
Section 1. Introduction 1
Section 2. Methods and Materials 3
Collecting Samples 3
Preparing Samples 3
Count-ing Samples 4
Examining Trophi 4
Preparing Permanent Mounts 4
Section 3. Major Anatomical Characteristics of Rotifers 7
Section 4. List of Species Treated in Guide 13
Section 5. Key to Major Rotifer Genera of the Laurentian
Great Lakes 19
Section 6. Keys and Descriptive Notes for Species ... 26
References 153
Appendix A. Checklist of Great Lakes Rotifers with
Synonyms 162
Glossary 175
Index of Scientific Names 178
v
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Permanent mounts 5
2 Generalized loricate rotifer 8
3 Generalized soft-bodied rotifer and basic anatomy 9
4 Malleate trophi; Notholca 11
5 Virgate trophi; Synehaeta 11
6 Forcipate trophi; Diaranophorus (redrawn from
Marring and Myers, 1927) 11
7 Forcipate trophi; Eneentrum (redrawn from
Marring and Myers, 1927) 11
8 Incudate trophi; Asplanahna 12
9 Malleoramate trophi; Conooh-iloides (redrawn from
Ahlstrom, 1938) 12
10 Uncinate trophi; Collothecaceae (redrawn from
Hyman, 1951) 12
11 Ramate trophi; Class Digononta (redrawn from
Voigt, 1957) 12
12 Variation in lorica length and width among single
posterior-spined Keratella 75
13 Variation in lorica length and width among three
Notholoa species (modified from Stemberger, 1976) 103
14 Variation in fin length and body length among five
Polyarthra species (data derived from Stemberger,
unpublished, and Nauwerck, 1972) 117
VI
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PLATES
Number Page
1 Anuraeopsis species 28
2 Ascomorpha species 30
3 Asoomorpha species 31
4 Asplanohna species 33
5 Asplanohna species 34
6 Asplanohna priodonta 35
7 Braohionus species 39
8 Braohionus species 40
9 Braohionus species 41
10 Cephalodella species 43
11 Collotheoa species 45
12 Coluv&lla species 47
13 Conoah-ilo-ides dossuarius 49
14 Conoohiloides species 50
15 Conoshilus species 52
16 Dieranophorus species 54
17 Enoentrum species 56
18 Euehlanis species 59
vn
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Plates (continued)
Number Page
19 Euehlanis species 60
20 Euehlanis species 61
21 Filinia species 64
22 Gastropus species 66
23 Eexavthva mira 68
24 Kelliaottia species 70
25 Keratella species 79
26 Keratella species 80
27 Keratella species 81
28 Lecane species 84
29 Leoane species 85
30 Leaane species 86
31 Leoane species 87
32 Lecane species 88
33 Lepadella species 90
34 Lepadella species 91
35 Lophocharis species 93
36 Monostyla species 96
37 Monostyla species 97
38 Mytilina species 99
39 Notholaa species 105
viii
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Plates (continued)
Number Page
40 Notholca species 106
41 Notholoa species 107
42 Notommata species 109
43 Platyias species Ill
44 Ploesoma species 113
45 Ploesoma species 114
46 Polyarthra species 119
47 Polyavthra species 120
48 Polyarthra species 121
49 Pompholyx suloata 123
50 Proales species 125
51 Stephanooeros fimbviatus 127
52 Synohaeta species 131
53 Synohaeta species 132
54 Synohaeta lakowLtsiana 133
55 Synohaeta species 134
56 Synohaeta kitina 135
57 Testudinella species 137
58 Triohooevoa species 141
59 Triahooeroa species 142
60 Triohooeroa species 143
ix
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Plates (continued)
Number Page
61 Tviohoceraa lophoessa 144
62 Triohotria species 146
63 Tylotrocha monopus 148
64 Wierzejskiella velox 150
65 Representative genera of the Class Digononta . . 152
TABLES
Number Page
*
1 Comparison of Different Fi.li.ni a Populations
to Relevant Taxonomic Criteria 63
2 Pertinent Measurements for Single Posterior-
spined Forms of Xeratella 73
3 Pertinent Measurements for Three Species of
Notholaa 101
4 Fin Length and Body Length of Polyarthra .... 116
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ABBREVIATIONS
AIS anterointermediate dorsal spine length
ALS anterlateral dorsal spine length
AMS anteromedian dorsal spine length
BL body length, excluding appendages
DALS distance between anterolateral spines
DPL dorsal plate length
DPW dorsal plate width
LD lorica depth (distance from dorsal to ventral surface)
LL lorica length, including anterior and posterior spines
LW lorica width
PE posterior extension
PLS posterolateral spine length
PND posterior notch depth
PS posterior spine length
TL total length, including all appendages and processes
VPL ventral plate length
VPW ventral plate width
W/L ratio of lorica width to lorica length
XI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank F. James Bricker, who provided all
photographic work for this project. He also searched
collections to locate many of the less common rotifer species
and provided measurement data. Douglas Fuller assisted in
compiling measurement data, organization of the checklist,
and collection of some littoral rotifers. Rama Chengalath of
the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, kindly furnished
mounted specimens of some species unavailable from plankton
collections at the Biological Station. Fran Hepburn provided
valuable editorial assistance and advice in the organization
and preparation of the manuscript. John E. Gannon contributed
technical and administrative support which facilitated com-
pletion of the work.
Plankton collections of The University of Michigan
Biological Station were obtained as a result of the following
research grants: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(R-802780, R-802721, R-803086); National Science Foundation
(AEN 72-03483); and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (04-7-022-44012).
XII
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this guide is to provide a practical
reference for identification of major female rotifers of the
Laurentian Great Lakes of the Class Monogononta. Males are
not treated in the guide since they are rarely encountered in
planktonic species. For additional information on males,
and the rotifer life cycle, the reader should consult Ruttner-
Kolisko, 1974. The Class Digononta (Bdelloidea) is only
briefly discussed.
Approximately 275 species of rotifers have been reported
for the Great Lakes (Appendix A). Most of these species occur
in littoral and benthic environments. This guide treats 167
species, about half of which commonly occur in the plankton,
Since the emphasis is on planktonic forms, only common
littoral genera are included in the generic key. This
limitation is advantageous in one respect; it reduces the size
of the key and number of couplets necessary to determine a
genus in question. The only disadvantage is that the key will
not cover all genera which may be collected in beach
pools, benthic environments, inland lakes or acid waters. The
guide is primarily intended for identification of rotifers
collected in the Great Lakes near-shore and pelagic
environments.
The species keys are complete for reported species of
eulimnetic genera such as Synchaeta, Kevatella and Notholca
but keys for large littoral genera such as Leoane, Monostyla,
or Triehocerca do not include all species reported for the
Great Lakes. These keys are designed to identify the most
likely encountered species and to serve as a reference fcr
taxonomic characteristics of species not included in the guide
In some genera, species that have been included are common in
inland lakes of the region but have not been reported for the
Great Lakes.
Major taxonomic treatises found in the European litera-
ture describe most of the species known to North America
(Voigt, 1957; Bartos, 1959; Rodewald-Rudesco, 1960;
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Kutikova, 1970). These references should be consulted for
species not covered in this guide.
This guide is divided into six major sections. Section
1 defines the taxonomic scope of the guide. Section 2 provides
information on methods and materials used in collecting,
preparing and counting rotifer samples, as well as techniques
used in examining rotifer trophi and in preparing permanent
mounts. Section 3 includes a description of major rotifer
identification characteristics. A list of species can be
found in Section 4 and a key to major genera is presented in
Section 5. Section 6 includes keys to species, with
ecological and taxonomic notes and photomicrographs. This
section is arranged alphabetically according to genus to
facilitate location of a particular genus or species. A
checklist of reported species with synonyms is provided in
Appendix A.
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SECTION 2
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Collecting Samples
Van Dorn bottles, Kemmerer bottles or Niskin bottles
with a capacity of 5 liters or more are very effective for
collecting quantitative rotifer samples. Bottle samples can
be easily poured into a pail through a plankton bucket fitted
with small mesh nylon screening (Likens and Gilbert, 1970),
A large metal or plastic funnel placed over the plankton
bucket prevents spills when transferring samples from the
bottle to the bucket. The water temperature can be measured
in the pail and the filtrate used to wash the screening on
the plankton bucket.
Other collection methods may be used but they may not be
as effective. Water pumps have the advantage of allowing a
large volume of water to be collected within a short time but
may have disadvantages such as physical damage to the organ-
isms and selective avoidance by the larger, stronger swimming
species (Edmondson and Winberg, 1971). The Shindler-Patalas
plankton trap is not generally suited for sampling in large
lakes since pitching and rolling of the vessel cause the doors
of the trap to open and close. This problem can be alleviated
by placing a lid over the net aperture (Schindler, 1969).
Long net tows are not recommended for quantitative rotifer
samples since small mesh conical nets (No. 20-25) have poor
filtration efficiencies.
Preparing Samples
In preparing rotifer samples, many soft-bodied species
should be fully extended before attempting identification.
Specimens may be relaxed satisfactorily by adding carbonated
water to the concentrated sample in a ratio of 1:20 parts lake
water, and allowing the sample to stand for 10 minutes
(Gannon and Gannon, 1975). Edmondson (1959) also lists other
narcotizing agents. Relaxants may make identification of
loricate species difficult, however, since the extended corona
obscures the shape or spination of the anterior margin which
is of taxonomic importance. When possible, living specimens
should be brought back to the laboratory and examined with a
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compound microscope so that the investigator can become
familiar with the contracted shapes of the species. Samples
can be permanently preserved in 5% buffered formalin.
Counting Samples
A compound microscope (100 x) should be used for
enumerating rotifers. Subsamples can be easily counted in
a 1- to 5- ml plexiglass counting cell covered with a glass
slide. Three 1-ml subsamples (extracted with an automatic
pipette from the volume-adjusted concentrate) combined in a
3-ml counting cell can yield coefficients of variation below
201. Each pooled subsample should include 100-200 rotifers.
A minimum of two pooled subsamples should be counted per
sample for statistical reliability. If abundance is low,
the sample can be further concentrated or a total count can
be performed.
Examining Trophi
To eramine rotifer trophi (mouthparts) use a pipette to
transfer the specimen with a small drop of water onto a glass
slide. Place a cover glass over the specimen and locate it
under low power of a compound microscope. Add a drop of
fresh bleach to the edge of the cover glass so that the bleach
flows around the specimen. If necessary, draw the bleach with
a piece of tissue paper to make it flow. After a few minutes
the soft tissues will be completely dissolved, leaving the
sclerotized mouthparts free for examination. The mouthparts
can be manipulated to the desired position by lightly tapping
the cover glass. Where the unci are needed for identification,
the trophi should be flattened by compressing the cover glass
against the glass slide with the tip of a pencil.
Preparing Permanent Mounts
To prepare a permanent mount, isolate preserved specimens
with a micropipette, and serially wash them in a spot de-
pression plate to remove associated plankton or other debris.
Transfer rotifers to depression spots containing a few drops
of 10% glycerine. Several rotifers can be placed in one
depression. Place in a dustproof chamber overnight to allow
the water to evaporate from the mixture. Evaporation can be
speeded with a drying oven, but if the change to 1001
glycerine is made too rapidly this may result in distortion
of the rotifer, especially in species with a poorly developed
lorica. The minimal evaporation time is probably two hours.
After the preserved specimen is situated in a medium of
100% glycerine, it is ready to be mounted. Glass slides for
the permanent mount are best prepared the previous day by
placing four small drops of clear nail polish on the slide to
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provide supports for the cover glass (Figure 1). Supports
can also be made with four small chips broken from a cover
glass.
COVER GLASS
SUPPORT
GLYCERINE
MOUNTANT
COVER GLASS
Figure 1. Permanent mounts
When slides and supports are in place, put one drop of
100% glycerine in the center of the cover glass supports,
being careful not to entrap any air bubbles in the drop. The
drop should be small enough that it will not be extruded once
the cover glass is in place. Transfer the specimen to the
drop of glycerine on the permanent mount with a minute insect
pin (available from entomological equipment dealers) inserted
into a wooden applicator. Form the tip of the pin into a
tiny hook by tapping it on a desk top. Manipulate the
specimen into the crook at the tip of the pin and lift it out
in a drop of the viscous glycerine. Push the specimen down
through the glycerine on the permanent mount to the surface
of the glass slide with the insect pin.
When the specimen is in place, put a clean cover glass
on the drop of glycerine, being careful to avoid entrapping
air bubbles. Apply a mountant medium (polyvinyl lactophenol,
Hyrax, Permount, Euparal, Canada balsam, etc.) to the edge of
the cover glass with a small diameter glass rod. Capillary
action will draw the mountant in around the glycerine. Apply
the mountant around the cover glass to seal (avoid trapping
air bubbles). Make sure the mountant extends over the top
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edge of the cover glass to insure an airtight seal. Before
the mountant begins to thicken, the cover glass can be moved
slightly to manipulate the specimen to the desired position.
Rotifers with a well-developed lorica can be directly
mounted in a drop of liquified glycerine jelly on a glass
slide. Place a cover glass over the specimen.
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SECTION 3
MAJOR ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROTIFERS
Since the basic anatomy and ultrastructure of rotifers
have been described and reviewed in previous works (Hyman,
1951; Clement, 1977), this section is limited to a brief
description of major characteristics used for identification.
Rotifer species include both soft-bodied and loricate
forms. The lorica is a stiffened intracellular rigid lamina
of the body wall composed of scleroprotein. The lorica may
be continuous or separated into plates. Associated with the
lorica is a soft extracellular cuticle (a glycoprotein) which
probably forms the gelatinous layer in some species. The
degree of stiffness of the lorica varies considerably even
among species of the same genera. This variability can
present some difficulty in identifying the presence of lorica
in a species. Spines, thickened ridges on the body surface,
facets, plates or a distinctive rigid body outline indicate
the presence of a lorica as the term is used in this guide.
Basic external characteristics used for identification are
depicted in Figure 2.
The corona, known as the wheel organ of the Digononta
(bdelloid rotifers), is composed of the ciliated buccal field,
circumapical band and the unciliated apical field (Figure 3).
The corona, which functions in locomotion and feeding, is well
furnished with sensory receptors, and may have fan-like or
finger-like lobes. A coronal sheath may envelop the corona
and is often marked by distinctive lateral folds; it is
usually constricted posteriorly by a furrow. The ciliation
and shape of the corona is of taxonomic value although it is
not used extensively in this guide.
Trophi vary considerably among different rotifer genera,
and are therefore of taxonomic importance. The trophi
(composed of a mucopolysaccharide) include seven basic parts:
paired rami, unci, and manubria, and a single fulcrum. The
trophi treated in the guide are of seven basic types: malleate,
virgate, forcipate, incudate, malleoramate, uncinate, and
ramate.
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ANTEROINTERMEDIATE
SPINE
ANTEROLATERAL | /ANTEROMEDIAN SPINE
SPINE
SPINELETS
DORSAL^
PLATE
DORSAL KEEL
VENTRAL_
PLATE
LATERAL
SULCUS
LORICA LENGTH
POSTERIOR SPINE
LENGTH
Figure 2. Generalized loricate rotifer.
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MOUTH
BUCCAL TUBE
RETROCEREBRAL SAC
TROPHI
MASTAX
ESOPHAGUS
GASTRIC GLAND
STOMACH
INTESTINE
URINARY BLADDER
PEDAL GLAND
CIRCUMAPICAL BAND
APICAL FIELD
DORSAL ANTENNA
SUBCEREBRAL GLAND
CORONAL SHEATH
SALIVARY GLAND
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
NUCLEI OF
VITELLARIUM
OVARY
EGG
CLOACA
ANUS
•FOOT JOINT
TOES
Figure 3. Generalized soft-bodied rotifer and basic anatomy.
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Malleate trophi are the most generalized type. All
component parts function in grinding, grasping and pumping
(Figure 4).
The primary function of virgate trophi is pumping. The
toothed, platelike unci are used to grasp and pierce the cell
or body wall of prey. The fulcrum is highly elongated and
directed posteriorly. Manubria are elongate and cauda are
directed in the same plane as the fulcrum. Rami form a dome-
like structure (Figure 5).
Forcipate and incudate trophi function in grasping.
Toothed rami are elongated and forcepslike and can be thrust
out from the mastax to capture prey. In forcipate trophi
the uncus is usually developed as an elongated, pointed tooth
The manubria are developed and the fulcrum is long (Figures
6, 7). Unci and manubria are highly reduced in incudate
trophi and the fulcrum is short (Figure 8).
Malleoramate trophi probably function in grinding,
Unci often have several large teeth with expanded tips and
many fine elongated teeth. Manubria are without cauda and
are located laterally along the length of the rami (Figure
9).
Uncinate trophi most likely function in tearing or
shredding. Manubria and fulcrum are reduced and the small
unci, usually with one to three large teeth (subunci), are
attached to the rami (Figure 10). This type occurs only in
the Order Collothecaceae.
Ramate trophi probably function mainly in grinding.
Unci are platelike and crescent-shaped with many elongated
teeth which are located over the rami. Manubria lie in close
proximity to the unci and the fulcrum is short or absent
(Figure 11). Ramate trophi are closely related to the
malleoramate type and occur only in the Class Digononta
(Bdelloidea).
10
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UNCUS
-UNCUS
MANUBRIUM
CAUDA
\
MANUBRIUM
RAMUS
FULCRUM
Figure 4. Malleate trophi;
Notholca (original drawing)
Figure 5.
Synchaeta
Virgate trophi;
(original drawing)
UNCUS
MANUBRIUM
RAMUS
RAMUS
ALULA
\-MANUBRIUM
FULCRUM
FULCRUM
Figure 6. Forcipate trophi;
D-ioranophorus (redra\\rn from
Marring and Myers, 1927).
Figure 7. Forcipate trophi;
Enoentrum (redrawn from
Earring and Myers, 1927)-
11
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UNCUS
RAMUS
—ALULA
RAMUS
UNCUS
FULCRUM
MANUBRIUM
FULCRUM
Figure 8. Incudate trophi;
Asplanahna (original
drawing).
Figure 9. Malleoramate trophi;
Conochiloides (redrawn from
Ahlstrom, 1938) .
MANUBRIUM
UNCUS
MANUBRIUM
UNCUS
RAMUS
FULCRUM
RAMUS
Figure 10. Uncinate trophi; Figure 11
Collothecaceae (redrawn from; Digononta
The invertebrates: Acanthocephala,
Aschelminthes and Entoprocta.
The pseudocoelomate Bilateria.
Vol. III. L.H. Hyman. 1951.
Used with permission of McGraw-
Hill Book Company.)
Ramate trophi;
(original drawing)
12
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SECTION 4
LIST OF SPECIES TREATED IN GUIDE
CLASS MONOGONONTA
Order Ploima
Family Brachionidae
Subfamily Brachioninae
Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse 1851)
A. navioula Rousselet 1911
Bvaehionus angularis Gosse 1851
B. bidentata Anderson 1899
B. budapsstinensis Daday 1885
B. ealyciflorus Pallas 1766
B. eaudatus Barrois and Daday 1894
B. havanaensis Rousselet 1911
B. quadridentatus Hermann 1783
B. Tubens Ehrbg. 1938
B. urceolaris Miiller 1773
B. variabilis Hempel 1896
Dipleuohlan-is propatula (Gosse 1886)
Euchlanis alata Voronkov 1911
E. aalpidia (Myers 1930)
E. dilatata Ehrbg. 1832
E. meneta Myers 1930
E. parva Rousselet 1892
E. pellucida Harring 1921
E. triquetra Ehrbg. 1838
Kell-icottia bostoniensis (Rousselet 1908)
K. longispina (Kellicott 1879)
Keratella aochlearis eochleaT'is (Gosse 1851)
K. cochlear>is £. tecta (Gosse 1851)
K. ooahleavis var. faluta Ahlstrom 1943
K. ooohleavis var. hispida (Lauterborn 1898)
K. cochleavis var. vobusta (Lauterborn 1900)
13
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K. orassa Ahlstrom 1943
K. earlinae Ahlstrom 1943
K. hiemalis Carlin 1943
K. irregularis (Lauterborn 1898)
K. mixta (Oparina-Charitonova 1924)
K. quadrata (Miiller 1786)
K. sei-Tulata f. curvicornis (Rylov 1926)
K. tauvocephala Myers 1938
K. testudo (Ehrbg. 1832)
K. ticinensis (Callerio 1920)
K. valga £. tvopiaa (Apstein 1907)
Lophoc'havis oxysternon (Gosse 1851)
L. salpina (Ehrbg. 1834)
Manfredium eudactylotum (Gosse 1886)
Mytilina ventralis var. brevispina (Ehrbg. 1832)
M. ventralis var. maoracantha (Gosse 1886)
Notholaa acuminata (Ehrbg. 1832)
N. acuminata var. extensa Olofsson 1918
N. oaudata Carlin 1943
N. foliaoea (Ehrbg. 1838)
N. labis Gosse 1887
N. laurentiae Stemberger 1976
N. miahiganensis Stemberger 1976
N. squamula (Miiller 1786)
N. squamula "large form"
Platyias patulus (Miiller 1786)
P. quadrioornis (Ehrbg. 1832)
Trichotr-ia pocillum (Miiller 1776)
T. tetraotis (Ehrbg. 1830)
Subfamily Colurinae
Colurella obtusa (Gosse 1886)
C. un a in at a (Miiller 1773)
Lepadella acuminata (Ehrbg. 1834)
L. cristata (Rousselet 1893)
L. ehrenbergi (Perty 1850)
L. oval-is (Miiller 1786)
L. patella (Miiller 1773)
L. rhomboides (Gosse 1886)
L. triptera Ehrbg. 1830
14
-------
Family Lecanidae
Lecane clara (Bryce 1892)
L. ovepida Harring 1914
L. flexilis (Gosse 1886)
L. inermis (Bryce 1892)
L. inopinata Harring and Myers 1926
L. -intrasinuata (Olofsson 1917)
L. leontina (Turner 1892)
L. ligona (Dunlop 1901)
L. ludwigi (Eckstein 1883)
L. luna (Miiller 1776)
L. mira (Murray 1913)
L. mueronata Harring and Myers 1926
L. ohioensis (Herrick 1885)
L. pyrrha Harring and Myers 1926
L. signifera (Jennings 1896)
L. stiahaea Harring 1913
L. stokesi (Pell 1890)
L. tenuiseta Harring 1914
L. tudicola Harring and Myers 1926
L. ungulata (Gosse 1887)
Monostyla bulla Gosse 1886
M. elosterocerca Schmarda 1895
M. eopeis Harring and Myers 1926
M. cornuta (Miiller 1786)
M. ovenata Harring 1913
M. lunaris (Ehrbg. 1832)
M. obtusa Murray 1913
M. quadridentata Ehrbg. 1832
M. stenroosi Meissner 1908
Family Proalidae
Proales decipiens (Ehrbg. 1832)
P. sordida Gosse 1886
Family Notommatidae
Cephalodella auriculata (Miiller 1773)
C. g-ibba (Ehrbg. 1832)
C. intuta Myers 1924
Notommata aurita (Miiller 1786)
N. oopeus Ehrbg. 1834
15
-------
Family Trichocercidae
Trlahoeeroa blcvlstata (Gosse 1887)
T. oapuolna (Wierzejski and Zacharias 1893)
T. cyllndrloa (Imhof 1891)
T. elongata (Gosse 1886)
T. lernls (Gosse 1887)
T. Inslgnls (Herrick 1885)
T. insolens (Myers 1936)
T. lata (Jennings 1894)
T. longlseta (Shrank 1805)
T. lophoes-sa (Gosse 1886)
T. muaosa (Stokes 1896)
T. multlcvlnls (Kellicott 1897)
T. poroellus (Gosse 1886)
T. pusilla (Jennings 1903)
T. rattus (Miiller 1776)
T. r-ousseletl (Voigt 1901)
T. slmllls (Wierzejski 1893)
Family Gastropidae
Asoomorpha ecaudis Perty 1850
A. avails (Bergendal 1892)
A. saltans Bartsch 1870)
Gastropus hyptopus (Ehrbg. 1838)
G. styllfer Imhof 1891
Family Dicranophoridae
Dlcranophorus caudatus (Ehrbg. 1834)
D. forelpatus (Miiller 1786)
D. mesotls Harring and Myers 1928
Eneentrum fells (Miiller 1773)
E. saunderslae (Hudson 1885)
Wlerzejklella velox (Wisniewski 1932)
Family Tylotrochidae
Tylotroeha monopus (Jennings 1894)
16
-------
Family Asplanchnidae
Asplanchna brightwelli Gosse 1850
A. herrioki de Guerne 1888
A. pviodonta Gosse 1850
Family Synchaetidae
Ploesoma hudsoni (Imhof 1891)
P. lenticulare Herrick 1885
P. triacanthum (Bergendal 1892)
P. trunoatum (Levander 1894)
Polyarthra dolichopteva Idelson 1925
P. euvyptera Wierzejski 1893
P. major Burckhardt 1900
P. vemata Skorikov 1896
P. vulgar-is Carlin 1943
Synohaeta asymmetrioa Koch-Althaus 1963
S. grandis Zacharias 1832
5. kitina Rousselet 1902
S. lakowitziana. Lucks 1930
5. oblonga Ehrbg. 1832
S. peotinata Ehrbg. 1832
S. stylata Wierzejski 1893
S. tremula (Miiller 1786)
Order Flosculariacea
Family Testudinellidae
Fil-inia braehiata (Rousselet 1901)
P. longiseta (Ehrbg. 1834)
F. terminal-is (Plate 1886)
Pompholyx sulaata Hudson 1885
Testudinella pavva (Ternetz 1892)
T. patina f. triloba (Herman 1783)
T> reflexa (Gosse 1887)
Family Hexarthridae
Hexarthra mira (Hudson 1871)
17
-------
Family Conochilidae
Conochiloides dossuarius (Hudson 1885)
C. natans (Seligo 1900)
Conoehilus hippocrepis (Shrank 1803)
C. uniaovnis Rousselet 1892
Order Collothecaceae
Family Collothecidae
Collotheca mutabilis (Hudson 1885)
C. pelagica (Rousselet 1893)
Stephanoceyos fimbriatus (Goldfuss 1820)
CLASS DIGONONTA (BDELLOIDEA)
Order Bdelloida
Family Philodinidae
Maarotraehela sp.
Rotaria sp.
18
-------
SECTION 5
KEY TO MAJOR ROTIFER GENERA OF THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES
1 With paired germovitellaria; trophi ramate 42
With single germovitellarium; trophi otherwise ... 2
2(1) Body wall thickened (lorica stiffened), may be
somewhat flexible or with vesiculate
(bubbly) texture 3
Body wall thin and flexible (lorica weakly
developed) 4
3(2) Foot or foot opening present (foot may be
retracted within lorica) 6
Foot absent 21
4(2) Foot present without defined foot opening (foot
may be retracted against body) 27
Foot absent 5
5(4) Featherlike, armlike or bristlelike appendages
(not setae) arising from body wall 39
Without body wall appendages (except for setae);
body oblate, spheroid or oblong 40
6(3) Body not bilaterally symmetrical but twisted and
fusiform; coronal sheath present with spines
or folds; toes spinelike and usually unequal
in length; virgate trophi asymmetrical:
Triohooevca (p. 138)
Body bilaterally symmetrical 7
7(6) Anterior margin of body with spines or cusps 10
Anterior margin of body without spines; folds or
a short broad-based anteromedian process may
be present , 8
19
-------
8(7) Foot annulated (corrugated appearance) or
smooth without joints (folds may be present
on anterior margin of body) 9
Foot jointed or segmented (folds absent) 12
9(8) Dorsal surface of lorica with distinctive ridge
pattern or with vesiculate texture; foot
terminates in two toes and arises from the
ventromedian surface; short broad antero-
median process may be present: Ploesoma (p. 112)
Dorsal surface smooth 19
10(7) With two short toes; foot long; anterior margin
with spines 11
With one or two long toes; foot short or long;
anterior margin with two spines or with two
small anterolateral spinelike processes 12
11(10) Foot annulated; anterior margin with two, four,
or six spines; posterior spines may be
present or absent: Braahionus (p. 36)
Foot segmented; anterior margin with two or ten
spines; two or four posterior spines
present: Playtias (p. 110)
12(8, Lorica divided laterally or medially by
10) membranes or cleft 13
Lorica not divided (one piece) 14
13(12) Lorica separated into dorsal and ventral plates .. 16
Lorica separated by fissure or cleft on dorsal
or ventral surface 17
14(12) First foot segment with two spines; foot clearly
divided into three segments; two toes about
100 urn long; lorica armorlike: Trickotria (p. 145)
First foot segment without spines 15
20
-------
15(14) Posterior margin of lorica obliquely truncated
in lateral view; anterior margin often with
fine serrated edge; dorsal keel prominent;
foot terminates in two pointed toes; lorica
may be thin and flexible: Lophocharts (p. 92)
Posterior margin of lorica not obliquely
truncated in lateral view; anterior margin
not serrated; foot clearly divided into
three segments and terminates in two
pointed toes; opening at anterior margin
narrow, semicircular or v-shaped; lorica
rigid: Lepadella (p. 89)
16(13) Dorsal plate of lorica arched or domed; foot
short with two long flattened toes; toes
never with claws or spurs: Euchlanis (p. 57)
Body compressed dorsoventrally; foot jointed,
indistinct and very short; one or two long
flattened toes often terminating in claws
or spurs 18
17(13) Lorica divided by fissure on dorsal
surface: Mytilina (p. 98)
Lorica divided by fissure on ventral
surface: Colurella (p. 45)
18(16) Foot with single toe: Monostyla (p. 94)
Foot with two toes: Leoane (p. 82)
19(9) Body outline round or ovate 20
Body outline spindle-shaped 33
20(19) Body laterally compressed; foot arises from
ventral surface and terminates in one or
two small toes (foot may be retracted);
dorsal antennae small but prominent:
Gastropus (p. 65)
Body dorsoventrally compressed; distal end of
foot truncated without toes: Testud-inella (p. 136)
21(3) Anterior margin of lorica with spines 22
Anterior margin of lorica without spines 24
21
-------
22(21) Anterior spines long (>1QO ym) ; asymmetrical
anterior spines and a single posterior
spine highly elongated and pointed;
lorica surface smooth: Kellicottia (p. 69)
Anterior spines short (<70 ym) 23
23(22) Arched dorsal plate of lorica with distinct
polygonal facets; ventral plate flattened;
one or two posterior spines usually
present: Keratella (p. 71)
Dorsal plate with fine longitudinal or wavy
striations (plate juncture not well
defined); anterior margin of dorsal plate
with six spines, ventral plate with six
folds; body oblong or rounded; a single
truncated or pointed posterior extension
of lorica may be present: Notholsa (p. 100)
24(21) Lorica divided into dorsal and ventral plates
by membrane 25
Lorica not divided into distinct plates 26
25(24) Body dorsoventrally flattened; dorsal plate
slightly larger than ventral plate; body
ovate; four dark circular bodies usually
visible in stomach; lorica surface
smooth: Asoomorpha (= Chromogaster} (p. 29)
Dorsal plate arched, ventral plate flattened;
anterior margin of dorsal plate notched;
anterior margin of ventral plate slightly
concave; body size small; large egg may
be present, carried against ventral
plate: Anuraeopsis (p. 27)
26(24) Anterior margin of lorica with small pleatlike
folds; two longitudinal furrows in thin lorica;
body ovate; virgate trophi: Ascomorpha (p. 29)
Anterior margin of lorica without folds; longi-
tudinal furrows absent; anterodorsal margin
with single smoothly curved protuberance;
anteroventral margin with v-shaped median
notch; body circular in outline and usually
with four lobes in cross-sectional view;
posteroventral margin with small circular
opening through which an egg may be externally
attached by a gelatinous thread; malleoramate
trophi: Pompholyx (p. 122)
22
-------
27(4) Foot long, without toes (foot may be retracted
against body in preserved specimens); foot
may he smooth or wrinkled, slender or
corpulent 28
Foot terminates with one or more toes (toes
spinelike in some species) 31
28(27) Paired lateral antennae, fused or separate,
arising from apical field or from
anterolateral body wall 29
Prominent lateral antennae absent 30
29(28) A single fused or two separate antennae located
in a conically-domed apical field; corona
disc-like with ventral notch; may occur in
colonies: Conoahilus (p. 51)
Two long antennae arising from lateral body wall;
corona disc-like with ventral notch; foot and
part of upper body enclosed in a gelatinous
envelope (not always visible):
Conoohiloides (p. 43)
30(28) Five long pointed coronal lobes bearing setae
arranged in a spiral: Step'hanooeros (p. 126)
Coronal lobes short or absent; lobes may be
contracted and only hairlike setae visible;
foot long, slender and contractile:
Collotheoa (p. 44)
31(27) Foot annulated with single short conical toe;
two bulges at midsection of body; body
constricted immediately posterior to coronal
region; internal organs may be colored a
reddish-purple: Tylotrocha (p. 147)
Foot with two or more toes 32
32(31) Toes spinelike and usually of unequal length;
body and trophi (virgate) asymmetrical;
pleatlike folds.in epidermis at anterior
margin; spinelike processes at anterior
margin of coronal sheath often present:
Trichoceroa (p.138)
Two toes of equal length, not spinelike 33
23
-------
33(19, Toes minute, often not visible due to
32) retraction of foot in preserved specimens;
living specimens have conical body shape;
bristlelike setae on apical field may be
visible; trophi encompassed by well-
developed v-shaped (hypopharyngeal)
muscles; fully contracted specimens appear
as small balls; virgate trophi: Synohaeta (p. 128)
Toes short or long, body spindle-shaped or
fusiform with distinct neck region;
corona obliquely oriented on
anteroventral body margin 34
34(33) Foot (excluding toes) about one-fourth total body
length; disc-like pieces located between unci
and manubria; unci needlelike; tips of rami
with teeth; forcipate trophi:
Wierzejl<.iella (p. 149)
Foot (excluding toes) much shorter than
one-fourth total body length 35
35(34) Trophi forcipate 36
Trophi virgate or malleate 37
36(35) Disc-like pieces between unci and manubria;
fulcrum variable in length; toes short;
alulae not prominent: Lncentvum (p. 55)
Without disc-like pieces between unci and
manubria; fulcrum short and rami often with
shearing teeth along inner margin; alulae
prominent in many species; toes variable
in length, often slightly recurved
ventrad: D-iaranophoi>us (p. 53j
37(35) Toes long and recurved; epidermis may be
thickened in some species so that a lateral
fissure is evident; foot unjointed; virgate
trophi: Cephalodella (p. 42)
Toes short, not recurved; epidermis thin; foot
usually with two jointlike folds 38
24
-------
38(37) Trophi virgate; uncus platelike, having one or
two large teeth with smaller rudimentary
teeth; rami often asymmetrical; inner
margin of ramus often serrated; fulcrum
long: Notommata (p. 108)
Trophi malleate with virgate appearance;
uncus usually with four to eight teeth
not differing greatly in size (may appear
platelike); first teeth generally largest;
rami symmetrical; inner margin of ramus
not serrated but two or three small teeth
may be present; fulcrum short: Pvoales (p. 124)
39(5) One posterior and two long anterior bristlelike
appendages: Filinia (p. 62)
Four sets of paddlelike or featherlike
outgrowths arising from anterior portion
of body: Polyarthra (p. 115)
Six armlike projections arising from body
wall, having long setae inserted
distally: Hexarthra (p. 67)
40(5) Body large (>500 ym), transparent, and oblate;
no intestine; incudate trophi: Asplanohna (p. 32)
Body small (<300 ym) , opaque, and pear-shaped,
spheroid or ellipsoid 41
41(40) Body pear-shaped; four dark spherical bodies
usually visible in stomach; zoochlorellae
may be present in body cavity; virgate
trophi: AsaomoTpha (p. 29)
Body spheroid or ellipsoid; setae may project
from anterior of body: Contracted Synahaeta,
Collofheoa,, Conoe'hi,1us or
other illoricate rotifer
42(1) Class Digononta. Benthic rotifers occasionally
common at the outfalls of polluted rivers
entering the Great Lakes (p. 151).
25
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SECTION 6
KEYS AND DESCRIPTIVE NOTES FOR SPECIES
This section is arranged alphabetically according to
genus for the convenience of the reader. Photomicrographs
are presented to give a view of the rotifer as it appears
under bright-field optics of a compound microscope. The
entire rotifer is not always in sharp focus because of the
limited depth of field of the optical system. Line drawings
are presented where good specimens were not available for
photography or where high power magnification was necessary
(such as for trophi).
In addition to measurements taken in the laboratory,
biometric data was also obtained from Harring and Myers (1922,
1924, 1926, 1927); Myers (1930); Ahlstrom (1940, 1943);
Berzins (1951); Voigt (1957); and Ruttner-Kolisko (1974). A
list of abbreviations used for biometric data is presented in
the Abbreviations section.
Descriptions of some genera include keys while others do
not. Keys were omitted for those genera which contain a large
number of species but which have only a few representative
species included in the guide. In other instances, species
are included in the plates, but are not treated in the keys or
descriptions. These "additional" species are often common
members of inland lakes and ponds but are uncommon or not
known to occur in the Great Lakes. They have been included
simply to broaden the scope of the guide for use in inland
waters.
A brief presentation of common genera of the Class
Digononta (Bdelloidea) appears at the end of this section.
26
-------
Anuraeopsis
GENUS ANURAEOPSIS LAUTERBORN 1900 fmalleate trophi)
Two species of Anuraeopsis have been encountered in the
Great Lakes area. Anuraeopsis navicula often co-occurs with
A. fissa in northern lower Michigan inland lakes but only
A. fissa has been reported for the Great Lakes. Both species
are warm stenotherms which occur during l.ate spring, summer
and early fall and show promise as eutrophic indicator species
(Gannon and Stemberger, 1978).
Anuraeopsis fissa is reported to fee-d on detritus and its
associated bacteria (Pourriot, 1965a, 1977).
Additional reference: Sudzuki, 1964.
Reported Species
Anuraeopsis fissa: lorica surface smooth; lorica length
(LL) 90-120 ym.
Anuraeopsis naviaula: lorica surface granular;
LL 70-100 ym.
27
-------
Anuraeopsi-s
A. f-issa, dorsal view
A, naviaula} dorsal view
Plate 1. Anuraeopsis species.
28
-------
AsGomovpha
GENUS ASCOMORPHA PERTY 1850 (virgate trophi)
Two Ascomorpha species, A. ecaudis and A. saltans, occur
from spring through fall but neither species commonly occurs
in the pelagic environment of the Great Lakes. Ascomorpha
saltans feeds on chrysomonads and peridiniens (de Beauchamp,
1932; Wesenberg-Lund, 19,50) and often appears during blooms
of Ceratium, on which it also feeds (Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974).
Ascomorpha ecaudis feeds on the green flagellates and chryso-
monads. Green flagellates can live and multiply in the body
cavity and hypodermis, imparting a green or brown coloration
to the body (Pourriot, 1965a) . The algal cells are eventually
digested intracellularly (de Beauchamp, 1932).
Ascomorpha ovalis ( = ? Chromogaster testudo} differs from
other members of the genus because of its thickened lorica.
The species was previously placed in the genus Chromogaster,
but was later incorporated into the Ascomorpha by Carlin
(1943). The species is most common during fall in the Great
Lakes but may occur during spring and winter in inland lakes.
It feeds primarily on Ceratium and Peridinium (Pourriot,
1965a) .
Additional reference: Sudzuki, 1964.
Reported Species
Ascomorpha ecaudis: body without lorica; zoochlorellae
often present, giving a greenish appearance to the body; four
dark circular bodies present in stomach; body length (BL)
130-200 ym.
Ascomorpha saltans: body pear-shaped, with thin lorica
having two longitudinal folds (grooves); trilobate in cross-
sectional view; folds visible in anterior margin of body when
corona retracted; BL 95-150 ym.
Ascomorpha ovalis (= Chromogaster ovalis =? C. testudo} :
body ovoid with distinct dorsal and ventral plates separated
by a flexible membrane; four dark circular bodies often
visible in stomach; LL 100-200 ym.
29
-------
Ascomorpha
A. eoaudis (corona extended)
a, A. eoaudis trophi, lateral
view; b, A. saltans trophi,
lateral view; a, A. saltans.,
cross - sectional view (redrawn
from de Beauchamp, 1932)
eoaudis (corona retracted) A. saltans
Plate 2. Asaomorpha species.
30
-------
Ascomovpha
A. saltans, palp extended
(indicated by arrow)
A. ovalis (corona retracted)
A. ovalis (corona extended)
A-, oval-is trophi,
ventral view
Plate 3. Ascomorpha species,
31
-------
Asplanchna
GENUS ASPLANCHNA GOSSE 18 SO (incudate trophi)
Three Asplanohna species, A. brightwelli, A. herrioki
and A, priodcnta, have been reported for the Great Lakes. In
addition, A. girodi and A. sieboldi have been recorded for
inland waters of the region (Chengalath, 1977; Stemberger,
unpublished). The predominant species A. priodonta is
probably present throughout the year, displaying peak
abundance in spring and summer. Asplanohna herrioki , which
often co-occurs with A. priodonta in fall, also shows a
spring maximum in inland lakes (Stemberger, unpublished).
Asplanohna brightwelli was recorded in Saginaw Bay in July
and November 1974 (Stemberger, Gannon and Bricker, 1979).
Asplanohna species are omnivores. Asplanohna pr-iodonta
feeds primarily on centric diatoms, Melosira, Fragilaria
and Tabellar-La, and dinoflagellates such as Peridinium and
Cera.ti.um> 'The major rotifer prey are Keratella and Synohaeta
species with single posterior spines (Stemberger and Fuller,
unpublished). Pejler (1977a) reported successful laboratory
culture of A. priodonta on the small alga Rhodomonas minuta.
The diet of A. herrioki is similar to that of A. priodonta
but A. herrioki is more carnivorous and will also prey on
bosminids (Stemberger and Fuller, unpublished). Asplanohna
brightwelli feeds on green algae and diatoms and Brachionus
and Synohaeta species are important rotifer prey (Salt,
unpublished). Green and Lan (1974) reported cyclopoid
nauplii and copepodids in the stomachs of A. brightwelli.
Gilbert (1968) successfully cultured A. brightwelli on
Paramecium,
Additional references: Gilbert, 1967; Ruttner-Kolisko,
1974; King, 1977; and Snell, 1977.
Key to Species
1 Vitellarium u-shaped; 16 nuclei in vitellarium;
BL 500-1500 ym: A. brightwelli
Vitellarium spherical; 8 nuclei in vitellarium 2
2(1) With bilobed pedal gland; BL 500-1500 ym: A. herrioki
Without pedal gland; BL 420-1500 ym: A. priodonta
32
-------
Asp lanchna
A. brightwelli
A. brighiwelli
A. brightwelli trophi
(original drawing)
A. he r-r icki
33
-------
o
o
A. herriaki, contracted (arrow
indicates pedal gland)
A. herrisk-'l, contracted,
with developing embryo
A. hervicki trophi
(original draining)
A. £ jr'iar.c i
indict tos
•' •.-, i r ov\'
-:• i la r i urn j
Plate 5. Asplanchna species.
34
-------
Asplanohna
A. pTiodonta, bearing young
UNCUS
FULCRUM
— ALULA
A. pr-iodcnta trophi
(original drawing)
A. pviodonta trophi and variation in dentition
Plate 6. Asplanchna priodonia
35
-------
Brachionus
GENUS BRACHIONUS PALLAS 1766 (malleate trophi)
Braahionus is a littoral genus which often occurs in the
limnetic environment, particularly during algal blooms.
Species are present in the plankton from April through October
and predominate at river outfalls, eutrophic near .shore areas
and shallow areas rich in aquatic macrophytes. Twelve species
have been reported in the Great Lakes (Appendix A). However,
the record of B. diversioornis is doubtful and may have been
confused with B. havanaensis (Ahlstrom, 1940). All species
in the genus appear useful as indicators of eutrophy.
Braohi-onus angulari-s, B. calye'iflorus and B. quadridentatus
are among the most frequently encountered species.
Braohionus calyeiftorus reproduces in culture when fed
the alga Euglena graeilis and the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis
(Gilbert, 1970). Pourriot (1965ct, 1977) reported Chlorella
pyrenoidosa and bacteria as important food items for the
species. He also considers B. angularis a detritovore.
Additional references: Ahlstrom, 1940; Gilbert, 1967;
Green and Lan, 1974; Bricker, Bricker, and Gannon, 1976; and
Gilbert and Starkweather, 1977.
Key to Speoies
1 Six well developed anterior spines 2
Four well developed anterior spines 7
Two small anteromedian spines; anterointermediate
and anterolateral spines absent or highly
reduced 9
2(1) Anterolateral spines longer than anteromedian
spines 3
Anterolateral spines shorter or equal in length
to anteromedian spines 4
36
-------
Braahionus
3(2) Anterointermediate spines present but not
developed; LL 135-350 jam; lorica width (LW)
73-118 ym; posterolateral spines (PLS)
26-172 ym; anterolateral spines (ALS)
25-60 ym; anterointermediate spines (AIS)
2-5 ym; anteromedian spines (AMS) 15-25 ym;
distance between anterolateral spines
(DALS) 47-108 ym: B. havanaensis
Anterointermediate spines well developed;
LL 175-578 ym; LW 115-265 ym; PLS
42-238 ym; ALS 16-97 ym; AIS 7-23 ym;
AMS 10-34 ym; DALS 88-170 ym: B. bidentata
4(2) Anteromedian spines notably longer than
anterolateral spines 5
Anteromedian spines about equal in length to
anterolateral spines 6
5(4) Anterolateral spines longer than anterointermediate
spines; anteromedian and anterolateral spines
diverge laterally; two posterior spines usually
present; lorica stippled, giving pustulate
appearance; LL 188-418 ym; LW 134-234 ym; PLS
20-156 ym; ALS 17-49 ym; AIS 9 L ym; AMS
21-72 ym; DALS 98-200 ym: B. quadridentatus
Anterolateral spines about equal in length to
anterointermediate spines; anteromedian spines
not strongly divergent; small truncated
protuberance lies over foot opening; stout
posterior spines may be present; rare;
LL 268-376 ym; LW 182-250 ym; PLS 50-90 ym;
ALS 19-30 ym; AIS 18-22 ym; AMS 38-52 ym;
DALS 130-142 ym: B. var-Labilis
6(4) Juncture between anteromedian and anterointermediate
spines acutely notched; posterior spines absent;
LL 154-274 ym; LW 120-196 ym; ALS 11-17 ym;
AIS 9-20 ym; AMS 18-34 ym; DALS 96-142 ym: B. rubens
Juncture between anteromedian and anterointermediate
spines gently curved; posterior spines absent;
LL 185-280 ym; LW 135-225 ym; ALS 8-26 ym;
AIS 10-20 ym; AMS 14-32 ym; DALS 98-162 ym:
B . uvceolavls
37
-------
Brachionus
7(1) Ajiterolateral spines longer than anteromedian
spines; usually two posterior spines present;
anterointermediate spines present but reduced;
rare; LL 135-350 ym; LW 73-118 ym; PLS 26-
172 ym; ALS 25-60 urn; MS 2-5 ym; AMS 15-
25 ym; DALS 47-108 ym: B. havanaensis
Anterolateral spines shorter or equal in length
to anteromedian spines , 8
8(7) Anteromedian spines with broad base, and longer than
anterolateral spines; posterior spines often
present; lorica smooth and transparent and
appears as one piece; LL 180-570 ym; LW 124-300 ym;
PLS 0-115 ym; ALS 15-95 ym; AMS 25-200 ym:
B. oalycifloTus
Anteromedian spines about equal in length to
anterolateral spines; anterolateral spines
slightly divergent; posterior spines lacking;
dorsal and ventral plates evident; lorica
often densely covered with spinules
(tubercules); LL 115-170 ym; LW 70-105 ym;
ALS 15-42 ym; AMS 23-56 ym: B. budapestinensis
9(J.) Two divergent posterior spines present; LL 136-
265 ym; LW 95-130 ym; PLS 32-128 ym;
DALS 71-88 ym: B. oaudatus*
Posterior spines absent; LL 91-202 ym; LW 71-
150 ym; DALS 54-93 ym: B. angularis
^Includes only forms vulgatus and apstein-i. This species also
has forms with four or six well developed anterodorsal spines
but they have not been reported for the Laurentian Great Lakes
38
-------
Brae hi onus
B. bidentata
B, bidentata
B. havanasns-is B, quadridentatus
B. cnjadridentatus
Plate 7, Braohionui-: species.
-------
Brachionus
B. rubensj ventral view
'. rubens, dorsal view
o
o
B. variab-ilis (redrawn
from Ahlstrom, 1940)
?. urceolaris
Plate 8. Braahionus species
40
-------
Braohionus
M
O
O
B. angularis
B. caudatus
B. eaudatus
ro
O
O
calyoiflovus B. budapestinensis
Plate 9. Brachionus species.
41
-------
CephalodeII a
GENUS CEPHALODELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1826 (virgate trophi)
Ten Cephalodella species have been reported from the
littoral areas of Lakes Erie and St. Glair (Appendix A). The
most common species, Cephalodella gibba, has also been
observed in Lakes Huron and Michigan (Stemberger, unpublished)
The species appear sporadically in the plankton even though
they are epiphytic and benthic. The species are easily
distinguished from other genera in the family Notommatidae by
the long thin virgate trophi. The stiffness of the lorica in
the genus varies considerably among different species. In
some species a membranous lateral fissure separating the
lorica is sometimes evident.
Cephalodella gibba is an omnivore which feeds on other
rotifers, green algae and diatoms (Wulfert, 1937; Pourriot,
1965a).
Additional references: Marring and Myers, 1924; Myers,
1934a; Wulfert, 1938; and Koste, 1976.
Most Frequently Reported Species
Cephalodella gibba: total length (TL) 250-300 ym;
toes 70-80 ym.
Cephalodella aurioulata: TL 120-140 ym; toes 22-25 ym.
42
-------
Cephalodella
O
o
C. gibba
C. gibba trophi (redrawn from
Wulfert, 1937)
100
JJM
C. auriculata', A, lateral view;
B, trophi, ventral view; C,
trophi, lateral view (redrawn
from Wulfert, 1937)
C, i-ntuta, ventral view
Plate 10. Cephalodella species.
43
-------
Collotheca
GENUS COLLOTHECA HARKING 1913 (uncinate trophi)
Eight Collotheoa species have been reported in the
littoral areas of the Great Lakes (Appendix A) but only
Collotheoa mutabilis and C. pelagiaa commonly occur in the
plankton. Collotheoa mutabilis is most prevalent. Both
species co-occur in the plankton from late spring through
November. Maximum abundance for C. mutabilis occurs from
late summer through early fall.
Members of the Order Collothecaceae have a specialized
funnel-like corona studded with bristles which functions to
trap prey such as protozoans and rotifers.
Additional references: Edmondson, 1939, 1940, 1944,
1945; and Berzins, 1951.
Pelagic Species
/•"
Collotheoa mutabilis: corona with two lobes; foot
with swelling near distal end; two eyespots on dorsal coronal
lobe; body surrounded by gelatinous sheath; contracted
specimens small (length 120 ym) with foot retracted against
body and long hairlike setae emerging from anterior end; TL
(of extended specimens) 178-315 ym.
Collotheoa pelagioa'. corona without lobes and circular
in appearance; foot long and without swelling at distal end;
without eyespots; head region often with annular appearance;
coronal cilia short; body surrounded by elongated gelatinous
sheath (often not visible); contracted specimens small with
foot retracted against body and usually without cilia emerging
from coronal region; TL (of extended specimens) 275-400 ym.
44
-------
Collotheca
C. mutabilis within gelatinous
hull
C. mutabilis (contracted),
with egg
C. pelagica
Plate 11
pelagiaa
Collotheoa species.
45
C, pelagiGa (foot
contracted)
-------
Co lure 1 la
GENUS COLUEELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1824 (malleate trophi)
Three species and two forms of the genus Colurella have
been reported from littoral areas of the Great Lakes (Appendix
A), but are uncommon. Lorica are well developed. Members of
the genus are morphologically variable and identification to
species is often difficult.
References: Hauer, 1924; Ahlstrom, 1938; and Carlin,
1939.
Representative Species
Colurella uncinata: LL 77-100 ym; lorica depth (LD)
55 ym; toes 13-14 ym.
Colurella obtusa: LL 65 ym; LW 34 ym; LD 42 ym;
toes 18 ym.
46
-------
Co luvella
O
o
'•
C. ur.einata, lateral view
C. unainata, dorsal view
50
JJM
C. obtusa; A, lateral view;
(redrawn from Voigt, 1957)
B
, ventral view
Plate 12. Colurella species.
47
-------
Conochiloides
GENUS CONOCHILOIDES HLAVA 1904 (malleoramate trophi)
Of the two Conoohiloides species treated in this guide,
only C. dossuarius has been reported for the Great Lakes
(Appendix A). Conoohiloides dossuarius is morphologically
similar to Conochilus but differs in the length and position
of the lateral antennae. European workers have incorporated
Coroc'kiloides in the genus Conochilus (Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974;
Waiter Koste, personal communication). Only those species
which form colonies (Conochilus} have antennae located
anteriorly. In species which are solitary (Conochiloides} ,
the antennae are located laterally. However, since the
reasons for eliminating the genus Conoohiloides are not
entirely conclusive, the genera are treated separately in the
guide. Conochiloides dossuarius commonly occurs during summer
months in shallow areas and river mouths and is a consistent
indicator of eutrophy in the Great Lakes (Stemberger et al.,
1979; Gannon and Stemberger, 1978).
Conoohiloides natans, a cold stenotherm, occurs in deep
inland lakes of northern lower Michigan during winter and
early spring (Gannon and Stemberger, 1978). The species feeds
on chrysomonads and centric diatoms (Pourriot, 1977).
Additional references: Ahlstrom, 1938; Edmondson, 1959;
Pourriot, 1965£>; and Donner and Adeniji, 1977.
Representative Species
Conochiloides dossuarius'. lateral antennae fused near
midpoint; rami of trophi asymmetrical; left uncus with five
large teeth, three of which are fused near base; right uncus
with five large unfused teeth; body enclosed in thin
gelatinous sheath (often absent or not visible in fixed
specimens); warm stenotherm; TL (foot extended) 250-500 ym.
Conochiloides natans'- lateral antennae long and separate;
foot broad-based and corpulent; rami symmetrical; right and
left unci each with five large unfused teeth; body enclosed
in gelatinous sheath; cold stenotherm; TL 280-520 ym.
48
-------
Conoahi1oides
O
O
fe
t
C. dossuaz>ius
•i * -»i *
C1. dossuarius, contracted
within gelatinous hull (algae
in gelatinous matrix)
C. dossuar-ius
C. dossuarius trophi (redrawn
from Ahlstrom, 1938)
Plate 13. C one oh-il aides dossuar-ius
49
-------
'\ \
C. natans
C. natans
RAMUS
UNCUS
MANUBRIUM
FULCRUM
C. natans troplii (redrawn from
Ahlstrom, 1938)
Plate 14. ConoQhiloid.es specie.0.,
50
-------
Conochilus
GENUS CONOCHILUS EHRENBERG 1834 (malleoramate trophi)
Conochilus unicornis , an important limnetic species,
displays peak abundance during summer and may be present from
June through January in the Great Lakes. In Douglas Lake,
Michigan, the species was present throughout the year (Fuller,
Stemberger and Gannon, 1977). The species may occur in
colonies or as single individuals.
In the Great Lakes forms of C. unicor>nis the dorsal
antennae located on the apical field are fused for most of
their length. Pejler (1956) has shown that the degree of
fusion of the antennae varies from complete separation to
complete fusion in populations of the species from Swedish
lakes. Pejler (1956) also reported intermediate forms between
C. unicovnis and C. hippocrepis.
Conoahilus hippocr>epis has been reported from littoral
areas of the Great Lakes and is a rare species in the limnetic
plankton of inland lakes of northern Michigan. The antennae
are of unequal length, completely separated, and longer than
in C. unicorn-is. The body and foot are also larger and the
species may occur in large colonies. However, most specimens
observed in Michigan lakes occurred as solitary individuals
(Stemberger, unpublished).
Pourriot (1977) reported that both C. uniaor-nis and
C. hippocrepis feed on detritus and bacteria.
Additional references: Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974, 1977.
Only Known Species
Conochilus unicornis: with two short lateral antennae
on apical field partially fused; foot often retracted against
body; may form spherical colonies of 5-12 individuals encased
in gelatinous sheath; TL (for extended specimens) 200-450 ym.
Conochilus hippocrepis : with two separate lateral
antennae located on apical field; two 'distinctly separate eye
spots near base of corona; foot often retracted against body;
may form colonies containing 30-60 individuals encased in a
gelatinous sheath; TL (for extended specimens) 400-800 ym.
51
-------
Conochilus
C. un-iaornis
100
JJM
r. hippoarepis (original
drawing).
C. unioornis colony
Plate 15. Conochilus species
52
-------
Diopanophopus
GENUS DICRANOPHORUS NITZCH 1827 (forcipate trophi)
Five Diaranophorus species have been reported in littoral
and psammon environments of the Great Lakes (Appendix A).
Many members of the family Dicranophoridae are predaceous
The forcipate trophi can be thrust from the mastax to capture
prey. Myers (1941) reported that the diet of Dieranophorus
fopoipatus includes bdelloid rotifers, Cephalodella and
Triohoaeroa.
Additional references: Harring and Myers, 1927; Neal,
1958; and Koste, 1976.
Representative Species
Diaranophorus oaudatus : TL 260 ym; toes 70 ym;
trophi 35 ym.
DiaranophoTus foroipatus: TL 300 ym; toes 50 ym;
trophi 50 ym.
Dicranophorus mesotis: TL 280 ym; toes 55 ym;
trophi 40 ym.
53
-------
JIOO
UM
D, mesotis (redrawn from
Harring and Myers, 1927)
D. mesotis trophi (redrawn from
Harring and Myers, 1927)
UNCUS
MANUBRIUM
RAMUS
ALULA
FULCRUM
D. forcipatus trophi (redrawn
from Harring and Myers, 1927)
D. aaudatus trophi (redrawn
from Harring and Myers, 1927)
Pl?te 16. Dloranophorus species.,
54
-------
Enaentrum
GENUS ENCENTRUM EHRENBERG 1838 (forcipate trophi)
Enaentrum is an uncommon genus of littoral areas which
may become locally abundant. Only two species, Enaentrum
saundersiae and E. fel-is, have been reported for western Lake
Erie and Lake St. Clair, although an undetermined species
occurred in Lake Michigan at inshore areas (Stemberger,
unpublished). Some species are predaceous (Wulfert, 1956a) .
Trophi with a round or elongated piece between the manubrium
and uncus are characteristic of the genus. The psammolittoral
rotifer WieTzejk-iella has similar mouthparts but differs in
its longer foot.
Additional references: Harring and Myers, 1927; Myers,
1933i; Wulfert, 1936; Sudzuki, 1964; and Koste, 1976.
Representative Species
Enaentrum felis: TL 135 ym; toes 15 ym; trophi 15-18 ym.
Enaentrum saundersiae: TL 165-350 ym; toes 14-18 ym;
trophi 30-35 ym.
55
-------
Enoentrum
a
o
c
c
Encentrum sp.
100 -
JJM
E. saundersiae (redrawn from
Marring and Myers, 1927)
RAMUS-/
UNCUS
ACCESSORY
PIECE
MANUBRIUM
FULCRUM
E. saundevsiae trophi (redrawn
from Harring and Myers, 1927)
E. felis (redrawn from
Harring and Myers, 1927)
Plate 17. Encentrum species.
56
-------
Euohlanis
GENUS EUCHLANIS EHRENBERG 1832 (malleate trophi)
Some members of the littoral genus Euohlanis occasionally
occur in the limnetic nearshore environment. Euohlanis
dilatata and E. triquetra are the most common of the 11 Great
Lakes species reported (Appendix A). Members of the genus
are usually present from May through November at river
outfalls, harbors and shallow littoral areas. Euohlanis
dilatata most frequently occurs in eutrophic Great Lakes
environments. Voigt (1904) observed E. dilatata living
attached to colonies of GloetTiohia echinulata during a bloom.
Pourriot (1977) and Thane-Fenchel (1968) reported
bacteria, green algae and diatoms as part of E. dilatata's
diet. Edmondson (1965) and King (1972) cultured E. dilatata
on Chlovella and Chlamydomonas reinhardti , respectively.
Photomicrographs of Dipleuchlanis pvopatula and the rare
pond species Manfredium eudaotylotum are included on Plate 20
as representatives of related genera.
Additional reference: Myers, 1930.
Key to Species
1 Dorsal plate with deep posterior u-shaped notch .... 2
Dorsal plate with posterior v-shaped notch 4
Dorsal plate without distinctive posterior notch ... 5
2(1) Anterodorsal margin straight or concave; dorsal
plate length (DPL) 120-140 ym; dorsal plate
width (DPW) 80-100 ym; ventral plate length (VPL)
100-120 ym; ventral plate width (VPW) 50-65 ym;
posterior notch depth (PND) 35-45 ym; toes 65-
75 um: E. meneta
Anterodorsal margin distinctly notched or
indented 3
3(2) Anterodorsal margin with semicircular notch; DPL 200-
270 ym; DPW 90-189 ym; VPL 170-250 ym; VPW 80-
105 ym; LD 90-155 ym; toes 50-75 ym: E. dilatata
Anterodorsal margin with rectangular notch; long
slender toes; DPL 140 ym; DPW 100 ym; VPL 125 ym;
VPW 75 ym; PND 50 ym; toes 70 ym: E. parva
57
-------
Euah Ian-is
4(1) Prominent dorsal keel present; body circular in
appearance; toes long and slender; ventral
plate well developed; triradiate in cross-
sectional view; DPI 210-270 ym; DPW 155-240 i_im;
VPL 180-240 ym; VPW 105-160 ym; LD 140-180 ym;
toes 70-85 ym: E. tviquetra
Dorsal keel not present; dorsal plate dome-shaped;
ventral plate not developed and lateral sulci
absent; DPL 280 ym; DPW 220 ym; toes 120 ym:
E. calp-Ld'ia
5(1) Dorsal plate forms distinct keel; toes long and
slender, slightly enlarged posteriorly, but
pointed distally; body rounded and triradiate
in cross-sectional view; DPL 300-500 ym; DPW
270-450 ym; toes 90-150 ym: E. pellucida
Dorsal plate rounded; ventral plate elongated
about half the width of dorsal plate; toes
stout; DPL 260-280 ym; DPW 185-210 ym;
VPL 200-220 ym; VPW 150-170 ym; toes 70-
100 ym: E. alata
-------
Suchlanis
E. alata
E. oalpidia
rsi
O
O
_ • ' ,.; t
E. dilatata E. parva
Plate 18. Euchlanis species.
59
-------
Euchlanis
E. meneta
E. meneta
CO
O
O
E. pelluoida, cross-sectional E. pellucida, anterior margin
view
Plate 19. Euohlanis species.
60
-------
Euahlanis
ft*
o
o
t:
\
E. tviquetra, lateral view E. triquetra^ dorsolateral view
Additional Species
O
O
Dipleuchlanis propatula,
related genus
Manfredium eudactylotum,
related genus
Plate 20. Euchlanis species.
61
-------
Fi 1'ln ia
GENUS FILTNIA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1824 (malleoramate trophi)
Three Filinia species occur in the Great Lakes. The two
major species, F. longiseta and F. terminalis, represent the
terminal morphotypes of a complex of forms which display
intermediate characteristics between the two extremes.
Although the intermediate forms have not been reported for
the Great Lakes, they occur in the inland lakes of northern
lower Michigan (TABLE 1). Filinia longiseta is considered a
warm stenotherm but can also occur during cold water
temperatures. Filinia terminalis occurs primarily in the
winter and spring. It may also co-occur with F. longiseta in
late spring (Stemberger et al., 1979). Filinia brachiata
occurs from spring through fall but has been reported only in
harbors and rivers flowing to the Great Lakes (Prins and
Davis, 1966; Stemberger, 1974). Filinia brachiata and
F. longiseta show promise as indicators of eutrophy
(Gannon and Stemberger, 1978).
Pourriot (1977) reports detritus, bacteria and
Chlovoaoccales in the diet of F. longiseta.
Additional references: Parise, 1961; Hutchinson, 1964;
and Hofmann, 1974.
Key to Species
1 Spinelike bristles about same length or shorter than
body and thickened at base; corona developed into
liplike structure; BL 95-190 ym: F. brachiata
Bristles much longer than body and not notably
thickened at base 2
2(1) Ratio of lateral bristle to caudal bristle >1.8; dis-
tance of insertion of caudal bristle to posterior
extremity >20 ym; Great Lakes forms have spinelets
on bristles in summer; lateral bristle 450-560 ym;
caudal bristle 240-310 ym: F. longiseta*
Ratio of lateral bristle to caudal bristle <1.6; dis-
tance of insertion of caudal bristle to posterior
extremity <15 ym; lateral bristle 315-515 ym; caudal
bristle 220-390 ym; cold stenotherm: F. terminates*
*Measurements from Lake Huron specimens.
62
-------
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63
-------
Filinia
F. brachiata (corona
contracted)
F. longiseta (corona
contracted)
F. tejcm-inalis (corona
extended)
Plate 21.
F. term-inalis (corona
contracted)
Filinia species.
64
-------
GENUS GAS'IROPUS IMHOF 1898 (virgate trophi)
All three known species of the genus Gastropus have been
reported in the Great Lakes but only Gastropus stylifer is
numerically important, occurring from spring through fall. In
inland lakes the species is eurytopic and occurs throughout
the year in some lakes (Fuller et al. , 1977; Stemberger,
unpublished). The species was rare in Lake Ontario (Nauwerck,
1972) but was an important member of the plankton of Lakes
Michigan and Huron (Stemberger, 1974; Stemberger et al.,
1979). Gastvopus hyptopus is a rare littoral species of the
Great Lakes plankton. In inland lakes the species maxima
usually occurs in fall (Stemberger, unpublished). The only
records for Gastropus minor were reported from the littoral
area of Lake Erie by Kellicott (1897) and Jennings (1900).
Gastropus styli-fer feeds on Dinophyceae (Ruttner-Kolisko,
1974) and G. hyptopus was successfully cultured on Synu?a by
Pourriot (1965a).
Additional references: Wulfert, 1939; Edmondson, 1959;
and Sudzuki, 1964.
Most Likely Encountered Species
Gastropus stylifer: body laterally compressed and colored
in living specimens; foot annulated with single toe, often
retracted into body; small dorsal antennae prominent; anterior
region of lorica narrowed and folded; LL 100-250 ym.
Gastropus hyptopus : body not strongly compressed
laterally; foot smooth, with two toes, often retracted into
body; eyespot prominent; small dorsal antennae prominent;
opening at anterior margin of lorica wide and with folds;
LL 95-360 ym.
65
-------
Gastropus
G. hyptopus (foot retracted), lateral view
(top arrow points to dorsal antenna)
G. stylifer (foot retracted), lateral view
Plate 22, Gastropus species
66
-------
Hexarthra
GENUS HEXAHTHRA SCHMARDA 1854 (malleoramate trophi)
Hexarthra mira is the only species of the genus reported
for the Great Lakes but Beach (1960) reported H. intermedia
( = Pedalia insulana~) from lakes of northeastern Michigan.
Hexarthva tnira occurs from spring through fall, with peak
abundance in summer. It is common in Lake St. Clair (Bricker
et al. , 1976) but is not a part of the pelagic community of
the other Great Lakes. Its major food source is detritus and
associated bacteria (Pourriot, 1977).
Additional references: Bartos, 1948 and Fairchild et al.
1977.
Only Reported Species
Hexarthra mira'. body with six armlike appendages; uncus
with six teeth; corona developed into liplike structure;
large ventral appendage with eight long bristles; posterior
end of body often with club-shaped appendages; BL 160-212 ym.
67
-------
Hexarthra
O
o
H. mira
H. mira, lateral view
E. mira, ventral appendage
Plate 23. Heccarthra mira
68
-------
Ke I lioottia
GENUS KELLICOTTIA AHLSTROM 1938 Quaileate trophi)
Kellicottia longispina, a major limnetic rotifer, may be
present throughout the year in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Peak abundance occurs between May and August. During thermal
stratification the species is most abundant in the metalimnion
(Stemberger, 1974; Stemberger et al., 1979). Probable food
species include Mallomonas, Dinobryon (Pourriot, 1965a) ,
Chrysoohromulina and Stichoooaous (Edmondson, 1965) .
Kelliaottia bostoniensis, less common in the Great Lakes,
is often found in inland lakes which are low in oxygen in the
lower depths. Peak abundance occurs during late summer and
early fall. In inland lakes the species occurs in the
hypolimnion during thermal stratification (Campbell, 1941)
but may be present throughout most of the year (Fuller et al.,
1977) . The species is most likely encountered in nutrient-
enriched embayments and at river mouths of the Great Lakes.
This species may be endemic to North America but has been
recently reported in Europe (Berzins, Gronberg and Melgren,
1968).
Additional references: Pejler, 1962a and Sudzuki, 1964.
Known Species
Kellicottia longispina: anterior margin with six spines
of unequal length; LL 400-860 ym; posterior spine (PS) >200 ym,
Kellioottia bostoniensis: anterior margin with four
spines of unequal length; LL 360 ym; PS 122 ym.
69
-------
Ke llioottia
O
O
t
£
bostoniensis} dorsal view
O
O
X. longispina with egg,
lateral view
X. longispina,, dorsal view
Plate 24. Kelliaottia species.
70
-------
Kerate11 a
GENUS KERATELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1822 (malleate trophi)
Keratella is perhaps the most common limnetic rotifer
genus of fresh water. Three or more members of the genus
frequently co-occur in the Great Lakes at any given time.
The polytypical species Keratella ooohlearis is the major
species of the genus. The designation of forms and varieties
of the species is inconsistent in the literature and without
genetic basis. Ruttner-Kolisko (1974) considers all morphs
as well as some established species (K. orassa and K. earlinae}
as forms of the K. aoohlearis species complex. For the forms
and varieties of K. aoohlearis I have mainly followed
Ahlstrom's (1943) revision. Thus the stem species is
designated K. oochlearis aochlearis (Gosse). The form lacking
the posterior spine is K, ooohlearis f. teota. The short-
spined form mioraaantha and the long posterior-spined form
maoraaantha have not been observed in the Great Lakes and are
omitted from the guide. These forms comprise the "teota
series" of the European literature. The intermediate form
typioa of this "series" is likely synonymous with K. ooohlearis
ooohlearis of Ahlstrom (1943).
Three varieties of K. aoohlearis have been reported from
the Great Lakes: K. ooohlearis var. hispida, var. robusta,
and var. faluta. Both the hispida and robusta varieties are
important components of the Great Lakes rotifer community.
Keratella ooohlearis var. faluta, reported by Nauwerck(1972),
is adventitious to the Great Lakes plankton and probably
endemic to North America.
The diet of K. ooohlearis consists of particles up to
12 ym in diameter (Edmondson, 1965). Pourriot (1977) reported
that the species feeds not only on detritus and bacteria but
also on cryptomonads and chrysomonads. Edmondson (1965) found
that the flagellate Chrysoohromulina contributed significantly
to the reproductive rate of K. ooohlearis. The teota form
also appears to be a good eutrophic indicator species.
Of the single posterior-spined species, K. orassa and
K. earlinae are major limnetic species of the Great Lakes
and inland lakes as well. Keratella crassa may be endemic
to North America. Keratella irregularis has been recorded
for the lower Great Lakes (Nauwerck, 1972) and in the
shield lakes of Ontario (Shindler and Noven, 1971). This
species, which is common in Europe, may be a recent invader
71
-------
Kevatella
to the Great Lakes. It superficially resembles K. earlinae
with which it may be confused. Measurements and variation
between lorica length and width among the most common single
posterior-spined species, forms and varieties are presented
in TABLE 2 and Figure 12 as an aid to identification.
Keratella quadrata is eurythermous and may be present
throughout the year. The species K. canadensis Berzins 1954,
reported in the Great Lakes as K, quadrata var. oanadensis
Berzins 1954 has been shown to be a synonym for K. quadrata
(George and Fernando, 1969).
Keratella hiemalis , a cold stenotherm, is most prevalent
during winter months and has a eurytopic distribution in
inland lakes (Gannon and Stemberger, 1978). The species often
co-occurs »with K. quadrata.
Keratella taurocephala is adventitious to the Great Lakes
plankton and is common to acid bogs (Bricker and Gannon, 1976;
Gannon and Stemberger, 1978). This species also occurs in
shield lakes of Ontario which have low specific conductance
(Shindler and Noven, 1971).
Keratella valga varies greatly morphologically and a
large number of forms and varieties have been created
(Ahlstrom, 1943). The species is rare in the Laurentian
Great Lakes.
Keratella serrulata f. survi/carn-is commonly occurs in
shallow, weedy, hard-water inland lakes of northern Michigan
(Stemberger, unpublished) and is probably adventitious to the
Great Lakes plankton.
The inland lake and pond species Keratella tioinensis,
K. mixta and K. testudo are presented on Plate 27.
Additional references: Pejler, 1962&., £>, 1977&; Sudzuki,
1964; Hilbricht-Ilkowska, 1967; and Koste, 1976.
72
-------
ILevatell-a
TABLE 2. PERTINENT MEASUREMENTS FOR SINGLE
POSTERIOR-SPINED FORMS UF KEPATELLA3-
Kevatella Forms
Range
Mean
SD
Nb
K. ooahlearis ooahlearis
LLC
LW
PS
AMS
AIS
ALS
K. orassa
LL
LW
PS
AMS
AIS
ALS
K. earlinae
LL
LW
PS
AMS
113
48
14
18
9
11
192
79
34
24
17
18
185
62
67
23
.3
.2
.7
.4
.8
.0
.8
.5
.3
.5
.2
.4
.6
.7
.5
.3
-200.5
-72.3
-81.0
-34.3
-22.6
-27.0
-236.2
-101.2
-81.9
-41.7
-24.5
-35.5
-236.2
-77.1
-101.2
-41.7
162
58
51
24
16
18
207
90
63
30
19
27
212
72
82
31
.44
.20
.33
.33
.17
.93
.28
.72
.13
.69
.53
.51
.84
.80
.72
.78
16
4
11
2
2
2
14
6
10
4
1
4
12
4
8
4
.96
.07
.64
.71
.25
.60
.41
.00
.41
.54
.91
.91
.31
.20
.14
.23
193
191
191
187
186
185
18
18
18
15
15
15
44
43
44
44
(continued)
73
-------
Keratella
TABLE 2 (continued)
Kev at ell a Forms
K, earlinae continued
AIS 14.7-23.3 18.96 2,14 44
ALS 15.9-29.4 25.50 2.94 44
K. o. hispida
LL 130.1-226.5 179.36 23,82 31
LW 57.8-77.1 68.08 4.83 31
PS 24.1-91.6 59.31 15.93 31
AMS 24.5-44.0 30.01 5.08 29
AIS 12.3-22.1 17.71 2.24 29
ALS 14.7-28.2 21.79 3.83 29
K. o. Tobusta
LL 173.5-231.4 206.11 15.38 21
LW 67.5-74.7 71.73 3.12 21
PS 60.3-91.6 76.68 9.75 21
AMS 20.6-36.8 30.90 3.56 18
AIS 11.0-22.1 18.01 2.79 19
ALS 17.2-28.2 23.86 2.58 19
aAll measurements given are in micrometers.
t>Number of individuals measured.
cAbbreviations: LL = lorica length; LW = lorica width; PS
posterior spine; AMS = anteromedian spines; AIS - antero-
intermediate spines; ALS = anterolateral spines.
74
-------
Kevate1 la
K. crass a
lOO-i
90-
80-
I 70-
T3
O
QQ
60'
50-
40- _
80
K. cochlearis var. hispida a
K. cochlearis
var. robust a
K. earlinae o
K cochlearis cochlearis
90 100 110 120 130 140
Lonca length (excluding posterior spine)
(JJM )
150
160
Figure 12. Variation in lorica length and width among single
posterior-spined Keratella.
75
-------
la
Key to Species
1 Lorica with one or two posterior spines 2
Lorica without posterior spines , 3
2(1) Lorica with single posterior spine . 4
Lorica with two posterolateral spines 6
3(1) Lorica densely covered with spinelets; LL 187-
218 ym; LW 100-104 ym; ALS 38-44 ym; AIS 27-
29 ym; AMS 68-71 ym: K. serrulata f. ouwioovnis
Lorica without spinelets; LL 89-118 ym; LW 48-
65 ym; ALS 6-21 ym; AIS 6-18 ym; AMS 18-31 ym:
K. coehleapis £. tecta
4(2) Posterior spine arising laterally; LL 162-286 ym;
LW 71-78 ym; PS 0-121 ym; ALS 25-35 ym; AIS 19-
29 ym; AMS 33-36 ym: K. valga f. tropica
Posterior spine arising medially 5
5(4) Anterolateral spines longer than anteromedian spines
and often strongly recurved; LL 182-270 ym;
LW 63-78 ym; PS 64-118 ym; ALS 36-57 ym; AIS 14-
19 ym; AMS 33-40 ym; DALS 77-140 ym:
K. taurocep'hala
Anterolateral spines shorter than anteromedian
spines 7
6(2) Posterior spines more than half body length and often
bowed; LL 224-385 ym; LW 85-128 ym; PLS 64-
182 ym; ALS 24-47 ym; AIS 19-45 ym;
AMS 35-64 ym: K. quadrata
Posterior spines less than one-third body length and
straight; LL 149-200 ym; LW 69-92 ym; PLS 24-
51 ym; ALS 19-30 ym; AIS 19-25 ym;
AMS 24-40 ym: K. hiemalis
76
-------
Kevate1 la
7(5) Ridges of anteromedian surface straight-lined
posteriorly (perpendicular to long axis of
body), giving appearance of open rectangle;
lorica strongly pustulate, especially along
polygonal ridges; median polygonal facet
present; LL 152-244 ym; LW 63-77 ym; PS 37-
112 ym; ALS 23-30 ym; AIS 18-22 ym;
AMS 34-42 ym: K. ecrl-inae
Ridges of anteromedian surface of dorsal plate
v-shaped posteriorly (an unclosed polygon) .... 8
8(7) Median polygonal facet on dorsal plate present,
located between two pairs of polygonal facets;
ridges of polygonal facets well developed;
lorica pustulate; LL 152-212 ym; LW 66-73 ym;
PS 37-77 ym; ALS 22-25 ym; AIS 14-19 ym,
AMS 35-38 ym: K. irregularis
Median polygonal facet absent; mediodorsal lorica
surface divided into two, four, or six
polygonal facets arranged in pairs 9
9(8) Two or three pairs of distinct polygonal facets
present on mediodorsal lorica surface; lorica
opaque and notably thickened; body robust and
wide; LL 140-244 ym; LW 73-101 ym; PS 19-82 ym;
ALS 19-40 ym; AIS 13-22 ym; AMS 27-49 ym:
K. ovassa
One or two pairs of indistinct polygonal facets on
mediodorsal lorica surface; lorica translucent;
posterior spine length variable:
K. ooohlearis complex ... 10
Key to forms and varieties of K. cochlear-is
10(9) Posterior spine stout and wide at base; LL 185-
320 ym; LW 76-106 ym; PS 46-128 ym; ALS 15-
33 ym; AIS 11-30 ym; AMS 23-45 ym:
K. coalite CLIP is var . faluta
Posterior spine slender and narrow at base 11
77
-------
Kevate1 la
11(10) Lorica covered \vith spinelets; polygonal facets
often indistinct; LL 162-237 ym; LW 58-77 ym;
PS 38-91 ym; ALS 18-28 ym; AIS 14-22 ym;
AMS 29-38 ym: K. c. hispida
Lorica not covered with spinelets 12
12(11) Posterior spine approximately 0.3-0.4 total lorica
length; posterior polygons usually closed; LL 180-
232 ym; LW 66-78 ym; PS 60-91 ym; ALS 22-30 ym;
AIS 14-22 ym; AMS 31-38 ym: K. c. robusta
Posterior spine less than 0.3 total lorica length
or absent 13
13(12) Posterior spine approximately 0.2-0.3 total lorica
length; one or two pairs of polygonal facets on
mediodorsal lorica surface; posterior polygons
usually open; LL 92-217 ym; LW 45-68 ym;
PS 3-100 ym; ALS 11-25 ym; AIS 9-22 ym; AMS 22-
36 ym: K. c. coc'h'iear'is
Posterior spine absent: K. c, teota
-------
Her ate I la
K. cochleares
cochl earis
K. cochlearis f.
tecta
K. oochlearis var.
robust a
K. coohieavis var.
robusta, dorsal
lorica surface
K. cochleares var
hispida
X. cochlearis var
faluta
Plate 25. Keratella species.
79
-------
KevateI la
AiS
AMS-
o
o
ALS
MEDIAN
.POLYGONAL
" FACET
K. I vr>eau 'laris (Modified
frojn Ahl stroin 1943)
O
O
earlinae
K. crassa
O
O
-Y -»
te^'
I n. >M^ .i"^-^ J*. '
tauvooepha'La K. hiemai'Ls
Plate 26. Rcratella species.
80
K. quadrat a
O
o
t
£
-------
O
O
K. serrulata f .
dorsal view
#. serrulata f.
GUT v-loom-Is j
ventral view
I'alya f.
Additional Species
h«
. ticinensis
A', mixia K. test ado and variation:
i TJ p o =• t e r i o r r; p i n e
d e v e 1 o T)T e r, I
Plate 27. He-patella species.
81
-------
GENUS LECANE NITZSCH 1827 (malleate trophi)
Sonic authors combine Leoane and Monostyla species under
the single genus Leoane, as suggested by Edmondson (1935).
However, for practical purposes, these genera are treated
separately in this guide. Although species are common to
shalloiv, littoral areas, they are frequently encountered in
the limnetic zone, especially in eutrophic environments such
as harbors and river mouths. The most commonly reported
Leoane species are L. luna and L. flexilis . Because of the
large number of species in this genus, additional species
not covered in the guide may be found in tne Great Lakes.
Species occur primarily from late spring through fall.
Fifteen species have been reported, mainly from the littoral
zone of the Great Lakes (Appendix A). The only reported
Great Lakes species without a well developed lorica is
L. inerm'is .
Photomicrographs of the inland lake and pond species
Leoane sigrifera, L. pyrrha, L. stiohaea, and L. intvasinua^n
are presented on Plate 31 and L. ligona, L. inopinata and
L. olara arc presented on Plate 32.
Additional references: Harring and Myers, 1926 and
Chengaiath and Mulamoottil, 1974.
Key to Species
1 Ventral plate with one or two posterior spines or
extensions
Ventral plate without posterior spines or
extensions
2(1) With single pointed or truncated posterior
extension , . 3
With two pointed spinelike posterior extensions ... 4
3(2) Posterior extension pointed; VPL 162 ym;
t o e s 4 5 y m : L . 1 u dv> i a i
Posterior extension truncated; VPL 116 urn;
toes 40 jim: L. ohioensic
4(2) Posterior spines usually long and approximately
parallel; toes without claw; VPL 130 urn;
toes 48 ym: L. siokexi
82
-------
Leoane
Posterior spines usually short and divergent;
toes with claw; VPL 145-240 ym; toes (with
claw) 150-165 ym: L. leontina
5(1) Anterolateral margin with well developed spines ... 6
Anterolateral margin without spines but may have
small lateral cusps 7
6(5) Foot segment extends beyond posterior margin of
ventral plate; VPL 90 ym; toe (with claw)
40 ym: L. cvepida
Foot segment does not extend beyond posterior
margin of ventral plate; VPL 126 ym; toes
(with claw) 54 ym: L. muovonata
7(5) Anterolateral margin with cusps 8
Anterolateral margin without cusps 12
8(7) Foot segment extends beyond posterior margin of
ventral plate; VPL 145 ym; toes (with claw)
50 ym: L. mira
Foot segment does not extend beyond posterior
margin of ventral plate 9
9(8) Toes sharply pointed and continuous without claw;
VPL 110 ym; toes 37 ym: L. tudi-eola
Toes terminate with small sharply pointed claw .... 10
10(9) Anterior margin of dorsal plate concave; VPL
135 ym; toe (with claw) 65 ym: L. luna
Anterior margin of dorsal plate straight or
convex 11
11(10) Claws short (4 ym); VPL 75-80 ym; toes (with
claw) 23 ym: L. flexilis
Claws long (45 ym); VPL 255 ym; toes (with
claw) 120 ym: L. ungulata
12(7) Lorica weakly developed; BL 86 ym; toes (with
claw) 28 ym: L. inermis
Lorica well developed; VPL 73 ym; LW 56 ym; toes
(with claw) 33 ym: L. tenuiseta
83
-------
Lecane
O
O
c
c
L. mucronata
L. crept/la
L. flexil-is
L. mira L. tudioola
Plate 28. Lecane species
L. ungulata
84
-------
Lecane
L. tuna
L. tuna
L. ohioensis L. ludwigi
Plate 29. Leoane species
85
L. stokesi
-------
Lecane
o
o
I e or it ?' n a
L. tenu-iseta
L. tenuiseta,
lateral view
Plate 30. Leoane species
86
-------
Leoane
Additional Species
era
L.
i • intfast'*•;.(•) la.
31, Lee an? specie,,.
87
-------
Lecane
L. ligona
L. tnopinata
L. clara, corona extended
Plate 32. Lecane species
-------
Lepade11 a
GENUS LEPADELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1826 (malleate trophi)
Lepadella is a littoral genus uncommon in the limnetic
environment of the Great Lakes. Lepadella patella and
L. oval-is are the most frequently reported species.
Photomicrographs of the pond species Lepadella cristata
are presented on Plate 34.
References: Myers, 1934C, Ahlstrom, 1938; Wulfert, 1939;
and Chengalath, 1976.
Key to Species
1 Keel present on mediodorsal lorica surface 2
Keel absent on mediodorsal surface 3
2(1) Lorica elongate; stippled collar present at anterior
margin of lorica and along mediodorsal surface;
LL 110-120 ym; LW 55-88 ym; toes 20-28 ym:
L. vhomboides
Lorica circular in appearance; stippled collar
absent; LL 65-100 ym; LW 53-64 ym; toes
15-20 ym:
L. triptera
3(1) Posterior or lateral margin rounded without
spinelike projections 4
Posterior or lateral margin with spinelike
projections 5
4(3) Dorsal plate highly arched; terminal foot segment
longest; stippled collar on dorsal plate;
LL 90-108 ym; LW 65-90 ym; LD 50-35 ym;
toes 22-30 ym: L. patella
Dorsal plate moderately arched; terminal foot segment
longest; stippled collar on dorsal plate;
LL 93-155 ym; LW 70-130 ym; LD 25-30 ym;
toes 22-32 ym: L. oval-is
5(3) Posterior margin with single spinelike extension
arising from foot opening; LL 92-110 ym:
LW 55-72 ym; toes 23-35 ym: L. aaum-inata
Posterior and lateral margins with four broad-based
extensions; LL 70-94 ym; LW 75-90 ym; toes 19-
27 ym (left), 27-32 ym (right): L. erhrenbergi
89
-------
Lepade11 a
o
o
c
€
O
o
c
c
O
o
c
c
/
VT--K
^'^^^Wt s*/
Plate 33 . Lepade 11 a spec i c.-; .
90
-------
o
o
100
JJM
L. ehrenbergi (redrawn from L. tripi.eva; A3 vential view; B,
Chengalath, 1976) lateral view; C, cross - sectional
view (redrawn from Yoi|>t, 1957)
Additional Species
O
O
L. c-fisi-ata, ventral view L. evistatx, lateral view
Plate 34. Lepadella species.
91
-------
Lophoeharis
GENUS LOPHOCHARIS EHRBG. 1838 (malleate trophi)
Two Lophochar-is species have been reported from the
littoral areas of the Great Lakes. Lophoeharis salpina is
more common than L. oxysternon and may become locally
abundant. Lophoeharis salpina occurs in the planktonic
environment near river outfalls and eutrophic embayments.
This species was present in Lake Huron from May through
October, displaying peak abundance in June (Stemberger et
al. , 1979) .
Additional reference: Voigt, 1957.
Reported Species
Lophoeharis salpina: dorsal keel broadly rounded in
cross-sectional view; anterior margin serrated; LL 120-136 ym;
toes 25-39 ym.
Lophoeharis oxysternon: dorsal keel pointed in cross-
sectional view; anterior margin not serrated; LL 120 ym;
toes 24 ym.
92
-------
Lophocharis
O
O
fe
m
L. salpina, lateral view
L. salpina, ventrolateral view
B
Cross-sectional views; a, L. salpina;
t>} L. oxysternon (redrawn from Voigt, 1957)
Plate 35. Lophoeharis species.
93
-------
Monostyla
GENUS MONOSTYLA EHRENBERG 1830 (malleate trophi)
Some authors combine Monostyla and Leaar.e species under
the single genus Leoane , as suggested by Edmondson (1935).
However, for practical purposes, these genera are treated
separately in this guide. Species are common to shallow,
littoral areas but are frequently encountered in the limnetic
zone, especially in eutrophic environments such as harbors
and river mouths. The most commonly reported Great Lakes
Monostyla species are M. lunaris and M. clostevoaeroa.
Because of the large number of species in this genus,
additional species not covered in the guide may be found in
the Great Lakes. Species occur primarily from late spring
through fall. Twelve species have been reported, mainly from
the littoral zone of the Great Lakes (Appendix A).
A photomicrograph of the inland lake species Monostyla
ovenata is presented on Plate 37.
Additional references: Harring and Myers, 1926 and
Chengalath and Mulamoottil, 1974.
Key to Species
1 Anteromedian spines present; VPL 142 ym; toe (with
claw) 68 ym: M. quadvidentata
Anteromedian spines absent 2
2(1) Anterior margin of lorica straight or slightly
concave 3
Anterior margin of lorica with deep sinus 5
3(2) Toe without claw; VPL 78 ym; toe 33 ym: M. olosterooeroa
Toe with claw 4
4(3) Foot segment extends slightly beyond posterior end
of body; toe nearly parallel-sided; VPL 80 ym;
toe (with claw) 39 ym: M. obtusa
Foot segment does not extend beyond posterior end
of body; toe widest at middle; VPL 94 ym; toe
(with claw) 38 ym: M. copeis
94
-------
Monostyla
5(2) Anterodorsal margin with narrow u-shaped notch; VPL
118 ym; toe (with claw) 58 ym: M. bulla
Anterodorsal margin without u-shaped notch 6
6(5) Anterior margin with small incurved cusps; VPL
118 ym; LW 96 ym; toe (with claw) 51 ym:
Af. stenvoosi
Anterior margin without cusps 7
7(6) Body width about two-thirds body length; VPL 118 ym;
LW 86 ym; toe (with claw) 66 ym: M. lunaris
Body width about equal to body length; VPL 138 ym;
LW 132 ym; toe (with claw) 57 ym: M. cornuta
95
-------
Monostyla
bull a
M. quadridentata
M. lunavis
M. stenpoosi
M. oornuta
A/. alostevoGevaa
Plate 36. Monostyla species.
96
-------
M. copeis
MM
M. o'btusa; Aj ventral view
lateral view (redrawn from
and Myers, 1926)
Additional Specie:
O
O
M. oren at a
Plate 37. Monosiyla species
97
-------
Myti Una
GENUS MYTILINA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1826 (malleate trophi)
Three species and one variety of Mytilina have been
reported from littoral areas of the Great Lakes (Appendix A)
but are uncommon. The lorica is well developed with spines
on anterior and posterior margins.
Reference: Voigt, 1957.
Most Likely Encountered Species
Mytilina ventralis var. bvevispina: LL 176-215 ym.
Mytilina ventralis var. macracantha: LL 250-350 ym.
98
-------
Myti Una
M. ventvalis var. brevispina,
lateral view
M. veritralis var. maor>aeantha
lateral view
M. ventralis var. maaraaantka, ventral view
Plate 38. Mytilina species.
99
-------
Notholca
GENUS NOTHOLCA GOSSE 1886 (malleate trophi)
Most species in the genus Notholca are cold stenotherms
and are the primary components of the winter rotifer plankton.
Notholca lauventiae, N. squamula and N. foliacea are the
three major species of the genus in the Great Lakes. They
display peak abundance during early spring and may occur in
the hypolimnion during summer. Notholca acuminata is common
at inshore areas during winter and spring and is considered
stenophagus, feeding primarily on small centric diatoms.
Notholca labis is an uncommon limnetic species of the
spring plankton. In inland lakes of northern lower Michigan
the species also occurs during summer and fall (Stemberger,
unpublished). The species displays great variability in
European lakes (Pejler, 1957).
Notholoa squamula has small and large forms which occur
in the Great Lakes (Stemberger, 1976). Further biometrical
studies are needed to establish more firmly the status of
this large form. If morphometric discontinuity exists between
the forms as well as ecological differences, the large form
should be established as a separate species. The large form
appears in spring and seems to be locally common at near-shore
areas.
Notholca michiganens-is, a species reported for Michigan
inland lakes, has not been reported for the Great Lakes. The
species is morphologically similar to the large form of
N. squamula. However, the species differ in size, body shape
and length of anterior spines (Stemberger, 1976; TABLE 3;
Figure 13).
Notholca caudata, the largest and rarest member of the
genus in the Great Lakes, is regarded as a possible glacial
relict species (Pejler, 1962c). A single specimen found in
the Straits of Mackinac during June 1976 represents the first
record of the species in North America. Its occurrence in
the Great Lakes may be accidental, as a result of being
carried to North America by ships from European waters.
Additional references: Pejler, 1962a, 19772?; Kutikova,
1970; Bjorklund, 1972; and Nauwerck, 1972.
100
-------
Nofho lea
TABLE 3. PERTINENT MEASUREMENTS FOR THREE SPECIES
OF
Not'holoa Species
N. laurenti,ae
LLd
LW
AMS
AIS
ALS
W/L
N. squamula (typical form)
LL
LW
AMS
AIS
ALS
W/L
N. squamula (large form)
LL
LW
AMS
AIS
1
Range
192-
115-
14-
6-
4-
0.49-
112-
70-
12-
7-
10-
0.55-
152 -.
120-
12-
3 -
250
163
33
15
8
0.86
160
109
25
16
16
0.79
.196
147
26
12
1 •
Mean
225
142
24
9
5
0
133
90
19
9.
14
0
177
133
20
7
.54
.08
.96
.94
.38
.63
.43
.19
.15
53
.03
.68
.10
.60
.50
.00
1
SD
10
7
4
1
1
0
9
7
2
1
1
0
10
8
3
2
. 3
.1
7
5
.60
.7
.2
5
1
.04
.17
.88
.3
.7
.4
.0
.7
.1
.3
.1
1
8
4
5
0
6
0
9
N
23
23
23
c
2
2
2
53
3
23
23
7
2
0
228
169
30
40
22
3
3
3
8
0
0
0
30
(continued)
101
-------
Notholoa
Notholoa Species
/i7. squamula continued
ALS
W/L
N, m-ichi-ganensi-s
LL
LW
AMS
AIS
ALS
W/L
Range
12-22
0.69-0.87
180-220
110-180
18-38
5-18
15-25
0.54-0.88
Mean
17.
0.
199.
144.
28.
9.
19.
0.
10
77
51
85
51
58
67
73
SD
2
0
7
7
4
1
2
0
.42
.05
.64
.29
.15
.82
.22
.04
Nc
30
30
269
269
205
153
30
269
aModified from Stemberger, 1976.
All measurements given are in micrometers.
GNumber of individuals measured.
Abbreviations: LL = lorica length; LW = lorica width; AMS =
anteromedian spines; AIS = anterointermediate spines; ALS =
anterolateral spines; W/L = ratio of lorica width to lorica
length.
102
-------
Notholea
No thole a michiganensis
180 i
160"
i40
o
o
lool
80i
Notholca squamula
( large form)
Notholca laurentiae o
Notholca squamu/a
(typical form)
ICO
1 20
I40
I60 ISO 200
Lorica length (JJM)
220
240
260
Figure 13. Variation in lorica length and width among three
"?">.o/aa species ('modified from Stemberger, 1976).
in.2;
-------
A7 o t l" o 1 e a
Key to Species
Broad posterior spinelike extension of lorica
present and of variable length, either
t r 1 1 )"> c :.< red o" T'c i_' i-j-_ pd , ,-,,,, .,,-.,.* , ..
Posterior margin of lorica rounded, without
spirit-like projections (yeni ly rounded pi o f rr>s i. on
:>:>' > be ui escnt ) , . ..... « , , .„,,«,,,,,,„ „ . . .
2(1) Posterior extension truncated ..,„„.,.....,...,,.„,,,. 3
Posterior extension ihort
4(3) Anterolaterai spines much shorter than anteromedian
5(4) Bouy ei'Hiome; L>_ '-J(> .'-.-d! ', -a: posterior extcri?i ;r.i
6(2) She r • oo.. n" cd ;> vrr -?i .,.•;, ,- "\x. ,ei'. : idi projecting
s 1 i g h 1 1 y (3 o r s a d ', n\ e d i o v e n t: r a 1 ridge p r e s e n t ,
'.". •'.'.' > ' r f .y <: •--? • • « "r -,'-•! v -^". . . o st r ia ti on^ ; LT. '. <"• .':
r"'U VH' : '7, fci^uc-j^'.i (: Arconot-'nulof: ., o ;- •> ocf a )
Lri):c, fr:-;])tf:-^ ;K/V _ c ? .• or -;x . en? i on ., LL ^^00 ].nn •, ,7 cc.udoia
7(1) AiH'-O! ol^'reral spu.ei
u:nxesL, ciiscxiici. clcri in posteiior rii
b e '" i'.r r e n d o r s a 1 " i \ d v e n t r a 1 plates:
AC. LI 1 12-160 M-TI.
A' , rff''; vnit
>« * i " r" '' -; o T. i ITT-
f' ',. •. ' j ' O ^, " i :;' D |-u!i ,
A?. squamulet \ *.'<.•'"•>(£. i"C':-'
' 0 /; ' I ri -. .~n
' , t J I 5 ', t/( ' L. ^ -J !J ill .,
/I* r," • s-, ;"
-------
A' a t h o 'I G a
O
O
O
o
o
o
foliaoea
N. lab i
Plate 39. /"' c? i- /-/ o I c- > s p
10 b
-------
NotLolca
O
P
t
*
A', laupentiae
N. laurent-iac
N. 2aurertiae
\
V^^-lf^^jfify*^
<&£•&
!VOw*j»
A1, squcirnula N. squatr.ula
Plate 40. Nothoica species.
106
-------
Notholoa
N. squamula trophi (compressed
specimen), small form (original
drawing)
O
O
12
£
N. squamula, large form
N. squamula trophi, large form
(original drawing)
N. miah'igariens'ii
Plate 41. Nctholoa species
107
-------
Notommata
GENUS NOTOMMATA EHRENBERG 1830 (virgate trophi)
Nine Notommata species have been reported from littoral
areas of Lakes Erie and St. Clair. Members of this genus may
become locally abundant in shallow littoral areas and are
probably adventitious to the limnetic plankton. Although
this genus superficially resembles Proales and Encentvum,
the structure of the nouthparts provides an adequate basis
for distinction between the genera. Species of this soft-
bodied genus may become highly contracted in formalin.
Species in this genus vary greatly in their selection of
food. Notommata oopeus prefers filamentous Zygnematales.
Notommata pachyura eats solitary desmids and N. collar-is eats
only C'lostevium species. Notommata aurita is carnivorous,
feeding on other rotifers and their eggs (Pourriot, 1965a,
1977) .
Additional references: Marring and Myers, 1922, 1924;
and Myers, 1933a.
Representative Species
Notommata aurita: TL 250-350 ym; toes 16-20 ym;
trophi 36 ym.
Notommata aopeus: TL 600-1,000 ym; toes 50-60 ym;
trophi 90-100 ym.
108
-------
Notommata
,^(^
S^-y-VX
yj!?,''• -:" l,. ^
Notommata sp.
A
B
N. aurita trophi; A} lateral view;
B, ventral view (redrawn, from
Barring and Myers, 1922)
N. aopeus trophi (redrawn
from Harring and Myers, 1922)
Notommata sp.,
dorsal view
Plate 42. Notommata species.
109
-------
Platyias
GENUS PLATYIAS BARRING 1913 (malleate trophi)
Platyias patulus and P. quadvicornis have been reported
in the Great Lakes. Platyias patulus is placed in the genus
Braohionus by some workers (Wiszniewski, 1954; Wulfert, 1965).
Both Platyias species have a segmented, moderately rigid foot,
whereas species in Brachionus have an annulated, soft,
retractable foot. The species are uncommon in littoral areas
of the Great Lakes and are most frequently encountered during
summer months. Their presence in the limnetic environment
may be an indication of eutrdphy.
Platyi^as patulus may be a detritovore but the species
was successfully cultured on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Pourriot,
1965a).
Additional reference: Ahlstrom, 1940.
Only Reported Species
Platyias patulus: four posterior and ten anterior spines
present; LL 150-265 ym; LW 108-163 ym; PS 24-86 ym, 15-25 ym,
19-30 ym, 17-82 ym; ALS 29-44 ym; AIS 27-38 ym; AMS 38-50 ym;
DALS 98-152 ym; pectoral spines 27-42 ym, 21-28 ym.
Platyias quadvieornis : two posterior and two antero-
median spines present; LL 174-360 ym; LW 122-265 ym; PS 17-
80 ym; AMS 34-70 ym; DALS 75-152 ym; toes 25-59 ym.
110
-------
P I. a ~b y i- a s
a
o
c
M
P. -7 uc:•-/c I c'Gmi s (arrow
indicates foot)
Plate 43.
Platyias species.
Ill
-------
v,:;-v>,'S yi.>',P.SOMA HERRIL'K 1885 (virgute trophi)
T;<.~uo i-/\ ;.'?// ,-3 species, P. I ent i cul ar> fi , P. tr uneaten .
•'•",v -"'. ,'-/.i-' : ';;, , occur in the Great Lakes from sprirg thio'-gr-
'• j -I ! -, i";fcr. .c-ak abundance in July and August, P'loesoma
hudcc-'-ii is the least common of the three species and displays
the £re". tesr. morphological variation in size and appearance of
'' '~ '. '''>>. :•'.-: v: • fa co . A large form of this species which
oxcocus "'">'') i;ni in body length has the posterior portion o c the
^;jtiy elongated. A fourth species, P, -cr La cant hum ,
_/ .-c;,:urs in acid and humic waters of the region
fStcm'-jei r.er . unpublished). Myers (1934^) described a related
SDorl^;-, 'r ^ ::,"!:- [•'i oc 3 ->r:a formosurn from Mourn; Dose] c Island,
A i : :•: T ; - v I e s a r o omnivorous. In 1 a b o r a t o r y e y, p e r i m e n t s «
.r , i ;'';,<;:.;:;;',"/ iron Douglas Lake, Michigan were observed to
ico.;l CT> '--.:? .'.f, •'••••', 'l-;t;;on''i.3 and the rotifers Polua^i-hra and
\:ynt-f' -:-j ;-.(• ( St c'^berger and Fuller, unpublished). Pourriot
i'19t:r)."i reporled cannabilism for P. hudsoni . He also found
rjKmthpur L;> ol Eexarb'nra, F-ilini-a, Conoahilo-i'.dfls and Polyarfhra
ifi, i t 2 [ri;t -
i\v.'J :. !. .in^a I references: Edmondson, 1959 and Rutr.rier-
KOJ i sko , 19 / 4- ,
i Ridge pattern on lorica absent; lorica thin with
vesiculate texture; LL 300-600 urn: P. hudsoni
Ridge pattern on lorica present 2
2(1) Anterior margin of lorica straight without spinelike
projection; LL 150-300 ym: P, truncat-^m
Aricrior margin of lorica with single short,
brnat-based spine; lorica with honeycombed
joundaeion pattern; LL 150-300 urn: P. lentieula±'e
112
-------
O
o
\
P, Hudson-:,
s\i.:'tc 44, Ploeroma species.
113
-------
P. truncatum,
dorsal view
IM
O
O
P. p rw nc- a t UM w i t}\ Po 11< a f fhva
vulgaris prey
y"~. Jr^
AdditiQTi;i I •••}>'•> '•'•'-*
P. f--i"?'rc--»- .-
Plate 45. Ploesoma species,
114
-------
Polyarthra
GENUS POLYARTERA EHRENBERG 1834 (virgate trophi)
Five Polyarthra species which occur in the Great Lakes
can usually be distinguished by comparing body and fin length
(TABLE 4; Figure 14). Polyarthra vulgaris may be perennial
and is one of the major rotifer species in the Great Lakes.
Its maximum abundance occurs from June through October.
Polyarthra doliohoptera occurs from March through June.
Maximum abundance occurred during May in Lake Huron
(Stemberger et al., 1979). Polyavthra remata is the smallest
of the limnetic species in the genus . It occurs from May
through December with peak abundance from October through
December. In inland lakes the species may be perennial
(Fuller et al., 1977). Polyarthra major appears during summer
and fall, displaying peak abundance in July and August. The
species was present thoyghout the year in Douglas Lake,
Michigan (Fuller et al., 1977). Polyarthra euvyptera, a warm
stenotherm, occurs during summer and fall. The species was
never observed during winter months in inland lakes
(Stemberger, unpublished).
Two species of uncertain status, P. dissimulans Nipkow
and P. longiremis Carlin, are apparently transitional forms
between P. vulgaris and P. doliahoptera and have been reported
for Lake Ontario by McNaught, Markello and Giovannangelo
(1973).
Polyarthva vulgar-is eats Cryptomonas, Chrysoooccus and
Rhodomonas (Edmondson, 1965; Pourriot, 1977). Buikema et al.
(1977) raised P. vulgaris in culture on cryptophytes and
small protozoans of the genus Bodo.
Additional references: Carlin, 1943; Nipkow, 1952;
Sudzuki, 1964; Nauwerck, ly/2; and Guiset, 1977.
115
-------
Polyarthra
TABLE 4. FIN LENGTH AND BODY LENGTH OF POLYARTHRAa'b
Polyarthra Spec_ies__ Rang_e __ ^£a5 SD_ N
c
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
vulgaris
Body Length
Fin Length
dol-Lchoptera
Body Length
Fin Length
maj OT
Body Length
Fin Length
eupyptepa
Body Length
Fin Length
vemata
Body Length
Fin Length
90.7 151 .9 117 .5 10.6 113
78.4-135.0 112.4 11.6 113
83.3-159.3 117.9 12.5 64
135.0-208.3 153.8 13.9 63
134.8-200.9 162.2 17.6 37
105.4-166.0 133.0 13.7 37
171.5-188.7 178.4 6.2 10
122.5-149.5 135.8 8.7 10
72.0-117.6 91.0 12.0 54
85.0-131,0 109.1 10.5 54
aBased on data from Nauwerck (1972) and unpublished data
collected from Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Douglas Lake
(Michigan).
All measurements given are in micrometers.
^Number of individuals measured.
116
-------
Po
20CH
60-
eu
c
L
100-
50-
50
R dolichoptera o
Pmajor D
Premata
I i i > i § i i i i
100 150
Body length (JJM)
.•* iPeuryptera
Figure 14. Variation in fin length and body length among five
Polyarthra species (data derived from Stemberger, unpublished,
and Nauwerck, 1972).
117
-------
Polyarthra
Key to Species
1 With a pair of small ventral fins (finlike
appendages) arising from anterior third of
ventral body surface 2
Without ventral fins 3
2(1) Narrow swimming fins which extend considerably beyond
posterior end of body; 8 nuclei in vitellarium;
BL 80-160 ym; fin length 135-210 ym: P. dolichoptera
Swimming fins extend only slightly beyond posterior
end of body; 8 nuclei in vitellarium; BL 90-
150 ym; fin length 70-135 ym: P. vulgaris
3(1) Swimming fins wide (50-70 ym) and ovate; 12 nuclei
in vitellarium; BL 170-190 ym; fin length 120-
150 ym: P. euryptera
Swimming fins <50 ym wide 4
4(3) Swimming fins 20-40 ym wide, strongly serrated;
8 nuclei in vitellarium; BL 135-200 ym; fin
length 105-170 ym: P. major
Swimming fins narrow (<20 ym) and extend slightly
beyond posterior end of body; 4 nuclei in
vitellarium; BL 70-120 ym; fin length 85-135 ym:
P. remata
118
-------
Po lyar-fhra
t
P. vulgar-is (arrow
indicates ventral fins)
P. vulgar-is
P. vulgaris
O
o
t:
£
ci(j i.-i-chr-f t-eva tj . 'j.oli
Plate 46. Pclyan kra species.
119
} with egg
-------
Polyarthra
M
O
O
P. major
P. major
P. euryptera P. euryptera
Plate 47. Polyarthra species.
120
-------
Polyarthra
P. euvyptera
P. Temata (arrow indicates
lateral antennae)
P. remata
Plate 4-8. Polyarthra species
121
-------
GENUS POMPHOLYX GOSSE 1851 (malleoramate trophi)
Although two Pompholyx species have been reported for the
Great Lakes area (Campbell, 1941; Nauwerck, 1972; Stenberger
et al., 1979), it is likely that P. complanata is a synonym
for the valid species P. sulcata (Sudzuki, 1964). The species
is eurythermous but displays its greatest abundance during
summer. It predominates in nearshore areas and eutrophic
embayments and may be a useful indicator of eutrophy in the
Great Lakes. Pompholyx feeds on detritus arid its associated
bacteria (Pourriot, 1977).
Additional reference: Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974.
Only Valid Species
Pompholyx suloata: body ovate; body has four lobes in
cross - sectional view; LL 100-120 ym.
122
-------
Pompholyx
Pompholyx sulcata, with egg
Plate 49. Pompholyx sulcata
123
-------
Pro ales
GENUS PROALES GOSSE 1886 (malleate trophi)
Four species of the genus Proales have been reported
from littoral environments of Lakes Erie and St. Clair
(Appendix A), The species may become locally abundant in
harbors and inshore areas. Members of the genus are without
a stiffened lorica and may become highly contracted when
preserved in formalin. Undetermined species of the genus
have been observed in Lake Michigan inshore waters (Stemberger,
unpublished). Some species in the genus are algivorous,
others omnivorous (Pourriot, 1965a) .
Additional references: Harring and Myers, 1922, 1924;
Myers, 1933a; and Koste, 1976.
Representative Species
Proales decipiens: TL 175-250 ym; toes 12-16 ym; trophi
15 ym (length), 23 ym (width).
Proales sordida: TL 275-300 ym; toes 15 ym; trophi 48 ym.
124
-------
Proales
O
o
Proales sp.
P. sordida trophi (redrawn
from Wulfert, 1939)
B
P. decipiens trophi; A, lateral view; B, ventral view
(redrawn from Harring and Myers, 1922)
Plate 50. Proales species.
125
-------
StephanaceTOt
GENUS STEPEANOCEROS EHRENBERG 1832 (uncinate trophi)
Stephanaceros fimbviatus occasionally appears in the
limnetic environment. The species is a probable component of
the benthic environment as it normally lives attached to a
substrate. It has been reported in the Great Lakes only
during summer. This species, like Collobheca, feeds by
trapping its prey in the bristles of the coronal lobes.
References: Berzins, 1951; Koste, 1974; and Wallace,
1977.
Most Common Species
Stephanoaer-os fimbriatus: with five large pointed
coronal lobes about as long as body, having setae arranged in
spirals along length of lobes; foot long and narrow; body
encased in gelatinous sheath; TL 900-1500 vim.
126
-------
Stephanooeros
S. fim.br-iatus
S. f-imbri-atus
2
=5
O
O
S. fimbriatus, contracted
Plate 51. Stephanaeevos fimbriatus
127
-------
Synchaeta
GENUS SYNCHAETA EHRENBERG 1832 (virgate trophi)
Eight Synchaeta species have been recorded for the Great
Lakes. Two species, S. asymmetrica and S. kitina, may have
synonyms in the European literature. Although S. kitina is
considered a synonym for 5. tvemula by Ruttner-Kolisko (1974),
it is likely that S. kitina is a valid species based on the
dentition of the uncus and small body size (Plate 56). The
drawing of the species, measurements,and seasonal distribution
given by Rousselet (1902) agrees with the Great Lakes form.
The cold stenothermal species S. asymmetrica agrees with
the description of the trophi given by Koch-Althous (1963).
The position of the lateral antennae, however, are not
asymmetrically located as depicted in the original description.
The species morphologically resembles the European species
5. verrucosa Nipkow and S. calva Ruttner-Kolisko, and may be
synonymous with them.
The only species reported for the Great Lakes area not
recorded in recent studies is S. longipes. The similarity of
S, longipes (see Rousselet, 1902) to S. stylata suggests that
the species may be synonymous.
Most of the Synchaeta species display strong seasonal
distribution. Synchaeta grandis, the largest of the Great
Lakes Synchaeta, is an uncommon spring species. In Lake Huron
it was only present in June (Stemberger et al., 1979).
Synchaeta stylata occurs spring through fall, with maximum
abundance during late spring and summer. It often co-occurs
with S. kitina in spring. Synchaeta kitina may be present in
the plankton from late summer through fall and sometimes
displays both spring and fall maxima. Synchaeta pectinata is
eurythermous and may be present throughout the year.
Synchaeta oblonga, a rare summer species, is present from
fall through spring in inland lakes. The species usually does
not co-occur with the cold stenotherm S. lakowitziana in
inland lakes (Stemberger, unpublished).
Synchaeta lakowitziana is present throughout the year.
During summer months it occurs only in the hypolimnion. It
is a major Synchaeta species of the Great Lakes in winter.
This species co-occurs with the cold stenotherm S. asymmetric a,
128
-------
Synchaeta
which has a similar seasonal and spatial distribution and may
be an indicator of oligotrophy in inland lakes (Gannon and
Stemberger, 1978) .
Pourriot (1977) considers Synohaeta a grasping species
based on the virgate trophi. Some species feed on cryptomonads,
chrysomonads and centric diatoms.
Additional references: Donner, 1959; Pourriot, I965b;
Kutikova, 1970; Ruttner-Kolisko, 1970; and Koste, 1976.
Key to Species
2(1)
3(2)
4(1)
5(4)
Uncus weakly developed, thin and transparent; inner
margin without teeth
Uncus well developed; inner margin with teeth
Inner margin of uncus with small nuptuals; body
large; a single eyespot; long foot with two
pedal glands fused near toes; TL 400-600 ym:
Inner margin of uncus smooth without nuptuals
g rcndt. 3
3
Eye crescent-shaped; foot long and pointed with
single pedal gland; foot terminates in two
minute toes; TL 200-300 ym: S. stylata
Eye circular; foot short; apical field has two
prominent antenna-like projections; inner
margin of uncus with fine striations; TL
340-511 ym: S. peotinata
Inner margin of uncus with single rounded tooth;
foot large, terminating in two small toes;
outer margin of rami well defined; two eyespots
clearly separated; apical field without cirri;
cold stenotherm; TL 275-300 ym: S. asymmetvioa
Uncus with six or seven teeth 5
Uncus without deep indentations between teeth;
eyespots separate; TL 225-300 ym: S. lakowitziana
Uncus with one or more deep indentations between
teeth 6
129
-------
Synchaeti
6(5) Uncus highly elongate and curved with three or
four deep grooves; body very small and cone-
shaped; lateral antennae located at base of
foot; two eyespots distinctly separate;
TL 90-150 ym: S. kitina
Uncus with one deep indentation or groove between
teeth 7
7(6) Uncus divided into two parts by a medial cleft, with
three teeth in posterior portion; eyespots
separate; body cone-shaped, but swollen at sides;
rounded at anterior margin; lateral antennae
located in posterior third of body; TL 215-
250 ym: S. oblong a
Uncus divided into two parts by a medial cleft, with
two defined teeth in rounded posterior portion;
eyespots distinctly separate; anterior margin of
corona straight; body cone-shaped; lateral
antennae located near base of foot; may attach
to substrate by thin thread secreted by pedal
glands; TL 175-250 urn: S. tic emu La
130
-------
Synohaeta
S. grandis
S. grandis trophi
(original drawing)
S. grandis uncus and ramus
(original drawing)
Plate 52.
S. stylata trophi 5. stylata uncus
(original drawing) and ramus
(original drawing)
Synahaeta species.
131
-------
Synohaeta
S. peotinata
S. pectinata trophi S. pectinata uncus
(original drawing) and ramus (original
drawing)
OJ
S. asyrnmetTica
S. asymmetrica trophi S. asymmetrica
(original drawing) uncus and ramus
(original drawing)
Plate 53. Synohaeta species.
132
-------
Synohaeta
S. lakowitziana
S. lakowitziana,
foot contracted
S. lakowitziana,
fully contracted
S. lakowitziana trophi
(original drawing)
in
CJ
S. lakow-itziana
uncus and ramus
(original drawing)
Plate 54. Synohaeta lakowitziana
133
-------
Synchaeta
S. oblonga
:*W'^teii,
|«^1;T
S. oblonga trophi
(original drawing)
S. oblonga uncus and ramus
(original drawing)
S. tremula
Plate 55
S. tremula trophi S. tremula uncus
(original drawing) and ramus
(original drawing)
Synshaeta species.
134
-------
Synchaeta
5. kitina
o
to
S. kitina, ventral view
(original drawing)
o
o
c
€
S. kitina
10
CM
y
S. kitina trophi
S. kitina unci and rami
(original drawing)
Plate 56. Synshaeta kitina
13 S
-------
Testudinella
GENUS TESTUDINELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1826
(malleoraraate trophi)
Three species of the uncommon genus Testudinella have
been reported from the littoral areas of the Great Lakes.
Some species appear highly variable and their taxonomy
uncertain (cf. Voigt, 1957; Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974). Lorica
size, shape, and cross-sectional view, as well as the position
of the foot opening and of the lateral antennae are taxonomic
characteristics used to discriminate between species. The
genus is in need of revision.
Additional references: Myers, 1934a, 1942; Ahlstrom,
1938; Carlin, 1939; and de Beauchamp, 1955.
Representative Species
Testudinella patina f. triloba: foot opening medio-
ventral; lateral antennae located on anterior thi'rd of lorica;
LL 120-160 ym.
Testudinella veflexa: foot opening subterminal; lateral
antennae located on anterior third of lorica; lorica trilobate
in cross-sectional view; LL 115-156 ym.
Testudinella parva: foot opening subterminal; lateral
antennae located on posterior third of lorica; LL 99 ym;
LW 95 ym.
136
-------
Testudinella
T. patina £. triloba
100
JJM
T. reflexa (redrawn from
Ahlstrom, 1938)
.*
o
o
c
m
T. parva (arrows indicate
position of lateral
antennae)
100
JJM
T. parva (redrawn from
Voigt, 1957)
Plate 57. Testudinella species.
137
-------
Triahocerea
GENUS TR1CHOCERCA LAMARCK 1801 (virgate trophi)
The large littoral genus Triahocerca has a number of
species which commonly occur in the limnetic plankton. The
virgate trophi and fusiform body are asymmetrical but the
asymmetry of the body is not always evident unless the
animal is viewed from several angles. Toes are usually
unequal in length, but some species such as Trichocerca tigris
and T. sulcata have two toes of equal length. The most
commonly reported species in the Great Lakes are T, multicrinis
T. parceling, T. rousseleii, T. cylindriaa and T. pusilla.
The species occur from spring through fall and display peak
abundance in early summer or fall. Triohocerca multicrinis
has been reported only for North America. Trichocerca
multicrinis, T. aylindvica, and T. pusilla are associated
with eutrophic waters but are less consistent as indicators
than species of other genera such as Brachionus and
Anuraeopsis.
Trichocerca show a wide range of feeding habits.
Trichocerca oapuoina sucks the yolks from eggs of other
rotifers (Wulfert, 1956a) ; T. bicristata feeds on desmids
such as Closterium and Staurastrum; T. insignis prefers
Chaetophorales and some Ulothricales; and T. long-iseta
prefers species of the Zygnematales (Pourriot, 1970).
Photomicrographs of Trichocerca capucina, T. iernis,
T. insolens and T. lophoessa are presented on Plates 60 and
61. These species have been reported in psammon and littoral
environments of the Great Lakes.
Additional references: Jennings, 1903; Wulfert, 1956ft;
and Chengalath and Mulamoottil, 1975.
Key to Species
1 With one or more anterior mucrones ('spinel ike
projections) 2
Without anterior mucrones 7
2(1) With nine mucrones (or folds) on anterior margin;
BL 85-110 ym; longest toe 30 ym: T. r-ousseleti
With single anterior mucro 3
With two anterior mucrones 4
138
-------
Trichocerca
3(2) Body ovoid; BL 180-200 ym; longest toe 90-100 ym:
T. multicfinis
Body elongate and cylindrical; anterior projection
hooked; BL 260-310 ym; toe 230-320 ym:
T, oylindvica
4(2) With' long left toe; right toe highly reduced;
BL 295-330 ym; toe 140-200 ym: T. longiseba
Two toes visible, with shorter toe more than
one-third length of longer toe 5
5(4) Mucrones long and slender of about equal length;
body shaped as elongated cone; BL 215-225 ym;
longest toe 5.0-60 ym: T. similis
Mucrones short, right larger than left (left
mucro may be overlooked) 6
6(5) Body short and curved, thick; foot and toes usually
turned beneath ventral surface of body; BL
140-150 ym; toes 50-60 ym: T. porcellus
Body long, slender and gently curved; shortest toe
about half length of longest toe; BL 200-260 ym;
longest toe 130-140 ym: T. insignis
7(1) Body with one or two keel-like dorsal ridges 8
Body without dorsal ridge 10
8(7) A single dorsal ridge present, extending about half
length of body; BL 170-180 ym; toe 130-160 ym:
T. rattus
Two dorsal ridges present 9
9(8) Ridges high and extending two-thirds length of body;
BL 250-300 ym; longest toe 230-250 ym:
T. blaristata
Ridges high and extending half length of body;
BL 180-200 ym; longest toe 120-150 yrn: T. mucosa
10(7) A single toe <75 ym in length; toe slightly bent
near base; body stout and short; BL 85-120 ym;
toe 43-63 ym: T. pusi'lla
Toe(s) >100 ym in length ••• H
139
-------
Triohoceroa
11(10) Body broadly ovate and dorsoventrally compressed;
BL 155-180 ym; toe 100-120 ym: T. lata
Body elongate and large; smaller toe 0.16 to 0.25
length of main toe; BL 245-460 ym; main toe
210-350 ym: T. elongata
140
-------
Tvichocerca
O
O
T. rousseleti
T. multi-crini s
\ A
T. cut'indr'ica
O
O
c
€
T. longiseta
Plate 58.
T. similis
T. poroellus
species
141
-------
Tr-ichoaer-oa
T. insignis (redrawn
from Jennings, 1903)
O
o
T. vattus (redrawn
from Jennings, 1903)
O
O
T. Tattus
T. muoosa T. biaristata T. pus-ilia
Plate 59. TrichoceTca species.
142
-------
M
O
o
f
T. elongata (redrawn
from JennJngs, 1903)
Additional Species
T. multiavinis male
T. iernis T. insolens
Plate 60. TriQhoceroa species.
143
-------
Tr-ichocerca
T. lophoessa
T. lophoessa trophi
Plate 61. Trichoceroa lophoessa
144
-------
Triehotria
GENUS TRICEOTRIA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 1827 (malleate trophi)
Two Triohotria species, T. tetraotis and T. pocillum,
occur in the littoral zone of the Great Lakes. The more
common species T. tetraetis is present sporadically in the
plankton from spring through fall. Spines on the second foot
segment are variable in length.
Reference: Wulfert, 1956&.
Reported Species
Triahotria pocillum: short spine located between toes;
TL 200-350 ym; toe 83-145 ym.
tetractis: no spine between toes; TL 218-
380 ym; toe 160 ym.
145
-------
:1
T. tetraotis, dorsal view
2'. tetractis, ] a t <~ s \i
T. pocillwrij Lateral view
Plate 62. Trichotria species.
146
-------
Tylotrocha
GENUS TYLOTROCHA HARKING AND MYERS 1922 (virgate trophi)
The genus Tylotroaha consists of the single species,
Tylotrooha monopus, which has not been reported outside
North America, This uncommon littoral species occasionally
occurs in the limnetic environment from spring through fall.
Morphologically the species resembles members of the
Notommatidae,, but differs in its highly modified virgate
trophi and some aspects of its internal anatomy and single
conical toe. Edmondson (1959) created a new family,
Tylotrochidae, for the species.
Additional reference: Harring and Myers, 1924.
Only Known Species
Tylotvocha monopus: body spindle-shaped; foot annulated
with single conical toe; two median lateral humps present on
body; specialized virgate trophi; TL 175-250 ym; toe 18-
24 urn; trophi 18 ym.
147
-------
Ty lotroo'ha
T. monopus, dorsal view
T. monopus trophi (redrawn
from Harring and Myers, 1924)
T. monopus, dorsal view
Plate 63. Tylotrocha monopui
148
-------
Wi-erzej skiella
GENUS WIERZEJSKIELLA WISZNIEWSKI 1934 (forcipate trophi)
Wievzejskiella velox has been reported in the psammon
of the Great Lakes (Seibel et al. , 1973) and also in the
psammon of Douglas Lake, Michigan, by Neel (1948). The genus
is closely related to Enaentrum and is distinguished from it
primarily by a longer foot. The species is probably a
predator. Koste (1976) reported a new form, W. velox f.
riceiae (Harring, 1913), which has mouthparts that appear
identical (although smaller) to W. velox of the Great Lakes
psammon.
Additional reference: Voigt, 1957.
Only Reported Species
Wierzejskiella velox: TL 230-350 ym; toes 22-30 urn;
trophi 30-53 ym.
149
-------
WieTzejs'ki.ella
W. velox
W. velox trophi
(original drawing)
W. velox trophi
Plate 64. Wierzejskiella velo;
150
-------
Class Digononta
CLASS DIGONONTA (ramate trophi)
The Digononta (Bdelloidea) are among the least known of
the Great Lakes rotifer groups. They commonly occur in the
plankton at the outfall of rivers and may be important
components of the benthic community. Members of the genera
Dissotrocha, Philodi-na and Rotar-ia are among the most
frequently encountered benthic species. The bdelloids may
occur in the benthos throughout the year. All members of the
Bdelloidea have ramate mouthparts and are strictly
parthenogenetic.
References: Burger, 1948; Pennak, 1953; Edmondson,
1959; and Donner, 1965 and 1972.
151
-------
Class Digononta (Bdelloidea)
O
it
Rotapia sp. 1
Rotaria sp. 2
Maerotraahela sp
Potaria sp. 2, ramate trophi
Plate 65. Representative genera of the Class Digononta
152
-------
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Nauwerck, A. 1972. Notes on the planktonic rotifers of Lake
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158
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Neal, G. M. 1958. Notes on some Dicranophorinae (Rotifera).
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159
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160
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161
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APPENDIX A
CHECKLIST OF LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES ROTIFERS WITH SYNONYMS
All rotifers which have been reported for the Laurentian
Great Lakes are included in this checklist. Synonyms include
only those cited in the Great Lakes literature. Sources for
synonyms are derived from the species compilations by Harring
(1913), Wisniewski (1954) and Voigt (1957).
All pertinent works on Great Lakes rotifers are listed
below in chronological order. Numbers which appear after each
species in the checklist refer to this list. Complete
citations for these publications appear in the References
section.
1. Jennings, 1894
2. Jennings, 1896
3. Kellicott, 1896
4. Kellicott, 1897
5. Jennings, 1900
6. Jennings, 1903
7. Eddy, 1927
8. Ahlstrom, 1934
9. Ahlstrom, 1936
10. Chandler, 1940
11. Davis, 1954
12. Secoy, 1962
13. Davis, 1962
14. Williams, 1966
15. Davis, 1968
16. Davis, 1969
17. Nauwerck, 1972
18. Leach, 1973
19. McNaught et al. , 1973
20. Britt et al., 1973
21. Seibel et al., 1973
22. Stemberger, 1974
23. Bricker et al., 1976
24. Stemberger, 1976
25. Stemberger et al. , 1979
162
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CLASS MONOGONONTA
ORDER PLOIMA
Family Brachionidae
Subfamily Brachioninae
Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse 1851) [8, 22, 25],
Brachiontis angularis Gosse 1851 [4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15,
16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25].
B. angularis var. bidens (Plate 1886) [17].
B. bidentata Anderson 1889 [23, 25],
B. budapestinensis Daday 1885 [8, 23].
B. oalyciftorus Pallas 1776 = B. pala Ehrbg. 1832 [4, 5, 8,
13, 16-19, 21, 22., 23, 25] .
B. oaudatus Barrois and Daday 1894 = B. angularis var.
oaudatus Barrois and Daday 1894 [9, 15, 21, 22, 25].
B. havanaensis Rousselet 1911 = [?] Sehizocevoa [Braehionus]
diversiaornis Daday 1883 [fide Ahlstrom, 1940] [7, 23,
25] .
B. quadridentatus Herman 1783 = B. oapsuliflorus Pallas
1766 = B. bakeri Ehrbg. 1830 = B. tuberculus Turner
1892 = B. tuberoulatus Turner 1892 [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 19,
21, 23, 25].
B. rubens Ehrbg. 1838 [23] .
B. ureeolaris Miiller 1773 [19, 22, 23, 25].
B. variabilis Hempel 1896 [25].
Epiphanes clavulata (Ehrbg. 1832) [8],
E. pelagioa (Jennings 1900) = Notops pelagious Jennings
1900 [5, 12].
Euchlanis alata Voronkov 1912 [8].
E. Galpidia (Myers 1930) = Dapidia oalpidia Myers 1930 [5],
E. deflexa (Gosse 1851) [1, 5, 12, 23].
E. dilatata Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 5, 8, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25].
E. lyva Hudson 1886 [1].
E. meneta Myers 1930 [8] .
E. oropha Gosse 1887 [1, 5, 23],
E. parva Rousselet 1892 [1, 8].
E. proximo. Myers 1930 [12] .
E. pyriformis Gosse 1851 [5] .
E. tviquetra Ehrbg. 1838 [1, 3, 5, 8, 23].
Kellioottia bostoniensis (Rousselet 1908) [17, 25].
163
-------
Kellicottia longispina (Kellicott 1879) = K. longicornis
Kellicott 1879 [lapsus calami] - Notholca longispina
Hudson and Gosse 1886 [1, 2, 4, 5, 7-13, 15, 16, 18,
19, 22, 23, 25].
Keratella cochleaTis cochlearis (Gosse 1851) = Anuraea
stipitata Ehrbg. 1838 = A. aochlearis Gosse 1851 [1-5,
7-23, 25].
K. aoohlearis f. teota (Gosse 1886) = Anuraea teata Gosse
1851 = A. aochlearis var. teota Lauterborn 1898 [4, 5,
17, 19, 23, 25] .
K. cochlearis var. faluta Ahlstrom 1943 [17].
K. cochlearis var. hispida (Lauterborn 1900) [17, 23, 25].
K. cochlearis var. robusta (Lauterborn 1900) [17, 19, 25].
K. crassa Ahlstrom 1943 [17, 19, 22, 23, 25].
K. earlinae Ahlstrom 1943 [17, 19, 22, 23, 25].
K. hiemalis Carlin 1943 [17, 19, 22, 25].
K. irregularis (Lauterborn 1900) [17, 19].
K. quadrata (Mu'ller 1786) = Anuraea aculeata Ehrbg. 1832 =
K. quadrata var. canadensis Berzins 1954 [1, 2, 5,
7-13, 15-23, 25].
K. serrulata (Ehrbg. 1838) = Anuraea serrulata Ehrbg. 1838
[1, 5].
K. taurocephala Myers 1938 [17].
K. valga (Ehrbg. 1834) [18, 22].
K. valga £. tropica (Apstein 1907) = K. valga £. tropica-
monospina Ahlstrom 1943 [nomen nudum] [17],
Lophocharis oxysternon (Gosse 1851) = Metopidia oxystevnum
Hudson and Gosse 1886 [3, 8].
L. salpina (Ehrbg. 1834) = Metopidia salpina Hudson and
Gosse 1889 [5, 25] .
Macroehaetus oollinsi (Gosse 1867) = Polyahaetus aollinsi
Tetnetz 1892 [5, 8].
M. serious (Thorpe 1893) = Polyahaetus serica Jennings
1900 [4].
M. subquadratus Perty 1850 = Polychaetus subquadratus
Perty 1852 [1, 4,5].
Microeodides ehlaena (Gosse 1886) = Stephanops chlaena
Gosse 1886 = Microdides orbiculodissus (Thorpe 1891)
[lapsus calami] = Micvooodiaes dubius Bergendal 1892 =
M. orbieulodiscus Jennings 1894 [1, 3, 4, 5].
Mytilina macrocera (Jennings 1894) = Salpina maarocera
Jennings 1894 [1] .
M. trigona (Gosse 1851) [8] .
M. ventralis (Ehrbg. 1832) = Salpina ventralis Ehrbg. 1832
[1,3,4,8].
M. ventralis var. brevispina (Ehrbg. 1832) = Salpina
brevispina Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8].
164
-------
Notholoa aouminata (Ehrbg. 1832) [13, 17, 19, 21-23, 25].
N. aouminata var, extensa Olofsson 1918 [17, 24],
N. oaudata (Carlin 1943) [Bricker, unpublished].
N. foliaoea (Ehrbg. 1838) = Argonotholca foliacea (Ehrbg.
1838) {fide Gillard, 1948] [8, 9, 17, 19, 21-25],
N. labis (Gosse 1887) [Stemberger, unpublished].
N. laurentiae Stemberger 1976 = N. striata (Miiller 1786) =
[?] N. soapha Gosse 1886 [2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17,
21-25] .
N. squamula (Miiller 1786) = N. striata (Miiller 1786) =
fl. scapha Gosse 1886 [5, 7, 17, 19, 21-25].
N. squamula "large form" [inoertae sedis] [24].
Platyias patulus (Miiller 1786) = Braohionus patulus Miiller
1786 = B. militaris Ehrbg. 1834 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12,
22, 23, 25] .
P. quadriaornis (Ehrbg. 1832) = Noteus quadriaornis Ehrbg.
1832 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 22, 25].
Trichotria pooillum (Miiller 1776) = Dinoohavis pocillum
Ehrbg. 1830 [1, 4, 5, 8],
T. tetractis (Ehrbg. 1830) = Dinooharis tetraotis Ehrbg.
1830 [1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 18, 23, 25].
Volga spinifera (Western 1894) = Triohotr-ia spinifera
(Western 1894) = Distyla spinifera Western 1894 [4, 8]
Subfamily Colurinae
Colurella biouspidata (Ehrbg. 1832) [8].
C. obtusa (Gosse 1886) = Colur-us obtusus Gosse 1886 [5, 8]
C. unoinata f. bicuspidata (Ehrbg. 1832) = Colurus
biauspidatus Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 5].
C. unoinata f. deflexa (Ehrbg. 1834) = Colurus deflexus
Ehrbg. 1834 [3, 5, 8].
Lepadella aouminata (Ehrbg. 1834) = Metopidia aouminata
Ehrbg. 1834 [1, 5, 8].
L. apsida Harring 1916 [8].
L. ehvenbevgi (Perty 1850) = Notogonia ehrenbergi Perty
1850 = Metopidia ehrenbevgi Jennings 1894 [1, 4, 5].
L. ovalis (Miiller 1786) = Metopidia lepadella Ehrbg. 1832
•= M. solidus Gosse 1851 [1, 3, 4, 5, 7].
L. patella (Miiller 1773) = Metopidia braotea Hudson and
Gosse 1886 [1, 5, 8,*9, 23, 25] .
L. rhomboides (Gosse 1886) = Metopidia rhomboides Gosse
1886 [1, 5, 8].
L. tviptera (Ehrbg. 1830) = Metopidia triptera Ehrbg.
1830 [1, 5,8].
165
-------
Squatinella mutioa (Ehrbg. 1832) = Stephanops mutious
Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 4, 5, 8].
S, rostrum (Schmarda 1846) = Stephanops lamellaris Ehrbg
1830 [3, 5],
Family Lecanidae
Lecane arcula Harring 1914 [8].
L, orepida Harring 1914 = Distyla gissensis Jennings 1900
[fide Eckstein, 1883] [5, 8].
L. eurvioopnis (Murray 1913) [8] .
L. flexilis (Gosse 1886) = Distyla flexilis Gosse 1886 [5,
8, 25] .
L. hastata (Murray 1913) [8] .
L. inermis (Bryce 1892) [Stemberger, unpublished].
L. leontina (Turner 1892) = Cathypna leontina Turner 1892
[1, 4, 5].
L. ludwigi (Eckstein 1883) = Distyla ludwigi Eckstein 1883
[1, 5,__8].
L. luna (Miiller 1776) = Cathypna luna Gosse 1886 [1, 3, 5,
8, 9, 12, 23, 25] .
L. mucronata Harring and Myers 1926 [25] .
L. ohioensis (Herrick 1885) = Distyla ohioensis Herrick
1885 [3, 4, 5, 8].
L. stokesi (Pell 1890) = Distyla stokesi Pell 1890 [1, 5].
L. tenuiseta Harring 1914 [8].
L. tudicola Harring and Myers 1926 [8].
L. ungulata (Gosse 1887) = Cathypna ungulata Gosse 1887
[1, 5, 8, 12].
Monostyla bulla Gosse 1851 [1, 3, 5, 8, 23].
M. closterocerca Schmarda 1859 [1, 2, 5, 8, 25].
M. oopeis Harring and Myers 1926 [8],
M. cornuta (Miiller 1786) [1, 5, 8].
M. hamata Stokes 1896 [8] .
M. lunaris (Ehrbg. 1832) [1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 23, 25].
M. obtusa Murray 1913 [25].
M. pyriformis Daday 1905 [12].
M. quadridentata Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 5, 8, 23].
M. rhopalura Harring and Myers 1926 [12].
M. rugosa Harring 1914 [8],
M. stenroosi Meissner 1908 [8].
166
-------
Family Proalidae
PToales deaipiens (Ehrhg. 1832) [5
P. parasita (Ehrbg. 1838) [8].
P. sordida (Gosse 1887) [1, S] .
P. wernecki (Ehrbg, 1834) [1, 5].
Family Notommatidae
Cephalodella auvioulata (Miiller 1773) = Notommata
laoinulata Ehrbg. 1830 = Proales gibbet. Gosse 1886 =
Diasohiza laoinulata Levander 1894 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8].
C. oatellina (Miiller 1786) = Diqlena catellina Ehrbg.
1830 [5].
C. orassipes (Lord 1903) [8].
C. for-fioula (Ehrbg. .1832) = Furcularia forfioula Ehrbg.
1838 [1, 5, 8].
C. gibbet (Ehrbg. 1832) = Furcularia gibba Ehrbg. 1832 =
Diasahiza semiaptera Gosse 1886 [1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 23,
25] .
C. graoilis (Ehrbg, 1832) = Vurcularia gvaoilis Ehrbg.
1832 [1, 8].
C. megalocephala (Glasscott 1893) [12].
C. pavasitioa (Jennings 1900) = Pleur-otvooha parasitioa
Jennings 1900 [5].
C. rotunda Wulfert 1937 [12] .
Itura aurita (Ehrbg. 1830) = Eosphora aurita Gosse 1856
[1, 4, 5].
Monommata grandis (Tessin 1890) [8].
M. longiseta (Miiller 1786) - Furoularia longiseta Lamarck
1816 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8].
Notommata auvita (Miiller 1786) [1, 3, 5].
N. braohyota Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 5].
N. cerberus (Gosse 1886) = Copeus cerberus Gosse 1886 [1,
5].
N. oollaris Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 5].
N. copeus Ehrbg. 1834 = Copeus ehvenber-gi Gosse 1886 =
C. labiatus Hudson and Gosse 1886 [1, 4, 5].
N. oyvtopus Gosse 1886 [8].
N. lenis Harring and Myers 1922 [8] .
N. paohyura (Gosse 1886) = Copeus paohyurus Gosse 1886 [S]
N. tripus Ehrbg. 1838 [1, 5].
PleuTotr-ooha petromyzon Ehrbg. 1830 = Notops laureritinus
Jennings 1894 = Pvoales laurentinus Jennings 1896 [1,
5].
167
-------
Scaridium longicaudum (Miiller 1786) [1, 3, 5
Taphroaampa annulosa Gosse 1851 [1, 2, 5, 8]
T. selenura Gosse 1887 [1, 5, 8].
Family Lindidae
t
Lindia torulosa Dujardin 1841 = iNotommata vorax Stokes
1697 [fide Wisniewski, 1954] = N. torulosa Eyferth
1878 [1, 4, 5].
L. truncata (Jennings 3894) = Notommata truncata Jennings
1894 [5].
Family Trichocercidae
Ascomorphella volvocicola (Plate 1886) = Hertwigia
volvocicola Plate 1886 = H. parasita Hood 1895 [4, 5,
12].
Trichocerca bicristata (Gosse 1887) = Mastigocerca
bicristata Gosse 1887 = Rattulus bicristatus Jennings
1903 [4, 5, 6, 8].
T. bicuspes (Pell 1890) = Mastigocerca biouspes Pell 1890
= Rattulus biouspes Jennings 1903 [1, 5, 6].
T. brachyura (Gosse 1851) = Coelopus brachyurus Gosse 1886
= Diurella braohyura Jennings 1903 [5, 6, 8].
T. capucina (Wierzejski and Zacharias 1893) = Mastigoceroa
oapucina Wierzejski and Zacharias 1893 = Rattulus
oapuoinus Jennings 1903 [1, 5, 6].
T. oylindrica (Imhof 1891) = Rattulus cylindrious Jennings
1903 [6, 7, 17, 18, 23, 25].
T. elongata (Gosse 1886) = Mastigoaeroa elongata Gosse
1886 = Rattulus elongatus Jennings 1903 [4, 5, 6, 8] .
T. graoilis (Tessin 1890) = Rattulus graoilis Jennings
1903 [6].
T. ievnis (Gosse 1887) = Rattulus gvaoilis Jennings 1903
[6].
T. insignis (Herrick 1885) = Diurella insignis Herrick
1885 [6, 8].
T. insolens (Myers 1936) [21].
T. lata (Jennings 1894) = Mastigoaerca lata Jennings 1894
= Rattulus latus Jennings 1903 [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 23].
T. longiseta (Schrank 1802) = Mastigocerca biaornis Hudson
and Gosse 1886 = Rattulus longiseta Jennings 1903 [1-6,
8, 10].
168
-------
Triohooeraa lophoessa (Gosse 1886) [12].
T. maoera (Gosse 1886) = Rattulus macerus Jennings 1903
[6]..
T. muoosa (Stokes 1896) = Mastigoaerca muoosa Stokes 1896
= Rattulus mueosus Jennings 1903 [5, 6, 8, 23, 25].
T. multiorinis (Kellicott 1897) = Mastigoceroa multiorinis
Kellicott 1897 = Rattulus multiorinis Jennings 1903
[4, 5, 6, 8, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25].
T. poroellus (Gosse 1851) = Coelopus poroellus Gosse 1886
= Diurella poroellus Jennings 1903 [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9,
17, 22, 23, 25].
T. pusilla (Jennings 1903) = Rattulus pusillus Jennings
1903 [6, 8, 9, 12, 23, 25].
T. rattus (Miiller 1776) = Rattulus oarinatus Lamarck 1816
= Mastigooeroa oarinata Ehrbg. 1830 = M. rattus Hudson
and Gosse 1886 = Rattulus rattus Jennings 1903 [1-6,
8, 12].
T. rousseleti (Voigt 1902) = Diurella rousseleti Jennings
19Q3 [6, 9, 22, 23, 25].
T. scipio (Gosse 1886) = Rattulus scipio Jennings 1903 [6].
T. similis (Wierzejski 1893) = Diurella stylata Eyferth
1878 [6, 8, 23, 25] .
T. stylata (Gosse 1851) [23].
T. sulcata (Jennings 1894) = Rattulus suloatus Jennings
1894 = Diurella suloata Jennings 1903 [1, 3, 4, 6, 9].
T. tenuior (Gosse 1886) = Coelopus tenuior Hudson and
Gosse 1886 = Diurella tenuior Jennings 1903 [3, 4, 6,
12].
T. tigris (Miiller 1786) = Diurella tigris Bory de St.
Vincent 1824 = Rattulus tigris Gosse 1886 [5, 6, 8].
T. weberi (Jennings 1903) = Diurella ueberi Jennings 1903
[6, 8],
Family Gastropidae
Asoomorpha eoaudis Perty 1850 [1, 2, 5, 12, 21].
A. avails (Bergendal 1892) = Chromogaster ovalis (Bergendal
1892) = Anapus ovalis Bergendal 1892 = [?] Chromogaster
testudo Lauterborn 1893 [1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 12, 18, 20,
21, 22, 23, 25].
A. saltans Bartsch 1870 = [?] A, hyalina Jennings 1901 [1,
5, 25].
Gastropus hyptopus (Ehrbg. 1838) [Stemberger, unpublished].
G. minor (Rousselet 1872) = Notops minor Rousselet 1892
[4, 5].
169
-------
Gastvopus stylifep Imhof 1891 = Notops pygmaeus Caiman
1892 = Sacculus orbioularis Kellicott 1897 =
Ascomorpha orbioularis Jennings 1901 [1, 2, 4, 5, 8,
9, 10, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25] .
Family Dicranophoridae
Albertia naidis Bousfield 1886 [1],
Aspelta aper (Harring 1913) [8].
Diovanophovus oaudatus (Ehrbg. 1834) = Diglena biraphis
Gosse 1851 [1, 5, 8].
D. foroipatus (Miiller 1786) = Diglena forcipata Ehrbg.
1832 [1, 4, 5, 12].
D. grandis (Ehrbg. 1832) = Diglena grandis Ehrbg. 1832
[1, 5] .
D. mesotis Harring and Myers 1928 [12].
D. tegillus Harring and Myers 1928 [8, 12].
Enaentrum felis (Miiller 1773) = Proales felis Hudson and
Gosse 1886 [1, 5].
E. saundevsiae (Hudson 1885) = Taphrocampa saundersiae
Hudson 1885 [1, 5].
Wievzejskiella velox (Wiszniewski 1932) [21].
Family Tylotrochidae
Tylotroeha monopus (Jennings 1894) = Notommata monopus
Jennings 1894 [1, 2, 8, 9, 23, 25].
Family Asplanchnidae
Asplanohna brightwelli Gosse 1850 [25].
A. herriaki de Guerne 1888 [1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 23, 25],
A. priodonta Gosse 1850 [1, 2, 4, 5, 7-10, 12, 17, 18, 19,
22, 23, 25].
Asplanchnopus multiceps (Schrank 1793) = A. myrmyleo
Hudson and Gosse 1889 [3, 4, 5].
Family Synchaetidae
Ploesoma hudsoni (Imhof 1891) [1, 2, 5, 17, 23, 25].
P. lentisulare Herrick 1885 = P. lynaeus Jennings 1894 [1,
2, 3, 5, 8, 22, 23, 25].
170
-------
Ploesoma tvunoatum (Levander 1894) = P. truncata (Levander
1894) [4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25].
Polyar>thra dissimulans Nipkow 1952 [19].
P. dolichoptera Idelson 1925 [17. 19, 22, 25].
P. euryptera Wierzejski 1893 [8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 25],
P. longiremis Carlin 1943 [12, 19].
P. major Burckhardt 1900 [12, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25].
P. remata Skorikov 1896 [17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25].
P. vulgaris Carlin 1943 = P. trigla Ehrbg. 1834 = P.
platijptera Ehrbg. 1838 [1, 2, 3, 5, 7-10, 12-, 16-19,
22, *23, 25] .
Synehaeta asymmetrica [?] Koch-Althaus 1963 [22, 25].
S. grand-is Zacharias 1893 [22, 25].
S. kitina Rousselet 1902 = Synahaeta sp. [22, 23, 25].
S. lakowitziana Lucks 1930 [17, 19, 22, 25].
S. oblonga Ehrbg. 1832 [22, 25].
S. peotinata Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 4, 5, 8, 12, 17, 19, 22, 25].
S. stylata Wierzejski- 1893 [1, 2, 4, 5, 7-10, 15, 16, 17,
19, 21, 22, 23, 25].
S. tremuZa (Mu'ller 1786) [3, 5, 7, 22].
ORDER FLOSCULARIACEA
Family Testudinellidae
Filinia braohiata (Rousselet 1901) [8,22],
F. longiseta (Ehrbg. 1834) = Triarthra longiseta Ehrbg.
1834 [3, 5, 8-13, 15-19, 21, 22, 23, 25].
F. terminalis (Plate 1886) [25].
Pompholyx suloata Hudson 1885 [17, 22, 23, 25].
Testudinella parva (Ternetz 1892) = Pterodina bidentata
Ternetz 1892 = P. emarginata Wierzejski 1893 [1].
T. patina (Hermann 1783) = Ptevodina patina Ehrbg. 1830
[1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 23] .
T. veflexa (Gosse 1887) = Ptevodina reflexa Gosse 1887 [1,
3, 4, 5].
Trochosphaera solstitialis Thorpe 1893 [8].
Family Hexarthridae
Hexarthra mira (Hudson 1871) = Pedalia mira Hudson 1871 =
Pedalion mivum Hudson 1886 [4, 5, 8, 20, 23],
171
-------
Family Flosculariidae
Bfiauchampia erucigeva (Dutrochet 1812) = Cephalosiphon
limnias Gosse 1862 [1, 3, 4, 5].
Flosculafia conifera (Hudson 1886) = Melicevta conifera
Hudson 1886 [3, 5] .
F. Janus (Hudson 1881) = Melicerta janus Hudson and Gosse
1886 = M. floooulosa Kellicott 1896 [1, 3, 5].
F. meliceTta (Ehrbg. 1832) = Melicevta tubicolaria Hudson
and Gosse 1886 [4, 5] .
F. vingens (Linnaeus 1758) = Meliaerta ringens Schrank
1803 [1, 4, 5] .
Lacinularia flosoulosa (Mu'ller 1773) = L. socialis Ehrbg.
1830 [3, 5].
Limnias ceratophylli Schrank 1803 [3, 5].
L. meliceTta Weisse 1848 = L. annulatus Bailey 1855 [3, 5]
L. shiawasseensis Kellicott
Ptyguva cvystallina (Ehrbg.
Ehrbg. 1834 [3, 5].
P. longiaornis (Davis 1867)
1867 [1, 3, 5].
P. longipes (Willis
[4, 5].
P. melicerta (Ehrbg
Gosse 1886 = 0.
1888 [3, 5].
1834) = Oecistes orystallinus
= Oecistes longieornis Davis
1878) = Oecistes umbella 'Hudson 1879
1832) = Oecistes ptyguTa Hudson and
meliceTta Jennings 1900 [1, 5].
P. melicerta var. mucicola (Kellicott 1888) = Oecistes
mucicola Kellicott 1888 [3, 5].
Sinanthevina socialis (Linnaeus 1758) = Megalotrocha
alboflavicans Ehrbg. 1838 [1, 3, 5],
Family Conochilidae
Conochiloides dossuavius (Hudson 1885) [4, 5, 7, 8, 23,
25] .
Conoshilus hippocrepis (Schrank 1803) = C. volvox Ehrbg.
1834 [1, 3, 5, 9].
C. unicornis Rousselet 1892 = C. leptopus Forbes 1893 [1,
2, 4, 5, 8-13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25].
172
-------
ORDER COLLOTHECACEAE
Family Collothecidae
Collotheoa algicola (Hudson 1886) = Floscularia algicola
Hudson 1886 [5].
C. ambigua (Hudson 1883) = Floscularia ambigua Hudson 1883
[3, 5].
C. campanulata (Dobie 1849) = Flosoularia oampanulata Dobie
1849 [1, 3, 5] .
C. oornuta (Dobie 1849) = Flosaulavia oornuta Dobie 1849
[1, 3, 5].
C. edentata (Collins 1872) = Floscularia edentata Collins
1872 [1, 4, 5] .
C. mutabilis (Hudson 1885) = Flosoularia mutabilis Hudson
1885 [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25].
C. ovnata (Ehrbg. 1832) = Flosoularia ornata Ehrbg. 1832
[1, 3, 5].
C. pelagioa (Rousselet 1893) = Floscularia pelagica
Rousselet 1893 [1, 2, 5, 22, 25].
Cupelopagis vorax (Leidy 1857) = Apsilus lentiformis
Metchnikov 1866 = A. bipera Foulke 1884 [3, 4, 5].
Stephanooeros fimbriatus (Goldfuss 1820) = S. eiahhorni
Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 4, 5, 9, 2 5] .
S. millsi (Kellicott 1885) = Floscularia millsi Kellicott
1885 [1, 3, 5].
CLASS DIGONONTA (BDELLOIDEA)
ORDER BDELLOIDA
Family Philodinidae
Dissotroeha aeuleata (Ehrbg. 1832) = Philodina aeuleata
Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 8, 12].
D. macvostyla (Ehrbg. 1838) = Philodina maarostyla Ehrbg
1838 [1, 2,8].
MacpotPachela museulosa Milne 1886 = Callidina musculo&a
Janson 1893 [1, 2, 5].
Philodina oitrina Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 5, 8],
P. inopinata Milne 1916 [12] .
P. megalotrocha Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 5, 8].
P. roseola Ehrbg. 1832 [1, 3, 5, 8, 12].
Rotaria elongata (Weber 1888) = Rotifer elongatus Weber
1888 [2, 5].
173
-------
Rotaria macroceros (Gosse 1851) = Rotifer maoroce-pos Gosse
1851 [1, 3, 5] .
R. macrura (Ehrbg. 1832) = Rotifer macrurus Ehrbg. 1832
[3, 5].
R. mento (Anderson 1889) = Rotifer mento Anderson 1889
[1, 5].
H. neptunia (Ehrbg. 1832) = Rotifer neptunius Ehrbg. 1832
= Rotifer actinurus Janson 1893 [1, 5, 8].
R. rotatoria (Pallas 1766) = Rotifer vulgaris Schrank 1801
[1, 3, 5, 8].
R. tardigrada (Ehrbg. 1832) = Rotifer tardus Ehrbg. 1838
[1, 3, 5, 8] .
R. trisecata (Weber 1888) = Rotifer triseoatus Weber 1888
[1, 5].
DOUBTFUL SPECIES
Brachionus urceus (Linneaus 1758) [fide Ahlstrom 1940]
Callidina elegans Ehrbg. 1830 [3, 5].
Cochleare turbo Gosse 1886 [1, 5].
Monostyla mollis Gosse 1887 [1, 5].
Pleurotrocha aonstricta Ehrbg. 1832 [1] .
Ploesoma molle Kellicott 1897 [lapsus calami} [5].
P. mollis Kellicott 1897 [4].
Proales algicola Kellicott 1897 [4, 5].
Vanoyella globosa Evens 1947 [22],
[8, 9]
174
-------
GLOSSARY
Alula: Lat&ral projection of the rami.
Annulated ("foot): Composed of a series of annular folds,
giving a corrugated appearance.
Apical field: The unciliated anterior portion of the corona.
Buooal field: An evenly ciliated area of the corona
surrounding the mouth, which is reduced in planktonic
forms.
Circumapiaal band: A broad band of cilia encircling the outer
margin of the corona.
Cirri (styles): Sensory structures composed of enlarged and
stiffened cilia originating from the buccal field.
Claw: A pointed extension of the toe.
Corona: Composed of the ciliated buccal field, circumapical
band and the unciliated apical field.
Coronal lobes: Fanlike or fingerlike extensions of the corona
Coronal sheath: The anterior region of the body which
envelopes the corona.
Cusps: Small spinelike extensions of the lorica occurring at
the anterolateral juncture of the dorsal and ventral
plates.
Excretory system: Comprised of paired protonephridial tubules
with branched terminal flame bulbs. The tubules discharge
into the bladder and function both in excretion and
osmoregulation.
175
-------
Eyespots: Four types are recognized, based on location. The
cerebral eye may be single or paired and lies on the
surface of the brain. In addition to the cerebral eye,
some species have frontal, lateral or apical ocelli which
may occur individually or in pairs.
Fide: On the authority of (referring to a published statement)
Fusiform: Spindle-shaped; body tapering at each end.
Germovitellavium: A two-part syncytial structure in the
female rotifer consisting of the germarium (ovary) and
the vitellarium, which contains conspicuous nuclei. Both
parts are bound together by a common membrane which
continues as the oviduct to the cloaca. The vitellarium
provides yolk material to the developing egg.
Incertae sedis: Of uncertain position.
Lapsus Galami: A slip of the pen.
Lateral sulcus: The membranous junction which appears as a
cleft between the ventral and dorsal plates of some
loricate species.
Lorioa: A stiffened intracellular rigid lamina of the body
wall composed of scleroprotein. May be continuous or
separated into plates.
Mastax: The muscular structure located between the buccal
tube and esophagus which envelopes and operates the
mouthparts.
Median polygonal facet: A centrally located facet comprising
part of the ornamentation pattern on the dorsal plate of
Keratella.
Muoro: Spinelike projection of the coronal sheath, especially
of TTichocerea.
Nomen nudum: A name without designation (definition or
description).
176
-------
Pedal glands: Exocrene glands located in the foot which
secrete an adhesive substance through ducts leading to the
toes. This substance anchors the rotifer to a substrate
or assists in locomotion, particularly in creeping
movements.
Polygonal facets: Ornamentation pattern on dorsal plate of
Keratella.
Pustulate: Pimple-like appearance.
Retrocerebval apparatus (sac): This structure may have an
exocrene function related to lubrication of the corona.
Ducts from the structure open onto the apical field.
Spurs: Small lateral projections of the toe.
Trophi: The mouthparts, consisting of seven basic parts:
paired >rami, unci, and manubria, and a single fulcrum.
Vitellarium: See Germovitellarium.
177
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INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Page numbers Cor illustrations are in italics
Albertia naidis, 170
Anapus ovalis, 169
Anuraea
aouleata , 1 64
aoohlearis ., 164
coahleavis var. teota, 164
sevvulata, 164
stip-Ltata, 164
teota , 164
Anuraeopsis , 22, 27, 28, 138
fissa, 13, 27, 28, 163
navicula, 13, 27, 28
/I p s i I u s
bipera, 173
lentifopm-Ls , 173
Avgonofholoa foliacea, 104,
105, 165
Ascomorpha, 22, 25, 29, 3<9,
7, 169
32
eoaud-Ls, 16, 29, 3
hyalina, 169
orb-iculav-is , 170
o-o alls, 16, 29, Si, 169
saltans, 16, 29, 3#, 169
Ascomorphella volvocisola, 168
Aspelta aper'j 170
Asplanohna_, 12, 25, 32, 33-35
brightwellij 17, 32, 33., 170
givodi, 32
hevvioki, 17, 32, ^3j 34.,
170
pr-iodonta, 17, 32, 34j 35^
170
sieboldi, 32
/Isp lanchnopus
multiceps, 170
myrmyleo, 170
Beauohampia cruoigera, 172
Brachionus, 20, 32, 36-38, 35-
41; 110, 138
angu laris, 13, 36, 38, 41, 163
angular is var. bidens, 163
angularis var. oaudatus, 163
bakeri, 163
bidentata, 13, 37, 3,9, 163
budapestinensis, 13, 38, 4J,
163
oalyciflorus, 13, 36, 38, 41,
163
capsuliflorus, 163
oaudatus, 13, 38, 4,2, 163
oaudatus £. apsteini, 38
oaudatus £. vulgatus, 38
diversioornis, 36
havanaensisj 13, 36-38, 35,
163
militaris, 165
pala, 163
patulus, 165
quadridentatus, 13, 36, 37,
35, 163
rubens, 13, 37, 4/9, 163
tuberaulatus, 163
tuberoulus, 163
uroeolaris, 13, 37, 40, 163
1AY* O &1slS _L/4
variabilis, 13, 37, 40, 163
CaZ- lidinia
elegans, 174
musculosa, 173
leont-Lna, 166
178
-------
Cathypna (continued)
tuna, 166
ungulata, 166
Cephalodella, 24, 42, 43, 53
aurioulata, 15, 42, 43, 167
satellina, 167
crassipesj 167
forfioula, 167
gibbet, 15, 42, 43, 167
graci Us , ' 167
intuta, 15, 43
megalooephala, 167
parasitioa, 167
rotunda, 167
Cephalo siphon limnias , [72
Chromogastev , 22, 29
ovalis, 29, 22^ 169
testudo, 29, 169
Cochleare turbo, 174
Cos lopus
braohyurus , 168
poroellus, 169
tenuior, 169
Collotheaa, 23, 25, 44, 45,,
126
algioola, 173
ambigua, 173
oampanulata, 173
oornuta, 173
edentata, 173
mutabilis, 18, 44, 45, 173
ornata, 173
peZ-agiea,, 18, 44, 45, 173
Colurella, 21, 46, 47
bi-cuspidata, 165
obtusa, 14, 46, 47, 165
uncinata, 14, 46, 47
uncinata £. biauspi data , 165
unoinata f. deflexa, 165
natans, 18, 48, 5#
Conoohilus, 23, 25, 48, 51, 52
hippocrepis, 18, 51, 52> 172
leptopus, 172
yo Ivox , 172
uniaornis, 18, 51, 52, 172
167
ehrenbergi, 167
labiatus, 167
pachyurus, 167
Cupelopagis vorax, 173
Dapidia calpidia, 163
lacinulata, 167
semiapteva, 167
Dioranophovus, n, 24, 53, 54
caudatus , 16, 53, 54, 170
forcipatus, 16, 53, 54, 170
170
16, 53, 54, 170
tegillus, 170
lena
biraphis, 170
oate 1 Una , 167
foroipita, 170
grandis, 179
biouspidatus , 165
deflexus, 165
obtusus , 165
Conoohiloides, 12, 23, 48, 45
50, 112
dossuarius, 18, 48, 45. 172
poo-ilium, 165
tetvaotis, 165
Dipleuchlanis propatula , 13 ,5 7 ?
D is sotrocha, 151
aculeata, 173
macros ty La, 173
fis ty /-a
flexilis, 166
gissensis , 166
ludwigi, 166
ohioensis, 166
spinifera, 165
stokesi, 166
braohyura, 168
insigni-s, 168
169
179
-------
millsij 173
mutabills, 173
ornata, 173
pelagicaj 173
rlngens, 172
Dlurella (continued)
rousseletl, 169
stylata, 169
suloata, 169
tenulor, 169
tlgrls, 169
weberl, 169
glbba, 167
Eneentrum, a, 24, 55, 55, 108, graollls, 167
149 longlseta, 167
fells, 16, 55, 55, 170
saunderslae, 16, 55, 55, 170 Gastvopus, 21, 65, 55
forfloula, 167
Eosphora aurlta, 167
olavulata, 163
pelagloa, 163
Euohlanls, 21, 57, 58, 59-61
alata, 13, 58, 55, 163
oalpldla, 13, 58, 59, 163
deflexa, 163
dllatata, 13, 57, 55, 163
163
, 13, 57, 50, 163
oY'opha, 163
parua., 13, 57, 55, 163
pellualda, 13, 58, 50
proxlma, 153
pyrlfovmls, 163
tvlquetra, 13, 57, 58, 51,
163
Flllnla., 25, 62, 63, ^^, 112
braahlata, 17, 62, 54, 171
longlseta, 17, 62, 63, 54,
171
terminal Is _, 17, 62, 63, 54j
171
alglcola, 173
amblgua, 173
oampanulata,, 173
conlfera, 172
Gornuta, 173
edentata, 173
januSj 172
mellcerta, 172
hyptopus, 16, 65, 55, 169
minor, 65, 169
styllfer, 16, 65, 55, 170
paraslta, 168
volvoclcola, 168
Hexarthra, 25, 67, 55, 112
Intermedia, 67
mira., 17, 67, 5S, 171
Itura auvlta, 167
Kelllcottla, 22, 69, 70
bostonlensls., 13, 69, 70j 163
longlcovnls, 163
longlsplna, 13, 69, 70, 163
Keratella, 1, 22, 32, 71-78,
75-8^
eanadensis j 72
ooohleavlst 71, 77, 79
aoa'hlearls coahlearls, 13, 71,
73, 75, 78, 75, 164
coc^Zeart's f. maoTacanfha, 71
eochleavls f. mlcraaantha, 71
eochleavls f. teota, 13, 71,
76, 78, 75, 164
cochlearls f. typlca, 71
cochlearls var. faluta, 13,
71, 77, 75, 164
eochlearls var. hlsplda, 13,
71, 74, 75, 78, 75, 164
coehleavls var. robusta, 13,
71, 74, 75, 78, 75, 164
180
-------
Keratella (continued)
crassa, 14, 71, 73, 75, 77,
80, 164 •
earlinae, 14, 71, 73, 74,
75, 77, BO, 164
hiemalisi 14, 72, 76, gfl,
164
mira, 15, 83, $4
mucronata, 15, 83, 84, 160
ohioensiSj 15, 82, $5, 166
pyvrha, 15, 82, 87
sign-ifera, 15, g2 f 87
stiohaea, 15, 82 ? 87
stokesi, 15, 82,'85, 166
is, 14, 71, 77, SO, tenuiseta, 15, 83, $6, 166
tudioola, 15, 83, 84, 166
ungulata, 15, 83, 84, 166
LepadeUa, 21, 89, 70, 9T
aauminata, 14, 89, 90, 165
apsida, 165
cristata, 14,89, 97
ehrenbergi, 14, 89, 91, 165
oualis, 14, 89, 90, 165
patella, 14, 89, 90, 165
rhomboides, 14, 89, 90, 165
triptera, 14, 89, 97, 165
Limnias
annulatus, 172
ceratophylli, 172
melicevta, 172
shiawasseensis, 172
164
m-ixta, 14, 72, 87
quadrata, 14, 72, 76, go,
164
quadrata var. oanadensis,
72, 164
serrulata, 164
serrulata £. curviaornis,
14, 72, 76, si
taurooephala, 14, 72, 76,
testudo, 14, 72, gj
tioinensis, 14, 72, 87
i, 72, 164
£. tropica, 14, 76,
81, 164
valga f. tropiaa-monospina, Lindia
164
Lacinularia
flosculosa, 172
sooialis, 172
?, 1, 21, 82, 83, 54-5
94
166
i, 15,82, 88
crepida, 15, 83, g4, 166
cur vi-corn-is, 166
flexilis, 15, 82, 83, 54,
166
hastata, 166
* * 1C Q'? O*^ o/
IsYt&yffl't' Q 2 -LOj O*6j O-Jj ODj
•inopinata., 15, 82, 88
intrasinuata, 15, 82, 87
leontina, 15, 83, 86, 166
ligona, 15, 82, gg
i^i, IS, 82, g5, 166
z, 15, 82, 83, 85, 166
168
truncata, 168
Lophocharis, 21, 92, 93
oxy sternon., 14, 92, 93, 164
salpina, 14, 92, 93, 1.64
Maarochaetus
colli-nsi, 164
serious, 164
subquadratus, 164
Macrotraa'hela, 752
muscuZ-osa, 173
sp., 18, 152
Manf-redium eudactylotum, 14, 57,67
166 Mastigoeerca
bicornis, 168
biovistata, 168
bieuspes, 168
capuoina, 168
carinata, 169
elongata, 168
181
-------
Ma-st-igoceroa (continued)
lata, 168
mueosa, 169
multicrinis, 169
rattuSj 169
Megalotrooha alboflavioans,
172
Me licerta
confi era, 172
floQculosa, 172
janus, 172
ringens, 172
tubioolaria, 172
aaumi.na.ta, 165
braotea, 16£
ehrenbergi, 165
lepadella, 165
oxysternum, 164
rhomboides, 165
salp in a, 164
solidus, 165
165
^s
164
dubius, 164
orbioulodiscus, 164
Miarodides orbiculodiscus, 164
Monommata
grandis, 167
longiseta, 167
Monostyla, 1, 21, 82, 94, 95,
96 97
^ Oj # /
bulla, 15, 95, 96, 166
(^*7(O t-*"/"^"1T)Or'f')7^f*^ (O1 j ^) O d. j Q
166
copets^ 15, 94, 97, 166
cor nut a, 15, 95, 96, 166
crenata, 15, 94f 97
hamata, 166
is, 15, 94, 95, 96, 166
174
z, 15, 94, 97, 166
: form-is, 166
quadridentata, 15, 94, 95,
166
rhopalura, 166
rugosa, 166
stenroostj 15 , 95 , 56 , 166
Mytilina, 21, 98, 99
macrocera,, 164
trigona, 164
ventralis, 164
ventralis var. brevispina, 14,
98, 99, 164
ventralis var. rnacracantha,
14, 98, 99
Noteus quadrioornis, 165
Notholoa, 1, 11, 22, 100-104,
JO 5 - T 0 7
acuminata, 14, 100, 104, 105
165
aouminata var. extensa, 14,
104, 705, 165
caudata^ 14, 100, 104, 705, 165
foliaoea., 14, IQO, 104, 105,
165
14, 100, 104, 105, 165
, 14, 100, 101, 103,
104,705, 706, 165
longispina, 164
m-Lch-iganensis, 14, 100, 102-
104, 707
saapha, 165
squamula, 14, 100, 101,103,
104, 106, 707, 165
squamula "large form", 14,
101-104, 107, 165
striata, 165
Notogonia ehrenbergi-, 165
Notommata, 25, 108, 709
awrita,, 15, 108, 109, 167
brachyot-a, 167
cer&eruSj 167
collaris, 108, 167
copeus3 15, 108, 709, 167
cyrtopus, 167
laoinulata, 167
1enis, 167
monopus, 170
pachyura,, 108, 167
182
-------
Notommata (continued)
tovulosa., 168
tripus, 167
truncata, 168
vcrax, 168
No tops
laurentinuSj 167
minor, 169
pe lagicus, 163
pygmaeus3 «170
0 e c ?' s t e s
crystallinus, 172
longieornis, 172
melioerta, 172
muoicola, 172
ptygura, 172
umbella, 172
Pt'daZ-ia
insulana, 67
ffiira^ 171
Pedalion mirum, 171
Philodina, 151
acuZeata., 173
citrinaj 173
inopinata, 173
macTOst'ijIa, 173
megalotrocha, 173
roseoZaj 173
Platyias, 20, 110, HI
14, 110, 77?
quadrisornis, 14, 110,
165
PleuTotrocha
iota, 174
tioa, 167
petromyson, 167
Ploesoma, 19, 112,
hudsoni, 16, 112
lentieulare., 17,
169
lynceus, 170
molle, 174
mo His, 174
165
777,
J73, ?74
7/3, 170
112, ?13,
tY'iaaarithum, 17, 112, 774
ivunaata, 171
truncatum, 17, 112, 174, 171
Folyarthra, 25, 112, 115-118,
119-721
dissimulans, 115, 171
doZi chop t era _, 17, 115-118,
H9, 171
euvyptera, 17, 115-118, 720,
727, 171
longiremis, 115, 171
major, 17, 115-118, 120, 171
pldtypteTa, 171
rewata, 17, 115-118, 121, 171
trigla, 171
ywZcwt's, 17, 174, 11.5-118,
119, 171
Po lijcliae tus
collinsi, 164
s e rj i c a j 164
subquadratus, 164
PomphoZyx* 22, 122, 723
compZanata., 122
swZcatff, 17, 122, 723, 171
ProaZes, 25, 108, 124, 725
algicol, a3 174
decipiens, 15, 124, 725, 167
felis, 170
gibba, 167
Z awrentinus, 167
parasita, 167
sordida, 15, 124, 725, 167
weTnecki , 167
Pseudoploesoma fcr-mosum, 112
bideriiat a., 171
emapginataj 171
patina, 171
reflexa, 171
Ptyyura
crystalline., 172
Zongiaornis, 172
longipes, 172
melioerta,} 172
melicerta var. muoicola, 172
183
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; , i ,? j • { ,; /, •* -/ i ,, c 168
/'c'cv/sps,?., 1 68
napucinuv, 158
var-inatus 3 169
c y I indric'u s , 168
e 2 c M (j at us 3 168
L,raai Us , ] 68
latu&} 168
'" c>nr;f seta, 168
s; a L? e i1 u s , 169
rnusosus , ^169
mvltiorini-s , 169
pus'i-llus , 169
ratt^s, 169
soipio., 169
,s M Icctus , 169
tigyis, 169
Ret aria, 15.1 , 752
eZonjata, 173
os , 174
, 174
rt.ento_, ] 74
nep tun-La 3 174
•rotatovia, 174
sp., 18, 152
tardigicada, 174
triseoata., 174
174
elongatus, 173
maeroeeros j 174
macrurus 3 174
mentOj 174
neptunius, 174
ta.rdus , 1 74
trisecatus, 174
vulgaris, 174
Sacculus
170
brevispina., 164
macrooeTa, 164
ventralis, 164
Sonri.div.rn longioaudum, 168
Sahizocerca [Braehionus]
diversicornis s 163
Sinantherina sociaiisj 172
Squatine I la
mutiaa., 166
rostrum^ 166
Stephanooeros, 23, 126, 727
eichkorni, 173
fimbriatus, 18, 126, 727, 173
-£., 173
ohlaena, 164
lamellaris., 166
mutiaus, 166
Synchaeta, 1, 77, 24, 25, 32,
128-130, 737-735
asymmetrical 17, 128, 129,
J32, 171
caiva, 128
^ran^ts, 167, 128, 129, 737,
171
kttina, 17, 128., 130, 135,
171
lakowitsianaj 17, 128, 129,
733, 171
longipesj 128
oblonga, 17, 128, 130, 734,
171
peotinata, 17, 128, 129, 732,
171
stylata, 17, 128, 129, 737,
171
tremula, 17, 128, 130, 734,
171
128
168
saundersiae, 170
seienura, 168
Te8tudinellaf2~L, 136, 737
parya, 17, 136, 737, 171
patina, 171
patina £. triloba, 17, 136,
157
184
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Testudinella (continued) pusilla, 16, 138, 13Q, 74?.
reflexa, 17 , 136 , 7 3 7, 171 169
Triarthra longiseta, 171 rattus, 16, 139, 742, 169
Trichocerea, 1, 19, 23, 53, rousseleti, 16, 138, 747, 169
138-140, 141-142 scipio, 169
bicristata, 16, 138, 139, similis, 16, 139, 747, 169
742, 168 stylata, 169
bicuspes, -168 sulcata, 138, 169
braonyura, 168 tenuior, 169
capucina, 16, 138, 743 168 tigris, 138, 169
oylindrica, 16, 138, 139, ^e^er-i, 169
747, 168 Trichotria, 20, 145, 746
elongata, 16, 140, 743, 168 pocillum, 14, 145, 746, 165
gracilis, 168 spinifera, 165
iernis, 16, 138, 743, 168 tetractis, 14, 145, 746, 16~
insignia, 16, 138, 139, 742, Tr>oohosphaera solstitial"' s, ] 7 '
168 ' Tylotrooha, 23, 147, 74^
insolens, 16, 138, 743, 168 monopus, 16, 147, 74£, 170
Zata, 16,, 140, 743, 168
longiseta, 16, 138, 139,
747, 168 Vanoyella globcsa} 174
lophoessa, 16, 138, 744, 169
maeera, 169
rnuoosa, 16, 139, 742, 169 Wievzej skiell a, 24, 55, ]'i o,
multicrinis, 16, 138, 139, 750
747, 743, 169 ueZox., 16, 149, 750, 170
poTcellus, 16, 138, 139, velox f. ricciae., 149, 750
747, 169 (^oZg'a spiriifeva, 165
185
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO
EPA-600/4-79-021
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSI Of* NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A GUIDE TO ROTIFERS OF THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES
5. REPORT DATE
July 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Richard S. Stemberger
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The University of Michigan
Biological Station
Pellston, Michigan 49769
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
PE 1BD884
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-804652
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA 600/06
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This guide to Laurentian Great Lakes rotifers treats 38 genera, which include
167 taxa. Major emphasis is given to planktonic and near-shore members of the
Class Monogononta. The guide briefly covers materials and methods used in
collecting, preparing and counting rotifer samples, as well as techniques used
in examining rotifer trophi and preparing permanent rotifer mounts. Major
anatomical identification characteristics of rotifers are also discussed. In
addition to a key to genera, keys are given for major species, along with
ecological and taxonomic notes. Descriptions for each taxon incorporate photo-
micrographs, line drawings, and pertinent biometric data. The appendix is a
compilation of all rotifers reported for the Great Lakes and includes synonyms,
authors and dates of species, and the investigators who reported the species.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Grant No. R-804652 by the
University of Michigan under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This report covers a period from 15 September 1976 to 14 September 1978
and work was completed as of August 1978.
.KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
!b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Aquatic Animals
Aquatic Biology
Biological Surveys
Ecology
Indicator Species
Pollution
Taxonomy
Fresh Water Biology Zooplankton
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
Pollution Tolerance
Rotifers
Identification
06C
06F
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report
UNCLASSIFIED
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
. '-
j22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
186
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