May 1987 EPA-700 8-87-016
SEPA
Hazardous Waste Ground-Water
Task Force
Evaluation of the
Black Hawk County Landfill
Waterloo, Iowa
US Environmental Protection Agency
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, library (Pt-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, i2tr» Ftoof
Chicago, II 60604-3590
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GROUND-WATER TASK FORCE BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL UPDATE.
Black Hawk County Landfill (BHCL) is located approximately one
mile south of Waterloo Iowa. The 150 acre facility has three
regulated units, the Co-disposal Area, Sludge Drying Beds, and the
Neutral Trench, which have received hazardous waste or hazardous waste
constituents during past operations. Hazardous waste was deposited
with municipal solid waste in the Co-disposal area from 1975 to 1985.
Incoming hazardous liquids and sludges were deposited in the Sludge
Drying Beds for evaporation, then removed to the Neutral Trench for
deposition along with containerized liquid hazardous waste from
February 1982 to spring 1985.
Purchased from the Landfill Service Corporation (LSC) in December
1984, the landfill is currently owned by the Black Hawk County Solid
Waste Management Commission. On July 30, 1985 BHCL ceased hazardous
waste operations and became a solid waste landfill. Due to failure by
the county to certify that the existing ground-water monitoring system
was in compliance with applicable RCRA requirements, the facility lost
Interim Status in November 1985.
An extensive ground-water monitoring proposal was submitted and
approved by EPA in June 1986. A final Consent Order to install and
operate this ground-water monitoring system was signed by the facility
in September 1986. Actual installation of the new ground-water
monitoring well network and detailed site characterization began in
June and was essentially complete by late October 1986.
The EPA Groundwater Task Force Inspection was completed at the
end of October 1986. At the time of the Task Force inspection, a
Phase I ground-water monitoring system had just recently been
completed. This new monitoring system consisting of 41 stainless
steel wells are monitoring two separate permeable zones within a
glacial till blanket approximately 100-feet in thickness and the upper
fractured zone of the Silurian-Devonian bedrock aquifer. The bedrock
aquifer is a primary source of drinking water for northeast Iowa and
is the uppermost bedrock unit underlying the site.
Task Force sampling revealed that there was the presence of
phenols, moderately high TOX, and chromium exceeding Drinking Water
Standards in several monitoring wells. Furthermore, at the conclusion
of an accelerated five month sampling schedule the facility reported
several wells as failing the statistical analysis for indicator
parameters. No specific organic hazardous waste or hazardous waste
constituents were identified by Task Force or facility ground-water
sampling. Sampling results for indicator parameters taken in July and
October 1987 shows an increase in TOX for at least eight monitoring
wells including one downgradient bedrock and one intermediate
background well. In addition, seven wells including one shallow and
one intermediate depth background well show increasing specific
conductivity for the year. No statistical analysis has been submitted
or any discussion offered to date in relation to these apparent
increasing indicator parameters by BHCL.
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Closure plans for the Neutral Trench were submitted by the
facility in April 1987 and approved by EPA Region VII on September 30,
1987. Also in September 1987, the closure plan for the Co-disposal
Area and the Drying Beds as well as the facility's post closure plans
were submitted. These plans are currently under review by EPA Region
VII. In addition, the post-closure permit application submitted by
BHCL on February 27, 1987 is still under review by Region VII.
EPA issued a complaint against the Landfill Services
Corporation (LSC) in 1986 for failure to report statistically
significant increases in indicator parameters, immediately
resample, and to submit a ground-water assessment plan. An
accelerated decision by the Administrative Law Judge found in
favor of EPA but reserved the issue of the penalty amount of
$130.581 that EPA had proposed for hearing. A hearing was held
in Kansas City, Missouri on August 26, 1987 after which the
Administrative Law Judge found that the amount of penalty proposed was
appropriate and ordered the Respondent to pay that amount. LSC
appealed this decision on November 25th and a reply to the appeal is
due on January 4, 1988.
To date, neither a Phase II ground-water monitoring proposal as
called for in the September 1986 Consent Order nor an adequate
assessment plan has been submitted to EPA. Several issues related to
the ground-water monitoring program at BHCL must be addressed
including the apparent increase in indicator parameters in several
wells, detection of phenols and high chromium levels by the Task Force
and the relatively high concentrations of cyanide in two wells by the
facility. Statistical analysis is needed to determine which
monitoring wells are showing significant increases in indicator
parameters and a proposal to identify the source of this increase. In
addition, a confirmatory resampling of those wells which have shown
phenols, chromium, and cyanide over background must be done
immediately. Other items in need of attention by the facility is the
possible impact of the site on three background monitoring wells and
the fact that there appears to be only two downgradient bedrock wells
in the Neutral Trench Area. An administrative order under Section
3008(a) of RCRA which includes the imposition of penalties is
presently being considered by EPA Region VII in regards to the above
mentioned ground-water monitoring deficiencies as well as other issues
not covered by this report.
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
HAZARDOUS WASTE GROUNDWATER TASK FORCE
EPA-700 8-87-016
GROUNDWATER MONITORING EVALUATION
BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL
Waterloo, Iowa
May 1986
HARRY V. GABBERT
GEOLOGIST, RCRA/IOWA SECTION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VII
WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 7
Groundwater Monitoring System .... 8
Site Hydrogeology 9
Laboratory Evaluation 10
Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Plan 10
Groundwater Assessment Program . 11
Sampling and Monitoring Data Analysis 11
TECHNICAL REPORT
INVESTIGATIVE METODS 15
Record/Documents Review 15
Preliminary Site Visits 16
Facility Inspection 17
Laboratory Evaluation.... '. 17
Groundwater, Surface Water and Leachate
Sampling and Analysis 18
WASTE MANAGEMENT UNITS AND OPERATIONS .19
Waste Management Units 19
Maintenance of Landfill Cover 26
Facility Operation 26
Leachate Collection 28
HYDROGEOLOGICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION 31
Site Characterization Prior To The
1986 Consent Order 31
Phase I Site Characterization 32
Surface Drainage 33
Glacial Till Deposits 34
Bedrock Deposits 37
Groundwater Flow 44
Water Table System 44
Leaky Aquitard 46
Silurian-Devonian Bedrock Aquifer 47
EARLY GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM AND
WATER QUALITY HISTORY 49
Landfill Services Corporation (LSC)
Groundwater Monitoring System 49
Water Quality History (BHCL) 54
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GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM PROPOSED
FOR RCRA COMPLIANCE 58
Well Construction 58
Well Locations and Number 60
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HANDLING PROCEDURES 67
Task Force Sampling Methods 67
6HCL Sampling and Handling Methods 73
MONITORING DATA ANALYSIS FOR INDICATIONS
OF WASTE RELEASE 74
Task Force Sampling Results 74
BHCL Sampling Results 80
Discussion 81
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CONTENTS (cont.)
FIGURES
1 BHCL Location Map .-...- 3
2 Waste Management Unit Location Map 4
3 Cross Section A-A' 21
4 Cross Section B-B1 '.....22
5 Cross Section Reference Map '...23
6 Drying Beds Cross Section 25
7 Detail Diagram of Neutral Trench 27
8 Ground/Surface Water Features 30
9 Stratigraphic Column ".' 38
10 Distribution & Thickness of Devonian Rocks 41
11 Block Diagram of the Silurian-Devonian Aquifer 42
12 Diagram of Groundwater Flow System in the
Silurian-Devonian & Glacial Overburden 43
13 Shallow Groundwater Flow Directions 45
14 Silurian-Devonian Aquifer Potentiometric Surface
and Groundwater Flow Direction 48
15 Early PVC Monitoring Well Location Map 50
16 Early PVC Monitoring Well Construction Diagram 52
17 Accelerated Monitoring Locations (1983 Study) 56
18 Phase I Shallow Monitoring Well Diagram 61
19 Phase I Intermediate Monitoring Well Diagram 62
20 Phase I Bedrock Monitoring Well Diagram.... 63
21 Phase I Monitoring Well Location Map 65
22 Neutral Trench Area Monitoring Well Location Map 66
TABLES
1 BHCL Sampling Summary 69
2 Order of Sample Collection with Bottle Type
and Preservative List 71
3 Sample Splits Provided for BHCL 72
4 Semi-Volatiles in Selected Wells 75
5 Total Phenols -in Selected Wells 78
6 Total Organic Halides (TOX) 79
7 Specific Conductivity & pH in Selected Wells... 79
APPENDICES
A TASK FORCE ANALYTICAL RESULTS
B GEOLOGIC LOG OF OPEN TRENCH
C SEPTEMBER, 1986 CONSENT ORDER
D BEDROCK GEOLOGIC BORING LOG (B-200)
E SAMPLING SCHEDULE AND PARAMETER LIST
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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INTRODUCTION
Concerns have recently been raised as to whether commercial hazardous
waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs), are in compliance
with the ground-water monitoring requirements promulgated under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Specifically, the concerns focus on
the ability of ground-water monitoring systems to detect contaminant releases
from waste management units at TSDFs. In response to these concerns, the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the
Hazardous Waste Ground-water Task Force to evaluate the level of compliance
at TSDFs and address the cause(s) of noncompliance. The Task Force comprises
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personnel from EPA Headquarters including the Offices of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (OSWER), the National Enforcement Investigations Center
(NEIC), EPA Regional Offices and State Regulatory Agency personnel. To
determine the status of facility compliance, the Task Force is conducting
indepth facility investigations, including onsHe inspections, of TSDFs.
The objectives of these investigations are to:
- determine compliance with interim status ground-water monitoring
requirements of 40 CFR Part 265 as promulgated under RCRA or the State
equivalent where the State has received RCRA authorization,
- evaluate the ground-water monitoring program described in the facilities'
RCRA Part B permit applications for compliance with 40 CFR Part 270.14(c),
- determine if the ground-water at the facility contains hazardous waste
constituents,
- provide information to assist the Agency in determining if the TSDF
meets EPA ground-water monitoring requirements for waste management facilities
receiving waste from response actions conducted under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, Public Law
91-510).
Disk 21/20-12
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To address these objectives, this Task Force investigation has determined
if Black Hawk County Landfill:
- has developed and is following an adequate ground-water sampling
and analysis plan,
- has properly located and constructed RCRA ground-water monitoring
wells,
- has performed the required analyses on samples taken from the RCRA
monitoring well system,
- has an adequate ground-water quality assessment program outline or
plan.
The Black Hawk County Landfill (BHCL) onsite inspection was conducted
from October 26 to October 31, 1986. The inspection was coordinated and
carried out by Region VII and Task Force personnel including the Task
Force contract sample team from Versar, Inc.(Versar).The State regulatory
agency, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), chose not to
participate. Evaluation of the facility consisted of a records review,
preliminary site visit, the onsite inspection and collection of samples,
subsequent analyses of the samples collected, and evaluation of the analytical
laboratory.
Situated in a rural setting, BHCL is located approximately one mile
south of Waterloo, in the south central portion of Black Hawk County, Iowa
(Figure 1). The 150 acre facility has three regulated units, the Co-disposal
Area, Sludge Drying Beds, and the Neutral Trench, which have received
hazardous waste or hazardous waste constituents during past operations. As
illustrated on Figure 2, the Co-disposal area is located in the southeast
quarter of the landfill. The Sludge Drying Beds are situated just west of
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Figure 1.
Facility Location
Black Hawk "County Landfill
Waterloo, Iowa
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\ x~-' - V
X/V Mtw.MKt V,^
Figure 2. Waste Management Unit
Location Map
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,
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the Co-disposal area which corresponds to the south central part of the
facility. In regards to ground-water monitoring requirements, the Sludge
Drying Beds and Co-disposal area are considered as one waste management
unit. The third regulated unit at BHCL is the Neutral Trench, located
in the northwest corner of the site.
Industrial waste, some of wh'ch was later classif ed as hazardous,
was deposited with municipal solid waste in the Co-disposal area from
1975 to 1985. From February 1982 to spring 1985, incoming hazardous liquids
and sludges were deposited in the Sludge Drying Beds for evaporation, then
removed to the Neutral Trench for deposition along with containerized
liquid hazardous waste.
BHCL is currently owned by the Black Hawk County Solid Waste Management
Commission (BHCSWMC) and is being operated by the Landfill Service Corporation
(LSC). A Part B Application for operating additional waste management units
was submitted in July 1983 by LSC but was not approved. Purchased from LSC
in December 1984, BHCSWMC decided to cease hazardous waste operations and
become a solid waste landfill on July 30, 1985. Later, in November 1985,
Interim Status was withdrawn due to failure by the facility to certify that
the existing ground-water monitoring system was in compliance with applicable
RCRA ground-water monitoring requirements.
In an attempt to address some of the major inadequacies of the existing
ground-water monitoring system, a proposal was submitted in 1986 but was
also deemed inadequate by EPA. Finally, after prolonged negotiations, a
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much expanded ground-water monitoring proposal was submitted and approved by
EPA in June 1986. A final Consent Order to Install and operate this ground-
water monitoring system was signed by the facility in September 1986. A
second phase was also specified in the Consent Order that would obligate
BHCL to perform a complete assessment of any contamination detected during
Phase I operations.
Installation of the expanded ground-water monitoring system and a more
detailed hydrogeological site characterization was begun in June 1986.
Installation of the monitoring well system was completed during October
1986, just prior to the Task Force inspection.
The newly installed ground-water monitoring system at BHCL consists of
14 well clusters, each of which are comprised of three stainless steel
monitoring wells. Three subsurface zones are being monitored at the facility.
a shallow, water table zone; an intermediate depth, glaciofluvial deposit
within the glacial till overburden; and the upper part of the karst-like,
dolomitic, Cedar Valley Formation. The Cedar Valley Formation is the
uppermost bedrock unit encountered at BHCL and forms a major component of
the Devonian-Silurian Aquifer which supplies most of the ground-water needs
of Black Hawk County, Iowa.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Task Force personnel investigated the ground-water monitoring program
at the Black Hawk County Landfill (BHCL) for the period of October through
July 1987. The findings and conclusions presented below reflect conditions
existing at the facility during this period.
At the time of the October 1986 inspection by the Task Force, installation
of a Phase I ground-water monitoring system had just recently been completed.
This new monitoring system consisting of 41 stainless steel wells replaced
an earlier monitoring well network of 20 PVC wells which were considered
inadequate by the EPA. A detailed hydrogeological site characterization
undertaken by the facility in conjunction with installation of the Phase I
monitoring wells was also evaluated at this time.
The analytical results of ground-water samples collected by the Task
Force during the inspection indicates that a number of items are in need of
further investigation. Low concentrations of phenols were reported in six
monitoring wells and in the surface water sample from the southeast seep.
Total chromium exceeding Drinking Water Standards were detected in two moni-
toring wells. Insignificant amounts of total arsenic and lead were discovered
in nine and ten monitoring wells respectively with one well yielding trace
concentrations of dissolved arsenic.
Other than very small concentrations of phthalates, methylene chloride,
and acetone which are thought to be from sampling or laboratory contamina-
tion, no organic constituents were reported. However, moderately high TOX
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concentrations were found in six wells and in both surface water samples
taken by the Task Force. TOC data was deemed unusable for all Task Force
ground-water samples.
The facility's analytical data was also evaluated during the writing
of this report. Trace amounts of cadmium were detected in two monitoring
wells and trace concentrations of arsenic in nine wells. Cyanide was
detected in two wells but a duplicate in one of these showed no cyanide to
be present. In addition, indicator parameters over background levels in
shallow and intermediate wells of the Neutral Trench area were noted. Also
revealed were indicator parameters above background for shallow monitoring
wells associated with the Co-disposal area.
With the exception of small concentrations of phthalates similar to
that of the Task Force results, no organic constituents were detected by
the facility. Phenols were not reported exceeding detection limits set by
BHCL's laboratory but these limits were higher than that used by the Task
Force laboratory.
Compliance with Ground-Water Monitoring 40 CFR 265 Subpart F
Ground-Water Monitoring System
The Phase I monitoring program as detailed in the September 1986
Consent Order called for the installation of 15 well clusters, each of
which was to consist of three stainless steel monitoring wells. Of the 45
monitoring wells called for in the Consent Order, 41 were actually installed
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during the Phase I program. One well cluster was held on reserve for later
installation during the Phase II investigation and one well was deleted
during Phase I due to lack of an expected permeable zone.
Hydrogeologic data generated during and after installation indicates
that shallow and intermediate monitoring wells are properly positioned in
the appropriate zones. Deep monitoring wells are positioned in the correct
configuration for the Co-disposal area. However, data from ground-water
gradients indicate that in the Neutral Trench area there are two deep
upgradient wells but only two deep downgradient wells.
Although hydrogeological data indicates that the background wells
associated with the Co-disposal area are properly positioned, the ground-water
quality data may indicate otherwise. Low levels of phenols were detected
in one shallow and one intermediate well that have been designated as
background. The detection of phenols in these upgradient wells will require
further investigation by the facility.
Site Hydrogeology
A comprehensive hydrogeologic site characterization was carried out by
BHCL in conjunction with installation of the Phase I monitoring system.
The site characterization consisted of 41 continuously sampled soil borings,
with coring of the upper portion of the bedrock at all deep monitoring
sites. In addition, three deep stratigraphic core holes were advanced for
definition of the uppermost aquifer and identification of aquitard units.
Also, aquifer characteristics and ground-water flow was determined through
in-situ testing.
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Laboratory Evaluation
Prior to the sampling event, the EPA was informed by BHCL that University
of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory which had been certified by an EPA evaluation
in 1986, would be utilized for sample analyses. However, with receipt of
BHCL's ground-water analysis report, it was discovered that BHCL used Donohue
Analytical of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, for sample analyses. Donohue Analytical
has not participated in the EPA's Performance Evaluation or Certified
Laboratory programs. Donohue Analytical has indicated that they are
certified by the state of Wisconsin, but this could not be verified with
EPA Region V.
At EPA's request, BHCL submitted the raw laboratory data and operating
standards and methods utilized by Donohue Analytical. This information was
compared with the Task Force analytical results. Although results of the
data from the Task Force and Donohue Analytical compare reasonably well
with one another, further evaluation by the EPA Region VII Laboratory is
recommended. Additional evaluation should consist of a thorough review of
the standards and methods as well as a performance audit utilizing spiked
samples.
Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Plan
In conjunction with BHCL's proposed ground-water monitoring and site
characterization plans, a detailed Sampling and Analysis Plan which included
the chain-of-custody procedures and a safety program was submitted for
review by EPA. These plans were reviewed and approved by EPA Region VII
personnel prior to the Task Force site inspection.
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The Sampling and Analysis plan approved by EPA was kept at the site
and followed by BHCL's sampling team. Observation by Task Force personnel
during the first sampling event concluded that correct procedures were
followed and the facility's sampling team demonstrated knowledge of sampling
technique.
Groundwater Assessment Program
The September 1986 Consent Order signed by BHCL consisted of a two
phased approach designed to address the issues of hydrogeological site
characterization, detection monitoring and assessment of contaminant
migration. Phase I included the site characterization and subsequent
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installation of a preliminary detection monitoring system. The Phase II portion
of the investigation was to assess the extent of contaminant migration as
well as address any additional site characterization that may remain in
question.
The Phase II investigation was to be designed utilizing analytical
data from samples collected during the first two sampling events. In
addition, this Phase II plan was to be submitted to EPA for review by
January 15, 1987. As of July 1987, this plan had not yet been received for
review by EPA. Although sampling results are not considered conclusive, a
Phase II assessment proposal must be submitted for review immediately.
Sampling and Monitoring Data Analysis
During the site inspection, Task Force personnel collected samples
from 23 ground-water monitoring wells and two surface water samples. The
monitoring wells sampled by the Task Force were purged and the samples were
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obtained by a Versar sampling team. Prior to the sampling event, a Project
Plan was developed which covered sampling procedures to be followed, safety
protocol and a preliminary list of wells to be samples.
A number of problems were encountered during the sampling event which
necessitated deviations from the original Project Plan. Bladder pumps to
be used for purging failed and all purging had to be done utilizing teflon
bailers. This took considerable time, especially on the deeper wells, and
may have contributed to the lose of two bailers In monitoring wells by the
Versar team. Although these bailers were later recovered by Versar using
stainless steel hooks, these monitoring wells could have been rendered
unusable for detailed hydrological studies. Contamination of blanks was
also noted in a number of cases and resulted In some sample parameter values
being deemed unusable by Task Force laboratories.
As discussed earlier, low levels of phenols were detected In six
monitoring wells including a shallow and an Intermediate background well.
In addition, chromium exceeding Drinking Water Standards were detected in
two wells. Trace amounts of arsenic and lead were also detected in a number
of wells and moderately high TOX values were noted In six wells and the
southeast seep. The only organics that were Identified by the Task Force
laboratories were very low concentrations of phthalates, methylene chloride
and acetone which may be related to laboratory and/or sampling contamination.
BHCL data was also evaluated during the writing of this report. Trace
amounts of cadmium, cyanide and arsenic were noted for a number of monitoring
wells. Similar to Task Force results were the presence of low concentrations
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of phthalates in a few samples. No other organic constituents were noted in
BHCL's sampling results. Phenols were not/reported exceeding detection
limits set by BHCL's laboratory but these limits were higher than that used
by Task Force laboratories.
Several Phase I monitoring wells screened in the shallow and intermediate
v "
zones at both the Neutral Trench and Co-disposal area have failed the
statistical analysis performed on the indicator parameter values. In
addition, indicator values appear elevated for BHCL and Task Force results
from the first sampling event when compared with later sampling by the
facility. This may be due to wells not being stabilized at the time of the
initial sampling. The majority of monitoring wells had just recently been
or were undergoing development at the time of the site inspection. Therefore,
the results from the statistical analysis should not be considered conclusive
at this time.
It is recommended that additional sampling be initiated immediately at
BHCL by the facility to determine if there has been release of hazardous waste
or hazardous waste constituents into the ground-water underlying the site.
This sampling should include monitoring all wells for indicator parameters
until results stabilize or it is determined that there has been a statistical
change in ground-water quality. Sampling for cadmium, arsenic, chromium,
lead and cyanide in selected wells will also be needed for confirmation of
earlier results. In addition, analysis for phenols at a lower detection
limit than those used previously by BHCL's laboratory should be required.
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TECHNICAL REPORT
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INVESTIGATIVE METHODS
The Task Force evaluation of the BHCL site consisted of:
- review and evaluation of records and documents from EPA Region VII and
BHCL,
- preliminary site visits including observation of the ground-water
monitoring system installation and the Task Force site reconnaissance,
- a facility onsHe inspection conducted October 26 through October 31,
1986,
- evaluation of the analytical laboratory,
- sampling and subsequent analysis and data evaluation for selected
ground-water monitoring wells and leachate collection points.
Record/Documents Review
Specific documents and records of interest include the ground-water
sampling and analysis plan, the ground-water assessment outline, monitoring
well location, construction data and logs, reports of site hydrogeological
conditions, site operation plans, facility permits, unit design reports,
position descriptions and qualifications of selected personnel onsite, and
operating records showing the general type and quantities of wastes disposed
of at the facility including locations.
Records for the Sludge Drying Beds, Co-disposal Area, and Neutral
Trench were also reviewed for construction details, waste received and any
related monitoring data. The majority of the records and documents of
interest were submitted by the facility to EPA in the July 25, 1983 Part B
Post-Closure application package, as well as correspondence related to
design of the ground-water monitoring system. During the preliminary site
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reconnaissance and onsite inspection, details such as field boring logs,
actual well placement, and construction details including that of a new
disposal cell were reviewed.
Prior to the site inspection and preliminary reconnaissance, the
sampling and analysis plan, including the chain-of-custody procedures,
safety program to be followed, and various other details concerning well
placement and development were reviewed and approved by Region VII. This
information was supplemented by interviews with facility personnel and
their consultants during site visits prior to and during the actual Task
Force inspection.
Preliminary Site Visits
Region VII hydrogeologists visited BHCL on July 24, 1986 for the
purpose of observing the installation of the new ground-water monitoring
system. General drilling and logging procedures were observed in the field
and discussed in detail with BHCL's consultants and drilling subcontractor.
In addition, proposed monitoring sites and the waste management units were
inspected during this preliminary site visit.
The site reconnaissance for the Task Force investigation of BHCL was
conducted by EPA Task Force and Region VII personnel on September 25, 1986.
Prior to visiting the site, an informal meeting was held to discuss progress
of the drilling program and the logistics of the upcoming sampling event.
The project plan and recent correspondence between the County and EPA was
also distributed to Task Force personnel at this time to update them on
field changes and brief them on the planned investigation.
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A sHe tour was conducted for Task Force personnel and a representative
of the Task Force sampling contractor, Versar. All wells installed at this
time were inspected, on-going drilling and well installation procedures
were observed, and the rationale used for the monitoring wells selected for
sampling by EPA was discussed. Also noted during this site tour was possible
problems that might arise during inclement weather conditions as they
related to the movement of sampling equipment to each well location.
One issue that became apparent during the site reconnaissance was the
fact that landfilling of Subtitle D municipal waste has continued over the
top of the co-mingled, solid and hazardous waste in the southeast portion
of the site. BHCL has proposed to continue disposing of this waste until
the design height called for in the July 6, 1987 closure plan for the
Co-disposal area is reached. At the time of the Task Force inspection,
elevation of this area was at 900 feet on the east, lower side and up to
981 feet m.s.l. in the highest central portion. Design height as specified
in the closure plan is at a maximum of 986 feet in elevation.
Facility Inspection
The facility inspection conducted October 26 through 31, 1986 included
identification of waste management units, identification and assessment of
waste management operations, pollution control practices and verification
of the location of ground-water monitoring wells and leachate collection
systems.
Laboratory Evaluation
Prior to the sampling event, the EPA was informed by BHCL that University
of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory (UHL) which had been certified by an EPA evaluation
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in 1986, would be utilized for sample analyses. However, with the April
1986 receipt of BHCL's ground-water analysis report, it was discovered that
in place of UHL, BHCL used Donohue Analytical of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, for
all ground-water sample analyses. Subsequent checking with EPA Region V has
shown that Donohue Analytical has not participated In the EPA's Performance
Evaluation or Certified Laboratory Programs. Donohue Analytical has Indicated
that they are certified by the state of Wisconsin, but this could not be
verified with Region V.
BHCL was requested to obtain and submit to EPA Region VII all raw
laboratory data, including chromatographs, generated laboratory results,
operating standards and methods utilized by Donohue Analytical In sample
analyses. This information was received by EPA In June, 1987 and has been
compared with Task Force analytical results. Results of the data from both
the Task Force and Donohue Analytical compare reasonably well with one
another, however, further evaluation by the EPA Region VII Laboratory may be
required for definite conclusions to be made.
Ground-Water, Surface-Water and Leachate Sampling and Analysis
During the onsite inspection, the Task Force collected ground-water
samples from monitoring wells, the leachate collection system for the
Neutral Trench area, and a surface water sample near the culvert that con-
ducts water off the site under Hess Road along the southeast property line.
Samples were taken by Versar for the Task Force and sent to the appropriate
laboratories for analysis. Organic analyses were performed by Compu Chem
Laboratories while Inorganic and indicator analyses were by Centec Laboratories,
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As requested by BHCL, split samples were provided in equal volumes to the
facility where sufficient volumes were obtained for splits (See Table 3).
Data from sampling analysis were reviewed to further evaluate the BHCL
ground-water monitoring program and to identify possible contaminants in
the ground-water and surface water collected onsite. Analytical results
from the samples collected for the Task Force are presented in Appendix A.
Prior to the site reconnaissance and facility inspection, a Project
Plan was developed. This plan discussed the sampling procedures to be
followed, including a preliminary list of monitoring wells and surface
water points to be sampled. Due to field conditions such as low well
volumes and some equipment failures, minor deviations from the original
plan became necessary. For example, 23 monitoring wells consisting of 10
deep, 9 intermediate and 4 shallow, were to be sampled as specified in the
Project Plan. In actuality, 7 deep, 10 intermediate and 6 shallow wells
were sampled. In addition to the ground-water samples taken from monitoring
wells, 2 field blanks, 1 equipment blank, 2 duplicate and 2 surface samples
were also taken.
WASTE MANAGEMENT UNITS AND OPERATIONS
Waste Management Units
The Co-disposal Area takes up approximately the entire southeast
quarter of the facility (Figure 2). According to facility records, the
eastern half of this area was formed by excavating the glacial till deposits
to a depth of approximately 60 feet, which places the deepest portion within
a minimum of 40 feet of the top of the Cedar Valley Formation (Figures 3-5).
Municipal waste as well as hazardous waste, were co-disposed in this excavation,
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20
then graded over with clay derived from the excavated fill. Later, foundry
sand, flyash, and foundry baghouse dust were disposed of over the western
half of this area. At the time of the Task Force inspection, it was noted
that foundry sand and solid municipal waste was still being deposited in
this area.
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21
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Figure 5. Cross Section Reference
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,-
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL
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24
Two sludge drying beds, designated Drying Bed #1 and #2, were constructed
on top of foundry sand along the west edge of the Co-disposal Area (Figure 2).
Each drying bed covered an area of 100 square feet and had a six-foot high
berm constructed of clay derived from onsite glacial till materials. Both
drying beds had a two-foot thick base, also composed of clay from onsite
glacial till material (Figure 6). The drying beds were originally constructed
to stabilize wet wastes through evaporative drying. The beds became opera-
tional in February 1982, and were in use until Spring 1985. These units were
removed in spring 1985 by excavating the sludges and the underlying clay
base, and disposing of these materials in the Neutral Trench.
The Neutral Trench, also referred to as the Secure Trench, is located
in the northwest corner of the site (Figure 2). Originally designed to
consist of a series of five parallel trenches, the Neutral Trench area
contains two trenches, of which one has been filled and covered with clay.
The second trench, which has not been utilized for waste disposal, is at
present an open excavation. At the time of the Task Force inspection, this
open trench was about one-third full of liquid.
The filled and completed trench is reported to have been constructed
by excavating a cut approximately 25 feet deep, 90 feet wide at the base
and 450 feet in length. The bottom was sloped two degrees with three
12-inch deep and 18-inch wide leachate collection channels leading to a
24-inch deep sump at the north end of the trench. According to design
plans, this sump is 6 feet in width. Crushed rock was used to fill the
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25
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26
sump and collection channels. A 4-inch diameter, slotted PVC pipe protected
by a concrete culvert extends from the bottom of the sump to above ground
level (Figure 7).
Maintenance of Landfill Cover
Cover over the Neutral Trench reportedly consists of a three-foot thick
layer of fine-grained material from the excavated till deposits onsite.
Although graded to promote runoff, it was noted during the site inspection
that rainwater had ponded on the surface. Vegetation has been planted on top
of the clay cover for erosion control, but it was sparse at the time of the
inspection.
A clay cover derived from excavated till material is reportedly overlying
the Co-disposal area with a thickness of two to three feet. Foundry sand, fly-
ash, and solid municipal waste have been deposited over the western part of
the Co-disposal area and, in fact, these wastes were being disposed of at the
site during the Task Force inspection.
Closure plans dated April, 1987 for the Neutral Trench and July 1987 for
the Co-disposal Area and Sludge Drying Beds were recently received by Region
VII EPA. At the time of the writing of this report, these plans were still
under review by the EPA.
Facility Operation
Municipal and industrial wastes, prior to classification as hazardous
waste, were landfilled in that part of the facility now called the Co-disposal
Area. The landfilling process was accomplished by placing the waste in lifts
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27
.-
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28
within the excavated cell. Reportedly, these lifts consisted of an eight-foot
layer of waste over which a two-foot cover of soil was placed.
In addition, incoming liquids and sludges were deposited into one of the
two shallow sludge drying beds. The drying beds were originally designed to
temporarily contain liquid wastes and sludges until the liquid fraction was
sufficiently reduced through evaporation. Waste deposition, drying and sub-
sequent removal of liquids was taken to constitute one complete cycle. Upon
completion of a cycle, up to six inches of the contaminated clay base was
removed for deposition into a portion of the Neutral Trench. Before a succes-
sive cycle was to begin, the clay base was restored to its full two-foot
*
thickness.
Contaminated clay base and waste residue material removed from the
drying beds, and some incoming solid hazardous waste were landfilled in the
Neutral Trench. Although not confirmed by inspection, operation plans for
the Neutral Trench consisted of construction of a small berm in the trench
bottom at the end of working days so as to segregate the active from the non-
active areas. By segregation, it was planned to isolate any contaminated
rainfall accumulation from that which did not come into contact with hazardous
waste in the trench. Contaminated rainwater was to be collected and placed
in the Sludge Drying Beds for treatment.
Leachate Collection
Due to water table conditions in the glacial till deposits, area
landowners have installed field tile drainage systems to improve farmability
of the area. For the most part, these tile systems had been left in place
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29
by BHCL to collect surface water runoff prior to contact with hazardous
waste units. A tile entering the site near the northwest corner and paral-
leling the drainageway flows to the southeast, emerging midway across the
site where intermittent surface runoff combines with this drainage. Surface
runoff and possibly shallow flow from the fill face of the Co-disposal Area,
drain into this tile system as it flows across the site. This flow continues
on to the southeast where it discharges through a culvert beneath Hess Road
(Figure 8). At the time of the Task Force inspection, a moderate flow of
water through the tile system was observed by way of a series of access
manholes.
Along the eastern boundry of the site, a slurry trench was constructed
for the purpose of intercepting shallow ground-water flow moving from the
site in a southeasterly direction (Figure 8). Although not confirmed
through field investigation, it is suspected that shallow ground-water flow
in this location is intercepted by this trench. The subsequent mounding
causes flow at the surface which ultimately reaches the drainageway under
Hess Road. In the southeast corner of the site, water and apparently
leachate from the Co-disposal Area, is collecting in a low area. During
the site inspection it appeared that this water and/or leachate was being
periodically pumped into the drainage exiting the site beneath Hess Road.
Leachate collection within the completed neutral trench is through the
leachate collection channels and sump discussed previously. The facility's
original waste management plans for any leachate accumulation in the Neutral
Trenches was to pump it out of the culvert and remove it to the drying beds
for treatment. Since the drying beds no longer exist, BHCL was to remove
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30
N
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SUJSP.Y TRENCH
C'JTCFr
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SURFACE DRAINAGE ( InfvmUJ.nt )
SURFACE DRAINAGE (St«c
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31
this leachate and dispose of it at a permitted facility offsite. This has
never been done. It was noted during the site inspection that the liquid
levels in the culverts were within a few feet of the ground surface and it
is suspected that they have overflowed in the past.
HYDROGEOLOGICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION
Site Characterization Prior To The 1986 Consent Order
Prior to characterization activities specified in the September, 1986
Consent Order, site characterization of hydrogeological conditions at BHCL
consisted of a few improperly logged shallow borings, and a brief review of
background information. The earlier hydrogeological interpretations were
based on 20 soil borings that comprised three separate investigations. The
first investigation took place in March, 1975 and consisted of fifteen
borings, three of which were classified as deep by the facility. The
second soil investigation was completed in August of 1980 and produced
three borings also classified as deep. In August, 1982 an additional two
borings were completed. Borings referred to as deep in these earlier
investigations were terminated when bedrock was encountered.
The glacial till at the site was referred to in early reports by the
facility as an aquitard which effectively separated the shallow alluvial
materials and the underlying bedrock aquifer. These views were based on
laboratory permeability studies, from which the facility estimated travel
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32
time through this aquitard at several hundred years. Secondary permeability
features such as vertical jointing and weathering effects were not taken Into
account during the earlier studies.
In addition, some early boring logs referred to clay deposits in the
lower glacial till units as being a shale. This assumption was also used to
demonstrate separation of the bedrock aquifer from any hazardous waste con-
stituents that may have been released into the permeable zones within the
overlying glaciofluvial deposits.
In the fall of 1985, detailed geologic logs were taken of an excavation
opened in the west central part of the landfill for the purpose of municipal
solid waste disposal (Appendix B). This excavation is approximately 1100
feet in length and at least 60 feet deep, exposing the till deposits almost
to the top of bedrock. The geologic logs from this excavation indicated
that the till deposits contained extensive vertical jointing and a high
degree of fracturing. Although this fact was acknowledged by the facility,
it was still their position that any seepage from landfilling operations
would not reach the uppermost bedrock aquifer for a very long time, and if
movement occurred, it would probably be carried through the shallow,
permeable zones.
Phase I Site Characterization
A comprehensive hydrogeologic site characterization was carried out
between June and October, 1986, in conjunction with installation of a new
ground-water monitoring system as specified in the Consent Order that was
signed in September 1986 (Addendix C). The site characterization consisted
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33
of a total of 41 continuously sampled soil borings, with coring of the
upper portion of the bedrock at all deep monitoring well sites. In addition,
three deep stratigraphic core holes were advanced for definition of the
uppermost aquifer. Also, aquifer characteristics and ground-water flow was
studied through slug testing and a more thorough research of the available
background literature.
The Consent Order called for a two phased approach that would address
the issues of an adequate site characterization, detection monitoring and
assessment of contaminant migration. Phase I included the site characterization
and subsequent installation of a preliminary detection ground-water monitoring
system. The Phase II portion would assess the extent of contamiant migration
detected during the Phase I plus address any additional site characterization
that may have remained in question.
The Phase II investigation as stated in Paragraph 17(F) of the Consent
Order was to be designed utilizing analytical data from samples collected
during the first two sampling months. Furthermore, Paragraph 17(G) states that
the Phase II proposal was to be submitted to EPA for review by January 15, 1987.
Although several months past due, this proposal had not been received by the
time of the writing of this report.
Surface Drainage
Overall drainage of the site consist of three areas physically separated
by drainageways. The principal drainage splits the site from north to
south. Drainage from upland farm ground is carried through a portion of
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34
the main drainageway by a subsurface field fie. The tile emerges midway
through the site where intermittent surface runoff combines with this
drainage. This flow Is then joined by the Intermittent discharge that
collects In the southeast corner of the site and exits the property through
a culvert beneath Hess Road (Figure 8).
Glacial Till Deposits
Excavation of a large municipal disposal cell in 1985 presented an
opportunity for the till deposits at BHCL to be logged in detail (Appendix B).
The following description was based on the open trench log and subsequent
sample analysis of particle size by the Iowa Geological Survey. In general,
the uppermost deposit consists of a thin mantle of Wisconsin age loess,
the Peoria, which is 2 to 5 feet thick on the average. The loess mantles a
Wisconsin age erosion surface, marked by a stone line in places that
developed on the underlying Pre-Illinoian age glacial deposits. For the
most part, the modern surface soil is developed in the loess, occasionally
extending down into the underlying glacial till deposits.
The exposed Pre-Illinoian age glacial deposits consist of three basic
units: an upper, somewhat homogeneous till which is overlain in places by a
thin sand layer; a middle unit consisting of interbedded sand, gravel,
silt, and till-like materials; and a lower till unit composed mainly of
silty to sandy clays with occasional gravel. The upper till is part of the
Wolf Creek Formation, the youngest formation of Pre-Illinoian age tills of
eastern Iowa. The clay mineralogy of the upper till is typical for tills
of the Wolf Creek Formation: expandable clay minerals also known as smectite
or montmorillonite, and a greater percentage of kaolinite than 11 lite clay
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35
minerals. Correlaf on of the upper till with till members comprising the
Wolf Creek Formation in eastern Iowa Is not possible to a great degree of
accuracy due to the resident till texture being intermediate to those units
identified in type sections.
From a stratigraphic standpoint, the lower till is also fairly
straightforward. The clay mineralogy of the lower till shows significantly
lower percentages of expandable clay minerals and is also finer textured,
with sand percentages typically ranging around 30 percent. This till is
part of the Alburnett Formation, which comprises the oldest sequence of
Pre-Illinoian tills in eastern Iowa. At present, individual tills within
the Alburnett Formation are not formally subdivided as members because no
properties of the individual tills have been found to be distinctive.
The middle unit of interbedded sand, gravel, silt and till-like deposits
is difficult to put in a stratigraphic perspective. The clay mineralogy of
the deposits is intermediate between that typical of the Wolf Creek and
Alburnett Formations, though in general, it is closer to that of the
Alburnett Formation. Although the exact origin and classification of the
unit is uncertain, two possible scenarios include: the middle unit represents
the sheared mixing of meltwater deposits with pre-existing Alburnett
Formation tills by an advancing Wolf Creek glacier; or the middle unit was
deposited by a separate Alburnett advance. Dr. George Hall berg, in detailed
studies of Pre-Illinoian tills elsewhere in eastern Iowa, has commonly
encountered situations that could be explained by the first scenario. He
believes that this is the likely explanation also for the setting at BHCL,
although confirmation would require further field studies.
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00
Hydrogeologically the unit of most concern in the till Is the middle
unit of interbedded sand, gravel, silt and till-like deposits. It is an
extensive deposit containing units with the highest hydraulic conductivity
(the sands and gravels) found at the site. Without remedial measures, and
if saturated conditions exist, the greatest seepage to, through or from the
landfill would be expected from this unit. Actual seepage values would be
variable from this unit, however, not only because of probable differences
in hydraulic gradient along the extent of the unit, but also because of
variations in the thickness and texture that occur along it. The continuity
of this unit has not been established through field studies at the site,
although its presence has been detected over the southern half of the site.
Because they are relatively well graded (poorly sorted), the upper and
lower tills generally have relatively low primary porosity, and low primary
hydraulic conductivity. Weathering effects, development of a blocky, second-
ary soil"structure and jointing, impart a secondary porosity, which may result
in bulk hydraulic conductivity several orders of magnitude greater than that
of the till matrix alone. Field tests commonly show conductivities of 1 to 3
orders of magnitude over that derived from the intergranular conductivity that
laboratory testing gives. This enhanced conductivity, especially via vertical
jointing in the lower till units, is of major concern at BHCL and geologic
logs of an open disposal cell confirm extensive vertical fracturing of the
till units (Appendix B).
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37
Bedrock Deposits
Underlying approximately 60 to 110 feet of unconsolldated deposits is
the Cedar Valley Formation of Middle Devonian age. The straf graphic units
making up the Cedar Valley are presently in Informal status, but at BHCL, the
interpretation consists of four units (Figure 9). The uppermost portion of
this formation is referred to as Unit B and is composed of mainly dolomite
with minor dolomitic limestone containing abundant fossil molds and calcite-
filled voids. This unit was found to be about 27 feet thick and underlain
by a 2-foot thick Unit A4, which is a brecciated dolomite.
The next division of note is the Pints Member, also a dolomite but
unfossiliferous with faint laminations, burrow mottling and a scattering of
chert nodules.
Lower Unit A comprises the remaining Cedar Valley at BHCL and consists
of a series of dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone facies with a
total thickness of approximately 50 feet. This bottom most unit is conglomeratic
at its base and overlies the Wapsipinicon Formation.
The Wapsipinicon Formation, also of Middle Devonian age, is composed
of three members at BHCL. Brecciated near the top, the uppermost unit of
the Wapsipinicon is the Davenport Member. Consisting of dolomite and
dolomitic limestone, the Davenport Member is reported to be 17 feet thick.
Underlying the Davenport is the very calcitic Spring Grove Member, a 20-
foot thick dolomite which is finely laminated in its upper half. A 30-foot
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38
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Stratigraphic Column
. BHCL B-200 Core
( B. Witzke, Iowa GS)
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39
silty to sandy shale, the Kenwood Member, makes up the base of the Devonian
at BHCL. The Kenwood contains some argillaceous interbedded dolomite in the
lower half, and has a very sandy shale and conglomerate base directly overlying
undifferentiated Silunan deposits.
Silurian deposits consist of an upper, relatively dense, residuum of
dark gray to white chert nodules and clasts in an argillaceous dolomitic
matrix. This cherty Silurian interval is about 21 feet in thickness and
has been tentatively identified as the La Porte City Chert. Underlying the
La Porte City is another very cherty, argillaceous dolomite thought to be
the Hopkinton Formation. The Hopkinton encountered at BHCL contained
abundant clay filled fractures and appears to be approximately 27 feet
thick. At 92 feet thick, the Blanding Formation was the most extensive
Silurian unit encountered at the site. Consisting predominately of thick
bedded dolomite with chert bands, the Blanding was also noted for having an
abundance of vugs, voids and solution enlarged vertical jointing as well as
clay filled horizontal fractures.
Green shale partings with green and reddish mottling mark the somewhat
gradual change from Silurian to Ordovician strata at BHCL. The Maquoketa
Formation is the uppermost Ordovician unit at the site and is primarily
.comprised of argillaceous dolomite with abundant thin bedded shales and
clay layers. Although only 40 feet were penetrated by coring operations at
BHCL, the Maquoketa has been reported to be as much as 300 feet thick in
northeast Iowa. Where this formation has been more extensively studied, it
consists of predominately massive shales with dolomitic upper and lower
zones.
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40
The most important water-bearing bedrock units in the region are
comprised of dolomite and limestone, collectively referred to as carbonate
rocks. Such carbonate bedrock units make up the Silurian-Devonian aquifer
of northeastern Iowa. Because this aquifer is found at relatively shallow
depth and provides reliable quantities of water, it is the most economically
accessible source of ground-water for the region. In fact, the Silurian-
Devonian aquifer is a major source of public as well as private water supplies
throughout eastern Iowa. Approximately one hundred Iowa municipalities, six
of which are in Black Hawk County, utilize the aquifer for their water supply.
The Silurian-Devonian aquifer is recharged through the glacial till
and alluvial deposits in a band approximately 70 miles wide by 400 miles
long across northeast Iowa (Figure 10-12). Aquifer recharge is locally
enchanced through alluvium along the Cedar River, and municipal supply wells
in Waterloo and Cedar Falls reportedly yield up to 4,000 gallons per minute.
The aquifer is also a major water supplier for domestic wells in the area.
Based on deep stratigraphic borings at the site, the absence of
significant shale layers and the presence of fracture networks through this
sequence suggests that the Cedar Valley and upper Wapsipinicon should be
considered part of a single bedrock aquifer unit. The vertical extent of
this bedrock aquifer was previously thought to be to the top of the Maquoketa
Shale. However, the Kenwood Member of the lower Wapsipinicon Formation was
found to be exceptionally shaley and contains apparently unfractured soft
shale zones. In addition, the cherty residuum underlying the Kenwood
appears relatively dense and may further enhance the aquitard properties of
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41
EXPLANATION
100
Lin* or coual Inorwss of Cevcnan rocks
Interva a SO feet.
Otvonan outaop (ucpcrmca DnrooO
Otvorun suBcroo (ovcnan Oy Masssoaan iQcks
Dcvorun ajOcoo (ovenan ay C-eoceous rocxsi
Figure 10.
DISTRIBUTION AND THICKNESS OF DEVONIAN ROCKS
Devonian rocks underlie approximately 78 percent of the state, excluding several northwestern and
nortneastem counties and me Manson Anomay. They are comprised mainly of shale strata in (he upper
part win carbonate strata dominant m the lower part. The shae units, the Maple Mril-Sneffield sequence
and the Juniper Hill Memoer ot the Lime Creek Formation, are the upper confining beds tor me Slunan-
Oevonian aouiler. The Cedar Valley-Wapsipmicon carbonate sequence is the mapr water-oeamg portion
of the Devonian rock sequence. The Kenwood Shale Memoer m the lower pan of the Wapsanoon
Formation is a confining bed locally in southeastern Iowa where the SUunan rocks and Maquxeta Sate
are absent. Mississippian-age carbonates overlie the Devonian rocks in (he southern, central, and western
parts of the state, and Cretaceous shales and sandstones overlie the narrow band of Devonan rocks
which extend beyond the Mississippian boundary in northwestern Iowa. Erosonal remnants of Pemsyiva-
rnan-age shale and sandstone are found resting on Devonian and Silurian rocks in the outcrop area.
Devonian rocks rest on Silurian dolostones in easi-centra!. central, and southwestern Iowa, and on die
Orcovtcan Maquoketa Formation where Silunan rocks are not present, except m southeastern Iowa.
wnere the Devonian ovenies she Oroovioan Galena aoiostone.
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this shale unit. A detailed log for the deepest stratigraphic boring as well
as well as interpretation by an Iowa Geologic Survey expert is presented in
Appendix D.
Groundwater Flow
In addition to an extensive soil boring and rock coring program, in-situ
aquifer characterization by way of slug testing was carried out by BHCL in
conjunction with installation of the new Phase I monitoring system. On the
basis of water levels and slug testing, it has been concluded by the facility
that three, interconnected, aquifer systems exist beneath the site: 1) a
relatively shallow water table unit consisting of loess, topsoil and fill
deposits; 2) the glacial till Wolf Creek and Alburnett Formations, termed
by BHCL as a leaky aquitard; and, 3) the Silurian-Devonian aquifer made up
by the bedrock units overlying the Kenwood Formation.
Water Table System
The water table was encountered for the most part 5 to 10 feet below
ground level and included saturated portions of the loess and loessal top-
soils and fill. Generally, ground-water flow though the northern portion of
the aquifer follows the surface drainage pattern with a southeastern trend
paralleling the drainageway. A northeast to eastward trend was identified
in the co-disposal area (Figure 13). It was also noted that an apparent
ground-water high exists in the neutral trench area resulting in radial flow
away from both the filled trench and the unfilled excavation adjacent to it.
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45
Figure 13. Shallc3w Groi^ic3water Flow Directions
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,-
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL
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46
Calculations by the facility based on estimated porosities and
hydraulic conductivities resulted in an approximate horizontal velocity of
400 feet/year with a vertical component of 5 feet/year. However, as stated
by BHCL, macro and micro structures such as vertical joints and fractures
are not accounted for in these calculations. Due to the extensive vertical
jointing and weathering of the unconsolidated deposits, the vertical compo-
nent of flow may actually be an order or orders of magnitude greater. In
addition, BHCL states that, based on gradients, ground-water flow will be
predominantly in the vertical direction through this portion of the aquifer.
Leaky Aquitard
«
The Pre-Illinoian tills, made up for the most part by the Wolf Creek
and Alburnett Formations and containing intermittent, discontinuous sand
pockets and glaciofluvial deposits, is considered to be a leaky aquitard by
BHCL. Monitoring wells screened in the till deposits demonstrate the exis-
tence of a ground-water high in the northeast section of the site. Ground-
water flow from this area appears to be to the south toward the drainageway
while that from the neutral trench area trends eastward. Flow from the co-
disposal area will be to the north, also toward the drainageway.
In-situ testing for hydraulic conductivity produced values that ranged
from 3.0 x 10~7 cm/sec for MW-103A which is screened in clay, to 1.9 x 10~3
for MW-112A, screened in a sandy zone. Average linear velocities of ground-
water movement through the till deposits were calculated to be 314 feet/year
for the sand pockets and 3 feet/year for clay zones. However, due to a
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47
much greater vertical gradient, very high transmissivity values of the
underlying bedrock aquifer, and the existence of a high degree of jointing
and fracturing through the till, ground-water flow is predominantly in the
downward direction.
Silurian-Devonian Bedrock Aquifer
The Silurian-Devonian aquifer, especially the uppermost Cedar Valley
Formation, Is composed of dolomitic limestone. Rock cores and aquifer
testing show that this formation contains an extensive network of fractures
and is highly jointed. Based on water levels, a ground-water high exists
in the southwest corner of the site which results in a predominant ground-
water flow direction to the northeast (Figure 14). A strong downward
gradient exists between the overlying glacial till formations and the
Silurian-Devonian aquifer. Therefore, ground-water movement will be primarily
downward, draining water and possible waste constituents into the bedrock
portion of the aquifer.
Pump testing of the Cedar Valley Formation in Black Hawk County gave
transmissivity values ranging from 129,000 to 1,760,000 gallons per day per
foot. Aquifer testing at BHCL produced recovery rates in the bedrock
monitoring wells so rapid that accurate measurements could not be taken.
However, based on a estimated hydraulic conductivity of 0.1 cm/second and
an effective porosity of 40%, an average linear velocity of 10 feet/day for
the ground-water of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer was presented by the
facility. The actual ground-water flow rate will vary depending on the
density of the fracture network and extent of jointing in this formation.
-------
4u
Figure 14. Silurian-Devonian Aquifer Potentiometric
Surface Contours . GroundWatefp^ Direction'
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,-
-------
49
EARLY GROUND-WATER MONITORING SYSTEM AND WATER QUALITY HISTORY
Landfill Services Corporation (LSC) Ground-Water Monitoring System
The first monitoring wells Installed at the landfill were completed In
the shallow, uppermost glacial till portion of the aquifer. These wells
were Installed In December 1974 and designated Monitoring Wells IS, 2S and
3S. All three of these original monitoring wells were considered to be
upgradient by the facility. Shallow Monitoring Wells 6S, 7S and 8S were
installed in December 1980 and designated by LSC as being downgradient.
In July 1982, the first monitoring wells to be installed in the bedrock
portion of the aquifer, the upper Cedar Valley Formation, were in place and
designated ID, 2D and 3D. An additional two shallow (9S and IDS) and two
deep (4D and 5D) were installed in May 1984. Therefore, prior to an EPA
Comprehensive Ground-Water Monitoring Evaluation (CME) in 1984, there were
13 PVC monitoring wells in place at BHCL (Figure 15).
The five bedrock wells installed during the period of July 1982 through
May 1984, were constructed of 6-inch diameter PVC casing. The screen in
the bedrock wells was not slotted but drilled with 1/4 and 1/2-inch holes.
These holes were reportedly drilled at two to three foot intervals along the
length of the area to be monitored. Monitoring well diagrams did not
explain how the PVC joints were joined but, as in the discussion of shallow
well construction below, it is possible that solvent welds were employed.
Well construction details for bedrock wells, as described in LSC's
Monitoring Well Documentation Forms, lack clarity with respect to backfill
materials. The drilling contractor that installed the wells later stated
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50
NEUTRAL
TRENCH' !
IDS
u 3D
1- =400' (N)
Figure 15. Early PVC Monitoring
Well Location Map
S= Shallow
D= Deep
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,-
-------
51
that backfill for MW-1D, 2D and 3D was composed of drilling mud, glacial
drift and limestone cuttings, although this was not recorded on the well
diagrams. Other details of these three deep wells state that the filter
packs consisted of limestone cuttings. A cement plug was installed from
20 feet in depth to the surface. In MW-1D, the filter pack extends from
the bottom of the boring at 140 feet to 96 feet in depth. Similarly,
MW-2D, also 140 feet deep, contains a filter pack of limestone cuttings in
place from the bottom of the boring up to a 110-foot level. The 100-foot
deep MW-3D was backfilled with limestone cuttings to 76 feet in depth.
Filter pack description for the 140-foot MW-4D is lacking. This well
is reportedly screened between 106 feet and 140 feet. The annulus for this
well was reportedly backfilled with bentonite from an unknown depth up to
10 feet, and with cement from 10 feet to the surface. MW-5D was described
as screened from the bottom of the boring, 117 feet, up to 77 feet. As
with MW-4D, material composing the filter pack is not discussed, and the
elevation of the top of the filter back not given. Bentonite backfill was
reportedly placed on top of the filter back up to within 5 feet of the
surface, and cement from 5 feet in depth to the surface.
All the shallow wells were constructed of 4-inch diameter PVC casing.
Screens in the shallow wells were slotted with 0.020-inch slots and varied
from 5.5 feet to 10 feet in length. A typical shallow PVC monitoring well
diagram is illustrated by Figure 16. Six of the ten monitoring well dia-
grams specified that they were solvent welded. It is therefore assumed
that all 10 shallow wells were solvent welded.
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52 . -' . -
Figure 16. Diagram of TyPicf J
PVC Monitoring Well
Black Hawk County Landfill
Ground-Water Monitoring Wei!
MW-3 "'.--
APPROXIMATE
ELEVATION
933.0 FT.
KEMOVABLE
PVC CAP
PVC WELL PIPE
(2" 0}
TOPSOIL
LOESS
TILL
/Uv-
I I * . j
13 ft.
-
ANTICIPATED WATER LEVEL
*-vs
CONCRETE PLDG
CEMENT OR
BENTONITE .GROUT
GRAVEL BACKFILL
6 ft.
SLOTTED
PVC PIPE
WELL DEPTH
-------
53
Backfill materials reported for the shallow well system were varied.
In MW-1S, 25, 3S and 8S, concrete or cement was placed directly over the
filter pack. Loess or silty clay was placed as backfill on top of the filter
packs of MW-6S and 7S. A cement and bentonite annular backfill was reported
for MW-9S, 10S and replacement wells 2S and 3S. It was not clearly stated
what mixture ratio of the cement and bentonite backfill was used. Filter
packs used in construction of the shallow monitoring wells were reportedly
composed of 1/2 to 1 inch, washed gravel.
An EPA inspection in 1984 concluded that the ground-water monitoring
system at BHCL had major deficiencies. Specifically, construction details,
accurate locations and elevations were lacking. The inspector went on to
state that an accurate picture of the hydrogeological conditions at the
site was not possible due to lack of detailed information. In addition,
major problems associated with the monitoring system were noted by the
facility during the ground-water monitoring up through 1984, including use
of PVC solvent welds in the shallow wells, improper annular seals and
inadequate development.
In December 1984, the landfill was purchased by BHCL from LSC.
BHCL was issued a Letter of Warning from the EPA in July 1985, calling for
a schedule addressing the upgrading of the ground-water monitoring system.
Although proposals for upgrading the ground-water monitoring system were
received by the EPA, major deficiencies were found. After prolonged
negotiations with the Black Hawk County Solid Waste Commission and their
consultant (Brice, Petrides and Donohue), a greatly modified ground-water
-------
54
monitoring program was agreed upon in June, 1986. Installation of the new
monitoring system began in July and was completed in October 1986.
Water Quality History (BHCL)
Monitoring results from the period of 1978 to 1983 revealed elevated
levels of Indicator parameters. Monitoring wells located In the northwest
section of the landfill in the vicinity of the Neutral Trench have shown
elevated pH, specific conductance and total organic halides (TOX). During
this period of initial monitoring, it was unclear if disposal activities in
this area were responsible for the increases. Poorly constructed wells
were thought to be the reason for the elevated pH and specific conductance.
It was postulated that improperly hydrated cement was deteriorating and
seeping into the gravel packs of monitoring wells 2S and 3S. This has not
been confirmed by subsequent testing.
Elevated levels of TOX were also noted in five other onsHe monitoring
wells. Conclusions were that additional monitoring and analysis were
required. The unconclusive results of earlier monitoring and in response
to concerns of citizens living near the site, the Iowa Department of Natural
Resources (IDNR) initiated an accelerated monitoring program for BHCL in
May, 1983. The Department contracted with University Hygienic Laboratory
to monitor ten wells and a surface water point at BHCL as part of the
accelerated monitoring program.
The objective of the accelerated monitoring program was to evaluate
offsite and onsite ground-water quality to determine if there was an impact
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55
from BHCL. Special emphasis was placed on the water quality of private
wells in the vicinity. Both onsite and offsite wells and an onsite surface
water point were sampled once a month from May through August 1983. A
total of eleven points were monitored (Figure 17) and included the following:
Offsite Onsite
McHone WeH MW-3S
Dehrcoop kell MW-7S
Hawkeye Institute Well MW-8S
Dawson Well MW-3D
Hoskins Well Surface Water at East Boundry
Boeson Well
All of the offsite wells were thought to be deep wells, completed in
the Cedar Valley Formation. However, details of these wells such as depth,
methed of construction or boring logs were not available to the Department.
Of the four onsite wells, only one was completed in the bedrock portion of
the aquifer. The surface water samples were taken at the point in the water-
way where water leaves the landfill under Hess Road along the southeastern
boundry of the facility.
The monitoring parameters set by this program included Total Chlorides,
Conductivity, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Hexavalent Chromium and
Zinc. In addition to the above mentioned parameters, Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) was also monitored at the surface water sampling point.
One of the conclusions from the accelerated monitoring program as well
as monitoring data from previous sampling was that there was evidence of
possible leachate movement. Two offsite wells were reported to have elevated
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56
Figure 17. Accelerated Monitoring
locations (1983 Study)
HAWKEYE INST.
OF TECH.
E. ORANGE RD.
DAWSON
NEUTRAL
TRENCH
BOESEN"
RASKINS
*
83
L*
/ FILLED *>
^ AREA * 7«
Xx
* DEHRCOOP
SURFACE MONITORING
POINT
E. WASHBURN
McHONE
tu
c
z
o
N
o
EC
CO
CO
tu
* APPROXIMATE WELL LOCATION
-------
57
zinc levels although this was not believed by the researchers to be from the
landfill. However, one of the offsite wells with the poorest water quality
was the Boesen well which is at the northeast corner of the landfill property.
Not adequately explained in this monitoring program was the elevated levels
of TOX that had occurred over several years in five shallow, onsite monitoring
wel Is.
Although the study concluded that water drawn from private wells
surrounding BHCL was within safe drinking water standards, there was
evidence of contamination of the ground-water onsite. Therefore, it was
recommended by IDNR that there be implemented an expanded ground-water moni-
toring program. Included in this expanded program were required quarterly
sampling and analysis, and placement of two additional deep wells. In
addition, the shallow monitoring wells 2S and 3S were to be replaced by
two new shallow monitoring wells. These two monitoring wells were replaced
the next year.
Later monitoring covering the period of April 1984 through May 1985
showed significant increases in pH, specific conductance, and total organic
carbon (TOC) for shallow and deep onsite wells. Even though the elevated
indicator parameters demonstrated that these wells failed statistically, LSC
did not submit a ground-water quality assessment plan. The facility contended
that these findings may be due to several factors related to well installation
and/or sampling procedures, and did not truly reflect ground-water quality at
BHCL. Factors thought responsible for the sample values included improper
purging, use of PVC solvent welds in the shallow wells, improper sealing of
the annulus in three deep and two shallow wells, and the fact that wells
were not developed after installation.
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58
GROUND-WATER MONITORING PROGRAM PROPOSED FOR RCRA COMPLIANCE
Well Construcf'on
Ground-water monitoring wells proposed for compliance with the Phase I
part of the 1986 Consent Order were constructed of 2-inch ID, type 316,
flush threaded, stainless steel pipe and well screens. The well screens
are factory slotted with a #10 (0.Clinch) slot size. Screen lengths are 10
feet for the shallow and bedrock wells, and 5 feet for the intermediate
wells. The bedrock well screens were 10 feet in length in order to monitor
the upper, highly fractured portion of the Cedar Valley Formation. Ten-foot
screen lengths were chosen in the shallow wells to compensate for possible
ground-water fluctuations anticipated near the surface. Intermediate wells
are monitoring a more discrete interval (sand lenses) and the 5-foot screen
length should serve this function more effectively.
Filter packs placed in the intermediate and shallow monitoring wells
consist of a clean washed, silica sand, graded to fit the #10 slot size of
the screens. In the intermediate wells, this filter sand pack was extended
2 feet above the top of the screens. The filter packs were placed above
the top of the screen to within 7 feet below ground level for the shallow
monitoring wells. For bedrock wells, the filter pack consisted of course
sand to fine gravel, with a 2-foot layer of fine grained silica sand on
top. In these deeper wells, the filter pack fills the annular space up to
7 feet below the bedrock surface.
Sealant material placed over the sand filter packs is composed of
bentonite pellets which were hydrated at least eight hours before placement
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59
of the overlying grout. At a minimum, the bentonite seals in bedrock wells
are seven feet thick, five feet thick in intermediate wells, and two feet
thick in the shallow wells. Direct depth measurements were taken in all
wells to assure proper placement of the bentonite seals before addition of
the grout backfill.
Backfi.ll material above the bentonite seals for the bedrock and
intermediate monitoring wells is composed of American Colloid Volclay Grout.
A density of 9.4 Ibs./gal. was specified and verified in the field by mud
balance measurements at installation. The grout placement was accomplished
by use of a tremie pipe positioned three feet above the bentonite seal, then
withdrawn as the annular space was filled. In the intermediate wells, the
grout was placed to within five feet below the ground surface. The bedrock
wells have a six-inch PVC casing placed into the bentonite seal and resting
on the bedrock surface. Volclay grout fills the annular space inside the
PVC casing, and cement-bentonite grout is placed on the outside of the
casing to within five feet of the ground surface. Inside the outer PVC
casing, two-inch stainless steel casing with 10-foot, #10 slot screens were
installed. Double casing of the deep wells was utilized at BHCL to minimize
any contaminant migration from overlying deposits into the Cedar Valley
Aquifer.
Concrete caps were installed in all wells from five feet in depth to
the ground surface. On top of the cap, reinforced concrete pads, four feet
square and sloped away from the well casing, were constructed. Six-feet in
length, six-inch diameter vented, locking steel protective casings were
installed in the concrete.
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60
Each monitoring well has a dedicated, stainless steel, five-foot bailer
which is connected by stainless steel cable to a heavy duty downrigger. The
downriggers are housed in lockable aluminum boxes which are installed directly
onto the steel protective casings. General monitoring well diagrams are
illustrated in Figures 18-20.
Well Locations and Number
A total of 14 monitoring well clusters were installed. Each, with the
exception of MW-104, consisted of a shallow, an intermediate and a deep
(bedrock) well. During the initial drilling operations, it was discovered
that the intermediate depth permeable zone was absent at the location desig-
nated for MW-104A, and this well was deleted from the cluster. There are a
total of 41 monitoring wells in the new Phase I ground-water monitoring
system at BHCL.
Monitoring well clusters MW-105 through MW-109 and MW-113 are along the
designated compliance line for the sludge Drying Bed and Co-Disposal Area
which, for monitoring purposes, have been treated as one waste management
unit. In the southeast corner of the facility, MW-110 cluster was placed
for detection of possible contaminant migration associated with this low-lying
area. A monitoring cluster, MW-112, was placed in the northeast portion of
the facility for detection of possible contaminant migration through the
upper bedrock aquifer in that direction. All the monitoring wells discussed
above are considered downgradient with the exception of MW-112A and MW-112B
which, at present, are designated upgradient with respect to shallow and
intermediate ground-water flow.
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61
BRICE, PETRIDES-
-. DONOHUE - - SI
BT;.
Fie 18. RCRA Shallow Monitoring
Well Diagram
SHEET
.Of.
WELL Ha.
PROTECTIVE
6UORD POSTS
rrpf Steel vrnTrn Yes NO
DlfWETER 6" inrgrn Yes TTPF .
tainless
TTPF Steel vi NTEO__l§s_
COMCRCTE COLLflRI and A'xA'xl1
Reinforced Concrete Pad - ASTM C150,
Type 1, Air Entrained
SEflLj Bentonite
fOUOER/GRflNULflR/PELLETS.
HTORflTEQ
.cats..
PIPE [Stainless
TTPf Steel
nn 2.375"
i Q 2"
. SCHEDULE _lii.
^ 1 JOINTS
THREflOED TLUSM
TBprn Yes
Yes
BBCXTILLI
TYPE Silica Sand-Sized for £10 Sereei
SOURCE Minnesota Frac. Sand or Eouiv
VOLUrtE G3LS
SCREEN
Stainless
"Steel
TTPE.
nn 2.375"
#10
.SLOT SIZE.
.NO. SLOTS/rT
.SCHEDULE 316
Include dedicated five-foot stainless i -
steel bailer, suitable stainless steel f*~t.
cable and cable reel or spool.
. HOTE5: VflTER SOURCE
CflP
Stainless Steel. Threaded
-------
Figure 19. RCRA Intermediate
Monitoring Well Diagram
62
Bl
D<
SHEET
-OF.
STRLLflHON
_ OflTD __
WELL NO..
Oi:
50303.030
PROTECTIVE OWING
SURRO POSTS
TTPF Steel vrMTrn Yes Mn
OIRrtETER 6" i oprrn Yes
LENGTH JL!
PLUG
Stainless Steel
Yes
CONCRETE COLLJW and 4'x4'xl'
Reinforced Concrete Pad - ASTM C150,
Type 1, Air Entrained
POUOER/GRflNOLW/PELLETS.
HTOKflTED
Steel
TTPE,
nn 2.375"
.SCHEDULE.
316
BENTONITE CROUT
nix.
-CEMENT.
American Colic
Volclay Grout
Equivalent
BENTONITE
Density 9.4 Lbs./Gal.
Centering Straps
JOINTS!
THREHOEO FLUSH
TEFLON
Yes
SERL Bentonite
PELLETS OURNT..
Stainless
Steel
TTPE.
nn 2:375"
2"
.SLOT M7r
.NO. SLOTS/FT
.SCHEDULE 316
(0.01")
Include dedicated five-foot stainless
steel bailer, suitable stainless steel
cable and cable reel or spool.
NOTES: WRTER SOURC£_
HIZH
BRCXFILL
TTPfSilica Sand-Sized for #10 Screen
SOURCE Minnesota Frac. Sand or Equiv.
VOLUME GflLS
TTPfStainless Steel, Threaded
nflTERIPL
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63
Figure 20. RCRA Bedrock Monitoring BEDROCK-W
Well Diagram '
BRICE, PETRIDES-
DONOHUE SITE:
Landfill
SHEET
.OF.
PIEZOMETER IKSTflLLflTION
Black Hawk County 'DflTF:~
WELL NO..
8T:
PROJECT.NO.
jgjflRO POSTS")
PROTECTIVE CfiSlWG
Steel VrnTrn Yes
DinnETER 6" inrgrn Yes
LENGTH
TTPF Steel vrMTrn
and 4'x4'xll Reinfor
CONCRETE COLU*
Concrete Pad - ASTM
C150, Type 1, Air
Entrained
tainless
TTPflSteel
on 2.375"
CEMENT-BENTONITE GROUT
Volclay Grout or Equivalent
American Colloid, or Equiv.
THREflOED H.USH
TEFLON Tflprn Yes
SEAL I Bentonice
PELLETS OUflNT.
Stainless
Steel ?t.QT si7r #10 ro.OI'
NO. SLOTS/FT.
Pea Gravel or Coarse Sand
SOURCE
VOLUrtE
Include dedicated five-foot stainless
steel bailer, suitable stainless steel
cable and cable reel or spool"."
NOTES: VflTER SOURCE
Stainless Steel. Threaded
-------
64
Along the south central boundary of the site Is the upgradient monitoring
cluster, MW-111. At the time of installation, monitoring wells within this
cluster were thought to be upgradient at all depths. Also designated up-
gradient at present is MW-114, which is located approximately 400 feet north
of the southwest corner of the site. These two upgradient monitoring well
clusters and the downgradient clusters discussed above each have three wells
installed in shallow, intermediate and deep zones. The wells in each cluster
are located within a 15-foot radius of one another. The close arrangement of
the wells within clusters made it possible to select permeable zones to be
screened from one continuously sampled boring at each cluster site. General
monitoring well cluster locations in relation to waste management units are
«
illustrated in Figure 21.
Based on a preview of historic data, it was determined that two ground-
water flow directions exist in the Neutral Trench Area. The ground-water
flow through the glacial till deposits are in a southeastern" direction while
that of the deeper bedrock flow is to the northeast. Therefore, the well
cluster arrangement used elsewhere onsite was not used. Downgradient,
shallow and intermediate monitoring wells were placed around the southeast
edge of the neutral trench area while downgradient bedrock wells are on the
eastern side. The upgradient, shallow and intermediate monitoring wells
are placed northwest of the trench while the upgradient bedrock well is on
the southwest corner (Figure 22).
A total of 11 monitoring wells were installed in this area of the site
with 3 monitoring the intermediate zone, and 4 each screened in both the deep
and shallow portions of the aquifer. Monitoring wells MW-101A, 101B and 101C
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65
MW-101
T! »irofe
Figure 21. General Location Map of
RCRA Monitoring Well Clust
Clusters
BLACK HAWK COUNTY, IOWA,
-------
».'?i'i.'7*:>^.!-< v:.--li.ir:Tt
Filled Trench",'
V--
- .--^ «**..»> i -v* ' '
--^1; -~'Hr^^ 'v ".':
"**»-": -.»!» ^ ~tr . ' - ' '.'
Location Map of Individual Monitoring Wells
in the Neutral Trench Area
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67
101C are designated as upgradient background wells. In addition, MW-104C
was found to be upgradient upon analyses of the hydrogeological data. The
other seven monitoring wells in this area are considered to be downgradient
of which only two are completed in the bedrock aquifer.
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HANDLING PROCEDURES
Task Force Sampling Methods
Samples for the Task Force evaluation were collected by Versar, Inc.
(Versar), an EPA contractor, under supervision of Task Force and EPA Region
VII personnel. Ground-water samples were obtained from 22 monitoring wells:
6 shallow, 9 intermediate, and 7 deep (bedrock) wells. In addition, 2 sur-
face water samples were collected; one from the neutral trench culvert and
the other from the southeast seep area. Sample locations were designated
prior to the site visit by EPA Region VII personnel, and were included in
the Project Plan generated for the investigation. Some deviation from the
original designated locations did become necessary due to conditions found
in the field, such as dry or very slow recharging monitoring wells. Other
changes were caused by the as-built locations of monitoring wells around
the Neutral Trench area. Their exact final positions were not known prior
to the inspection due to the contemporaneous construction of the system.
Samples collected, including blanks, are listed on Table 1.
Equipment failure in the field were another source of deviation from the
project plan. Initially, Telflon bladder pumps were to be used for purging
each monitoring well. Due to complete malfunction of the pumps, bailers were
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68
utilized for all purging and sampling by the Task Force team. In addition,
two bailers were lost in monitoring wells when they became disconnected
from the end segments. These two bailers were later recovered by Versar
using stainless steel hooks.
Accurate measurements of pH was not possible due to malfunction of the
pH meter. Values listed for pH on Table 7 were obtained from pH paper or
pH pen.
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69
Table 1
BLACKHAWK COUNTY LANDFILL
SAMPLING SUMMARY
Well
MW-102A
MW-103B
MW-105A
MW-105C
MW-106A
MW-106C
MW-107B
MW-107C
MW-108A
MW-109A
MW-109C
MW-110B
MW-111A
MW-112A
MW-112B
Secure Trench
Culvert
SE Seep
Equip. Blank
(near MW110)
Field Blank #1
(near MW107)
Field Blank #2
(near MW103B)
Sampled
Shipped
(1986)
10/28
10/28
10/28-29
10/28
10/29
10/28
10/29
10/29
10/29
10/28
10/29
10/30-31
10/29
10/27
10/27
10/29
10/31
10/30
10/29
10/31
10/28
10/28
10/29
10/29
10/30
10/29
10/30
10/29
10/30
10/29
10/29
10/31
10/29
10/28
10/28
10/29
10/31
10/31
10/30
10/31
Sample Parameters
Collected*
Complete Set +
duplicate
Complete Set
VOA, POC, POX, Extrac.
Orgam'cs, Metals,
Cyanides
Complete Set
VOA, POC, POX, Extrac.
Organlcs, Total Metals
Complete Set
VOA, POC, POX, Total
Metals
Complete Set
VOA, POC, POX, Extrac.
Orgam'cs, total metals,
phenols
Complete Set minus
pest/herbs
Complete Set
Complete Set minus
Cyanides, Pest/Herbs
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
Complete Set
(*Complete set refers to parameter list in Appendix E)
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70
Open well heads were monitored for chemical vapors prior to purging
with an HNU photo-Ionizer. Versar then measured water levels and total
depth of the well with an electronic water level Indicator. From this data,
exact purge volumes were calculated. Monitoring wells were purged of three
well volumes, or until dry, with laboratory-decontaminated, bottom discharging,
dedicated Teflon bailers attached by Teflon coated stainless steel cable.
Water removed from the well during purging was first discharged into a
5-gallon bucket for measurement and then poured into 55-gallon drums for
holding until it could be tested for contamination. To reduce contact with
potential contamination, latex gloves were worn at all times and plastic
ground sheets were placed around the work area.
A small diameter Teflon bottom emptying device (BED) was attached to the
bottom end of each bailer for obtaining the samples. All water samples were
discharged directly into their appropriate containers to minimize contact
with the atmosphere (Table 2). All sample bottles and preservatives were
provided by Versar for Task Force samples. Field parameters such as pH,
temperature and specific conductance were taken in quadruplicate sets at the
well site immediately upon obtaining the sample. After field parameters were
taken, sample collection proceeded in the order listed in Table 2. This
table also lists parameters collected by container and preservatives used, if
any. Upon filling, sample containers were placed in ice chests, then taken
by Versar to a central collecting point located near the facility's office.
At the central collecting point, samples for dissolved metals were filtered
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71
through a .45 micron membrane filter by use of an electric vacuum pump.
Sample splits were then distributed to BHCL contractor personnel following
standard chain-of-custody procedures. In addition to obtaining signed
receipts from the BHCL contractor, chain-of-custody forms were filled out
and samples shipped to the EPA contractor laboratory at the end of each
day.
Table 2
ORDER OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
BOTTLE TYPE AND PRESERVATIVE LIST
Parameter
Volatile Organics (VOA)
Purgeable Organic Carbon (POC)
Purgeable Organic Halogen (POX)
Extractable Organics
Total Metals
Dissolved Metals
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total Organic Halogen (TOX)
Phenols
Cyanide
Nitrate/ Ammonia
Sulfate/Chloride
Pesticide/Herbicide
Bottle
60 ml VOA vials
60 ml vial
60 ml vial
1 qt amber glass
1 qt plastic
1 qt plastic
4 oz glass
1 qt amber glass
1 qt amber glass
1 qt plastic
1 qt plastic
1 qt plastic
1 gal amber glass
Preservative
HN03
. HNOa
H2S04
H2S04
NaOH
H2S04
For quality control, two field blanks and one equipment blank were
prepared by the Versar sampling team. Blanks were prepared by pouring labora-
tory, grade de-ionized water through a laboratory-decontaminated Teflon bailer
into an appropriate sample container. Field blank locations are noted on
Table 1. For quality control/quality assurance (QA/QC), a duplicate set
of samples were obtained from MW-102A.
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72
Sample splits were taken by the Versar team for the facility In all
monitoring wells that produced sufficient amounts of water for this purpose.
The monitoring wells where splits were taken and the parameters collected
at each are listed in Table 3. Splits were also made from two field blanks,
an equipment blank and one surface water sample from the southeast seep.
Table 3
SAMPLE SPLITS PROVIDED FOR BHCL
Sam pi e
Location
VOA
Extract.
Organic
Parameter
Total
Metals
Dissolved
Metals
TOX TOC Cyanide
MW-101B
MW-103B
MW-107B
MW-110B
MW-112B
MW-114B
MW-102A
MW-103A
MW-108A
MW-110A
MW-112A
MW-102C
MW-112C
MW-114C
SE Seep
Eq. Blank
Field Blank #1
Field Blank #2
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73
Decontamination procedures used on non-dedicated equipment such as the
bailer cable, water level indicator probe, pH and specific conductance meter
probes consisted of a hexane wipe followed by de-Ionized water rinse and wipe,
As mentioned above, Teflon bailers and BED's were cleaned and decontaminated,
wrapped in plastic, and sealed with tape, by the Versar home station prior to
the sampling event.
BHCL Sampling and Handling Methods
Observation by the Task Force of the BHCL sampling procedures utilized
by the facility's contractor was an integral part of the site evaluation.
At the time of the Task Force Investigation, BHCL was taking their first
set of samples called for by the accelerated sampling schedule (Appendix E).
As part of this first set of the program, BHCL was sampling all the new
stainless steel monitoring wells recently installed for RCRA compliance.
The BHCL contractor sampling team used a submersible pump constructed
of Teflon and stainless steel to purge most of the monitoring wells before
sampling. Purge volumes were calculated by first taking a water level
reading with an electronic water level indicator, then measuring total
depth of the well. Purge volumes used by BHCL were five casing volumes,
instead of the three casing volumes employed by the Task Force, or until
low yield wells went dry. As discussed in the section of this report con-
cerning design of the new monitoring well system at BHCL, each well has a
dedicated stainless steel, top discharging bailer. At the time of the
inspection, the downriggers had not yet been installed. Each bailer had
been steam cleaned, wrapped in plastic and numbered to correspond with its
respective monitoring well. The BHCL sampling team used these bailers with
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74
nylon rope to obtain their ground-water samples from the wells. The nylon
ropes are a temporary arrangement until the downrigger cables are installed.
This rope was discarded after use in each well.
The BHCL sampling crew wore rubber gloves during the sampling event. In
general, sample bottles, labels, preservatives and the order of sample collec-
tion were consisted with BHCL's EPA approved sampling and analysis plan. They
adequately decontaminated non-dedicated items of equipment between monitoring
wells, and in general were competent and knowledgeable of sampling techniques.
VOA portions of the samples were poured very slowly from the top discharging
bailers into the sample bottles which were handled in a manner to exclude air
bubbles. Sampling and chain-of-custody procedures by BHCL wene strictly
followed and carried out in an adequate fashion during the entire sampling
event.
MONITORING DATA ANALYSIS FOR INDICATIONS OF WASTE RELEASE
Task Force Sampling Results
Tabulation, evaluation and interpretation of analytical data for samples
collected by Task Force personnel during the October 1986 inspection and
analyzed by EPA contract laboratories is covered in detail in Appendix A.
Included in the discussion of laboratory results is usability of the data,
in which some values are reported to be quantitative, semi-quantitative,
qualitative or unusable. Most unusable data resulted from detection of simi-
lar concentrations of parameters in blanks. Detection of these parameters
was therefore determined to be a laboratory error.
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75
Quality control data on the volatile organics (VGA's) indicated several
problems including either acetone or methylene chloride contamination in
some laboratory blanks. Because of this contamination, all positive acetone
results except for MW-102A and all positive methylene chloride results with
the exception of MW-114C were deemed unusable. Acetone concentration from
MW-102A was reported at 11 ug/L while that for methylene chloride in MW-114C
was 6 ug/L. No other positive VGA's were reported by the laboratory.
A number of semi-volatiles were reported in several of the ground-water
samples (Table 4). Also listed on Table 4 are five monitoring wells and one
surface water location in which unknown semi-volatiles were detected. (Of
the five wells where semi-violatiles were detected, three are deep, one
intermediate and one shallow). In addition, unknown semi-volatiles were also
detected in both surface water samples. Concentrations of the unknown semi-
volatiles varied, but all were below specified detection limits (Table 4).
However, di-n-butyl phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate were also detected in
Task Force equipment and trip blanks. The presence of these compounds in
blanks and the very low levels detected may indicate that their presence is
due to contamination by sampling or laboratory equipment.
Table 4
SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANICS
Bis (2-3thylhexyl)
-phtalate
MW-105A
MW-109A
MW-110A
MW-111A
MW-105C
MW-107C
MW-112C
MW-114C
Di-N-butyl
-phtalate
MW-105A
MW-105C
Di-N-octyl
-phthalate
MW-110A
MW-105C
Pentachloro-
phenol
MW-102A
MW-106A
Unknown(s)
Detected
MW-109A
MW-114B
MW-105C
MW-106C
MW-109C
SE Seep
NW Cul-
vert
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76
Results of total metal analyses are somewhat questionable at this
time. For example, chromium was detected in 21 of the 23 monitoring well
samples as well as in both surface samples. However, out of these samples,
results were deemed unusable for 12 of them. Five of the total chromium
results exceeded drinking water standards, but three of these results are
regarded as qualitative only. The two results exceeding drinking water
standards that are considered quantitative are 73 ug/L for MW105A and 95
ug/L for MW105C. Neither of these two monitoring wells were positive for
dissolved chromium. Additional total metal analyses include arsenic in 9
ground-water samples, and lead in 10 monitoring wells and the Southeast seep.
Concentrations of these two metals were very low, with arsenic present in
trace amounts for the dissolved metals analyses in MW114C and the Southeast
seep. Dissolved metals analysis for lead revealed a concentration of 14
ug/L for the Southeast seep, but was none reported in ground-water samples.
At the time of the Task Force sampling event at BHCL, most of the
monitoring wells were still under development or had just been developed
within the week of sampling. It was noted in the field that most ground-
water samples were slightly to moderately turbid, indicating wells were
not adequately developed at the time of sampling. In addition, some equip-
ment and field blanks showed metal contamination did exist and did have an
impact on certain parameters.
Ground-water samples from all the deep bedrock monitoring wells and the
two surface samples had high levels of sulfate reported. Sulfate results
from the bedrock wells ranged from 380 mg/L to 650 mg/L, which were on the
average ten times that of the monitoring wells completed in till deposits.
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77
Higher levels of sulfate In the bedrock aquifer are perceived as natural,
possibly due to interbedded gypsum deposits present in the unit. Sulfate
levels reported for the surface samples were high, with 780 mg/L for the
Neutral Trench culvert and 1,600 mg/L in the Southeast seep.
Some additional indicator parameter highlights of this investigation
inc'ude tctal organic carbon (TOC), total phenols, and total organic halogen
(TOX). All the sampling blanks contained TOC at concentrations ranging from
200 ug/L to 2200 ug/L. The laboratory reported that TOC contamination has
been a recurring problem with Task Force sampling blanks. It was further
stated that although it is not known for sure, the source of this problem
may be due to high levels of carbon dioxide or charcoal in the water used
for the sampling blanks. All TOC levels reported for BHCL with the exception
of the two surface water samples had been deemed unusable by the Task Force
laboratory. TOC levels for the surface samples are 11 mg/L for the Neutral
Trench culvert and 74 mg/L in the Southeast seep.
Total phenols are considered quantitative by the laboratory quality
control report. Concentrations are given for six monitoring well ground-
water samples as well as the Southeast seep surface water sample in Table
5. Values for total phenols ranged from 12 ug/L to 49 ug/L, the highest
being found in MW-102A which is located adjacent to the Neutral Trench.
Another Neutral Trench area monitoring well, MW-101B, shows phenol concen-
tration at 30 ug/L but the surface sample from the Neutral Trench culvert
does not indicate the presence of phenols. A rather disturbing feature
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78
of the total phenol results are concentrations of 21 ug/L in MW-114B and 20
ug/L for MW-111A, which were thought to be upgradient wells. It is possible
that these two monitoring wells are being impacted by fill material overlying
the areas in which the wells were placed.
Table 5 TOTAL PHENOLS REPORTED
Sample Location
MW-101B
MW-110B
MW-114B
MW-102A
MW-111A
MW-109C
SE Seep
ug/L
30
12
21
49
20
21
42
Total organic halides (TOX), like the total phenols, are considered
accurate and usable in a quantitative manner. Reported TOX results ranged
in concentration from a low of 5.7 ug/L to a high of 88 ug/L reported for
MW-112A. The high TOX value for MW-112A may not be attributable to the
landfill since ground-water flow from this area and depth is believed to be
toward the facility. However, as can be seen in Table 6, other monitoring
wells with apparent high TOX values are downgradient. Especially noted are
three of the four bedrock wells sampled along the eastern compliance line
of the codisposal area.
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79
Table 6 TOTAL ORGANIC HAL IDES (TOX) REPORTED
(Only values over 10 ug/L are listed)
Sample
MW-102A
MW-112A
MW-114B
MW-105C
Concentration (ug/L)
15
88
40
30
Sample Concentration
MW-106C 70
MW-107C 16
NW Culvert 39
SE Seep 67
(ug/L)
Where sample volume was sufficient, quadruplicate samples were taken for
the following field parameters: pH, temperature and specific conductance. Due
to a malfunction of the pH meter, most pH readings were made with pH paper or
pH pen. Therefore, the majority of pH values may be considered as approximate
only. Specific conductance, pH and temperature are presented on Table 7. Values
given for these parameters are listed as an average of the four measurements
taken.
Table 7 Speicific Conductivity and pH at Selected Monitoring
Wells. (Values = average of four replicates)
Well No.
102A
110A
112A
101B
103B
112B
114B
Specific Specific
Conductivity ph Well No. Conductivity ph
670
1064
668
649
656
615
1363
7.0**
7.3**
7.0*
7.5
7.0*
7.0*
7.2
102C
105C
106C
107C
109C
112C
114C
942
1257
1309
1140
1106
1112
1124
7.4**
7.4
7.4**
6.8**
6.9**
7.3
7.3
* = pH paper
** = pH pen _
Suspect pH vaules
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80
BHCL Sampling Results
Arsenic was detected in nine monitoring wells with the highest
concentration being 6 ug/L in MW-114A. Lower concentrations of Arsenic
were also detected in the deep and shallow zones at well cluster 114.
Concentrations ranging from 2 ug/L to 4 ug/L were also detected in four
shallow wells, one intermediate and one deep well (MW-112B, 113B, 123B,
124B, 102A and 105C).
Cyanide above the detection limit of 20 ug/L used by BHCL's laboratory,
Donohue Analytical, was reported in two deep monitoring wells. Values
given are 118 ug/L for MW-107C, and 256 ug/L in MW-108C. However, as BHCL
points out, these values may be suspect because a duplicate sample for
MW-108C showed no detectable cyanide at the above stated detection limits.
Values from the indicator parameters: pH, Specific Conductivity, TOC
and TOX, were analyzed using the T-test and the Average Replicate test to
determine if there was an indication of impact on the ground-water. Not all
data had been analyzed at the time of BHCL's report, but there appears to
be indications of impact on shallow and intermediate monitoring wells at
both the Neutral Trench and Co-disposal areas. According to BHCL's report,
evaluation of indicator parameter values demonstrate that bedrock monitoring
wells have not been impacted at the Co-disposal or Neutral Trench areas.
Data submitted by BHCL indicated that no volatile or semivolatile
organics exceeding their laboratory detection limits were detected. After
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81
reviewing BHCL's laboratory data, this fact Is confirmed with the exception
of low levels of di-n-butyl phthalate and dl-n-octyl phthalate in six moni-
toring well ground-water samples. Although phthalates were not detected in
BHCL blanks, they were detected in Task Force equipment and trip blanks.
Therefore, it is believed these contaminants may have originated on sampling
or laboratory equipment.
Phenols were not reported by BHCL as exceeding their laboratory
detection limits. However, detection limits for the phenol compounds
listed in BHCL lab data are 0.01 mg/L. Total phenols reported by the Task
Force ranged from 12 to 49 ug/L. Detection limits used by BHCL's laboratory
may have been too high to detect phenols in the ug/L range.
Discussion
Phenols were detected in one shallow and one intermediate well in the
Neutral Trench area, and one shallow and one bedrock well in the Co-disposal
area. The detection of phenols by the Task Force laboratory in ground-water
samples from monitoring wells at BHCL may indicate release of organic waste
constituents (Table 5).
The detection of phenols in the bedrock monitoring well associated
with the Co-disposal area but not in bedrock wells of the Neutral Trench
area may be due to two factors. The Co-disposal area is the oldest active
portion of the site. More time for vertical migration of contamination has
therefore elapsed. Also, the glacial till overburden in the northwest
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82
corner of the facility, where the Neutral Trench Is located, is somewhat
thicker than that found in the southeast. Therefore less distance for
vertical migration and consequently shorter travel time in the Co-disposal
area exists.
The Task Force sampling results may have indicated the presence of
phenols in the shallow well of MW-114 and the intermediate well of MW-111.
These two monitoring well clusters were designated as background locations
for shallow, intermediate and bedrock zones in the original monitoring
proposal. Ground-water gradients and estimated flow directions indicate
that these monitoring sites are upgradient with respect to the Co-disposal
area. However, the water quality data suggest that these apparently
upgradient monitoring sites are being impacted by unknown sources of
contaminants or possibly by contamination during drilling and/or sampling
procedures.
In metal analyses, both BHCL and Task Force results indicate trace
amounts of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in several monitoring wells.
Chromium was not discussed by BHCL but was quantified at over the Drinking
Water Standards of 50 ug/L in the bedrock and intermediate monitoring
wells of cluster MW-105. There are indications of chromium release in
a number of other monitoring wells sampled by the Task Force. Monitoring
wells possibly impacted by chromium release are associated with the
Co-disposal area and may be related to the large amounts of foundry sand
being deposited there.
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83
Cyanide was not tested for by the Task Force laboratory but was found
by BHCL's laboratory in ground-water samples from two bedrock monitoring
wells, 107-C and 108-C, at concentrations of 118 ug/L and 256 ug/L respec-
tively. However, as discussed above, a duplicate sample from 108-C did not
detect cyanide at Donohue Analytical's detection limit of 20 ug/L.
Indicator parameters appear elevated for the Task Force sampling
event when compared with later results obtained by BHCL. This is probably
due to wells that were not stabilized at the time of the initial measure-
ments. The majority of monitoring wells had just recently been or were
undergoing development at the time of the October sampling event. Several
monitoring wells screened in the shallow and intermediate zones at both the
Neutral Trench and Co-disposal area, have failed the statistical analysis
performed on this data but it may in part be from well stabilization problems,
A few bedrock monitoring wells showed high indicator values but these
rapidly dropped after the first sampling event. Results from statistical
analyses of indicator parameters should be considered inconclusive at
present.
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APPENDICES
A TASK FORCE ANALYTICAL RESULTS
B GEOLOGIC LOG OF OPEN TRENCH
C SEPTEMBER, 1986 CONSENT ORDER
D BEDROCK GEOLOGIC BORING LOG (B-200)
E SAMPLING SCHEDULE AND PARAMETER LIST
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APPENDIX A
TASK FORCE ANALYTICAL RESULTS
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prc
Planning Research Corporation
303 East Wacker Drive
Suite SCO
Chicago IL 60601
312-938-0300
EVALUATION OF QUALITY CONTROL ATTENDANT
TO THE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM THE
BLACKHAWK, IOWA FACILITY
FINAL MEMORANDUM
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Waste Programs Enforcement
Washington, D.C. 20460
Work Assignment No.
EPA Region
Site No.
Date Prepared
Contract No.
PRC No.
Prepared By
Telephone No.
EPA Primary Contacts
Telephone No.
548
Headquarters
N/A
February 23, 1987
68-01-7037
15-5480-10
PRC Environmental
Management, Inc.
(Ken Partymiller)
(713) 292-7568
Anthony Montrone/
Barbara Elkus
(202) 382-7912
mm
'tai^ifta
. f. .-. ,.*,
C 0 N i" i i
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MEMORANDUM
DATE: February 20, 1987
SUBJECT: Evaluation of Quality Control Attendant to the Analysis of Samples
from the Blackhawk, Iowa Facility
FROM: Ken Partymiller, Chemist
PRC Environmental Management
THRU: Paul H. Friedman, Chemist*
Studies and Methods Branch (WH-562B)
TO: HWGWTF: Tony Montrone*
Gareth Pearson (EPA 8231)*
Richard Steimle*
Dick Young, Region VII
Dale Bates, Region VII
John Haggard, Region VIII
This memo summarizes the evaluation of the quality control data generated
by the Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force (HWGWTF) contract analytical
laboratories (1). This evaluation and subsequent conclusions pertain to the
data from the Blackhawk, Iowa sampling effort by the Hazardous Waste Ground-
Water Task Force.
The objective of this evaluation is to give users of the analytical data a
more precise understanding of the limitations of the data as well as their
appropriate use. A second objective is to identify weaknesses in the data
generation process for correction. This correction may act on future analyses
at this or other sites.
The evaluation was carried out on information provided in the accompanying
quality control reports (2-3) which contain raw data, statistically transformed
data, and graphically transformed data.
* HWGWTF Data Evaluation Committee Member
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The evaluation process consisted of three steps. Step one consisted of
generation of a package which presents the results of quality control
procedures, including the generation of data quality indicators, synopses of
statistical indicators, and the results of technical qualifier inspections. A
report on the results of the performance evaluation standards analyzed by the
laboratory was also generated. Step two was an independent examination of the
quality control package and the performance evaluation sample results by
members of the Data Evaluation Committee. This was followed by a meeting
(teleconference) of the Data Evaluation Committee to discuss the foregoing data
and data presentations. These discussions were to come to a consensus, if
possible, concerning the appropriate use of the data within the context of the
HWGWTF objectives. The discussions were also to detect and discuss specific or
general inadequacies of the data and to determine if these are correctable or
inherent in the analytical process.
Preface
The data user should review the pertinent materials contained in the
accompanying reports (2-3). Questions generated in the interpretation of these
data relative to sampling and analysis should be referred to Rich Steimle of
the Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force.
I. Site Overview
The Blackhawk facility is located in Blackhawk County, Iowa, just south of
Waterloo, Iowa. The facility covers approximately 160 acres. There are two
regulated units on the site. The first is a large co-disposal unit along the
southern end of the site. The second is a smaller area referred to as the
inert drying bed is located in the northwest corner of the site.
Geologically, there are approximately 70 feet of fractured glacial till
overlaying the Cedar Valley Aquifer. The Cedar Valley Aquifer is the main
aquifer in that part of the Iowa and serves as the drinking water supply for
more than 500,000 people. The Ceder Valley Aquifer consists of dolomite,
limestones which have been weathered, solution cavities, etc. It is suspected
that there is a vertical flow from the surface, through the glacial till
fractures, and directly into the top of this aquifer.
Types of wastes which have been sent to the facility are largely unknown.
In the southern unit at the facility any hazardous wastes were comingled with
municipal waste. Hazardous wastes include industrial refuse from local
industrial sources. These include heavy metals, paint solvents, complex
cyanide salts, and many unknowns. Hazardous wastes are no longer accepted at
the facility although municipal waste is still accepted.
Past monitoring has shown the presence of high TOX, conductivity, and
zinc.
Twenty-nine field samples including two field blanks (MQO904/QO904 and
MQO915/QO915), one equipment blank (MQO911/QO911), one trip blank
(MQO581/QO581), and a pair of duplicate samples (well P102A, MQO892/Q0892 and
MQO893/QO893) were collected at this facility. All samples were low
concentration ground-water samples.
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II. Evaluation of Quality Control Data and Analytical Data
1.0 Metals
1.1 Performance Evaluation Standards
Metal analyte performance evaluation standards were not evaluated in
conjunction with the samples collected from this facility.
1.2 Metals OC Evaluation
Total and dissolved metal matrix spike recoveries were calculated for
twenty-three metals spiked into low concentration ground-water samples. Tables
3-2a and 3-2b list which samples were spiked for each of the total and
dissolved metals. Twenty-two of the twenty-three total metal average spike
recoveries and all seventeen of the dissolved metal average spike recoveries
(analysis of the six dissolved graphite furnace metals was not required) were
within the data quality objectives (DQOs) for this Program. The total thallium
average spike recovery was outside DQO with a value of 74 percent. Several
individual total and dissolved metal spike recoveries were also outside DQO.
These are listed in Tables 3-2a and 3-2b of Reference 2 as well as in the
following Sections.
*
All calculable average relative percent differences (RPDs) for metallic
analytes were within Program DQOs. RPDs were not calculated for some of the
analytes because the concentrations of these metals in the field samples used
for the RDP determination were less than the CRDL.
Required analyses were performed on all metals samples submitted to the
laboratory.
No contamination was reported in the laboratory blanks. A trip blank
(MQO581) contained 219 ug/L of total aluminum (CRDL equals 200 ug/L), 11,700
ug/L of total calcium (CRDL equals 5000 ug/L), 115 ug/L of total iron (CRDL
equals 100 ug/L) and 19 ug/L of total manganese (CRDL equals 15 ug/L) and a
field blank (MQO904) contained 14 ug/L of total chromium (CRDL equals 10 ug/L).
As noted, all of these values are above the CRDL.
1.3 Furnace Metals
The graphite furnace metals (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium,
and thallium) quality control, with exceptions, was acceptable.
The total arsenic and thallium matrix spike recoveries for sample MQO903
were below the DQO with values of 59 and 68 percent, respectively.
The method of standard addition (MSA) correlation coefficient for total
lead in sample MQO890 was outside control limits. Total lead results for this
sample should be considered qualitative.
The second injection reading for the eighth continuing calibration blank
contained selenium at a concentration above the CRDL. This indicates possible
contamination of this blank. Samples MQO890spk (spike) and 903 were associated
with this blank but their data quality was not affected by the contamination.
-------
All total and dissolved lead (with one exception), cadmium, antimony, and
selenium results and all dissolved arsenic and thallium results should be
considered quantitative. All total arsenic and thallium results should be
considered semi-quantitative. Total lead results for sample MQO890 should be
considered qualitative.
1.4 ICP Metals
The trip and field blanks contained contamination at concentrations
greater than the CRDL. Trip blank MQO581 contained 219 ug/L of total aluminum,
11,700 ug/L of tota.' calciu-n, 115 ug/L of total iron, and 19 ug/L of total
manganese and field blank MQO904 contained 14 ug/L of total chromium.
The low level (twice CRDL) linear range checks for total and dissolved
chromium, total and dissolved manganese, dissolved nickel, total and dissolved
silver, and total and dissolved zinc had poor recoveries. The low level linear
range check is an analysis of a solution with elemental concentrations near the
detection limit. The range check analysis shows the accuracy which can be
expected by the method for results near the detection limits. The accuracy
reported for these elements is not unexpected. Due to the large number of
samples affected, the data user should examine Comment B2 of Reference 3 for
inorganics to determine the actual samples affected and the resulting biases.
An individual spike recovery was outside DQO for total manganese in
samples MQO903 (45 percent). Low spike recoveries usually indicate results
which are biased low.
All total and dissolved barium, beryllium, cobalt, copper, manganese,
nickel, potassium, sodium, vanadium, and zinc results and dissolved aluminum,
calcium, chromium, iron, and manganese results should be considered
quantitative. Total iron, calcium, and manganese results, with exceptions
listed below, should also be considered quantitative. Total chromium results
for samples MQO901, 903 and 906, total aluminum results for samples MQO896,
907, 913, and 914, total calcium results for samples MQO889, 890, 891, 892,
893, 894, 896, 899, and 913, total iron results for samples MQO891 and 898, and
total manganese results for samples MQO891, 899, and 910 should be considered
qualitative. Total chromium results for samples MQO898, 899, 900, 902, 905,
907, 908, 909, 910, 912, 913, and 914, total aluminum results for samples
MQO890, 898, 899, 902, 908, 909, and 912, and total manganese results for
sample MQO896 should be considered unusable due to blank contamination at
similar concentrations.
1.5 Mercurv
All mercury results should be considered quantitative with an acceptable
probability of false negatives.
2.0 Inorganic and Indicator Analvtes
2.1 Performance Evaluation Standard
Inorganic and indicator analyte performance evaluation standards were not
evaluated in conjunction with the samples collected from this facility.
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2.2 Inorganic and Indicator Analvte OC Evaluation
The average spike recoveries of all of the inorganic and indicator
analytes were within the accuracy DQOs (accuracy DQOs have not been established
for bromide and nitrite nitrogen matrix spikes). The bromide and nitrite
nitrogen average spike recoveries were 92 and 115 percent. The recoveries for
all inorganic and indicator analytes are acceptable.
Average reported RPDs for all inorganic and indicator analytes were within
Program DQOs. Average RPDs are not calculated if either one or both of the
duplicate values are less than the CRDL. Precision DQOs have not been
established for bromide and nitrite nitrogen.
Requested analyses were performed on all samples for the inorganic and
indicator analytes.
No laboratory blank contamination was reported for any inorganic or
indicator analyte. Sampling blank contamination was found in all four of the
sampling blanks. This included TOC contamination at levels above CRDL (2000,
2100, 2100, and 2100 ug/L, CRDL equals 1000 ug/L). These contaminants and
their concentrations are summarized below, as well as in Section 3.2.4 (page 3-
3) of Reference 2.
2.3 Inorganic and Indicator Analvte Data
No quality control or other problems were found with the cyanide, sulfate,
bromide, ammonia nitrogen, and total phenols data. All results for these
analytes should be considered quantitative.
The holding times for the nitrate and nitrite nitrogen analyses ranged
from 26 to 28 days from receipt of samples which is longer than the recommended
48 hour holding time for unpreserved samples. The nitrite nitrogen spike
recovery for sample MQO890 was 120 percent. Although there are no formal
nitrite nitrogen matrix spike recovery control limits, this recovery is
slightly high. All nitrate and nitrite nitrogen results should be considered
semi-quantitative.
Matrix spike recovery for chloride in sample MQO890 was above control
limits with a value of 115 percent (DQO equals 110 percent). The chloride
field duplicate precision for the duplicate pair (MQO892 and MQO893) was poor
(24,000 versus 16,000 ug/L). These results were not used in the data usability
determination as the results may be a reflection of poor duplicate sampling
techniques or actual field variations. Field duplicate precision is reported
for informational purposes only. The chloride results for all samples should
be considered semi-quantitative.
All of the sampling blanks contained TOC at concentrations ranging from
2000 to 2200 ug/L which is above the CRDL of 1000 ug/L. TOC contamination
exceeding the CRDL has been a recurring problem with HWGWTF sampling blanks.
The source of this problem has not been adequately addressed. It may be due to
high levels of carbon dioxide or charcoal in the water used for the sampling
blanks. Although it is not possible to assess whether this contamination
affects the TOC sample results, as a HWGWTF convention, all TOC results greater
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that ten times the highest field blank concentration or less than the detection
limit should be considered quantitative. All TOC results greater than five but
less than ten times the highest concentration of sampling blank contamination
are considered qualitative and all other data are considered unusable. The TOC
results for samples MQO908 and 909 should be considered qualitative, and all
other positive TOC results should not be used.
Initial and continuing calibration verification standards for POC were not
analyzed. A POC spike solution was run during the analytical batch but the
"true" value of the spike was not provided by the laboratory. EPA needs to
supply the inorganic laboratory with a POC calibration verification solution.
Until then, the instrument calibration can not be assessed. The POC results
should be considered qualitative.
The TOX initial calibration blank and initial calibration verification
were not analyzed on 11/12/86. This impacts the results for samples MQ0895 and
896 which should be considered semi-quantitative. All other TOX results should
be considered quantitative.
The POX holding times ranged from 12 to 13 days. These holding times
exceeded the EPA EMSL/Las Vegas recommended holding time of seven days but were
within the Sample Management Office directed 14 day holding time. POX results
should be considered semi-quantitative.
3.0 Organics and Pesticides
3.1 Performance Evaluation Standard
Organic performance evaluation standards were not evaluated in conjunction
with the samples collected from this facility.
3.2 Organic OC Evaluation
All matrix spike average recoveries were within established Program DQOs
for accuracy. Individual matrix spike recoveries which were outside the
accuracy DQO will be discussed in the appropriate Sections below. All
surrogate spike average recoveries were within DQOs for accuracy except for 2-
fluorophenol. Surrogate spike recoveries which were outside the accuracy DQO
will be discussed in the appropriate Sections below.
All matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate average RPDs were within Program
DQOs for precision. Individual matrix spike RPDs which were outside the
precision DQO will be discussed in the appropriate Sections below. All average
surrogate spike RPDs were within DQOs for precision.
All organic analyses were performed as requested.
Laboratory blank contamination was reported for organics and is fully
enumerated in Reference 3 (for organics) and is discussed in the appropriate
Sections below.
Detection limits for the organic fractions are summarized in Reference 3
(for organics) as well as in the appropriate Sections below.
-------
3.3 Volatiles
Quality control data indicate that volatile organics were generally
determined acceptably. Several problems were encountered with the tuning and
mass calibrations, laboratory blanks, and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicates.
Initial and continuing calibrations, and surrogate spikes, and chromatograms
are acceptable.
Estimated method detection limits were CRDL for all samples.
Laboratory blanks analyzed on 10/29, 10/30, 11/5 and 11/6/86 contained
either acetone or methylene chloride contamination or both at concentrations in
the vicinity of the CRDL. All positive acetone results except for sample QO892
and all positive methylene chloride results except for samples QO907 should not
be used. No other positive volatile results were reported.
According to the Traffic Report for sample QO899, volatile analysis was
required. According to the organic laboratory no volatile sample was
submitted.
The RPD for sample QO903MS/MSD was outside control limits for benzene.
Also, the raw data submitted for sample QO903MSD was the same as that submitted
for sample QO903MSD RE (reanalysis). There was also some confusion on the
Tuning and Mass Calibration Form for 11/6/86 where data from sample QO903MS is
confused with that from sample QO903MSD. These problems should be corrected by
the organic analytical laboratory.
The volatiles data are acceptable. The volatile compound results should
be considered quantitative.
3.4 Semivolatiles
Initial and continuing calibrations, blanks, and holding times were
acceptable for the semivolatiles. Problems were encountered with
chromatograms, tuning and mass calibrations, matrix spike/matrix spike
duplicate recoveries, and surrogate recoveries. Overall, all semivolatile
results were acceptable.
Semivolatile contamination was not detected in the laboratory or sampling
blanks.
The matrix spike duplicate recovery of the pentachlorophenol (6 percent),
the matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate recoveries of phenol, 2-
chlorophenol, and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (none of these three spikes were
detected), and the RPD for pentachlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol all for sample
QO908 were outside the control limits.
The surrogate percent recoveries for nitrobenzene-D5, 2-fluorobiphenyl,
terphenyl-D14, phenol-D5, 2-fluorophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were below
control limits in one or more of samples QO901, 908, 908RE, 908MS, and 908MSD
with two exceptions. Terphenyl-D14 in sample QO908MS and 2-fluorobiphenyl in
sample QO901 were above control limits. The recoveries of the phenols was
especially poor, ranging from zero (no recovery) to seven percent.
-------
Several problems were also detected with laboratory procedures and
transcriptions of data. Sample QO893 was incorrectly denoted as sample QO6530
on the Form V for instrument 15 on 11/4/86. The 50 ng standard in the five
point calibration for instrument 15 on 10/7/86 was not performed within the 12
hour tuning criteria. The chromatographic peak in scan 524 of sample QO900 was
assigned two different TICs at two different concentrations. The
chromatographic peak in scan 400 of sample QO907 was not addressed although it
was greater than ten percent of the nearest internal standard's height.
The semivolatile data are acceptable and the results should be considered
quantitative for all samples except QO908 which should be considered suspect
due to poor surrogate recoveries. Estimated method detection limits are twice
CRDL for i II samples except QO894 which is four times CRDL. The probability of
false negatives is acceptable for all samples.
3.5 Pesticides
The initial and continuing calibrations, blanks, matrix spike/matrix spike
duplicates, surrogate spikes, and holding times for pesticides were generally
acceptable. Some of the pesticide chromatograms appear to contain pesticide
peaks which were not addressed by the laboratory.
Unaddressed peaks were found in the pesticide chromatograms for samples
QO890, 895, 897, 898, 902, and 903. These sample numbers, as well as their
retention time windows, and their tentative identification are given in Comment
C4 of Reference 3 for organics. Their chromatograms are also attached to this
Reference.
The date of pesticide analysis was not indicated on the Form VIII related
to the standard which was run on 11/13/86. The peak area for aldrin in
evaluation mixture C was not given for 10/31 and 11/4/86 although a calibration
factor for aldrin was reported on the Form VIII.
The estimated method detection limits for the pesticides fraction were
CRDL for all samples. The pesticides results should be considered qualitative.
There is an enhanced probability of false negatives (unreported pesticides) due
to the quality of the confirmation chromatography run by the laboratory.
3.6 Herbicides
Herbicides analyses were requested but not run.
-------
III. Data Usability Summary
4.0 Graphite Furnace Metals
Quantitative:
Semi-quantitative:
Qualitative:
4.1 ICP Metals
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Unusable:
all total and dissolved iron results with one exception;
all total and dissolved antimony, cadmium, and selenium
results; all dissolved arsenic and thallium results
all total arsenic and thallium results
total lead results for sample MQO890
all total and dissolved barium, beryllium, cobalt, copper,
magnesium, nickel, potassium, sodium, vanadium, and zinc
results; all dissolved aluminum, calcium, chromium, iron,
and manganese results; total calcium, iron, and manganese
results with exceptions
total chromium results for samples MQO901, 903, and 906;
total aluminum results for samples MQO896, 907, 913, and
914; total calcium results for samples MQO889, 890, 891,
892, 893, 894, 896, 899, and 913; total iron results for
samples MQO891 and 898; and total manganese results for
samples MQO891, 899, and 910
total chromium results for samples MQO898, 899, 900, 902,
905, 907, 908, 909, 910, 912, 913, and 914; total aluminum
results for samples MQO890, 898, 899, 902, 908, 909, and
912; total manganese results for sample MQO896
4.2 Mercurv
Quantitative: all mercury results
4.3 Inorganic and Indicator Analvtes
Quantitative:
Semi-quantitative:
Qualitative:
Unusable:
4.4 Organics
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Unreliable:
Unusable:
all cyanide, sulfate, bromide, ammonia nitrogen, and total
phenols results; all TOX results with two exceptions listed
below
all nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, chloride, and POX
results; TOX results for samples MQO895 and 896
all POC results; TOC results for samples MQO908 and 909
all positive TOC results with the exception of samples
MQO908 and 909
all volatile results; semivolatile results with an
exception
all pesticides results
semivolatile results for samples QO908
all positive acetone and methylene chloride results except
for acetone results for sample QO892 and methylene chloride
results for sample QO907 which should be considered
quantitative; all herbicide results
-------
IV. References
1. Organic Analyses: CompuChem Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Bo\ 12652
3308 Chapel Hill/Nelson Highway
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
(919) 549-8263
Inorganic and Indicator Analyses:
Centec Laboratories
P.O. Brx 956
2160 I; dustrial Drive
Salem, VA 24153
(703) 387-3995
2. Revised Draft Quality Control Data Evaluation Report (Assessment of the
Usability of the Data Generated) for site 24, Blackhawk, Iowa, 2/9/1987,
Prepared by Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Company, Inc., for the
US EPA Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force.
3. Revised Draft Inorganic Data Usability Audit Report and Revised Draft
Organic Data Usability Report, for the Blackhawk, Iowa facility, Prepared by
Laboratory Performance Monitoring Group, Lockheed Engineering and Management
Services Co., Las Vegas, Nevada, for US EPA, EMSL/Las Vegas, 2/9/1987.
-------
V. Addressees
Anthony Montrone
Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force, OSWER (WH-562A)
US Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Gareth Pearson
Quality Assurance Division
US EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
P.O. Box 1198
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
Richard Steimle
Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force, OSWER (WH-562A)
US Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Dick Young
US Environmental Protection Agency
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
Dale Bates
LTS Environmental Protection Agency
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
John Haggard
US Environmental Protection Agency
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, CO 80295
Paul Friedman
Characterization and Assessment Division, OSW (WH-562B)
US Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Chuck Hoover
Laboratory Performance Monitoring Group
Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Company
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
-------
APPENDIX 2
SUMMARY OF CONCENTRATIONS FOR COMPOUNDS FOUND
IN GROUND-WATER AND SAMPLING
BLANK SAMPLES AT BLACKHAWK, IA
The following table lists the concentrations for compounds analyzed for
and found in samples at the site. Table A2-1 is generated by listing
all compounds detected and all tentatively identified compounds reported
on the organic Form I, Part B. All tentatively identified compounds
with a spectral purity greater than 850 are identified by name and
purity in the table. Those with a purity of less than 850 are lab'eled,
unknown.
Sample numbers are designated by the inorganic and corresponding organic
sample number. Inorganic sample numbers are preceded by the prefix
"MQO" organic sample numbers are preceded by the prefix "QO."
A2-1
-------
TABLE KEY
A value without a flag indicates a result above the contract
required detection limit (CRDL).
Indicates an estimated value. This flag is used either when
estimating a concentration for tentatively identified compounds
where a 1:1 response is assumed or when the mass spectral data
indicated the presence of a compound that meets the identification
criteria but the result is less than the specified detection limit
but greater than zero. If the limit of detection is 10 pg and a
concentration of 3 pg is calculated, then report as 3J.
This flag is used when the analyte is found in the blank as well as
a sample. It indicates possible/probable blank contamination and
warns the data user to take appropriate action.
GW » ground-water
SW » surface-water
low and medium are indicators of concentration.
A2-2
-------
SITE: * 24 BLACKHAWK? IA
CASE NO! £530/0/SAS/1°44HQ
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
'.'OA ACETONE 1
HE7HYLENE CKLDRIPE 1
SEMI- BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE 1
VOA PI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE 1
PI-N-OCTYLPHTHALATE 1
PENTACHLOROPHENQL 1
PEST/ NO HITS 1
PCB 1
TIC- UNKNOWN 1
crxT- nwk'wnwfj
VOA I'HKHQWN 1
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN 1
UNKNOWN ACIP
TOTAL ALUMINUM :
METALS ANTIMONY
AP.SENIC
BAPJUM
BERYLLIUM
CAPMIUH
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAP
MASNESI'JM
h'iu.-.iwrir
SRCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SOPIUH
THALLIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
TRIP BLANK EQUIP, BLANK FIELP BLANK
GV-LOW 6"-LOU BW-LOW
1 1
1 2,5 JBI 1,4
1 1
2,2 J 1 2,4 J 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
21? 1 105 1 167
1 1
1 1
I 1
1 1
1 1 1
11700 1 1 Bl
1 1
1 1
1 1
1" *~l 1
1 1
3S50 1 1
1? 1 1
1 1
1 1
one | 5^ | ;?3
1 1
1 1
2000 1 2?S 1 37?
1 1
1 1
1 1
FIELP BLANK KLL P 102A
1 11 1
JBI 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 3,2 J 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 -< 1
1 1
1 jifl 535$ |
1 1
1 8,8 1
1 1?S 1
1 1 !
1 1 1
1 555 ! 101000 1
1 14 1 54 1
1 1 15 !
1 1 2E !
| « | ICKftA |
1 1 15,2 1
1 1 37?00 1
1 1 35: 1
1 1 1
1 1 £2 1
1 1 43:0 !
1 1 !
1 1 1
1 579 1 21200 1
1 1 1
1 1 15 1
1 1 56 1
PIS ALUMINUM
METALS ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
10
25
45
15
141
!:?
A2-3
-------
SAMPLE NO!
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
CAI-MIL'M
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAP
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
THALLIUM
VANAPIUM
ZINC
INQRS, AJSiDHIA NITRDSEN
INI'IC, BROHIPE
CHLORIDE
CYANIPE
NITRATE NITROGEN
NITRITE NITROGEN
POC
POX
S'JLFATE
TDC
TOTAL PHENOLS
TOX
/|UWW1
TRIP BLANK
W-LDV
233
408
NR
2000
OAOI 1 / nrto
EQUIP, BLANK
8V-LW
250
507
NR
!
2100
FIELD BLANK
412
646
23
NR
2200
NR
gAOru/ri(Vi9A4 QADQ't fflnfiOQI
FIELI' Sim. Kil P 102A
1
256 1 P0900
1
I
1
1 27
1
1 33600
1 46
1
!
1 3240
i
|.
400 1 21400
1
I
1 45
1 1A/V>
1 * »
I 750
1 24000
NR 1 NR
1
i
I
I
I 35000
2100 1 3200
1 22
i 13
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
A2-4
-------
SITE: « 24 BLACKHAHK, IA
CASE NO! 6530/D/SAS/1?-MHO
SAMPLE NO!
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
Q0693/MQ0993 Q0797/MQ0797 Q0889/MG0899 Q0990/MQO?90 C0891/MQO°91
WELL f 102A WELL P103A WELL OW 112* WELL P-112A WELL OW 103*
6H.DV DiP W-LOtf PW-LDf W-LOW fV-LOV
VOA
SEHI-
VOA
PEST/
PCB
TIC-
SEMI-
VOA
TOTAL
METALS
1'IS
METALS
ACETONE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
BIS(2-ETHYLH£XYL)PHTHALATE
PI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE
DI-N-OCTYLPHTHALATE
PENTACHLDROPHENOL
NO HITS
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UrtXNDWK
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNSOWN ACID
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
CAI'MIUH
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
L£AD
HASSSim
M6WRiU"5?
(SfflRY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
THALLIUM
VANADIUM
ZIN:
ALUMINl'M
ANTIMONY I
ARSEHIC
5Af.!UM 1
BERYLLIUM
1
1
1
1
1
4,4 J 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4700 1
1
e,i i
186 1
1
1
101000 I
33 !
' 16
31 I
15900 '"l
12.3 1
38900
304 I
i
67 1
4390 !
1
5 1
21600 !
1
14 1
E3 1
117
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
ffi
NR
NR
NR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1 2910
1
! 3,2
1 207
1
1 0.4
1 95500
! 14
! 12 '
1 ^4
I 6710
1 45
1 30900
1 197
1
1 33
1 3710
1
1
1 12500
1
1 10
1 46
1 101
1
1
! 226
1
388
93
E2100
2470
33400
172
2350
5
26800
65
105
127
>
314
104000
598 1
1
31900 1
1*>A 1
1
23 1
3770
11400
1
1
I
3*4 1
I
A2-5
-------
SITE! * 24 SLACKWWKr IA
CASE «0: 6530/0/SAS/1944HO
SAMPLE NO!
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
sonuK
THALLIUM
VANABIUH
ZINC
INDR5, Af.JiQH.IA HITRDKH
IfflIC, BROMIDE
CHLORIDE
CYANIDE
NITRATE HITROSEN
NITRITE NITROGEN
PO:
POX
SL'LFATE
TOC
TOTAL PHENOLS
TOX
G09?3/MQO??3
WELL P 102A
GW-LW PUP
822
28
34300
55
3400
21SOO
29
OAA
4?0
16000
NR
23000
3100
4?
15
{32797 '^0797
WELL P103A
GW-LOW
KR
NR
NR
NR
NR
HR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
1 HR
1 NR
1 NR
1
1 NR
1 NR
J
6
NR
NR
HP.
NR
G0539/MQ08??
WELL OW 112J
GV-LWf
0,7
85600
25500
102
3590
10300
83
200
6300
NR
650
61000
2?00
NR
5.3
o
13
22
37600
152
3100
25300
66
500
5?00
HP.
66000
3200
88
B0991/MQOB91
ELL OW 103*
GH.W
0,5
?9900
67
30500
111
3410
'1
11800
400
1300
HR
I
I
33000
3100
1
8
A2-6
-------
SITE: * 24 BLACKHAW^ IA
CASE NO: 6530/0/SAS/1944HQ
SAMPLE NO:
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
50B94/MQ0894 QOB95/MQOB95 GOB96/MQOB96 60597/H50B97 GOB9B/MQCB0B
WELL P 105A WELL P 105C «ELL P 109A WELL P 106C WELL P 107C
6V-LOW W-LOU W-LOH 6V-LOV GW-LW
VOA
SEHI-
VOA
PEST/
PCB
TIC-
SEMI-
VOA
TOTAL
METALS
IIS
METALS
ACETOHE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
BIS (2-ETHYLHEXYL )PHTHALATE
PI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE
PI-fi-OCTYLPHTHALATE
PENTACHLORDPHENOL
NO HITS
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN ACID
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
CAPMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAH
MASNESIUM
^6W"6W-cr
MERCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
THALLIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM 1
BERYLLIUM
4,4 J
11 J
4290
316
90BOO
73
12
34
13000
7,8
30600
392
E7
7710
e
13SOO
22
69
1
272 1
1
e,2 j
2 J
7,2 J
20 J
.10 I
7370
5,1
50
1,9
237000
95
13
35
8130
9,9
E5600
522
92
6100
"
21200
66
1E5
49
1
1
3,2 J 1
1
1
1
1
1
25 J 1
1
1
1
1
1
14?0 1
1
|
126 1
1
1
S9BOO 1
30 1
1
1
30BO 1
1
23BOO 1
70 1
/ V 1
1
I
3740 1
1
1
27700 1
I
1
27 I
138
1
1,6 J 1 1,6 J
1 2,6 J
1
1
1
1
1
15 J 1 1
7 J I
1 1
1 1
I
1
I I
3430 I 1090 1
1 I
46 !. 29 1
1 1
1 0,6
211000 I 17BOOO 1
28 1 19. 1
! 1
3150 1 B5B 1
1
71100 1 57500
t**i "MT
*i«» J _« J
1
26 ! 24
5620 1 4910
1
1
21000 1 18600
1
1
32 1
56 60
A2-7
ALL CONCENTRATIONS ARE IN ua/L.
-------
'SITE: 124
CASE NO! 6530/O/S :':944HQ
SAMPLE NO:
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
00894/MQ0994 QO?95/MQ08?5 Q09('6/*Q0996 P0997/HQ0997 Q0999/*Q0998
WELL p 105A WELL P 105C WELL P 109A WELL P 106C WELL P 107C
6«-LOw ev-Loy GV-LOW W-LOU G«-LDV
CAI'MIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
THALLIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
INORG, AMMONIA NITRKEN
IffllC, BROMIDE
CHLORIDE
CYANIDE
NITRATE HITROKH
' NITRITE NITROGEH
POC
POX
C!1 TftTT
w M». n i »
TOC
TOTAL PSN2LS
TQX
77300
26900
171
6150
13500
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
0.8
198000
315
60500
368
4740
19800
38
1200
1600
NR
550000
2800
30
1
1 81700
f
1
1
1
1
1 22000
1 33
1
1
1 3220
1
1
1 26500
1
1
1 27
1 200
1
I 560
1 NR
1
1
I
1
I 13000
1 2900
1
I
1
181000 1 172000
1
1
1
I
1
58900 1 57000
366 1 197
I
I
4590 I 4570
1
1 .,
20200 1 18900
1
1
31 ! 30
1200 1 1000
I
1400 1 6300
NR 1 NR
50 I 400
!
1
6 1
wnnnfl | *M$nc>
2800 1 2700
1
70 1 16
A2-8
-------
SITE: * 24 BLACKHAWK. IA
CASE NO: 6530/0/SAS/1944HQ
Q0999/MQ0899 Q0900/MQ0900 Q0901/MQO°01 Q0902/MQ0902 Q09037MQ0903
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
VOA
SEMI-
VGA
PESL1
PCB
TIC-
SEMI-
VOA
TOTAL
METALS
BIS
METALS
LOCATION: WELL P in A
TYPE: GW-LDW
ACETONE 1 NR
HETHYLENE CHLORIDE 1
BISC2-ETHYLHEXYDPHTHALATE 1 2,2 J
DI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE 1
PI-N-OCTYLPHTHALATE 1
PENTACHLDROPHENQL I
NO HITS 1
1
UNKNOWN I
UNKNOWN 1
UNKNOWN 1
UNKNOWN 1
UNKNOWN 1
UNKNOWN ACID 1
ALUMINUM , I 972
ANTIMONY 1
ARSENIC 1
BARIUM 1 118
BERYLLIUM 1
CADMIUM ' 1
CALCIUM 1 60500
CHROMIUM I 28
COBALT 1 10
COPPER I
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-------
'SITE: * 24 &.ACKH
CASE NO? 6530/Q/SAS/1944HQ
SAMPLE NO;
SAMPLE LOCATION:
SAMPLE TYPE:
CAMilUH
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
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81900
24800
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2£30
29700
21
500
1100
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i 20
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0,9
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52900
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-------
SITE! t 24 PLACKHAHK? IS
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LOCATIOH!
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BIS (2-ETHYLHEXYL )PHTHALATE
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SITE! * 24
CASE NO! 6530/0/SAS/1944HQ
SAMPLE
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NO!
LOCATION!
TYPE!
CADMIUM
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TOC
TOTAL PHENOLS
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NR
NR
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NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
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NR
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-------
S!Tr' * 24 BLACKHAHK? IA
CASt. fL, 6530/0/SAS/1?44HG
SAMPLE *!OI
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PIS
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LOCATION:
TYPE:
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-------
SITE: * 24 *LACI(.HA^.. IA
CASE HDJ £530/Q/5AS/1?44HS
SAMPLE HO!
SAMPLE LOCATIOH:
SAMPLE TYPE!
Q0?10/M00?10 00?12/MQO?12 50?13/*BO?13 50?14./MQO?34
HELL P 110A HELL OH HOP HELL OH 101* HELL OH 1145
GK-LW
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CHLOP.IH
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PO:
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,
142000 1 154000
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A2-14
-------
APPENDIX B
GEOLOGIC LOG OF OPEN TRENCH
-------
v
Stole of towo
Iowa Geological Survey
123 North Copttol Street towo Oty. towo 52242 (319) 336-1173
13, 1986
Ms. Leslie Knapp
Bri'ie, Petrides A Associates, Inc.
191 W. Fifth St.
Waterloo, IA 50701
Dear Leslie:
Enclosed are data tables and stratigraphy/particle size profiles for the
samples from the three sites at the Blackhawk County Landfill that you
provided us. As you know, the stratigraphy at the site, in detail, is quite
complex. Our data on texture (sand-silt-clay percentages) and clay mineralogy
permit us to put the exposed landfill deposits into a regional, formally-
defined strati graphic framerwork. Even so, our formal stratigraphy essentially
matches the informal stratigraphy outlined on the trench cross-section you
provided us. j
In the trench area, the uppermost deposit is a thin mantle of
Wisconsinan-age loess (Peoria Loess), 2 to 4 feet thick. This loess mantles a
Wisconsinan-age erosion surface, marked by a stone line (or pehhle hand), that
developed on- the underlying Pre-Illinoian age glacial deposits. The modern
surface soil (agricultural soil) is developed in the loess, and in sow places
along the trench, this soil development extends down into the upper portion of
the underlying glacial deposits.
As shown on your cross-section, the exposed Pre-11linoian age glacial
deposits consist of 3 basic units: an upper, somewhat homogeneous till (in
places overlain by a thin sand layer); a middle unit consisting of interhedded
sand, gravel, silt, and till-like materials; and a lower till unit. Frnn our
data the upper till is part of the Wolf Creek Formation, the youngest
formation of Pre-Illinoian age tills in eastern Iowa. The clay mineralogy of
the upper till is typical for tills of the Wolf Creek Formation: high
percentages (over 60 percent) of expandable clay minerals (also known as
smectite or montmoriHorn"tic clay minerals), and a greater percentage of
kaolinite plus chlorite clay minerals than illite clay minerals. Because the
texture of the upper till (40% plus sand, clay content typically 10-15%) is
intermediate to that of till members comprising the Wolf Creek Formation in
eastern Iowa, the upper till cannot be correlated precisely with known till
members of the Wolf Creek Formation. More detailed sampling between the
landfill site and a site with more typical, known stratigraphy would he
required for more precise strati graphic classification at the member level of
classification for the upper till at the landfill site. Such classification
is unimportant, however, in the engineering use of the till at the landfill
site.
-------
Ms. Leslie Knapp
Page 2
March 13, 1986
The lower till present in the trench exposures is also fairly
straightforward, from a strati graphic standpoint. The clay mineralogy of the
lower till shows significantly lower percentages of expandable clay ninerals.
The lower till is also finer textured, with sand percentages typically in the
thirty percent range. This till is part of the Albumett Formation, which
comprises the oldest sequence of Pre-Illinoian age tills in eastern Iowa. At.
present, individual tills within the Alburnett Formation are not formally
subdivided as members because no properties of the individual tills have heen
found distinctive. It is likely that other Alhurnett tills, and associated
deposits, underlie the 'lower till1 exposed in the trench at the landfill.
The middle unit of interbedded sand, gravel, silt, and till-like deposits
is stratigraphically problematic. The till-like deposits generally have
textures distinct from both the upper and lower tills. The clay mineralogy of
the deposits is intermediate between that typical of the Wolf Creek and
Alburnett Formations, though in general it is closer to that of the Alhurnett
Formation. Further field work would he required to examine contact relations
laterally both within the middle unit and between the middle unit and the
upper and lower tills in order to determine both the origin of the middle unit
and its classification as either part of the Wolf Cretk or Alhurnett
Formations. Since this is not possible at the present time, we can only
speculate on the origin and classification of the unit. Two possible
scenarios include: 1) the middle unit represents the sheared mixing o^
meltwater deposits (sand, gravels and silts) with pre-existing Alhurnett
Formation tills by an advancing Wolf Creek glacier or 2) the middle unit was
deposited by a separate Alhurnett advance. Or. George Hallherg, in detailed
studies of Pre-Illinoian age tills elsewhere in eastern Iowa, has commonly
encountered situations that could be explained by the first scenario. He
believes that this is the likely explanation also for the situation at the
landfill, though this could only he confirmed by further field studies.
Regarding the hydrogeology of the site, there are a few general comments that
cen be made. The unit of most concern is the middle unit of interheddpd sand,
gravel, silt, and till-like deposits. It is an extensive deposit, heing
present along the entire length of the trench, and contains units with the
highest hydraulic conductivity (the sands and gravels). Without remedial
measures, and if saturated conditions existed, the greatest seepage to,
through or from the landfill would be expected from this unit. Actual seepage
values would be variable from this unit, however, not only because of probable
differences in hydraulic gradient along the extent of this unit, hut also
because of variations in the thickness and texture (from gravel to silt) that
occur along the unit's extent.
Because they are relatively well graded (poorly sorted), the upper and
lower tills generally have relatively low primary porosity, and in this case,
low hydraulic conductivity. Weathering effects (primarily development of a
blocky, secondary soil structure as well as jointing), impart a secondary
porosity, resulting in bulk hydraulic conductivity (both laterally and
vertically) several orders of magnitude greater than that just of the till
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-------
APPENDIX C
SEPTEMBER, 1986 CONSENT ORDER
-------
STATES ElTVIRCl'l-IEKTAL PROTECTION AGEITCY
REGIC" VII
725 !!I:li:ESCTA AYEI'UE
KA"HAS CITY, KAITSAS 55101
T7T fVT K * i~ir-iT! <^t?
ii. A :..£, ' lini J. iji»
-------
-2-
where hazardous wastes have been treated, stored or disposed of
in a manner which may present a substantial hazard to human
health or the environment. Sampling, analyses, testing,
monitoring and reporting conducted by Respondent pursuant to this
Order is reasonable to ascertain the nature and extent of such
hazard and shall be used by EPA to determine the extent and
significance of such hazard. Notice of this Order has been given
to the State of Iowa, Department of Natural Resources,
Environmental Protection,Division (IDNR).
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. Respondent SWMC is an intergovernmental agency of
the State of Iowa consisting of several political subdivisions
who by agreement formed a political subdivision under the .
authority of Chapter 28E of the Iowa Code, permitted to manage
hazardous waste in the State of Iowa. SWMC's originating
agreement was certified and filed with the Iowa Secretary of
State on July 29, 1974.
2. The Black Hawk County Landfill (the Facility) is
located at 1509 East Washburn, Waterloo, Iowa 50703. The
Facility is located in the southeast quarter of Section 23,
Township 88 North, Range 13 West, Black Hawk County, Iowa.
3. The Facility was used for storing or disposing of,
and is a permanent repository for hazardous wastes as defined in
Section 3001 of RCRA. See Part A application attached as
"Exhibit A."
-------
-3-
4. Specific toxicological information for the
hazardous wastes referred to herein is contained in "Exhibit C."
5. SWMC is the current owner of the Facility and has
been the ownei of Facility since February 4, 1985. The previous
owner is the Landfill Services Corporation, an Iowa corporation
in good standing.
6. The Facility has been operated by the previous
owners of the Facility from May 29, 1975.
7. The Facility is located in a predominantly
agricultural area south of Waterloo, Iowa. An estimated 140,000
people reside or work within six miles of the Facility.
8. The findings of 'fact presented in subparacraphs (a)
and (fa) below are presumed by the parties to be substantially
correct for the purposes of implementing the first phase of
groundwater monitoring, as outlined beginning with paragraph 15-
and following. It is understood, however, that such ""findings of
fact" are not fully substantiated by data obtained from onsite
testing, but are in fact conclusions of fact based upon the
incomplete information available to "the parties. If the data
obtained in the first phase of testing 'decribed herein
establishes facts which require conclusions different from those
conclusions stated in subparagraphs (a) and (b) below, then those
new conclusions shall be used by the parties in determining the
scope, extent and purpose of further groundwater monitoring as it
may be required.
-------
(a) The- hydro-geologic setting cf the site is such
that releases from it may contaminate shallov; groundvater/
which is hydraulically connected to the groundv/ater of the
deeper"Cedar Valley limestone aquifer. Unconsolidated
surficial .sediments consist primarily cf glacial drift
deposits of up to 100 feet thick into which landfill
trenches have been excavated. The uppermost bedrock
formation beneath the Facility is the Cedar Valley Limestone
Formation which is a major regional drinking water aquifer.
Groundvater occurs as near (depending upon seasonal water
table fluctuations) as 5-10 feet below ground surface.
Shallo'.; crouncv/aters are at risk of contamination by
releases from the landfill cells into which hazardous wastes
"'.-ere disposed. Grcuncwater so contaminated by such releases
may discharge to and contaminate Cedar River surface waters
and sediments. ;
(b) Bedrock groundv/ater is hydraulically connected to
the shallow groundwater system beneath the Facility and is
therefore also at risk of contamination by releases from the
Facility. Bedrock groundwater in "the vicinity of the
Facility is a significant source of drinking water for both
private and public water supplies. Records available to EPA
indicate that si:c domestic supply wells within one mile of
the Facility are used as a source cf drinking water.
S. The release of contamination from the Facility into
the Cedar ?.iver may adversely affect the quality of that surface
-------
- 5 -
water cine its ability to support aquatic life. Contamination of
the River would alsc adversely affect its usability ss a
recreational- resource and as a habitat for gane fish, sport fish,
and other' animals ""drinking its water or using it as a habitat.
Lusioy:; OF LMJ
10. The wastes referred to in paragraph 3 and "Exhibit
A" and "Exhibit C" are "hazardous wastes" as defined by Section
1004(5) of P.CRA, 42 USC 6303(5).
11. The placing of hazardous wastes into the landfill
or onto or into the land described in paragraph 3 and "Exhibit A"
constitutes "storage" as defined by Section 1004(33) of RCEA, 42
USC 6303(33). The placing of hazardous wastes into the landfill
or onto or into the land described in paragraph 3 and "Exhibit A"
constitutes "disposal" as defined by Section 1004(3) of RCHA, 42
USC 6903(3) .
12. The Black Eawk County Landfill is a "Facility" as
used in Section 3013 of RCHA, 42 USC 6934 (1234) and as defined
in 40 CFR 260.10 (1934) .
13. ST7HC is the "owner" and the "operator" of the
facility as defined in 40 CFR 260.10 and as used in Section 3013
of RCRA, 42 USC 6934 (1934) .
14. The Regional Ad-inistrator of the .United States
Er.viron.-ental Protection Agency, Region VII hereby determines
that the presence of hazardous wastes at this facility as
-------
-6-
described in this Order, and that a release of such hazardous
wastes into the environment, may present a substantial hazard to
human, health or the environment. The Regional Administrator has
further deemed that the following described monitoring, testing,
analysis, and reporting with respect to the facility, to
ascertain the nature and extent of such hazard, is reasonable.
ORDER
15. The objective of the following required actions is
to ascertain the nature and extent of the possible hazard to
human health or the environment.
Groundwater Monitoring Plans
16. SWMC shall, unless otherwise specified, comply
with the folloiwng requirements for an environmental monitoring
program in two phases. The monitoring system installed under
Phase I, which is based upon the inadequate data available, is
not a fully adequate groundwater monitoring system to determine
the facility's impact on the quality of the groundwater in the
uppermost aquifer underlying the facility. Any activities to be
accomplished during Phase II will be dependent in part upon
receipt and evaluation of information provided in Phase I.
17. Respondent shall:
A. Design and implement a groundwater monitoring
system for the Black Hawk County Landfill as specified
in the monitoring plan submitted to EPA by SWMC on May
15, 1986, incorporating all modifications as specified
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-7-
in correspondence between EPA and Respondent with the
latest being two letters to EPA from Respondent dated
August 18, 1986, and August 27, 1986, attached hereto
as "Exhibit B."
B. Submit an acceptable sampling protocol' for EPA
approval prior to the initiation of the groundwater
sampling program on Phase I wells.
C. Obtain samples from such groundwater monitoring
system by November 1, 1986.
D. Analyze each sample for the compounds and the
parameters listed in and in accordance with Exhibit D.
E. Obtain and analyze samples from each well on a
monthly basis in accord with Exhibit D.
F. The analytical data obtained from samples collected
during the first two sampling months will be utilized to
design the Phase II groundwater monitoring system".
G. Develop a groundwater monitoring plan for Phase II
groundwater monitoring system. The plan will be submitted
to EPA for review by January 15",' 1987, subject to request
for extensions.
H. Upon approval by EPA, implement such Phase II
groundwater monitoring plan in accordance with the schedules
contained therein.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
18. The following general requirements must be
addressed for the Phase I monitoring system, the Phase II plan
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- 8 -
and any future plans submitted to EPA.
A. Each plan must specify an expeditious and
reasonable schedule for the implementation and
completion o'f its various components.
B. Each plan is to provide for monthly reports to
EPA en the progress of the monitoring work, due on the
15th of each month after the initiation of Phase I.
C. Each plan shall specify the precautions which
will be taker, to insure the health and safety, of the
individuals associated with this project.
D. All sampling and analyses shall be done in
accordance with EPA, national Enforcement Information
Center (:TZIC) protocols.
PHASE II PLA?' FEVIZT-7 A:-TD A??P.GV?.L PROCESS
19. After EPA's receipt of SWMC's Phase II plan, EPA
shall review the plan and notify S'TIIC in writing of .its approval
or disapproval.
20. Upon written approval of the Plan by EPA, StfKC
shall within 30 cays, initiate work according to the approved
plan and monitoring system design.
21. In the event EPA does not approve the plan in
whole or in part, EPA will specify in writing, the deficiencies
of the plan, to SWMC's representatives as designated in Paragraph
0 "3 I - }
*- 'J \ c:; .
22. Mithin 30 days of receipt of a notice of
disapproval, S77I1C shall modify the plan to correct the
-------
deficiencies and shall submit the revised plan to EPA for revlev
and written approval.
:.-23. Should SWI-1C take exception to all or part of EPA'c
disapproval, SUI-IC shall subr.it within 10 days to EPA in writing
the statement of the grounds for such exception. Representatives
of EPA and SNUG shall then confer by telephone or in person in an
attar.pt to resolve any disagreement. At such conference, a
resolution nay be reached with regard to each area of
disagreement and shall be reduced _to writing and signed by
representatives of each party.
24. In the event the parties cannot resolve their
disagreement, the plan shall be implemented as directed by EPA.
25. Upon written approval by EPA of the plan as
originally proposed, or as amended pursuant to -conference, ST7HC
shall proceed tc carry out the plan in accordance with the
timetable(s) contained therein.
SITE AI-TD INFORMATION ACCESS; CONFIDENTIALITY
25. S'TTiC shall provide access to the Facility site to
EPA employees and to EPA contractors at .reasonable times and
shall permit such persons to be present and move freely in the
area where any work is being conducted at all tines when work is
being conducted pursuant to this Order. SWMC shall provide EPA
with copies of all charts, maps, letters, memoranda, invoices,
shipping manifests or other records or documents considered by
EPA tc be relevant tc the subject matter of this Crcor. Any
information requested pursuant to this Order.must be provided,
-------
... - 10 .- . . ...
notwithstanding its possible characterization as Confidential
Business Inf ornation (CBI). Respondent may assert a business
confidentiality claim covering all or part of the information
submitted '"pursuant to this Order. The information covered by
such a claiiu will be disclosed by EPA only to the extent and by
the procedures specified in 40 CFR Part 2, Subpart B (1S85), as
amended by 50 Federal Register 51654, December 13, 1985. Such a
claim may be made by placing on or attaching to the information,
at the time it is submitted to EPA, a cover sheet, stamped or
typed legend or other suitable form of notice employing language
such as "trade secret," "proprietary," or "company confidential".
Allegedly confidential portions of otherwise non-confidential
documents should be clearly identified and may be submitted
separately to facilitate identification and handling by EPA. If
confidential treatment is sought only until a certain date or
*
occurrence of a certain event, the notice should so state. If.no
such claim accompanies the information when it is received" by
EPA, it may be made available to the public without further
notice to Respondent.
s AMPL I:TG SPL i IT me
27. SWHC shall upon request from EPA provide EPA or
EPA Contractors with splits of any or all samples taken pursuant
to this Crder.
EXCT-A^n^ OF I'TORHATIOn
23 (a) . Whenever under the terms of this Crder, notice
is required to be given by one party to another, it shall be
-------
- 11 -
directed tc ths individuals at the addresses specified below,
unless these individuals or their successors give notice in
. writing to.-the parties of another individual designated to
receive such communication:
Bruce Ecttorff Donald E. Sandifer, P.S.
Chairman -- Site Project Officer
Solid Waste Management RCRA/Icv/a Section
Commission United States Environmental
Black Ec'.vk County Protection Agency, Region VII
P.O. Box 203 726 Minnesota Avenue
Waterloo, Iov;a 50704 -Kansas City, Kansas 66101
(b). Routine communications concerning the plans,
. reports, or any aspects of this Order may be exchanged b*y phone
betv/een the parties to facilitate the worlc required by this
Order, but .no verbal communication shall in any way alter or
amend the previsions of this Order.
COMPLI^'C^ T-7ITT-: APPLICABLE STATUTES fi?-TD RSGULATICrr?
29. All. actions undertaken pursuant to this Order by
ST/7HC or its duly authorized representatives shall be done,in
accordance with "all applicable federal, stats and local statutes
and regulations.
AHEi-TDMEl-TT
30. The parties hereto may, by .mutual agreement,_
modify this Order, only if such modification is in writing and
executed by representatives of each party.
LIABILITY
31. Neither the United States Government nor any agent
thereof shall be liable for any inquires or damage to persons or
property resulting from acts or emissions of.Respondent, its
-------
- 12 -
officers, directors, employees, agents, servants, receivers,
trustees, successors, or assigns, or of any persons, including
.but not 1'ihited to firns, corporations, subsidiaries, contractors
or consultants, in carrying out activities pursuant to this
Order, nor shall the United States Government or any agency
thereof be held out as a party of any contract entered into by
Respondent in carrying out activities pursuant to this Order.
ENFORCEMENT
32 (a) The Administrator may comnence a civil action
against any person who fails or refuses to comply with this
order. Such action shall be brought in the United States
District Court in -which the Respondent is located, resides, or is
doing business. Such court shall have jurisdiction, pursuant to
42 USC 6934 (e) (1984), to .require compliance with this order and
to assess a civil penalty of not to exceed $5,000 for each day
during which such failure or refusal occurs. "
(b) Nothing contained herein shall be construed to
prevent EPA fern seeking legal or equitable relief to enforce the
terras of this Order, or froir. taking other legal or equitable
_.action.as it deems appropriate or necessary with respect to the
Facility, or from requiring future activities at the Facility,
pursuant to RCRA, 42 USC 6501 - 6991i or other applicable law.
(c) If the Regional Administrator determines that STi-'C
is not able to undertake the ordered measures satisfactorily or
deems any such action carried out by SWI1C to be unsatisfactory,
-------
. - 13 -
the Regional Administrator may take the ordered measures or
authorise a state or local authority or.other person to carry out
any such action and require, by order/ SWKC to reimburse EPA or
other authority or. person for the costs of such activity.
MISCBLLAMSOUS
*>
33 (a) The provisions of this Order shall be binding
upon the employsec, agents, successors and assigns of the parties
hereto.
(b) This Order shall become effective upon receipt by
SWKC of a fully executed copy.
EAVII-IG FULLY REVIEWED the foregoing Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Lav;r Determination and Order, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency and Solid Waste Management
Commission stipulate to all findings and conclusions, are in
agreement with regard to the determination and do hereby consent
to the provisions of this Order:
Erucc- Bottorff, Chairman
Black Kawk County Solid
Waste Management Commission
P.O. Box 203
Waterloo, Iowa 50704
/f.
Date
David Laraar Ktjpp
Assistant Regional Counsel
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region VII
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City-, Kansas 65101
-------
- 14 -
IT IS SO DETERMINED AI-TD ORDERED.
Date ' f " Morr/s Kay '
Regional Administrator
U. S. Environnental Protection
Agency, Region VII
725 llinnescta Avenue
Kansas City, Kansas 66101
-------
APPENDIX D
BEDROCK GEOLOGIC BORING LOG (B-200)
-------
State of Iowa
Iowa Geological Survey
123 North Capitol Street towa City, towo S2242 - (319) 336-1173
Vv
OanaULtech
Sx»* OattgM and «*ctor
tamon) E. Hoyw
October 31, 1936
Ms. Leslie Knapp
Brice-PetrideS'Uonohue, Inc.
lyl W. bth Street
Waterloo, Iowa 50701
Dear Leslie:
A preliminary look at the deep rock core on October 29 at the Black Hawk
County Landfill has verified the general stratigraphy. Drilling had reached
the top of the coherent Silurian dolomites prior to my departure. The
general stratiyraphic breakdown follows (see also enclosed graphic section).
Stratigraphic units in the Cedar Valley Formation are presently in infornal
status. Gross lithologic characters are noted, but specific details are
omitted pending further examination.
CEOAK VALLEY FORMATION (Middle Devonian)
"Unit B" - 109.5-136.5 ft.; dolomite, minor dolomitic limestone, abundant
fossil molds through most, calcite void fills.
"Unit A4" - 136.5-138 ft. (approx.); dolomite, brecciated.
"Pints Mbr." - 138-164.5 ft (approx.); dolomite, faintly laminated,
unfossiliferous, part burrow mottled, chert nodules scattered throughout.
"Lower Unit A" - 164.5-lby ft. (approx.); dolomitic limestone, laminar
stromatoporoids scattered through.
Ifay-iy6.7 ft.; dolomitic limestone, abundant burrow mottles through
sparsely fossiliferous with thin skeletal stringers scattered 173-181 and
base.
16y.7-2u5.5 ft. (approx.); limestone and dolomitic limestone, abundant
fossils (especially brachiopods).
2Ub.5-215.3 ft.; dolomitic limestone and dolomite, fossiliferous,
conglomeratic at base
WAPSIPINICON FORMATION (Middle Devonian) . .
Davenport Hbr. - 215.3-232 ft. (approx); dolomite and dolomitic limestone,
part argillaceous, brecciated near top (poor recovery).
Spring Grove Mbr. - 232-251.5 ft. (approx.); dolomite, very calcitic, finely
laminated in upper half.
Kenwood Mbr. - 251.5-280.3 ft. (approx.); shale, silty to very sandy,
conglomeratic lower 4 ft.; interoedded dolomite, argillaceous, part sandy.
SI LUX I AN UNUIFFERENTIATED
Chert residuum (LaPorte City Chert) - 280.3-301.5 ft. (approx.); residuum or
dark gray to white chert nodules and clasts in argillaceous dolomite
r.atrix, some cnurts with Silurian corals (poor recovery).
Hupkintun Fni./? - 301.b ft. (core continues n.elow) dolomite, cherry.
-------
October 31, 1V86
Ms. Leslie Knapp
Paye -2-
Clay or shale stratigraphic leaks are noted in solutional openings at five
positions in the Cedar Valley and upper Wapsipinicon formations. Open
solutionally-enlarged fractures are present at various positions in the Cedar
Valley and upper Wapsipinicon formations. The absence of significant shale
layers and the presence of fracture networks (persumably interconnected)
through this stratigraphic interval suggest that the Cedar Valley and upper
Wapsipinicon should be considered part of a single bedrock aquifer unit. The
Cedar Valley Formation and subjacent upper Wapsipinicon strata form part of a
single carbonate aquifer system in most of Black Hawk County and areas to the
south and southeast.
The Kenwood Member of the Wapsipinicon contains relatively impermeahle shales
over most of its geographic extent and is known to form an aquitard
regionally, separating Cedar Valley and Silurian aquifers. The Kenwood at the
Black Hawk County Landfill is exceptionally shaley and contains unfractured
soft shale in part. The shaley nature at this locality should provide as good
an aquitard as can be found at this stratigraphic position anywhere in eastern
Iowa, since the Kenwood elsewhere is generally less shaley. The cherty
residuum at the top of the Silurian interval is relatively dense and
impermeable and should amplify the aquitard properties of the super jacent
Kenwood.
I look forward to seeing the remainder of the. core. If any further questions
arise, feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
UJ.
Brian J. Witzke
Research Geologist
BJW/mph
Enclosure
-------
O
/^ . »
JL__«
J ^1
/'
/ -
/
/ i
-»cU. l«>kf
llM^uKc.
34 * UU
A » AA/A A
A A V A ?~
/a* "/>:
-------
-
)
c.
JOBNC
PROJE
DEPTH
IN
FEET
-
109.5
116. a
126 5~
132
133.5
135 -
_
LOG OF TEST BORING
, 4800 86-873 vr^,r.A^r.^f 1" * A>
:T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATFRinn, TttWA
DESCRIPTION Of MATERIAL
r- 105'
NOT SAMPLES taken from 0-109.5'
WEATHERED LIMESTONE, yellowish
brown
LIMESTONE, yellowish brown
to gray
DOLOMITE, yellowish- brown
to gray
DOLOMITIC BRECCIA, yellowish
brown to gray
LEAN CLAY with pieces of
gravel , dark gray
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
NO
SAMPLES
CEDAR
VALLEY
FORMATION
R
752
882
962
1005
582
, 982
WL
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
TYP
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 200
LABORATORY TESTS
W
D
«i
ROD
202
532
462
482
462
382
tujin cits' testinn .,. .
-------
LOG OF TEST BORING
, 4800 86-873 »f«^^f 1" « 4
PROJECT BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DEPTH
IN
FEET
137.5'
156.5
162.5"
bb
-*- DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
{- 135'
DOLOMITIC BRECCIA, yellowish
brown to gray
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown
with Chert nodules, black
a layer of Lean Clay, dark gray
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown
to gray
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
CEDAR
VALLEY
FORMATION
(continued
R
582
922
.402
*
4
.682
462
,642
WL
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
7
8
9
10
11
12
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 200 (Cont'd)
LABORATORY Tfsis
w
-
0
. V
t ,
ROD
82
342
82
242
82
302
,_ , . - riLiinrirv rprstinn
-------
LOG OF TEST BORING
^ 4800 86-873 VEHTICAL «;rAlE J" s 4' BOS.NG NO B 20° (Cont'dQ
PROJECT BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DEPTH
IN
FEET
-
-
-
195"
v DESCRIPTION Of MATERIAL
|- 165'
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown
to gray (continued)
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
CEDAR
VALLEY
FORMATION
(continued)
R
'882
.902
'822
~ mf
'762
802
1002
Wl
SAMPLE
NO
13
14
15
16
17
18
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
lABORA'OOv TfSTS
w
D
« I
Rqn
322
502
282
82
02
582
tujin citv testina __
-------
JOB NO
PflOJEC
DEPTH
IN
FEET
196.7
206.5
213.3
214.8
*^ *S r
225 -
LOG OF TEST BORING
4800 86-873 VWT.CALSCAI* 1" * 4'
T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
=>: 'DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
r-195'
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown
to gray
LIMESTONE, gray
LIMESTONE, yellowish brown
to gray
a layer of Shale, dark gray
to black from 213.3'-213.5'
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown to gray
»
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
CEDAR
VALLEY
FORMATION
(continued)
WAPSIPINION
FORMATION
R
. 90X
96X
92X
" »
4
86X
24X
, 40X
wi
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
19
20
21
22
23
24
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 200 ; . it'd
LABORATORY TESTS
w
0
1 1
»i
RQD
56X
62X
682
OX
OX
ox
l-.iiin r\f\J t-tx^l-inrj
it
-------
JOB NO
PROJEC
0£<»TH
IN
FEET
251.5
255 -
LOG OF TEST BORING
4800 86-873 v*,.^ sr^r *" " «'
T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
p 225'
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown to
gray (continued)
SHALE, dark gray to greenish
gray with gravel
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
WAPSIPJNICDJ
R
302
402
842
*
j
1002
.802
.642
wv
^^K
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
25
26
27
28
29
30
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NC|
NQ
B 200 (Cont'd
lABOAAionv MJTS
W
o
. i
v .
RQD
02
72
162
162
02
02
r-i i nn r-it-v^ testina
-------
JOB NC
PROJEC
DEPTH
IN
fEET
-
266. 5
285 ~
LOG OF TEST BORING
4800 86-873 w^-*, «*, * 1" " 4'
i BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DESCRIPTION or MATERIAL
r- 255'- . .
SHALE", dark gray to greenish
gray with gravel (continued)
DOLOMITE, brown to grayish brown
SHALE, pale green
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
WAPSIPINICON
-
***
LA PORTE
CITY
FORMATION
R
902
762
. 462
882
1002
to
922
vw.
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
31
32
33
34
35
36
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
-------
JOS NO
0£"TM
IN
FEET
296.5
301.5
TIC
LOG OF TEST BORING
4800 86-873 VF-T, «*,* 1" - 4'
T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
" DESCRIPTION Of MATERIAL
285'
SHALE, pale green (continued)
with black Chert nodules
CHERT, white to black, with
Dolomitic Matrix, yellowish
brown
DOLOMITE, pale yellow with
gray mottles
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
LA PORTE
CITY
FORMATION
(continued)
HOPKINTON:
FORMATION
R
402
602
302
^
702
1032
1002
_
Wl
BORING NO B 200 (Cont'd)
SAMPLE
NO
37
38
39
40
41
42
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
LABORATORY usis
w
0
4
ROD
02
02
02
602
1032
822
.. tnnrT-itV tR5H-""ir-| 1
-------
LOG OF TEST BORING
loakin 4800 86-873 ^T,CAL SCAL. 1" » 4-
PROJECT BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DEPTH
IN
FEET
178 .
Jc O
345
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
J- 315'
DOLOMITE, pale yellow with
gray mottles (crntinued)
DOLOMITE, gray to brown
Boring Continued Next Page
*
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
HOPKINTON
FORMATION
***
BLAND ING
FORMATION
R
.
1002
100?
1001
tf
j
ioo*
100X
1002
WL
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
43
44
45
46
47
48
TVP
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 200 (Cont'd)
LABORA'Onv US1S
w
D
r
RQD
100%
80%
38%
90S
80%
80%
twin citv testma
Jt J(77.i|.
corxxvoon
-------
JOBNC
PROJEC
OEPTM
IN
fEET
TCI C
J-)l. J
366.5
^
1 7C
J/3 ~
LOG OF TEST BORING
, 4800 86-873 VTBT. «-A, , 1" " 4'
:T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
' DESCRIPTION Of MATERIAL
J-345'
DOLOMITE, gray to brown
(continued)
Dolomite, red nodule
Dolomite, red nodule
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
BLANDING
FORMATION
(continued)
R
1002
1002
'1002
1002
1002
.1002
wt
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
49
50
51
52
53
54
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 200 (Cont'd)
IABORA1ORY TESTS
w
D
. i
r .
ROD
502
742
722
1002
802
1002
tujin i~itv^ te^tino
-------
JOB NO
OEPTM
IN
FEET
396.5
LOG OF TEST BORING
4&UO 86-873 VFnT,rAi ^r*. r 1" = 4*
T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
r- 375'
DOLOMITE, gray to brown (continued)
DOLOMITE, light greenish gray
to gray
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
BLANDING
FORMATION
(continued)
R
1002
1002
962
wf
J
1002
1002
1002
WL
BOR.NGNOB 200 (Cont'd)
SAMPLE
NO
55
56
57
58
59
60
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
LABORATORY MSI 5
W
-
D
i b
-
ROD
902
942
942
1002
922
962
. riinnrirvrRsrinn .
-------
JOB NO
PROJEC
DEPTH
IN
FEET
"*
dlfi <(
HiO . J
424.1
/I IT C
*»Ji.;}
435
LOG OF TEST BORING
4800 86-873 «eoT1rAL SCAL, 1" = 4'
T BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL - WATERLOO. IOWA
DESCRIPTION Of MATERIAL
r- 405'
DOLOMITE, light greenish gray
to gray (continued)
t
DOLOMITE, red to dark gray
DOLOMITE, yellowish brown to gray
DOLOMITE, gray with small layers
of Shale, pale greenish gray
Boring Continued Next Page
GEOLOGIC
ORiGiN
BLANDING
FORMATION
(continued)
MAQUOKETA
FORMATION
R
1002
ion
'1002
wf
J
1002
:
962
'1021
_
Wl
BORING NO
SAMPLE
NO
61
62
63
64
65
66
TYPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
B 20u (Cont'd)
LABORATORY Tfsis
W
0
. i
i .
RQD
96X
101S
942
1002
802
1022
tiuin cicv tescino '
-------
rx
j
JOO NO
WOjfr
USPTM
IN
»UT
461.5
4800 86-873
LOG OF TEST
BLACK HAWK COUNTY LANDFILL
r- 435'
- WATERLOO,
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
DOLOMITE, gray
layers, pale
END OF
with small Shale
greenish gray
(continue'd)
BORING
BORING
f 1" = 4'
IOWA
GEOLOGIC
ORIGIN
MAQUOKETA
FORMATION
(continued)
WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
O..C
Tl-l
s*u*vrn
35?
CAV(.IN
OCPTH
Aaloot-tM*
to
to
to
to
WATCH
R
985
985
'1005
wf
'1005
1005
-
Wl
ooniN(
SAMPLE
NO
67
68
69
70
71
TVPE
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
NQ
iNoB 200 (Cont'cn
LABORATORY TtSTS
w
:
0
L L
PL
RQD
925
945
1005
1005
1005
««. 10-21-86 _. 10-31-86
«OMX> 6 "FA 0-90':
9
NRC 0-109.5'
NQ core 109. 5 '-461. 5'
cnfwcM*' V. Munnsinaer
-------
APPENDIX E
SAMPLING SCHEDULE AND PARAMETER LIST
-------
1st Month - All Wells
I., pH - - )
Specific Conductance (SC) )
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) )
Total Organic Halogen (TOX) )
II. Cyanide, total
III. EP Toxicity, filtered and unfiltered for:
Arsenic
Barium
Cadrai urn
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
IV. 31 Priority Pollutant -.Volatile Compounds
Acrolein - 8240
Acrylonitrile - 8240
Benzene - 8240
Bis (Chloromethyl) Ether - unstable in
water
Bromoform - 8240
Carbon Tetrachloride - 8240
Chlorobenzene - 8240
Chlorodibromomethane - 8240
Chloroethane - 8240
2-Chloroethylvinyl Ether - 8240
Chloroform - 8240
Dichlorobromomethane - 8240
Dichlorodifluoromethane - 8240
1,1-Dichloroethane - 8240
1,2-Dichloroethane - 8240
4 replicate analysis for each
upgradient wells
1,1-Dichloroethylene - 8240
1,2-Dichloropropane - 8240
1,3-Dichloropropylene - 8240
Ethyl benzene - 8240
Methyl Bromide -'8240
Methyl Chloride - 8240
Methylene Chloride - 8240
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane - 8240
Tetrachloroethylene - 8240
Toluene - 8240
1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene - 8240
1,1,1-Trichloroethane - 8240
1,1,2-Trichloroethane - 8240
Trichloroethylene - 8240
Trichlorofluoromethane - 8240
Vinyl Chloride - 8240
V. 16 Solvents not on the Priority Pollutant List but contained in the
F002-F005 listing
1,1,2-trichloro - 1,2,2-
trifluoroethane - 8240
ortho-dichlorobenzene - 8240
xylene - 8240
acetone - 8240
ethyl acatata - 8240 (direct) .
ethyl ether - 8240
methyl isobutyl ketone - 8240
n-butyl alcohol - 8240 (direct)
cyclohexanone - 8270
raethanol - 8270
cresols - 8270
cresylic acid - 8270
methyl ethyl ketone - 8240
carbon disulfide - 8240
isobutanol - 8240 (direct)
pyridine - 8270
VI. Nitrobenzene - 8270
-------
continued)
2nd Month thru 4th Month
Same as "I" for 1st month.
5th Month --. ' . "".-..-.'.. -; \
Same as "I" for 1st month except that 4 replicate analysis will be required
on all wells (both upgradient and downgradientjl A statistical evaluation in
accordance with §265 Subpart F will be performed. . - . . '. .\\
-------
U.S. Environment Prc^.ti
P-vion 3, library (Ft-12,,
/' w-;t Jackson Ucuii-vjra, 12Ui tloor
-:
-------
|