&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
SUPERFUND:
EPA/540/R-93/011
December 1992
PB93-963212
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
IDAHO
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Publication #9200.5-7136
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Idaho
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460 $ Emironmenlal Protec«on ftgency
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
-------
INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwaler
treatment.
vi
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
viii
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering, \
public health, administration and manage- i
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal. State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
STATE
EPA ID* ABCOOOOOOO
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
Threats and Contaminants
Response Action Status —
Site Facts: xx^x *xx
Environmental Progress
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, ground water, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
XIII
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
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A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
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if Major Cities
• NPL Sites
Superfund Activities
in Idaho
The State of Idaho is located within EPA Region
10, which includes three northwestern States and Alaska. The
State covers 82,412 square miles. According to the 1990
Census, Idaho experienced a 7 percent increase in population
between 1980 and 1990, and is ranked forty-second in U.S.
population with approximately 1,007,000 residents.
Although Idaho has no State Superfund law, the
Idaho Hazardous Waste Management Act of 1983, most
recently amended in 1988, establishes two funds and
provides minimal legal authority for site cleanups. Since
this statute has virtually no enforcement authorities, the
State is authorized under the Idaho Environmental Protec-
tion and Health Act to compel polluters to conduct or pay
for cleanup activities in emergency situations. In practice, the State prefers polluters to pay for
site cleanup since the accounts established under the Act are primarily a hazardous waste man-
agement fund, not a cleanup fund. The Hazardous Waste Training, Emergency, and Monitoring
Account may be used for needed removal and long-term cleanup actions, while the Hazardous
Waste Emergency Account may be used only for emergency responses. Currently, 9 sites in the
State of Idaho have been listed as final on the NPL. No new sites have been proposed for listing
in 1992.
The Department of Health and Welfare
implements the Superfund Program in the State of Idaho
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Idaho include:
Salvage
Yards
Chemical
Production
:acilities
Railroad Yards
Recycling
Facilities
Mining
Operations
Federal Facilities
Facts about the nine NPL sites
in Idaho:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at three
sites.
No sites endanger sensitive environ-
ments.
Eight sites are located near residential
areas.
XVII
March 1992
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IDAHO
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Ground
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
Heavy Metals
VOCs
PCBs
Pesticides/Herbicides
Petrochemicals/Explosions
Asbestos
Other*
100%
44%
22%
11%
11%
11%
11%
*Other contaminants include selenium and
fluoride.
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Idaho, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at six sites.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Idaho Please Contact:
EPA Region 10 Superfund
Community Relations
National Response Center
Department of Health and Welfare:
Division of Environmental Quality,
Planning and Evaluation
EPA Region 10 Superfund Branch
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
Federal Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(206) 553-6901
(800) 424-8802
(208) 334-5879
(206) 553-1987
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
xviii
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THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (O) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
^ An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
^ A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
O A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^ A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
O A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
O A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
-------
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ARRCOM (DREX
ENTERPRISES)
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD000800961
EPA REGION 10
Kootenai County
Rathdrum
Site Description
The ARRCOM (Drexler Enterprises) site covers a little over an acre, approximately 3 miles
southwest of Rathdrum. From 1960 until the facility was abandoned in 1982, ARRCOM
recycled waste oils containing a variety of organic solvents, lead, and polychorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). Activities at the site, such as abandoning storage tanks and trucks at the site and
producing hazardous waste materials, have resulted in the contamination of soils and sludges.
Approximately 6,300 people live within 3 miles of the site. The residents in the area depend
on groundwater for drinking water as well as for the irrigation of fields. The nearest well is
150 feet away from the site. The Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer runs
approximately 135 feet underneath the site and is the sole source of drinking water and crop
irrigation for 350,000 people in the region. Three groundwater monitoring wells surround the
site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Soils on the site contained volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene,
xylene, and methyl ethyl ketone; heavy metals including lead and mercury; acid;
PCBs; and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Buildings on the site were constructed using
asbestos materials; however, these buildings have been removed. Accidental
ingestion or inhalation of contaminated soil particles or asbestos posed a potential
health risk prior to cleanup. No contamination has been found in the groundwater.
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed through immediate actions; further investigations showed that no
further cleanup actions are required.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1983, the EPA began removing and treating
contaminants at the site. Tanks containing PCB-contaminated products were
pumped and flushed. The volume of contents in the remaining tanks was
approximately 32,000 gallons. Approximately 10,700 gallons of oil and water mixture were
recycled, 1,140 pounds of PCB flushings were incinerated off site, and 134 cubic yards of
contaminated soil were disposed of in an approved landfill. In 1987, the EPA removed and
segregated all the hazards. A containment tent was constructed for asbestos removal in the
boiler room. A mobile laboratory was set up, and monitoring and instrument surveying were
conducted throughout the site. Samples were taken of soil and asbestos. The tanks and trucks
were cleaned, disassembled, and disposed of. Approximately 2,000 cubic yards of
contaminated soils were removed. All buildings and vehicles have been removed. In 1990, the
EPA removed approximately 1,500 cubic yards of soil contaminated with lead and PCBs.
Post-removal soil sampling was conducted, and the site was backfilled with clean fill and was
regraded.
Entire Site: In 1991, the EPA studied the site to ensure that all site risks had
been addressed by the initial cleanup actions. An evaluation of the soil was
performed in 1991. Additional soil and groundwater samples were taken in late
1991 and early 1992. In mid-1992, the EPA determined that no further actions were required
at the site. Following the investigation, the EPA issued a report to the public stating the
intent to delete the site from the NPL. The site is expected to be deleted in late 1992.
Environmental Progress
Contaminated containers, structures, and soils have been removed from the ARRCOM
(Drexler Enterprises) site, thereby eliminating the threat of exposure to hazardous materials
at the site. The EPA has determined that no further actions are needed and expects to delete
the site from the NPL in late 1992.
Site Repository
Rathdrum Branch Library, 731 South First Street, Rathdrum, ID 83858
March 1992 2 ARRCOM (DREXLER ENTERPRISES)
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BUNKER HILL
MINING &
METALLURGI
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD048340921
EPA REGION 10
Shoshone County
Smetterville
Other Names:
rthern Idaho Phosphate Company
Site Description
The Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex site covers 21 square miles and
encompasses the communities of Pinehurst, Page, Smelterville, Kellogg, and Wardner. The
facility includes the Bunker Hill mine, a mill and concentrator, a lead smelter, an electrolytic
zinc plant, a phosphoric acid and fertilizer plant, a cadmium plant, and sulfuric acid plants.
Mining operations began in 1889, with lead smelting starting in 1917. During the majority of
the time the smelters were operating, few environmental protection procedures or controls
were used. As a result, there is widespread contamination of soil, water, and air from lead
and other heavy metals. Prior to 1938, all liquid and solid residues of mine tailings from the
complex were discharged directly into the Coeur d'Alene River and its tributaries. Thereafter,
waste streams were directed to a large outwash plain located west of Kellogg and just north
of the Bunker Hill complex. Lead smelter slag was deposited in a pile on the western end of
this plain. On the eastern end of the plain, a central impoundment area was developed and
was surrounded by a 70-foot high dike of mine tailings and waste rock. All liquid wastes,
including mine pump effluent, were directed to the pond for settling and then discharged to
the river. In the early 1970s, a central treatment plant was constructed on the edge of the
pond to treat water before discharging it to the river; however, a considerable amount of
seepage is lost to groundwater through the unsealed bottom of the pond. In 1973, public
concern arose over the effects of chronic air pollution associated with Bunker Hill operations
after a fire occurred in the baghouse of the smelter. Smokestack and other emissions from
the smelting operations have contaminated the hillsides and other areas surrounding the
complex, destroying large areas of vegetation. In the 1970s, the smelter owners began a
revegetation program; however, large areas still remain unvegetated. All operations are
inactive, and Bunker Hill has filed for bankruptcy. The population of Shoshone County is
approximately 19,200. The City of Kellogg, the largest community in the county, with a
population of approximately 3,400, is about a mile from the former Bunker Hill Complex.
Most residences in the area use municipal water supplies obtained from surface water.
However, there may be some private wells in the area.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, sediments, soils, and surface water contain heavy metals including
lead, cadmium, and zinc. People may be exposed to health risks by coming in direct
contact with, accidentally ingesting, or inhaling contaminated groundwater, soil,
surface water, or sediments. In 1982, a significant number of Kokanee trout
returned to the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River, which had been totally
devoid of fish below Kellogg for many years. Improved conditions can be attributed
to the installation of the treatment facilities for wastes that once were discharged
untreated into the river. Because of elevated levels of lead in the blood of children
around Kellogg, airborne lead was a cause for alarm in the early 1970s. Closure of
the smelter complex and intervention by both State and Federal officials reduced
blood lead levels.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the residential soils and the non-populated areas.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, the EPA removed approximately 8,750 cubic yards
of contaminated soils from sixteen public areas, such as parks and playgrounds,
and stored it on site. About 7,150 cubic yards of backfill, 13,500 square feet of
sod, and 1,132 tons of asphalt pavement were used in the renovation operations. The EPA
stored all excavated contaminated soil in a temporary on-site storage facility. The waste soils
were placed within a polyvinyl chloride envelope and were surrounded with a containment
dike to minimize surface runoff. This initial action was completed with the installation of a
security fence around the temporary storage facility. In 1991, over 140,000 trees were planted
and 27 miles of terraces were constructed. In 1992, another 400,000 trees will be planted and
work on terraces and erosion control structures will continue.
Residential Soils: In 1989, the EPA developed a residential soil removal
program. Yards chosen for the program contained soil lead levels of 1,000 parts
per million or greater and were households where children or expectant mothers
resided. By late 1991, over 300 residential properties had been cleaned up, with approximately
100 more planned for 1992. In late 1991, a remedy was selected for residential soils calling for
the eventual cleanup of all yards with soil lead levels greater than 1000 parts per million.
Design and construction should begin late in 1993. A pilot program was completed to
determine if furniture and carpets can be cleaned of contaminated dust. This investigation
was completed in 1991. The study recommends continued interior cleaning of house dust by
residents, while exterior sources of contamination are controlled by the EPA and the State.
The need for interior cleanup will re-examined once exterior sources of contamination have
been controlled.
March 1992 4 BUNKER HILL MINING & METALLURGICAL
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Non-Populated Areas: In 1989, Gulf Resources and Bunker Limited
Partnership began initial actions in the non-populated areas, under monitoring by
the EPA. Several thousand feet of fence were installed around the smelter, a
copper dross flue dust pile was stabilized, and a substantial amount of deteriorating asbestos
was removed. In late 1991, Bunker Limited Partnership began removal of polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) transformers and treatment of acid-mercury sludges. Other waste materials
are being stabilized. This work is expected to continue until the remedy for the non-populated
areas is selected and designs of the selected remedy are underway. In addition, Gulf
Resources, under EPA guidance, is conducting an investigation to determine the extent and
type of contamination in the non-populated areas. The field work for the investigation has
been completed. A final report of the investigation and the proposed plan are scheduled to
be issued in 1992.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and Gulf Resources signed an Administrative Order, under
which the company agreed to conduct an investigation of the site. In 1989, Gulf Resources
and Bunker Limited Partnership were ordered to initiate immediate cleanup actions. In 1991,
a second Unilateral Order was issued requiring Bunker Limited Partnership to perform initial
actions in the non-populated areas.
Environmental Progress
The EPA and the potentially responsible parties have conducted many cleanup efforts at the
Bunker Hill site. Among these actions, which have helped to reduce the potential for
exposure to contaminants are: removal and storage of contaminated soil from residential
properties and public areas and placement in a secure containment facility on the site,
construction of a security fence around this area, treatment and restoration of 219 yards of
the affected homes and two apartment complexes homes in the area, and the continued
household dust abatement pilot program. Removal of wastes from the non-populated areas
are keeping this area safe while studies continue.
Site Repository
Kellogg Public Library, 16 West Market Avenue, Kellogg, ID 83837
BUNKER HILL MINING & METALLURGICAL 5 March 1992
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EASTERN MICH
FLATS
CONTAMINATIO
IDAHO
EPAID# IDD984666610
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Power and Bannock Counties
Near Pocatello
Other Names:
FMC Corporation
J.R. Simplot
The Eastern Michaud Flats Contamination site covers 2,530 acres near Pocatello. Within the
site boundaries are two adjacent phosphate processing facilities, the FMC Corporation and
the J.R. Simplot Company. The FMC Corporation has operated a phosphate processing
plant, producing approximately 250 million pounds of elemental phosphorus per year from
two million tons of shale, silica, and coke. The wastes generated from this process include
waste slag, ferrous-phosphate solid residuals, precipitator dust, phossy water, slag cooling
water, non-contact cooling water, and calciner scrubber water, all of which contain heavy
metals. Waste slag has in the past been used as highway construction materials or has been
deposited on two large on-site waste piles. The ferrous-phosphate residuals are crushed,
stored on bare ground, and later sold for their vanadium, iron, and chromium content. The
precipitator dust slurry and cooling and process water are pumped to 18 waste ponds; one of
these is unlined. The J.R. Simplot facility is located adjacent to the FMC facility. Since 1944,
J.R. Simplot has produced concentrated phosphoric acid, triple super phosphate, ammonium
phosphate, and diamonium phosphate from phosphate-containing ore. Ground phosphate
rock is digested with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium sulfate (gypsum).
Gypsum is pumped as a thick slurry to a stack, which presently contains approximately 28
million cubic yards of waste. A former gypsum stack was abandoned in 1966. The J.R.
Simplot facility currently uses a wastewater treatment system consisting of three lined ponds
and two unlined ponds to collect and treat all wastewater not recycled. In 1976, a drinking
water well downhill from the FMC facility was condemned by the State due to elevated
arsenic levels. Contaminants have been found in the deep confined aquifer. Approximately
55,000 people use drinking water from public and private wells within 3 miles of the site. The
closest private well is about 800 feet from an on-site lagoon. Groundwater also is used to
irrigate about 2,000 acres of forage crops within 3 miles of the site. The Michaud Flats are on
the Snake River Plain and are bordered by the American Falls Reservoir, the Portneuf River,
Rock Creek, and on the south by the foothills of the Deep Creek Mountains and Bannock
Range. The Portneuf River, which is 1/4 mile from the site, is used for fishing, recreation,
and irrigation downstream from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 05/05/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains heavy metals such as fluoride, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and
selenium. Sediments contain similar heavy metals, with the addition of copper,
vanadium, and zinc. Contaminants are leaching from the unlined waste ponds into
the shallow and deep groundwater aquifers. Drinking or coming into direct contact
with the contaminated groundwater or sediments may pose a health threat.
Additional exposure may result from the dust and vapors from plant roads, waste
pits, and wastewater ponds. There is no alternative, unthreatened water supply
readily available to private well users outside of the Pocatello City limits.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1991, a study was initiated to determine the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. Based on the results of the study, the most appropriate
remedies will be recommended for site cleanup. A decision on cleanup methods is
scheduled for 1994.
Site Facts: The entire site is being investigated as a result of an Administrative Order on
Consent signed by the FMC Corporation and J.R. Simplot.
Environmental Progress
After proposing the Eastern Michaud Flats site for listing on the NPL, the EPA performed
preliminary evaluations and determined that no immediate actions were necessary while the
investigations leading to the selection of a permanent remedy for the site contamination are
being planned.
Site Repository
Not established.
EASTERN MICHAUD FLATS CONTAMINATION 7 March 1992
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IDAHO NATIO
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
(USDOE)
IDAHO
EPA ID# ID4890008952
EPA REGION 10
Butte County
Near Idaho Falls
Other Names:
Idaho Operations Office
Site Description
The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) site, now owned by the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE), covers 890 square miles in southeastern Idaho, near Idaho Falls. The
Atomic Energy Commission set up the National Reactor Testing Station on the grounds in
1949 to build, test, and operate various nuclear reactors, fuel processing plants, and support
facilities. Earlier, parts of the site were used by the Department of Defense (DOD). In 1974,
the facility assumed its present name to reflect the broad scope of engineering activities it
conducts. INEL consists of a number of major facilities, which contribute contaminants to the
Snake River Plain Aquifer and draw water from the Snake River Plain Aquifer.
Approximately 17,300 tons of hazardous materials were deposited at one area through an
injection well extending 100 feet into the Snake River Plain Aquifer and also into numerous
unlined ponds and an earthen ditch. Waste materials disposed of in this area included
chromium-contaminated cooling tower blow down water, waste solvents, sulfuric acid,
radionuclides, and laboratory wastes. The Snake River Plain Aquifer is the source of all water
used at the INEL and is an important water resource in southeastern Idaho. Although the
three adjacent facilities at the INEL are several miles apart, they will be considered together
for this site cleanup due to the extent of chromium contamination. Over 3,000 people draw
water from wells within a 3-mile radius of the site. The facility employs approximately 10,500
people. The nearest large population center is Idaho Falls, which is approximately 30 miles to
the east of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 11/21/89
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
Hexavalent chromium has been detected in monitoring and drinking water wells in
the Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Test Reactor and Central Facilities Area at
the INEL. Acetone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) were detected to a lesser degree. Tests conducted in 1987 by
INEL and the U.S. Geological Survey at the Radioactive Waste Management
complex on the site indicate that carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene (TCE)
have migrated from where they were buried to the Snake River Plain Aquifer.
Potential health risks may exist from drinking or coming in direct contact with the
contaminated groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed by ten long-term remedial phases focusing on the Test Area
North of the INEL, the Test Reactor Area, the Central Facilities Area, the Power Burst
Facility and Auxiliary Reactor Area, the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, the Naval
Reactors Facility, the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, the Experimental Breeder Reactor,
the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Snake River Plain Aquifer.
Response Action Status
Test Area North: The DOE is scheduled to begin several studies of the drinking
water at the Test Area North of the INEL in mid-1993. The sub-sites being
investigated under this phase of the cleanup include tanks, spill sites, pits, rubble
disposal areas, a burn pit, injection wells, and wastewater disposal systems. The boundaries of
the sub-sites are fenced to keep trespassers out. An interim drinking water remedy for the
Test Area North is scheduled for completion in mid-1992.
Test Reactor Area: The Test Reactor Area houses extensive facilities for
studying the effects of radiation on materials, fuels, and equipment. A study of
perched water is ongoing at this area and a remedy was selected for the warm
wastewater pond. Cleanup of the warm wastewater pond will entail excavation of the pond
sediments, separation of the sediments by size and chemical extraction of cesium-137, cobalt-
60, and chromium from the sediments using an acid solution. After the sediments have been
separated from the contaminants, they will be further treated and used to backfill the pond.
In addition, the pond area will be revegetated. Design of these activities will begin in mid-
1993. Further studies to determine the comprehensive nature and extent of contamination at
the Test Reactor Area will continue until late 1998.
Central Facilities Area: The DOE began an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the motor pool pond of the Central Facilities Area in
late 1991. This investigation is scheduled for completion in late 1992 and will be
used to develop alternatives for cleanup of this part of the Central Facilities Area. Other
studies of the Central Facilities Area is scheduled to begin in early 1993.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(USDOE) 9 March 1992
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Power Burst/Auxiliary Reactor Area: In late 1991, the DOE began studies of
the contamination at the Power Burst Facility evaporation pond and the Auxiliary
Reactor Area chemical pond. These studies are scheduled for completion in 1992
and will be used to determine alternatives for cleanup of these parts of the Power Burst
Facility/Auxiliary Reactor Area. Additional studies of this sub-site will focus on tanks and
components of wastewater disposal facilities and are scheduled to begin in early 1997.
Radioactive Waste Management Complex: The primary focus of the studies
of the Radioactive Waste Management complex is the Subsurface Disposal Area.
It includes numerous pits, trenches, and vaults where radioactive and organic
wastes were stored as will as a large pad where waste was placed above grade and covered.
In late 1991, the DOE began studies of the contamination at the Radioactive Waste
Management Complex Pad A, Pit 9, and shallow groundwater. The Pit 9 study is scheduled
for completion in mid-1992. The studies of the shallow groundwater and Pad A are expected
to be completed in 1994. Additional studies of this sub-site are scheduled to begin in 1996.
The entire complex is fenced and the Subsurface Disposal Area is a fenced area within the
perimeter fence.
Naval Reactors Facility: Areas of concern at the Naval Reactors Facility
include landfills, old spills, wastewater disposal systems, and storage areas. In
mid-1992, the DOE is planning to undertake an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the Naval Reactors Facility Ditch. Additional studies are planned
for 1996.
Remaining Areas: Additional studies are scheduled to begin at the Idaho
Chemical Processing Plant, Experimental Breeder Reactor, Argonne National
Laboratory, and Snake River Plain Aquifer sub-sites starting in 1996. These
studies will be used to determine alternatives for cleanup of these parts of the Idaho National
Engineering Laboratory site.
Site Facts: In July 1987, the EPA and INEL signed a Consent Order calling for site
investigation and cleanup. An Interagency Agreement for cleanup of the entire site was
signed in December 1991. This agreement supersedes the previous Consent Order.
Environmental Progress
After the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory site was added to the NPL, the EPA
conducted preliminary studies into the site conditions and determined that no emergency or
immediate activities were necessary while investigations leading to the selection of final
cleanup alternatives for the site are being planned.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
March 1992 10 . (USDOE)
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Site Repository
INEL Technical Library, 1776 Science Center Drive, Idaho Falls, ID 83415
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(USDOE) 11 March 1992
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KERR-MCGEE
CHEMICAL C
(SODA SPRIN
PLANT)
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD041310707
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Caribou County
1 mile north of Soda Springs
Other Names:
Soda Springs Plant
The Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation (Soda Springs Plant) site covers 158 acres and is
located a mile north of Soda Springs. The site is in a broad, flat valley near the western base
of the Aspen Range. Since 1963, the plant has generated a number of liquid wastes and
stored them in on-site ponds. The Monsanto Chemical Company, another large industrial
complex nearby that also is on the NPL, supplies Kerr-McGee with the by-product ferrous-
phosphate solids that are processed into vanadium pentoxide. The two largest on-site ponds
hold over 12,000 cubic yards of waste. The hazardous chemicals found in these ponds are
vanadium, arsenic, copper, and silver. Groundwater beneath the site has been affected by the
chemicals in the holding ponds. Approximately 23 people live within a mile of the site, and
about 3,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. Public springs and private wells that provide
drinking water to over 3,000 people and a private well that irrigates 165 acres are located
within 3 miles of the site. Significant agricultural crops in the area include wheat and hay.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 05/05/89
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
On-site monitoring wells and ponds contain vanadium, arsenic, copper, and silver.
Potential health risks may exist from drinking contaminated groundwater or
coming into direct contact with or inhalation of blowing dust. The topography in
the area prevents the migration of contaminants to surface water off the site.
12
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: An investigation to determine the nature and extent of
contamination at the site began in 1990. Two rounds of on-site and off-site
sampling have occurred to date. Samples have been taken of groundwater, surface
water, soil, and source material. Preparation for additional studies are underway. The EPA
will be conducting a human health and ecological risk assessment. Once the investigations are
completed, planned for late 1994, the EPA will select a remedy for the site.
Site Facts: In September 1990, an Administrative Order on Consent was signed by the
EPA and Kerr-McGee. Under this order, Kerr-McGee agreed to conduct the site studies.
Environmental Progress =
After listing the Kerr-McGee site on the NPL, the EPA determined, based on preliminary
evaluations, that no immediate cleanup actions were required while the extensive
investigation leading to the selection of the final cleanup remedies for the site is taking place.
Site Repository
Soda Springs Public Library, 149 South Main, Soda Springs, ID 83267
KERR-MCGEE CHEMICAL CORP.
(SODA SPRINGS PLANT) 13 March 1992
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MONSANTO
CHEMICAL C!
(SODA SPRI
PLANT)
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD081830994
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Caribou County
North of Soda Springs
The Monsanto Chemical Company (Soda Springs Plant) encompasses 530 acres and processes
locally mined phosphate ore to produce elemental phosphorus. The facility consists of over a
dozen administrative and processing buildings plus ore piles, slag piles, by-product materials,
surface impoundments and a waste landfill. The site was purchased by Monsanto in 1952.
Approximately one million tons of phosphate ore are processed through the plant each year.
Ore is stockpiled on site prior to being processed for introduction into electric arc furnaces
along with coke and silica. All process waters, with the exception of non-contact cooling
water, are held and treated on site and then reused. The non-contact cooling water is
discharged from the site to Soda Creek, which is used in agricultural irrigation. The process
wastes, previously stored in unlined ponds or impoundments, have been pinpointed as sources
of contamination to the local groundwater. Other potential sources of pollution include waste
slag, windborne dust emissions, and air emissions from ore processing and the electric arc
furnaces. All currently active process wastewater impoundments have been lined. Soil from
the old ponds has been removed and backfilled with clean cover material. A network of
approximately 52 monitoring wells is maintained to assess plume migration. Land use in the
vicinity of the Monsanto facility is primarily industrial and agricultural. The plant is staffed
with about 400 employees, and 3,100 residents live within 3 miles of the site. Most of the
residents' water is supplied by the Town of Soda Springs from springs located north of the
plant. The closest surface water is Soda Creek, located approximately 2,000 feet west of the
facility. Many of the nearby residents depend on domestic wells, but most of these wells are
upgradient of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 05/05/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
14
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater underlying the site and the surrounding vicinity is contaminated with
cadmium, selenium, vanadium, and fluoride. A health threat may exist for
individuals who use or come into direct contact with contaminated groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
made.
Entire Site: An investigation into the type and extent of contamination began in
1991. At the conclusion of the investigation, scheduled for late 1994,
recommendations of effective alternatives for the final cleanup of the site will be
Environmental Progress
After proposing the Monsanto site for inclusion on the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary
evaluations of the site conditions and determined that the site does not pose an imminent
threat to the surrounding communities or the environment while the investigation leading to
the selection of the final cleanup alternatives is taking place.
Site Repository
Soda Springs Public Library, 149 South Main, Soda Springs, ID 83276
MONSANTO CHEMICAL CO. (SODA SPRINGS PLANT) 15
March 1992
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MOUNTAIN H
AIR FORCE B
IDAHO
EPAID# ID3572124557
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Elmore County
Southwest of Mountain Home
Mountain Home Air Force Base was established in 1943 and is located on approximately 9
square miles of land on a plateau southwest of Mountain Home. The base has been under
the control of the Tactical Air Command since 1965. Hazardous materials have been used for
aircraft maintenance and industrial operations. Wastes, some hazardous, have been generated
from these operations at Mountain Home. Prior to 1969, base wastes were disposed of by
several methods that were acceptable at that time, including incineration and landfilling of
solid wastes, discharge of liquid wastes to sanitary sewers, and the use of waste oil for road
oiling. The facilities of concern at the base include two abandoned landfills, a waste oil
disposal site, one existing and four abandoned fire training areas, and an entomology shop
yard where pesticides were rinsed from application equipment. Wastes disposed of at these
locations include waste oils, solvents, and pesticides. The area around the base is primarily
agricultural. Wells supporting approximately 14,000 people and land irrigation are 3 miles
from hazardous substances on the base. On-base water supply wells are the only source of
drinking water for base residents and workers.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Bromoform from solvent use was detected in on-site drinking water wells in 1987.
Trichloroethylene (TCE), lead, and cadmium also have been found in the
groundwater. Contaminants in wastes on site included the pesticides DDT, dieldrin,
and lindane, in addition to carbon tetrachloride and bromoform. Drinking or
coming into direct contact with contaminated groundwater may pose a health risk.
16
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the
base landfills, the fire training pit, and the base wells area.
Response Action Status
Base Landfills: An investigation into the type and extent of contamination at
this portion of the base was begun in early 1991. At the conclusion of the
investigation in mid-1993, recommendations will be made for the most effective
Fire Training Pit: An investigation into the type and extent of contamination at
the fire training pit began in late 1991. At the conclusion of the investigation,
expected in mid-1992, recommendations will be made for the appropriate
Base Wells Area: In 1992, an investigation began to determine the type and
extent of contamination of groundwater related to other potential hazardous sites
on the base, including old fire training areas, old waste oil disposal areas, and
ordnance disposal areas. Once the investigation has been completed, expected in mid-1993,
recommendations will be made for the most effective cleanup alternatives.
Site Facts: The Mountain Home Air Force Base is participating in the Installation
Restoration Program, a specially funded program established by the Department of Defense
(DOD) in 1978 to identify, investigate, and control the migration of hazardous contaminants
at military and other DOD facilities.
Environmental Progress
After listing this site on the NPL, the EPA conducted preliminary evaluations and determined
that the site does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. The
Air Force, under guidance from the EPA, is conducting investigations at several
contamination areas which will lead to the selections of the most appropriate permanent
cleanup alternatives for these areas of the Mountain Home Air Force Base site.
Site Repository
Mountain Home Public Library, 790 North 10th, East, Mountain Home, ID 84647
MOUNTAIN HOME AIR FORCE BASE 17 March 1992
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PACIFIC HIDE
FUR RECYCLI
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD098812878
EPA REGION 10
Bannock County
Pocatello
Other Names:
McCarthy's Pacific Hide & Fur
Site Description
The Pacific Hide & Fur Recycling Company site covers approximately 17 acres near
commercial and residential areas in Pocatello. The site was used as a metal salvage yard from
the late 1950s to 1983. The current owner of the site is McCarthy's, Inc. Most of the site has
been used for the disposal of scrap metal including vehicles, truck bodies, machinery, wire
rope, tin cans, and other debris. At the center of the site is a 20-foot-deep gravel pit where
battery casings, spent automotive oil filters, and other debris were disposed of, as well as
transformers and capacitors containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The Union Pacific
Railroad Co. site is located approximately 300 yards from the site. The Portneuf River is
located about 1,100 feet south of the site. The population of the City of Pocatello is 44,900
people; however, only a few people live in the immediate area of the site. The city is supplied
with drinking water from wells within 3 miles of the site. Private and industrial wells draw
from the lower aquifer that lies under the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Soils, both on and off the site, are contaminated with PCBs, lead, and other
inorganic compounds from prior waste disposal activities. Adverse health effects
may result from accidentally ingesting or making direct contact with contaminated
soil.
18
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: emergency actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the soils and lead contamination.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: In 1983, the EPA removed 593 capacitors, 30 cubic yards
of contaminated soils, and 21 drums containing hazardous materials. Monitoring
wells and a security fence around 11 acres of the site also were installed. The
decontamination of large scrap materials was accomplished in 1989.
Soils: In 1988, the following remedies were selected for cleanup of the site:
excavation of soil to an average of 1 1/2 feet, followed by screening to separate
large contaminated materials and testing for further contamination; stabilization of
the most highly contaminated soil using a fixation technique; construction of a bottom clay
liner, where necessary; capping of the stabilized and remaining materials; and deed and access
restrictions. Because the fixation technology was found to be impracticable, on-site
containment activities were originally selected. However, additional studies performed at the
site indicated the presence of lead in soils at unacceptable concentrations. Based on these
results, the EPA postponed the remedy for on-site containment of the PCB-contaminated soil
until the lead contamination could be fully characterized. In early 1992, an amendment to
the remedy was issued. The amendment called for excavation of PCB- and mixed PCB/lead-
contaminated soils. Lead-contaminated soils which are above EPA standards will be stabilized
prior to disposal in an off-site permitted landfill. Soils containing halogenated organic
compounds above EPA standards will be incinerated, and the ash will be placed in an off-site
landfill. All other contaminated soils will be placed in an EPA approved off-site landfill. Site
restoration will follow decontamination of any scrap which remains under protective cover on
site. This amended remedy is expected to begin in the summer of 1992.
Lead Contamination: The EPA is planning to initiate an investigation
exploring the nature and extent of lead and other metal contamination of the soil.
This study, scheduled to begin in mid-1992, is currently in negotiation as to who
will be responsible for the work.
Environmental Progress
By conducting an emergency removal action and constructing a security fence to restrict
access to the Pacific Hide & Fur Recycling site, the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials was significantly reduced while cleanup is underway.
PACIFIC HIDE & FUR RECYCLING CO. 19 March 1992
-------
Site Repository
Pocatello Public Library, 812 East Clarke Street, Pocatello, ID 83201
March 1992
20
PACIFIC HIDE & FUR RECYCLING CO.
-------
UNION PACIFIC
RAILROAD CO.
IDAHO
EPA ID# IDD055030852
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Bannock County
Pocatello
The Union Pacific Railroad Company (UPRR) site comprises about 1 acre in Pocatello.
From 1961 until 1983, UPRR dumped sludge from its oil/water separation plant into a 1-acre
unlined sludge pit. The Pacific Hide & Fur Recycling Co. site, another NPL site, is located
approximately 300 yards from the pit. There are approximately 45,000 people living within 4
miles of the site, but very few people live, in the immediate area. Private and municipal wells
are located within a mile of the site. Private wells in the area are screened in the lower
aquifer. The municipal wells for the City of Pocatello are located within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Private drinking water wells were found to be contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE). The greatest threat to
groundwater is the migration of contaminants from the Upper Aquifer to the
Lower Aquifer. Solvents, TCE, and tetrachloroethylene were found in groundwater
near the sludge pit, but the levels were below EPA standards. The sludge/soil
material in the pit area is contaminated with heavy metals; including cadmium,
lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); mercury;
and organic solvents. The sludge pit area is completely fenced, restricting public
access. The potential health threats of greatest concern are drinking contaminated
groundwater and performing household activities with untreated groundwater from
private wells that draw from the Upper Aquifer. On-site industrial workers
accidentally ingesting contaminated soil also is a concern. Studies also have
confirmed that runoff from the site does not flow from the sludge pit into the
nearby Portneuf River.
21
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA selected a cleanup approach in 1991. The selected cleanup
methods include excavating and disposing of sludge and silt off site, backfilling and
capping excavated areas, extracting and treating groundwater, monitoring
groundwater, and instituting deed restrictions. Design activities are expected to begin in mid-
1992, with cleanup actions scheduled to follow in mid-1993.
Site Facts: In 1988, the EPA and the UPRR signed an Administrative Order, requiring
UPRR to conduct a study of the nature and extent of contamination at the site and to
recommend cleanup alternatives. In 1992, the EPA and UPRR signed a Consent Decree
requiring UPRR to perform design and cleanup actions.
Environmental Progress
While design of cleanup activities is taking place, the EPA has determined that the site does
not pose an imminent threat to the surrounding population or the environment.
Site Repository
Pocatello Public Library, 812 East Clarke Street, Pocatello, ID 83201
March 1992
22
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD CO.
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GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-15
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
-------
GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment.
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 19X0 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
De water: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment.
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in mixing
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangerment
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
-------
GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (participate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment betweeri*the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
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GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Over packing: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of containinants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
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GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control ACL
Polynuciear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
G-10
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic t;
after the treatment process.
tank
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
G-12
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
StillbOttom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superfund: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment.
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated ground water, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order:
Administrative Order].
see
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to containina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
G-13
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Category
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
threats*
Herbicides
{RadionucSdes}
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PGP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources:
Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
* U.S. G.P.O.:1993-341-835:81038
G-15
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