&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
SUPERFUND:
EPA/540/R-93/024
December 1992
PB93-963225
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
MISSOURI
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Publication #9200.5-7266
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Missouri
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460 ^ ProtecBon Agency
g
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
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INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwater
treatment.
VI
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
VIII
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
STATE
EPA ID* ABCOOOOOOO
Site Description
Site Responsibility:
NPL Listing History
Threats and Contaminants
Cleanup Approach
Response Action Status
Site Facts:
Environmental Progress
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
xiii
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
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A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
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Superfund
Activities in
Missouri
The State of Missouri is located within EPA
Region 7, which includes the four central States.
The State covers 69,697 square miles. Accord-
ing to the 1990 Census, Missouri experienced
a 4 percent increase in population between
1980 and 1990, and is ranked fifteenth in U.S.
population with approximately 5,117,000 resi-
dents.
The Missouri Hazardous Waste Management Law, enacted in 1977 and most recently
amended in 1988, grants the State the authority to make polluters perform or pay for site cleanup,
allow site access, and pay penalties and punitive damages. In practice, the State prefers to
negotiate with polluters to conduct site cleanup. In the event that a polluter is unwilling or
unable to act and, if the site is small, the State will fund removal actions. However, if the
cleanup is extensive and costly, Federal authority and funds are preferred. The statute also
provides for the public to have access to non-confidential information collected under various
authorities, and to be updated annually on the status of the State's hazardous waste program. In
addition to the 10 percent contribution from the State required by the Federal Superfund pro-
gram, the State Hazardous Waste Remedial Fund may be used for emergency and removal
actions, studies, design activities, long-term cleanup actions, and operation and maintenance
activities. This fund also can be used for health studies, acquisition of property, and to study the
development of a hazardous waste facility in the State. Currently, 22 sites in the State of Mis-
souri have been listed as final on the NPL. One new site was proposed for listing in 1992.
The Department of Natural Resources
implements the Superfund Program in the State of Missouri
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Missouri include:
Other
Federal
Facilities
Mining
Operations
Landfills/
Storage and
Disposal
Facilities
Manufacturing
Facilities
Pesticide/
Chemical
Production
Facilities
Facts about the 23 NPL sites
in Missouri:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at 13
sites.
Eight sites endanger sensitive envi-
ronments.
Eighteen sites are located near resi-
dential areas.
XVII
March 1992
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MISSOURI
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Sediments
Soil
Ground-
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Missouri, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at 10 sites.
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
VOCs
Heavy Metals
Dioxin
PCBs
Radiation
Other*
Petrochemicals/Explosives
Creosotes
Pesticides/Herbicides
48%
43%
26%
13%
13%
13%
9%
4%
4%
'Other contaminants include cyanide and
aluminum.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Missouri Please Contact:
EPA Region 7 Public Affairs
Branch
National Response Center
Department of Natural Resources:
Division of Environmental Quality,
Hazardous Waste Program,
Superfund Section
EPA Region 7 Waste Management
Branch: Superfund Branch
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(913)551-7003
(800) 424-8802
(314)751-3204
(913)551-7062
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
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THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (O) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
O An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
O A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
O A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^> A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
^ A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
^ A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
-------
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March 1992
-------
MANUFACTURI
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980860522
EPA REGION 7
Ounklin County
City of Maiden
Site Description
The former owners of the Bee Cee Manufacturing Co., a 2-acre site in Maiden's industrial
park, manufactured aluminum storm windows and doors from 1964 to 1983. Workers
discharged chromium-contaminated wastewater directly onto the ground without any
treatment or an EPA-approved permit. An area about 50 feet by 100 feet is visibly affected,
possibly to a depth of 1 or 2 feet. In 1981, the State advised the owners that their disposal
practices put them in violation of the Missouri Clean Water Law. Bankruptcy proceedings
ended the State's efforts to have the owners install a wastewater treatment system. Another
company now leases the building, and the City of Maiden owns the contaminated land. Four
shallow wells and two deep wells in Maiden supply drinking water for 11,500 people; one
shallow well is about 1,000 feet southwest of the site. Approximately 8,500 people live within
a 3-mile radius of the site; 60 live within 1 mile. The closest residence is 1/4 mile away from
the site. Fifteen wells lie within 1 mile of the site, and 150 wells are within 3 miles. A low-
income nursing home project located 1/2 mile south of the site is of particular concern.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Off-site groundwater and on-site soils are contaminated with chromium and
aluminum. Private wells in the vicinity used for watering livestock and irrigating
crops have been contaminated since 1984. Groundwater contamination has been
demonstrated in a shallow aquifer well about 1/2 mile from the site. The public
wells, 2 miles downgradient from the site, may be connected to the contaminated
aquifer. People who have direct contact with the contaminated soils or drink
contaminated groundwater are at risk. Local soils are sandy, which makes it easier
for contaminants to enter the groundwater.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1992, the State began sampling the contaminated soil and
groundwater at and around the site in an attempt to characterize the nature and
extent of pollution, as well as the options for final cleanup. The study is scheduled
to be completed in 1993.
Environmental Progress
After adding the Bee Cee Manufacturing site to the NPL, the EPA performed a preliminary
evaluation and determined that no immediate actions were necessary to protect the nearby
population or the environment while the investigations leading to a final cleanup solution are
taking place.
Site Repository
Maiden Branch - Dunklin County Library, 113 N. Madison, Maiden, MO 63863
March 1992
BEE CEE MANUFACTURING CO.
-------
BIG RIVER MIN
TAILINGS/ST. JO
MINERALS CORP.
MISSOURI
EPA ID#MOD981126899
EPA REGION 7
St. Francois County
Desloge
Site Description
The Big River Mine Tailings/St. Joe Minerals Corp. site is located in a former mining region
known as the "Old Lead Belt", which is 70 miles south of St. Louis. Numerous tailings ponds
and piles are found in this rural region, approximately 110 square miles in size. From 1929 to
1958, mine tailings rich with lead, cadmium, and zinc were disposed of at the 600-acre Big
River Mine Tailings area by the St. Joe Minerals Corp. Three sides of this site are bounded
by Big River. In 1972, St. Joe Minerals Corp. donated 502 acres of land in the area to St.
Francois County. Since 1973, St. Francois County Environmental Corp. (SFCEC) has leased
approximately 60 acres of the southern portion of the tailings pile from the County to
operate a sanitary landfill. In 1977, heavy rains caused an estimated 50,000 cubic yards of
tailings to slump into Big River. Elevated levels of lead were first detected in bottom-feeding
fish by the Missouri Department of Conservation and then later in surface water by the
Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory in 1982. Local residents were advised not
to eat the fish. In 1981, St. Joe Minerals Corp. made an attempt to stabilize the tailings. Big
River is used for recreational purposes such as fishing, as well as for commercial activities
such as watering livestock. Some 23,000 people reside within 4 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 02/07/92
Threats and Contaminants
Elevated levels of lead, cadmium, and zinc have been detected in the tailings pile.
Surface water and various forms of biota in Big River contain elevated
concentrations of lead. Wind erosion and airborne dust have contaminated the
surrounding air and are a potential hazard to on-site workers, residents, and
children at a nearby day care center. People on site risk being exposed to
contaminants in the soil.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focused on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Surface Soil/Stream Sediment: In late 1992, an investigation is scheduled to
begin to determine the nature and extent of contamination. This investigation will
conclude with recommendations for final site cleanup.
Environmental Progress
Initial investigations indicate that the Big River Mine Tailings/St. Joe Minerals Corp. site
poses no immediate threat to the health and safety of the nearby population while
investigations are underway and activities are being planned for cleanup of the site.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992 4 BIG RIVER MINE TAILINGS/
ST. JOE MINERALS CORP.
-------
CONSERVATI
CHEMICAL CO.
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD000829705
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Jackson County
3900 Front Street, Kansas City
Other Names:
CCC
The Conservation Chemical Company site, located in eastern Kansas City, operated as a
chemical storage and disposal facility from 1960 until 1980. The owners began waste disposal
operations almost immediately after building chemical treatment basins, a process area, and a
roadway ramp. Waste disposal basins, which either were unlined or poorly lined, were used to
store and receive wastes, and also served as drying beds and containers for by-product
sludges. Many operating records were destroyed in a 1970 fire; those records that survived
listed organic chemicals, solvents, acids, caustics, metal hydroxides, and cyanide compounds as
some of the materials accepted for disposal at the site. Reports also indicate that pesticides,
herbicides, waste oils, organic solvents, halogenated compounds, arsenic, and elemental
phosphorus were handled by the facility, as well as pressurized cylinders and other metal
containers placed in the lagoons. Information is incomplete, but it is estimated that the
facility handled at least 48,000,000 gallons of liquids and sludges and 1,144 tons of solids.
About 93,000 cubic yards of materials including drums, bulk liquids, sludges, and solids were
buried at the site. By-products from any treatment processes used on the waste materials also
were dumped on site. An attempt was made to neutralize hazardous chemicals by blending
some wastes and to stabilize the upper waste layers on the site by mixing acidic metal
finishing wastes with fly ash and certain sludges, which produced a mixture consisting largely
of gypsum. In 1977, the Missouri Clean Water Commission ordered the site closed and
covered, and the owner covered the soil caps with gypsum. The site is located in the 100-year
flood plain of the Missouri River, about 500 feet away from its banks, and near its confluence
with the Little Blue River. The site itself was raised about 10 feet above the surrounding
area, but most of it would be immersed during a flood. Private wells provide drinking water to
approximately 120 people within 3 miles of the property. The Courtney Bend well field is
downstream from the site; it supplies drinking water to the City of Independence, which is 5
miles from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 10/04/89
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater both on and off the site contains heavy metals including arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, and lead; cyanide; phenolic compounds; and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including benzene, chloroform, and toluene. Surface and
subsurface soil on the site contained all of the above, as well as dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Contaminants were entering the Missouri River
via groundwater that feeds the river. The Missouri River is used locally and
regionally for recreation, industry, irrigation, and as a municipal water supply.
People on or near the site may have been exposed by coming in direct contact with
contaminated soils or eating food grown in contaminated soil or game that feeds
on contaminated plants before site cleanup.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focused on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA selected a remedy for this site in 1987. It featured both
source control and groundwater cleanup measures: surface cleaning including
demolition and disposal of existing buildings, tanks, and debris and placing them in
an on-site cap; installing a withdrawal well system designed to keep groundwater from moving
away from the site; building a groundwater extraction and treatment system to remove
contaminants; and monitoring the quality and level of off-site groundwater. The surface
cleanup began in early 1989 and was completed by August 1989. Installation of the well
networks was started in 1989 and was completed in early 1990. Construction of the treatment
plant began in 1989 and was completed in March 1990. The groundwater extraction system
will be in operation for 30 years, after which, the EPA will evaluate if cleanup goals have
been met.
Site Facts: In November 1982, the United States filed suit against the parties it deemed
responsible for the site contamination; these defendants in turn sued a host of other
potentially responsible parties in 1984. By August 1985, the defendants had agreed to design
and conduct a cleanup on the site that included the construction of a slurry wall and to
reimburse the Government for its costs to date. However, new information about the expense
and construction difficulty associated with the slurry wall caused a delay in actions. After
additional negotiations, the potentially responsible parties agreed to perform a cleanup based
on hydraulic control through extraction wells.
March 1992 6 CONSERVATION CHEMICAL CO.
-------
Environmental Progress
Construction of the remedies selected by the EPA to clean up the Conservation Chemical
site has been completed. These actions have eliminated surface contamination and have
halted further pollution of surface and groundwater resources. The EPA and the potentially
responsible parties are continuing to actively monitor the effectiveness of the continuing
groundwater cleanup.
Site Repository
Mid-Continent Public Library, 317 W. Highway 24, Independence, MO 64050
CONSERVATION CHEMICAL CO.
March 1992
-------
ELLISVILLE
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980633010
EPA REGION 7
St. Louis County
Near Ellisville, 20 miles west of
downtown St. Louis
Other Names:
Mario Angelo Site
Rosalie Investment Co.
Mid-America Arena
Callahan Property
Bliss, Russel Site Bliss Ranch
Site Description
The Ellisville Site consists of three nearby non-contiguous subsites: the Bliss property, the
Callahan property, and the Rosalie property. Initial investigations at the sites focused on
these three properties. During the investigations, an additional four contaminated properties
were discovered adjacent to the Bliss Property and were added to that subsite. During the
1960s and 1970s, Russell Bliss owned and operated the Bliss Waste Oil Company, a business
engaged in the transportation and disposal of waste oil products, industrial wastes, and
chemical wastes. These wastes were disposed of in pits, drums, and on the surface of
properties around the company's headquarters in Ellisville. The Bliss property subsite is
located in western St. Louis County and covers approximately 11 acres of land. Developed
portions of the subsite include the Mid-America Arena and associated buildings and stables.
The property is drained by Caulks Creek, which empties into a tributary to the Missouri
River. Pits were dug at the site and were used for industrial waste disposal. Drums of wastes
had been buried at the site, and liquid wastes had been dumped on the ground. The Callahan
property is an 8-acre tract of land located approximately a mile from Ellisville. Drummed
liquid and solid wastes were disposed of on the property during the 1970s. The Callahan
subsite is situated on a steep-walled gully that drains into a tributary to the Missouri River.
The Rosalie property is an 85-acre tract of land. Drummed liquid and solid wastes were
disposed of on approximately 4 acres of the site. A housing development now is located on
the Rosalie subsite. Approximately 1,000 people live within a 1-mile radius of the subsites;
5,000 live within 3 miles. Residents rely on drinking water drawn from private wells and the
public distribution system. Roughly 265 wells exist within 1 mile, and 789 are within 3 miles of
the sites.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL USTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/23/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
Soil is contaminated with dioxin and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the
Bliss properties. Soils at the Callahan and Rosalie properties contain VOCs.
Potential health risks exist through the airborne migration of contaminated fugitive
dusts and leachate migrating into the groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases directed at cleanup of the Callahan and Rosalie subsites and the Bliss subsite, which
includes four adjacent contaminated properties.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1981, the State removed, covered, and overpacked
drums; took samples; and staged the drums from the Callahan subsite. Workers
posted signs and the State maintained 24-hour security at the site. Excavation
activities revealed up to 1,000 drums buried on the site. In early 1982, EPA emergency
workers performed the following activities: posted additional warning signs, drained and
sealed Farm Pond, built runoff control and leachate interception trenches, excavated and
overpacked buried drums, sampled and sorted drums, built an on-site storage area, and
removed and disposed of contaminated soil. In late 1984, drums and other wastes were
delivered to the TWI incinerator in Illinois for disposal. In 1990, the EPA steam-cleaned
some drum fragments on the site and constructed a fence to restrict site access. In 1992, the
EPA performed maintenance on the synthetic cover in the creek bank at the Bliss subsite.
Callahan and Rosalie Subsites: The EPA selected a remedy for the Callahan
and Rosalie properties in 1985. The Callahan property cleanup remedy includes:
(1) controlling erosion and slippage of the fill area where drums had been
excavated from 1980 to 1981 and removing what remained of that cleanup; (2) removing and
disposing of the plastic cover and hold-down blocks from the fill area; (3) regrading the fill to
a more stable slope, covering it with a compacted soil layer, and reseeding; and (4) removing
and salvaging fences and gravel from the former drum-storage areas. The Rosalie subsite
cleanup remedy includes: (1) excavating contaminated soil from two locations and removing it
to an EPA-approved hazardous waste facility; (2) placing debris in drums; (3) excavating and
overpacking buried drums and sampling and testing their contents; (4) disposing of drums at
an EPA-approved disposal facility; (5) testing soil to verify the effectiveness of the cleanup;
and (6) backfilling excavated areas with clean soil and reseeding disturbed areas. Under State
supervision, cleanup at the Rosalie property was completed. The design of the technical
specifications for the cleanup of the Callahan property subsite was completed in mid-1990.
Work at the Callahan property is expected to be completed by the end of 1992.
ELLISVILLE SITE 9 March 1992
-------
Bliss and Adjacent Properties: During the investigation of the Bliss property
subsite, contamination was discovered on four neighboring parcels: the Dubman
and Weingart property, Primm property, Wade and Mercantile Trust Company
property, and the Russell, Evelyn, and Jerry Bliss property. The EPA selected a remedy for
these properties in 1986. The first part of the cleanup focuses on dioxin-contaminated soils;
the second entails excavation and off-site disposal of buried drums and materials
contaminated with chemicals other than dioxin. The Bliss/contiguous properties soils cleanup
remedy selected in 1986 includes: (1) excavating dioxin-contaminated soils and containerizing
them; (2) storing the containers of waste temporarily in a metal building on the site; and (3)
maintaining security, controlling surface drainage at the site, and sampling the groundwater.
The drum and other cleanup remedies include: (1) excavating, sampling, and overpacking
buried drums; (2) excavating hazardous wastes and contaminated soils and materials; (3)
taking drums and waste mixtures suitable for land disposal to an appropriate EPA-approved
facility; (4) incinerating drums and waste mixtures unsuitable for land disposal off site at an
EPA-approved facility; and (5) disposing of non-hazardous material and debris at a permitted
sanitary landfill. For both components of this remedy, site restoration activities will include
backfilling, regrading, and seeding, where needed. In late 1991, the EPA issued an amended
cleanup remedy for the dioxin-contaminated materials at the Bliss subsite. Under this
remedy, interim storage of dioxin-contaminated material was eliminated. Instead, these
materials will be excavated and transported directly to the nearby Times Beach Site where
contaminated materials will be destroyed by thermal treatments. The EPA is designing the
technical specifications for the cleanup at the Bliss/contiguous properties subsite. Design
activities are scheduled for completion in 1993.
Environmental Progress
All contaminated materials have been removed from the Rosalie and Callahan subsites. The
perimeter fence installed at the Bliss subsite has controlled unauthorized access to this
portion of the site, thereby reducing the potential for direct contact with contaminated soils
while final cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
EPA Information Trailer, 1-44, Lewis Exit, Times Beach, MO 63025
March 1992 10 ELLISVILLE SUE
-------
FULBRIGHT
LANDFILL
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980631139
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Greene County
3 miles north of Springfield
Other Names:
Springfield Fulbright Landfill
Sac River Landfill
Murray Landfill
Highway 13 Landfill
The 212-acre Fulbright Landfill site consists of the Fulbright and Sac River Landfills
(formerly known as the Murray Landfill). The City of Springfield used these landfills, both of
which now are closed, for the disposal of municipal and industrial wastes. The Fulbright
Landfill, consisting of 98 acres, accepted waste from 1962 through 1968. The larger of the
two, the Sac River Landfill, which consists of 114 acres, operated from 1968 until 1974.
Industrial wastes disposed of in these landfills included cyanides, acids, plating and paint
sludges, pesticide residues, waste oil, and solvents. The contents of between 1,200 and 2,600
drums were dumped into pits at the site with the empty 55-gallon drums left in the pits or in
the general landfill areas. In 1967, a waste hauler died from toxic fume inhalation when he
inadvertently dumped a drum of acid into a pit containing cyanide. A sinkhole on the bluff
above the Fulbright Landfill contained a few dozen drums and waste residues. Approximately
400 people work or reside within a mile of the site; an estimated 10,000 people live within a
3-mile radius. The landfill lies in a semi-rural area in the flood plain of the Little Sac River.
Surrounding land use includes a police shooting range, a dog pound, an active wastewater
treatment plant, and an inactive wastewater treatment plant. The local drinking water supply
is drawn from a municipal well and a lake upgradient of the site. Groundwater also is used
for crop irrigation and industrial processes. The nearest population and well are 1,000 feet
upgradient of the landfills.
Site Responsibility:
This site has been addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/23/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater contained a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and other organic chemicals, as well as heavy metals and cyanide from former
waste disposal practices. Chromium was found in sediments. Groundwater flows
into the adjacent Sac River, which also receives treated municipal wastewater.
Since the landfill is in the flood plain of the Little Sac River, high waters may have
spread site contaminants.
11
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Under monitoring by the EPA, the parties potentially responsible for
the site contamination completed an extensive study of the site in 1988. The
following remedies were selected for the site: removing drums and drum remnants
from the sinkhole and the associated trench east of the Fulbright Landfill; sampling drum
contents to establish the hazardous nature of their contents; disposing of the removed
contents at an off-site EPA-approved facility; performing groundwater and surface water
monitoring for a 30-year maintenance period; monitoring the leachate that occasionally seeps
from the landfill during this period to determine if future action is warranted to curtail it; and
imposing deed restrictions to prevent future development on the site and groundwater use
prohibitions. The cleanup activities began in 1990 and were completed in early 1992.
Groundwater and surface water monitoring will continue for 30 years.
Site Facts: In March 1986, the EPA issued a Consent Order to the City of Springfield,
Litton Industries, Inc., and Litton Business Systems, Inc., which had all been identified as
potentially responsible parties. The Order required them to conduct an extensive site
investigation under the EPA's oversight. In January 1990, the EPA issued a Consent Decree
for the potentially responsible parties to design the selected cleanup remedies and to conduct
cleanup activities at the site.
Environmental Progress
The removal and disposal of contaminated soils from the sinkhole and trench area has
eliminated the threat of exposure to contamination at the Fulbright Landfill. The
implementation of restrictions on land and groundwater use and continual groundwater and
surface water monitoring to ensure that there is no potential future risk to human health or
the environment.
Site Repository
Springfield/Greene County Library, 397 E. Central, Springfield, MO 65801
March 1992 12 FULBRIGHT LANDFILL
-------
KEM-PEST
LABORATORIES'
MISSOURI
EPAID# MOD980631113
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Cape Girardeau County
Near Cape Girardeau
The Kern-Pest Laboratories site covers 6 acres and is located near Cape Girardeau.
Beginning in 1965, Kem-Pest formulated various pesticide products, including liquid pesticides,
granular insecticides, granular herbicides, and pesticide dust. The company suspended
operations in 1975. There have been no production, treatment, or disposal activities at the
site since 1977. A building on site has been used to store equipment and materials. A 1,250-
square-foot lagoon at the facility formerly was used to dispose of plant waste and sewage.
When the company closed the lagoon in 1981, it was filled with compacted clay. An EPA
inspection in 1983 revealed that the lagoon cover was eroding and that no vegetation existed
on the clay cap. Cape Girardeau, with a population of 60,925, draws drinking water from the
Mississippi River, located less than a mile downstream of the site. Approximately 200 people
live within a mile of the site, and 1,284 live within 3 miles. The site is adjacent to the flood
plain of the Mississippi River. A freshwater wetland is located within a mile of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
Sampling in 1984 and 1989 detected pesticides including heptachlor, chlordane and
endrin in the shallow aquifer. Drainage channel sediments contained pesticides
including aldrin and dieldrin. Pesticides and various volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) were detected in subsurface and surface soil samples. Potential risks may
exist for those who come in direct contact with the contaminated building
structures or the soil on the site.
13
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the soil
and sediments and cleanup of the groundwater and the contaminated on-site structure.
Response Action Status
Soil and Sediments: In 1984, the EPA installed five monitoring wells on site
and collected groundwater, soil, and sediment samples. In 1988, the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination sampled soils from the lagoon. The
EPA has excavated approximately 6,075 cubic yards of contaminated soil and sediment and
has disposed of them at a federally approved off-site land disposal facility. Sampling will be
conducted to confirm that all contaminated soils are removed. Clean soil that has been placed
in the excavated areas and will be compacted and graded. Vegetation or gravel will then be
applied to the surface to minimize erosion. The cleanup activities are scheduled to be
completed in mid-1992.
Groundwater and On-Site Structure: In 1988, the parties potentially
responsible for site contamination conducted sampling of the contaminated
building structure. The EPA selected a remedy in 1990 to address this portion of
the site. The 1989 to 1990 study concluded that groundwater did not require any cleanup
activities, although the EPA will continue monitoring to ensure that groundwater maintains
acceptable standards. The remedy to address the contaminated building structure includes
decontamination of the building and off-site incineration in a federally approved facility of the
debris. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has begun to design the remedy and is expected
to begin cleanup activities in 1993.
Site Facts: Pursuant to an Administrative Order on Consent entered into in November
1988, the parties potentially responsible for the contamination conducted sampling of soils
from the lagoon and the formulation building in December 1988. An Interagency Agreement
was signed with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to implement the remedy.
Environmental Progress
The excavation and disposal of contaminated soil and sediment at the Kern-Pest Laboratories
site have reduced the threat from hazardous materials to the nearby population while
remaining design activities leading to decontamination and dismantling of the building
are being planned.
Site Repository
Cape Girardeau Public Library, 711 N. Clark Street, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
March 1992 14 KEM-PEST LABORATORIES
-------
LAKE CITY AR
AMMUNITION P
(NORTHWEST
LAGOON)
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MO3213890012
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Jackson County
Independence
The Lake City Army Ammunition Plant (LCAAP) (Northwest Lagoon) occupies
approximately 4,000 acres. LCAAP has manufactured, stored, and tested small arms
ammunition continuously since 1941, except for a five year period following World War II.
Virtually all waste treatment and disposal activities have been conducted on site. LCAAP has
relied heavily on lagoons, landfills, and burn pits for waste disposal. Industrial operations have
generated large quantities of potentially hazardous waste including oils, greases, solvents,
explosives, and metals. The Northwest Lagoon operated from the early 1950s until 1975. This
lagoon received about 900 gallons of hazardous wastes, which were then treated, covered,
graded, and reseeded. Heavy metals have been detected in an on-site monitoring well,
indicating that closure of the lagoon was not adequate. There are 11 residences on the
grounds served by a water treatment plant. Adjacent to the northern boundary of the site is
Lake City, with a population of approximately 50 people. Almost all private residences off site
use groundwater from private wells. There are 13 production wells on site that supply water
for base personnel. The Missouri River and Little Blue River, located near the site, are used
for recreational activities. The population within a 3-mile radius is 3,100.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 07/22/87
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater beneath the site, soil, and surface water are contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), various explosives, and heavy metals including
lead, arsenic, and chromium from former waste disposal practices. Potential threats
exist for those who accidentally have direct contact with or ingest contaminated
groundwater, surface water, or soil. All on-site personnel and residences' water
supplies are served from a water treatment plant at the site.
15
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in five stages: immediate actions and four long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the installation-wide area, the northeast corner, Area 18 and
AreaS.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Four air strippers were installed in the plant's drinking
water supply facilities to remove contaminants before reaching the water
treatment plant. LCAAP also is monitoring off-site residences' wells quarterly.
Installation-Wide Area: The Department of Defense (DOD) initiated an
investigation in 1987 to determine the extent and type of contamination on site
and to identify alternative technologies for the cleanup. The study confirmed
contamination of the groundwater beneath the entire site and identified several source areas
of concern with respect to potential environmental contamination. In 1991, the investigation
was expanded and identified additional source areas. Additional fieldwork is scheduled to
begin in 1992.
Northeast Corner: The Army initiated an investigation in 1990 to determine the
extent and type of contamination present in the northeastern corner. Following
review of the preliminary data, the Army has determined that additional field work
is required. This fieldwork is scheduled to begin in 1992 and be completed in early 1994.
Area 18: Previous environmental data from the installation-wide site investigation
indicate this site has contaminated the soil and groundwater at LCAAP. An
investigation of Area 18, which will provide additional information needed to
determine the magnitude and extent of contamination, is expected to begin in 1992 and be
completed in early 1994.
Area 8: Previous sampling activities have identified contamination of the soil and
groundwater in Area B. Additional information is needed to characterize the
nature and extent of the contamination. Additional field sampling is scheduled to
begin in 1992.
Site Facts: The plant is participating in the Installation Restoration Program, a specially
funded program established by the DOD in 1978 to identify, investigate, and control the
migration of hazardous contaminants at military and other DOD facilities. An Interagency
Agreement (LAG) between the EPA, the Army, and the State of Missouri was signed in 1989,
covering the remaining investigative, design, and cleanup activities throughout the installation.
March 1992 16 LAKE CITY ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
(NORTHWEST LAGOON)
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Environmental Progress
The installation of air strippers in the plant's drinking water supply has greatly reduced the
potential for exposure to hazardous substances at the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant
(Northwest Lagoon) site while further investigations leading to final cleanup activities are
taking place.
Site Repository
Mid-Continent Public Library, 19 East Jefferson Street, Buckner, MO 64016
LAKE CITY ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
(NORTHWEST LAGOON)
17
March 1992
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CHEMICAL
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980853519
EPA REGION 7
Clay County
3 miles southeast of Liberty
Other Names:
Liberty Public Water Supply
Site Description
The 1-acre Lee Chemical site was used for packaging a variety of chemicals from 1966 until
1974, when Lee Chemical abandoned the facility. City offlcials found several hundred drums
of chemicals on site in 1976, most of which were removed by the City in 1977. Although the
City, which owns the property, has removed the building and visible contamination from the
site and taken soil samples, analyses indicate that trichloroethylene (TCE) is still present on
the site. During a drinking water study in 1980, the EPA sampled the city's water wells and
found TCE. Since then, the most contaminated wells have not been used for drinking water.
The water from the remaining wells no longer contains detectable levels of TCE. There are
approximately 24,000 people living within a 3-mile radius of the site. The nearest residence is
approximately 1/4 mile from the site. The City's drinking water supply wells are 1/4 mile away
from the site; abandoned, unplugged drinking water supply wells are also on the site. There
are several irrigation wells near the site. Industrial and commercial facilities near the site use
groundwater for cooling or process water.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
City actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, surface water, and soil are contaminated with TCE.
Contaminated groundwater, surface water, and soil could adversely affect the
health of individuals through direct contact or ingestion. In addition,
bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish, water fowl, livestock, and commercial
agricultural products may be another exposure pathway. The Town Branch of the
Shoal Creek is located approximately 2,000 feet downslope from the site and
receives contaminated water discharged from one city well and an on-site
extraction well. The creek empties into the Missouri River about 1 mile
downstream.
18
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The City removed several hundred barrels of chemicals and
arranged to clear the land surrounding the old treatment plant left by Lee
Chemical. In 1983, a contractor working for the City demolished the plant,
cleared the site, and has disposed of the waste material. The City has monitored the well
water and drinking water and has managed the use of supply wells to eliminate TCE in the
drinking water. The City installed two new supply wells in 1982.
Entire Site: The City completed a study of the extent and nature of the
contamination in 1990. Following a public comment period, the EPA selected a
remedy, which includes installation of a more efficient purge well on site and
continuation of the interim action requiring discharge of extracted groundwater to a nearby
creek. In-situ aqueous soil flushing will be used through the installation of the infiltration
trenches on site. Design activities are scheduled to begin in 1991 and are expected to be
completed by late 1992. The EPA continues to provide the City of Liberty with technical
assistance in support of site cleanup.
Site Facts: The State of Missouri and the City of Liberty signed a Consent Order in March
1992. Under the terms of the order, the city will be responsible for the design and
implementation of cleanup activities under State supervision.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions described above, including the removal of contaminated barrels from
the site and the monitoring of well water, have greatly reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous substances at the Lee Chemical site. Further studies leading to the selection of a
long-term remedy for the site have been completed, and the cleanup activities are scheduled
to begin soon.
Site Repository
Liberty Public Library, 1000 S. Kent, Liberty, MO 64048
LEE CHEMICAL 19 March 1992
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MINKER/STOU
ROMAINE CREE
MISSOURI
EPAID#MOD980741912
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Jefferson County
Near Imperial
The Minker/Stout/Romaine Creek site covers about 10 acres of non-contiguous properties
near Imperial. One of the properties, the Bubbling Springs Ranch horse arena, was sprayed
with dioxin-contaminated oil for dust control. Afterward, several horses became ill, and seven
died. The horse arena was excavated in 1972, and the dioxin-contaminated soil was used as
fill material in residential areas, including the Minker, Stout, Cashel, and Sullins residences.
Much of the fill from the Minker residence eroded into Romaine Creek. In 1983, the EPA
detected dioxin in the soil on site and in sediments of Romaine Creek. Approximately 500
people live within 1 mile of the site. The sediments of Romaine Creek were contaminated as
far as 6,000 feet downstream; however, the creek was not used as a drinking water source.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The sediments and soil from Romaine Creek were contaminated with dioxin from
the soil that was used as fill in the residential areas. People who came into direct
contact with or accidentally ingested the contaminated soil or sediments were at
risk. The fish of Romaine Creek may pose a health hazard if eaten.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in five stages: immediate actions and four long-term remedial
phases focusing on final treatment of contaminated soil, cleanup of Romaine Creek, cleanup
of the Stout area, and relocation activities.
20
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Between 1985 and 1989, the EPA excavated about 12,000
cubic yards of soil at the Minker area, at the Sullins and Cashel residences,
Romaine Creek, and the Stout area. The soil was placed in steel storage
structures at the Minker area.
Soil: The EPA selected a remedy to clean up the soil, which includes thermally
treating previously excavated contaminated soils from this site at the Times Beach
site, another dioxin-contaminated site. The soil will be incinerated, which
permanently removes the contaminants. The ash from the incinerator will be disposed of on
the Times Beach site. The design of the remedy currently is being prepared in coordination
with the remedy design for the Times Beach site. Completion of EPA design activities is
scheduled for 1993.
Romaine Creek: In 1987, the EPA selected a remedy to clean Romaine Creek,
which included excavating the contaminated soil and sediments and temporarily
storing them in steel structures on site. The excavated areas were backfilled with
clean material suitable for a natural creek. In 1989, the EPA completed the excavation and
storage of contaminated materials.
Stout Area: In 1987, the EPA selected a remedy to clean the Stout property,
which included excavating the contaminated soil and placing it in interim on-site
storage. The EPA completed excavation and storage activities at the Stout
property in 1988.
Relocation: In 1983, the EPA permanently relocated 12 families. Two other
families temporarily were relocated by the State during excavation of the Minker
area; they have been returned to their residences. The administrative activities
relating to the permanent relocation is expected to be completed in 1992.
Site Facts: Under the terms of a Consent Decree entered in Federal Court in
December 1990, several settling defendants were given the responsibility to operate a thermal
treatment unit at the Times Beach site for treatment of all contaminated materials excavated
from the Minker/Stout/Romaine Creek site. The EPA is responsible for transporting the soils
from these areas to the Times Beach site for treatment.
Environmental Progress
The relocation of affected residents and the excavation of contaminated soils and sediments
from all portions of the site have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials
at the Minker/Stout/Romaine Creek site while the EPA completes the remaining cleanup
activities.
MINKER/STOUT/ROMAINE CREEK 21 March 1992
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Site Repository
EPA Information Trailer, 1-44, Lewis Exit, Times Beach, MO 63025
March 1992 22 MINKER/STOUT/ROMAINE CREEK
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MISSOURI EL
WORKS
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980965982
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau
Missouri Electric Works, located on this 6 1/2-acre site, has been in operation at its present
location since 1953 and sells, services, and reconditions electric motors, transformers, and
transformer controls. In addition, it recycles transformer oil and copper wire. The transformer
oil was filtered and reused, with about 90 percent being salvaged. The remaining waste oil
either was sold to local residents for dust control purposes, disposed of by a contractor, or
simply was allowed to leak or spill onto the ground around the facility. Some waste oil
reportedly was burned on site. The total amount of waste oil generated was about 28,000
gallons. The facility was issued an order prohibiting the company from accepting electrical
equipment containing oil with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels in excess of 1 part per
million (ppm). Approximately 37,800 people live within 3 miles of the site, while 1,000 people
live within a mile of the site. The land around the site is used for industrial and commercial
purposes. Prime agricultural land is less than a mile away. The Mississippi River, 2 miles from
the site, is used for fishing, recreational and commercial boating, and swimming. The Cape La
Croix Creek, which flows into the Mississippi, receives runoff from the site through a series of
drainage ditches. Most of the water needs of the City of Cape Girardeau are provided by the
Mississippi River. However, groundwater from a public well 2 miles south of the site
supplements river water during peak demand periods. A wetland area is located immediately
to the south of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
23
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
The EPA found PCBs from site operations in on- and off-site air sampling during
1987. The soils in the area are somewhat permeable, and the bedrock is highly
fractured. These conditions have made it easier for PCBs and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) such as trichloroethylene (TCE) to flow into the groundwater.
VOCs, chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCBs have been found in the groundwater
below the site. Sediments in channels draining the site and areas off site contain
PCBs. PCB contamination of the soil is widespread and occurs to a depth of at
least 5 feet from leakage and disposal of contaminated transformer oil. Residents
who eat produce from gardens at the site could be at risk from the contaminated
soil. Breathing contaminated airborne dust near the site could affect the health of
those on or near the site.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The site owner erected barriers to stop PCBs from
migrating off site via drainage ditches and conducted sampling of a structure on
site. When it was determined that the potentially responsible parties did not
adequately perform these activities, the EPA resampled the structure and erected new
barriers across the drainage ditches to reduce the migration of PCB-contaminated soil off
site.
Entire Site: In 1990, the EPA selected a remedy which includes on-site
incineration of the PCB-contaminated soil and pumping and treatment of the
groundwater via air stripping, followed by carbon adsorption. After the site soils
have been incinerated, a further investigation of groundwater contamination is planned. The
design for incinerating contaminated materials is scheduled to begin in 1992.
Site Facts: Over 100 potentially responsible parties signed an Administrative Order on
Consent to study site contamination and the feasibility of various technologies for cleanup.
In late 1991, a Consent Decree was signed between EPA and 167 potentially responsible
parties to design the remedy and cleanup the soil under EPA supervision.
March 1992 24 MISSOURI ELECTRIC WORKS
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Environmental Progress
The immediate actions undertaken by the EPA and the potentially responsible parties have
reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous substances at the Missouri Electrical Works
site while final remedies are being designed to clean up the soil and additional groundwater
investigation is being conducted.
Site Repository
Cape Girardeau Public Library, 711 N. Clark Street, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
MISSOURI ELECTRIC WORKS
25
March 1992
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NORTH-U
DRIVE WELL
CONTAMINATION
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD007163108
EPA REGION 7
Greene County
North of Springfield
Other Names:
ontgomery Metal Craft
Site Description
In 1983, the residents near the North-U Drive Well Contamination site became concerned
over the taste of their water. When the State investigated, it was discovered that seven
private wells at five locations were contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
The EPA extended public water supply lines to the affected homes. The source of the
contamination is unknown. Sinkholes in the area could have been used for waste disposal and
might also have served as a conduit for migration of contaminants to the groundwater.
There is no defined site boundary. This site is in a rural residential area with approximately
300 people living within a 1/4 mile radius. The contaminated wells are 1,500 feet west of
Fulbright Spring, a major water source for the City of Springfield, which has a population of
133,000.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Soil and groundwater in the private wells are contaminated with VOCs including
toluene and benzene. The majority of the private wells have been plugged and,
therefore, do not pose a health threat. However, a few owners have refused to
have their wells plugged; people who use the contaminated drinking water may
suffer adverse health effects. Recently, metal contaminants were found in some
nearby private wells, but the source of contamination is still unknown. Because the
bedrock is fractured, it may allow contaminants to migrate from the immediate
area, possibly in the direction of a source well for the Springfield community water
supply. In addition, future uses of groundwater could be lost if the contamination is
not controlled.
26
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, the EPA extended the Springfield public water
supply lines to North-U Drive. In addition, 67 private wells permanently were
plugged to prevent their use and to prevent the well casings from serving as
avenues of deep aquifer contamination.
Entire Site: The State of Missouri is conducting an investigation to determine the
extent of contamination at the site. The investigation is scheduled for completion
in 1993. Once the investigation is completed, alternatives for the cleanup will be
reviewed and selected, and cleanup activities will begin.
Site Facts: It appears likely that the toluene, benzene, and other organic contaminants in
the groundwater came from petroleum products. The Superfund statute specifically excludes
the use of Superfund money for cleanup of petroleum products, therefore, the EPA may
need to refer the matter to other Federal or State programs for resolution.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions described above have eliminated the potential of exposure to
hazardous substances in the drinking water and will continue to protect households around
the North-U Drive Well Contamination site until the final cleanup remedies are selected and
long-term cleanup takes place.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office.
NORTH-U DRIVE WELL 27 March 1992
CONTAMINATION SITE
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ORONOGO-
MINING BELT
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980686281
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Jasper County
2 miles northeast of Joplin
Other Names:
Tar Creek-Jasper Company
Tri-State Mining Area
The Oronogo-Duenweg Mining Belt site, which covers 6,400 acres, is considered to be part of
the Tri-State Mining District of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Two other sites in the
district, Cherokee County in Kansas and Tar Creek in Oklahoma, were placed on the NPL in
1983. Lead and zinc ores, as well as some cadmium ores, were mined from 1848 to the late
1960s, with the greatest activity occurring in an area between Oronogo and Duenweg,
northeast of Joplin. Mining efforts originally were performed by independent operations that,
in later years, were organized by several area mining companies. The site is honeycombed
with underground workings, pits, shafts (open, closed, and collapsed), mine tailings, waste
piles, and ponds holding tailing waters. An estimated 10 million tons of wastes or tailings are
on the site. Throughout the mining era, groundwater had to be pumped to prevent the
flooding of mines. When mining ceased, the shafts and underground workings filled with
water. Tailing piles have been left uncovered and unstabilized. Leachate and runoff from the
piles can enter open shafts and pits. Approximately 1,500 people obtain drinking water from
private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Tests conducted in 1977 by the U.S. Geological Survey found on-site groundwater
and surface water to be contaminated with heavy metals including lead, zinc, and
cadmium from the mining operations. Potential risks may exist through drinking
contaminated surface water and groundwater or coming into direct contact with
contaminated water.
28
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: An investigation by the EPA into the extent and type of
contamination at the site began in 1991. Once the investigation is completed,
scheduled for 1994, alternatives for cleanup will be reviewed and selected, and
cleanup work will begin.
Site Facts: This mining site is potentially eligible for cleanup funds from the State of
Missouri's approved program under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of
1977. The EPA is developing a policy for listing such sites. An Interagency Agreement was
signed with the U.S. Geological Survey in April 1990 to provide technical assistance at this
site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were needed at the Oronogo-Duenweg Mining Belt
site while further studies are underway to determine the final cleanup remedy.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office.
ORONOGO-DUENWEG MINING BELT
29
March 1992
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QUALITY PLA
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980860555
EPA REGION 7
Scon County
Sikeston
Site Description
The Quality Plating site covers approximately 5 acres in Sikeston. The site originally consisted
of a 1-acre unlined lagoon and the manufacturing plant. From 1978 until the facility was
destroyed by fire in early 1983, Quality Plating was engaged in contract electroplating of
common and precious metals. Untreated wastewater originating from the flow-through rinse
tanks, as well as acid, alkaline, and metal-plating batch solutions, were continuously
discharged into the lagoon at a rate of at least 10,000 gallons per day. The State detected
elevated levels of chromium and lead in an on-site well. The area now is used for hay
production. The population within a mile of the site is 120 people. Six residences within 1/4
mile of the site obtain drinking water from shallow wells.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and on-site soils are contaminated with metals such as lead and
chromium from the former electroplating operations. Drinking or bathing with the
contaminated groundwater could cause adverse health effects.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a two phases: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
30
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Action: The EPA is planning to remove contaminated soils from the
site in mid-1992.
Entire Site: Under monitoring by the EPA, the State began an investigation of
the site and alternative cleanup methods in mid-1991. To date, soil sampling,
installation of groundwater monitoring wells and groundwater sampling has been
conducted. The study is expected to be completed by late 1992.
Site Facts: The State repeatedly has cited the company for discharging untreated plating
waste into subsurface waters. This was in violation of the company's permit under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. The EPA and the State have entered into
a Cooperative Agreement to perform a study at the site, led by the State.
Environmental Progress
A planned removal of contaminated soils from the Quality Plating site will greatly reduce the
potential for future contamination of local groundwater while further investigations leading to
final cleanup activities are taking place.
Site Repository
L=J
Sikeston Public Library, 221 N. Kings Highway, Sikeston, MO 63801
QUALITY PLATING
31
March 1992
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SHENANDOA
STABLES
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980685838
EPA REGION 7
Lincoln County
Moscow Mills
Other Names:
Arena 1 - Shenandoah Stables
Highway 61 Fill
Slough Area
Site Description
The Shenandoah Stables site covers about 7 acres near Moscow Mills. In 1971, the horse
arena became contaminated with dioxin when a St. Louis waste oil hauler sprayed it with
approximately 2,000 gallons of contaminated oil for dust control. Afterward, numerous birds,
rodents, and over 40 horses died. Several adults and children also became ill. In 1971, the top
6 to 8 inches of contaminated soil were excavated and used as fill material in a new highway.
In 1972, more soil was removed from the arena and placed in a swampy area on site. The
EPA sampling in 1982 indicated that the top 30 inches of soil in the arena and soil in the
slough are contaminated with dioxin. Approximately nine houses are located in the rural area
within a 1/4-mile radius of the Shenandoah Stables. The adjacent properties are mostly
agricultural. The nearest residence is approximately 330 feet east of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The soil in the arena and slough is contaminated with dioxin from the placement
of contaminated oil on the site and from earlier cleanup attempts. Because
cleanup activities have taken place, the site no longer poses a threat to public
health or the environment.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases directed at cleanup of the soil and solid waste and disposal of the soil.
32
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1988, the parties potentially responsible for the site
contamination closed the stables, posted warning signs, and restricted access to
the property. Sampling also was done at this time to determine the amount of
contamination at the site.
Soil and Solid Waste: The EPA selected the methods for cleanup of the site in
summer 1988. These cleanup activities included: (1) excavating the soil to health-
based standards; (2) placing the soil in plastic bags and storing the bagged soil on
site in an approved facility; (3) decontaminating on-site structures; and (4) fencing and
posting the area. The EPA completed the cleanup in 1990, which included the excavation and
on-site interim storage of dioxin-contaminated soils above the 1 part per billion (ppb) action
level.
Soil Disposal: In September 1990, the EPA selected a remedy to dispose of the
soil; it will be completed in conjunction with the cleanup of the Times Beach site.
The selected action is to transport the bags of dioxin-contaminated soil to Times
Beach for incineration, once the Times Beach incinerator is operable. The design of the
remedy is scheduled to be completed in 1992.
Site Facts: Pursuant to an EPA Administrative Order, the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination restricted public access to the site in 1983. The site initially was identified
due to citizen complaints concerning illnesses in children who had visited the site.
Environmental Progress
By closing the stables, restricting access to the site, and removing the contaminated soil, the
EPA has eliminated immediate threats to the community or the environment at the
Shenandoah Stables site. Contaminated soils from the site will be transported to the Times
Beach facility for final destruction of dioxins by incineration.
Site Repository
Moscow Mills City Hall, 500 Highway MM, Moscow Mills, MO 63362
SHENANDOAH STABLES 33 March 1992
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SOLID STATE
CIRCUITS, INC
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980854111
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Greene County
Republic
Other Names:
Republic Plant, SSC
The Solid State Circuits, Inc. (SSC) site covers 1 acre in Republic. During a 1980 drinking
water study, trichloroethylene (TCE), a volatile organic compound (VOC), was detected in
one of the City of Republic's public water supply wells. Further investigation by the State
identified the site, at which SSC formerly manufactured printed circuit boards, as the source
of the contamination. Allegedly, barrels of solvents, including TCE that was used as a copper
residue stripper, and plating wastes were stored in a sump pit in the basement of the facility.
The State learned that after a fire destroyed the building, the new property owner (not SSC)
buried the remaining structure and its contents in the basement, where there also was an
unplugged well. SSC excavated material from the basement and installed three monitoring
wells in response to an order from the State. The Town of Republic, with an estimated
population of 5,535, potentially is endangered by contaminated groundwater. There are
private wells and community wells within a 3-mile radius of the site. One community well was
closed as a result of the contamination. Schuyler Creek is located downgradient from the site,
approximately 2 miles away.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater on and off site is contaminated with VOCs including TCE,
methylene chloride, and chloroform from the former site operations. TCE was
measured in on-site soil prior to immediate response actions. Removal of
contaminated surface and subsurface soils eliminated the risk of exposure. Sewer
line and utility workers could be exposed to contaminated groundwater; however,
standard safety procedures eliminate unacceptable risks.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
34
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the EPA fenced the area where the building once
stood. In 1985, following SSC's initial cleanup actions at the site, the EPA
removed approximately 2,000 cubic yards of soil from the basement, the soil
underneath the basement, and debris to further stabilize the site. The basement was sealed
with a gravel and soil cover to bring it up to grade. The EPA plugged the abandoned well,
and two wells were installed to extract contaminated groundwater.
Entire Site: Under the supervision of the State, SSC conducted an investigation
at the site to determine the extent and nature of contamination and to identify
alternative technologies for cleanup. As a result of the investigation, SSC will
extract the contaminated groundwater by using new and existing wells, perform on-site
treatment of extracted groundwater using two existing air strippers, discharge treated water to
the city sewer system to receive further treatment at the publicly owned treatment works, and
implement a city ordinance to prevent construction of drinking wells in or near the
contaminated groundwater plumes. Monitoring of the groundwater will continue to ensure
groundwater quality. SSC began the designing of the remedy during the spring of 1991.
Installation of the automated data collection and controller system began in late 1991,
replacing the original air stripper towers. A shallow, fractured bedrock groundwater
extraction system still needs to be built, which is the main focus of the ongoing remedy
design. The design is expected to be completed in late 1992. A groundwater pump and treat
system will be installed which is expected to operate for 40 years.
Site Facts: The EPA, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, and Solid State
Circuits signed a Consent Decree in July 1990, requiring SSC to conduct the remedy design
activities, under the supervision of the State. The Consent Decree was referred to the
Department of Justice. The EPA anticipates that the court will sign the Consent Decree in
1991.
Environmental Progress
After the initial cleanup actions undertaken by Solid State Circuits, Inc. the EPA secured the
site, removed contaminated soil and debris, sealed the basement area, and installed wells to
extract and treat the contaminated groundwater. These actions have reduced the potential
for exposure to hazardous substances while final remedy design and cleanup activities are
underway.
Site Repository
Springfield/Greene County Library, 393 E. Central, Springfield, MO 65801
SOLID STATE CIRCUITS, INC. 35 March 1992
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ST. LOUIS Al
HAZELWOOD
INTERIM
STORAGE/FUTL
COATINGS CO.
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980633176
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
St. Louis County
Approximately 15 miles northwest of
downtown
.ambert/St. Louis International Airport
Other Names:
ood Interim Storage & Vicinity
Latty Avenue
mbert-St Louis Intl. Airport
The St. Louis Airport/Hazelwood Interim Storage/Futura Coatings Co. site consists of three
areas covering approximately 32 acres. These areas were used for storing radioactive and
other wastes resulting from uranium processing operations conducted in St. Louis.
Radioactive scrap, drums of waste, and bulk waste were stored in the airport area in
uncovered and unstabilized piles from 1947 to the mid-1960s, when they were transferred to
the 9200 Latty Avenue area, later known as the Hazelwood Interim Storage (HIS) site.
Buildings in the airport area were razed, buried, and covered with clean fill after 1967. In
1973, the land was conveyed to the St. Louis-Lambert Airport Authority. The HIS and the
Futura Coatings Co. plant cover 11 acres adjacent to Coldwater Creek. In 1966, Continental
Mining and Milling Co. acquired the property and recovered uranium from wastes purchased
from the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) St. Louis operations. In 1967, the company
sold the property, and by 1973 most processing residues had been removed. Under the
direction of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the present owner excavated
contaminated soil and is storing it in two large piles in the eastern portion of the 11 acres.
Since the 1970s, Futura Coatings, a manufacturer of plastic coatings, has leased the western
portion of the site. A McDonnell Douglas office building housing 24,000 employees is within
1/2 mile of the airport area. An estimated 35,420 people reside within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/28/89
Final Date: 10/04/89
36
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Radon-222 was present in the air near the airport area in tests conducted by the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 1986. Elevated levels of uranium, thorium,
and radium are present in groundwater near the airport area and in surface and
subsurface soils. Direct contact with or accidental ingestion of contaminated soils
or groundwater on or near the sites may pose health risks to individuals.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, The DOE cleared the HIS and Futura Coatings
areas, constructed a vehicle decontamination facility, installed a perimeter fence,
excavated and backfilled the edges and shoulders of Latty Avenue, and
consolidated the resulting contaminated soils into one secured storage pile. In 1986, during a
city road improvement project, contaminated soil from roads leading to and from all three
areas was excavated and placed into a secured storage pile.
Entire Site: The DOE has investigated the site under its Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). In 1982, the DOE conducted preliminary
studies of radioactive contamination in the ditches along the sides of the roads
leading to and from the areas. In 1986, boreholes were drilled to continue the contamination
study and to collect geological information. The DOE is continuing studies of all the site
areas, which will lead to additional cleanup actions. A more comprehensive investigation
began in 1990 to determine the full extent of groundwater and soil contamination and to
identify alternative technologies for the cleanup. Phase I of the investigation was completed
in 1992. Phase II is underway and is expected to be completed in 1994.
Environmental Progress
The DOE is conducting intensive investigations into the cleanup alternatives for the St. Louis
Airport site. Until these investigations are completed, the immediate actions described above
have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials and further contamination at
the site.
ST. LOUIS AIRPORT/HAZELWOOD INTERIM 37 March 1992
STORAGE/FUTURA COATINGS CO.
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Site Repository
St. Louis Public Library, 1301 Olive Street, St. Louis, MO 63102
March 1992 38 ST. LOUIS AIRPORT/HA2ELWOOD INTERIM
STORAGE/FUTURA COATINGS CO.
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SYNTEX
FACILITY
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD007452154
EPA REGION 7
Lawrence County
Verona, 30 miles southwest of Springfield
Other Names:
Spring River Basin
Syntex Tank Spill Area
Hoffman-Taff Lagoons-Former
Syntex Detoxification Area
Syntex Trenches
Slough Area-Hoffman/Taff Lagoons
Site Description
The Syntex Facility is a 180-acre site located in rural, predominantly agricultural Verona.
Syntex Agribusiness, Inc. acquired the plant in 1969 from the Northeastern Pharmaceutical
Chemical Company (NEPACCO) and has produced vitamins and prepared animal feeds and
feed ingredients since 1971. From 1969 to 1971, NEPACCO leased a portion of the facility
from Syntex and used it to manufacture hexachlorophene. The production of
hexachlorophene generated the by-product dioxin. Dioxin residues were disposed of in five
areas at the Verona facility. The major areas identified as being contaminated are: the slough
area, lagoon area, spill area/irrigation area, burn area, and trench area. In 1989, Syntex
excavated and transported the lagoon wastes to a mobile incinerator to destroy the dioxin.
The incineration was completed in 1989. The population within 3 miles of the Syntex Facility
site is approximately 650 people. The active portion of the facility is located within the Spring
River 100-year flood plain.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
ZEJ
The fish in the Spring River were contaminated with dioxin up to 12 miles
downstream. The soil, pools, puddles, and groundwater on the site also are
contaminated with dioxin. However, groundwater contamination is only slightly
higher than background levels. Exposure to dioxin-contaminated soil, drinking
contaminated water, or eating fish that have been contaminated by dioxin could
present a health threat.
39
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of dioxin-
contaminated materials and cleanup of the groundwater.
Response Action Status
Dioxin-Contaminated Soils and Equipment: Syntex and the EPA reached an
agreement in 1988 on the cleanup methods to be used at the site. The selected
cleanup methods include: (1) excavating and off-site thermal treatment of dioxin-
contaminated soil that exceeds a health-based criteria for an industrial site; (2) dismantling
and decontaminating equipment with a series of solutions and water rinses; and (3) installing
a clay cap with a vegetative cover over the trench area and portions of the slough area and
revegetating areas contaminated with dioxin below the action level. Syntex removed
contaminated soil and transported it off site for incineration. The ash residue was disposed of
off site as well. This action also involved clay capping and revegetating over the trench area
and all areas where waste levels were below 20 parts per billion (ppb). The final cleanup
action also will include decontamination of the equipment at the site. Decontamination and
dismantling of contaminated photolysis and old NEPACCO equipment was initiated in 1990
and is expected to continue through 1992. Completion of this cleanup action is contingent
upon the availability of a Federally-approved disposal facility.
Groundwater: Syntex began an investigation of the site groundwater in 1989 and
will present potential remedial cleanup alternatives to the EPA in 1992 for review
and selection of the final cleanup remedy.
Site Facts: In August 1982, Syntex signed a Consent Order with the EPA, agreeing to study
the disposal sites and Spring River, under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). In September 1983, Syntex Agribusiness and the EPA entered into a Consent
Agreement, which outlined the plan for cleanup of the Syntex site.
Environmental Progress
Much of the cleanup work at the Syntex site has been completed. Contaminated soils have
been removed and areas of former contamination have been capped and revegetated, actions
which have greatly reduced the potential for exposure to dioxin-contaminated soil or surface
water at the site. Further investigations into a cleanup remedy for groundwater are taking
place. Dioxin levels in Spring River fish populations have steadily decreased over the past
several years.
Site Repository
Varon Elementary School, 1011 Ella, Verona, MO 65769
March 1992 40 SYNTEX FACILITY
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TIMES BEACH
SITE
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980685226
EPA REGION 7
St. Louis County
City of Times Beach
Site Description
The Times Beach Site comprises an area of 1 square mile and is located 20 miles southwest
of St. Louis. The site is a formerly incorporated city whose road system was sprayed annually
with waste oil for dust control in the early 1970s. The oil later was found to be contaminated
with dioxin during an investigation of the city's road systems by the EPA in 1982. During the
same period, the nearby Meramec River flooded the city, and residents were forced to
evacuate their homes. Subsequently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended
that the residents who had been evacuated, as well as those who had returned following the
1982 flood, be permanently relocated. The EPA transferred funds to the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) for the permanent relocation of residents and businesses in
1983. By the end of 1986, all residents were relocated permanently. The buy-out of the
remaining vacant parcels was completed in 1992. Upon completion of the permanent
relocation, title to the site was conveyed to the State of Missouri. Currently, the site is
completely vacant and fenced. All roads leading into the city are blocked and posted with no
trespassing signs. Approximately 13,600 cubic yards of soil are contaminated at levels
exceeding health-based standards. The site is patrolled by security guards on a 24-hour basis.
Most of the former community lies within the 25-year flood plain of the Meramec River. The
population within a 1/2-mile radius of the site is approximately 2,000, and includes a trailer
park, the community of Crescent, and a portion of Eureka. The site is located in a mixed-use
residential and agricultural area.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 03/04/83
Final Date: 09/08/83
41
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
The on-site surface soils along the roadways are contaminated with dioxin. Human
exposure to dioxin has been limited by the evacuation of the residents and access
restrictions to Times Beach. On-site workers, security guards, and trespassers could
be exposed to dioxin through direct contact or accidental ingestion of dioxin-
contaminated soil or water. Fish in the Meramec River show elevated levels of
dioxin. Area residents who consume these fish could be exposed to this
contaminant. Data indicate that sources downstream of Times Beach are the
primary contributors of dioxin into the Meramec River.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three long-term remedial phases focusing on stabilization of
Times Beach, excavation and treatment of the soil and other materials, and the permanent
relocation of residents and businesses from the Times Beach area.
Response Action Status
Stabilization: The remedies selected by the EPA in 1984 to stabilize Times
Beach and three nearby sites included: construction of an approximately 50,000-
cubic-yard interim storage facility at Times Beach, and excavation of the dioxin-
contaminated soil from Minker/Stout/Romaine Creek, Quail Run Mobile Manor, and the
Castlewood Area sites. Construction of a series of spur levees also was selected in order to
control water velocity during flooding and to limit erosion of contaminated soils. Due to State
legislative and administrative actions, the interim storage facility that was planned to contain
contaminated soils could not be constructed. Only the spur levee portion of the remedy could
be implemented. In 1985, the EPA raised an existing levee constructed by the Missouri
Highway Department as the first phase in the construction of a three-phase spur levee. In
1989, the second and third phases of the spur levee were completed, including relocation of
roadways.
Soil, Structures, and Debris: This phase of the cleanup includes excavation
and thermal treatment of contaminated soil and the final disposal of structures
and debris. Cleanup activities to be performed include: demolition and disposal of
uncontaminated structures and debris at Times Beach in a facility meeting solid waste
disposal requirements; construction of a ring levee to protect a temporary thermal treatment
unit from a 100-year flood; mobilization of a temporary transportable thermal treatment unit
to Times Beach; excavation of all dioxin-contaminated soils at Times Beach exceeding the
levels for protection of human health and the environment; thermal treatment of excavated
soils to destroy contaminants; and on-site disposal of treatment residue (ash), after receiving
EPA approval of its chemical content, in a facility meeting solid waste management
requirements. The design and construction activities involved in the demolition and disposal
of uncontaminated structures and debris were completed in 1992. The engineering design for
the remaining cleanup activities, including the thermal treatment unit, is expected to be
completed in 1992.
March 1992 42 TIMES BEACH SITE
-------
Relocation: This third cleanup phase addresses the permanent relocation of
residents and businesses and the acquisition of all remaining properties. In 1983,
the EPA provided $30 million to FEMA in a transfer allocation to conduct this
phase of the cleanup. FEMA has completed purchase of all the remaining properties.
FEMA, the State of Missouri, the trustee for the former City of Times Beach, and St. Louis
County entered into a four-party contract for permanent relocation. Ownership of the
properties has been conveyed to the State, in accordance with the four-party agreement.
Site Facts: In 1990, the EPA, the State, and the potentially responsible parties signed a
Consent Decree, under which cleanup activities with be conducted for the Times Beach site
and 27 other dioxin sites in eastern Missouri. Under the terms of the Consent Decree, the
EPA is responsible for excavation and transportation of dioxin-contaminated soils from the 27
eastern Missouri sites to Times Beach. The defendants are responsible for demolition and
disposal of structures and debris, and operation of the thermal treatment facility.
Environmental Progress
The Times Beach area has been stabilized, and numerous cleanup actions have been
completed. A security fence was completed in 1992, controlling unauthorized access to the
site. All residents and businesses have been permanently relocated, the purchase of the
remaining parcels by FEMA has been completed and the ownership of the parcels of land has
been conveyed to the State of Missouri. The demolition and disposal of the structures at
Times Beach has been completed. Thermal treatment and removal of dioxin-contaminated
soils from Times Beach and other sites is scheduled to begin soon. A security fence was
completed in 1992, controlling unauthorized access to the site.
Site Repository
EPA Information Trailer, 1-44, Lewis Exit, Times Beach, MO 63025
TIMES BEACH SITE
43
March 1992
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VALLEY PARK
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD980968341
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
St. Louis County
Valley Park
Other Names:
TCE Study
The Valley Park TCE site is in Valley Park, a densely populated urban area. The site is a
plume of contaminated groundwater in the Meramec River alluvial aquifer. In 1982, the
Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) detected a number of volatile organic
chemicals (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and
trichloroethane in all three municipal water supply wells serving the community. Private wells
within the vicinity of the site also are contaminated with VOCs. However, area private wells
reportedly are used only for industrial purposes. Possible sources of contamination include the
large number of industries located in Valley Park, railroad spills that reportedly occurred in
the past, and illegal dumping that may have occurred in the vicinity of the site. There are
approximately 3,000 people in the community who obtained drinking water from the affected
groundwater.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soil are contaminated with VOCs including TCE. Drinking
water from the contaminated aquifer poses a potential health threat to area
residents using polluted groundwater resources.
44
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, Valley Park installed aeration equipment at its
water plant in order to remove the VOCs that had been detected in the drinking
water. In 1989, Valley Park was connected to the St. Louis County public water
system, which now supplies its drinking water. Since Valley Park was connected to the County
public water system, the residents no longer are using contaminated water for domestic
purposes. In 1990, the potentially responsible parties removed 331 cubic yards of PCE- and
TCE-contaminated soil and backfilled the area. The predetermined cleanup levels were not
attained; however, planned studies and future activities are expected to attain the cleanup
levels.
Entire site: Under supervision by the MDNR, the parties potentially responsible
for the site contamination agreed to conduct a site investigation that will lead to
the selection of a final cleanup remedy for contaminated soil and groundwater.
The selection of a cleanup remedy is expected in 1993.
Site Facts: The MDNR negotiated an agreement with the potentially responsible parties to
perform soil removal at the property to eliminate a potential source of contamination. In
addition, the State and the parties have negotiated an Administrative Order, under which the
parties will perform site studies at the Valley Park TCE site.
Environmental Progress
By connecting the affected residences to the public water system and removing contaminated
soil, the potential for exposure to contaminated drinking water or soil has been reduced at
the Valley Park TCE site while further investigations leading to the selection of a final
remedy for the groundwater and soil contamination are taking place.
Site Repository
Valley Park City Library, 320 Benton Street, Valley Park, MO 63088
VALLEY PARK TCE 45 March 1992
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WELDON SF
FORMER AR
ORDNANCE
WORKS
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MO5210021288
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
St. Charles County
25 miles west of St. Louis
Other Names:
Weldon Springs National Guard Facility
US Army Training Center
eldon Springs-Ex Army Ordnance
Plant
Ft. Leonard Wood
The Weldon Spring Former Army Ordnance Works site occupied more than 17,000 acres and
operated from 1941 to 1944. During its operation, the site produced explosives including
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) for the U.S. Armed Services. A series of
land transfers left the Army with 1,655 acres, which it has operated since 1959 for the Army
Reserve as the Weldon Spring Training Area. Contaminated areas are spread throughout the
17,000 acres of the site, with the greatest concentration in the Training Area. Some of the
transferred land that covered two small areas of the original Ordnance Works area now are
owned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and listed on the National Priorities List as
Weldon Spring Quarry/Plant/Pits site. Investigations have identified a number of potentially
contaminated areas, including seven unlined lagoons where TNT wastewater was stored, TNT
production lines, two DNT production lines, drainage ditches below TNT production lines,
and nine areas where explosive wastes were burned. Approximately 5,000 people live within 3
miles of the site, and approximately 70,000 people obtain drinking water from St. Charles
County wells within 3 miles of the hazardous substances at the site. Surface water in the area
flows either to the Mississippi River watershed to the north or the Missouri River watershed
to the south. Surface waters within 3 miles are used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 02/21/90
46
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
m
In 1987, a DOE investigator found explosives such as TNT and DNT in monitoring
wells near the lagoons. TNT, DNT, and lead have been identified in soil in several
areas at the site, and TNT was detected in 1987 in surface water downstream of
the lagoons. The Mississippi watershed, which supports wetlands, wildlife, and
recreational activities, may be threatened by runoff from the site. The TNT and
DNT contamination on the site represent a physical hazard with some potential for
explosion. Ingestion of polluted surface water, groundwater, or contaminated soil
may pose a threat to human health. DNT is a probable human carcinogen and
may be absorbed through direct contact.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: and initial action and one long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In late 1992, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers removed the
interior wooden boards of a storage room used by the Francis Howell School
District. This storage room was a box factory during the operation of the former
Ordinance Works during World War II. Explosive contaminants were discovered within the
interior wooden boards after wipe samples from the building were taken. The interior
wooden boards were removed and replaced with sheetrock.
Entire Site: In 1987, the Department of Defense (DOD) identified a number of
contaminated areas on the site. Under EPA direction, DOD began a complete
investigation into the extent and type of contamination at the site in early 1990.
The study will identify the nature and extent of contaminants and will recommend cleanup
technologies for soils, pipelines, and groundwater. The site will be divided into three cleanup
phases reflecting these contaminated areas. Phase II of the investigation was completed in
early 1992. Samples from various lakes and springs were collected as well as soil gas samples
from an area known as Mechanical City. A determination of the need for treatability studies
will be made once the initial screening of alternatives is submitted in mid 1992.
Site Facts: This site is participating in the Installation Restoration Program, a specially
funded program established by the DOD in 1978 to identify, investigate, and control the
migration of hazardous contaminants at military and other DOD facilities.
WELDON SPRING FORMER ARMY 47 March 1992
ORDNANCE WORKS
-------
Environmental Progress
The removal and replacement of interior wooden boards in a storage room at the site has
reduced the potential for exposure to explosive contaminants at the site while further
investigations leading to a final cleanup remedy continue.
Site Repository
Weldon Training Area, 7301 Highway 94 South, St. Charles, MO 63304
March 1992
48
WELDON SPRING FORMER ARMY
ORDNANCE WORKS
-------
WELDON SPR
QUARRY/PLAN
PITS (USDOE/AF
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MO3210090004
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
St. Charles County
25 miles west of St. Louis
Other Names:
'eldon Spring-Rafflnate Pits
[don Springs Chemical Plant
The Weldon Spring Quarry/Plant/Pits (USDOE/Army) site covers 230 acres and is located
between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. This site is closely associated with the nearby
Weldon Spring Former Army Ordnance Works NPL site. A series of land transfers in the
1950s gave the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), later called the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE), 220 acres of the original Ordnance Works area. The DOE now is responsible
for the contamination, both radioactive and non-radioactive, on the property. The site
includes a 51-acre disposal area, a 169-acre abandoned uranium feed materials plant, various
smaller properties and a 9-acre former limestone quarry located 4 miles from the plant. From
1941 to 1944, the Department of the Army operated an explosives production plant on the
site. Due to frequent spills, wastewater containing sulfonate derivatives contaminated surface
water and groundwater. The Ordnance Works area was closed at the end of World War II,
and the processing structures were demolished. In 1955, the AEC acquired a portion of the
Ordnance Works area for construction of a uranium feed materials plant. Mallinckrodt, Inc.
operated the plant under a contract with the AEC from 1957 to 1966. The plant converted
uranium concentrates to uranium tetrafluoride and uranium metal. Thorium ore, also a
radioactive metal, was processed. The residues from the processing were disposed of in four
large open pits. During that period, the plant, buildings, equipment, soil surface, sewer
system, and the drainage into the Missouri River became contaminated with uranium,
thorium, and their radioactive decay products. From 1943 until 1957, the U.S. Army used an
abandoned limestone quarry located about 3 miles southwest of the plant site for the disposal
of unknown quantities of materials contaminated with trinitrotoluene (TNT) and
dinitrotoluene (DNT) residues. The AEC acquired the site in 1958 and used the quarry from
1959 to 1966 to dispose of uranium, thorium, and radium residues and contaminated
materials and equipment. From 1966 to 1969, the Army deposited additional TNT-
contaminated materials in the quarry. The quarry is located 3/4 of a mile from the St. Charles
County well field, which is used as a drinking water source for approximately 70,000 people.
The population living within 3 miles of the site is 5,000 people.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 07/22/87
49
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
213
Off-site groundwater is contaminated with TNT, DNT, and other explosive
materials. The soil is contaminated with radionuclides, TNT, DNT, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy
metals. Off-site surface water is contaminated with uranium. Accidental ingestion
of and direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water, or soil may
cause a potential health hazard. Adjacent wildlife and recreational areas may be
threatened due to off-site migration of the contaminants. Contaminant migration
from the quarry to the adjacent Missouri River alluvium poses a potential threat to
the County well field.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in four stages: immediate actions to stabilize the site and three
long-term remedial phases focusing on source control, cleanup of the quarry bulk waste, the
groundwater chemical plant, and the quarry residuals.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The DOE began interim cleanup actions at this site in
1987, which to date have included removing overhead piping and asbestos,
disposing of and storing chemicals, removing electric lines and poles, cleaning up
radioactive soil from Army Reserve properties, dismantling the chemical plant structures,
removing PCB transformers, constructing a stormwater diversion dike to reduce off-site
migration, and constructing two wastewater treatment plants. Approximately 13,000 gallons
of PCB fluids and flushing solutions were removed and transported to an off-site incineration
facility. The flushed units were removed to an off-site incineration facility. Five of 15 non-
process buildings have been dismantled. Dismantling of process structures is scheduled to
begin soon, with completion scheduled in 1994.
Source Control: In 1986, the DOE began an investigation to determine the
nature and extent of contamination of the air, lakes and streams, sludges, and 30
structures, and to identify cleanup alternatives for the site. The studies are
scheduled to be completed in 1993 and will result in final cleanup strategies for site
contaminated areas of the site.
Quarry Bulk Waste: In 1990, the EPA chose to excavate and to temporarily
store quarry bulk wastes on site. Wastes will be transported over a haul road
constructed for this purpose. The construction of the haul road is complete and
the construction of the temporary storage area and the bulk waste excavation are still
underway. The bulk waste excavation is scheduled to begin in mid-1992.
March 1992 50 WELDON SPRING QUARRY/PLANT/PITS
(USDOE/ARMY)
-------
Quarry Residuals: An investigation focusing on residual and groundwater
contamination at the quarry is scheduled to begin after the quarry bulk wastes
have been removed from the site.
Site Facts: Under a 1992 Interagency Agreement with the EPA, the DOE will conduct
cleanup actions at the quarry, as well as the plant area and nearby radioactive contaminated
properties.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil and materials described above have reduced the potential
for exposure to hazardous substances at the Weldon Spring Quarry/Plant/Pits site while the
DOE continues further cleanup activities.
Site Repository
Spencer Creek Branch, St. Charles City-County Library, 425 Spencer Road,
St. Peters, MO 63376
WELDON SPRING QUARRY/PLANT/PITS
(USDOE/ARMY)
51
March 1992
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WESTLAKE LA
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD079900932
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
St. Louis County
Bridgeton
The 200-acre Westlake Landfill site is adjacent to prime agricultural land and is in the flood
plain of the Missouri River. From 1939 to 1985, limestone was quarried on the site.
Beginning in 1962, portions of the property were used for landfilling of solid and liquid
industrial wastes, municipal refuse, and construction debris. In 1973, Cotter Corp. disposed of
over 47,000 tons of uranium ore processing residues mixed with soil in two areas covering a
total of 16 acres of the site. In 1976, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) closed the unregulated landfill. Since then, the MDNR has issued several permits
for various portions of the site. Currently, an operating sanitary landfill has a permitted area
of 52 acres, and an operating demolition landfill has a permitted area of 22 acres. A
radiological survey was completed by Radiation Management Corporation in 1981, and in
1982, radioactive wastes on site were documented. Property adjacent to the landfill was
investigated in 1990, which identified radiological contamination that migrated from the
landfill. Approximately 60 people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3 miles of
the site. Water from the public water utility presently is unavailable to these people. The
nearest well is about 2,500 feet from the site. In addition, at least 480 acres of cropland are
irrigated from wells within a 3-mile radius of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/26/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Significant levels of uranium from former dumping activities were detected in the
groundwater and soil, which could adversely affect the health of individuals if thesi
substances are ingested or touched. Additional environmental and health risks may
result through surface drainage from the site.
52
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of
radiological areas and a landfill.
Response Action Status
cleanup.
Radiological Waste Areas: An intensive investigation of contamination within
the radiological areas is scheduled to begin in 1993. This study will explore the
nature and extent of the contamination and will identify the best strategies for
Landfill: In 1993, an intensive investigation is scheduled to begin to explore the
nature and extent of the contamination. This study will result in the selection of
final cleanup strategies to address contamination from the landfill.
Environmental Progress
After listing the site on the NPL, the EPA completed a preliminary study to determine
whether the site required immediate actions to limit access or the potential for residents to
come into contact with contaminants on site. An initial action is scheduled to begin soon to
address the soil contamination at the adjacent property while site studies leading to the
selection of final cleanup remedy are being conducted.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office
WESTLAKE LANDFILL
53
March 1992
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WHEELING
SERVICE
COMPANY LAN
MISSOURI
EPA ID# MOD000830554
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Andrew County
1 mile south of Amazonia
Other Names:
Wheeling Waste Disposal Site
The Wheeling Disposal Service Company operated a landfill that covers approximately 20
acres on two adjacent areas totaling about 200 acres. The landfill was established in the early
1970s, and the facility received a State permit in 1975 to operate as an industrial waste
disposal facility. Between 1980 and 1981, the company voluntarily ceased operations. The
facility resumed operations under the authority of a special waste disposal permit issued by
the State of Missouri until it voluntarily closed in 1986. The Missouri Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) periodically inspected the site and monitored groundwater when the
landfill was in operation. Based on MDNR hazardous waste records, wastes containing
pesticides, heavy metals, paint, solvents, and leather tanning sludge were disposed of in the
landfill. In field investigations conducted by the EPA, contaminants were detected in
monitoring wells and springs on the site. Drinking water is supplied to approximately 4,000
residents of Savannah through wells that are within 1 to 2 miles of the site and range from 90
to 100 feet deep in the Missouri river alluvial aquifer. There are private wells in use within
1/4 mile of the site. The shallow groundwater below the site supplies water to the aquifer,
possibly contaminating it.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/22/87
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater on site has been contaminated with various volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals including arsenic, chromium, nickel, and lead
from the former waste disposal activities. Several seeps in Mace Creek are
contaminated, indicating that local surface water is a potential threat. On-site
ponds have been covered with soil, and the area now is planted with crops. Eating
crops grown in contaminated soil could expose people to contaminants from the
site.
54
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1982, 1983, 1986, and 1987, the EPA sampled on-site groundwater
and found contamination. In late 1990, the potentially responsible parties
completed a study of the nature and extent of contamination at the site, and the
EPA designated the appropriate cleanup technologies. The remedy includes well capping,
water monitoring, and upgrading the existing landfill cover to comply with State and Federal
standards. Design activities are expected to begin in 1992, as soon as the Department of
Justice completes review of the Consent Decree
Site Facts: A Consent Decree was signed in July 1991, requiring the potentially responsible
parties to conduct the remedy design and cleanup activities. The Consent Decree was
referred to the Department of Justice. The EPA anticipates that the court will sign the
Consent Decree in 1992.
Environmental Progress
The samplings performed by the EPA and the Missouri Department of Health indicated that
no immediate actions were needed at the Wheeling Disposal Service Company site while the
potentially responsible parties begin the design phase and cleanup activities.
Site Repository
Rolling Hills Library, 514 W. Main Street, Savannah, MO 64458
WHEELING DISPOSAL SERVICE
COMPANY LANDFILL
55
March 1992
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GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-15
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
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GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 1980 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Down gradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and then" environment
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in inking
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is. to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangennent
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
-------
GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (particulate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
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GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
cheinical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a cheinical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
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GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
Stillbottom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superfund: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated groundwater, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
ddal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Category
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
Threats*
Heavy Metafe
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Poiychtormated
Creosotes
Radiation
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources: Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
G-15
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