vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA/540/R-93/026
December 1992
PB93-963227
SUPERFUND:
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
NEBRASKA
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Publication #9200.5-7286
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Nebraska
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460 .. n *pencY
"
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public-
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
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INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwater
treatment.
VI
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
VIII
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
• Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
> Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
STATE
EPA ID# ABCOOOOOOO
Threats and Contaminants
Response Action Status -
wlIG F3C1S. xxxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx* xxx
Environmental Progress
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
XIII
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
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A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
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X- Ma|oi Citws
> NPL Sites
Superfund
Activities
in
Nebraska
The State of Nebraska is located within EPA Region 7, which includes the four central
States. The State covers 77,355 square miles. According to the 1990 Census, Nebraska experi-
enced a 5 percent increase in population between 1980 and 1990, and is ranked thirty-six in U.S.
population with approximately 1,578,000 residents.
The Nebraska Environmental Protection Act does not cover Superfund sites specifically;
however, Title 118, of the Act prohibits the pollution of groundwater and sets standards for
cleanup. Under Title 118, the State has the authority to issue administrative orders and injunc-
tions against polluters and to seek judicial civil penalties. These enforcement authorities compel
polluters to conduct or pay for cleanup activities. Citizen suits also may be pursued against large
solid waste disposal violators. No additional cleanup funding is provided by the State beyond
the 10 percent contribution from the State required by the Federal Superfund program. Public
notice of the polluter's proposed cleanup plan is provided by newspaper and radio, with copies
available in public libraries. A 30-day public comment period is required as part of the decision
making process. Currently, six sites in the State of Nebraska have been listed as final on the
NPL. Two new sites were proposed for listing in 1992.
The Department of Environmental Quality
implements the Superfiind Program in the State of Nebraska
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Nebraska include:
Federal
Facilities
Manufacturing
Facilities
Other
Facts about the eight NPL sites
in Nebraska:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at six
sites.
No site endangers sensitive environ-
ments.
Six sites are located near residential
areas.
XVII
March 1992
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NEBRASKA
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Ground-
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
VOCs
Heavy Metals
Petrochem ica Is/Explosives
PCBs
Creosotes
Other*
88%
50%
38%
13%
13%
13%
*Other contaminants include nitrates and
sulfates.
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Nebraska, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at three sites.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Nebraska Please Contact:
EPA Region 7 Public Affairs
Office
National Response Center
Department of Environmental
Quality: Hazardous Waste Section,
Superfund Unit
EPA Region 7 Waste Management
Division: Superfund Branch
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(913) 551-7003
(800) 424-8802
(402) 471-3388
(913)551-7062
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
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THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (c^) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
^> An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
OA final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
^ A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^> A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
OA final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
£> A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
-------
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10TH STREE
NEBRASKA
EPA ID#NED98171383
EPA REGION 7
Plane County
Columbus
Other Names:
olumbus Public Water Supply
Site Description
The 10th Street Site consists of nine municipal wells located in and around the City of
Columbus. The EPA conducted a soil gas survey in 1988 and found that four of the wells are
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The highest contaminant level was
detected under a city parking lot that formerly was used as a scrap metal yard. Among
potential sources of soil contamination are a dry cleaning facility behind the lot and a
laundromat. The municipal wells within 3 miles of the site provide drinking water to
approximately 18,600 people. All the wells use the shallow aquifer, which is known to have
been contaminated, as their water source.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/26/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater serving municipal wells is contaminated with VOCs. VOCs also
have been found in the soil. People could be exposed to VOC's through use of
the municipal water supply. Additional exposure is possible if private wells are
installed and used in areas of high levels of groundwater contamination.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA has begun an investigation of the site to evaluate the
nature and extent of contamination. The EPA is considering a remedy to contain
groundwater contamination. After completion of the investigation, scheduled for
late 1992, the EPA will be able to determine the best methods for the site cleanup.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the 10th Street Site while studies are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office.
March 1992
10TH STREET SITE
-------
CLEBURN SI
WELL
NEBRASKA
EPA ID# NED981499312
EPA REGION 7
Hall County
Grand Island
Site Description
The Cleburn Street well was once a drinking water source for the City of Grand Island. The
municipal water system, serving 38,500 people, consists of 12 wells within city limits and 12
wells in the Platte River Island Well field southeast of the city. Now disconnected from the
municipal water supply, the contaminated Cleburn Street well was found to be contaminated
by tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in 1986. Subsequent studies indicated PCE-contamination in
other Grand Island municipal wells, as well as in the soil of three areas on site. EPA is
currently investigating potential sources of the well contamination. One potential source
results from operations conducted at the Nebraska Solvent Co. Three local dry cleaners are
also thought to be potential sources of contamination. All four operations have used and
stored chlorinated solvents. The EPA's search for additional sources of well contamination
continues. Some 1,100 residents not served by the municipal water system draw water from
shallow private wells. The Cleburn Street Well is within 4 miles of food and forage crops
irrigated by 333 wells.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed by
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/29/91
Threats and Contaminants
PCE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were first discovered in the
Cleburn Street well in 1986 and later in other wells of the municipal water system.
PCE was also detected in on-site soils.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and one long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleaning up the entire site
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The Cleburn Street well was disconnected from the
municipal water supply in 1986.
Entire Site: The EPA conducted a soil-gas investigation in 1988. PCE and other
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in three areas on site. Site-wide
investigations into the nature and extent of groundwater and soil contamination
were initiated in 1991 and are expected to be completed in 1993.
Site Facts: The EPA continues to search for parties potentially responsible for site
contamination.
Environmental Progress
Disconnecting the contaminated Cleburn Street well from the municipal water supply has
significantly reduced the risk of residents coming into contact with contaminants while site
investigations are underway and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992
CLEBURN STREET WELL
-------
CORNHUSKE
AMMUNITIO
PLANT
NEBRASKA
EPA ID# NE2213820234
EPA REGION 7
Hall County
6 miles west of Grand Island
Site Description
The 19-acre Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant is a U.S. Army Armament, Munitions, and
Chemical Command facility. On standby status since 1973, the operation leases 16 square
miles of land for agriculture, grazing, and wildlife management activities. The plant was built
in 1942 to produce munitions and to provide support functions during World War II and has
gone in and out of production over the years. It consists of five major components: (1) five
major production areas where munitions were loaded, assembled, and packed; (2) a fertilizer
manufactory; (3) two major storage facilities; (4) a sanitary landfill; and (5) a burn ground
where materials contaminated with explosives were ignited. Activities at the site currently are
limited to maintenance and leasing operations. Once the environmental studies required for
real estate transactions are completed, the Army plans to sell the property. When the plant
was active, staff disposed of wastewater contaminated with explosives into 56 earthen surface
impoundments, which were located near the five production areas. Dried solids from the
bottom of the pits periodically were scraped and ignited at the burning ground. Releases from
the surface impoundments have contaminated about 500 private wells. Polluted groundwater
has migrated off the site and has been detected as far as 3 1/2 miles beyond the plant's
border. The area affected by groundwater contamination is mostly suburban, and residents
rely on public and private wells for drinking water. Approximately 3,000 people live within 1
mile, and 27,000 live within 3 miles of the site. Groundwater also is used for farmland
irrigation and for watering livestock.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 07/22/87
Groundwater both on and off the site are contaminated with various explosives.
Soils are contaminated with various explosives and heavy metals such as lead,
chromium, and cadmium. Human and livestock health can be adversely affected
by drinking the contaminated groundwater or through direct contact with
contaminated soil.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The Army provided bottled water to the 250 homes with
contaminated wells until residences could be hooked up to the city's water system.
In 1986, the municipal water system was extended to 800 residences in Grand
Island. A dewatering system was completed to control the high water table. In 1987, the
Army started an incineration program to treat the contaminated soil in the 56 surface
impoundments. Workers excavated the soil and then incinerated it to destroy the
contaminants. The excavated pits were backfilled with sand and gravel from off the site, and
the ash from the incinerator was landfilled on the site. The Army had burned 40,000 tons of
soil by 1988, when the State-monitored operation ended. In 1991 and 1992, The Army
provided bottled water to additional homes with contaminated wells until residences can be
hooked up to the city's water system. The city water system is scheduled to be extended in
1993 to meet this need.
Entire Site: An investigation by the Department of the Army in 1990 identified
several areas of potential contamination. The Department of Defense (DOD) will
investigate the plume of groundwater that has moved off the site to determine its
shape, the types and levels of contaminants present, the extent of its threat to human health
and the environment, and the appropriate cleanup standards to be sought. The fieldwork for
the investigation began in December 1991. The study is scheduled for completion in late
1993.
Site Facts: Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant is participating in the Installation
Restoration Program, a specially funded program established by the DOD in 1978 to identify,
investigate, and control migration of hazardous contaminants at military and other DOD
facilities. An Interagency Agreement between the EPA, Nebraska Department of
Environmental Control (NDEC), and the DOD was signed in 1990. Under this Agreement,
the Army will investigate and clean up the site.
Environmental Progress
The extension of the municipal water supply to 800 residences and the provision of bottled
water to additional homes has eliminated the potential of exposure to hazardous substances
in the drinking water. The incineration of contaminated soil has reduced other pathways of
contamination at the Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant. These actions will protect the
public health and the environment while further studies are conducted and cleanup activities
are being planned.
March 1992 6 CORNHUSKER ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
-------
Site Repository
Grand Island Public Library, 211 North Washington Street, Grand Island, NE 68802
CORNHUSKER ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
March 1992
-------
HASTINGS
GROUND W
CONTAMINA
NEBRASKA
EPA ID# NED980862668
Site Description
EPA REGION 7
Adams County and Clay County
City of Hastings
Other Names:
Blayney Ammunition Depot
ney ExNaval Ammunition Base
Hastings Plume
Former Naval Ammunition Depot (NAD)
Concerns regarding volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other halogenated compounds in
the Hastings city water supply were investigated by the State in 1983. As a result, Hastings
took two municipal wells out of service and placed other contaminated wells on a standby
basis. Community Municipal Services, Inc. (CMS), a private water supply system serving the
areas east of Hastings, also took two of its three wells off-line due to pollution. Recent EPA
testing shows that the water supplied to users by these two utilities is safe to drink. Due to
the size and complexity of the Hastings site, the following site description is organized into its
four geographical areas.
Hastings East Industrial Park/Former Naval Ammunition Depot (NAD). The former
NAD, located about 2 miles east of Hastings, straddles two counties: Clay and Adams. The
48,000-acre NAD was used for loading armaments until the early 1950s and later for the
demilling of armaments until it was decommissioned in the early 1960s. The U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers is conducting studies at the site under the authorization of the Department of
Defense (DOD). The Corps has discovered that explosives, heavy metals, and VOCs are the
major contaminants. Although contaminants that have been detected are generally consistent
with the chemicals used by the Navy operations, the industries established in the Hastings
East Industrial Park (HEIP) since the 1960s may have generated some of the VOCs being
detected. The portion of this investigation focusing on surface contamination on 2,600 acres
of the HEIP has been completed.
The Commercial Area. This area, east of the Hastings city limits, contains the
FAR-MAR-CO, TCA Contamination Area, and North Landfill subsites. FAR-MAR-CO has
stored and handled agricultural products, mostly grains, for more than 30 years. VOCs,
including toxic grain fumigants, have seeped into the soils and groundwater. Grain dust
explosions and spills from fumigant equipment on the subsite have contributed to the
problem. While investigating soils at the FAR-MAR-CO subsite, EPA discovered TCA
contamination on a portion now owned by a different company. The new owner
acknowledged the use of TCA as a metal cleaning solvent. This area became the TCA
Contamination Area portion of the subsite. The North Landfill originally was a local
brickmaker's clay pit. Hastings operated it as a landfill in the 1960s to dispose of various
municipal and industrial wastes. Studies have revealed that the FAR-MAR-CO North Landfill
and subsites are polluting downgradient wells with VOCs.
March 1992
-------
The Central Industrial Area. This area encompasses commercial and industrial properties
situated in the heart of Hastings, along the Burlington-Northern railroad right-of-way. The
three subsites that make up this area are Colorado Avenue, Second Street, and Well #3.
Three different industrial solvents have been detected in soils around Colorado Avenue. The
source is suspected to be industrial discharges into the storm or sanitary sewers along this
street. The Second Street subsite was discovered during the 1987 to 1988 investigation of
Colorado Avenue. Pollution from an old coal gas plant operation was detected in the soil at
this subsite and in the downgradient groundwater. Contaminants include VOCs, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenols. Well #3 is one of the city wells taken out of
service because of contamination. The EPA tested in the surrounding area in 1987 and 1988,
found carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in the soil and groundwater, and tentatively traced
the contamination to an accidental spill of grain fumigant.
South Landfill. This landfill in southeastern Hastings was operated by the City and accepted
industrial waste during the 1960s and 1970s. Contamination at this subsite consists primarily
of several VOCs.
Approximately 23,000 people live in the City of Hastings. Farm and pasture surround the
urban area, and 20 private and public wells lie within a 3-mile radius of the site. All residents
live within that 3-mile radius. A nearby stream and lake are used for recreation. Groundwater
is used to irrigate crops and water stock and provides water for home and business use.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through a NPL LISTING HISTORY
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soils at the various subsites are contaminated with a wide range
of VOCs and other halogenated organic compounds. The NAD site is
contaminated with heavy metals and explosives, in addition to VOCs, and the
Second Street subsite also contains PAHs. The city water supply is safe for
drinking, but people and livestock may experience adverse health effects from
drinking contaminated groundwater around the subsites.
Cleanup Approach
Because of the size and complexity of the site, a number of long-term remedial phases are
planned to address the overall control of contamination (source control), groundwater
contamination, and soil contamination.
HASTINGS GROUND WATER 9 March 1992
CONTAMINATION
-------
Response Action Status
Hastings East Industrial Park (HEIP) Surface Soils: The U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers began an intensive study of groundwater contamination at this
subsite in 1986. The HEIP subsite is in the former Navy Ammunition Depot. In
1988, the Corps released the results of the first part of the study, which identified sources of
groundwater contamination. The report confirmed that explosives are the major contaminants
at the site, along with heavy metals and VOCs. In 1990, the Corps issued a final report on
this study addressing contaminated groundwater and soils. Also in 1990, a remedy was
selected for the cleanup of the surface soils. The remedy recommends that soils above a
predetermined cancer risk level be incinerated. Soils slightly below this level, soils of a non-
carcinogenic nature, and the ash of the incinerated soils are to be stabilized and placed in an
on-site landfill. A treatability study is planned as part of the design activities in 1992. The
design of the soil cleanup remedy is expected to be completed for several areas in 1993. The
design for the cleanup of additional soils is pending additional investigation. The vadose
zone, a layer of subsurface water located above the groundwater table and groundwater
contamination, will be addressed in additional phases.
Hastings East Industrial Park Groundwater and Vadose Zone: A portion
of this study was completed concurrently with the study of this area's surface soils.
As part of this ongoing study, the Corps issued a Groundwater Modeling Study in
1990. An addendum addressing the application of the modeling to the cleanup alternatives
was issued in 1991. Additional investigations are ongoing for both groundwater and vadose
contamination. A decision on cleanup remedies is expected in 1994.
North Landfill Groundwater: The EPA began an intensive study of
groundwater contamination at this subsite in 1985. Workers installed three
groundwater monitoring wells at the landfill and tested wells east of the site. Data
revealed contamination by a variety of VOCs. In 1989, the parties potentially responsible for
contamination at the landfill agreed to take over this study. This effort included
recommending to the EPA the best strategies for final cleanup. In 1991 an extraction and
treatment remedy was selected as an interim action until a final remedy is selected.
North Landfill Source Control: Studies were completed to determine sources
of soil and groundwater contamination (see the description of "North Landfill
Groundwater") and cleanup alternatives. In 1991, a soil and gas monitoring
remedy was selected as an interim measure until a final remedy is selected.
FAR-MAR-CO Soil: The EPA selected a remedy for soil cleanup at this subsite
in 1988. A fumigant spill resulted in contamination of about 33,800 cubic yards of
soil, and the groundwater beneath it is also highly polluted. Features of the
remedy include soil vapor extraction, whereby volatile chemicals are "vacuumed" from the soil
without digging it up, and treating the removed vapor with activated carbon, if necessary;
temporarily covering the contaminated soils to restrict contact; and monitoring soil, air, and
groundwater at the site. The parties potentially responsible for site contamination began the
design of the cleanup remedy in 1990. The design is planned for completion in 1992.
March 1992 10 HASTINGS GROUND WATER
CONTAMINATION
-------
FAR-MAR-CO Groundwater: The potentially responsible parties are conducting
an investigation of the groundwater contamination. The results of the
investigation will be used to develop a technical approach for restricting the flow
of contaminated groundwater beneath the site and to evaluate the need for groundwater
treatment once the source of contamination is cleaned up. The potentially responsible parties,
who are conducting the investigation at this subsite, relocated two residents from this subsite
in 1990. The investigation is expected to be completed in 1993.
TCA Contamination Area: The parties potentially responsible for the
contamination at this subsite removed the polluted soil and transported it to a
licensed hazardous waste disposal facility in 1989. The same parties signed a
Consent Order with the EPA and completed a study of the contamination in 1990. Based on
the results of this study, the EPA has recommended that the potentially responsible parties
monitor the groundwater for a period of two years.
Well #3 Soil: The EPA selected a remedy for the Well #3 subsite in 1989. It
focuses on cleaning up the source of groundwater contamination. The remedy
features "vacuuming" volatile contaminants from the soils, and treating the vapors
with activated carbon to remove the contaminants. The EPA is working with the State in
conducting the soil cleanup at the Well #3 subsite. The design of the remedy was completed
in 1991, and cleanup began in 1992.
Well #3 Groundwater: Studies into the nature and extent of groundwater
contamination at this subsite began in 1991 and is scheduled for completion in
1993. Cleanup activities will begin after cleanup of the source of contamination is
completed (see the description of "Well #3 Soil").
Colorado Avenue Source Control: In 1988, the EPA selected a remedy for
this subsite, part of the central industrial area in Hastings. The remedy focuses on
cleaning up the source of groundwater contamination, 42,700 cubic yards of
overlying soil polluted with VOCs. These are the soils associated with the contaminated
sewers along Colorado Avenue. The remedy features "vacuuming" volatile chemicals from the
soil without digging it up and treating the removed vapor with activated carbon, if necessary,
and monitoring soil, air, and groundwater at the site. The parties potentially responsible for
the contamination at this subsite began designing the cleanup remedy in 1988, based on a
pilot study of the proposed cleanup technology. The design is expected to be completed in
1992.
Colorado Avenue Groundwater: The EPA completed a study into the nature
and extent of groundwater contamination at this subsite. A groundwater report
was released by the EPA in 1990. An extraction and treatment remedy addressing
groundwater plume management alternatives was selected in 1991 as an interim action until a
final remedy is selected.
Second Street: Additional work is needed to define the extent of groundwater
contamination at this subsite. The EPA and the State currently are reviewing this
subsite and its cleanup needs. The study is expected to be completed in 1994.
HASTINGS GROUND WATER r\ March 1992
CONTAMINATION
-------
South Landfill: The field investigations needed to characterize the nature and
extent of contamination at this subsite have been discussed with the City of
Hastings and the other parties potentially responsible for its contamination.
Investigations are scheduled to begin in 1992.
Yard Dump and Bomb and Mine Complex: As part of the NAD
investigation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is currently evaluating the nature
and extent of contamination in this area. The on-going study is focusing on
defining the extent of metals, volatiles and explosives contamination. The area is located
along the southern boundary of the NAD, approximately one mile north of the town of
Glenville.
Site Facts: The EPA and the City of Hastings entered an Administrative Order on Consent
in 1989 for conducting an investigation at the North Landfill subsite. Hastings Irrigation Pipe
Company and the EPA signed an Administrative Order on Consent in 1989 for a study at the
TCA Contamination Area. Farmland Industries and the EPA signed an Administrative Order
on Consent to conduct treatability studies and complete the remedy design for source control
at the FAR-MAR-CO subsite.
Environmental Progress
Due to the numerous long-term remedial phases and locations of contaminated areas at the
Hastings Ground Water Contamination site, the status of cleanup activities varies at the
different subsites. In general, however, the potential for exposure to hazardous substances in
the groundwater and soil has been greatly reduced by closing down contaminated wells and
removing contaminated soil while further studies and cleanup activities are being planned and
conducted.
Site Repository
Central C.C. Library, E. U.S. Highway 6, Hastings, NE 68901
March 1992 12 HASTINGS GROUND WATER
CONTAMINATION
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LINDSAY
MANUFACTURING
NEBRASKA
EPA ID# NED068645696
Site Description
jT1 "*"i:"w"s jSi'-'iJ^l
,^8, «5 ^^».*--x;wa
•*» ' s^%
EPA REGION 7
Platte County
Lindsay
The Lindsay Manufacturing Company generates sulfuric acid waste from a galvanizing process
at its plant. The wastes were discharged into an unlined pond for at least 15 years. The pit
was closed in 1983, when three monitoring wells showed contamination. The site is
surrounded by agricultural land. Approximately 3,000 people live within a 3-mile radius of the
site, with the nearest residence being 300 feet away.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater contains heavy metals including zinc, iron, cadmium,
chromium, and lead from former process wastes. Off-site groundwater contains
heavy metals including cadmium, zinc, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
VOCs also have been identified in the perched sand channel in the northern half
of the site, in clay soils in the area around the northern quarter of the main plant,
and between the main plant and the southern end of the galvanizing building.
People could be exposed to contaminants by drinking water from contaminated
private wells, by direct contact with contaminated water, by inhaling contaminants
released during water use, or by eating food in which contaminants have
bioaccumulated.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
13
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1984, Lindsay began operating an interim pump and treat
system, whereby the groundwater is treated by neutralizing and removing
contaminants. The State is monitoring this groundwater restoration project. Off-
site monitoring wells show that the project is controlling the migration of contaminants from
the site.
Entire Site: Lindsay began a study of the nature and extent of contamination
remaining at the site, as well as the alternative technologies for cleanup. The
study was completed in 1990. Based on the results of the study, the EPA selected
a remedy that includes a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of vacuum extraction of on-site
soils, installation of such a system if it is deemed practical, enhancement and utilization of the
existing groundwater extraction and treatment systems, installation of additional groundwater
monitoring wells, and continued monitoring of the groundwater collection/treatment system
during cleanup activities. The design of these remedies began in 1992.
Site Facts: In April 1992, a Consent Decree was signed that requires the potentially
responsible parties to design the remedy and cleanup the site under EPA monitoring.
Environmental Progress
The groundwater restoration project described above has reduced the potential for exposure
to hazardous materials at the Lindsay Manufacturing site while the design of the selected
remedy is underway.
Site Repository
Columbus Public Library, 2504 14th Street, Columbus, NE 68801
March 1992
14
LINDSAY MANUFACTURING CO.
-------
NEBRASKA AR
ORDNANCE P
NEBRASKA
EPA ID#NE6211890011
EPA REGION 7
Saunders County
12 mile east of Mead
Other Names:
Mead Ordnance Plant University of
Nebraska, Mead Field Laboratory
Site Description
The 17,000-acre Nebraska Army Ordnance Plant site operated from 1942 to 1956 as a
munitions production plant for four bomb loading lines during World War II and the Korean
War. The plant also was used for munitions storage and ammoninum nitrate production.
Some of the processes used organic solvents. Beginning in 1962, portions of the plant were
sold to various entities. Today, the major production area of the former plant, approximately
9,000 acres, belongs to the University of Nebraska, which uses it as an agricultural research
station. The remaining acreage is owned by the Nebraska National Guard and numerous
individuals and corporations. Approximately 400 people obtain drinking water from wells
within 3 miles of the site. Groundwater also is used for crop irrigation and livestock watering.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/26/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
munitions wastes. The soil also is contaminated with munitions wastes, as well as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). People who have direct contact with or ingest
contaminated groundwater or soil may be at risk. In addition, if contaminated
groundwater is used for irrigating or watering livestock, the contaminants may
accumulate in crops or animals and consumption can pose a health threat.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: emergency actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
15
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: In 1989, the U.S. Army determined that a private well was
contaminated. The EPA immediately responded by providing the owners with
bottled water, which subsequently was provided by the Army. The Army since has
installed a carbon filtration system at the residence.
Soils: The Army began conducting an investigation in 1991 to determine the
extent of soil contamination at the site. Once the investigation is completed,
scheduled for 1993, the results will be evaluated to select the proper technology
for cleaning up the soil.
Groundwater: The Army has begun an investigation into the nature and extent
of groundwater contamination at the site. The investigation is scheduled for
completion in 1995.
Site Facts: The Nebraska Army Ordnance Plant site is participating in the Installation
Restoration Program, a specially funded program established by the Department of Defense
(DOD) in 1978 to identify, investigate, and control the migration of hazardous contaminants
at military and other DOD facilities. An Interagency Agreement between the EPA, State,
and Army was signed in 1991.
Environmental Progress
Providing bottled water and subsequently installing a carbon filtration system have eliminated
the potential of exposure to hazardous substances in the drinking water while investigations
are underway at the Nebraska Army Ordnance Plant site.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office.
March 1992 16 NEBRASKA ARMY ORDNANCE PLANT
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SHERWOOD
MEDICAL CO.
NEBRASKA
EPAID#NED084626100
EPA REGION 7
Madison County
Norfolk
Site Description
The Sherwood Medical Co. site is 115 acres in size and consists of the plant property and
nearby wells contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Since 1962 Sherwood
Medical Co. has manufactured disposable medical supplies. In 1963, treated and untreated
wastewater was discharged into unlined disposal ponds located on site. From 1973 to 1986,
plastic injection molds were cleaned in two plant areas which had floor drains connected to a
septic system. This septic system included a 2,000-gallon buried tank, a concrete settling basin,
leach fields, and connecting piping. VOCs were first discovered in 1988, by the EPA, in
wastewater discharged to the disposal pond. In 1989, the EPA detected VOCs in the tank
and the settling basin. Drums of buried waste solvents also were thought to be buried on site.
Local wells were sampled by the EPA and the Nebraska Department of Health from 1987 to
1989. VOCs were detected in Sherwood Well #5, used for industrial purposes, and the main
well serving the residences of the Park Mobile Home Court (PMHC). Soil-gas surveys have
led site investigators to believe that contaminants are migrating in a north/northeast direction
with groundwater flow into PMHC's main well and backup wells. Public and private wells
within 4 miles of the site provide drinking water to an estimated 5,900 people. Corn grown
for livestock consumption is located on land irrigated by wells within 3 miles of the site. The
surrounding area is used for agricultural, residential, and commercial purposes.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL USTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/29/91
Threats and Contaminants
On site at the plant facility, VOCs were present in the septic system, including the
tank and settling basin. Discharges of wastewater to the disposal pond also were
found to contain VOCs. Contamination has migrated through the groundwater and
is seeping into the water supply of a well used for industrial purposes and the main
and backup wells of PMHC.
17
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on soil and groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1988, the EPA supplied the residents of PMHC with
bottled water. A carbon treatment system was installed soon after on the PMHC
water system, and the EPA discontinued supplying water to the residences. In
1989, PMHC was connected to an uncontaminated well at the same property by Sherwood
Medical Co. Other immediate actions taken include removing from service and cleaning the
septic tank and settling basin, and rerouting floor drains to the plant's sewage treatment
system.
Soil and Groundwater: In 1991, Sherwood Medical Co. initiated an
investigation into the nature and extent of soil and groundwater contamination at
the site. Studies are expected to be completed and final cleanup remedies selected
in 1993.
Site Facts: An Administrative Order on Consent between the EPA and Sherwood Medical
Co. was put into effect in August 1989 for the company to perform immediate cleanup
actions. An Administrative Order on Consent for the potentially responsible party to
investigate site contamination went into effect in March 1991.
Environmental Progress
Immediate actions such as supplying bottled water and installing a carbon treatment system
have reduced health and safety risks to the nearby population while Sherwood Medical Co.
conducts additional investigations and plans activities for final cleanup of the site.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992 18 SHERWOOD MEDICAL CO.
-------
WAVERLY
GROUND W
CONTAMINATION
NEBRASKA
EPA ID# NED980862718
EPA REGION 7
Lancaster County
Waverly
Other Names:
CCC Commodity Credit Corporation
Hedrick Site
Site Description
The Waverly Ground Water Contamination site extends over an 11-acre area underlying the
City of Waverly. The U.S. Department of Agriculture operated a Federal grain facility in
Waverly from 1952 to 1974. A grain fumigant consisting of carbon tetrachloride and carbon
disulfide was used at the facility from 1955 to 1965. Since 1975, the property has been owned
by Lancaster County, which operates a district office and maintenance facility on the
premises. The EPA and the State of Nebraska sampled the municipal wells in 1982 and found
them to be contaminated. One well was taken out of service, two wells were placed on
standby status, and the city drilled new wells to replace them. The area surrounding the site is
predominantly agricultural. The population of Waverly is approximately 1,700 people. There is
a residential area adjacent to the former grain facility. Several private wells near the site are
used for livestock and crop irrigation. Runoff from the site drains into Salt Creek.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Samples taken from the municipal wells contained concentrations of heavy metals,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrates, and sulfates. The soil is
contaminated with VOCs including carbon tetrachloride and chloroform.
Contaminants from the soil have seeped into the aquifer, the source of water for
the municipal water supply. The polluted wells were taken out of service, and new
wells were drilled; therefore, the municipal water supply is safe to use. The new
wells are upgradient of the site and are not likely to be threatened. If
contaminated water is used for irrigation or for watering livestock, pollutants may
accumulate in the crops or animals, which, if eaten, may pose a health threat to
people. Because groundwater discharges into Salt Creek, fish in the creek may be
contaminated and cause adverse health effects in people who eat them.
19
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1988, as an immediate response to the groundwater
contamination, the EPA installed groundwater monitoring wells, a system of pipes
and wells in the ground connected to a pump to remove vapors contaminating soil
(soil gas extraction system), and a groundwater treatment system using air stripping. The
groundwater treatment involves forcing a stream of air through the contaminated water to
evaporate the chemicals, which then are released into the atmosphere. Air monitoring is
conducted to ensure that emissions are within acceptable limits. Treated groundwater is
discharged to a ditch near the site. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is
performing the operation and maintenance on the groundwater extraction and soil gas
treatment system. An additional extraction well may be added to the system in 1992 to
address contamination discovered outside the influence of the current groundwater extraction
well.
Entire Site: The USDA completed an investigation into the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. Based on the results of this investigation, the EPA
recommended that the immediate actions described above be continued until
cleanup of soil and groundwater is achieved. Operation and maintenance of the groundwater
treatment system is expected to continue for 6 years.
Environmental Progress
With the groundwater cleanup actions described above underway and new wells providing
drinking water to residences, the potential for accidental contact with contaminated
groundwater or soil has been reduced while cleanup continues.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 7 Superfund Community Relations Office.
March 1992 20 WAVERLY GROUND WATER
CONTAMINATION
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GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-15
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
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GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 1980 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAsJ. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De mini mis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells clowngradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in inking
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangerment
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
fanning, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
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GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (paniculate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
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GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
G-9
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GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the ah' and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
StillbOttom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superfund: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated groundwater, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-containinated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
I Category
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
Threats*
.Heavy Metafs
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Herbicides
Poiycrtfonnated
Creosbfes
Radiatfon
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PGP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources: Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
*U.S. G.P.D.: 1993-341-835:81033
G-15
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