vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102 G)
SUPERFUND:
EPA/540/R-93/027
December 1992
PB93-963228
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
NEW HAMPSHIRE
1992 UPDATE
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Publication #9200.5-7296
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
New Hampshire
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460
U.S. Environmental otection Agency
Chicago. IL 60604-3590
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
-------
INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwater
treatment.
VI
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
viii
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
1 Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
I he site fact sheets presented in this book
M- are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
STATE
EPA ID# ABCOOOOOOO
Site Description
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
Other Names:
: xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx:
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX \
JOCXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX X XXX XXXXXX:
3CXXXX XXX XXx5fte»»JQ
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
xiii
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
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A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
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Jf- Major Cities
• NPL Sites
Superfund Activities in
New Hampshire
The State of New Hampshire is located within EPA Region
1, which includes the six States of New England. The State covers
9,279 square miles. According to the 1990 Census, New Hampshire
experienced a 21 percent increase in population between 1980 and
1990, and is ranked fortieth in U.S. population with approximately
1,109,000 residents.
The New Hampshire Hazardous Waste Laws, enacted in
1981 and most recently amended in 1990, establish the Hazard-
iuth ous Waste Cleanup Fund and provide enforcement authority for
site cleanup. The statute authorizes the State to compel pollut-
ers responsible for site contamination to perform cleanup activi-
ties regardless of fault. The State also may issue subpoenas and criminal
penalties; require site access and information; recover State costs for response
activities; and place a first priority lien on real property, on business revenues generated from the
real property, and on all personal property where the hazardous waste and materials are located.
In addition to the required 10 percent contribution from the State under the Federal Superfund
program, the Fund is used for emergency response, removals, long-term cleanup actions, and
other actions that constitute adequate, safe containment and cleanup, as well as grants to local
governments. Currently, 16 sites in the State of New Hampshire have been listed as final on the
NPL. One new site was proposed for listing in 1992.
The Department of Environmental Services
implements the Superfund Program in the State of New Hampshire
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
New Hampshire include:
Manufacturing
Facilities
Landfills
Other
Federal
Facilities
Metal
Production
and
Electroplating
Operations
Automotive Operations
Storage
and
Disposal
Facilities
Facts about the 17 NPL sites
in New Hampshire:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at 13
sites.
Five sites endanger sensitive environ-
ments.
Sixteen sites are located near residen-
tial areas.
XVII
March 1992
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NEW HAMPSHIRE
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Sediments
Soil
Ground-
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
VOCs
Heavy Metals
PCBs
Acids
Creosotes
Petrochemicals/Explosives
100%
71%
24%
18%
12%
6%
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of New Hampshire, potentially
responsible parties are paying for or conducting
cleanup activities at nine sites.
•Bf
For Further Information on NPL Sites and
Hazardous Waste Programs in the State of New
Hampshire Please Contact:
EPA Region 1 Superfund Community
Relations Section
National Response Center
Department of Environmental
Sciences: Waste Management
Division
EPA Region 1 Superfund Office:
Waste Management Division
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(617)565-2713
(800) 424-8802
(603) 271-2908
(617)573-5707
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
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THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (O) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
^ An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
O A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
O A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^ A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
^ A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
^ A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
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AUBURN ROAD
^__A.
2 miles north of Route 28
LANDFILL __. Londonderry
l_r^l^ik/l IL.L.
Site Description
NEW HAMPSHIRE •----""r\/~l on Auburn Road
EPA ID# NHD980524086
The Auburn Road Landfill in Londonderry is a 200-acre site that consists of four separate
disposal areas: the former Londonderry Town Dump, which operated during the 1960s and
was the disposal site for over 1,000 drums of chemical waste; a tire disposal area, where tires
and demolition debris and several hundred drums of chemical waste were dumped; a solid
waste landfill, the largest disposal area, active until the entire site was closed in early 1980;
and a septage lagoon, which is next to a mound of overflow waste from the tire dump. Most
of the residents in the area depend on bedrock wells for their water supply. The State
ordered the landfill closed early in 1980, after hazardous wastes were identified in soil, and
toxic organics were found in surface water and groundwater. In 1986, the EPA determined
that contaminated groundwater flowed off site toward the drinking water supply wells at the
Whispering Pines Mobile Home Park, and potentially to other private residential wells. The
area surrounding the landfill is residential and commercial, and the 300 homes and 270
mobile homes within a 1-mile radius use groundwater as a primary source of drinking water.
Approximately 1,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. Two unnamed streams drain from
the site and flow into Cohas Brook, which in turn empties into the Merrimack River.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/01/82
Final Date: 09/01/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
inorganic chemicals. The soil also is contaminated with VOCs and inorganics, as
well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides. The fencing of the town
dump, the tire dump, and solid waste areas decreases the likelihood of exposure to
contaminated soils, although the areas adjacent to the fences are used for riding
dirt bikes and horses. Exposure to contaminated groundwater has been eliminated
at the present time because the municipal water supply was extended to local
residents; however, bedrock fractures may promote migration of contaminants into
off-site groundwater and present a potential threat to private wells outside the
area. The site includes large areas of wetlands which are environmentally sensitive.
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in four stages: initial actions and three long-term remedial phases
focusing on providing a water supply, cleaning up the groundwater contamination, and
capping the site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
temporarily relocated 17 families beginning in early 1986. At that time, the EPA
excavated 1,666 drums in three locations and then restored two of the excavated
areas. Drums were consolidated, covered, and sampled prior to their disposal off site. A
24-hour security guard was on duty prior to disposal. The owner fenced the four disposal
areas from 1987 to 1988 and posted warning signs. In 1988, the EPA excavated 360 drums
from the tire dump.
Water Supply Line: In late 1987, the Town of Londonderry extended the
current water service provided by the Manchester Water Works to 17 homes along
Auburn Road and to 260 mobile homes in the Whispering Pines mobile home
village. Nine thousand linear feet of water line were installed. Londonderry constructed and
paid for the water supply line under an agreement with the EPA.
Groundwater: In 1989, the EPA selected cleanup technologies that specified the
collection of contaminated groundwater through a series of shallow and deep
bedrock wells and the use of groundwater collection trenches. Inorganic
contamination is to be removed using chemical precipitation. Groundwater then will be
treated for removal of organic contaminants using a combination of air stripping and, if
necessary, carbon treatment. An engineering design for this remedy currently is underway and
is planned for completion in 1993.
Cap: The EPA specified that a multi-layer cap be placed over the solid waste
area, the town dump area, and the tire dump area to prevent the further spread
of contaminants to the groundwater. A design for the cap currently is underway
and is planned for completion in 1993.
Environmental Progress
The EPA, the FEMA, and the Town of Londonderry have acted to protect area residents
from site contamination by relocating affected populations, erecting a fence to restrict site
access, providing a safe water supply, and removing a large number of drums containing
contaminants. The planned capping will prevent any further spread of contamination as the
groundwater is cleaned up at the Auburn Road Landfill site.
March 1992 2 AUBURN ROAD LANDFILL
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Site Repository
Leach Library, 276 Mamouth Road, Londonderry, NH 03053
AUBURN ROAD LANDFILL
March 1992
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COAKLEY LANDF
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD064424153
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Greenland and North Hampton
Site Description
The Coakley Landfill site is a 92-acre parcel of land within the towns of Greenland and
North Hampton, and is owned and operated by several municipalities. The landfill area
encompasses 27 acres in the southern portion of the site. The site accepted municipal and
industrial wastes from the Portsmouth area between 1972 and 1982 and incinerator residue
from the Incineration Recovery Plant Refuse to Energy Project between 1982 and 1985. The
primary source of contamination is the landfill itself. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
metals are the predominant contaminants found. On- and off-site surface water and
groundwater are contaminated. The site is located on a groundwater/surface water divide, and
residential wells to the south, southeast, and northeast of the landfill are contaminated with
low levels of VOCs. Public water service has been extended to the areas with contaminated
wells by local communities. Approximately 79,300 people are served by wells within 3 miles of
the site. There also are several small commercial facilities, motels, and restaurants nearby.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/01/84
Final Date: 06/01/86
Threats and Contaminants
I\
On-site groundwater is contaminated with arsenic, phenol, and methyl ethyl
ketones; off-site groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals including arsenic,
chromium, and lead and VOCs including benzene and methyl ethyl ketones.
On-site sediments are contaminated with arsenic and lead. Stream sediments
contain contamination from arsenic and VOCs. Leachate contamination at the site
includes VOCs, tetrahydrofuran, and ketones. Potential use of groundwater as a
water supply is the main threat to human health.
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: initial actions and two long-term remedial phases
focusing on source control and cleanup of off-site groundwater.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1989, North Hampton extended a municipal water line to
residents who had been supplied by 13 private wells that were contaminated with
VOCs. The State set up an early warning system to detect well contamination in
the entire area. Most area residents now have uncontaminated water.
Source Control: An investigation was conducted by the State from 1986 to
1987. The goals of the field work were to characterize the hydrogeologic
conditions at the site, including an estimate of the total area of the landfill and
soil deposits, hydraulic properties of bedrock and selected surface streams, and to identify
pathways for contaminant migration from the site. The State completed the study in 1990.
Based on the results of the study, a cleanup remedy was selected, which includes
consolidating approximately 2,000 cubic yards of wetland sediments; consolidating
approximately 30,000 cubic yards of on-site solid waste; fencing and capping the landfill;
collecting and treating landfill gases by thermal destruction; extracting groundwater and
treating it with a combination of chemical, biological, and physical processes; and long-term
monitoring and institutional controls. Design of these remedies is expected to begin in late
1992.
Off-site Groundwater: The EPA began a study in 1990 on the migration of
contaminants into off-site groundwater and the ecological effects of the site
contamination. This study is scheduled for completion in early 1994.
Site Facts: The State issued a Consent Order requiring the owner to accept only incinerator
ash from the Refuse to Energy Project in 1983. As of February 1990, notices have been sent
to 60 parties potentially responsible for the site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate drinking water source has reduced the potential for exposure to
contamination, making the Coakley Landfill safer while it awaits further cleanup activity.
Site Repository
North Hampton Public Library, 235 Atlantic Avenue, North Hampton, NH 03862
COAKLEY LANDFILL
March 1992
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DOVER MUNICIPAL
LANDFILL
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPAID#NHD980520191
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Stratford County
In Mallego Plains section of Dover
The Dover Municipal Landfill is a 55-acre inactive landfill located on Tolend Road in the
Mallego Plains section, in the western corner of Dover. Owned and operated by the City
since 1960, the landfill initially accepted domestic refuse from Dover, but by the 1960s, it
took in drums and loose trash from both Dover and Madbury. Buried materials include
leather-tanning wastes, organic solvents, municipal trash, and sludge from the Dover
wastewater plant. It is believed that drums were no longer accepted after 1975. In 1977, the
State installed monitoring wells around the area and found that organic solvents were
entering groundwater, posing a potential threat to public water supplies for Dover and
Portsmouth. The State and the Dover City Council closed the landfill in 1980. The site is in a
residential area; the nearest home is 100 yards to the southeast. A nursing home is 2,500 feet
away, and a prison and work farm are located nearby. There are 50 homes within 1 mile of
the landfill, and the surrounding area is used for hunting and berry picking. Two water
supplies are at risk, but currently are not contaminated: the Calderwood municipal well, 1/2
mile north, which supplies 20 percent of Dover's water; and Bellamy Reservoir, 1/3 mile
south, which supplies Portsmouth, Newington, New Castle, Greenland, and portions of Rye,
Madbury, and Durham. Leachate from the landfill is entering the Cocheco River, 400 feet
away from the site at the closest point. Wetlands also exist near the site.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
of Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/01/82
Final Date: 09/01/83
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
ZE
Air is polluted with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have been detected
above background levels near leachate streams on the site. The groundwater is
contaminated with VOCs, acid and base/neutral extractable organic compounds,
and heavy metals. Two residential wells have been contaminated with organics
from the site; however, water currently is not being consumed from them.
Sediments are contaminated with heavy metals including arsenic, chromium, and
lead. Soil contamination includes polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) off site and
heavy metals, including arsenic, chromium, and lead both on and off site. The
Cocheco River receives leachate; VOCs have also been detected in the surface
water. People on or near the site could be exposed to contaminants that have
evaporated into the air. People using the site for recreational purposes could come
in direct contact with, accidentally ingest, or inhale contaminated dust. Drinking
contaminated groundwater and swimming or wading in the contaminated Cocheco
River also could expose people to harmful chemicals. Nearby wetlands are
potentially threatened by site contamination.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase aimed at cleanup of
contamination at the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1984, the State began a study of the site to assess the nature and
extent of contamination. The parties potentially responsible for the site
contamination assumed responsibility for the study and strategies, the EPA
selected a final cleanup remedy for the site in 1991. Remedies include recontouring, capping,
treating leachate, extracting and treating the southern plume of contaminated groundwater,
and allowing natural attenuation of the eastern plume. Design activities are scheduled to
begin in mid-1992.
Site Facts: The State and City Council closed the landfill in 1980. The EPA and the
potentially responsible parties entered into an Administrative Agreement to complete a
feasibility study of site cleanup strategies.
Environmental Progress
Following the listing of this site on the NPL, the EPA determined that the Dover Municipal
Landfill site currently poses no immediate threat to public health or the environment while
final remedies are being planned.
DOVER MUNICIPAL LANDFILL 7 March 1992
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Site Repository
Dover Public Library, Carnegie Building, 73 Locust Street, Dover, NH, 03820
March 1992
DOVER MUNICIPAL LANDFILL
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FLETCHER'S P
WORKS & STO
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID#NHD001079649
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Hillsborough County
21 Elm Street in Milford
Other Names:
Fletcher Paint on Elm Street
Fletcher Storage Facility
on Mill Street
This 2-acre site consists of two neighboring lots owned by Fletcher's Paint Works: a
manufacturing plant/retail outlet on Elm Street and a storage area 700 feet south on Mill
Street. Fletcher's Paint Works has manufactured and sold paints and stains for residential use
at its plant since 1949. Bulk paint pigments are stored at the warehouse. The owner stored
several hundred drums behind the plant, and naphtha and mineral spirits are stored in
unlined underground tanks. Contaminants from the storage facility were found in a drainage
ditch on the adjoining Hampshire Paper Co. property; this ditch was made a part of the site.
The State inspected the facility in 1982 in response to a complaint and found 800 drums of
alkyd resins and 21 drums of solvent. Leaking and open drums, as well as stained soil, were
observed. An EPA investigation of the site was prompted by discovery of contamination of
the adjacent Keyes municipal water supply well. Drums were removed from the Elm Street
facility, and a synthetic liner and clean fill have been placed over the high levels of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the Mill Street and Elm Street locations. The site is
situated in a densely populated residential/commercial area approximately 1/4 mile from the
downtown area. Approximately 11,400 people within 3 miles obtain drinking water from public
and private wells. There are three schools within 1/2 mile of the site. The site is adjacent to
and upgradient from the Souhegan River, which is used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/21/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Air contaminants consist of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Bagged asbestos
is being stored on the site and the drummed wastes are contaminated with VOCs,
base/neutral solids and liquids, and PCB liquids. Sediments from the Souhegan
River, upgradient and adjacent to the site, and surface waters contain VOC
contaminants, including benzene and toluene, as well as heavy metals including
nickel and lead, and PCBs. Soil contamination consists of VOCs, heavy metals
such as barium, lead, and nickel and PCBs in on-site soils, as well as organic
solvents. The plant is easily accessible and is adjacent to a road leading to a
popular recreation area. People on or near the site could risk exposure to
contaminants by accidentally ingesting, coming into direct contact with, or inhaling
chemicals in the air, water, soil, or sediments.
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term remedial
phase, with major attention being given to the soil and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: The EPA mounted an emergency removal effort at the site in
1988. Twelve bags of asbestos were contained and sent to an EPA approved
landfill. Soil and air samples were taken. Air monitoring was conducted regularly
during the cleanup activities. The EPA lined the surface of the PCB-contaminated lot with a
synthetic liner, covered it with 6 to 8 inches of gravel, and topped it with 1 1/2 inches of stone
dust. Safe drummed materials were left on site, but hazardous ones were numbered and
consolidated, packed in new containers, and sent to a federally approved landfill. In 1991, a
large portion of the Elm Street facility was made secure by fencing while inside the facility
containers of lab chemicals were retrieved.
Soil and Groundwater: The EPA is conducting an intensive study of soil and
groundwater contamination at the site and will recommend cleanup strategies. The
investigation is expected to be completed in 1993, and a final remedy selection will
be made at that time.
Environmental Progress
With the cleanup actions described above, the EPA has greatly reduced the potential for
accidental soil and dust exposure at both Fletcher Paint Works & Storage locations. Upon
completion of the soil and groundwater cleanup, contamination levels will be reduced to meet
established health and ecological standards for the site.
Site Repository
Wadleigh Memorial Library, 49 Nashual Street, Milford, NH 03055
March 1992 10 FLETCHER'S PAINT WORKS & STORAGE
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KEARSARGE
METALLURGICAL
CORP.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD062002001
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Caroll County
Conway
Precision stainless castings were manufactured on this 9-acre site from 1964 until Kearsarge
Metallurgical Corporation went out of business in 1982. Of the 9 acres, Kearsarge owned 5;
the 4 remaining acres have different ownership but are included within the site boundaries.
The wastes produced from the processes of making the casts (casting, cleaning, finishing, and
pickling) initially were disposed of on site. During the 1970s and 1980s some of these wastes
were drummed and stored on site. A large, 8-foot-high pile of approximately 4,250 cubic yards
of solid wastes is located behind a foundry building is surrounded by a chain link fence. This
waste pile contains ceramic sand, scrap metal, rusted drums, and various other refuse from
foundry operations and extends across the Kearsarge property line. The waste pile is
surrounded by a chain link fence. A smaller pile of approximately 400 cubic yards of solid
wastes is also located on the site. The closest drinking water wells are two wells that supply
water for the municipality and a water supply well for the residential area across the
Pequawket Pond. The municipal wells are approximately 3,000 feet north of the site and
supply most of the water to the area. Pequawket Pond marks the southern boundary of the
site and is used for recreational purposes. Approximately 8,100 people live within 3 miles of
the site, and 2,700 people within 3 miles of the site use groundwater in the area for drinking
purposes.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/01/83
Final Date: 09/01/84
11
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
LI
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including trichloroethane. Sediment samples taken from Pequawket Pond indicated
the presence of some heavy metals. The soils in the woodlands area east of the
site and in the drainage way area are contaminated with low levels of VOCs,
primarily trichloroethane. Samples taken from Pequawket Pond indicate the
presence of heavy metals including chromium, copper, and nickel. VOCs were
detected in off-site surface water, primarily in the swampy area to the east of the
site and the catch basins. There is a potential for exposure to VOCs by inhalation
and ingestion of the dusts and dirt from the site. The potential exists for exposure
to contaminants from the sediments and surface water in the swamp and drainage
area, soils, the waste pile, and contaminated groundwater. The town's drinking
water supply has not been shown to be contaminated; however, the possibility
exists that the site may contribute groundwater to the municipal wells during
periods of low recharge and high pumping rates. Residents have the potential for
exposure through contact with the contaminated soils and surface water in the
swamp areas east of the site and with the soils in the waste pile.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being cleaned up in three stages: initial actions and two long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of the waste pile and the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: The site owner arranged for the removal of 300 drums from the
site. In addition, 23 monitoring and observation wells were installed. The wells
supplemented the eight monitoring wells previously installed by the State of New
Hampshire. Seventeen test pits were excavated and solid waste samples were collected from
drums. Three rounds of groundwater samples were also collected. Surface water and sediment
samples were collected from the Pequawket Pond. In 1991, six additional drums and two pails
of hazardous materials were removed from the site.
Waste Pile: Based on investigations by the state completed in 1990, the waste
pile was surrounded by a chain link fence to secure the area. The site is
undergoing further sampling of the contaminated waste prior to the start of
cleanup. Cleanup actions are expected to begin in late 1992.
March 1992 12 KEARSARGE METALLURGICAL CORP.
-------
Entire Site: Based on investigations performed by the State of New Hampshire,
the following remedy was selected: the removal of a septic tank and contents to
an off-site incinerator for thermal destruction, excavation of approximately 250
cubic yards of contaminated leaching field soils, and excavation and off-site disposal of
materials in the two waste piles. To control migration of contaminated groundwater,
groundwater will be extracted and treated in a clarifier to remove heavy metals, then by air
stripping to remove VOCs, followed by carbon adsorption of the airborne contaminants.
Long-term monitoring of groundwater, soil, sediments, and surface water will be implemented
to ensure the effectiveness of the remedy. The design for this remedy started in late 1991.
Site Facts: The State of New Hampshire filed a Civil Action in the Superior Court of
Carroll County in 1983, asking for civil penalties for disposal of hazardous waste and ordering
the owner to conduct a hydrogeological study.
Environmental Progress
The initial cleanup actions to remove contaminated drums and soil have greatly reduced the
potential of exposure to hazardous substances, making the Kearsarge Metallurgical Corp. site
safer while it awaits final cleanup activities.
Site Repository
Conway Public Library, Main Street, Conway, NH 03813
KEARSARGE METALLURGICAL CORP.
13
March 1992
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KEEFE /"I EPA REGION
/x. / Rockingham County
ENVIRONMENTAL;^^
SERVICES \%^2wV1 othe™
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPAID# NHD092059112
Site Description
The Keefe Environmental Services site, covering 7 acres in Rockingham County, was
operated as a chemical waste storage facility from 1978 until 1981, when the company filed
for bankruptcy. Waste storage containers that were present on site at that time included
4,100 drums, four 5,000-gallon and four 10,000-gallon aboveground storage tanks, and a
700,000-gallon synthetically lined lagoon. Solvents, acids, caustics, heavy metals, paint sludges,
waste oils, and organic chemicals were disposed at the site. Soil and groundwater on and off
site have been contaminated. The site is located in a State-protected watershed with wetland
areas draining to the Piscassic River. The site is located in a semi-rural area. There are
approximately 12 houses, with a population of 30 people, located along Exeter Road, south of
the site. The groundwater aquifer is used as a water supply for ten residences located nearby
and is the major source of drinking water for approximately 2,000 people within a 3-mile
radius of the site. The Town of New Market has a water supply intake on the Piscassic River
7 miles downstream from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions. Final Date. Q9/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater at the site and off-site surface water are contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethane and benzene. Soils
adjacent to the lagoon also were contaminated. The health threats to workers or
others nearby consist of drinking the contaminated water or coming in direct
contact with hazardous wastes left on the site.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed up in three stages: initial actions to control site contamination and
two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the lagoon and the groundwater.
14 March 1992
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Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1981, when the site operations ceased, the EPA declared an
emergency at the site after determining that the waste lagoon was about to
overflow. The EPA and the State initiated emergency actions that included
drawing down the lagoon to lessen the threat of a spill. In continuing emergency actions
during 1983 and 1984, the EPA and the State removed more than 4,000 drums, four
5,000-gallon aboveground tanks, and four 10,000-gallon aboveground tanks of hazardous
waste.
Lagoon: The actions for cleanup of the lagoon included removal of the contents
of the lagoon, lagoon liner, and the highly contaminated soil adjacent to the
lagoon for disposal at a regulated facility. These cleanup activities were completed
in 1984.
Groundwater: The cleanup activities chosen by the EPA for the groundwater
include treatment by pumping the contaminated groundwater, filtering volatile
contaminants by exposing the groundwater to air, and containing the airborne
chemicals by carbon adsorption. Treated groundwater will be discharged to a groundwater
recharge area adjacent to the wetland along the site border. The State completed the
technical specifications and design for the selected remedy. Construction of the groundwater
treatment facility began in 1990. Construction and operation and maintenance will be
accomplished by the State. The cleanup action is scheduled to be complete in late 1993.
Site Facts: A Consent Agreement was entered into with 119 settling potentially responsible
parties in 1986. The EPA filed suit against the non-settling parties in 1989. A Unilateral
Administrative Order (UAO) was issued in 1990. In late 1991, the State took over the
cleanup of the site from the potentially responsible parties.
Environmental Progress
The health risks and environmental threats posed by the hazardous materials at the Keefe
Environmental Services site are being reduced as the cleanup work progresses. All direct
contact threats from contaminated soil have been eliminated.
Site Repository
Harvey-Mitchell Memorial Library, 52 Main Street, Epping, NH 03042
KEEFE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
15
March 1992
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MOTTOLO PIG F
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD980503361
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Off Blueberry Hill Road in Raymond
Other Names:
Raymond Hazardous Waste Site
The 50-acre Mottolo Pig Farm site is an abandoned pig farm located in an undeveloped
wooded area. From 1975 to 1979, Richard Mottolo, the owner of the property, disposed of
chemical manufacturing wastes from two companies in a 1/4-acre fill area adjacent to the
piggery buildings. During this 4-year period, over 1,600 drums and pails of wastes, including
organic compounds such as toluene, xylene, and methyl ethyl ketone, were disposed of at the
site. State studies showed that groundwater beneath the site was contaminated and that
contaminants were seeping into a brook that empties into the Exeter River. The Exeter River
is a drinking water supply for the nearby communities of Exeter, Hampton, and Stratham. An
estimated 1,600 people depend on groundwater within 3 miles of the site as a source of
drinking water. There are approximately 200 single family residences within 1 mile of the site,
with the nearest residence located approximately 150 yards from the source area. Residential
areas border the site property on three sides.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/01/85
Final Date: 07/01/87
Threats and Contaminants
Specific contaminants detected in groundwater include volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and heavy metals such as iron, manganese, arsenic, and zinc.
Contaminated leachate from the site seeps into an adjacent brook. A small area of
on-site soils contains VOCs. Threats to public health include drinking
contaminated groundwater, coming in direct contact with or accidentally ingesting
contaminated surface water or soils, and inhaling contaminated dusts.
16
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed up in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1980, under authority of the Clean Water Act, the EPA used
emergency funds to excavate and store drums on site. From 1981 to 1982, the
EPA removed drums and pails from the site along with 160 tons of contaminated
soil, preventing further contamination of the soil and groundwater. EPA actions also included
limiting site access, sampling and analyzing, strengthening berms, overpacking containers, and
removing and disposing of materials. The EPA excavated observation pits to determine if
surface water diversion was feasible.
Entire Site: Based on studies performed by the parties potentially responsible for
contamination at the site, the EPA selected groundwater, surface water, and soil
cleanup alternatives. The remedy selected includes installing a groundwater
interceptor trench, sealing the ground surface in both the former drum disposal area and the
southern boundary area with temporary caps, and installing and operating a vacuum
extraction system to remove air and vapor phase VOCs from the soil gas. Groundwater will
clean itself naturally after the sources of contamination are removed. Additional measures
include installation of a security fence to limit access to contaminated areas, continued
monitoring of groundwater and surface water, and institutional controls, which will restrict the
use of contaminated groundwater and prevent disturbance of cleanup activities. Design of the
cleanup remedies began in early 1992.
Site Facts: In 1988, the EPA and the K.J. Quinn Company signed an Administrative
Consent Order, in which the company agreed to perform an investigation of the site under
EPA monitoring. K.J. Quinn is one of several parties potentially responsible for
contamination problems originating at the site.
Environmental Progress
Initial actions to limit access to the site and to remove contaminated drums and soil have
reduced all direct contact threats from contaminated soil while the Mottolo Pig Farm site
awaits final cleanup actions.
Site Repository
Dudley-Tucker Library, 6 Epping Street, Raymond, NH 03077
MOTTOLO PIG FARM 17 March 1992
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NEW HAMPS
PLATING CO
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPAID# NHD001091453
EPA REGION 1
Hillsborough County
icated on Wright Avenue in Merrimack
Site Description
From 1962 to 1985 the New Hampshire Plating Co. (NHPC), more than 13 acres in size,
conducted electroplating operations. Four natural lagoons located on site were used for
disposal of wastes and waste waters resulting from the electroplating operations. These
lagoons were unlined and had no leachate detection or collection system. Because of the
nature of operations on site, NHPC declared itself a hazardous waste disposal facility under
Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1980. In 1982, the
EPA and the New Hampshire Division of Environmental Services (NH DES) cited NHPC as
having violated several RCRA requirements. A Notice of Violations and Order of Abatement
were issued to NHPC by NH DES as a result. In 1983, a suit was filed against NHPC and
decided in favor of NH DES. Operations at NHPC ceased in 1985 due to NHPC's financial
inability to meet compliance standards and continue hydrogeologic investigations at the site.
In 1987, the lagoon system underwent treatment, contaminated debris on site was removed,
and the NHPC building was given a superficial cleaning. In 1990, contaminated sludge and
soil at the property were solidified by EPA workers. These cleanup activities were performed
by a contractor brought in by NH DES. Wells within 4 miles of the site are a drinking water
source for an estimated 39,000 people; the closest of these wells is within a mile of the site.
Groundwater below the site is shallow, flowing eastward to the Merrimack River and
southward to Horseshoe Pond, both of which are within 1,000 feet of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/29/91
Threats and Contaminants
Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in the lagoon system
through on-site monitoring wells. On-site soil, sludge, debris, drums, and plating
tank liquids also were contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals.
18
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and one long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of contamination at the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Cleanup activities that took place in 1987 included
treatment of the lagoon system with lime and a sodium hypochlorite solution;
removal of debris, drums, and plating tank liquids; and, a superficial cleaning of
the NHPC building. From 1990 to 1991, the EPA removed, solidified, and consolidated
sludges and soils from the three lagoons. To secure and restrict access to the site, a fence was
built.
Entire Site: The EPA plans to conduct an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the site. Following the investigation, scheduled to start
in late 1992, alternatives for final cleanup will be recommended.
Site Facts: This site is being proposed for listing on the NPL because the owner, NHPC, is
unable to pay for cleanup activities. CERCLA/RCRA policy states that a site can be placed
on the NPL if the owner demonstrates the inability to finance site cleanup activities.
Environmental Progress
Immediate actions such as treating the lagoon system, and removing contaminated debris, and
fencing in the New Hampshire Plating Co. site have reduced the risk posed to the safety and
health of nearby residents and workers while final cleanup remedies are being investigated.
Site Repository
Not established.
NEW HAMPSHIRE PLATING CO. 19 March 1992
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OTTATI & GOSS/
KINGSTON
STEEL DRUM
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD990717647
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Kingston
Other Names:
Kingston Steel Drum/
CRT Lakes Container
The Ottati & Goss/Kingston Steel Drum site, situated on 35 acres, contains a 1-acre parcel in
the southwestern portion that was leased and known as the Ottati & Goss (O&G) site and a
6-acre Great Lakes Container Corporation (GLCC) site consisting of a rectangular parcel
bordered on the east by Route 125. From the late 1950s through 1967, Conway Barrel &
Drum Company (CBD) owned the site and performed drum reconditioning operations on the
parcel of land later owned by the Great Lakes Container Corporation. The reconditioning
operations included caustic rinsing of drums and disposal of the rinse water in a dry well near
South Brook. Kingston Steel Drum, the operator of the facility from 1967, continued the
same operations as GLCC through 1973. South Brook and Country Pond became polluted, so
CBD established leaching pits in an area removed from South Brook. The State's Water
Supply and Pollution Control Commission reported on-site runoff and seepage from the
leaching pits draining into South Brook and eventually into Country Pond, where fish kills
occurred. Vegetation along South Brook died and swimmers experienced skin irritation. In
1973, International Mineral & Chemical Corporation (IMC), purchased the drum and
reconditioning plant and operated it until 1976. In 1978, heavy sludges from the wash tank
and from drainings, as well as residues from incinerator operations, were brought to the
O&G site for processing. After O&G operations ceased in 1979, the New Hampshire Bureau
of Solid Waste Management ordered the owners and operators not to restart operations and
to remove approximately 4,400 drums that were at various stages of deterioration and were
spilling organic compounds onto the ground. Approximately 450 people live within a 1-mile
radius of the site. Most of these residents rely on bedrock wells for their water supply. An
estimated 4,500 people live within 3 miles of the site. A marshy area lies downgradient of the
site. The Powwow River and Country Pond, located nearby, are used for swimming and
fishing.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/01/81
Final Date: 09/01/83
20
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, surface water, and soils are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). The on-site soil also contains polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), metals, and acids and base/neutral compounds. Sampling conducted in
1989 indicated no current public threat was likely at the site; however, there is a
potential for future threat due to contaminated groundwater off site. The
overburden and bedrock aquifers are contaminated, but residential water supply
wells show no contamination. Some PCBs have migrated into South Brook;
however, no PCBs have been detected in the marsh or Country Pond water or
sediments. Adjacent marshland is considered an environmentally sensitive area and
could become contaminated.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in five stages: initial actions and four long-term remedial phases
concentrating on soil excavation, groundwater cleanup at two separate areas, and soil
cleanup.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Beginning in 1980, several actions were taken: the site was
secured by fencing, leaking drums were packed and removed, and contaminated
soils and debris were removed. About 12,800 tons of soil, drums, and metals were
removed, plus 101,700 tons of flammable sludge, 6,000 cubic yards of flammable liquid, and
other materials.
Soil Excavation: Based on the results of the site investigation conducted by the
EPA, the selected remedy was to excavate and treat the contaminated soil on the
O&G portion of the site. The parties potentially responsible for the site
contamination excavated approximately 4,700 cubic yards of contaminated soil and sediments,
which were treated by low temperature thermal aeration. The remedial action was completed
in 1989.
Kingston Steel Groundwater Treatment: Extraction and treatment of
contaminated groundwater, with eventual discharge of treated groundwater, is
planned for the cleanup of the Kingston Steel groundwater. One of the
potentially responsible parties is designing the groundwater extraction and treatment system.
Design of this system is expected to be completed in 1994, with cleanup work to commence
shortly thereafter.
Ottati & Goss Groundwater Remediation: Based on the results of the site
investigation, the EPA has selected extraction and treatment of contaminated
O&G groundwater with the eventual discharge of treated groundwater on the
site. Design of the cleanup remedy is expected to be completed in early 1994.
OTTATI & GOSS/ KINGSTON STEEL DRUM 21 March 1992
-------
Kingston Steel Soil Remediation: The EPA-selected cleanup at the Kingston
Steel area and the remainder of the site is similar to soil excavations and cleanups
previously performed at the site and also includes cleanup of adjacent stream
sediment. Cleanup actions are scheduled to begin in early 1993.
Site Facts: The Justice Department, on behalf of the EPA, brought a civil action suit
against several potentially responsible parties in 1980. The court found the defendants liable
for contamination on and off site. The EPA settled with a group of potentially responsible
parties during the trial and they, under a Consent Decree, have completed the soil remedy on
the O&G portion of the site.
Environmental Progress
Although some direct contact threats remain, the EPA has determined that the removal of
contaminated soils and sediments has greatly reduced the potential for exposure to
contamination at the Ottati & Goss/Kingston Steel Drum site. These completed actions and
other site cleanup activities will continue to reduce site contamination levels, making the site
safer as it approaches final cleanup.
Site Repository
Kingston Public Library, Main Street, Kingston, NH 03848
March 1992
22
OTTATI & GOSS/ KINGSTON STEEL DRUM
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PEASE AIR FORC
BASE
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NH7570024847
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Portsmouth, Newington, and Greenland
The Pease Air Force Base site maintained aircraft from the 1950s on a 4,365-acre parcel of
land until 1991 when the base closed. A 1990 document identified 22 waste disposal areas on
the base, 13 of which received hazardous wastes including organic solvents, pesticides, paint
strippers, and other industrial wastes. Of these disposal areas, six were used as landfills, two
were areas where waste oil and solvents were burned for firefighting exercises, and four were
areas where solvents and other liquid wastes were discharged. All hazardous wastes generated
on the base now are disposed of off site at EPA-regulated facilities. In 1977, a well supplying
drinking water to 8,700 people on the base was found to be contaminated and was closed. In
1984, the Air Force installed an aeration system to remove contaminants from all water
supply wells. Surface water and sediments are contaminated by runoff from one of the
landfills. An estimated 30,000 people obtain drinking water from public and private wells that
are within 3 miles of hazardous substances on the base. Shellfish are harvested from Great
Bay and Little Bay, which are within 3 miles downstream of the base. The bays also are used
for recreational activities. Because the bays and Piscataqua River are connected to the
Atlantic Ocean, tides may move any contamination into the ocean. The base abuts Great
Bay, which is a tidal estuary. Both coastal and freshwater wetlands are along surface water
migration pathways from the disposal areas.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). Sediments of
three drainage ditches are contaminated with fuel oils and heavy metals including
lead and zinc. The soil is contaminated with organic solvents and fuel oils. People
who live on the base may be threatened by accidentally ingesting contaminated
groundwater, sediments, or soil. Some disposal areas on the base are not fenced,
making it possible for people and animals to come into direct contact with
hazardous substances. In addition, eating contaminated fish or waterfowl poses a
potential health threat. A nearby estuary and coastal freshwater wetlands could be
affected by contamination. Potential threats also exist for the bald eagles that nest
in the area.
23
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in five stages: initial actions and four long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of the landfill, fire training area; Buildings 113, 119, and 222; and the
remaining locations categorized by zones.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Since beginning site studies, the Air Force has removed 50
drums from the landfill 5 area and has removed contaminated soil and installed a
groundwater pre-treatment system in five training areas to begin reducing levels
of contamination. Similar soil removals and treatment systems are reducing contamination at
Buildings 113, 119, and 122.
Landfill 5: The Air Force is conducting an investigation into the contamination of
several landfills at the site. The investigation, which is expected to be completed in
1993, will recommend alternatives for the final cleanup.
Fire Training Area: The Air Force has also started an investigation into the
contamination of the main fire training area. The investigation, expected to be
completed in 1993, will define the contaminants at this area and will recommend
alternatives for the final cleanup.
Buildings 113, 119, and 222: The Air Force began conducting an investigation
into contamination from TCE and petroleum product releases at several buildings
on site. The investigation, scheduled to be completed in 1992, will define the
contaminants at the site and will recommend alternatives for the final cleanup.
Remaining Areas: The Air Force is conducting an investigation to identify any
remaining areas of contamination at the site. These remaining locations,
categorized by zones, are undergoing final stages of investigation prior to finalizing
cleanup remedies.
Site Facts: The EPA issued a Special Notice Letter to the Air Force in 1989 to initiate an
Interagency Agreement (IAG) negotiation among the EPA, the Air Force, and the State of
New Hampshire. In 1990, the Air Force signed an IAG with the EPA and the State outlining
cleanup responsibilities at the site. The Pease Air Force Base is participating in the
Installation Restoration Program, a specially funded program by the Department of Defense
(DOD). The Pease Air Force Base closed in early 1991 and is now in the process of being
transferred by the Air Force to the State. The Air Force will continue its program to clean
up the entire Base.
March 1992 24 PEASE AIR FORCE BASE
-------
Environmental Progress
The removal of drums and contaminated soils is making the Pease Air Force Base site safer
while investigations leading to cleanup actions are underway.
Site Repository
Portsmouth Public Library, 8 Islington Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801
PEASE AIR FORCE BASE
25
March 1992
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SAVAGE MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPL
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD980671002
EPA REGION 1
Hillsborough County
2 miles west of Milford
Other Names:
Milford Well and Trailer Park
Site Description
The Savage Municipal Water Supply site covers about 30 acres west of the center of Milford
and consists of a municipal well and the underlying aquifer, a water-bearing layer of rock and
gravel from which the Town of Milford gets its water The Savage Municipal Well operated
from 1960 to 1983, during which time it supplied 40 percent to 45 percent of Milford's water
The remainder of the water came from the Keyes and Kokko Wells During Savage's years of
operation, several metal industries opened plants near the well, along the Souhegan River
Investigations at the site began in 1983, as part of a State-wide water sampling program
Sampling detected contamination, and the well was closed Following the closing of the well,
the State began investigations to locate the source of contaminants, which also were present
in water samples taken at nearby industries The land surrounding the Savage Municipal Well
is planted with feed corn intended for silage A stream that receives discharge from two
industries, Hendrix Wire and Cable and Hitchner Manufacturing, flows through the farmland
prior to discharging to the Souhegan River Hitchner Manufacturing has purchased the well
from the Town of Milford
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/01/83
Final Date: 09/01/84
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
including tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride,
and heavy metals, including lead, chromium, and mercury The soil is contaminated
with VOCs The stream on site is contaminated with VOCs and lead Trespassers
who come in direct contact with or accidentally ingest contaminated groundwater
are potentially at risk
26
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1983, the EPA provided bottled water to the 75
residents of the Milford Mobile Home Park affected by contaminated well water
and then connected the park to the municipal water supply
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for the site contamination
conducted an investigation into the nature and extent of the contamination at the
site The cleanup remedy was selected in 1991 and entails the construction and
installation of a pump and treatment facility for groundwater Treated water will be discharged
on site into the Souhegan River and its tributaries The design of the facility is expected to
begin in mid-1994
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and the parties potentially responsible for the contamination
of the site signed a Consent Order to conduct an investigation at the site
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate drinking water source has reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous materials at the Savage Municipal Water supply site while design of the
groundwater pump and treatment facility is underway
Site Repository
Wadleigh Memorial Library, 21 Nashua Street, Milford, NH 03055
SAVAGE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY 27 March 1992
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SOMERSWORTH „ f\ E™ REGION 1
/V^x, / Strafford County
QAM IT A D Y IAN D * * * **^ 1 mile southwest of Somersworth
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD980520225
Site Description
The Somersworth Sanitary Landfill is located on 26 acres of land approximately 1 mile
southwest of downtown Somersworth. The City operated a disposal site on the property from
the mid-1930s until 1981. Originally, the City burned residential, commercial, and industrial
wastes at the site. In 1958, the dump was converted to a landfill. Unknown quantities of
sludges, solvents, acids, dyes, metals, laboratory or pharmaceutical wastes, and potash were
disposed of at this site. In 1981, four groundwater monitoring wells installed as part of site
closure plan activities indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic
contaminants were present. The landfill is located in a predominantly residential area of
Somersworth. Forest Glade Park, which was reclaimed as a recreational park in 1978, sits
atop the easternmost 10 acres of the site. An apartment building for senior citizens, a fire
station, and a National Guard Armory abut the property to the east, and an elementary
school is located approximately 2,300 feet northeast. Approximately 11,000 people live in
Somersworth. The former Somersworth Municipal Supply Well #3 was located approximately
2,300 feet from the landfill. This well was closed and dismantled because of historically high
levels of iron and manganese. Previously, the well supplied approximately 10 percent of the
City's total water supply and was used during peak periods. Most of the residences in the
area obtain drinking water from the Somersworth municipal supply system; however, there
are at least seven private wells in the area. Peter's Marsh Brook, located adjacent to the
western edge of the landfill, is a tributary of Tate's Brook, which, in turn, is a tributary of the
Salmon Falls River. Both the City of Somersworth and the City of Berwick, Maine, withdraw
water from the river for their drinking water supplies. Water intakes are located
approximately 1 1/2 miles from the landfill.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through NPL LISTING HISTORY
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
28 March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with VOCs. Sediments are contaminated with
xylenes and heavy metals including arsenic, chromium, and lead. The on-site soil is
contaminated with VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy
metals. Peter's Marsh Brook and Tate's Brook have been shown to contain VOCs
and heavy metals including arsenic and mercury. There is a short fence restricting
access to the landfill from the park. Peter's Marsh Brook is considered to be the
primary receptor of groundwater contamination. If private water supply wells were
installed or reopened in this area or near Peter's Marsh Brook, long-term exposure
to contaminated drinking water would pose health risks.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for the site contamination
currently are conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. The investigation will define the contaminants of
concern and will evaluate alternatives for the final cleanup. The investigation is planned to be
completed in 1992.
Site Facts: The EPA entered into a Consent Agreement, requiring the parties potentially
responsible for contamination at the site to conduct a study of site contamination. The
settling parties also have agreed to pay past State and Federal costs for the site and future
oversight costs, as well.
Environmental Progress
Following listing of the Somersworth Sanitary Landfill site on the NPL, the EPA determined
that the site contamination does not pose an immediate threat to public health or the
environment. Currently, no actions are needed to make the site safer while final cleanup
actions are being investigated.
Site Repository
Somersworth Public Library, 27 Main Street, Somersworth, NH 03878
SOMERSWORTH SANITARY LANDFILL 29 March 1992
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SOUTH MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLY
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPAID#NHD980671069
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Hillsborough County
Sharon Road, 2 miles south of
Peterborough
The South Municipal Water Supply Well site covers 250 acres in a rural portion of the
Contoocook River Valley. The well was installed in 1952 and provided water to the Town of
Peterborough for nearly 30 years. The well served approximately 4,600 people. In 1982, the
State conducted a routine sampling of the water supply and found contaminants in the South
Well, at which time it was shut down. The source of the contamination was thought to be the
New Hampshire Ball Bearings (NHBB) facility, located 1,200 feet west of the well, which has
manufactured precision ball bearings at the site since 1946. In 1955, the company purchased
the 24 acres it now occupies. Major source areas include discharges from three drainage
outfalls, an inactive leachfield, and drainage from a tank truck used to haul waste from the
facility. A brook 200 feet from the plant drains into a wetland area and Noone Pond before
emptying into the Contoocook River. Discharges to the leachfield and sump ceased in 1972
with the connection of the town sewer line. Periodic on-site dumping of a 275-gallon tank
truck containing waste solvents ceased in the late 1970s. Floor drains in the plant were sealed
in 1983. The population of the Town of Peterborough is over 5,000. Less than 100
single-family residences are located within a mile of NHBB, and the nearest private residence
is located approximately 1,000 feet from the facility.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/01/83
Final Date: 09/01/84
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, soils, and surface water are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including chloroform, benzene, and toluene. Sediments also
are contaminated with VOCs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). People who
accidentally ingest or come in direct contact with contaminated groundwater,
surface water, soil, or sediments may be at risk. Included within the site area is the
Contoocook River/ Noone Pond system and a wetlands area that could be at risk
from contamination.
30
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
contamination at the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The investigation to determine the nature and extent of
contamination and to identify alternatives for cleanup was completed by NHBB,
and the final decision on the method to be used to clean up the site was reached
in 1989. The methods of site cleanup selected by the EPA include: construction of a
groundwater pump and treatment system, vacuum extraction for small areas of soils
contaminated with VOCs, and excavation with off-site disposal for sediments contaminated
with PCBs. NHBB currently is designing the cleanup remedies and is expected to complete
the design in 1992.
Site Facts: The EPA and NHBB signed a Consent Order in 1989, in which the company
agreed to conduct a study of the contamination at the site. The EPA issued a Unilateral
Order to NHBB in 1990 for the performance of the cleanup design and action.
Environmental Progress
The EPA has conducted studies of the conditions at the South Municipal Water Supply Well
site and has determined that no immediate actions are needed to make the site safer while
final cleanup actions are being designed.
Site Repository
Peterborough Town Library, Maine and Concord Streets, Peterborough, NH 03458
SOUTH MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY WELL
31
March 1992
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SYLVESTER
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD099363541
EPA REGION 1
Hillsborough County
Nashua
Other Names:
Gllson Road Site
Site Description
The 6-acre Sylvester hazardous waste dump site was used as a sand borrow pit for an
undetermined number of years. During the late 1960s, after much of the sand had been
removed from the property, the operator of the pit began an unapproved and illegal waste
disposal operation, apparently intending to fill the excavation. Household refuse, demolition
materials, chemical sludges, and hazardous liquid chemicals were dumped at the site. The
household refuse and demolition materials usually were buried, while the hazardous liquids
were allowed to percolate into the ground adjacent to the old sand pit or were stored in steel
drums that were placed on the ground. The illegal solid waste activity at the site first was
discovered in late 1970. The first indication that hazardous wastes also were being dumped
occurred in 1978, when State personnel observed drums being stored at the site. A court
order was issued in 1979 prohibiting all further disposal of hazardous wastes on the site. The
site is in a residential area, with approximately 1,000 people living in an adjoining mobile
home park, and there are five private water wells within 1/4 mile of the site. The site is about
680 feet from Lyle Reed Brook, which flows through the trailer park and enters the Nashua
River, a source of drinking water. The Merrimack River is 11 miles downstream and also is a
source of drinking water.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/01/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Approximately 900,000 gallons of hazardous wastes were discharged to leachfields
on site in 1979, contaminating the soil and hundreds of thousands of gallons of
groundwater. The groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). Lyle Reed Brook also is contaminated with VOCs
and metals. The main health threat associated with the site is drinking or direct
contact with contaminants in the groundwater and surface water. Groundwater
currently is not used, since all residents are connected to a separate municipal
supply. Contaminants may leach into the bedrock aquifer; however, capping the
site has greatly reduced the likelihood of continued contamination of the surface
water.
32
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases to cap the site and to extract and treat the groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1979, the State removed 1,000 drums from the site. In
early 1980, the EPA constructed a fence around the dumping area and removed
1,314 accessible surface drums. The groundwater contaminant plume movement
was monitored and an access road was built. Between 1981 and 1982, the EPA installed a
groundwater interception and recirculation system to temporarily pump and recirculate the
contaminated groundwater to prevent it from reaching Lyle Brook and from further
contaminating the aquifer.
Capping: The State constructed a slurry wall surrounding a 20-acre area and built
an impervious membrane cap to prevent any further migration of the
contamination of on-site groundwater.
Groundwater Treatment: A 300-gallon-per-minute groundwater treatment
facility was constructed to remove toxic substances in the groundwater. The
treatment process consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological
treatments. The process involves pumping the groundwater from within the slurry wall
containment area and then exposing it to air to remove contaminants. In addition, a vacuum
extraction system was installed to cleanup the large amounts of toluene in the groundwater
and soils in the southern portion of the site. Finally, new extraction wells were installed and
the recharge trenches were repaired. Groundwater treatment will continue until established
cleanup goals for the site have been met.
Site Facts: Several Consent Decrees were entered into by the EPA, the State, and
numerous potentially responsible parties to provide for reimbursement of past costs and the
undertaking of cleanup designs and actions.
Environmental Progress
The removal, fencing, capping, and groundwater containment activities described above have
reduced the risk of exposure to hazardous materials at the Sylvester site. The threat of direct
contact with contaminants in soil has been eliminated. Groundwater cleanup actions at the
Sylvester site have reduced contamination levels, and additional treatment will continue until
established cleanup goals are met.
SYLVESTER 33 March 1992
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Site Repository
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Protection Office, 6 Hoyden Drive, Concord,
NH 03301
March 1992 34 SYLVESTER
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TIBBETS ROAD
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD989090469
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Stratford County
Barrington
The Tibbets Road site occupies approximately 2 acres. The site was used for storing drums
collected from 1944 to 1958. Many of the drums were leaking and rusted and contained
thinners, solvents, antifreeze, kerosene, motor and transmission oil, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), grease, and brake fluid. The EPA removed all the deteriorating drums in 1984.
Approximately 2,100 people living within 3 miles of the site depend on groundwater for
drinking water. The New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission found
drinking water wells serving approximately 20 people to be contaminated. The site is situated
in a residential area upgradient from a lake used for recreational purposes and a drinking
water supply.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 06/01/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including benzene, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, xylenes, and heavy metals,
including arsenic and lead, according to tests conducted by the New Hampshire
Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission. People who accidentally ingest or
come in direct contact with contaminated groundwater are at potential risk.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on groundwater contamination.
35
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the EPA removed approximately 337 deteriorated
and leaking drums stored within 50 yards of private residences and disposed of
them at an approved disposal site. Residents were temporarily relocated while the
drums were being removed. During the summer of 1985, the EPA and the State conducted
an investigation to determine whether any additional materials needed to be removed from
the site. Low levels of dioxin were detected in the soil and VOCs were found in the drinking
water. The EPA and the State began a joint soil removal effort. Between 1985 and the
summer of 1988, PCB- and dioxin-contaminated soil was removed and incinerated, and the
solvent-contaminated soil was excavated and disposed of off-site by the State. A water supply
system, constructed to provide drinking water to the 45 homes with contaminated wells,
became operational in 1987.
Groundwater: An investigation currently is being conducted by the EPA to
determine the extent of groundwater contamination remaining at the site and
alternative technologies for cleanup. Sampling conducted in 1990 and 1991 showed
no current public threat likely at the site; however, there is a potential threat for future off-
site contamination due to groundwater migrating off site. The bedrock aquifers are
contaminated, although an alternate water supply system provides safe drinking water to
those residents with contaminated wells. The investigation is scheduled to be completed in
late 1992.
Environmental Progress
The removal of the drums and soil from the Tibbets Road site and the provision of a new
water supply have reduced the potential for exposure to contamination. These actions have
helped to protect the public health and the environment while the site awaits further cleanup
action.
Site Repository
Barrington Public Library, Star Route, Barrington, NH 03825
March 1992 36 TIBBETS ROAD
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TINKHAM GARAG
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID# NHD062004569
Site Description
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Londonderry
The Tinkham Garage site covers about 375 acres in Londonderry. During 1978 and 1979, oil,
oily wastes, washings from septic tank trucks, and other substances were discharged at the
site. In 1978, residents complained of foam and odors in a small unnamed brook, which then
prompted an investigation revealing that improper waste disposal had occurred. The State
ordered the site owner to prevent further degradation of surface water and groundwater. In
early 1983, wells of the Londonderry Green Apartment complex and several other private
wells were closed due to contamination, and residents were provided with municipal water.
The open and wooded land that comprises the majority of the site is bordered by residential
and agricultural land. Approximately 400 people reside within a condominium complex on the
western boundary of the site. Additional residences include private, one-family homes within
site boundaries to the north.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/01/83
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in the surface water and
groundwater on site and in areas adjacent to the site. The soils located in the field
behind Tinkham Garage and in some condominium complex leachfields also have
been shown to contain VOC contamination. A potential threat to residential wells
located on site may exist if the contaminated groundwater were to be used as
drinking a water source. The contaminated area in the field behind the garage
poses a threat if people accidentally ingest or come in direct contact with the soils,
surface water, or groundwater.
37
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: The State issued a health order in early 1983, advising residents
not to drink well water. Bottled water was provided, and a municipal water supply
line was installed and operational by the fall of 1983.
Entire Site: In 1987, the EPA entered into an agreement with 23 of the parties
potentially responsible for the site contamination to conduct a study before the
cleanup technologies were designed. The following four areas of contamination
were identified as needing attention: the soil in the garage area; the groundwater in the
general area of the garage and the condominium complex; two leachfields located in the
condominium complex; and a soil pile that contains soil removed during earlier excavations of
leachfield soils. The remedies selected include: on-site treatment of contaminated soils by
vacuum extraction; backfilling, regrading and revegetation of excavated source areas after
contaminated soils have been excavated; extraction and off-site treatment of contaminated
groundwater at the Town of Derry's wastewater treatment works, which will require off-site
pretreatment; and groundwater monitoring on and off site. Activities to design the cleanup
are underway. The soil cleanup is expected to begin in 1992 and is scheduled for completion
in 1993. The groundwater cleanup is expected to begin once the sewer is connected between
the site and the wastewater treatment plant.
Site Facts: The potentially responsible parties, under a Consent Decree, have agreed to
undertake the cleanup design and activities at the site. This site is closely associated with the
Sylvester's, Plymouth Harbor, and Cannon Engineering NPL sites.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate drinking water source has reduced the potential for exposure to
contamination at the Tinkham Garage site, and has protected the public health while the site
awaits planned cleanup activities.
Site Repository
Leach Library, 276 Mamouth Road, Londonderry, NH 03053
March 1992 38 TINKHAM GARAGE
-------
TOWN GARAGE/
RADIO BEACON
NEW HAMPSHIRE
EPA ID#NHD981063860
EPA REGION 1
Rockingham County
Londonderry
Other Names:
Holton Circle Groundwater
Contamination
Site Description
The Town Garage/Radio Beacon site is a development of about 25 homes called Holton
Circle. The site has a series of residential wells and one commercial well, known as the Town
Garage well. The State conducted tests in 1984 and found the wells to be contaminated. The
EPA and the State have been investigating the area since 1985 and have not yet verified a
source of the contamination. The Department of Defense owned the Town Garage well,
located 1,000 feet west of the Holton Circle development, from the early 1940s to 1968 and
operated a radio beacon there during World War II. The EPA also investigated a small auto
repair shop about 1,000 feet south of Holton Circle. The shop uses 1 to 2 gallons of
degreasing solvents annually. The area around the site consists of mixed rural and residential
properties and is being actively developed. Approximately 7,400 people obtain drinking water
from private wells within 3 miles of Holton Circle.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/21/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater in the wells is contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) including dichloroethylene and dichloroethane. The six residences with
contaminated drinking water wells have been connected to a public water supply
because of the potential for exposure to contaminated water from private wells.
39
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed through initial actions; further investigations showed that no other
cleanup actions are required.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In the late 1980s, six residences affected by well contamination
were hooked up to the local public water supply.
Groundwater: The EPA completed an investigation into the groundwater
contamination at the site in 1992. The final cleanup remedy selected at the site to
address the contamination in the shallow and bedrock groundwater is to allow the
natural attenuation of groundwater contamination with institutional controls to prevent the
use of groundwater for domestic purposes. This cleanup process could take from seven to 25
years to be completed.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA assessed conditions and determined that, besides
connecting six residences with contaminated wells to the public water supply and preventing
the use of contaminated groundwater for domestic purposes, no further actions are required
to make the Holton Circle Groundwater Contamination site safe while natural attenuation of
the groundwater occurs.
Site Repository
Leach Library, 276 Mamouth Road, Londonderry, NH 03055
March 1992
40
TOWN GARAGE/RADIO BEACON
-------
GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G- 75
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Anyunconfinedpartofthe
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
-------
GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon DiSUlfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 1980 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in mixing
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangennent
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
-------
GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (particulate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Weils: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
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GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenoi (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
G-9
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GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
G-12
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorptlon: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
Stillbottom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping]-
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superf und: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated groundwater, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
G-13
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Waste water: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
threats*' I
Heavy Metals
Volatile Organic:
Compounds
sJ
Creosotes
Racfiatron
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PGP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources:
Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
*U.S. G.P.O..-1993-341-835:81017
G-15
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