vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA/540/R-93/033
December 1992
PB93-963234
SUPERFUND:
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
OHIO
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Publication #9200.5-7358
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Ohio
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460 y s Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal" Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
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INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwater
treatment.
VI
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
VIII
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
Other Names:
Threats and Contaminants
Response Action Status —
Site Facts:
Environmental Progress -j[-
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
XIII
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
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A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
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Jf Major Crtr«s
Superfund
Activities in Ohio
The State of Ohio is located within EPA Region
5, which includes the six mid western States. The State
covers 41,330 square miles. According to the 1990
Census, Ohio experienced a slight increase in popula-
tion between 1980 and 1990, and is ranked seventh in U.S.
population with approximately 10,847,000 residents.
The Ohio Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal Law, en-
acted in 1980 and amended in 1988, establishes funding and en-
forcement authorities for site cleanup. The statute grants the State the
authority to compel polluters to conduct or pay for site cleanup, demand site access, issue civil
and criminal penalties, recover the cost of State actions, allow citizen suits, and place a lien on
property as a means of payment. In practice, the State must attempt to reach an agreement with
the polluter before taking action; the State is prohibited from taking action where the EPA is
pursuing a claim. The State maintains two funds which include the Hazardous Waste Cleanup
Fund and the Hazardous Waste Facility Management Fund. The Hazardous Waste Cleanup
Fund is used to fund day-to-day activities, build additional hazardous waste facilities, and to
purchase sites. The Hazardous Waste Facility Management Fund provides the required 10
percent State contribution to the Federal Superfund program as well as funds for State level-of-
effort contracts and non-investigatory emergency response actions. Currently, 33 sites in the
State of Ohio have been listed as final on the NPL; one site has been deleted. No new sites have
been proposed for listing in 1992.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
implements the Superfund Program in the State of Ohio
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Ohio include:
Coal Gasification
Plants
Federal Facilitie
Other,
Salvage
Yards/
Recycling
Facilities
Manufacturi
Operations
Landfills/Waste
Processing
Facilities/Storage
and Disposal
v Facilities
Facts about the 34 NPL sites
in Ohio:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at 18
sites.
Ten sites endanger sensitive environ-
ments.
Twenty-seven sites are located near
residential areas.
XVII
March 1992
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OHIO
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Sediments
Soil
Ground-
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Ohio, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at 24 sites.
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
VOCs
Heavy Metals
Creosotes
PCBs
Pesticides/Herbicides
Plastics
Petrochemicals/Explosives
Other*
Dioxin
Radiation
Cyanide
Asbestos
Fluoride
Acids
Gases
85%
79%
38%
32%
21%
21%
15%
12%
9%
9%
9%
6%
6%
3%
3%
'Other contaminants include choride, furans,
nitrate, and sulfate.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Ohio Please Contact:
EPA Region 5 Office of Public
Affairs
National Response Center
Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency: Division of Emergency
and Remedial Response
EPA Region 5 Waste Management
Division
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(312)353-2072
(800) 424-8802
(614)644-2924
(312)353-9419
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
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THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (L^>) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
O An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
^> A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
^> A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^ A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
^ A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
^> A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
-------
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March 1992
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ALLIED CHE
IRONTON CO
OHIO
EPAID#OHD043730217
EPA REGION 5
Lawrence County
Ironton
Site Description
The 95-acre Allied Chemical & Ironton Coke site is bordered by the Ohio River and Ice
Creek. It includes two industrial facilities that formerly used on-site lagoons to hold
hazardous wastes. There are four major areas of concern on this site: the coke plant, the
coke plant lagoons, the tar plant, and the Goldcamp disposal area. Manufacturing operations
at the coke plant began in 1917. From 1920 to the late 1960s, wastewater and solid wastes
generated in the coking process were discharged into the area east of the plant, which
drained toward Ice Creek. In the early 1970s, a series of lagoons were constructed on site for
treatment of plant process wastewater. The lagoons were constructed by building dikes with
site materials, including soil and solid wastes. In 1982, the coke plant, including the lagoon
system, was shut down. In 1945, the tar plant was constructed across from the coke plant.
The purpose of the tar plant was to manufacture products from the tar produced in the
coking process. The tar plant currently is operating. Some of the process wastes for the tar
plant were disposed of in an adjacent sand and gravel pit called the Goldcamp disposal site,
which has been owned by the Allied Chemical and Dye Company since 1955. In the late
1970s, the Goldcamp Disposal site was closed by removing standing water, filling, and capping
with imported clay soil. Underlying the Goldcamp Disposal Area (GDA), contaminants have
migrated downward through the aquifer to the surface of the underlying impermeable
bedrock. The surface of the GDA also is a source of contamination, because many
substances have oozed up through the existing cap. Approximately 14,000 people live in
Ironton. Groundwater is the main source of municipal water for the city. The Ohio River and
Ice Creek are used for recreational activities including fishing.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, soil, and sediments are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganics
including cyanide, and the heavy metal arsenic. Potential health threats include
direct contact or accidental ingestion of these contaminants in the soil, sediments,
or groundwater, which is used as a source of drinking water in the Village of Coal
Grove, approximately 2,000 feet from the site.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: an initial action and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the Goldcamp Disposal Area and cleanup of the Coke
Plant/Lagoon area.
Response Action Status
Initial Action: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination are
dismantling the coke plant located on the site in preparation for the site cleanup.
Cleanup of the coke plant area will be completed under another phase as
Goldcamp Disposal Area: Based on the results of the Goldcamp Disposal
Area investigation, the EPA selected the following cleanup actions:
construction of a slurry wall around the disposal area; installation of a cover over
the surface of the disposal area; extraction and on-site treatment of groundwater from inside
and outside the containment system; provision of an alternate water supply for the Ironton
Iron Company until groundwater cleanup levels are met; imposition of deed restrictions to
limit future uses of the property; and preparation of a supplemental pre-design investigation.
The pre-design investigation was completed in 1991, at which time the design of the remedies
began. Cleanup is scheduled to begin in 1993.
Coke Plant/Lagoon Area: Based on the results of the Coke Plant/Lagoon Area
investigation, the EPA selected the following cleanup actions: on-site incineration
of approximately 122,000 cubic yards of lagoon waste materials; in-place
bioremediation of approximately 457,000 cubic yards of lagoon waste material; bioremediation
of approximately 40,000 cubic yards of soil on a prepared surface; and pumping and on-site
treatment of groundwater. In addition, groundwater will be monitored downgradient of Ice
Creek; a contingency plan will be prepared; fencing, security, and deed restrictions will be put
in place; and the effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation, with a contingency for development
of an alternative cleanup action for Lagoons 1 through 4, will be evaluated. The parties
potentially responsible for site contamination, under EPA monitoring, began designing the
technologies to be used in the cleanup in 1991. Cleanup activities are scheduled to begin in
late 1992.
March 1992 2 ALLIED CHEMICAL & IRONTON COKE
-------
Site Facts: The EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order in 1989 for partial cleanup of
the site. The order calls for Allied-Chemical, Inc. and the AMCAST Industrial Corporation to
design and conduct cleanup of the Goldcamp Disposal Area on the site.
Environmental Progress
The dismantling of the coke plant and continuous site security, along with the earlier actions
taken to close the disposal area, have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
substances at the Allied Chemical & Ironton Coke site while further cleanup activities are
being planned.
Site Repository
Briggs Lawrence County Public Library, 321 South 4th Street, Ironton, OH 45638
ALLIED CHEMICAL & IRONTON COKE
March 1992
-------
ALSCO ANA
OHIO
EPAID#OHD057243610
EPA REGION 5
Tuscarawas County
Gnadenhutten
Site Description
The 4 3/4-acre Alsco Anaconda site is owned by the ARCO Chemical Company, a division of
Atlantic Richfield. From 1965 to 1978, the site was used for the disposal of wastewater and
wastewater treatment sludge that were generated by the production of aluminum products.
The sludge was disposed of in two unlined lagoons and a sludge pit. From 1971 to 1978, the
company disposed of the equivalent of approximately 18,000 drums of waste. The lagoons and
sludge pit contain contaminants including chromium and cyanide. A wooded low-lying area
near the river received overflow from the lagoons. The remaining wastewater was discharged
into the Tuscarawas River. Since 1978, sludge has been disposed of at an off-site facility.
However, over 4,800 tons of sludge remain on the property, spread across most of the site.
Approximately 3,100 people live within 3 miles of the site. These individuals depend on city
and private drinking water wells drawn from groundwater aquifers, as there are no alternative
sources of drinking water. Contaminated groundwater from the site generally flows toward
the Tuscarawas River, and away from the city water supply wells. The site is located within
both the 50 and 100-year flood plains of the Tuscarawas River, which is used for various
recreational activities.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, soil, and surface water are contaminated with heavy metals
including cyanide and chromium. The soil in the wooded area also is contaminated
with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Possible health threats include accidentally
ingesting or coming in direct contact with contaminated groundwater or soil. If a
flood of the Tuscarawas River should occur, substantial amounts of contaminants
could be washed into the river.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the
sludge and soil and cleanup of the groundwater and surface water.
Response Action Status
Sludge and Soil: In 1989, based on the results of the site investigation, the EPA
selected the following methods for cleanup of contaminated sludge and soil: highly
contaminated sludge from the wooded area will be excavated, drummed, and
hauled to a facility for incineration; the remaining wastes from the wooded area, the lagoons,
and the sludge pit will be excavated and hauled to a licensed landfill or treatment facility and
treated prior to disposal, as necessary; and the excavated lagoons and sludge pit will be filled
with clean fill. The excavation of the sludge began in the spring of 1992. Cleanup is planned
for completion in late 1992.
Groundwater and Surface Water: The parties potentially responsible for site
contamination have conducted a supplemental study to determine the nature and
extent of groundwater and surface water contamination. The final study and risk
assessment are scheduled for completion in late 1992.
Site Facts: A 1987 agreement between the EPA, the Ohio EPA, and ARCO provided for a
site investigation to be completed by the company, under EPA monitoring. In 1989, the EPA
issued a Unilateral Administrative Order to both Harvard Industries and ARCO to clean up
the source materials found on site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Alsco Anaconda site while further
studies were taking place and final cleanup activities are underway.
Site Repository
Gnadenhutten Public Library, 160 North Walnut Street, Gnadenhutten, OH 44629
ALSCO ANACONDA 5 March 1992
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ARCANUM I
& METAL
OHIO
EPAID# OHD017506171
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Darke County
Arcanum
The 4 1/2-acre Arcanum Iron and Metal (AIM) site operated as a lead battery reprocessing
facility from the early 1960s until 1982. During this operation, battery casings were split to
extract lead cores for smelting. Battery acids generated from this operation were dumped in a
large steel trough and allowed to drain to a low area. Reprocessing of the plastic and black
rubber battery casings generated lead oxide sludge that collected on the ground and surface
ponds on site. Past practices at the facility included burial of some materials in on-site pits.
The State of Ohio investigated a fish kill in Sycamore Ditch and Painter Creek near the site
in 1964. Testing of groundwater was not performed until the 1970s. The City of Arcanum's
water supply is furnished by wells within 1 mile of the site, and private wells also are nearby.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater on the site contains lead. Lead, antimony, and arsenic have been
detected in the sediments and soil. Potential risks may exist for individuals
ingesting or coming in direct contact with contaminated groundwater or soils.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an immediate action and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: To reduce public access to the contaminated site areas, the
parties potentially responsible for the contamination constructed a fence around
the entire site in 1984.
Entire Site: In 1986, the EPA determined the following actions would be
necessary to clean up the site: excavation of on-site contaminated soils and
battery casings with off-site disposal in a federally approved landfill; excavation
and disposal of off-site soils exceeding human health standards in a federally approved
facility; improvement of site drainage; demolition or cleaning of contaminated on-site
facilities; implementation of deed restrictions for land and aquifer use; continuance of semi-
annual groundwater monitoring; and conducting site treatability studies. The EPA intends to
combine cleanup of the site with the United Scrap Lead site, another NPL site located
approximately 30 miles away that is similarly contaminated. Contaminated soils will be
removed to the United Scrap Lead site for treatment and returned to the AIM site.
Revisions to the initially proposed cleanup actions include placing a soil cover over the
excavated areas and recovery of lead from contaminated soil. A study began in 1987 to
address the appropriateness of potential contaminant recovery and cleanup methods as part
of the remedy design. The design is scheduled to be completed in 1993.
Site Facts: In 1979, the State entered into a Consent Decree with the owner to clean up
the site, but the results were unsatisfactory. The owner ceased operation in 1982, having
never fully complied with the provisions of the State Consent Decree.
Environmental Progress
Fencing of the entire site has reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at
the Arcanum Iron & Metal site while further studies are taking place and cleanup activities
are being designed.
Site Repository
Arcanum Public Library, 101 North Street, Arcanum, OH 45304
ARCANUM IRON & METAL 7 March 1992
-------
BIG D CAMPG
OHIO
EPA ID#OHD980611735
QUND
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Ashtabula County
11/2 miles northeast of Kingsville
Township
The 7 1/2-acre Big D Campground site consists of a former sand and gravel quarry that was
used between 1964 and 1976 for the disposal of a variety of industrial wastes. The Olin
Chemical Corporation estimates that 25,000 to 30,000 cubic yards of industrial bulk wastes,
drums, and soil were disposed of at the site. Olin investigated possible contamination
problems at the site in 1978. As part of the investigation, Olin installed three groundwater
monitoring wells on the north side of Conneaut Creek and collected water samples from the
wells. The results of these sampling efforts indicated the presence of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the groundwater. In 1982, Olin reported the findings of its
investigation to the EPA. Subsequent groundwater sampling conducted by the EPA in 1982
confirmed the presence of VOCs in the groundwater. Approximately 3,900 people live within
a 3-mile radius of the site. The distance from the site to the nearest residence is
approximately 500 feet.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals including
barium, chromium, lead, and nickel. Surface water and sediments in Conneaut
Creek are contaminated with low concentrations of VOCs and heavy metals. At
present, area residents are not exposed to site-related contaminants located in the
on-site groundwater. Most residents receive drinking water from the municipal
water supply system, and private wells located near the site are not contaminated.
In addition, potential exposure to contaminated soil is limited by the clay and
vegetation covering the landfilled area. However, the EPA is concerned about the
potential for future exposure. Existing private wells could become contaminated if
the area of groundwater contamination believed to have originated from the site
migrates farther northward.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: When erosion of the landfill soil cover exposed buried drums in
1983, Olin covered the surface of the landfill area with clay and took steps to
control any further erosion of soil from the base of the slope. In addition, Olin
installed a rainwater collection trench to remove rainfall runoff from the covered area and
drilled 11 new groundwater monitoring wells on the site to expand its groundwater monitoring
program.
Entire Site: As a result of the investigation completed by the EPA in 1989, the
remedy selected to address site contamination includes the following activities:
excavating drums and contaminated soils; burning excavated materials in an
incinerator; filling the excavated area with soil and planting vegetation; constructing a fence
around the excavated area and incinerator; installing two groundwater extraction trenches
and 33 groundwater extractions wells near the site to withdraw contaminated groundwater;
treating contaminated groundwater by passing it through a carbon filter system to remove
contaminants and discharge of treated water to Conneaut Creek; deed restrictions on future
site uses; and monitoring groundwater and surface water quality to assess the effectiveness of
the cleanup. The parties potentially responsible for site contamination began developing a
work plan to design the final remedies in 1990. The EPA installed additional monitoring wells
to determine the extent of contaminated groundwater migration. Excavation and incineration
of landfill contaminants will be the first cleanup activity.
Site Facts: After negotiating with the State, one of the potentially responsible parties has
implemented a soil erosion control program.
Environmental Progress
The steps taken to control further erosion of contaminated soil from the Big D Campground
site have reduced the potential of exposure to contaminants while activities leading to the
final site cleanup are being completed.
Site Repository
Kingsville Township Public Library, 6006 Academy Avenue, Kingsville, OH 44048
BIG D CAMPGROUND 9 March 1992
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BOWERS LA
OHIO
EPAID#OHD980509616
EPA REGION 5
Pickaway County
25 miles south of Columbus
Other Names:
Island Road Landfill
Site Description
The 12-acre Bowers Landfill site operated as a pit for gravel excavation operations beginning
in 1958, but its owners subsequently converted it to a landfill, which at first accepted only
domestic refuse. From 1958 to 1968, it accepted residential, grain elevator, and industrial
wastes. Two local manufacturers of chemicals responded to a Congressional inquiry about the
site and noted that they dumped approximately 7,500 tons of chemical waste at the landfill.
Disposal practices frequently consisted of depositing the waste directly onto the ground and
covering it with soil. Waste also was burned on site. Operations at the landfill ended in about
1968. In 1980, the EPA found that contaminants in the landfill were polluting nearby private
wells with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Approximately 60 people live within 1/2 mile
of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater on site contains heavy metals including barium and manganese,
VOCs, and phthalates. Sediments are contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), petrochemicals, pesticides, VOCs, and lead. Contaminants in the soil
include petrochemicals, lead, and PCBs. Off-site soils contain heavy metals
including arsenic, as well as pesticides. Surface water is contaminated with VOCs,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. Potential health risks
exist for individuals who drink or come in direct contact with contaminated
groundwater, inhale contaminated soil or sediment particles, or eat small animals,
birds, fish or plants that are contaminated with chemicals from the site. The area
between the landfill and the Scioto River generally floods twice a year, which
further contributes to the threat of contaminant releases.
10
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA studied the nature and extent of contamination at the site
from 1983 to 1989. The results of this study, along with a study by the parties
potentially responsible for the site contamination, were used to prepare an analysis
of the alternatives for addressing the threat the landfill poses to people and the environment.
In 1989, the EPA recommended the following actions at the site to address the
contamination problem: removing and disposing of all surface debris in an approved landfill;
improving erosion control and drainage; installing a natural clay cover over the landfill;
installing a topsoil layer over the clay cover; protecting the cap from flood damage; installing
a limited number of new groundwater monitoring wells; taking samples of the groundwater
and analyzing them to determine any increases in the level of contaminants; and installing a
fence to prevent site entry. Cleanup work began in 1991, and is expected to be completed in
1993.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Bowers Landfill site while final
cleanup activities were being planned.
Site Repository
Pickaway County District Library, 165 East Main Street, Circleville, OH 43113
BOWERS LANDFILL
11
March 1992
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BUCKEYE
RECLAMAT
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD9805096&T
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Belmont County
St. Clairsville
Other Names:
Buckeye Landfill
Belmont County Landfill
The 50-acre Buckeye Reclamation site, a former disposal site for coal mine spoils, was
licensed in 1971 by the Ohio Department of Health as a sanitary landfill. Between 1976 and
1979, the landfill also accepted industrial wastes, including sludges and liquids, without State
approval. Industrial and asbestos wastes were dumped into a pond known as the Waste Pit.
The slopes of the filled area are steep, and the mining wastes used for cover are eroding.
Substantial amounts of contaminated leachate from the site have entered a stream adjacent
to a private home. The site has polluted Little McMahon Creek, which may be used for
drinking water and recreational purposes. The closest residence is 1/4 mile from the site. The
population within a 2-mile radius of the site is approximately 100. There are private wells
immediately downgradient from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy
metals. Nearby King's Run and Little McMahon Creek have been polluted by acid
mine drainage from the mine wastes and contaminants from waste disposal
practices at the site. High levels of VOCs and heavy metals have been detected in
the Waste Pit. Potential health risks may exist for individuals who accidentally
ingest or come in direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water,
soil, and leachate.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
12
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for the contamination initiated an
investigation in 1985 to determine the type and extent of contamination at the
site and to identify alternative remedies for the cleanup. The investigation,
competed in 1991, resulted in the selection of the following remedies: capping the waste and
surface area recharge areas, constructing a surface leachate and groundwater collection
system, and treating leachate in the groundwater via constructed wetlands. Deed restrictions
will be implemented on the future use of the site and the property will be fenced. The
companies have begun designing the selected remedies. Actual cleanup activities are expected
to begin in late 1993.
Site Facts: An agreement between the EPA, the State of Ohio, and six companies was
reached in 1985, requiring the companies to investigate possible contamination at and around
the landfill. The companies will carry out the project under EPA monitoring.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Buckeye Reclamation site.
Cleanup remedies have been selected and are currently being designed.
Site Repository
St. Clairsville Public Library, 108 West Main Street, St. Clairsville, OH 43950
BUCKEYE RECLAMATION 13 March 1992
-------
CHEM-DYNE
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD074727793
EPA REGION 5
Butler County
Hamilton
Other Names:
T ansenvironmental Services
Site Description
The 10-acre Chem-Dyne site operated as an industrial chemical waste transfer, disposal, and
storage facility. As early as 1974, chemical wastes may have been trucked to the site. In 1975,
Spray-Dyne made antifreeze from recycled chemical wastes. The operation was expanded in
1976, and the Chem-Dyne Corporation was formed. Wastes that were unsuitable for recycling
were stored in drums and tanks on the site or shipped to other disposal sites. More than
30,000 drums of waste and 300,000 gallons of bulk waste materials were on site when
operations shut down in 1980. In the 5 years of operation, a number of environmental
incidents were reported at the site. From 1976 to 1979, at least five fish kills in the Great
Miami River were attributable to the Chem-Dyne facility; one fish kill stretched for 37 miles.
Fires occurred at the site in 1976 and 1979. A residential area is located approximately 1,000
feet from the site. A storm sewer drained the site into the Ford Canal, which flows into the
Great Miami River. The Ford Canal is used only for drainage and hydroelectric power
generation. The Great Miami River is used for recreation. Water supplies in the area rely on
groundwater as their source.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/21/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy
metals. Sediments in the Ford Canal contained low concentrations of organics. Soil
was contaminated with VOCs, pesticides, other organic compounds, and heavy
metals including mercury, arsenic, nickel, and beryllium. The on-site buildings were
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The site no longer poses a
threat to human health or the environment as surface contamination has been
cleaned up, the ongoing operation of a groundwater pump and treatment system is
protecting nearby residents and the environment, and the State of Ohio is
preventing the use of the contaminated aquifer for drinking water.
14
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1980, the EPA stabilized, removed, and disposed of 17
potentially explosive drums at a federally approved treatment facility. Beginning in
1982, the EPA removed another 9,000 drums and solidified and removed 200,000
gallons of liquid and solid wastes in 33 storage tanks to a federally approved facility. Spilled
materials were cleaned up and wastewater was treated and disposed of. The storm drain in
the loading dock area was plugged to prevent the discharge of contaminated waste into Ford
Canal. The site also was fenced to prevent access.
Entire Site: In 1985, a remedy to clean up the site was selected by the EPA
which included installation of a system to extract the groundwater and treat it by
air stripping. The contaminants are further treated with activated carbon before
being released into the air. In addition, the buildings on the site were demolished, selected
areas of soil were removed, and a synthetic cap with a clay layer was placed over the site.
The parties potentially responsible for site contamination completed all surface cleanup
activities in 1987. The groundwater pump and treatment system has been in operation since
1988 and must operate until at least 1998 to meet established cleanup standards.
Site Facts: In 1979, the State of Ohio required all materials to be removed from the
Chem-Dyne site by 1980. In 1985, the EPA and 178 parties potentially responsible for site
contamination signed a Consent Decree requiring the parties to conduct cleanup activities.
Environmental Progress
The treatment of contaminated groundwater, removal of contaminated soil, and placement of
a cap over the site have addressed the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at the
Chem-Dyne site. The operation of the groundwater pump and treatment system continues to
provide protection to nearby residents and the environment.
Site Repository
City of Hamilton, Municipal Building, 20 High Street, Hamilton, OH 45011
CHEM-DYNE 15 March 1992
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CHEMICAL &
MINERALS
RECLAMATI
OHIO
EPA ID#OHD980614549
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Cuyahoga County
Cleveland
The Chemical Mineral Reclamation, Inc. site (CMR) covers a 3/4 acre area located on the
north side of Cleveland, Ohio on the floodplain of the Cuyahoga River. The site is located in
a metropolitan area surrounded by the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway to the south and west,
the old Cuyahoga River bed to the north, and industrial property to the east. The owner of
the area, Plain Dealer, leased this land to CMR in 1979. CMR planned to use the site as a
recycling facility, but in the end only collected and stored wastes in vats and barrels. The vats
and barrels contained miscellaneous wastes including flammable and non-flammable solvents,
paints, tar, grease, and resins. These storage operations continued until July 2, 1980, when a
fire occurred at the warehouse on site. As a result of the fire, the Cleveland Memorial
Shoreway was closed temporarily, but no injuries were reported. On-site soil was suspected to
be contaminated by possible leaking and overflowing of the vats and barrels. The population
surrounding the site was the City of Cleveland with an estimated 573,822 people according to
the 1980 census. The entrance to the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie is approximately 1 1/2
miles from the site. A boat docking area and several homes are nearby. A marina is located
in the general vicinity. The City of Cleveland, the U.S. Coast Guard, the Ohio EPA, and the
U.S. EPA all have participated in some phase of the cleanup activity.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Deletion Date: 12/30/82
Threats and Contaminants
Soil was contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including acetone,
methyl ethyl ketone, methyl alcohol, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, and
dichloroethylene, and sludge. These contaminants came from a variety of sources
including flammable and non-flammable solvents (both chlorinated and
non-chlorinated), paints, tar, grease, resins, and other miscellaneous wastes. The
migration of contaminants off site to groundwater, surface water, or soil was not
suspected. Therefore, there was no indication that a potential threat existed to
individuals or the environment near the site.
16
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site was addressed by an emergency cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: In 1981, 2,000 containers, ranging in size from five to 55
gallons, of flammable and non-flammable solvents (both chlorinated and
non-chlorinated), paints, tar, grease, resins, and other miscellaneous wastes were
removed. Liquid and solid materials from six 3,500 gallon vats were also removed. Further
cleanup actions included compatibility testing of chemicals and the removal of chemicals to
various recyclers, incinerators, and landfills. The buildings on site were demolished and the
contaminated soil was removed to a licensed landfill. Site cleanup was completed in mid-
1982.
Site Facts: The Chemical Minerals Reclamation, Inc. site was placed on the Interim
Priorities List in October 1981. All cleanup actions were completed before the first proposed
NPL was established. A Consent Decree was signed in 1987 between the EPA and all
potentially responsible parties to recover more than 85 percent of the EPA's cleanup costs.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated containers, vats, and soil, and the demolition of all buildings on
site have been completed and have eliminated the possibility of exposure to hazardous
materials at the Chemical & Minerals Reclamation, Inc. site.
Site Repository
Information is no longer available.
CHEMICAL & MINERALS RECLAMATION, INC.
17
March 1992
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COSHOCTOI^B
LANDFILL ^^
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD98050983d
EPA REGION 5
Coshocton County
Coshocton
Site Description
The 80-acre Coshocton Landfill site was used in the early 1900s, and again from the mid-
1950s until 1979, for the mining of coal. The subsurface mines were abandoned but contained
extensive networks of mine shafts. The City built a landfill on top of the abandoned strip
mines where it disposed of municipal and industrial wastes from 1968 to 1979. The City also
put some wastes in a shallow excavation at the southern end of the site. In 1977, an area of
the landfill caught fire. The fire burned for three days and was allowed to burn itself out. The
EPA has reported several leachate seeps at the landfill. Approximately 13,400 people live in
the City of Coshocton. Several farms are located near the landfill. There are at least 34
private wells for domestic use within 4,000 feet of the landfill; however, these wells do not
draw their water from areas that would be affected by the landfill.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and County actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater has been contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
heavy metals. Sediments on site contain VOCs and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Soils
on site contain VOCs and phenols. Heavy metals and the VOC actone are found
in the surface water. On-site workers and trespassers can be exposed to hazardous
substances if they come in direct contact with contaminated soils and groundwater,
inhale contaminated soil particles, or drink contaminated groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
18
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The EPA analyzed 14 drums on site and determined that
they did not contain hazardous substances. In 1985, the City of Coshocton
completed the cleanup of the drums and disposed of them in an off-site facility.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA selected a strategy to address contamination at
the site. The selected cleanup activities include: covering the landfill with a clay
cap that prevents liquids from passing through; installing a soil cap over the
landfill with topsoil and vegetation; imposing deed restrictions on future use of the property;
installing fencing around the landfill; filling and grading the necessary areas; and (6) installing
a gas collection and venting system and a leachate collection system. The technical design for
the cleanup is scheduled for completion in early 1993.
Site Facts: In 1989, the EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order to the City of
Coshocton, requiring it to undertake some interim cleanup measures, primarily to protect
surface water and to address the contaminated leachate being generated from the site.
Environmental Progress
The cleanup and disposal of drums have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials at the Coshocton Landfill site while final cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Coshocton Public Library, 655 Main Street, Coshocton, OH 43812
COSHOCTON LANDFILL
19
March 1992
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E. H. SCHILL
LANDFILL
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980509947
Site Description
1/2
EPA REGION 5
Lawrence County
miles northwest of Hanging Rock
The 3-acre E. H. Schilling Landfill site operated as an industrial waste landfill from 1969 until
1980. The landfill was licensed to accept only non-hazardous wastes, but was closed in 1980
as a result of permit violations. A variety of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes were
disposed of on site. Landfill waste is contained behind an earthen dam and beneath a cover
or cap. While the dam is structurally stable, it does not comply with existing safety standards.
The landfill cap also fails to comply with State and Federal regulations. Leachate was
discovered seeping from the face of the dam. Warning signs are posted at the site, and there
is a barrier preventing vehicles from entering the premises. Approximately 1,500 people live
within 3 miles of the site. The closest residence is located within 1/4 mile of the site.
Domestic water is taken from municipal and private wells. Wayne National Forest borders
the site to the north. An unnamed stream carries runoff from the site into Winkler Run and
the Ohio River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Nickel has been detected in air sampled near the landfill at levels exceeding
Federal standards. Arsenic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been
found in groundwater. Leachate, soil, and stream sediments are contaminated with
VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. Individuals
who accidentally ingest contaminated groundwater, soil, or sediments may
potentially suffer adverse health effects.
20
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA selected the following cleanup technologies to
address site contamination: capping the entire site; removing and treating
7,000,000 gallons of liquid waste and leachate from the landfill; constructing a cut-
off wall around the landfill to prevent groundwater from infiltrating into waste; improving the
earthen dam by adding a berm; consolidating 750 cubic yards of soil and 500 cubic yards of
sediment under the cap; adding perimeter drainage features; fencing the entire site;
monitoring groundwater; operating and maintaining the site; and imposing deed restrictions.
The potentially responsible parties, under EPA monitoring, completed the design for the
selected remedies in 1992 and immediately began cleanup operations. The site cleanup is
expected to be completed in 1993.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the E. H. Schilling Landfill site while
cleanup activities underway.
Site Repository
Briggs Lawrence County Public Library, 321 South 4th Street, Ironton, OH 45638
E. H. SCHILLING LANDFILL
21
March 1992
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FEED MATE
PRODUCTIO
CENTER (US
OHIO
EPA ID# OH6890008976
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Hamilton and Butler Counties
19 miles northwest of Cincinnati
Other Names:
National Lead Co. of Ohio (SIA)
Westlnghouse Materials
Company of Ohio
Fernald
The 1,450-acre Feed Materials Production Center site is operated by the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) and has manufactured metallic uranium for DOE nuclear weapon reactors
since the early 1950s. The manufacturing processes have generated large quantities of wastes,
including low-level radioactive wastes, mixed hazardous and radioactive wastes, oils, solvents,
and fly ash. Operations and disposal practices have resulted in contamination in the
production area, six waste pits, three waste storage silos, a storm sewer ditch leading to
Paddy's Run, and an effluent line discharging into the Great Miami River. Additional waste
storage and disposal areas included other silos, a burn pit, a clear well, two fly ash disposal
areas, a sanitary landfill, and two lime sludge ponds. Uranium has contaminated the Buried
Valley Aquifer, the sole source of drinking water for the production center workers and most
area residents. Approximately 1,100 production center workers obtain drinking water from
wells, and 750 acres of land are irrigated by wells within 3 miles of the site. A residential area
is located about 4,000 feet east of the production area. The Great Miami River is used for
various recreational purposes.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 11/24/89
Threats and Contaminants
Radon gas has been detected in the air. Fish and plants contain radionuclides and
heavy metals. Groundwater is contaminated with uranium, radium, and various
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Uranium has been detected in the sole source
aquifer. Metallic scrap contained in several scrap piles is contaminated with
uranium and other radionuclides. Creek and ditch sediments are contaminated with
uranium and other radionuclides, while soil is contaminated with radionuclides,
organics, inorganics, and asbestos. High concentrations of uranium, technetium,
and hexavalent chromium have been detected in the effluent line discharging to
the Great Miami River. Three uranium-contaminated private wells have been
closed and are no longer used for drinking water. Potential health threats include
accidentally ingesting, coming in direct contact with, or inhaling contaminated soil,
groundwater, air, and surface water. Eating contaminated plants and fish is also a
potential threat.
22
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
Cleanup activities at this site are being addressed in six stages: immediate actions and five
long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the waste pits and soils, the groundwater,
the production area, the K-65 silos, and the provision of an alternate water supply and water
treatment.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1990, waste in the pits was moved below the water line
to reduce radionuclide emissions. A bentonite clay layer was placed inside the
silos to cover wastes. Construction activities soon will begin to control the
Waste Pits and Soils: The DOE is investigating the nature and the extent of
the contamination in the waste pits and soils. The pits contain 500,000 cubic yards
of wastes, and approximately 500,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil are on site.
Once the investigation is completed, scheduled for early 1994, specific cleanup strategies will
be recommended.
Groundwater: The DOE is investigating the nature and extent of groundwater
contamination at the site. The study indicates the groundwater is more
contaminated than originally thought. Once the investigation is completed,
scheduled for early 1994, cleanup remedies will be planned.
Production Area: The DOE is assessing the nature and extent of contamination
in the production area. A remedy will be selected based on the results of the
investigation.
K-65 Silos: The DOE is studying the extent of the contamination at the silos.
The results of the investigation, expected in 1993, will lead to the selection of
appropriate cleanup remedies.
Alternate Water Supply and Water Treatment: The DOE is continuing to
characterize the nature and extent of contamination at the site. The investigation
is exploring options for an alternate water supply, collection of the contaminated
plume, and water treatment.
Site Facts: A Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement was signed in 1986 between the
EPA and the DOE. Pursuant to the Agreement, the DOE is required to conduct a study of
the nature and extent of site contamination and to recommend alternatives for final cleanup.
A Consent Decree was signed in 1988. A new Consent Agreement was finalized in mid-1990.
FEED MATERIALS PRODUCTION 23 March 1992
CENTER (USDOE)
-------
Environmental Progress
Reducing radionuclide emissions by moving pit waste to below the water level and placing a
clay layer over wastes in the silos have lessened the risk to human health and the
environment at the Feed Materials Production Center. Additional actions are planned to
further reduce sources of contamination while site investigations continue.
Site Repository
Lane Public Library, North 3rd & Buckeye Streets, Hamilton, OH 45011
March 1992
24
FEED MATERIALS PRODUCTION
CENTER (USDOE)
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FIELDS
OHIO
EPAID#OHD980614572
EPA REGION 5
Ashtabula County
Ashtabula
Site Description
The Fields Brook site is a 3 1/2-mile channel in a tributary of the Ashtabula River and
collects water from a 5 1/2-square-mile area. A portion of Fields Brook flows through an
industrial area containing a high concentration of diverse chemical plants and serves as the
principal receiving stream for many industrial discharges. The site includes a brook and its
tributaries, and areas bordering the site. From the industrial area, the brook flows through a
residential area to the Ashtabula River. Industrial sources adjacent to Fields Brook have
contaminated the sediments with a variety of toxic chemicals including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals. The Ashtabula River empties into Lake Erie, 1 1/2 miles
downstream of the site. Lake Erie serves as the potable water source for the City of
Ashtabula. Contaminated sediments threaten drinking water intakes in Lake Erie.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/22/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Sediments taken from the Ashtabula River are contaminated with PCBs, volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy
metals, and phthalates. VOCs and heavy metals including mercury, lead, zinc, and
cadmium have been detected in surface water from Fields Brook and the Detrex
tributary. Contaminants detected in fish include VOCs and PCBs. The site poses a
potential health risk to individuals who may drink or come in direct contact with
contaminated water from Fields Brook and the Ashtabula River. Ingesting
contaminated fish or sediments also may cause adverse health effects.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of
sediments, controlling the source of contamination, and investigation of the Ashtabula River.
25
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Sediments: The selected cleanup technologies to address contaminated
sediments include: excavating contaminated sediments from Fields Brook,
subsequent temporary storing and dewatering of the sediments, and using thermal
treatment to decontaminate a portion of the sediments with the on-site landfilling of the
remainder of the sediments; treating wastewater from the dewatering process; and (3) long-
term monitoring. Approximately 36,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediments will be
solidified and 16,000 cubic yards will be thermally treated. Under EPA monitoring, six of the
parties potentially responsible for site contamination are presently designing the technical
specifications for the sediment cleanup. Final sediment cleanup activities are expected to be
completed in late 1995.
Source Control: Under EPA monitoring, six of the potentially responsible parties
currently are conducting a study to identify sources of ongoing sediment and
surface water contamination. The study is planned to be completed in 1992.
Ashtabula River: Five potentially responsible parties, under EPA monitoring, are
conducting an investigation into possible contamination of the Ashtabula River.
The investigation will identify any potential sources of contamination to the river
and harbor and will study the impacts of contamination on the water supply of the City of
Ashtabula. Portions of the river may be added to the site if cleanup actions are required.
Site Facts: In 1989, six of the potentially responsible parties agreed to comply with an order
from the EPA requiring them to design the cleanup technologies to address contaminated
sediments at the site and to study the ongoing sources of site contamination. A separate
order covers the river investigation. The EPA and the State issued a health advisory
recommending that people not eat fish caught in a portion of the Ashtabula River because of
possible contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Fields Brook site while further
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned. Currently, investigations are
determining if the Ashtabula River will require cleanup.
Site Repository
Ashtabula County District Library, 335 West 44th Street, Ashtabula, OH 44004
March 1992 26 FIELDS BROOK
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FULTZ LAND
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD98079463d ;
EPA REGION 5
Guernsey County
1/2 mile northeast of Byesville
Site Description
From the mid-1950s to 1985, residential, commercial, and industrial solid waste was disposed
of at the 30-acre Fultz Landfill site. The site lies in an area that was strip mined for coal in
the late 1940s. Extensive subsurface coal mines also are located near the site. The landfill was
licensed by Guernsey County in 1969 to accept solid waste products. On a number of
occasions during the 1970s, County and State officials cited the owner of the landfill for
violations of the operating license, which included inadequate control of leachate runoff and
unauthorized disposal of drums that contained potentially hazardous liquid waste. In 1978, the
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency found approximately 1,000 drums of hazardous waste
on the property. Because the landfill was not authorized to accept hazardous waste, the State
contacted the businesses generating the drums, requesting that they stop sending drums to
the landfill. A former employee of the landfill confirmed that drums were emptied onto the
ground so the empty drums could be sold to a recycler. The State investigated the site again
in 1979 and 1980 and found that leachate seeping from the site contained phenols and heavy
metals. Six ponds lie on the northern and eastern sides of the landfill. In addition, two
streams, Streams A and B, are located nearby. Both streams discharge to Wills Creek.
Residents of Cambridge, 3 miles north of the landfill, use Wills Creek as a source of drinking
water. Five private water wells and one municipal water well are located near the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
27
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, chromium, and lead;
volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and phthalates. Sediments in two on-site
ponds and leachate are contaminated with heavy metals, as well as low levels of
organic compounds. Wills Creek also contains low levels of organic compounds. An
aquifer under the site is contaminated with heavy metals. It is currently not known
whether the contamination of this aquifer is site-related, or if it is the result of the
extensive coal mining in the area. If pollutants seep into the water supply, people
who come in direct contact with or drink the water may be at risk. Leachate
containing heavy metals and phenols seeps from the landfill into nearby ponds and
creeks. Wildlife in or around these bodies of water may be harmed by the
pollutants.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1991, the EPA completed an investigation of the type and extent
of the contamination at the site. As a result of the study, the EPA selected the
following remedies to cleanup the site: capping the landfills, extracting and
treating the groundwater, and stabilizing the deep mine underneath the landfill. EPA is
currently designing the selected remedies and is expected to initiate actual cleanup activities
in the spring of 1994.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Fultz Landfill site. Actual cleanup
will begin once the selected remedies are designed.
Site Repository
Guernsey County Public Library, Byesville Branch, 100 Glass Avenue, Byesville, OH 44632
March 1992 28 FULTZ LANDFILL
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INDUSTRIAL
LANDFILL
OHIO
EPAID#OHD000377911
EPA REGION 5
Stark County
10 miles from Akron
Site Description
Before 1966, the 30-acre Industrial Excess Landfill (IEL) site was used for mining sand and
gravel. Gradually, the mining and excavation pit was converted into a landfill, which operated
at the site from 1966 to 1980. During this time, IEL accepted wastes primarily from the
nearby rubber industries. An estimated 780,000 tons of solid waste and 1,000,000 gallons of
liquid waste were dumped onto the ground at the landfill. The Stark County Board of Health
ordered IEL to stop dumping chemical wastes in 1972. The landfill was closed in 1980. After
the landfill stopped operations, it was covered with soil, and fertilizer was applied to the
surface to help vegetative growth. Before the EPA became involved with the site in 1984,
several State and local government agencies were involved with licensing issues, inspections,
and other response activities at the landfill. The Ohio EPA began an investigation to
determine whether area drinking water was contaminated and if the site posed a health risk
to nearby residents. As of 1989, the population within a 1-mile radius of the site was
approximately 2,500. Over 400 residences located within a 1/2-mile radius of the landfill rely
entirely on individual or private wells for their drinking water supply.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals including barium and chromium,
and with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). On-site leachate is contaminated
with heavy metals, VOCs, and phthalates. On-site soil gases located near the
northern and southern boundaries of the site contain VOCs. On-site sediments are
contaminated with heavy metals, cyanide, VOCs, phthalates, and pesticides.
On-site surface soils have been shown to contain VOCs, heavy metals, and plastics.
Off-site surface water is contaminated with heavy metals and phthalates. A
potential exists for adverse effects to the aquatic life in the streams that receive
runoff from the site. Individuals who come into direct contact with or accidentally
ingest contaminated groundwater or soil may suffer adverse health effects.
29
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: initial actions and two long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of the entire site and the provision of an alternate water supply.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Between 1985 and 1988, the EPA installed an active
methane-venting system to control the migration of this chemical off site.
Methane gas has stopped moving off site since the venting system was completed
in 1988. During the installation of this system, 53 drums of suspected industrial waste were
uncovered. These drums subsequently were removed from the site and disposed of in an
EPA-approved facility. After testing completed by the EPA in 1987 showed that ten private
residential wells were contaminated with VOCs, the EPA installed air strippers to remove
vinyl chloride and other VOCs from the water. Four additional landfill gas monitoring wells
were installed in 1989.
Entire Site: The methods selected by the EPA in 1989 to clean up the site
include: covering the entire site with a cap; expanding the methane gas venting
system that is already in place; extracting and treating contaminated groundwater;
pumping groundwater to maintain the water table at a level that is below that of the wastes
in the landfill; fencing the site; placing deed restrictions on future use of the site; and
continued monitoring of the site. The EPA has demolished and removed on-site structures
for preparation of the cap. Residential wells have been properly abandoned. Final grading
and seeding of the properties was completed 1991. Remaining cleanup activities are expected
to be completed in 1994.
Alternate Water Supply: Alternate water has been supplied to an area
comprising of approximately 100 homes located west of the site.
Environmental Progress
The actions taken to control methane gas migration, removing of drums containing industrial
waste, installing of air strippers, and providing of an alternate water supply have reduced the
potential of exposure to hazardous substances in the drinking water at the Industrial Excess
Landfill site while remaining cleanup activities are underway.
Site Repository
Hartville Branch Library, 411 East Maple Street, Hartville, OH 44632
March 1992 30 INDUSTRIAL EXCESS LANDFILL
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LASKIN/POP
OIL CO-
OHio
EPA ID#OHD061722211
EPA REGION 5
Ashtabula County
Jefferson
Other Names:
Lasklns Waste Oil Co.
Alaskaln Greenhouse Waste Oil
Poplar Oil Co.
Site Description
The 9-acre Laskin/Poplar Oil Co. site is a greenhouse and waste oil recovery operation that
opened during the late 1890s. By the 1950s, the operation had installed oil-fired boilers to
heat the greenhouses. In the 1960s, storage tanks and pits were installed to store waste oil.
Environmental problems at the site are related to the subsequent storage, handling, and
combustion of waste oil. The EPA and the Ohio EPA discovered contamination at the site in
1977, and much of the on-site oil was removed during the next 5 years. The site contains two
drained ponds formerly used to separate oil, a boiler house, four oil storage pits, one
underground oil storage tank, 32 aboveground oil storage tanks, a retention pond, a
freshwater pond, a greenhouse complex, and other miscellaneous buildings and sheds. Three
small treatment ponds lie near the bottom of the Cemetery Creek ravine, north of the
retention pond. Liquids stored in the tanks and ponds have the potential to overflow, leak, or
collapse because of poor construction and maintenance. Any contaminants released would
enter Cemetery Creek. The creek is a tributary of Mill Creek, which flows into the Grand
River. Drinking water is drawn from the Grand River in Harpersfield Township,
approximately 11 1/2 miles downstream of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
/ A
The groundwater is contaminated with phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), and acetone. Sediments in the pn-site retention pond are contaminated
with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and lead. PCBs, PAHs, and heavy metals including aluminum, iron, cobalt,
thallium, silver, cadmium, and lead are contaminating the soil, while soil in the
boiler house is contaminated with dioxin. The surface water in the on-site
retention pond is contaminated with low levels of acetone in addition to arsenic,
mercury, and other heavy metals. A potential health threat exists if accidental
ingestion of contaminated soils and surface water were to occur. There is also a
possibility that contaminants may enter the food chain and contaminate meats and
vegetables that are raised locally.
31
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: initial actions and two long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of ponds, structures, and soils, as well as other areas of surface
contamination.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1980, the EPA stabilized the site by treating the water from
the pond through a sand filter and activated carbon system. The treated water
was discharged to Cemetery Creek. When oil-contaminated water from a pond
overflowed into the creek, the oil was recovered with sorbent booms. The pond and tanks
were covered. From 1982 to 1986, various actions were performed at the site including:
removal of 300,000 gallons of contaminated oil; on-site treatment of 400,000 gallons of
contaminated wastewater; on-site containment of 205,000 gallons of contaminated sludge;
removal of an additional 250,000 gallons of wastewater and oil; removal of contaminants from
one pond; and removal of approximately 100 drums containing hazardous wastes. The
potentially responsible parties removed 450,000 gallons of oil and wastewater from the pits
and tanks in 1985 and 1986. Later in 1986, they sampled the residues left in the pits and
tanks and conducted additional soil borings. In 1987, the EPA repaired the existing fence
around the site and the leaks found in the covers of the underground tanks.
Ponds, Structures, and Soils: The EPA chose the following methods for
cleanup: drain the retention and freshwater ponds, discharge the surface water
from the ponds to Cemetery Creek, with treatment if required; backfill freshwater
ponds with clean fill and grade the retention pond area; thermally treat contaminated soil,
ash, and debris from the boiler house area and dispose of the ash in a federally approved
landfill; demolish and thermally treat or decontaminate dioxin-contaminated structures, or if
this material cannot be decontaminated or thermally treated, it will be contained in an on-site
concrete vault and placed beneath the cap for temporary storage until proper effective
disposal can be secured for the material; construct a groundwater diversion trench uphill from
the contaminated soil and groundwater; construct a multi-layer cap over soils; dewater the
site by natural groundwater flow to Cemetery Creek; monitor groundwater and surface water
to assess the quality of groundwater migrating to Cemetery Creek; and impose access and
land use restrictions. Design of these cleanup activities was completed in 1992. Cleanup of
the freshwater ponds has been completed. The remaining cleanup activities are planned for
completion in 1994.
Surface Contamination: Based on the results of the site investigation, the EPA
selected several remedies to address surface contamination. The cleanup strategy
for this portion of the site includes: constructing a fence around contaminated
portions of the site and the incinerator; incinerating oils, sludges, and contaminated soils, with
the safe disposal of all incinerator ash; dismantling and disposing of all tanks and cinder
blocks in the pits; and regrading the site to prevent ponding in the excavated areas. The
potentially responsible parties, under EPA monitoring, completed most of the design work for
sludge and oil incineration, and removed the tanks and contaminated soils. Cleanup work
began in 1991 and is expected to be completed in 1992.
March 1992 32 LASKIN/POPLAR OIL CO.
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Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated oil, wastewater, and drums, along with the treatment of
contaminated wastewater and contaminated sludge, have reduced the potential for exposure
to hazardous substances at the Laskin/Poplar Oil site. Cleanup of the freshwater ponds has
eliminated further contamination of Cemetery Creek while remaining cleanup activities are
conducted at the site.
Site Repository
Ashtabula Public Library, 355 West 44th Street, Ashtabula, OH 44004
LASKIN/POPLAR OIL CO.
33
March 1992
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MIAMI COUN
INCINERATO
OHIO
EPA ID#OHD980611800
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Miami County
2 miles north of Troy
The 65-acre Miami County Incinerator (MCI) site contains five areas of concern: the South
Landfill, the North Landfill, the Liquid Disposal Area, Contaminated Groundwater, and the
Ash Disposal Pit and Ash Pile. Other important features of the site include an area of visibly
stained soil near the incinerator building, a former scrubber wastewater lagoon, and sediment
in the Eldean Tributary. The incinerator and landfill were opened in 1968 to process and
dispose of municipal and industrial wastes. Combustible wastes were to be incinerated and
non-combustible wastes were to be landfilled. However, large volumes of combustible wastes
were landfilled along with non-combustible wastes. The facility generated scrubber wastewater
and ash quench water, which were disposed of in the wastewater lagoon. Incinerator fly ash
and bottom ash, non-combustible materials, and unburned refuse were disposed of in a
landfill north of the tributary, and liquid wastes, including waste oils and solvents, were
dumped or buried on site. MCI was ordered by the Ohio EPA to cease the disposal of liquid
waste by 1974. The site stopped accepting liquid wastes in 1975, and all landfill operations
ended in 1978. The incinerator building now serves as a solid waste transfer station. The
Eldean Tributary of the Great Miami River runs across the northwestern corner of the site.
The eastern section of the site is located in a 100-year flood plain. Municipal wells serving
19,000 people are located within 3 miles of the site. The nearest private wells are 1,000 feet
downgradient from contaminated wells.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals including arsenic, barium,
and cadmium were detected in groundwater near the Liquid Disposal Area.
Sediments along the unnamed creek are contaminated with pesticides and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, and heavy metals including arsenic, lead,
cadmium, and chromium were detected in soil below the surface of the Liquid
Disposal Area. Potential health risks exist for those who ingest contaminated water
or the contaminated soil. Cleanup workers and children playing on the site may be
most at risk. However, the site does have ground cover, lessening the opportunity
for direct contact with the soil.
34
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Three residences, the Miami County Highway garage, and
the incinerator facility were provided with alternate water supplies in 1986. Other
affected residences were provided with alternate water supplies in 1989.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA selected the following remedies for each area of
concern. For the South Landfill and the North Landfill, the EPA will construct a
single-barrier clay cap to prevent direct contact with the contaminants and
decrease infiltration of rainwater to reduce the potential for groundwater contamination. The
Ash Pile will be cleaned up by removing contaminated soil, treating it if necessary, and
placing the material into the North or South Landfill before construction of the cap. The Ash
Disposal Pit will be capped. Soil vapor extraction, groundwater pumping and treatment, and
capping will be used to treat the Liquid Disposal Area and Contaminated Groundwater Area.
Soil vapor extraction will reduce the risk of future VOC releases and reduce the volume of
contamination in the soil. Groundwater pumping and treatment will reduce the volume of
contamination in groundwater within and downgradient of the Liquid Disposal Area. All of
the remedies include construction of a fence to reduce the potential for site access and land
use restrictions to prevent future exposure to contaminants. The parties potentially
responsible for the contamination have completed the design part of the cleanup approach
and are expected to complete the remaining engineering designs by early 1994.
Environmental Progress
By supplying an alternate water supply, the potential of exposure to hazardous substances in
the drinking water has been eliminated, and residents near the Miami County Incinerator site
will continue to be protected until planned cleanup activities are completed.
Site Repository
Miami County Public Library, 419 West Main Street, Troy, OH 45373
MIAMI COUNTY INCINERATOR 35 March 1992
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MOUND PLA
(USDOE)
OHIO
EPA ID# OH6890008984
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Montgomery County
Miamisburg
Other Names:
US DOE Mound Facility
The 306-acre Mound Plant facility has operated since 1948 in support of weapons and energy
programs, with an emphasis on small explosive components and nuclear technology. First
operated by the Atomic Energy Commission, it now is operated by a contractor for the
Department of Energy (DOE). The site consists of two elevated areas divided by a small
valley. The major waste areas are on the southern slope and the valley of the northwestern
elevated area. They include a landfill in which solvents, paints, and chemical solutions were
deposited; several leachate beds used to dispose of solutions containing radionuclides and
explosive materials; and an area in which a solution contaminated with plutonium was spilled.
The landfill operated from 1948 until the mid-1970s. In 1978, the existing wastes were
excavated and placed in a lined landfill. The facility employs 2,200 people. Miamisburg
municipal wells are within 3 miles of the site and serve approximately 17,000 people. There is
no alternate water supply source. A system of ditches, canals, and ponds carries surface
waters from the facility to the Great Miami River approximately 1 mile downstream. The
river is used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/14/89
Final Date: 11/24/89
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with various volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Leachate beds contain radionuclides and explosives. Off-site sediments are
contaminated with plutonium. Drinking contaminated groundwater and coming
into direct contact with other site contaminants are potential health threats.
36
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1990, a site investigation was begun by the DOE to determine the
extent of contamination and to recommend alternatives for cleaning up the site.
The results of this investigation are expected in 1994. The site probably will be
divided into several cleanup phases as the studies progress.
Site Facts: The site is being addressed under the DOE Comprehensive Environmental
Assessment and Response Program. The investigation and cleanup are being conducted as
part of a Federal Facility Agreement between the DOE and the EPA, which became
effective in October 1990.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Mound Plant (USDOE) site while
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Dayton & Montgomery County Public Library, Miamisburg Branch, 355 Fifth Street,
Miamisburg, OH 45342
MOUND PLANT (USDOE)
37
March 1992
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NEASE CHEM
OHIO
EPAID#OHD980610018
EPA REGION 5
Columbians County
Salem
Other Names:
Ruetgers Nease Chemical Company/
Salem Plant
Site Description
The 44-acre Nease Chemical site was used for the manufacturing of pesticides, fire
retardants, cleaning compounds, and pharmaceutical products. The plant closed the
production facilities in 1973 and completed site closure activities in 1975. In 1982, a report
indicated that contaminants had migrated from the site and drums had been buried on the
site. Following approval from the EPA in 1983, the company removed the buried drums and
associated contaminated soils from the site and soils from a barren area. In addition, the
company removed soil from an abandoned pond and a freshwater ditch running parallel to
the main railroad line. Between 1983 and 1984, additional monitoring wells and soil borings
were drilled to further define the hydrogeology and groundwater quality. Residences are
located near the site. Feeder Creek, located on the site, drains into the Middle Fork of Little
Beaver Creek, where a 1987 EPA investigation verified sediment and fish contamination.
These creeks drain into the Ohio River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, soil, and sediments are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). A 1987 EPA study showed contamination of fish, creek and
adjacent floodplains sediments with mirex, a pesticide and fire retardant. Dairy
herds on two nearby farms were affected by exposure to creek contamination.
Access to the site now is restricted by fencing and bridges.
38
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Several initial cleanup actions have been completed to locate and
remove the main sources of contamination at the site. Earlier cleanup actions
conducted by the company included the removal of contaminated contents of the
waste ponds and buried drums located on the site, along with associated soils. In addition,
intermediate level activities are also being implemented to minimize migration of
contaminants off site. These activities include leachate collection and treatment, and surface
water management.
Entire Site: Under EPA monitoring, the parties potentially responsible for the
contamination initiated an investigation in 1988 to determine the nature and
extent of site contamination and to identify alternative cleanup methods. A
preliminary assessment indicates that any remaining contaminated soil will require removal
and contaminants will need to be separated from groundwater. Additionally, a groundwater
containment system needs to be implemented. The final cleanup remedy for the site will be
selected once the investigation is completed, scheduled in 1994.
Environmental Progress
Initial cleanup actions have removed the immediate sources of contamination and have
reduced the potential for nearby residents to be exposed to hazardous wastes left at the
Nease Chemical site while further studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being
planned.
Site Repository
Salem Public Library, 821 East State Street, Salem, OH 44460
NEASE CHEMICAL 39 March 1992
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NEW LYME
OHIO
EPAID#OHD980794614
EPA REGION 5
Ashtabula County
New Lyme
Other Names:
Ashtabula County Waste, Inc.
Site Description
Operations began at the 40-acre New Lyme Landfill site in 1969 and were initially managed
by two farmers. In 1971, the landfill was licensed by the State of Ohio, and operations were
taken over by a licensed landfill operator. The site received various wastes and construction
and demolition debris. However, numerous violations of the license occurred, including open
dumping, improper spreading and compacting of wastes, no State approval for disposal of
certain industrial wastes, and excavation of trenches into the shale bedrock. In 1978, the
landfill was closed by the Ashtabula County Health Department. Wastes at the site included
asbestos, coal tar, resins, paint sludge, oils, corrosive liquids, acetone, volatile organic
chemicals (VOCs), chlorinated solvents, and laboratory chemicals. Leachate containing
organics discharged from two sides of the fill area and threatens nearby surface waters. There
is also concern that groundwater might be contaminated by leachate from the landfill. Ten
families live within 1/4 mile of this site. Three households are presently using groundwater as
their drinking water source. Lebanon Creek and a wetland known as the New Lyme Wildlife
Area are located near the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
113
The groundwater is contaminated with VOCs and phenols. Sediments in Lebanon
Creek, the wetlands, and leachate seeps have been exposed to VOC, lead, and
chromium contamination by surface runoff during site operations and leachate
seep discharge. Surface soil samples from the central and eastern portion of the
site contained VOCs. One soil sample contained polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Potential health risks may exist for individuals accidentally ingesting or touching
the contaminated groundwater, soil, sediments, or leachate. Lebanon Creek, other
area surface waters, and area wetlands may be threatened by the site
contamination.
40
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1985, the EPA selected the following cleanup actions for the site:
construction of a cap over the landfill; installation of extraction and containment
wells around the perimeter of the landfill to dry up the landfill and to eliminate
leachate production; on-site treatment of contaminated groundwater and leachate; on-site
consolidation of contaminated sediments; installation of gas vents; fencing of the site; and
installation of a groundwater monitoring system. The wastewater treatment plant was
constructed in late 1990. The treatment plant currently is operating, however, modifications
are being made to make the plant more efficient. These modifications are expected to be
completed in early 1993. All other cleanup activities at the site were completed in 1990.
Environmental Progress
The completed cleanup activities, including the construction of the cap in 1990, have reduced
the potential for exposure to hazardous substances at the New Lyme Landfill site while the
water treatment plant for the final phase of the site cleanup plan is put into full operation.
Site Repository
United States Post Office, 4949 Day Road, Jefferson, OH 44047
NEW LYME LANDFILL
41
March 1992
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OLD MILL
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980510200
EPA REGION 5
Ashtabula County
Rock Creek
Other Names:
Webb MR
Rock Creek/Jack Webb
Kraus Disposal Site
Site Description
The Old Mill site consists of two parcels of land, the 3-acre Henfield Property and the
10 acre Kraus Property. The Henfield Property included four dilapidated wood buildings and
four concrete silos, which were removed as part of the site cleanup. This property became
contaminated when drummed waste and potting soil additives were improperly stored. The
Kraus Property was partially covered with piles of railroad ballasts and had one empty
abandoned bulk liquid tank. Wastes from the Henfield Property were stored on the Kraus
Property with the owner's permission. In 1979, the EPA and Ohio EPA found approximately
1,200 drums of toxic waste, including solvents, oils, resins, and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) stored on both properties. The drums leaked, causing contamination of soil and
groundwater. Approximately 100 homes are within a 1/4-mile radius of the site. An estimated
1,400 people are living within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are contaminating the groundwater
underneath the Henfield Property and the Kraus Property. VOCs and heavy
metals including lead were contaminating the soils near the silos on the Henfield
Property and in the drum storage area of the Kraus Property. Potential health
risks exist through accidental ingestion of or direct contact with the contaminated
groundwater until ongoing treatment is complete.
42
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1981 and 1982, some of the parties potentially
responsible for site contamination voluntarily removed 580 drums of wastes. Later
in 1982, all remaining drums were removed, and contaminated soil was removed
from the drum storage area. Soil and well water samples were taken and analyzed. In 1984, a
security fence was installed around the site.
Entire Site: In 1985, the EPA selected the following cleanup remedies: removal
and off-site disposal of a select volume of contaminated soil; extraction and
treatment of contaminated groundwater; aquifer use restrictions; and provision of
an alternate water supply for one residence. By 1989, the EPA had removed the
contaminated soils and installed the groundwater collection and treatment system. The silos
and buildings, drums, and tanks were removed, and debris was taken to an off-site disposal
facility. Groundwater will continue to be pumped and treated until established cleanup goals
are met.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil and debris has eliminated the surface contamination at the
Old Mill site. The groundwater will continue to be treated until contaminant levels meet the
cleanup standards specified in the remedy.
Site Repository
Rock Creek Public Library, 2988 High Street, Rock Creek, OH 44084
OLD MILL
43
March 1992
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ORMET COR
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD00437997®
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Monroe County
Hannibal
The 200-acre Ormet Corp. site is an aluminum processing facility that began operating in
1958. Between 1958 and 1968, approximately 85,000 tons of spent potliner material were
stored in an unlined, open storage area. From 1968 until 1981, Ormet Corp. operated a
caustic digestion process to recover chemicals from the potliner material. Since 1981, spent
potliner material has been transported off site for disposal. From 1958 to 1981, as many as
five unlined disposal ponds were used to hold waste materials at the site. Untreated water
from the facility, as well as contaminated groundwater, empties into the Ohio River. The
Ohio River is a major industrial waterway, recreational area, and source of drinking water for
many communities along its banks. Approximately 1,500 people live within a 3-mile radius of
the site. The Ohio River separates the site from the closest residence, which is 1,500 feet
away. The well that provides drinking water for over 3,000 employees of Ormet Corp. and the
nearby Consolidated Aluminum Corp. is 1,970 feet from the site. There are no other public
water supply wells within a 3-mile radius of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/18/85
Final Date: 07/21/87
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with cyanides and fluorides. Sludges in an 8-acre
lagoon on site are contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
cyanide, fluoride, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and petrochemicals. People
can be exposed to hazardous substances from the site by drinking or coming in
direct contact with contaminated groundwater. Contaminated groundwater could
affect the drinking water supply for workers at the Ormet Corp. plant and the
nearby Consolidated Aluminum Corp.
44
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1987, the EPA and the Ohio EPA began an investigation to
identify the types and amounts of contaminants on and near the site. The
following activities were completed during the first phase of the investigation:
samples of surface water, groundwater, surface soils, and sediment were collected at and near
the site and were tested; air quality at certain locations was analyzed; and data from previous
investigations of the site were reviewed to assist in identifying contaminants present at the
site. The second phase of the investigation included the following activities: groundwater
sampling; investigating the construction material scrap dump to define the types of
contaminants within and originating from this area; investigating the carbon runoff and
deposition area to define the boundaries of the area and to determine the thickness of the
carbon material; and sampling the Ohio River sediment to define the extent and type of
contamination. The Ormet Corp., under EPA and Ohio EPA monitoring, will evaluate the
best ways to address contamination problems found at the property. The investigation,
scheduled for completion in 1992, will provide the basis for selecting a cleanup method for
the property.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and the Ohio EPA negotiated an Administrative Order on
Consent with the Ormet Corp. to conduct a study of the nature and extent of contamination
at the site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Ormet Corp. site while studies
are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
United States Post Office, Boston Hill Road, Hannibal, OH 43931
ORMET CORPORATION 45 March 1992
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POWELL RO
LANDFILL
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD000382663
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Montgomery County
Dayton
Other Names:
SCA Services Inc.
The 70-acre Powell Road Landfill site is located in a former sand and gravel staging area.
The site was first used to mine gravel before 1959, but was later used as a landfill for
municipal and demolition waste. Only household refuse, construction waste, and other similar
waste materials were licensed to be disposed of at the site, but the Ohio EPA and the
Montgomery County Health Department found that liquid and industrial wastes also were
accepted by the site's original operator. Residents in the area complained to the Ohio EPA
about uncovered waste, exposed leachate and litter at the site, and odors. This prompted the
State to investigate the site. The landfill was closed, capped, and sealed in 1985.
Approximately 3,000 people live within a 1-mile radius of the site. The Great Miami River
flows along the southern boundary of the site. The entire site is fenced, and a locking gate
restricts access. Area drinking water is provided by public and private groundwater wells.
Surface water runoff drains south toward the Great Miami River.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Air sampled on the site contains various volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Groundwater is contaminated with VOCs, primarily ethenes and ethanes. The site
currently poses little risk to public health; however, people potentially could be
exposed to hazardous substances from the site by drinking or coming in direct
contact with contaminated groundwater or by inhaling gases or contaminated dust
particles in the air. People in the area use the Great Miami River Valley Aquifer
as a source of drinking water. The contamination of this resource would increase
the chances of exposure to contaminants for residents in the area who use it.
46
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA and the Ohio EPA are supervising the study being
conducted by the potentially responsible party. The purpose of the study is to
examine the nature and extent of contamination at the site and to identify
alternative remedies for cleaning up the site. The study is scheduled for completion in late
1992. The following actions have been taken to date: private residential wells were sampled
to determine if site contamination had entered the local water supply; samples of surface
water, groundwater, and seeps at and near the landfill were collected; soil and sediment
samples were taken from locations at and around the site; a soil gas survey was conducted;
landfill gas and gas-vent liquid were collected to determine what chemicals may be present in
air at the site; and an air monitoring survey of the surrounding area was performed to
discover if gases leaving the landfill may cause a health problem for nearby residents. During
1990, monitoring wells were installed south of the river and additional groundwater samples
were taken at the request of a citizens group. Sampling detected VOCs, primarily in the
ethene group, which are generally different from samples obtained near the landfill, primarily
VOCs in the ethane group.
Site Facts: SCA Services agreed to study contamination problems at the landfill. The EPA,
the Ohio EPA, and SCA Services signed a Consent Order in 1987.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Powell Road Landfill site while
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Montgomery County Public Library, Dayton Branch, 215 East 3rd Street, Dayton, OH 45402
POWELL ROAD LANDFILL 47 March 1992
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PRISTINE, IN
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD076773712
EPA REGION 5
Hamilton County
Reading
Site Description
Pristine, Inc. began operating a liquid waste disposal facility at the location of a former
sulfuric acid manufacturing plant on this 2-acre site in 1974. In 1977, the company obtained a
permit allowing the operation of a liquid waste incinerator. From 1974 to 1981, a variety of
acids, organic solvents, and waste products were received at the facility and subsequently were
treated by incineration or acid neutralization and disposed of at the site. In 1979, an
inspection revealed the presence of 8,000 to 10,000 drums and 13 bulk storage tanks
containing a wide variety of hazardous substances. In 1981, the facility closed as a result of
State enforcement actions. The City of Reading has a population of approximately 12,800.
Eight municipal water supply wells serving the people of Reading are located 300 feet
northwest of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenols,
fluoride, and heavy metals including manganese and iron. Compounds detected in
the soil and sediments include VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
heavy metals, and pesticides. Surface water contaminants include VOCs, PAHs,
phenols, and heavy metals. The presence of trace levels of VOCs in groundwater
does not present an immediate health risk to people. Other contaminants are
present at levels low enough not to constitute a health concern. Contaminated
runoff from the site to Mill Creek may pose a problem.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
48
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Initial Actions: From 1980 to 1983, Pristine, Inc., under the monitoring of the
State, removed much of the waste at the site. In 1984, some of the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination, under EPA monitoring, performed
soil, sludge, sediment, and waste removal activities to address immediate hazardous site
conditions.
Entire Site: In 1987, the EPA selected the following cleanup technologies to
address both the soil and groundwater contamination: treatment of the top one
foot of soil across the site and all other soils from the present groundwater surface
to 4 feet below the ground surface by in-situ vitrification, whereby the soil is electrically
melted to bind the waste in a glassy solid material; treatment of sediments and waste pit soils
if necessary, and placement of ash under an on-site cap, if necessary; performance of an
additional groundwater investigation and extraction and treatment of the lower aquifer with
wells, an air stripper, and carbon adsorption; decontamination and demolition of on-site
structures and disposal of debris in a sanitary landfill; construction of a fence to restrict
access; implementation of deed restrictions to restrict land use; and monitoring of
groundwater flow and quality. In 1990, the EPA revised the remedy to treat the contaminated
soil by incineration and in-situ soil vapor extraction rather than in-situ vitrification. The soil
vapor extraction process removes VOCs from the soil by placing a cover over the
contaminated area and applying a vacuum to filter the contaminants from the soil particles.
The demolition of on-site structures was completed in early 1991 by the potentially
responsible parties, under EPA monitoring. The designs for the incinerator, the soil vapor
extraction system, and the groundwater treatment system began in 1991.
Site Facts: From 1980 to 1983, much of the on-site waste was removed in accordance with a
Consent Decree entered into between the State and Pristine, Inc.
Environmental Progress
The removal of waste, soil, sludge, and sediment has reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous substances at the Pristine, Inc. site while final cleanup actions are being conducted.
Site Repository
Valley Public Library, 301 West Benson Street, Reading, OH 45215
PRISTINE, INC. 49 March 1992
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REILLY TAR &
CHEMICAL C
(DOVER PLA
OHIO
EPA ID#OHD980610042
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Tuscarawas County
Dover
The 4-acre Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp. (Dover Plant) site was operated from 1932 to 1956
as a coal tar refinery. During that time, coal tar wastes accumulated on the ground from
spillage and other site activities. The site is situated on slag originally deposited by a local
blast furnace. The site is currently inactive, fenced, and located on the sand and gravel
deposits of the Tuscarawas River basin. The aquifer in the deposits is the sole source of
drinking water for approximately 28,700 people served by the municipal water systems of
Dover and New Philadelphia. An additional 4,000 people obtain drinking water from private
wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with petrochemicals from coal tar wastes.
Potential health threats include accidentally ingesting or coming in direct contact
with contaminated groundwater or soil. However, potential contact with hazardous
substances is limited, because the site is fenced and is located in an industrial area.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
50
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1988, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination, under EPA monitoring, installed a fence around the site. In 1990,
they also removed surface coal tars from the site and took them to a hazardous
Entire Site: Under EPA monitoring, the potentially responsible parties currently
are conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of contamination at the
site. The investigation will define the contaminants, identify potential off-site
migration, and will result in the recommendation of alternatives for the final cleanup. The
investigation is scheduled to be completed in 1993.
Site Facts: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination are conducting the
investigation under a Unilateral Administrative Order dated March 29, 1989.
Environmental Progress
The installation of a fence and the removal of surface coal tars have reduced the potential
for exposure to contaminated materials at the Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp. (Dover Plant)
site while studies are taking place and final cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Dover Public Library, 525 North Walnut, Dover, OH 44622
REILLY TAR & CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(DOVER PLANT)
51
March 1992
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REPUBLIC ST
CORP. QUAR
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980903447
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Lorain County
Elyria
The Republic Steel Corp. Quarry site consists of a 4-acre quarry containing water that is
surrounded by 7 acres of fenced property. Prior to 1950, the site operated as a sandstone
quarry. The site then was used for the disposal of spent pickle liquor. Pickle liquor is an acid
used to dissolve oxides in the mill scale that forms on steel during the hot rolling process.
Sulfuric acid was used as the pickling acid at this facility. From 1950 to 1972, approximately
200,000 gallons of waste pickle liquor were discharged into the quarry each year. Waste pickle
liquor reportedly was pumped through an aboveground pipe to a ditch located on the eastern
side of the plant. The ditch routed the liquid north to the quarry. Beginning in 1969, the
operators stopped discharging the pickle liquor into the quarry, and it was hauled off site.
From 1969 to 1975, the ditch continued to be used to direct wastewater from the plant to the
quarry. In 1976, the ditch was dammed. The site, although fenced, is still accessible.
Approximately 60,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. The City of Elyria Water
Company supplies treated water for all water users within 3 miles of the quarry, except for
360 homes. Of these 360 homes, 150 are served by the Rural Lorain County Water
Authority. Both of the water companies obtain their water supplies from Lake Erie. The
remaining 210 homes obtain water from private wells. Two residential wells are within 1 mile
of the site. Both the on-site quarry and the Black River are used for recreational purposes.
Site Responsibility: This site was addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/12/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and surface water were contaminated with heavy metals including
barium, manganese, and iron. Groundwater still contains beryllium. Quarry
sediments were contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy
metals, and phthalates. Heavy metals, phthalates, oil and grease, and pyrene were
contaminating the soil. Health risks included accidentally ingesting or coming in
direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediments.
52
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site was addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA selected the following cleanup technologies to
address soil contamination: excavation of contaminated surface soil from the pickle
liquor discharge ditch and the southern end of the quarry; disposal of excavated
soil; a five-year monitoring plan including a fish species survey and fish tissue study to ensure
the absence of contaminants; and groundwater monitoring. Approximately 130 cubic yards of
contaminated soil were removed and disposed of in a regulated hazardous waste landfill.
Groundwater was resampled and fish tissue samples were collected to better assess risks at
the site. The EPA and the State are in the process of determining if the presence of
beryllium in the groundwater at the site warrants any further action; however, it is anticipated
that no further action will be necessary. The site is planned for deletion from the NPL.
Presently, a preliminary closeout report is being prepared. The extent of the contamination
and the likelihood that the groundwater will be used as a potable water source will be
evaluated before site deletion proceeds.
Environmental Progress
All planned cleanup activities have been completed, and contaminated soils at the site have
been safely removed. The EPA currently is in the process of evaluating the cleanup activities
performed at the Republic Steel Corp. Quarry to ensure that any future usage of the site
does not pose a risk to public health and the environment. The site is scheduled to be deleted
from the NPL by the close of 1992.
Site Repository
Elyria Public Library, Reference Department, 320 Washington Avenue, Elyria, OH 44035
REPUBLIC STEEL CORP. QUARRY
53
March 1992
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SANITARY LA
CO. (INDUSTRI
WASTE DISPO
CO., INC.)
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD093895787
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Montgomery County
Dayton
Other Names:
Cardington Road Landfill
The 50-acre Sanitary Landfill Co. (Industrial Waste Disposal Co., Inc.) site was operated as a
landfill from 1965 to 1980. The landfill reportedly accepted municipal wastes and various
types of industrial wastes including solvents. In 1980, the landfill was closed according to State
regulations. No waste material is exposed, due to a cap that was installed. Approximately
6,500 people live within 3 miles of the site. The closest residence is located less than 150 feet
from the site. Approximately 125,000 people draw drinking water from wells within 3 miles of
the site. Municipal wells within the vicinity of the site are not contaminated, and private wells
within the vicinity of the site are not used for potable purposes. The Great Miami River is
located near the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with solvents and heavy metals including chromium,
copper, cadmium, and lead. The soil contains solvents, asbestos, and the heavy
metals chromium, copper, cadmium, and lead. Potential health risks to people
include accidentally ingesting or coming in direct contact with contaminated soil.
There also is the possibility of a health risk associated with consuming
contaminated animals and agricultural products. Access to the site is restricted by a
fence.
54
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination currently
are conducting a study of the nature and extent of contamination at the site. The
study will define the contaminants and will recommend alternatives for the final
cleanup; it is planned to be completed in late 1992.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and a group of potentially responsible parties signed a Consent
Order requiring the parties to conduct an investigation of the nature and extent of site
contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Sanitary Landfill Co. (Industrial
Waste Disposal Co., Inc.) site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being
planned.
Site Repository
Dayton Public Library, Kettering-Moraine Branch, 3496 Far Hills Avenue, Kettering, OH
45429
SANITARY LANDFILL COMPANY
(INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL CO., INC.)
55
March 1992
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SKINNER LA
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD063963714
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Butler County
West Chester
The 78-acre Skinner Landfill site is located on a ridge above the east fork of Mill Creek in
West Chester. The landfill accepted hazardous and demolition wastes since the late 1950s.
The actual landfill area covers approximately 10 acres and includes a lagoon less than 1 acre
in size, containing hazardous waste and approximately 100 drums of solvents, pesticides, and
heavy metals. Approximately 40 feet of demolition material are on top of this lagoon.
Demolition waste was accepted until July 1990. The remaining 60 acres of the site contain
scrap metal, the owner's residence, and buildings used by the owner for his general
contracting business. Two wells located downgradient from the lagoon are contaminated with
VOCs. Approximately 3,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. On-site residences use
groundwater upgradient from the landfill area for drinking water. The majority of off-site
residences are connected to a municipal water supply. A fork of Mill Creek borders the site
to the East and Skinner Creek borders it to the West. The potential exists for wildlife in the
creeks to become contaminated from migrating contaminated sludge.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Liquid sludge in the on-site lagoon is contaminated with heavy metals including
cyanide, cadmium, and chromium; volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-
volatile organic compounds; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); dioxins;
and furans. Groundwater is contaminated with various VOCs and semi-volatile
organic compounds. Two creeks which border the site contain sediments
contaminated with VOCs from sludge migration. Potential health threats include
accidental ingestion of and direct contact with contaminated liquid sludge,
groundwater, or river sediments.
56
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA completed the second phase of an investigation into the
nature and extent of site contamination. The investigation, which began in late
1988, has defined the contaminants of concern and recommended alternatives for
the final cleanup. The investigation was completed in mid-1992 and the proposed cleanup
plan is currently going through a public comment period. The proposed remedy includes:
excavating portions of the waste lagoon; incinerating and solidifying excavated materials;
redepositing treated materials and constructing a multi-layer cap; conducting soil vapor
extraction to remove VOCs from landfill soil; and collecting and treating groundwater. In the
meantime, an interim remedy is in effect. It includes fencing the site to prevent migration of
contaminated sludges off-site, and providing hook-ups to the city water supply for area
residences who might become affected by contaminated groundwater. An amended remedy
selection is expected in early 1993 following the public comment period. Design of the
selected remedy will begin shortly thereafter.
Environmental Progress
An initial evaluation of the Skinner Landfill site determined that no immediate actions were
needed during the investigation leading to the selection of final cleanup remedies. Results of
current site investigations are being discussed in a public comment period expected to close in
early 1993.
Site Repository
Union Township Library, 7900 Cox Road, West Chester, OH 45069
SKINNER LANDFILL
57
March 1992
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SOUTH POI
PLANT
OHIO
EPAID#OHD071650592
EPA REGION 5
Lawrence County
South Point
Other Names:
Allied Chemical Ethanol Plant
shland Oil South Point Facility
Site Description
The 75-acre South Point Plant site is an active ethanol producing facility. Ammonia, fertilizer,
and formaldehyde were produced on site from 1943 to 1979. The Federal government began
operations at the site in 1943 with the production of chemicals used in explosives. The Allied
Chemical Corporation operated the plant for the military until 1946, when the company
purchased the property. From 1946 until the plant closed in 1979, Allied Chemical
Corporation produced chemicals used for agricultural and other purposes. In 1982, South
Point Ethanol built an ethanol production plant and began operations on the site. Several
unlined landfills, covering approximately 20 acres, and surface impoundments were used for
process waste disposal. The landfills were closed in 1979; one is eroding. Numerous activities
have contributed to groundwater contamination. In the late 1950s, a large volume of water
used to extinguish a fire in the ammonium nitrate building caused two incidents of surface
water runoffs. In 1971, an on-site spill of 300,000 gallons of ammonium nitrate occurred.
Access to the site is unrestricted. Approximately 65,000 people live within 3 miles of the site.
The site is located on the eastern flood plain of the Ohio River. Surface water from the
facility drains to the Ohio River through Solida Creek or the surface water drainage system.
The intake for the Ashland, Kentucky municipal water supply is located on the Ohio River a
mile downstream from the site. The Village of South Point draws its water supply from two
well fields, one of which is located between the site and the Ohio River. The underlying
aquifer that supplies potable water to the Village of South Point is contaminated.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals including iron and manganese, as
well as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate. Surface water is contaminated with nitrate
and manganese. Potential health threats include drinking or coming in direct
contact with contaminated groundwater and surface water and eating
contaminated fish, animals, and plants.
58
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination currently
are conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of site contamination.
The investigation will define the contaminants and will recommend alternatives for
the final cleanup. The ongoing investigation is planned to be completed in 1992 and includes
the following activities: a review of data from historical photographs, maps, and reports to
define the extent of the former disposal areas; an expanded investigation of portions of the
disposal areas, fly ash ponds, and soils surrounding these areas; and sampling for gases within
the soils in and near the disposal areas and fly ash ponds.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the South Point Plant site while
investigations are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Briggs-Lawrence County Library, 321 South 4th Street, Ironton, OH 45683
SOUTH POINT PLANT
59
March 1992
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SUMMIT NAT
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980609994
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Portage County
Deerfield
The 115-acre Summit National site is located on a former coal strip mine containing a coal
wash pond and a coal stock pile. From 1974 to 1978, the site was used as a waste disposal
facility and received such wastes as oils, resins, paint and metal plating sludges, flammable
solvents, and chlorinated solvents. In addition, two surface water ponds and an incinerator
were located on site. The facility received liquid wastes, which were stored in drums, an open
pit, or bulk tanks. Some wastes were incinerated, others were buried, and some were dumped
on the soil. In 1975, the Ohio EPA investigated a complaint of unauthorized discharge from
the site. In 1978, the facility was ordered to stop receiving waste materials and to remove all
liquid wastes from the site. In 1979, surface water monitoring revealed violations of State
water quality standards. Approximately 4,500 people live within 3 miles of the site. There are
several agricultural fields located within a few thousand feet of the site. Berlin Lake
Reservoir is located about 1 mile southeast of the site. The site is enclosed by a fence with
locked gates.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/22/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with various volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
phenols, and phthalates. VOCs, phenols, and heavy metals including cadmium and
antimony are contaminating the soil. The surface water is contaminated with
VOCs, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals including arsenic and chromium. The
contaminated groundwater, soil, and surface water could pose a health problem if
accidentally touched or swallowed. The Berlin Lake Reservoir is a standby water
supply for the City of Youngstown. The reservoir is threatened, because a
contaminated waste lagoon overflowed into the tributary of the reservoir.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
60
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1980, the EPA removed contaminated materials that
threatened the Berlin Lake Reservoir. Also, drums, tanks, various surface debris,
and a small amount of contaminated surface soil were collected and shipped off
site. All drums, bulk containers, and the concrete block pit were emptied and removed. A
slope was built on the site to control the stormwater runoff. In 1987, the EPA contained a
threatened release of hazardous materials by treating liquid wastes in ponds that were
threatening to overflow, recovering and disposing of an underground storage tank, increasing
the freeboard, strengthening the dikes around the pond, and excavating the underground
tank. Contaminated soils were stored on site and will be treated in the final stages of cleanup
operations.
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for the contamination will assume
the responsibility for site cleanup. The selected cleanup remedies for this site
include: excavation and on-site incineration of approximately 24,000 cubic yards of
contaminated soil and sediments and the contents of approximately 1,600 buried drums and 4
tanks, with disposal of incinerator residuals in a federally approved landfill; groundwater
pumping and treatment using a trench system and extraction well system; surface water
treatment on site; discharge of treated water to downslope surface water; installation of a
permeable cap over the site with regrading and revegetation; dismantling and on-site disposal
of all on-site structures; access and deed restrictions to restrict land uses; and groundwater
and surface water monitoring and residence relocation. The design of the cleanup activities
began in 1991 and is expected to be completed in 1993.
Site Facts: In 1981, the State and the potentially responsible parties reached an agreement
to undertake a surface cleanup of the site.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated materials, control of runoff, treatment of liquid wastes, and
strengthening of the dikes by the EPA have reduced the potential of exposure to hazardous
materials at the Summit National site while cleanup activities are being designed.
Site Repository
Deerfield Post Office, 1365 State Route 14, Deerfield, OH 44411
SUMMIT NATIONAL 61 March 1992
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TRW, INC.
(MINERVA P
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD004179339
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Stark County
Minerva
The 54-acre TRW, Inc. (Minerva Plant) site is a manufacturing facility that was sold to PCC
Airfoils, Inc. However, the TRW Corporation still owns land near its former plant in order to
conduct waste management and treatment of the contamination associated with its past
disposal practices. The facility was used for metal casting, in which volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) were used as degreasers. The spent degreasing materials were discharged
directly to the Wax Ditch, which flowed into the South Pond. Dredged material from South
Pond and Wax Ditch also was deposited on the Rubble Pile. Minerva city wells are located
approximately 1 mile southwest and downslope from the TRW building. The wells draw water
from a sand and gravel aquifer, the same aquifer that underlies the TRW property. These
wells serve approximately 4,550 people. Within 3 miles of the site are shallow residential wells
serving approximately 900 people. The nearest residential well is 925 feet from the TRW
facility.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, sediments, and soil are contaminated with polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and VOCs, and could pose a health hazard if they are
accidentally touched or swallowed.
62
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, the potentially responsible parties hooked up all
residences with contaminated wells to municipal drinking water supplies. In 1985,
contaminated soils and sediments from the former disposal areas were excavated
and disposed of in an on-site secured landfill. A PCB vault was built on the site to secure
excavated toxic materials, and a soil cap was placed over the concrete-lined vault. TRW
excavated the soils and sediments for placement in the vault.
Groundwater: In 1986, the parties potentially responsible for the contamination
started operating a system that pumps contaminated groundwater to the surface,
treats it with an air stripper, and discharges the treated water to the Sandy Creek.
The groundwater treatment system is currently operating. It is estimated that the cleanup
process will take more than 30 years.
Site Facts: In 1985, the State issued an Administrative Order on Consent to the potentially
responsible parties, requiring that the parties clean up the groundwater.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate water supply, disposal of contaminated soils, securing of toxic
materials, the placement of a cap, and the operation of the groundwater treatment system
have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the TRW, Inc.
(Minerva Plant) site. Cleanup goals for surface contamination have been met. Groundwater
treatment will continue at the site until established cleanup goals are met.
Site Repository
Minerva Public Library, 677 Linwood Street, Minerva, OH 44657
TRW, INC. (MINERVA PLANT) 63 March 1992
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UNITED SCR
CO., INC.
OHIO
EPA ID#OHD018392928
EPA REGION 5
Miami County
Troy
Site Description
From 1948 until 1980, the 25-acre United Scrap Lead Co., Inc. site was used to reclaim lead
batteries. An estimated 32,000 cubic yards of crushed battery cases were generated and used
as fill material. The battery acid and the rinse water were disposed of in an infiltration pit.
Beginning in 1972, the acid was neutralized with ammonia prior to discharge into the pit. In
1974, the State recommended implementing a more effective on-site treatment system.
United Scrap Lead did not implement the suggested treatment because operations ceased,
and the facility was closed shortly thereafter. Monitoring wells on site are contaminated with
lead. The site is partially fenced and consists of three general areas: an open flat area
occupying the northern half of the site, a wooded area in the southeastern quarter of the site,
and the southwestern quarter of the site where the offices, process buildings, and waste
disposal areas are located. Forming the southern boundary of the site is a ditch that flows
into the Miami River and serves as a major drainage route for runoff for much of Troy and
the surrounding area. A residential garden is located adjacent to the site. There also is a
migrant worker population associated with commercial activity in the area. The nearest Troy
public water supply well is located approximately 2 miles upgradient of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with lead, but the concentration does not exceed
primary drinking water standards. Sediments and surface water also are
contaminated with lead; soil contains lead and arsenic. The contaminated soil,
surface water, groundwater, and sediments could pose a health threat if they are
accidentally touched or ingested. Also, since the site is located in the Miami River
flood plain, there is a possibility of the site contaminating the river.
64
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: emergency actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: In 1985, the EPA excavated contaminated soil and battery
casings from the western portion of the site and moved them away from nearby
residents to the interior of the site.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA selected the following remedies for the site
cleanup: excavating and treating soil and battery casings by washing, with lead
recovery and off-site disposal or recycling of casing residues and replacement of
cleaned residual soil on site; dewatering tributary sediments, followed by on-site disposal with
treated soil; constructing a soil cover over treated material and revegetating the area;
decontaminating buildings and debris, followed by off-site disposal; installing a new residential
well; imposing deed restrictions; and monitoring groundwater and surface water. The EPA is
expected to complete the design specifications for the cleanup in 1994.
Environmental Progress
The excavation of contaminated soil and battery casings have reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the United Scrap Lead Co., Inc. site while final
cleanup activities are being designed.
Site Repository
Troy-Miami County Public Library, 419 West Main Street, Troy, OH 45373
UNITED SCRAP LEAD COMPANY, INC.
65
March 1992
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VAN DALE
JUNKYARD
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980794606
EPA REGION 5
Washington County
1 1/2 miles northeast of Marietta
Other Names:
Vandalis Junkyard
Site Description
The 10-acre Van Dale Junkyard is a licensed facility that accepted hundreds of drums for
salvage, some of which contained such materials as waste dyes and organic solvents. Wastes
from the drums were disposed of through open burning, direct dumping on to soils, and
burial. The small stream draining the site and an adjacent marshy area are contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals. Approximately 10,000 people live
within 2 miles of the site. Area surface waters are used for recreation, while residents rely on
groundwater from both private wells and a public water system for their water supply.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
213
Off-site sediments and on-site soils are contaminated with polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and VOCs. On-site sludge is contaminated with
various VOCs and metals. People may be exposed to health threats if they
accidentally ingest or come in direct contact with contaminated materials. Site
geology has contributed to contamination reaching adjacent streams and a nearby
marshy area.
66
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA is conducting an investigation of the Van Dale Junkyard
that will identify the types and extent of site pollutants. The investigation is
focusing on contaminants in groundwater, soils, and surface waters on and near
the site. The investigation was initiated by the potentially responsible parties in 1988. The
EPA assumed responsibility for completion of the investigation from the parties in 1990 due
to dissatisfaction with the course of the investigation. At the conclusion of the study,
scheduled for 1992, alternatives for site cleanup will be recommended.
Site Facts: In 1984, the owner of the site agreed to stop accepting solid and hazardous
wastes and to stop filling, grading, excavating, or burning wastes.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Van Dale Junkyard site while
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Washington County Public Library, 615 Fifth Street, Marietta, OH 45750
VAN DALE JUNKYARD 67 March 1992
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WRIGHT-PA
AIR FORCE
OHIO
EPAID#OH7571724312
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Greene County
Northeast of Dayton
Other Names:
USAF Wright-Patterson
The 8,511-acre Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is the headquarters for the Air Force
Logistics Command and includes the Aeronautical Systems Division and the Air Force
Institute of Technology, as well as a medical center. Past Air Force activities in support of
operational missions have resulted in the creation of several unlined waste disposal areas
throughout the base, including landfills, fire training areas, and coal storage piles. From 1941
to 1973, the Industrial Shops and the Research and Development Laboratories disposed of
more than 6,600 tons of waste on the base, including solvents, contaminated thinners,
degreasing sludges, and miscellaneous hazardous chemicals. The base employs approximately
32,000 people and 8,000 people live on the base. The Buried Valley Aquifer, which is the
predominant water source in the Dayton and Wright-Patterson area, provides water to three
municipal wellfields within 3 miles of the site. These wells serve more than 375,000 people.
The people working and living on the base are served by 16 base wells.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
7J3
Air releases from the site contain methane. Contaminants identified in the
groundwater and leachate include volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Surface
water and sediments contain lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Methane may be migrating through soils to nearby housing, and concentrations in
the soil at some landfills are above explosive levels for methane. Residents
threatened by the contaminated soil are being relocated to other housing on base.
Previous radiological analyses show elevated alpha and beta radiation in leachate.
A plume of VOC-contaminated groundwater is migrating off base toward the City
of Dayton's well field.
68
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in 14 stages: emergency actions and 13 long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of landfills 8 & 10; spill sites 2 & 3 and coal and chemicals storage area;
landfills 11, 12, & 14; fire training areas 3 & 4 and spill site 1; landfill 5, fire training area 1,
and Gravel Lake tanks; landfills 3, 4, 6, and 7; Building 4020 underground storage tank BS-2
and chemical disposal area; and seven additional phases beginning within the next two years.
Additional phases will be defined as the investigation proceeds.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: Base residents near one landfill are being relocated, due
to the unstable nature of high levels of methane in the soil. Sixteen base wells use
air strippers to remove contamination. However, the air strippers currently are
not in operation due to mechanical problems. Even so, the drinking water has remained safe.
Approximately 400 drums were removed from various landfills, and the recovery of free
product at a fuel spill site has begun. Based on the results of a study completed in 1990, the
Air Force began operating a pump and treat system for VOCs in the groundwater in late
1991.
Landfills 8 & 10: The Air Force began an investigation to determine the type
and extent of contamination at these landfills in 1990. At the conclusion of the
investigation, scheduled for 1993, recommendations will be made for cleaning up
these areas. A temporary leachate collection system has been installed.
Spill Sites 2 & 3 and Coal and Chemicals Storage Area: The Air Force
plans to begin a study to determine the nature and extent of contamination and to
identify cleanup alternatives. Field work is expected to begin in 1992.
Landfills 11,12, & 14, Fire Training Areas 3 & 4, and Spill Site 1: The Air
Force is expected to begin a study to determine the nature and extent of
contamination and to identify cleanup alternatives in 1992.
Landfill 5, Fire Training Area 1, and Gravel Lake Tanks: In 1992, the Air
Force is expected to begin studies to investigate the extent and nature of
contamination and to identify cleanup alternatives.
Landfills 3, 4, 6, & 7: In 1992, the Air Force is expected to begin a study to
investigate the extent and nature of contamination in these landfills and to identify
cleanup alternatives.
Building 4020 Underground Storage Tank BS-2 and Chemical Disposal
Area: In 1991, the Air Force is expected to begin studies to investigate the extent
and nature of contamination in these areas and to identify cleanup alternatives.
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE 69 March 1992
-------
Site Facts: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is participating in the Installation Restoration
Program, a specially funded program established by the Department of Defense (DOD) in
1978 to identify, investigate, and control the migration of hazardous contaminants at military
and other DOD facilities. An Interagency Agreement with the base to oversee studies and
implementation of selected remedies was signed on March 21,1991.
Environmental Progress
The relocation of residents will reduce the potential for exposure to explosive gases at the
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base site while studies leading to the selection of final cleanup
activities are taking place.
Site Repository
Greene County Library, Fairborn Branch, 1 East Main Street, Fairborn, OH 45324
March 1992
70
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE
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ZANESVILLE V
FIELD
OHIO
EPA ID# OHD980794598
EPA REGION 5
Muskingum County
Northeast of Zanesville
Site Description
The 1-acre Zanesville Well Field site supplies water to the City of Zanesville and is adjacent
to the Muskingum River. In 1981, the State found that three of the 13 production wells were
highly contaminated. A groundwater study conducted by the EPA identified trichloroethylene
(TCE) as a primary contaminant. The City took the three contaminated wells out of service
and began flushing to remove contaminants remaining in the water lines. By 1982, the
contaminated wells still were not in use, but were being continually pumped to reduce the
contamination and to prevent its further migration into the well field. A nearby production
well also was not in use because of the danger of contamination. The City conducts a regular
monitoring program at the site. A neighboring industry, after studying its operation, began to
excavate buried wastes and to treat local groundwater. Approximately 40,000 people reside
within 3 miles of the site. Fourteen city wells supply water to the population.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The air, groundwater and soil contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The
soil also contains some heavy metals. Accidentally ingesting or coming in direct
contact with groundwater or soil could pose a potential health threat. Inhaling
contaminated airborne vapors also may be a health threat.
71
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: An investigation to determine the nature and extent of
contamination and to identify alternatives for final cleanup was completed in 1991.
Cleanup activities at the site will include: pumping and treating groundwater with
discharge of treated water into the Muskingum River; washing soil to remove metal
contamination; and extracting volatile contaminants from the soil through vapor extraction.
Design of these cleanup methods are expected to begin in 1993.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Zanesville Well Field site while
cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Muskingum County Library, 220 North Fifth Street, Zanesville, OH 43701
March 1992
72
ZANESVILLE WELL FIELD
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GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-15
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfmed part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
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GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 1980 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment.
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in mixing
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal 'action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangerment
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
near shore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
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GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (paniculate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 19X0, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
-------
GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Over packing: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
G-9
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GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic-
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
Still bottom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superfund: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands],
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated groundwater, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
Threats*
Heavy Metafe
Volatile Organic
Compounds
(VOCs)
Herbicides
Poiychforinated
Creosotes
Radiation
(RadfonucJitfes)
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources: Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
G-15
• US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1993 -3"tl -932/ 826i»e
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