&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
SUPERFUND:
EPA/540/R-93/035
December 1992
PB93-963236
Progress at
National
Priority
List Sites
OREGON
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
Publication #9200.5-7376
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Oregon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
?J^5^S"^, 12ft Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460
-------
If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
«
t
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
-------
INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the '
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
-------
INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for groundwater
treatment.
VI
-------
INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
Superfund employee removing drams from a Superfund site.
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
-------
INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
viii
-------
INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
-------
INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
• Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
• Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
L
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
-------
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
-------
THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
STATE
EPA ID* ABCOOOOOOO
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
Threats and Contaminants
Response Action Status
Site Facts:
Environmental Progress
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
-------
THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
xiii
-------
THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
-------
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
-------
Superfund
Activities in Oregon
The State of Oregon is located within EPA Region 10,
which includes three northwestern States and Alaska. The
State covers 97,073 square miles. According to the 1990
Census, Oregon experienced an 8 percent increase in popula-
tion between 1980 and 1990, and is ranked twenty-ninth in
U.S. population with approximately 2,842,000 residents.
The Oregon Environmental Cleanup Law, enacted in 1987 and most recently amended in
1991, establishes the Hazardous Substance Remedial Action Fund (HSRAF) and provides enforce-
ment authority for site cleanup. The statute grants the State the authority to compel polluters who are
liable for site contamination (generally excluding transporters and off-site generators) to conduct or
pay for cleanup activities regardless of fault. Polluters also are held liable for site contamination
regardless of actual contribution to hazardous conditions at the site. Additionally, the State has the
authority to collect civil penalties and damages, recover costs, and place a lien on property as a means
of payment. In addition to the 10 percent contribution from the State required by the Federal
Superfund program, the HSRAF is used for emergency response and removal actions, study and
design activities, long-term cleanup actions, and operation and maintenance activities. The 1991
amendment created the Orphan Site Account within the HSRAF to provide an additional three million
dollars per year for purposes of bond debt retirement. To keep the community informed, the State is
required to provide public notice of all proposed settlement agreements, and proposed cleanup plans
with a 30-day comment period. The State must hold a public meeting for all proposed long-term
cleanup actions, if requested by at least 10 people. Currently, 8 sites in the State of Oregon have been
listed as final on the NPL. One new site was proposed for listing in 1992.
The Department of Environmental Quality
implements the Superfund Program in the State of Oregon
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Oregon include:
Federal
Facilities
Chemical
Production
Facilities
Metal
Production
Facilities
Wood
Production
and
Treatment
Operations
Electroplating
Operations
Facts about the nine NPL sites
in Oregon:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at four
sites.
No sites endanger sensitive environ-
ments.
Six sites are located near residential
areas.
XVII
March 1992
-------
OREGON
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Air
Surface
Water
Sediments
Soil
Ground-
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Oregon, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at four sites.
Contaminants Found at Sites
Percentage of Sites
Heavy Metals
VOCs
Creosotes
Petrochemicals/Explosives
Other*
PCBs
Radiation
Asbestos
Gases
89%
33%
33%
22%
22%
11%
11%
11%
11%
'Other contaminants include cyanide and fluoride.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Oregon Please Contact:
«* EPA Region 10 Superfund
Community Relations
® National Response Center
Department of Environmental
Quality: Environmental Cleanup
Division
EPA Region 10 Superfund Branch
EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Superfund Program
Federal Superfund Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(206) 553-6901
(800) 424-8802
(503)229-6170
(206) 553-1987
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
-------
THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow (^>) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
^> An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
^> A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
^> A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
O A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
^> A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
^> A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
-------
•O
2
a
.2 a>
c o
oO
O
a. TO
« c
O O
0)
a
rr
rr
O
D)
&_
O
"o
0)
«
OT
0
•H-
C
w
Q.
Z
*-
CO
a.
D
C
CO
Q)
O
T3
>_
§
^
.0
h-
0)
0)
o>
D)
O
ol
March
*D Q)
<» t3
E «
« 70
DC (/)
(0
m «
2|
"K
0)
(A
11
C (/>
— CD
cc
0)
Q
_i
O.
f
O
O
ra
Z
1992
ft
§
o
73
c
UH
X
3
MULTNO1V
U"
Z
O
| ALLIED
ft
ft
1
1
73
e
u-
3C
MULTNON
y
GOULD,
0
ft ft
ft
O\ VO
S §
CI ^
S 8
73 73
c c
U-. U.
^f-
WALLOW/
WASCO
O
U
2
2
r/-i £-3
£- 5
s J
Q <
O <
8s h
FOREST 1
-MARIET
JOSEPH 1
MARTIN
ft
ft
5.
o
•a
c~
&*
J="-2
^H ''^ *"* L ®*
K'5 •§ |
r i
sslf
*^ ™ "^ sfl BJD
V3 £ ^ C
r- "O ^"
^ S ^ .Sr
" S 's | J
I/I i- "O
-------
ALLIED PLATING, INC.
OREGON
EPAID#ORD009051442,
EPA REGION 10
Multnomah County
Portland
Site Description
Allied Plating, Inc., occupying 1 1/2 acres, began operating a chrome-plating facility in
Portland in 1957. The operation generated electroplating wastes containing heavy metals and
arsenic. For over 25 years, the company discharged waste without pre-treatment. Prior to
1969, wastes were discharged onto a low-lying area of the property, which drained into the
Columbia Slough. After 1969, filling activities isolated the site and created a surface
impoundment. In mid-1985, during an EPA inspection, the banks of the pond were found to
be eroding, and the natural drainage channels were filled with refuse. Shortly thereafter, the
owner pumped the contents of the pond into the Portland sewer system. In 1978, the
company detected metals in an on-site well and in industrial and municipal wells within 2
miles of the site. Approximately 20,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. Public and
private wells within 3 miles of the site provide drinking water for about 1,500 people. Water
from a well located 1,700 feet from the site is used in food processing. Groundwater also is
used for irrigation. An apartment building and mobile home park are located nearby, but use
city water. The Columbia Slough, which drains into the Willamette River, is about 600 feet
northeast of the site.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Both groundwater and soil are contaminated with heavy metals, including
chromium and lead. Soil also contains cyanide. Chromium, copper, and nickel are
present in sludge on the site. Contaminated groundwater, soil, and sludge could be
a potential hazard through direct contact or accidental ingestion. Drainage from
the site could potentially contaminate the Columbia Slough.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA began an investigation of the site in 1987 to determine the
nature and extent of the contamination. The results of the study, scheduled for
completion in 1992, will be used to evaluate different alternatives for final cleanup.
Site Facts: Allied Plating, Inc. received Interim Status under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) when it filed a permit application for a surface impoundment. In
1982, the company filed for bankruptcy.
Environmental Progress
After adding Allied Plating, Inc. to the NPL, the EPA conducted an initial evaluation and
determined that no immediate actions were needed while an investigation leading to the
selection of final cleanup remedies is underway.
Site Repository
Portland State University, Branford Price Millar Library, 934 Southwest Harrison,
Portland, OR 97207
March 1992
ALLIED PLATING, INC.
-------
GOULD, INC.
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD095003687
EPA REGION 10
Multnomah County
Portland
Other Names:
Gould Inc Metals Dlv - Portland
N L Industries
GNB Batteries
Site Description
The Gould, Inc. site covers about 10 acres in an industrial area in northwestern Portland
known as the Doane Lake area. From 1949 until 1981, various site owners operated a
secondary lead smelting facility specializing in lead-acid battery recycling, lead-smelting and
refining, zinc alloying and casting, cable sweating, and lead oxide production. During the
facility operations, recycled batteries were disassembled, fragmented, and disposed of in
adjacent Doane Lake or next to the recycling facility. About 87,000 tons of battery casings
were disposed of at the site, and about 6 million gallons of acid were discharged into the lake.
Operations ceased in 1981 and by mid-1982, most of the structures, facilities, and equipment
were removed. However, surface piles of approximately 2,000 tons of battery casings remain
on the site. A few private residences and rental units are located to the south and west of the
facility. Approximately 270 people are employed by the businesses in the vicinity and on the
site. About 10,000 people live within a mile of the site. The facility is located in the flood
plain of the Willamette River.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
L\
Lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in on-site
groundwater. Lead, chromium, and arsenic are present in the sediments of Doane
Lake. Soil contains arsenic, lead, and cadmium. Potential health risks may exist for
individuals who accidentally ingest contaminated soil, sediments, surface water, or
groundwater. Access to the site is restricted, thereby reducing the potential for
people to come into direct contact with contamination.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of soils and
sediments and the groundwater and surface water.
Response Action Status
Soils and Sediments: The selected remedy for the soils and sediments at the
site includes: (1) excavation of all battery casing fragments and matte from the
site; (2) a phased design program to determine the amount of material that can
be recycled to minimize the amount of material that must be landfilled; (3) separation of
battery casing fragments and recycling of all applicable components; (4) off-site disposal of
non-recyclable material; (5) on-site disposal of non-hazardous, non-recyclable components;
(6) excavation, fixation, stabilization, and on-site disposal of remaining contaminated soil,
sediments, and matte, followed by capping with soil and revegetation; (7) isolation of surface
water runoff to East Doane Lake by site regrading; and (8) a monitoring program to
determine changes in groundwater contamination and to ensure that the remedial actions do
not adversely affect air quality. The process will recover recyclable materials, such as lead and
plastic, for its off-site recycling. In 1989, NL Industries, under EPA oversight, began
treatability studies of the proposed cleanup technologies. NL Industries submitted a pre-
design report covering treatability studies in 1991. The field demonstration testing of the
cleanup technologies has been completed. Actual cleanup work is scheduled to begin in late
1992.
Groundwater and Surface Water: As part of the completion of the first phase,
the Doane Lake Industrial Group, under State supervision, conducted
hydrogeological studies to determine if additional groundwater and surface water
cleanup activities are needed. A draft report was submitted to the State in 1991. Based on
this preliminary study, a complete investigation to determine the full extent of contamination
and to study alternative cleanup technologies will be performed by Rhone-Poulene, a
company which is part of the Doane Lake Industrial Group. This investigation is scheduled
for completion in mid-1994.
Site Facts: In April 1989, a Consent Decree between a potentially responsible party, NL
Industries, and the EPA was lodged with the Federal District Court in Portland. NL
Industries agreed to conduct treatability studies needed to carry out the selected remedy.
Following EPA approval of a pre-design report in March 1991, NL Industries signed a
Consent Order with EPA to complete the engineering designs of the soil cleanup. The EPA
also issued Unilateral Orders to seven potentially responsible parties in January 1992,
requiring them to assist in performing and funding cleanup at the site.
March 1992 4 GOULD, INC.
-------
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL> the EPA conducted preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were needed while studies and design of final cleanup
activities at the Gould, Inc. site are underway.
Site Repository
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Environmental Cleanup Division, Records
Management Section, 811 Southwest 6th Avenue, 9th Floor, Portland, OR 97204
GOULD, INC.
March 1992
-------
JOSEPH FOREST
PRODUCTS
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD068782820
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Wallowa County
1 mile northwest of
the Town of Joseph
Joseph Forest Products formerly treated wood on an 18 1/2-acre site approximately one mile
northwest of the Town of Joseph. The wood treatment process used a water-based mixture of
chromated copper arsenate (CCA). After the treatment cycle was completed, the treatment
solution was pumped from the retort vessel into a storage tank for reuse. The portion of the
solution that could not be pumped from the retort vessel was drained into a 2,042-gallon
cement sump and later transferred to the storage tank. Wood waste, sludges, and other
process wastes were stored in a cement pit. A fire in 1974 destroyed the treatment building
and resulted in a spill of concentrated preservative mixture onto the ground. Treatment
operations did not resume at the site until the latter part of 1977. In 1985, the EPA detected
elevated levels of contaminants in on-site soils. The wood treating operation was closed in
1985. Currently, wood cutting and planing are the only activities at the site. The shallow
aquifer lies 5 to 10 feet below the surface and is overlain by very permeable soils, conditions
that facilitate movement of contaminants into groundwater. Approximately 1,000 people live
within 3 miles of the site. Groundwater within 3 miles of the site provides drinking water to
over 2,000 people. The City of Enterprise obtains drinking water from springs 4,000 feet from
the site. Groundwater also is used for irrigation. The site lies within the City of Enterprise
Watershed Protection Area. The Wallowa River is 400 feet east of the site and is used for
recreational purposes.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, and lead exist in on-site groundwater,
sediment, and soil. Arsenic and chromium also were detected in standing water
from the cement pit. Individuals who accidentally ingest groundwater, soil,
sediments, or surface water may be at risk. Inhalation of windblown contaminated
dust particles also may pose a potential health threat. The Wallowa River and
Hurricane Creek may be threatened by the site contaminants.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In late 1991, the EPA removed highly contaminated soils
adjacent to the treatment building and dip pad. Approximately 1,000 tons of
contaminated soils were excavated and transported to a hazardous waste disposal
facility. A security fence was also installed around the treatment building to control access.
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in 1989 to determine the type and
extent of contamination at the site and to identify alternative remedies for final
cleanup. Field work and a preliminary report were completed at the beginning of
1991. The preliminary report determined that the high levels of contaminated soils near the
old treatment building were a potential threat to the water supply of the city of Enterprise.
The remainder of the site studies will focus on contaminated soils, the treatment building,
process equipment, and the groundwater. The EPA expects the investigation to be completed
and the remedy to be chosen in late 1992.
Environmental Progress
The EPA conducted an initial evaluation of the Joseph Forest Products site and determined
that the site does not pose an imminent threat to human health or the environment while
investigations leading to the selection of final cleanup remedies are taking place.
Site Repository
Enterprise City Hall, 108 Northeast 1st Street, Enterprise, OR 97828
JOSEPH FOREST PRODUCTS 7 March 1992
-------
ALUMINUM
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD052221025
Site Description
The 350-acre Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. site is located in The Dalles. The site lies
within an 800-acre area used primarily for heavy industry and manufacturing; land not used
for industrial processes is leased for agricultural purposes. Martin-Marietta acquired the
facility in 1970 from Harvey Aluminum, Inc. and continued aluminum processing operations
until 1984, when the plant was shut down. In 1986, Martin-Marietta leased the plant and an
adjacent portion of the property to Northwest Aluminum Company, which resumed aluminum
operations in 1987. The site consists of 28 areas formerly of significant contamination
resulting from treatment, storage, and disposal practices at the site. A 15-acre landfill, now
capped, located near the aluminum reduction building contains approximately 200,000 cubic
yards of waste and construction debris including asbestos, metallic wastes, and 5,000 tons of
spent potliner materials (cathode waste) containing cyanide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), and arsenic. Leachate emanating from the landfill prior to the installation of a
leachate collection system resulted in the contamination of the area aquifer. In addition to
the landfill, approximately 64,670 cubic yards of cathode waste material were deposited in the
unloading area and the cathode waste management areas. Scrubber sludge ponds, consisting
of four surface impoundments, are now covered with soil and vegetation. This area covers 15
acres and contains contaminated sludge and subsoil. Fewer than 20 homes and businesses are
located in the area of the site. The nearest residence is approximately 1/4 mile from the
facility. Groundwater provides drinking water to 14,000 people in The Dalles and Chenoweth.
The wells in the immediate vicinity also are used for industrial purposes.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through NPL LISTING HISTORY
parties' actions.
Threats and Contaminants
Federal and potentially responsible
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Perched groundwater on site was contaminated with cyanide. Sediments and soil
contained fluoride, asbestos, PAHs, and arsenic. People who accidentally ingested
or came into direct contact with groundwater, soil, and sediments may have been
at risk. Because the site is within the Columbia River flood plain, flooding could
have potentially affected groundwater flow patterns and contaminant distribution.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site was being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Based on the results of an investigation completed in 1988, the EPA
selected a two-stage cleanup. The first stage of the cleanup, which was completed
in 1990 by the potentially responsible parties, under EPA monitoring, consisted of:
excavating the cathode waste material and placing it into the existing landfill; installing a soil
cap over scrubber sludge ponds 2 and 3; and groundwater monitoring. The second stage was
completed in 1991 and included: capping the landfill; collecting and treating on-site leachate
generated from the landfill and perched water east of River Road, as well as perched water
from a variety of places at the site; plugging and abandoning nearby production wells and
connecting groundwater users to the City of The Dalles water supply system; establishing a
contingency plan to recover groundwater in the event further contamination is detected; and
implementing site use restrictions or fencing following the cleanup. The EPA currently is
reviewing the final construction completion report. In the fall of 1992, Martin-Marietta will
perform a trend analysis on groundwater contamination at the site. The EPA will use this
study to determine if groundwater treatment is necessary.
Site Facts: In July 1989, Martin-Marietta signed a Consent Decree, agreeing to perform the
cleanup work and to reimburse the EPA for past cleanup costs.
Environmental Progress
Excavating the cathode waste material, capping the sludge ponds, capping the landfill,
plugging production wells, implementing site deed restrictions, and monitoring groundwater
have reduced the threat to the public and the environment while investigations into the
effectiveness of the remedy and groundwater contamination at the site are taking place.
Site Repository
The Dalles-Wasco County Public Library, 722 Court Street, The Dalles, OR 97058
MARTIN-MARIETTA ALUMINUM CO. 9 March 1992
-------
NORTHWES
PIPE & CAS
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD980988
PA REGION 10
Clackamas County
Clackamas
Site Description
The Northwest Pipe & Casing Co. is 53 acres in size and located in an industrial park. The
source of contamination at this site can be traced back to pipe coating operations conducted
at the site from 1956 to 1985. This process involved sandblasting the pipes with steel shot,
spraying the pipes with primer, and then coating the pipes. Coal tar, coal tar epoxy, cement
mortar, and asphalt all were used as coatings in this process. Wastes resulting from these
plant activities were either spilled, burned, or buried on site. A pile of waste, the origin of
which is unknown, is located in the northwest part of the site. Six areas of wastes buried on
site have been identified and are thought to be contributing to contamination. The current
owner fenced the site in response to an order issued by the Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality. On-site surface water drainage from the site flows into the
Willamette River, which is used for fishing. Wetlands and endangered species are found along
this river. Private and municipal wells within 4 miles of the site supply drinking water to an
estimated 6,100 people; the nearest of these wells is within a mile of the site. Approximately
5,200 people reside within a mile of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 02/07/92
Threats and Contaminants
Elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in on-site
soil, sediments, surface water, and groundwater. Contaminants also have been
discovered in off-site groundwater and sediments. Trespassers risk being exposed to
contaminants in the soil.
10
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed through immediate actions. Additional long-term response phases
are being considered.
Response Action Status
early 1992.
Immediate Actions: The current owner of the site constructed a fence in
response to an order issued by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.
The EPA is scheduled to conduct an assessment of potential removal actions in
Environmental Progress
Initial investigations indicate that, after being fenced, the Northwest Pipe & Casing Co. site
poses no immediate risk to the health and safety of the nearby population while additional
investigations are underway and activities are being planned for permanent cleanup of the
site.
Site Repository
Not established.
NORTHWEST PIPE & CASING CO.
11
March 1992
-------
TELEDYNE
CHANG
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD05095584
A REGION 10
Linn County
Millersburg
Other Names:
Tdledyne Wah Chang - Albany
Site Description
The Teledyne Wah Chang plant in Millersburg is one of the largest producers of zirconium
and other rare earth metals and alloys in the world. The plant's products are principally used
in the nuclear power industry and by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). The site
includes a 110-acre plant and a 115-acre area where four ponds which contain sludges from
the plant's wastewater treatment facility are located. Production at the site began in 1957.
Process wastes disposed of on site contained radionuclides, heavy metals, and chlorinated
solvents. Solids generated from the process wastewater treatment system have been stored in
a number of surface impoundments. Until 1980, sludges were taken to seven unlined storage
ponds on site, including the Lower River Solids Pond and Schmidt Lake, both of which are
adjacent to the Willamette River. In 1979, the plant added a process to reduce radiation in
sludges and wastewater. On-site waste storage areas are not fenced. Approximately 20,000
people live within 3 miles of the site. About 1,100 employees currently work on site; as many
as 2,000 people were previously employed at the plant. The Willamette River and Truax and
Murder Creeks border the facility and are used for recreational activities, irrigation, watering
of livestock, and fishing. Municipalities downstream from the site do not use the Willamette
River as a drinking water source. Private wells within the vicinity of the site are not
contaminated.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
On-site sludge is contaminated with thorium, uranium, radium, and heavy metals.
Shallow groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
radium, and heavy metals. Potential health threats include direct contact with and
accidental ingestion of contaminated sludges or groundwater.
12
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the
entire site and the contaminated sludge.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Teledyne Wah Chang, under EPA oversight, is conducting an
investigation into the nature and extent of site contamination. The investigation
will define the contaminants of concern and will recommend alternatives for final
cleanup. The investigation is expected to be completed in 1992.
Sludges: The selected technologies for cleanup of the sludges include removing
approximately 110,000 cubic yards of sludges from the Lower River Solids Pond
and Schmidt Lake; solidifying the sludges, as an interim action, by adding cement
to bind the contaminants and reduce their mobility, making the sludge easier to handle during
cleanup; and removing the mixture to a permitted off-site disposal facility. The design phase
was completed in 1991. Cleanup activities were initiated by Teledyne under EPA oversight in
1991.
Site Facts: In 1987, Teledyne Wah Chang signed a Consent Agreement with the EPA,
requiring the company to study the nature and extent of site contamination and develop
cleanup alternatives. In 1991, the EPA issued a Unilateral Order to Teledyne for removal of
the sludges from the Lower River Solids Pond and Schmidt Lake.
Environmental Progress
The removal of 110,000 cubic yards of sludge from the site has reduced threats to public
health and the environment while final cleanup actions are taking place.
Site Repository
Albany Public Library, 1390 Waverly Drive, Southeast, Albany, OR 97321
TELEDYNE WAH CHANG 13 March 1992
-------
UMATILLA
ARMY DEPO
(LAGOONS)
OREGON
EPA ID# OR62138209-fc^
EPA REGION 10
Umatilla County
Hermiston
Other Names:
Umatilla Depot Activity
UL S. Army Umatilla Depot Activity
Site Description
The Umatilla Army Depot (Lagoons) site occupies about 20,000 acres in Hermiston and has
operated as a storage depot for conventional munitions and chemical warfare agents since
1941. Parts of the depot were contaminated with explosives and metals as a result of past
demilitarization and disposal operations. About 85 million gallons of wastewater from
explosive washout operations were discharged into two unlined lagoons from the 1950s to
1965. The lagoons cover about 1/2 acre. The groundwater contaminant plume is estimated to
cover 45 acres. Access to the site is restricted. There are about 100 people living on post, and
approximately 900 people live within 3 miles of the site. The distance from the site to the
closest residence is 2 miles. The nearest potable well is about 6,500 feet from the disposal
area and could be contaminated. Area groundwater flow varies seasonally. Commercial
agriculture is conducted within the vicinity of the depot, and crops are irrigated with area
groundwater.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 07/22/87
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater and soil are contaminated with explosives including
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclonite (RDX). Soil also contains heavy metals such
as lead and chromium. Potential health threats include accidental ingestion of and
direct contact with contaminated groundwater and soil.
14
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in six long-term remedial phases focusing on the cleanup of: the
Deactivation Furnace Area, the Explosives Washout Lagoons Soils, the Explosives Washout
Lagoons Groundwater, the Ammunition Demolition Activity Area, the landfills, and
miscellaneous areas of the site.
Response Action Status
Deactivation Furnace Area: The Army, under EPA and State supervision,
began an investigation into the contamination of the Deactivation Furnace Area in
early 1990. This investigation, which will recommend alternatives for final cleanup,
is scheduled for completion in late 1992.
Explosives Washout Lagoons Soils: In early 1990, the Army began a study
under EPA and State supervision of the nature and extent of contamination of
the soils at the Explosives Washout Lagoons. This study will help define cleanup
alternatives and is scheduled for completion in mid-1992.
Explosives Washout Lagoons Groundwater: In early 1990, the Army began
a study under EPA and State supervision of the nature and extent of
contamination of the groundwater at the Explosives Washout Lagoons. This
study will help define cleanup alternatives and is scheduled for completion in late 1992.
Ammunition Demolition Activity Area: Under EPA and State supervision,
the Army is investigating the contamination at the ammunition Demolition
Activity Area. This study began in early 1990 and is expected to be completed in
Landfills: The Army, under EPA and State supervision, began an investigation
into the nature and extent of contamination at both inactive landfills and the
currently active landfill. This investigation, which will recommend alternatives for
final cleanup, is scheduled for completion in late 1992.
Miscellaneous Areas: Under EPA and State supervision, the Army is
investigating the contamination at other miscellaneous areas of the site. This
investigation, which is expected to be completed in late 1992, will define
additional areas of concern and recommend alternatives for final cleanup.
UMATILLA ARMY DEPOT (LAGOONS) 15 March 1992
-------
Site Facts: A three-party Interagency Agreement between the Army, the EPA, and the
State was signed in October 1989. The agreement outlines the procedures for conducting an
investigation of the entire facility. Umatilla Army Depot has submitted a Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permit application to the EPA to construct and
operate an incineration facility for demilitarizing obsolete chemical agents presently stored on
site. Umatilla is targeted for closure under the Base Realignment and Closure Act. This
installation is participating in the Installation Restoration Program, a specially funded
program established in 1978 by the Department of Defense (DOD) to identify, investigate,
and control the migration of hazardous contaminants at military and other DoD facilities.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA and the Army determined that no immediate
actions were required at the Umatilla Army Depot while investigations are taking place and
cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Hermiston Public Library, 235 East Gladys, Hermiston, OR 97838
March 1992
16
UMATILLA ARMY DEPOT (LAGOONS)
-------
UNION PACIFIC
RAILROAD CO.
TIE TREATING
PLANT
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD009049412
A REGION 10
Wasco County
The Dalles
Other Names:
J. H. Baxter
Site Description
The Union Pacific Railroad Co. Tie Treating Plant site covers 83 acres in a mixed
commercial and residential area just south of the Columbia River in the City of The Dalles.
Union Pacific owned the wood treatment facility from 1926 until late 1987, when equipment
and structures were purchased by Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation; however, Union
Pacific retained ownership of the land and responsibility for all pre-1987 contamination of soil
and groundwater. The plant primarily treated railroad ties for Union Pacific, but also treated
wood for other commercial users across the U.S. From 1959 to 1987, J. H. Baxter Co.
operated the plant for Union Pacific. The facility treated wood with copper arsenate,
creosote, a creosote/fuel mixture, and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Spills of treatment solutions
and wastewater ponds no longer in use are thought to be the main source of contamination.
Improvements in the wastewater treatment system allows the site to operate as a zero
discharge facility. Groundwater is used by over 11,000 people within 3 miles of the site. The
City of The Dalles has increased its monitoring of municipal supply wells.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/26/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soils contain creosote components, PCP, fuel oil, ammonia, and
arsenic. Contamination by arsenic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is
greatest in the shallow and intermediate aquifers beneath the site. Deep aquifers
contain phenanthrene and naphthalene. Potential health risks may exist from
ingestion of or direct contact with the contaminated groundwater and soils.
17
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: A small area contaminated with creosote was found on the
shoreline of the Columbia River in early 1991. As a temporary control measure,
Union Pacific covered the contaminated soil with a heavy synthetic liner.
Entire Site: Union Pacific, under State supervision, is conducting an investigation
into the nature and extent of contamination at the site. The investigation is
scheduled to be completed in 1993.
Site Facts: In May 1989, Union Pacific signed a Consent Order with the State and agreed
to undertake an investigation to determine the extent of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The covering of contaminated soil has reduced the threat of exposure to pollutants from the
Union Pacific site while investigations leading to the selection of a final cleanup remedy are
underway.
Site Repository
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Environmental Cleanup Division, Records
Management Section, 811 Southwest 6th Avenue, 9th Floor, Portland, OR 97204
March 1992 18 UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD CO.
TIE TREATING PLANT
-------
UNITED CH
PRODUCTS,
OREGON
EPA ID# ORD0090430
Site Description
EPA REGION 10
Benton County
3 1/2 miles south of Corvallis
The 2 1/2-acre United Chrome Products, Inc. site is a former chrome-plating facility located
in an industrial complex adjacent to the Corvallis Municipal Airport, 3 1/2 miles south of the
City of Corvallis. The company conducted electroplating operations from 1956 to 1985. An
on-site dry well was used to dispose of floor drippings, washings, and product rinsate collected
in a sump within the building. The liquids reportedly were neutralized with sodium hydroxide
and/or soda ash prior to disposal. Major use of the dry well was discontinued in 1975. As a
result of an immediate action to stabilize the site, all hazardous substance source materials
were removed, with the exception of residual sludges in the bottom of the plating tanks.
However, there is considerable chromium contamination remaining in the soil beneath and
around the site of the former building and in the upper zone and lower aquifer, as a result of
leaching from the dry well and plating tanks. Although the City of Corvallis water supply had
not been threatened, cleanup was necessary to prevent chromium from leaving the site or
further contaminating the lower aquifer. Two city wells are located approximately 3,000 feet
northeast of the site; however, the City is not using these wells. Contamination previously
extended over 2 miles off site in surface water, and over 1 1/2 miles off site in sediments.
Approximately 42,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. The closest residence is
approximately 900 feet northeast of the facility. Corvallis obtains some of its water from the
Willamette River, which formerly received drainage from ditches and surface water from the
site until cleanup measures were implemented.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
/"XC-NO
Sediments, soils, and surface water were contaminated with chromium. The
groundwater is contaminated with chromium in both the upper and lower zones.
Exposure to contaminants through direct contact with or ingestion of contaminated
groundwater, sediments, and soil may have posed a public health threat.
19
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, a total of 8,130 gallons of chromium-contaminated
liquids and 11,000 pounds of hazardous waste solids were shipped off site for
recycling or disposal.
Entire Site: In 1986, the following remedies were selected to clean up the site:
installation of approximately 15 shallow extraction wells in the upper confined
groundwater zone; installation of 5 deep extraction wells in the lower confined
production aquifer; limited excavation of contaminated soil and off-site disposal; installation
of on-site chemical reduction and precipitation treatment equipment to remove chromium
from extracted groundwater; construction of two percolation basins to flush soil; and
installation of culverts to address the surface water contamination. An alternate water supply
was provided to the airport area (approximately 5,000 people), and the site was fenced. The
United Chrome building, which was contaminated with chromium dust, was demolished in
1988. The contaminated debris from the building and the heavily contaminated soil that was
excavated from the disposal pit and plating tank areas were disposed of off site. A
groundwater extraction and treatment system, consisting of 23 extraction wells, two
infiltration basins, and an on-site treatment plant, began operations to remove chromium
contamination from the groundwater in 1988. Two additional wells are being used to enhance
plume control by injecting clean water to the deep aquifer. This will reduce the chance of
chromium migrating from the upper zone into the deep aquifer. The surface drainage ditch
was rerouted and the old culvert was cleaned. Two infiltration basins were installed in 1988
and one infiltration trench was installed in 1990. An interim closeout report documenting the
completion of construction activities at the site was signed in late 1991. The extraction and
treatment of contaminated groundwater will continue for several more years until the site
cleanup goals are met.
March 1992 20 UNITED CHROME PRODUCTS, INC.
-------
Environmental Progress
The removal of the sources of contamination, the installation of a groundwater pump and
treat system, the rerouting of the surface drainage ditch, the cleaning of the old culvert, and
the provision of an alternate water supply have reduced the threat the United Chrome
Products, Inc. site posed to the public and the environment, while pumping and treating of
groundwater continues toward completing cleanup efforts. As of March 1992, over 2,050,000
gallons of contaminated groundwater had been treated and 28,500 pounds of chromium had
been removed.
Site Repository
Corvallis-Benton County Public Library, 645 Northwest Monroe Avenue,
Corvallis, OR 97330
UNITED CHROME PRODUCTS, INC.
21
March 1992
-------
GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-75
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
-------
GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
BaghOUSe Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other rnicrobial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion],
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment.
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions |see
Comment Period],
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 19X0 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or rivers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic-
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
DJOXJn: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradi-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in inking
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public-
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangerment
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
-------
GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (particulate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (MRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
-------
GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitary landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.J: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
-------
GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
nitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
G-8
-------
GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
G-9
-------
GLOSSARY
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic-
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A ground water cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
G-10
-------
GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
G-11
-------
GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
G-12
-------
GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
Stillbottom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superfund: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment.
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is doininated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated ground water, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
G-13
-------
GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species offish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
-------
GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
Threats*
Heavy Metafs
Coirapouncfs
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
'The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
*U.S. G.P.O.:1993-341-835:81040
G-15
------- |