453-R-93-028
Toxic Emissions From
Aircraft Engines
Prepared for:
Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC)
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
Co-Sponsored by:
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air and Radiation
Research Triangle Park, NC 27712
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed by the Air Risk Information Support Center (Air
RISC) of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and by the Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE 1
2.0 BACKGROUND 3
2. l Aircraft Engines 3
2.2 Differences Between Military and Civil Aircraft
Engines 3
2.3 Fuel Combustion 5
3.0 LITERATURE SEARCH 7
3.1 Sources Searched 7
3.2 Origins 8
3.3 Speciated Hydrocarbon Measurements 8
3.4 Species Estimates From Total Hydrocarbons 14
3.5 Total Hydrocarbon Emissions 18
3.6 Helicopter Emissions From Total Hydrocarbon
Species Estimates 20
3.7 Health Effects ...-..- . 20
4.0 CONCLUSIONS . 23
9
5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 25
6.0 REFERENCES 27
111
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. MAJOR ORGANIC SPECIES IN EXHAUST OF TF-39 JET
ENGINE OPERATING AT IDLE WITH JP-5 FUEL 12
TABLE 2. SELECTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS
IN GAS TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST OPERATING AT IDLE
WITH JP-5 FUEL AND PERCENT CONTRIBUTION TO THE
TOTAL ORGANIC CONCENTRATION 13
TABLE 3. SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR FIXED-WING
AIRCRAFT ......,.........•;•.• 15
TABLE 4. ESTIMATED SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR FIXED-
WING AIRCRAFT 19
TABLE 5. ESTIMATED SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR ROTARY
WING AIRCRAFT (HELICOPTERS) 22
LIST OF FIGURES
Sf
Figure l. Schematic illustrations of typical jet engine
types. (a) Turbojet. (b) Turbofan. (c)
Turboprop . 4
iv
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
Aviation fuels are used for piston and turbine engines.
Gasoline is used for piston engines, while a kerosine-like "jet
fuel" is used for turbine engines. Aviation gasoline is composed
primarily of straight-chain petroleum compounds, but has a lower
vapor pressure than automotive gasoline. Many piston aircraft
have a supplemental type certificate that allows them to use
automotive gasoline. Turbine (jet) engine jet fuel is made in
several grades for military and civil use. Differences among the
grades are mostly related to volatility, moisture, and freezing
point.
The aircraft fleet in the United States is about 198,000
aircraft. While most of the aircraft are general aviation
single- and twin-engine piston models, most of the fuel
consumption is by jet transports and the military. The typical
single-engine, general aviation aircraft flies about 1 hour per
week and burns about 30 to 80 pounds of fuel per hour. A civil
transport flies about 8 hours per day and burns a thousand pounds
or more of fuel per hour for each of 2, 3, or 4 engines.
A large amount of research has been performed to characterize the
emission of criteria pollutants from automotive engines, and a
much smaller body of similar work has been done on jet engines.
Comparatively little work has been done to identify the emission
of toxic or hazardous air pollutants for either source. Complete
characterization of the toxics is difficult because of the many
compounds produced during combustion and the difficulties of
sampling a hot gas stream issuing freely from an aircraft engine.
Speciated emission data from volatile organic compound (VOC)
measurements are also scarce. However, the military has
performed studies of their engines that provide emission
information on total VOCs or on individual organic compounds.
The utility of this information for estimating emissions from
civil aircraft should be addressed.
One area of concern is risk associated with emissions from
helicopters that use landing pads within a city. Of special
interest are populations that may be at high risk, such as
hospital patients exposed to helicopter engine emissions.
The purpose of this work is to perform a small, preliminary task
to find what recent data are available to characterize air toxics
from aircraft engines as to specific compounds and their health
effects. Specific items of interest are emissions from
helicopter, civil, and military engines differentiated by mode of
operation such as takeoffs, landings, taxiing, and idle.
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2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 Aircraft Engines
Aircraft engines can be divided into two broad types:
turbojet and piston (hot-air balloons, which use propane burners,
are not considered here). Jet engines burn distillate fuels in
the kerosene range, and piston engines burn gasoline. Jet
engines are used primarily for larger or more expensive aircraft;
piston engines are generally used for smaller, private aircraft.
Aircraft now in use may have from one to eight engines. Most
small, private aircraft have a single piston engine, while most
air transport category-aircraft have two, three, or four jet
engines. Military aircraft range from single or dual engine jet
fighters to multi-engine transports (either turbojet or
turboprop), to helicopters with (mostly) jet engines or piston
engines.
Jet engines operated on aircraft in the United States are
manufactured in the U.S. and abroad. U.S. Manufactures include
Allied-Signal Garret Engine Div.; CFE Co.; Light Helicopter
Turbine Engine Co.; General Electric Co., GE Aircraft Engines;
General Motors Allison Gas Turbine Div.; Teledyne CAE, Teledyne
Continental; Textron Lycoming Stratford Div.; United Technologies
Pratt & Whitney (Government Engine & Space Propulsion and
Commercial Engine Business); and Williams International Corp.
Foreign manufacturers include Rolls-Royce Canada; Rolls-Royce,
Pic.(England); and SNECMA (France). Engines are made in a
relatively small number of basic designs, but may have a variety
of "dash" numbers to signify specific variants for particular
applications. Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of three
typical jet engine types. These variants include helicopter
models in which the engine may, for example, be mounted
vertically instead of horizontally. Emissions from these engines
should be similar to emissions from the same model variant
mounted in a fixed-wing aircraft. Emissions from foreign-made
engines are not expected to differ greatly from those of similar
U.S.-made engines because of standards set by the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
2.2 Differences Between Military and Civil Aircraft Engines
Military aircraft are designed for optimum speed and
maneuverabiliry (fighters) or load-carrying, range, and short-
field capability (transports). These applications often demand
maximum power applied to relatively small airframes. In
afterburner mode (not used in civil aircraft), fuel consumption
rises dramatically, and does so in .an airport setting where
emissions of toxic species may be most prevalent. Afterburner is
used for take-off and occasionally in flight for bursts of speed
in training or combat situations. Civil transports are optimized
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combustion
chamber
inlet compressor
diffuser
\
turbine
/
, nozzles
inlet
guide
vanes
(a)
stators
combustion discharge
fuel chamber nozzle
injectors liner
compressor
core
turbine
vxt
nozzle
fan noale
fan turbine
propeller
combustor
(c)
reduction fuel turbine
gear injector
power
turbine
exhaust
Figure 1. Schematic illustrations of typical jet engine types.
(a) Turbojet. (b) Turbofan. (c) Turboprop. (Source:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th
Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992.)
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to gain maximum range and payload at minimum cost, including
minimum fuel consumption.
Although all emissions testing discussed here has been
performed by the military, the same basic engines, with different
dash numbers, are used in civil aircraft. Similarly, many
engines used in civil aircraft have variants that are used in
military aircraft. Without detailed examination of the dash
number specifications, it is difficult to assign emission
quantities to engine variants other than those tested by the
military.
2.3 Fuel Combustion
Fuel combustion in jet engines is a continuous process that
supplies heated, expanded gases that are forced through a turbine
to drive an associated propeller (turboprop) or are expelled
through the aft end of the engine to provide direct thrust (pure-
jet) . The toxic emissions from jet engines depend on specific
engine and fuel type, power setting, and concomitant fuel flow
rate. Pollutant formation in a turbine engine emanates from the
primary and a secondary combustion zone. In the primary zone,
incompletely combusted fuel droplets of about 50 to 200 ura lead
to the formation of particulate matter, which is primarily carbon
particles. The time for this formation is about 4 ms. Oxidation
in the secondary zone leads to particles of about 0.01 to 0.1
Mm.1 During their 6-ms time in the secondary zone, the particles
formed earlier are oxidized to varying degrees depending on
radial position within the combustion chamber. At the exit of
the chamber, agglomerated particles about 0.6 to 0.8 (tin remain in
the turbine exhaust. Toxic species may be adsorbed or condensed
on these particles. Engine power settings and emissions are
typically categorized into three major phases of aircraft flight:
landings (low power settings), takeoffs and climbs (high power
settings), and cruise (optimized power settings). Emission
factors for aircraft are often combined over landing and takeoff
cycles (LTOs), which are close to the ground. Additionally,
cruise emissions may become important because of concerns about
dispersion and reaction at high altitudes (due to stratospheric
ozone depletion).
Condensed organic species and solid carbon particles form
the emissions from aircraft engines. Fuel types affect the
quantities and types of emissions formed. For example, JP-5 is a
less volatile fuel than JP-4, and may hava different emission-
forming characteristics. Health risk from the emissions depends
on the organic species formed, the quantities and dispersion of
pollutants generated, and the availability of receptors.
Methods to reduce emissions, are summarized by Naugle and
Fox (1981).l They include fuel sectoring for better fuel
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atomization and higher flame temperature by restricting fuel
distribution only to a portion of the combustion chamber. Other
methods include enrichment of the primary zone to promote higher
flame temperature, delay of dilution air to promote CO
consumption, and provision for air blasts to break up fuel
droplets.
Changes in fuel composition may also alter emission
characteristics. Testing performed by the U.S. Air Force was
done with JP-4, but civil aircraft use Jet-A, which is a less
volatile fuel and tends to produce less smoke (D. Bahr, General
Electric Company, personal communication, August 1992). It is
not certain if the smoke reduction also suggests reduction in
toxics not adsorbed or condensed on.the smoke particles-
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3.0 LITERATURE SEARCH
3.1 Sources Searched
A literature search was completed through the Environmental
Protection Agency's Online Library System (EPA/OLS), as well as
the area university libraries. A further search was conducted
through the Research Triangle Institute's Technical Information
Center (RTI/TIC) of the Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS). This system is an online database created by the EPA and
mounted on the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) TOXNET
system. Additional literature searches were completed on the
following databases:
• National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
• Defense Technical Information Service (DTIC)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSHTIC)
• Registry for Toxic Exposure to Chemical Substances
(RTECS)
• MEDLINE
• U.S. Department of Medicine (HSDB)
• Health and Safety Ex. (HSELINE)
• Engineering Information, Inc. (El ENERGY AND
E1T7IRONMENT)
• TOXLINE
• U.S. Department of Transportation (CHRIS)
These sources were searched for two topical subject areas:
Speciated hydrocarbon emissions and toxics from jet turbine
engine exhaust, and the health effects thereof. Appendix A
includes copies of citations printed from the computer searches.
Finally, in this effort, as in previous studies on the same
subject, RTI has maintained freguent professional contact with
the military services. The services seem to be the most:
aggressive agencies in investigating some of the environmental
problems addressed by this task. The findings of these
literature searches, and a search of RTI's extensive library
resources on the subject of aircraft engine emissions is
presented in the following sections.
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3.2 Origins
With the inception of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), and it's predecessor the National Air Pollution Control
Agency (NAPCA), there has been concern for the adverse health
effects of toxic compounds in the atmosphere. Primarily, because
of concern for the task of constructing an emissions inventory of
aircraft engine test cell facilities, the U.S. Air Force began,
during the 1970's, to develop a database of all known engine
emissions data. The purpose of this database was to facilitate
the reporting of smoke plume opacity and gaseous emission levels
in the form of an engine emissions catalogue for environmental
planners. Since then there has been a joint U.S. Air Force/U.S.
Navy program to review all data currently available on military
gas turbine engines, to assess the validity of these data for
current engine models, to identify deficiencies in the data, and
to amend the database to keep it current with the military
aircraft engine fleet inventory. The primary organization
performing these studies for the U.S. Air Force is the
Engineering and Services Laboratory, Air Force Engineering and
Services Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. Their
counterpart in the U.S. Navy is the Aircraft Environmental
Support Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego,
California.
As our knowledge of atmospheric processes and the health
effects of adverse toxic chemical compounds has expanded, so has
this joint military program expanded to address concerns for
speciated hydrocarbon compounds. The following sections present
our findings of the current state of knowledge for hydrocarbon
emissions from aircraft turbine engine emissions.
3.3 Speciated Hydrocarbon Measurements
Kuhlman and Chuang (1989)2 have presented a chemical
analysis of particulate and vapor portions of the exhaust from
the FlOl and F110 engines operated at idle, 30 percent, 63
percent, and 100 percent power settings using JP-4 fuel.
Particulate-bound organics may be a small fraction of the total
organic composition of a turbine engine exhaust (about 5
percent). However, these particulate-bound chemicals and aerosol
components of the exhaust, which contain trace elements of heavy
metals, may be a significant health consideration because their
small size allows inhalation. This study focused primarily on
concentration measurements of targeted polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH for FlOl and F110 engines. The
targeted compounds were selected on the basis of their
mutagenicity and/or carcinogenic potential, the identification of
compounds from related studies, and on the availability of
analytical standards.
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Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of
speciated PAH concentrations, at ng/m3 levels, in the vapor-phase
and in the form of particulate matter for the various power
settings are presented.
Spicer, et al (1990)3 performed a study to determine the gas
and particle composition of exhaust from the F101 and F110
turbine engines using JP-4 fuel. Nominal power settings for the
F101 engine were idle, 44 percent, 75 percent, intermediate (108
percent at high mach), and Stage 1 augmentation. The F110 tests
were completed at idle, 30 percent, 63 percent, intermediate (105
percent at high mach), and Stage 1 augmentation power settings.
Samples of the JP-4 fuel were collected and analyzed for
each test run by vaporizing a 1-^L sample of the fuel into helium
in a heated cylinder and analyzing a 1-cc sample of the cylinder
contents using capillary column gas chromatography. The major
organic species identified from these tests were presented as
weight percent of the JP-4 fuel.
Gaseous emission concentrations measured from the exhaust
for total hydrocarbons as a function of the number of carbon
atoms in the compound (ppmC) and NOX, NO, CO, and C02 (ppm) are
reported. Gaseous organic species measured during the tests are
presented as hydrocarbons, oxygenated species, and compound
classes in parts per million carbon (ppmC) for each of the power
settings.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions collected on
XAD-2 resin and analyzed by GC/MS are presented for each engine
test in concentrations of /ig/m . Concentrations of extractable
organic matter (mg/m3) are also reported for each engine test.
Additionally, particulate emissions are reported as
particulate mass concentration (mg/m3) by gravimetric analysis,
particle concentration and size distribution, and in terms of
smoke number values.
Observational discussions include a comparison of total
organics by speciation method versus continuous flame-ionization
detection (FID), individual organic species, distribution of
emissions by compound class and by carbon number, emission
factors, relative emissions of toxic chemicals (benzene,
aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide), and particle size distributions.
Spicer, et al (1987)4 also performed gas and particle
composition test on the TF41-A2, TF30-P103, and TF30-P109 turbine
engines. These tests used JP-r4 fuel with the engines operating
at power settings of idle, 30 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent,
and afterburner (Zone 1) power.
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Fuel samples were analyzed for each test by vaporizing 2
of fuel into helium in a heated cylinder and analyzing duplicate
1-cc samples of the cylinder contents by capillary column gas
chromatography. Results were reported as the weight percent
composition of the major organic species identified.
Concentrations of gaseous emissions were reported for total
hydrocarbons as carbon (ppmC) and CO, C02/ NO, and NOX (ppm) .
Gaseous organic species were reported as hydrocarbons,, oxygenated
species, and as distributions of compound classes in
concentrations of parts per million carbon (ppmC). Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons collected as XAD-2 resin samples were also
reported in units of /*g/m3.
Several methods, including determination of smoke number,
gravimetric determination of mass loading, and size distribution
measurements by two different techniques were employed to
characterize particulate emissions. These findings were reported
also.
Discussions include a comparison of total organics by
speciation method versus continuous flame-ionization detection
(FID), individual hydrocarbon species quantified in the
emissions, distribution of emissions by compound class and by
carbon number, emission factors, relative emissions of toxic
chemicals (benzene, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide), and particle size
distributions.
Spicer, et al (1984)5 reported on a multi-task project, the
objectives of which were: (1) to identify and quantify the
organic compounds present in gaseous emissions from jet engines
and (2) to study the photochemical reactivity of those compounds.
The objectives were accomplished through a five-task approach.
Tasks 1 and 2 involved development and validation of sampling and
analysis methods (see Berry, et al; Ref. 5). Tasks 3-5, the
subject of this report, involved: (1) detailed exhaust organic
composition studies of two full-scale turbine engines using three
grades of military jet fuel, (2) investigation of the
photochemical reactivity of the exhausts, and (3) analysis and
interpretation of the results.
These organic composition and photochemical reactivity
studies were completed on the exhausts of a TF-39 engine
(representing a first-generation high-thrust, high-bypass-ratio
design) and a CFM-56 engine (representing a recent technology,
fuel efficient, advanced emission abatement design). The fuels
employed during the full scale engine tests included JP-4, JP-5,
and a shale-derived fuel meeting JP-8 specifications. The tests
were conducted with both engines using all three fuels at idle,
10
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and at 30 percent power and maximum continuous power using JP-5
fuel.
The results of this study are presented in terms of organic
compound distribution, carbon balance, relative emission of toxic
compounds, comparability of full scale engine and combustor rig
exhaust measurements, relative photochemical reactivity of the
exhaust products between engines and fuels, comparability of
measured and composition-predicted reactivity, and relative
contribution of turbine engine exhaust to photochemical air
pollution.
Major organic species, including aldehydes and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons ("PNA"), measured in the exhaust of each
engine operating with each jet fuel are presented for each test.
As an example, species found for JP-5 exhaust at idle for the TF-
39 engine are shown in Table 1.
Based on the studies reported by Berry, et al (Ref. 6) and
Holdren, et al (Ref. 5), the report by AESO (Ref. 11, discussed
in Section 3.4) concludes that engine design does not appear to
influence the contribution of each toxic constituent to the total
organic concentration. However, a comparison of the data
reported for the combustion of various fuels (JP-4, JP-5, and JP-
8) suggests that fuel composition is the major determinant of
exhaust constituents. Since the two engines (TF39 and CFM56)
demonstrated comparable exhaust compositions, an average
contribution may be representative of the exhaust from comparable
gas turbine engines. The report presents the percent
contribution, for selected toxic constituents, to the total
organic concentration in the exhausts of the TF39 and CFM56
engines during idle operation using JP-5 aviation fuel. These
data are presented in Table 2.
Additionally, the percent' composition of the major organic
species measured in each jet fuel are presented together with
standard fuel analysis and GC/FID chromatograms.
Discussions include a comparison of total organics by
speciation method versus continuous FID, individual hydrocarbon
species quantified in the emissions, distribution of emissions by
compound class and by carbon number, ratio of selected aromatic
and aliphatic compound pairs, a comparison of the TF-39 Combustor
Rig and Full-Scale engine tests, carbonyl compounds measurement
methods performance, a comparison of jet turbine engine emission
rates to other mobile sources (e.g., for benzenet PAHs, and
carbonyl emissions), and the photochemistry experiments.
The study by Berry, et al (1983)6 had two specific
objectives. Task 1 was to develop .and validate the sampling and
11
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TABLE 1. MAJOR ORGANIC SPECIES IN EXHAUST OF TF-39 JET ENGINE
OPERATING AT IDLE WITH JP-5 FUEL
Constituent
Methane
Ethylene
Acetylene
1-Butene
c-2-Butene
n-Pentane
2-Methyl-2-Butene
2-Methylpentane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Hexanal
n-Octane
m-p-Xylene
O-Xylene
n-Nonane
CiaH^OaS 1.4
1-Decene
C4-Benzene
C,-Cyclphexane
Naphthlene
Cn-branched alkane
n-Tridecane
1-Methyl Naphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
C,6-branched alkana (aic)
Formaldehyde
Acrolein
Acetone
Renza ldf»hyd*»
X1
9.42
62.28
16.85
7.53
2.07
0.79
0.85
1.02
7.45
0.29
0.55
0.34
1.48
0.82
0.52
nd
0.64
0.76
0.86
1.99
0.89
2.81
0.88
1.70
0.92
0.07
14.60
6.17
0.78
1 .87
Constituent
Ethane
Propane
Propane
1, 3-Butadiene
1-Pentene
Cj-ene
Cj-ene (aic)
1-Hexane
1-Heptene
Toluene
1-Octene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
1-Nonene
C.sH^Si,
Phenol
n-Decane
n-Undecane
C,-Benzene
n-Dodecane
Cn-branched alkane
2 -Methyl Naphthalene
CI3-branched alkane
C,«-branched alkane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
Acetaldehyde
Propanal
But anal /Crotonaldehyde
X
2.04
0.89
21.33
8.28
2.95
1.81
1.92
3.15
1.97
2.71
1.29
10.93
1.38
1.18
nd
0.64
1.58
2.45
0.80
2.84
0.92
0.86
0.49
0.56
0.27
0.07
7.50
2.43
3.17
'X a Average concentration of replicates in ppmC.
12
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TABLE 2. SELECTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS IN
GAS TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST OPERATING AT IDLE WITH JP-5
FUEL AND PERCENT CONTRIBUTION TO THE TOTAL ORGANIC
CONCENTRATION
Polycyclic aromatic compound
Anthracene
Benz [ a ] anthracene
Ben zo [ a J py r ene
Benzo ( e ] pyrene
Coronene
Chrysene
Dimethylnaphthalene (isomers)
Fluoranthene
1-methylnaphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene
Naphthalene
Perylene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Total PAH
Total organic (ppmC)
TF39 Engine
(ppbC)
2
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
291
2
781
833
1522
<1
14
2
346
(%)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.08
<0.001
0.23
0.24
0.44
<0.001
0.004
<0.001
CFM56 Engine
(ppbC)
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
277
2
659
573
1085
<1
9
3
201
(%)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.14
0.001
0.33
0.28
0.54
<0.001
0.004
0.001
Average
(%)
<0.001
<0.001
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analysis methods for selected organic compounds representative of
gas turbine engine emissions. Task 2 was to perform testing on a
laboratory combustor rig assembly in which the sampling and
analysis methods developed in Task 1 could be evaluated for the
determination of the wide range of compounds likely to be emitted
from jet engines.
The laboratory combustor rig assembly was constructed and
operated with JP-5 jet fuel to simulate an idle power setting of
a TF-39 turbine engine.
A discussion of the results presents a distribution of
organic components in the combustor .-rig exhaust, including a
summary of organic species measured by various sampling and
analysis methods, the total organic species contribution by
carbon number, major identified compounds by class, GC/MS
identification of exhaust and fuel components, selected
aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon ratios for exhaust and JP-5 fuel,
and carbon balance.
These studies by the U.S. Air Force are the most
comprehensive ever performed to quantify and qualify the
speciated hydrocarbon , compounds in the exhaust of gas turbine
engines. A listing of the engines and their usage in military
and civil airframes is given in Table 3.
3.4 Species Estimates From Total Hydrocarbons
The U.S. Navy's Aircraft Environmental Support Office has
been compiling gaseous emissions data from aircraft engines since
1972, primarily to meet emissions inventory needs for those
engines likely to be tested in their engine test cell facilities.
Recently, the Navy published a revised version of their Aircraft
Engine Emissions Catalog in the form of a handbook (AESO, 19877) .
The handbook was intended to list only a single representative
engine for each type/numeral/model indicator, unless changed
emission characteristics, caused by the modification of the
engine design, would justify multiple listings. Concurrent to
the compilation of the engine emissions data for the handbook,
SAE (formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.), through
its E-31 Committee on Aircraft Exhaust Emission Measurement,
published Aerospace Information Report: AIR 1533, which outlined
a procedure for the calculation of basic emission parameters for
aircraft turbine engines (1982)*. This handbook, Gaseous
Emissions from Aircraft Engines, brings together the standardized
emission calculations recommended by SAE and the selection of
measured emissions data of the Aircraft Environmental Support
Office. The handbook provides a thorough background discussion
of the emission index and methods of calculation, the Aerospace
Information Report: AIR 1533, measurements needed to determine
14
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TABLE 3. SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT
Engine*
F101
F101-GE-102
F110
F110-GE-100
FllO-GE-129
F110-GE-400
TF41-A2
TF41-A-1B
TF41-A-400, A-2B
TF30-P103
TF30-P-3/P-103
TF30-P-7/P-107
TF30-P-100/P-111
TF30-P109
TF30-P-109
TF30-P-408
Manufacturer
General Electric
General Electric
GM/Allison
UT/Pratt & Whitney
UT/Pratt S Whitney
Application11
Military
B-1B
F-15, F-16
F-16C/D
F-14A, F-14D
A-7D
A-7E, A-7H
F-111A,C,E,K
FB-111A A/B
F-111F A/B
EF-111A
A-7B,C, TA-7C
Civilian
Ref .
c, d
c, d
e
e
e
•Bold face engine model numbers are those for which speciated hydrocarbons were reported by the cited
reference.
"Applications were taken from the most recent publication of Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Specifications, McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, NY, March 1992.
cKuhlman, M.R. and J.C. Chuang. Characterization of Chemicals on Engine Exhaust Particles: F101 AND F110
Engines, ESL-TR-89-20, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, August 1989.
"Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, p.L. Smith, S.E. Miller, R.N. Smith, D.P. Hughes, Aircraft Emissions
Characterization: F101 and F110 Engines, ESL-TR-89-13, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, March 1990.
•Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, S.E. Miller, D.L Smith, R.N. Smith, M.R. Kuhlman, and D.P. Hughes, Aircraft
Emissions Characterization: TF41-A2, TF30-P103, and TF30-P109 Engines,
ESL-TR-87-27, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, December 1987.
15
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TABLE 3. SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT
(cont)
Engine*
TF39
TF39-GE-1C
CFM-56
CFM56-2-C1/-C3
CFM56-2-C5/-C6
CFM56-2B1
(F108-CF-100)
CFM56-2A2
CFM56-3-B1
CFM56-3B-2
CFMS6-3C-1
CFMS6-5A2
CFM56-5A3
CFM56-5B1
CFM56-5B2
CFMS6-5C-2
CFMS6-5C-3
CFMS6-SC-4
Manufacturer
General Electric
GE/Snecma
Application6
Military
C-5A, C-5B
C-135FR
KC-135R
B-3
KE-3
E-6
Civilian
DC- 8 Super
71,72,73
DC -8 Super
71,72,73
B737-300,
-500
B737-300,
-400
737-400
A320
A320
A321
A321
A340
A340
A340
Ref .
f,g,h
f, h
*Bold face engine model numbers are those for which speciated hydrocarbons were reported by the cited
reference.
"Applications were taken from the most recent publication of Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Specifications, McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, NY, March 1 992.
'Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, T.F. Lyon, and R.M. Riggin, Composition and Photochemical Reactivity of
Turbine Engine Exhaust, ESL-TR-84-28, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, March 1984.
'Berry, D.A., M.W. Holdren, T.F. Lyon, R.M. Riggin, and C.W. Spicer, Turbine Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbon
Analysis: Task 1 and 2, ESL-TR-82-43 Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, June 1983.
"Aircraft Environmental Support Office (AESO), Toxic Organic Contaminants in the Exhaust of Gas Turbine
Engines, Aircraft Environmental Support Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego, California,
AESO Report No. 12-90, September 1990.
16
-------
emission indexes, calculation of emission indexes (with equations
and computer listings included), examples of variations of
gaseous emissions due to sampling method and fuel content, the
use of emission indexes and emission rates, and summary tables of
gaseous emissions from aircraft engines, with supporting AESO
test data sheets.
The summary tables include three items. The first is a
group of data giving the measured concentrations needed for the
calculation of emission indexes and emission rates, although
instrument interference correction factors are not included. The
second item is a group of data giving the engine operating data
and the emission indexes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons. The third item is a group
of data giving (1) the concentration of the oxides of nitrogen at
an oxygen concentration of 3 percent, (2) the emission rate for
each constituent in pounds/hour, (3) the combustion efficiency,
and (4) the fuel/air ratio. The summary table includes also a
reference to the original work.
The summary tables include engine emissions data obtained
from measurements made by AESO, as well as data reported by other
organizations, but is not all inclusive of all known engine
emissions measurement data.
Finally, for those emission measurements performed by AESO,
the supporting engine test data sheets for each engine are
provided. These data sheets provide instrument interference
coefficients, humidity data, molecular constants for the fuel,
converter efficiency, calculated dry/semi-dry/wet concentrations
of each exhaust gas constituent, calculated concentrations of
water and nitrogen, calculated emissions of sulfur dioxide, the
constant K (which allows conversion between wet and dry
concentrations), engine.exhaust temperature, power setting,
engine speed, fuel flow rate, and other relevant information and
documentation.
It is the opinion of AESO that the data summaries presented
in this handbook are suitably representative for estimating
emissions from other engines of the same type indicator and type
numeral that have not been tested for emissions.
Because of concern and recognition that gas turbine engines
are a source cf toxic compounds, and to satisfy regulatory
requirements to inventory these emissions from engine test cell
facilities, AESO (1991)9 prepared the report "Toxic Compounds in
the Exhaust of Gas Turbine Engines." In this report "toxic
compound" refers to those specific chemical compounds identified
in the "Emission Inventory Criteria and Guidelines Regulation of
the Air Toxics 'Hot Spots' Information and Assessment Act of 1987
17
-------
(AB 2588)", and adopted with amendments by the State of
California in 1990.
The purpose of this report is to present a method to
estimate the amounts of toxic compounds in the exhaust of a gas
turbine engine using (1) an emission index for the total
hydrocarbons, (2) the percentage of each toxic compound in the
total hydrocarbon mixture, and (3) a fuel flow rate. To
facilitate these input requirements the report incorporated two
previous AESO publications as appendices. AESO (1990)10 was
included as Appendix A, and is a collection of summary tables of
gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines, which
had been published .earlier (AESO Report No. 1-87). AESO (1990)"
was included as Appendix B, and is a report detailing the
treatment of toxic organic contaminants, as defined under the
Emission Inventory Criteria and Guidelines Regulation of the
California Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Information and Assessment Act.
The report uses the findings developed by Spicer, et al (ESL-TR-
84-28) to synthesize and derive a list of toxic organic
constituents in gas turbine engine exhausts operating at idle
power with JP-5 fuel. The synthesis, or conversion, is based on:
computation of the percent contribution of each toxic species of
interest to the total organic concentration, assumption that the
ideal gas law and standard temperature and pressure, and carbon
number.
The methodology for estimating emissions by species has been
reported for nine engines. These engines and their usage in
military or civil airframes are given in Table 4.
3.5 Total Hydrocarbon Emissions
Rubins, et al (1974)12 reported the results of exhaust gas
emission analysis on the PLT 27 gas turbine engine showing that
the exhaust gases of this engine have a low content of unburned
combustion products (i.e., hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) down
to idle power due to the high combustion efficiency of the
engine. The combustion efficiency is 99.5 percent at idle and
99.9 percent above 10 percent of maximum-rated power. The PLT 27
was an advanced technology turboshaft engine rated at 2000 hp.
Testing employed JP-4 fuel and three different fuel injector
mechanisms. Total hydrocarbon emissions are compared to similar
emissions for the T53-L-13A and T55-L-11A, for power settings of
idle, intermediate 1, intermediate 2, 30 percent, 60 percent, 75
percent, and 100 percent.
The FAA Aircraft Engine Emissions Database (FAEED, 1991)I3
was created to provide a useful tool to support the analysis of
emissions from aircraft engines for emissions inventories,
analysis of fleet impacts, or other similar studies. The database
was prepared to coincide with the publication of the
18
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TABLE 4. ESTIMATED SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR FIXED-WING
AIRCRAFT
Engine*
F402
F402-RR-408
J52-P-6B
J52-P-8B
J52-P-8A, B
J52-P-408
J52-P-409
J79-GE-8D
J79-GE-8
J79-OE-10B
J79-GE-10, 17
J79-GE-15
T64-GE-6B
T64/P4D
CT64-820-4
T56-A-16
T56-A-14
TS6-A-15
TS6-A-425
T56-A-427
T76-G-12A
T76-G-10
Manufacturer
Rolls-Royce
UT/Pratt & Whitney
UT/Pratt & Whitney
UT/Pratt & Whitney
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
GM/Allison
Allied-Signal/Garrett
Application1"
Military
AV-8B
A-4, A-6
A-6, EA6B
F-4B, RF-4B
F-4J, G, S
F-4C,
C-27A
DHC-5C
P-3C
C-130H
E-2C, C-2A
E-2C
OV-10A, D
Civilian
Alenia
Ref .
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
'Bold face engine model numbers are those for which speciated hydrocarbons were reported by the cited
reference.
"Applications were taken from the most recent publication of Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Specifications, McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, NY, March 1992.
"Aircraft Environmental Support Office (AESO), Toxic Compounds in the Exhaust of Gas Turbine Engines,
Aircraft Environmental Support Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego, California, AESO Report
No. 3-91, May 1991.
19
-------
Environmental Protection Agency's Procedures for Emission
Inventory Preparation. Volume IV; Mobile Sources and provides
power settings, time in mode, fuel flow, and emission indices for
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and smoke number
for each engine mode in two different listings: (1) the AP-42
Modal Emission Rates, and (2) the ICAO Exhaust Emissions Data
Bank listing.
The EDMS-Microcomputer Pollution Model for Civilian Airports
and Air Force Bases (Segal, 199114) is an emissions and dispersion
modeling system developed jointly by the FAA and the USAF for use
in air quality assessments of airport sites and facilities. This
model contains aircraft/engine/fuel files and associated
emission rate files for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,, NOX,- SOX, -
and particulate matter, all by operating mode. The emission
factors for the oxides and hydrocarbons are derived from test
data supplied by the engine manufacturer for FAA certification.
However, before using the models, one should verify the factors
for each particular aircraft/engine combination (Wilcox, 199215).
Garza (1992)16 recently published the Aircraft Engine
Emission Database System, which was an attempt to gather all U.S.
military aircraft engine test data known to date. The resulting
database contains all available emissions data, as well as other
engine related information, the conditions under which the
emissions tests were conducted, and references to the original
data source. The user is cautioned to review carefully the
emission results produced with this database, because some of the
records were not reported in consistent units.
The database system allows the user to determine total
hydrocarbon emissions, as well as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen oxides (i.e., NOX/ NO, and NO2) as mass
concentration (ppm) and as emission rates (lb/1000 Ibs of fuel or
Ibs/hr).
3.6 Helicopter Emissions From Total Hydrocarbon Species
Estimates
No measured emissions by species were found for engines used
in helicopters. However, the methodology described above for
estimating emissions by species was applied to seven engine
series used in helicopters. Table 3 lists the engines and shows
their usage in military and/or civil airframes.
3.7 Health Effects
Our literature searches did not identify any published
literature that related speciated hydrocarbon compound emissions
from aircraft gas turbine engines, as a source category,
specifically to the health effects thereof. Toxicity studies, or
20
-------
health effects studies, are usually not performed with respect to
a source category—they are performed to characterize the
suspected agent. The Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 contain
provisions for air toxics that were not adequately addressed by
the basic provisions of Section 112 of the 1970 or 1977 versions
of the Act. The 1990 Air Act amendments require EPA to identify
source categories that emit any of 189 identified air toxic
compounds. A preliminary draft list of those source categories
was published in 1991 of which turbine engine testing facilities
were considered for inclusion based, in part, on speciation
profiles of relatively poor quality ranking (i.e., the profile
was based on measured data from a single facility or process, or
from engineering estimates). Prior to the enactment of the 1990
amendments, the State of California enacted an air toxics law in -
1988, the previously mentioned "Hot Spots" Information and
Assessment Act of 1987 (AB 2588), which applied to any facility
involved in the manufacture, formulation or release of any of
some 330 published toxic substance. Under the provisions of
AB2588 all facilities had to submit an emission inventory. The
definitive study performed by Spicer, et al (1987)17 was in fact
performed to satisfy the requirements of AB2588.
The toxicity of most, if not all, of the compounds
identified in jet engine exhausts, and named in the air toxics
list of the Clean Air Act of 1990 or in the air toxics list of
AB2588, are documented in RTECS.1* In most cases RTECS also
refers the reader to review articles discussing the toxicity
studies.
21
-------
TABLE 5. ESTIMATED SPECIATED HYDROCARBON DATA FOR ROTARY WING
AIRCRAFT (HELICOPTERS)
Engine*
T58-GE-8F-
T58-GE-5
T58-GE-100
T58-GE-402
TS8-GE-10
T58-OB-16
CT58-140
T64-GE-6B
T64-GE-7A
T64-GE-100
T64-GE-413
T64-GE-415
T64-GE-41S
T64-GE-416
T64-GE-416A
T64-GE-419
T400-CP-400
T400-CP-402
Manufacturer
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
Pratt & Whitney
Application*
Military
CH-46A
UH-2C
CH-46D
UH-46D, F
CH-46E
CH-53A
CH-53C
HH-53C
H-53
MH-53J
TH-53A
CH-53D
RH-53D
RH-53D
CH-53D, E
MH-53E
CH-53E
AH-1J
UH-1N
AH-1T
Civilian
K-888
SH-2F
SH-3A
SH-3E
HH-3E,-3F
AH-61AA
Boeing 107
SH-3D, G, H
S-61
S-62
S-65
S-65
S-65A
S-65
S-65
S-65
S-65
Bell 209
Bell 209
Ref .
c
c
c
c
c
c
'Bold face engine model numbers are those for which speciated hydrocarbons were reported by the cited
reference.
"Applications were taken from the most recent publication of Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Specifications, McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, NY, March 1992.
"Aircraft Environmental Support Office (AESO), Toxic Compounds in the Exhaust of Gas Turbine Engines,
Aircraft Environmental Support Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego, California, AESO Report
No. 3-91, May 1991.
22
-------
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the information described in this report, the
following conclusions are drawn. Note that distinctions are made
among measured, estimated, and total hydrocarbon emissions.
1. Comprehensive exhaust emission measurements of air
toxics by species were made by the military on seven turbine
engine series (see Table 1). Two of the engine series (F101 and
F110) were tested for organic constituents in or on particulate
matter emissions.
2. A speciation program that uses engine and fuel
characteristics has been used to estimate emissions of
"California hot spot" toxics from a further 15 engine series (see
Table 2).
3. Total hydrocarbon emissions have been measured for
essentially all turbine engines in military or commercial use.
4. A computer program, given in reference 9 (AESO Report
No. 3-91), has been developed that allows estimation of emissions
by species or groups of species for common engine series.
Approximately 95 percent of the mass of emissions expected to be
found in engine exhausts are represented in the program. Input
.information includes hydrocarbon emissions, engine
characteristics, and fuel type.
5. Health effects information was found in the Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (reference 18) for
individual species known to be in engine exhaust emissions;
however, no information was found when searching under the topic
of speciated aircraft engine emissions.
6. Of the 22 engine series for which species measurements
were made or estimated (Conclusions 1 and 2) , it appears that 8
are used in civil aircraft (5 fixed-wing basic airframe series,
of which two are in declining use, and 9 rotary-wing basic
airframes). All of the seven engine series for which exhaust gas
species were measured appear to be in the current military
inventory.
7. Emissions data, estimated by species from hydrocarbon
measurements, exist for six helicopter engine series (see Table
3). All six series are. used in military and civil helicopters.
Measured emissions by species were not found for helicopter
engines.
6. Many af the pertinent references (mostly military)
found for this report were not listed in computer literature
search data bases.
23
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5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following steps may be taken to determine current
emission inventories and potential risk from aircraft engine
toxic species emissions. The suggested estimations are expected
to provide order-of-magnitude values.
1. Using the speciation methodology found in this
literature search, estimate quantities of air toxics emitted by
U.S. aircraft annually at an airport of choice. Aircraft landing
and takeoff cycles would be included. These estimates would
require obtaining information from the Federal Aviation
Administration that would allow calculation of total movements at
the airport by type of aircraft and engines. Meteorological
information would be required to perform dispersion modeling in
the airport vicinity.
2. Estimate health risks from emitted air toxics based on
the maximum exposed individual or other criteria. One location
for such estimates is a helicopter landing pad in a city area.
25
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26
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6.0 REFERENCES
1. D. F. Naugle, and D. L. Fox, Aircraft and Air
Pollution, Environmental Science and Technology 15 (4):
391 to 395, 1981.
2. Kuhlman, M.R. and Kuhlman, M.R. and J.C. Chuang,
Characterization of Chemicals on Engine Exhaust
Particles: F101 AND Fll-0 Engines, ESL-TR-39-20,
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, August 1989.
3. Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, D.L. Smith, S.E. Miller,
R.N. Smith, D.P. Hughes, Aircraft Emissions
Characterization: F101 and F110 Engines, ESL--TR-89-13,
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, March 1990.
4. Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, S.E. Miller, D.L. Smith,
R.N. Smith, M.R. Kuhlman, and D.P. Hughes, Aircraft
Emissions Characterization: TF41-A2, TF30-P103, and
TF30-P109 Engines, ESL-TR-87-27, Tyndall Air Force
Base, Florida, December 1987.
5. Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, T.F. Lyon, and R.M. Riggin,
Composition and Photochemical Reactivity of Turbine
Engine Exhaust, ESL-TR-84-28, Tyndall Air Force Base,
Florida, March 1984.
»
6. Berry, D.A., M.W. Holdren, T.F. Lyon, R.M. Riggin, and
C.W. Spicer, Turbine Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbon
Analysis: Task 1 and 2, ESL-TR-82-43 Tyndall Air Force
Base, Florida, June 1983.
7. Aircraft Environmental Support Office(AESO), Gaseous
Emissions From Aircraft Engines-A Handbook for the
Calculation of Emission Indexes and Gaseous Emissions
from Aircraft Engines, Aircraft Environmental Support
Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, California,
AESO Report No. 1-87, September 1987.
8. Procedure for the Calculation of Basic Emission
Parameters for Aircraft Turbine Engines, Aerospace
Information Report: AIR 1533, SAE The Engineering
Resource for Advanced Mobility, Warrendale,
Pennsylvania, April 1982.
9. Aircraft Environmental Support Office (AESO), Toxic
Compounds in the Exhaust of Gas Turbine Engines,
Aircraft Environmental Support Office, Naval Aviation
Depot, North Island, San Diego, California, AESO Report
No. 3-91, May 1991.
27
-------
10. Aircraft Environmental Support Office(AESO), Summary
Tables of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from
Aircraft Engines, Aircraft Environmental Support
Office, Naval Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego,
California, AESO Report No. 6-90, June 1990.
11. Aircraft Environmental Support Office (AESO), Toxic
Organic Contaminants in the Exhaust of Gas Turbine
Engines, Aircraft Environmental Support Office, Naval
Aviation Depot, North Island, San Diego, California,
AESO Report No. 12-90, September 1990.
12. Rubins, Phillip M., Edward Auerbach, Jochen A Deman,
PLT 27 Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Emission.and Noise
Measurements, U.S. Army Air Mobility Research and
Development Laboratory, Fort Bustis, Virginia, Report
No. USAAMRDL-TR-/4-61, September 1974.
13. Federal Aviation Agency, FAA Aircraft Engine Emissions
Database (FAEED), Federal Aviation Agency, Office Of
Environment and Energy, Washington, DC, Report No. AEE-
100, November 26, 1991(Revised).
14. Segal, H. M., EDMS-Microcomputer Pollution Model for
Civilian Airports and Air Force Bases: Users Guide,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
Agency, Office of Environment and Energy, Washington,
D.C., Report No. FAA-EE-91-3, June 1991 (co-published
as U.S. Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-91-31).
15. Wilcox, R., Personal Communication, Environmental
Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 1992.
16. Garza, Julian, Aircraft Engine Emission Database
System, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio,
Texas, August 1992. Prepared for: Naval Air Warfare
Center, Aircraft Division, Trenton, New Jersey
17. Spicer, et al (see Ref. 4)
18. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
(RTECS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, Rockville, Maryland.TICS
28
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APPENDIX A, SELECTED LITERATURE CITATIONS
(See Description in Section 3.0)
-------
EPA ONLINE LIBRARY SYSTEM (EPA/OLS)
Main Title
Personal Author
Call Number
NAVY TOXICITY STUDY OF SHALE AND PETROLEUM JP-5
AVIATION FUEL AND DIESEL FUEL MARINE. HEALTH
EFFECTS INVEST. OF OIL SHALE DEVELOP.
COWAN MJ.
582843
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Effect of Operating Variables on Pollutant
Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engine Combustora.
Grobma, J. ;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
1900
N71-32484
NASA-TM-X-67887
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Exhaust Emissions Test Airesearch Aircraft
Propulsion and Auxiliary Power Gas Turbine Engines.
AiResearch Mfg. Co. of Arizona, Phoenix.
1900
PB-204 920
GT-8747-R; 0849;
The report describes the test setup, procedure, and
analysis of exhaust emissions measurement conducted
on 32 commercial gas turbine engines comprised of
both on-board aircraft auxiliary power and aircraft
propulsion production, overhaul, and development
units. The units selected are currently active in
commercial airline service and thus contribute to
aircraft related pollution levels. The purpose of
this test was to measure exhaust emissions from
auxiliary power and small aircraft propulsion gas
turbines engines to establish base levels of
unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in current existing
engine designs. In addition, a survey of engine
duty cycles as related to normal customer operation
in the field was made to determine a typical duty
cycle and the corresponding estimated level of
exhaust emissions produced. (Author)
A-l
-------
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Abstract
Sample Collection Techniques for Combustion
Sources—Benzopyrene Determination.
Stenbur, Robert L. ; von Lehmde, Oarryl J. ;
Hangdbrauc, Robert P. ;
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
1900
PB-214 953
The extent to which benzo(a)pyrene and other
polynuclear hydrocarbons are emitted to the
atmosphere from some of the more commonly occurring
suspect sources is currently being evaluated in a
source sampling study by the Public Health Service.
A first step in this study was the development of a
technique for collecting samples from high
temperature combustion and process gas streams in a
manner which would assure retention of the
hydrocarbon materials of interest. This paper
reports the findings of a series of tests conducted
to develop suitable methods for cooling the gas
samples, to establish temperature requirements for
the collected sample during the sampling period,
and to evaluate wet versus dry collection
techniques. (Author)
Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
Halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic, aromatic
and aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon including the
halogenated insecticides, their toxicity and
potential dangers.
Von Oettingen, Wolfgang Felix
U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service
1955
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Collection and Assessment of Aircraft Emissions
Base-Line Data Turboprop Engines (Allison T56-A-15.
Vaugh, J. M. ; Park, W. M. ; Johnso, S. E. J. ;
Johnso, R. L. ;
General Motors Corp., Indianapolis, Ind. Detroit
Diesel Allison Div.
1968
PB-202 961
DDAD-EDR-7200; EPA-CPA-68-04-0029;
Exhaust emissions data were collected and evaluated
from eleven new TS6-A-1S military turboprop engines
during their production-line performance
evaluation. The normal production test schedule was
used. Experimental data were analyzed by converting
the concentration values measured for each engine
to mass emissions over a landing and takeoff (LTD)
cycle representative of a commercial flight with
TS6-type engines and then performing a statistical
analysis to obtain mean and standard deviation
values. (Author)
A-2
-------
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Collection and Assessment of Aircraft Emissions.
Reguerir, Jose P. ;
Teledyne Continental Motors, Muskegon, Mich.
1968
PB-204 196
TCM-635; EPA-68-04-0035;
Five engines each of four different models of
aircraft piston engines were tested for gaseous
emissions (NO, HC, and CO). All of the engines were
new engines. In addition, two tests were performed
.to determine the effect of installing the sample
probe in different locations. One test was
conducted to determine the effects of various
air/fuel ratio settings on an engine at take-off
power. (Author)
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Analysis of Aircraft Exhaust Emission Measurements:
Statistics.
Cornell Aeronautical Lab., Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.
1968
PB-204 869
CAL-NA-5007-K-2; EPA-68-04-0040; 0848;
Descriptive accounts are presented of statistical
procedures which were applied to the analysis of
mass emissions data as determined from aircraft
exhaust emissions measurements. Results of these
analyses are discussed, with an emphasis on the
significance of the results within the context of
the data base available. In essence, the purpose of
the report is to isolate the causes or sources of
both fixed and random contributions to the
variability observed in the data and to estimate,
wherever possible, the magnitudes of these
contributions. Specific questions of broad interest
are addressed and statistical inferences drawn with
respect to these questions. (Author)
A-3
-------
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Assessment of Aircraft Emission Control Technology.
Bastres, E. K. ; Bake, R. C. ; Robertso, C. ?. ;
Siege, R. D. ; Smit, G. B. ;
Northern Research and Engineering Corp., Cambridge,
Mass.
1968
PB-204 878
NRBC-1168-1; EPA-68-04-0011; 0850;
The results are presented of an investigation which
was aimed at providing information for establishing
standards on emissions from aircraft activities.
The program consisted of independent investigation
of the following topics: Emission control by engine
modification; Emission control by ground operations
modification; Emission control by fuel modification;
and Emission measurement. Engine modification
control methods were identified through reviews of
earlier work and through discussions with engine
manufacturers. A list of specific control methods
was formulated on the basis of preliminary analyses
in which feasibility was indicated. The preliminary
list of control methods was then subjected to more
detailed analysis of control effectiveness and
implementation costs. Ground operations
modification control methods were evaluated in a
similar manner.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Analysis of Aircraft Exhaust Emission Measurements.
Bogda, Leonard ; MeAdam, H. T. ;
Cornell Aeronautical Lab., Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.
1968
PB-204 879
CAL-NA-5007-K-1; EPA-68-04-0040; 0851;
An account is presented of the analytical
procedures and data processing techniques employed
in translating field-measurement data of aircraft
exhaust emissions into a form consistent with the
needs for the promulgation of realistic standards.
Pollutant mass emissions for carbon monoxide (CO)
hydrocarbons (HC) and the oxides of nitrogen
(NO(x)J are computed for an aircraft operational
cycle 'comprised of the following modes: taxi/idle,
take-off, climb out and approach. The calculations
are for specific engine power (or thrust) settings
for each mode as well as for specified times in
mode. Numerical results are tabulated for each
individual engine tested together with summaries
obtained by aggregating engine data on a model
basis. Data are presented for turboprop/turbine
engines, light-utility piston engines and auxiliary
power units. (Author)
A-4
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Study of Aircraft Powerplant Emissions.
Souza, Anthony F. ;
Scott Research Labs., Inc., Plumsteadville, Pa.
1968
PB-207 107
EPA-68-04-0037; 0916;
Emissions from forty-two light aircraft piston
engines and twenty-six military gas turbine engines
have been measured and documented. Piston engine
aircraft were leased from local general aviation
suppliers and the engine exhaust emissions tested
using a ten mode test cycle during a ground run-up.
In addition crankcase ventilation emissions were
measured on six engines and mass emission rates
were calculated. Exhaust component concentrations
and fuel consumption rates were measured at
specified engine operating conditions. The exhaust
analyzer readings were converted to pollutant
concentrations and mass emission rates. The data
were analyzed to determine engine-to-engine
variations for each model engine, the effect of hot
versus cold start, and the role of engine operating
parameters. (Author)
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Collection and Assessment of Aircraft Emissions
Baseline Data - Turbine Engines.
Nelso, A. W. ;
Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Conn.
1968
PB-207 321
PWA-4339; EPA-68-04-0027; 0948;
A report is presented of. a study in which the
design and fabrication of a multipoint sampling
rake was completed. A check-out test of the rake
using a JT9D experimental engine indicated that the
exhaust emission sample obtained from the rake was
very close to the average of the samples obtained
from the individual probes located adjacent to the
12 rake sampling points. This probe was then used
to sample the exhaust emission from an experimental
engine of each of the JT30, JT8D, and JT9D engine
models, plus production engines. All of the mass
emission results obtained during the program were
subjected to a statistical analysis. The results of
this analysis were then used in a hypothetical
aircraft operational cycle. Measurements of smoke,
dry particulates, total particulates, aldehydes,
and olefins were also recorded. (Author)
A-5
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Potential Impact of Aircraft Emissions upon Air
Quality.
Plat, M. ; Bake, R. C. ; Bastres, E. K. ; Chn, K.
M. 7 Siege, R. 0. ;
Northern Research and Engineering Corp., Cambridge,
Mass.
1968
PB-208 950
NREC-1167-1; DI-68-02-0085; 1085;
The specific objectives were: to select
representative airports for which detailed studies
would be made of emissions and impact to determine
aircraft emission factors and activity levels for
the selected airports, to develop future
projections of emission rates and their impact at
the selected airports, and to determine emission
rates and impact of unburned fuel resulting from
fuel venting and other practices directly
associated with aircraft operating cycles. The
survey gives data on hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, particulates, SO2, and lead,, all
were in significant concentrations. Large
reductions in concentrations of carbon monoxide,
total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
particulates due to emissions of turbine-engine
air-craft may be achieved by various control
methods. However if this is not done, predictions
presented show major pollution increases. (Author)
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Control of Emissions from Light Piston-Engine
Aircraft.
Oatwyle, W. F. •; Blatte, A. ; Hassa, S. T. ;
Bendix Research Labs., Southfield, Mich.
1968
PB-230 900
EPA-68-04-0045; 1521;
The study was primarily of an experimental nature
directed at observing and evaluating the results of
applying existing automotive emission control
techniques to aircraft piston engines. Attention
was restricted to the emissions of unburned
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of
nitrogen. Control techniques considered were those
primarily used to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide, since the rich mixtures normally used in
aircraft operation inherently lead to low levels of
oxides of nitrogen. The general program approach
was to select two typical engine configurations,
design and implement selected emission control
provisions, establish baseline emissions outputs
for the standard engines, and determine the effect
of the various emission control techniques and
systems relative to the baseline values. A
Continental 0-200 carbureted engine and a Lycoming
IO-540 fuel-injection engine were selected for
evaluation. The report describes the control
approaches selected and tests conducted. Results
are presented and discussed. Pertinent data are
included for reference. (Modified author abstract).
A-6
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Main Title
Corporate Author
Publisher
Year Published
Nature and control of aircraft engine exhaust
emissions; report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to the United States
Congress, pursuant to Public law 90-148, the
Air quality act of 1967.
National Air Pollution Control Administration.;
United States. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare.;
Northern Research and Engineering Corporation.
U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1969
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Study of Continuous Plow Combustion Systems for
External Combustion Vehicle Powerplants.
Burklan, C. V. ; Le, W. B. ; Bah, G. ; Carlso, R. ;
Marquardt Co. , Van Nuys, Calif.
1969
PB-193 417
PHS-CPA-22-69-128; 0574;
Chemical kinetic studies were employed to better
understand how and at what rate air pollutants are.
formed in an external combustion process. With this
background, an experimental combustion test rig
employing a recirculating step, staged burner was
built. Tests were conducted with various liquid and
vaporized liquid fuel injectors using aviation
turbine fuel (Jet A) and 2,2,5-trimethylhexane. A
wide range of fuel-air ratios were examined by
Individually controlling primary and secondary air
flow rates. Fuel flows were varied from a maximum
corresponding to a. heat release of 500r000 BTU/hr
£o 1/30 of this value. Two runs were also made
using gaseous methane fuel. The range of test
variables were: injector configurations - pressure
atomizing, vaporizing, 2nd vaporizing premixed;
fuel flows from 0.15 to 4.5 gallons per hour; air
flows from 3.4 to 103 standard cubic feet per
minute; fuel equivalence ratio - primary from 0.53
to 1.59, and overall from 0.40 to 0.84; number of
test conditions - 140; and cumulative combustion
time - 22 hours. The tests demonstrated that
gaseous and particulate emissions less than those
established as the 1980 Federal Research goals can
be achieved simultaneously in a high heat release,
low pressure drop, burner configuration. The
emission data measured at steady state conditions
is compared to current and future emission goals
for automobiles. (Author)
A-7
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Main Title
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Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Study of Exhaust Emissions from Reciprocating
Aircraft Power Plants.
Scott Research Labs., Inc., Plumsteadville, Pa.
1969
PB-197 627
CPA-22-69-129; Scott-1136;
The report documents the exhaust emission of light, piston
engine aircraft and the phenomena of natural afterburning
of the exhaust gases on contact with the ambient
air. The approach used in the study was to measure the
exhaust emissions of representative aircraft as they were
flown in a normal manner. At the same time, the
extent of afterburning was measured by sampling the
exhaust plume downstream of the exhaust stack and
comparing the plume composition, corrected for dilution,
to the composition of the stack gases. The exhaust.
emissions from nine light aircraft were determined using a
9-tnode takeoff-cruise-landing (TCL) (Author)
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Study of Jet Aircraft Emissions and Air .Quality in the
Vicinity of the Los Angeles International Airport.
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
1969
PB-198 699
CPA-22-69-137; 0662;
The results of an investigation of the impact of jet
aircraft operations on the air environment in the vicinity
of a major air terminal are presented. The study, made at
Los Angeles International Airport during the period of
June 30, 1969, through November 18, 1970, had the
following objectives: to determine total pollutant
emissions from aircraft and ground operations at a major
airport; to conduct exhaust measurements on the Pratt and
Whitney JT4A and JT9D engines to complete the available
exhaust emission data for gas turbine engines; to measure
atmospheric concentrations of pollutants at ground level
within and around a major airport; and, to determine the
carbon monoxide exposure in an aircraft cabin during.all
ground operations. (APCO abstract)
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Gaseous Emissions from a Limited Sample of Military
and Commercial Aircraft Turbine Engines.
Har, Charles T. ; Oietzman, Harry E. ; Springe,
Karl J. ;
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex.
1970
PB-204 177
SwRI-AR-816; EPA-EHSH-70-108; .
The objective of the aircraft turbine emissions
measurement was to provide baseline gaseous
emissions data, including hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen,
in a very limited time frame. Seventy-one tests
were conducted in all, first on two types of
military engines and later on six types of
commercial engines. The work is documented, data
are presented, and brief summaries and analyses are
given.
A-8
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Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
OCLC Number
Air pollution by jet aircraft at Seattle-Tacoma
airport.
Donaldson, Wallace R.
Western Region, Weather Bureau,
1970
15490587
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
ID Number
Call Number
Report Number
STUDY OF JET AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY IN
THE VICINITY OF THE LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
LOS ANGELES COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT
CA
1971
00017842
NTIS PB-198 699 MF
CPA-22-69-137
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
ID Number
Jet aircraft emissions and air quality in the
vicinity of the Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles County Air Pollution District;
Environmental Protection Agency
1971
00029126
Main Title
Corporate Author
Publisher
Year Published
Exhaust emissions from gas turbine aircraft engines
sub-council report February 1971 /
National Industrial Pollution Control Council.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, ,
1971
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Hydrocarbon Pollutant Systems Study. Volume I.
Stationary Sources, Effects, and Control.
MSA Research Corp., Evans City, Pa.
1971
PB-219 073
MSAR-72-233; EPA-71-12; 1499;
The study goal was the development of a
problem-solving R and D program for the control of
hydrocarbon air pollutants from major stationary
sources. Included in the report are identification,
characterization and ranking of all significant
stationary sources of hydrocarbon emissions;
characterization of the effluent streams from the
major sources of hydrocarbon emissions; evaluation,
both technical and economic, of existing and
developable technology for control of hydrocarbon
emissions; and, development of R and D priorities
and recommendations for a program that will
ultimately lead to proven control hardware and
technology.
Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
Field survey of emissions from aircraft turbine engines,
Cox, F. W.; Penn, F. W.; Chase, James O.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines
1972
A-9
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Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
Engine emissions; pollutant formation and
measurement.
Springer, George S.; Patterson, Donald J.
Plenum Press,
1973
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Air Pollution: Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon
and Organic Solvent Emissions from Stationary
Sources.
NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society,
Brussels (Belgium)./Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, O.C. Office of Air and Waste
Management.;Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N.C.
1973
PB-240 577
NATO/CCMS-19;
Hydrocarbons and other organic matter in the
atmosphere are known to have many adverse effects
upon health and welfare, and reduction of emissions
of these pollutants is of prime importance to any
effective air pollution abatement program. This
document has been prepared to summarize current
information on organic air pollutants—sources and
methods of control. Hydrocarbons and organic
pollutants originate from a variety of sources, and
the emissions vary widely in physical and chemical
characteristics. The many agricultural, commercial,
domestic, industrial, and municipal sources of
these air pollutants are described individually in
this document. The nature and quantities of the
emissions from the various processes are discussed,
and methods of control that have been successfully
applied are listed. The control techniques
described herein represent a broad spectrum of
information from many engineering and other
technical fields. A tabulation of emission factors
from which overall emissions for the various
sources can be estimated is presented.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
OCLC Number
Accession Number
Aircraft emissions: impact on air quality and
feasibility of control.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
1973
00618747
164259
A-10
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Main Title
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Year Published
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Report Number
Abstract
Variability in Aircraft Turbine Engine Emission
Measurements.
Souza, Anthony F. ; Reckner., Louis R. ;
Scott Research Labs., Inc., Plumsteadville, Pa.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Emission Control Technology Div.
1974
PB-2S1 155
EPA-68-01-0443; EPA/460/3-74/006;
The major objective of the program was the
determination of the causes of variability in the
measurement of aircraft turbine engine emissions. A
state-of-the-art analysis system was designed and
built according to the specifications of the
contract. The analysis system was evaluated for
reliability in the handling and accuracy in the
measurement of emissions. Using the special
analysis system, the variability in gas turbine
engine emission measurements caused by the exhaust
sample collection technique was studied using a
Pratt and Whitney JT8D gas turbine engine. An
exhaust gas mixing technique and a detailed exhaust
gas cross section mapping technique were used for
the verification of average exhaust emission
concentrations. The variability in exhaust emission
measurements produced by the direction of approach
to a power setting and the effect of small
variations in thrust and fuel flow on the
measurement of mass emission rates are determined.
All emission data collected are examined for the
effect of ambient temperature and humidity.
A-ll
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Main Title
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Year Published
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Report Number
Abstract
Influence of Aerodynamic Phenomena on Pollutant
Formation in Combustion. Volume I. Experimental
Results.
Bowman, Craig T. ; Cohen., Leonard S. ;
United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford,
Conn.;National Environmental Research Center,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Control Systems Lab.
1975
PB-245 344
EPA-68-2-1092; EPA-ROAP-21BCC-014;
EPA/650/2-75/061-a;
The report gives results of the measurement of
average concentration levels of NO, NO2, CO, and
unburned hydrocarbons (THC) at the exhaust of an
axisymmetric combustor over a significant range of
operating conditions. In addition, it gives
detailed species concentration, temperature, and
velocity maps throughout the combustor for seven
representative operating conditions. In the
combustor, natural gas, a synthesized CH4/CO/H2
fuel, or vaporized propane issued through a central
duct to mix and burn with an annular air stream in
a 1.8 m long cylindrical duct. In a few tests,
liquid propane was the fuel. Water-cooled probes
were used to remove samples from the flow for
on-line concentration analysis and to measure
temperature, velocity, and flow direction. Elevated
pressure and introduction of swirl, to the extent
considered in the present experiments, create
'unmixedness' in the combustor flow field which in
turn results in enhanced NO formation and
consumption of hydrocarbons. Aerodynamic flame
stabilization produces strong stirring which
results in relatively low NO formation and
hydrocarbon consumption rates.
A-12
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Main Title
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Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Vapor-Phase Organic Pollutants - Volatile
Hydrocarbons' and Oxidation Products.
National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Panel
on Vapor-Phase Organic Pollutants./Health Effects
Research Triangle Park, N.C.
1975
PB-249 357
BPA-68-02-0542; EPA/600/1-75/005;
This report concerns vapor-phase substances likely
to be produced as community pollutants in
sufficient amounts to affect health and well-being.
Sources of vapor-phase organic pollutants are
listed, including collection and sampling
techniques and analytical methods. Possible
mechanisms of formation of oxygenated organic
hydrocarbon compounds in the atmosphere and of
atmospheric reactions of oxides of nitrogen and
sulfur are studied. Toxicologic, pathophysiologic,
and epidemiologic information on vapor-phase
organic pollutants is reviewed, their metabolism,
and their effects on the total environment. Special
attention is given to oxidized compounds,
formaldehyde, ozone, and benzene. The report
stresses the importance of oxidation reactions in
the vapor-phase and the human health hazards
produced from the more or less transient products
of oxidation. The review of metabolism indicates
that, although vapor-phase hydrocarbon pollutants
are modified usually by enzymatic oxidation within
mammalian systems from nonpolar to polar compounds
(which are then excreted by the kidney), this
sometimes occurs with the production of toxic
intermediates. These reactions occur mostly in the
liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney,
intestine, and lung.
Main Title
Journal Title
Personal Author
Year Published
Call Number
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM JET ENGINES OPERATED AT
SIMULATED. . .
ATMOS ENVIRON
KATZMAN H
1975
20060
A-13
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Main Title
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Report Number
Abstract
Determination of Aircraft Turbine Engine
Particulates.
Johansen, Keith M. ; Kumm., Emerson L. ;
AiResearch Mfg. Co. of Arizona, Phoenix.;
Environmental Sciences Research Lab., Research
Triangle Park, N.C.
1975
PB-251 247
EPA-68-02-1236; EPA-ROAP-26ACU-31; EPA/650/2-75/055;
This report describes research conducted to develop
measurement techniques for particulate emissions
from aircraft gas turbine engines. The ultimate
goal was to establish optimum sampling procedures,
parameters, devices, and instruments to use for
measuring the mass of particulates emitted from gas
turbines operating in the open atmosphere. On the
basis of a series of tests with a turboprop engine
and limited tests with turbofan engines,
researchers concluded that: (1) accurate
gravimetric measurements of engine particulate
emissions can be made; (2) smoke number
(reflectance) measurements do not correlate with
gravimetric measurements of engine particulate
emissions; and (3) as with smoke number
measurements, it is difficult to relate gravimetric
measurements of engine particulate emissions to
ambient air quality standards.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Abstract
Aircraft Technology Assessment Interim Report on
the Status of the Gas Turbine Program.
Mtfnt, Richard ; Danielson, Eugene ; Deimeh., James ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control.
1975
PB-270 262
This report is a brief summary of the status of the
aircraft gas turbine technology assessment program.
It is a compendium of the information and technical
data received from all organizations, government
and industrial, involved in efforts to reduce
aircraft engine exhaust emissions. The technical
data have been reduced and presented in the format
that the EPA intends to use in making its
assessment of the growth of low emissions
technology in aircraft gas turbines. This actual
assessment is, therefore, only a prelude to the
assessment topic in that report. The information
contained herein and the thrust of the assessment
are directed towards compliance with the EPA 1979
standards for newly manufactured engines.
Consideration of compliance with the 1981 standards
for newly certified engines will be given in later
reports as the technology advances.
A-14
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Main Title
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Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Emissions from Aircraft Fuel Nozzle Flames.
Tuttle, J. H. ; Shisler, R. A. ; Bilger, R. W. ;
Mellor, A. M. ;
Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. Combustion Lab.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
Motor Vehicle Emission Lab.
1975
PB80-175938
PURDU-CL-75-04; EPA-R-802650;
Experimental emissions data from both internal
flame and exhaust plane gathered in a simulated gas
turbine primary zone at typical combustor operating
conditions are analyzed in terms of the developed
time parameters. Results indicate that, with a well
atomized fuel spray, the large scale turbulent
mixing controls the flame stoichiometry and hence
the emissions characteristics. However as the fuel
atomization becomes poorer, the flame structure is
altered and emissions characteristics can be
explained only by a combination of heterogeneous
and homogeneous processes. Because CO and NOx
emissions originate in separate regions of the
flame, it was possible to alter the turbulent
mixing properties of each region such that both CO
and NOx were reduced.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Analysis of Aircraft Emission Control Parameters.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1975
PB80-185796
EPA-AA-AC-75-02;
The impetus for this current analysis of the
controlling parameter for aircraft emissions is the
ongoing development of international emission
regulations through the international Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO). The May 1975 meeting
of the Aircraft Engine Emission Study Group (AEESG)
of ICAO discussed various approaches to specifying
the parameter for controlling aircraft emissions.
Appendix A is the record of the meeting pertinent
to the controlling parameter. During the May
meeting, the viable parameters were narrowed to two
basic approaches. Nairaly, the use of a measure of
pollutants normalizec by fuel flow and pollutants
normalized by thrust or impulse. This report
provides an analysis of the merits and
disadvantages of these two different approaches.
A-15
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Main Title
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Report Number
Abstract
Alternative Derivations of the Standards for T5
(Supersonic Transport) Class Gas Turbine Aircraft
Engines.
Environmental Protection Agency/ Ann Arbor, Mich.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1976
PB-270 892
AC-76-01;
This document contains five alternative approaches
to the development of standards for emissions from
TS class aircraft engines. Four of these approaches
attempt to comply with SPA's earlier stated
intention to set standards as stated in the
Preamble to Aircraft Standards, FR Vol. 38 No. 136
19088. Three of these approaches are found faulty
by not imposing on the TS class 'the same types of
combustor design technology, as will be required of
subsonic aircraft'. The fourth approach
satisfactorily imposes the implementation of a
common, acceptable technology. A fifth approach is
investigated which attempts to set standards which
are compatible with the constraint of requiring
compliance in 1979 or shortly thereafter.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Sources of Variability and Inaccuracies in Aircraft
Gas Turbine Emission Measurements.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1976
PB-270 898
AC-76-02;
Variability and inaccuracies in aircraft gas
turbine emission measurements caused by calibration
gases, instrument precision, sampling errors,
engine setting precision, and ambient condition
effects continue to be of major concern.
Understanding and/or resolution of these factors is
critical to the development of a unified
measurement procedure. This report details and
provides analysis of the various factors
contributing to emission measurement inaccuracy.
Discussion is presented for all major sections and
components of the emission sampling system.
A-16
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Abstract
Determination of Effects of Ambient Conditions on
Aircraft Engine Emissions Engine Testing - GTCP 35
APU, TPE 331 Turboprop. Volume 1.
Slogar., Gerrick A. ;
AiResearch Mfg. Co. of Arizona, Phoenix.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Emission Control Technology Div.
1976
PB-252 825
75-311636-1; EPA-68-03-2156; EPA/460/3-76/009a;
Under- Environmental Protection Agency contract
number 58-03-2156, AiResearch Manufacturing Company
of Arizona, a Division of the Garrett Corporation,
conducted full scale engine tests on a GTCP85-98CK
Auxiliary Power Unit and a TPE331-5-251M Turboprop
engine. The purpose of this program was to measure
exhaust emission of HC, CO, CO2, NOx, and smoke at
controlled (temperature, humidity, and pressure)
engine inlet conditions. This data along with other
available data will provide the data base for the
determination of the effects of ambient conditions
on gas turbine engines.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Air Pollution Assessment of Ethylene Dichloride.
Johns., R. ;
Mitre Corp., McLean, Va.;Environmental Protection
Agency, Research'Triangle Park, N.C. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards.
1976
PB-256 733
MTR-7164; EPA-68-02-1495;
Ethylene dichloride, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is
primarily used as an intermediate during the
production of vinyl chloride and other commercially
valuable compounds. The characteristic water
solubility and vapor pressure of ethylene
dichloride indicate that this compound will tend to
persist in the hydrosphere and lithoaphere; while
its slow activity with peroxide radicals and ozone
indicates atmospheric persistence as well.
Industrial exposure is limited by Occupational
Safety and Health regulations to 200 mg/cum (50
ppm). Ambient atmospheric measurements are not
readily available. Inhalation of ethylene
dichloride during acute exposure has been shown to
produce central nervous system disorders as well as
pathological effects in the liver, kidneys, and
adrenals of humans, while chronic human exposure
produces similar results. The no-lasting-effect
level is quite high (1000 ppm for 1 hour arid 3000
ppm for 6 minutes) indicating that detrimental
exposure levels would have to be much greater.
Although the compound does not appear to pose a
significant environmental hazard, little
information is available for assessment of
potential long-term low level effects. A3 a result
ethylene dichloride cannot be considered innocuous
until additional health data is accumulated.
A-17
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Main Title
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Abstract
Characteristic Time Correlation of Emissions from
Conventional Aircraft Type Flames.
Tuttle, J. H. ; Colket, M. B. ; Mellor., A. M. ;
Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Combustion Lab.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
1976
PB-258 269
PURDU-CL-76-05; EPA-R-802650-02;
The overall combustion process occurring within a
liquid spray fueled burner is analyzed in terms of
the ongoing dominant subprocesses, with particular
emphasis on-those subprocesses deemed most critical
to pollutant emissions. Liquid fuel evaporation,
turbulent mixing, and chemical reaction are each
considered separately and are characterized by time
scales which typify the importance of each
subprocess. An axisymraetric burner consisting of a
flame stabilized in the wake of a disc with a
liquid fuel spray injected into the wake region
from the center of the disc is considered
experimentally. The basic flame structure behind
the disc is composed of a hollow reaction region
(shear layer) along the boundary between the
recirculation zone and the free stream. Guided by
the model of the flame structure, the developed
characteristic times are combined to form burner
output correlating parameters. The success of these
parameters is demonstrated by the correlation of
both carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen exhaust
emissions from the disc burner for various
geometries, a wide range of burner operating
conditions, and two non-similar fuels. The
developed characteristic time model is extended to
a conventional gas turbine combustor, GT-309. The
model predicts the effect of changes in both
combustor inlet conditions and combustor geometry
on exhaust emissions and is used to demonstrate the
design of a low NOx burner of the GT-309 class.
A-18
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Assessment of Cyclohexanone as a Potential Air
Pollution Problem. Volume VII.
Patterson, Robert M. ; Bornstein, Hark I. ;
Garshick., Eric ;
GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass. GCA Technology Div.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N.C.
1976
PB-258 359
GCA-TR-75-32-G{7); EPA-68-02-1337;
Cyclohexanone is a colorless, slightly volatile
liquid with an odor similar to acetone and
peppermint. It is chemically stable and is
manufactured mainly by catalytic dehydration of
cyclohexanol. It is used extensively in the
production of nylon and adipic acid, and it is also
used as a solvent and degreaser. Cyclohexanone is a
strong irritant and a narcotic agent at high
concentrations, although concentrations producing
such effects are unlikely to occur due to the low
volatility of Cyclohexanone. Although emission
controls specifically for Cyclohexanone are not
reported, two types of controls are used
extensively by the chemical industry to control
hydrocarbon emissions. These are vapor recovery and
incineration. Control by adsorption on activated
charcoal is used when recovery is economically
desirable. Based on the results of the health
effects research presented in this report, and the
ambient concentration estimates, it appears that
Cyclohexanone as an air pollutant does not pose a
threYt to the health of the general population. In
addition, Cyclohexanone does not appear to pose
other environmental insults which would warrant
further investigation or restriction of its use at
the present time.
A-19
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Assessment of Ortho-Xylene as a Potential Air
Pollution Problem. Volume X.
Patterson, Robert M. ; Bornstain, Mark I. ;
Garshick., Eric ;
GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass. GCA Technology Div,,;
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N.C.
1976
PB-258 362
GCA-TR-75-32-G(10); EPA-68-02-1337;
Xylene is.a colorless, flammable liquid having an
aromatic odor similar to that of benzene and
toluene. There are three isomers of xylene: ortho-,
meta-, and para-xylene. Data linking ortho-xylene
exposure with health effects are lacking, due to
the almost always concomitant benzene and toluene;.
Ortho-xylene is an irritant and narcotic at high
concentrations, producing effects similar to
alcohol intoxication. The primary emission sources
in descending order are mixed xylene solvent usage,
mixed xylene production, ortho-xylene production
and solvent usage, and bulk storage. Total
emissions are estimated to have been about 184
million pounds in 1974. Although emission controls
specifically for ortho-xylene are not reported, two
types of controls are used extensively by the
chemical industry to control hydrocarbon emissions.
These are vapor recovery and incineration. Control
by adsorption on activated charcoal is used when
recovery is economically desirable. Based on the
results of the health effects research presented in
this report, and the ambient concentration
estimates, it appears that ortho-xylene as an air
pollutant does not pose a threat to the health of
the general population. In addition, ortho-xylene
does not appear to pose other environmental insults
which would warrant further investigation or
restriction of its use at the present time.
Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
Determination of effects of ambient conditions on
aircraft engine emissions engine testing
Slogar, G A
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Waste Management, Office of Mobile Source Air
Pollution Control, Emission Control Technology
Division ;
1976
A-20
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Aircraft Technology Assessment Status of the Gas
Turbine Program.
Hunt, Richard ; Danielson., Eugene ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Emission Control Technology Div.
1976
PB-277 351
EPA/460/3-76/036;
This report details the advances that have been
made in the control of aircraft gas turbine engine
emissions. Two technologies of differing
complexities have evolved. The success of the first,
which controls only hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide, is attributable to innovations in engine
operation, the fuel injection system, and the
airflow patterns within the combuator. The
simplicity of this system gives it wide
applicability. The second technology, capable of
controlling oxides of nitrogen, in addition to HC
and CO, uses exotic methods of fuel preparation and
multiple zones of combustion. A table, which
follows the report, summarizes the EPA technical
staff's assessment of the prospects of each engine
meeting the levels specified in the 1979 standards,
based on manufacturers' data. Control strategies
for HC and CO should be ready for implementation by
1979-1980, but, due to the complexity of the oxide
of nitrogen control systems, and the fact that
requisite levels of technology are currently found
only in some of the largest T2 12 class engines,
the practicality of implementation in Tl and APU
classes by 1982 is questioned.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Aircraft Emission Factors.
Pace., Robert G. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1977
PB-275 067
AC-77-03;
In order to perform useful air quality analysis it
is necessary to have the most accurate emission
factor data available. This report provides updated
aircraft engine emission factors and a sample of
the calculation methodology used in obtaining these
numbers. Modal emission factors have been
calculated for a number of gas turbine and piston
aircraft engines. Emission factors per aircraft per
landing take-off cycle have been calculated for
representative aircraft- engine combinations. This
group includes commercial jet transports, business
jets, turboprops and general aviation piston
aircraft.
A-21
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Proposed
Revisions in the Exhaust Emission Standards for New
and In-Uae Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines Based on
Industry Submittals.
Wilcox, Richard S. ; Hunt., Richard ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1977
PB-276 508
AC-77-02;
This report provides analysis of- several control
strategies. Those studied were: the control of
newly manufactured gas turbine engines in 1981 for
HC and CO only; retrofit of in-use gas turbine
engines in 1985 for HC and CO only; and the control
of newly manufactured gas turbine engines in 1984
for HC, CO, and NOx. The cost information is
incomplete and poorly documented due to a lack of
detailed data. Additional error was introduced by
the fact that the nature of the study demanded that
assumptions and predictions be made in an attempt
to ascertain future facts. The above considerations
aside, the cost-effectiveness figures generated by
this analysis represent EPA'a best estimate of the
costs imposed by the control strategies under
consideration, based on industry submittals. For
the purposes of this study, the JT8D was assumed to
be out of production by 1984. This is no longer
true and the planned growth version of this engine
will be examined in a later report.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Aircraft Emissions at Selected Airports, 1972-1985.
Deiman, James M. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Ml.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1977
PB-286 145
AC-77-01;
This report presents airport vicinity aircraft
emissions data for HC, CO and NOx at selected
commercial and general aviation airports. The data
represents an updating of calculated aircraft
emissions for recent years and estimates of future
aircraft emissions. Operations by individual
aircraft models are scrutinized in detail.
Breakdowns of operations by air carriers, air taxis,
general aviation and auxiliary power units are
included and the emissions from each are summed to
provide estimates of total pollutants dispersed.
Despite a general trend toward more operations, the
total emissions at the commercial airports decrease
as a result of a changing fleet mix with more
modern engines and the advent of promulgated and
'proposed regulatory standards. With increased
operations at general aviation airports, emissions
will continue to increase without the imposition of
regulatory standards because uncontrolled modern
engines emit substantially the same pollutants as
older piston engine designs.
A-22
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Main Titli
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Determination of Effects on Ambient Conditions on
Aircraft Engine Emissions. ALF 502 Combustor Rig
and Engine Verification Test.
Trembley, Jr, H. F. ;
Avco Lycoming Div., Stratford, CT.;Environmental
Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. Emission Control
Technology Div.
1977
PB-290 326
LYC-77-54; EPA-68-03-2383; EPA/460/3-77/017;
A program was conducted for the purpose of
determining the effects of ambient temperature.,
humidity, and pressure on the emissions of
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen,
and smoke. The approach involved the performance of
two tasks. Task I was to gather data through
Lycoming ALF 502 combustor rig testing under
controlled simulated inlet conditions; Task II was
to test a full-scale ALF 502 engine over a range of
uncontrolled ambient conditions to verify the rig
test data. These data will be part of a data base
collected by the EPA for the development of
correction factors for gas turbine engine
emissions.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Determination of Effects of Ambient Conditions on
Aircraft Engine Emissions: ALF 502 Combustor Rig
Testing and Engine Verification Test.
Trembley, Jr., H. F. ; Cackette, Thomas ;
Avco Lycoming Engine Group, Stratford, CT.
Stratford Div.;Environmental Protection Agency, Ann
Arbor, MI. Emission Control Technology Div.
1977
PB82-238668
LYC-77-54; EPA-68-03-2383; EPA-460/3-77-017;
A program was conducted by Avco Lycoming Engine
Group for the purpose of determining the effects of
ambient temperature, humidity, and pressure on the
emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides
of nitrogen, and smoke. The approach involved the
performance of two tasks. Task I was to gather data
through Lycoming ALF 502 combustor rig testing
under controlled simulated inlet conditions; Task
II was to test a full-scale ALF 502 engine over a
range of uncontrolled ambient conditions to verify
the rig test data.
A-23
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Determination of Effects of Ambient Conditions on
Aircraft Engine Emissions: Data Analysis and
Correction Factor Generation.
Donovan, Paul J. ; Fairchild, William R. ; Graves,
Kenneth W. ;
Calspan Corp., Buffalo, NY./Environmental
Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. Emission Control
Technology Div.
1977
PB82-229360
EPA-68-03-2159; EPA-460/3-77-019;
This report presents a set of correction factors
for variations in turbine aircraft HC, CO, NOX and
smoke emissions due to non-standard day ambient
temperature, pressure and humidity developed for
the United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Ann Arbor, Michigan. These correction factors are
based on data from three EPA-sponaored full-scale
engine tests, two EPA-sponsored combostor rig tests,
and additional data solicited from industry
sources. Key correlating parameters in this
analysis were combustor inlet temperature,
combustor inlet pressure, and ambient humidity. The
correction factors have been developed using a
multiple least squares regression analysis approach
using functional emissions models based upon
theoretical considerations and an extensive review
of current ambient effects literature. Emphasis has
been placed upon relating correction factor
coefficients within a general engine class to
various operating characteristics of each
individual engine.
Main Titl*
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Review of Past Studies Addressing the Potential
Impact of CO, HC, and NOx Emissions from Commercial
Aircraft on Air Quality.
Lorang, Philip ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1978
PB-286 421
AC-78-03;
Since 1973, EPA has monitored the progress of
technology needed to meet the existing air quality
standards for aircraft engine emissions, and
reviewed the impact of various classes of aircraft
on ambient air quality. As a result, there is now
in draft form an NPRM to amend the existing
standards. During the preparation of the draft NPRM,
several commenters questioned the air quality
justifications for certain standards. This report
is partial documentation of EPA's review of the
past air quality studies, and also a review of air
quality justifications for the commercial aircraft
emission standards contained in the NPRM.
A-24
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Economic Impact of Revised Gaseous Emission
Regulations for Commercial Aircraft Engines.
Day, C. F. ; Bertrand, H. E. ;
Logistics Management Inst., Washington, DC.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
1978
PB-286 772
EPA-68-01-4647;
The EPA has proposed the revision of the gaseous
emission regulations first promulgated in 1973 (40
CFR Part 87) for several classes of aircraft
engines. A draft notice of Proposed Rule Making
(NPRM) was prepared and circulated informally
outside EPA in the late summer of 1977. This report
presents the results of an economic impact analysis
of the proposed standards as they apply to
commercial aircraft engines.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
U.S. Aircraft Fleet Projection and Engine Inventory
to Year 2000.
Munt., Richard W. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1978
PB-285 189
AC-78-02 ;EPA/TSR/AC-78/02;
This report provides a forecast of the number of
aircraft gas turbine engines which must comply with
the proposed revisions to the EPA emissions
standards. In providing this, it also supplies an
aircraft forecast (useful if engines are changed on
a given airframe) and a general engine forecast
(useful if other revisions are proposed). This
information may be used directly to obtain
estimates of the total impact of various standards
and implementation dates and more importantly, to
obtain estimates of the total cost and cost
effectiveness of the standards.
Main Title
Personal Author
Publisher
Year Published
OCLC Number
Evaluation of emission control strategies for
airfield, operations at the Los Angeles and San
Francisco international airports
Gelinas, C. Gary.
AeroVironment,
1978
20321862
A-25
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Main Title Air Pollutant Emission Factors for Military and
Civil Aircraft.
Personal Author Sears, D. Richard ;
Corporate Author Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc., Huntsville,
AL. Huntsville Research and Engineering Center.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
Year Published 1978
Call Number PB-292 520
Report Number LMSC-HREC-TR-D568208; EPA-68-02-2614;
EPA/450/3-78/117;
Abstract Using data supplied by the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air
Force, USEPA Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution
Control, as well as published information, tables
of military aircraft fuel characteristics, aircraft
classifications, military and civil times in mode,
engine modal emission rates, and aircraft emission
factors per landing-takeoff cycle are calculated
and compiled. The data encompass 59 engines and 89
aircraft. Additional discussion includes
information related to benzo(a)pyrene emissions and
to hydrocarbon emissions (volatile organic) with
potential to produce photochemical oxidant.
A-26
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Investigations of Selected Environmental
Pollutants: 1,2-Dichloroethane.
Drury, John S. ; Mammons., Anna S. ;
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.;Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic
Substances./Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
1979
PB-295 865
ORNL/EIS-148; W-7405-eng-26; EPA/560/2-78/006;
This study is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary
review of the health and environmental effects of 1,
2-dichloroethane. Other pertinent aspects such as
production, use, methods of analysis, and
regulatory restrictions are also discussed.
Approximately 250 references are cited. 1,
2-Dichloroethane La.manufactured in greater tonnage
than any other chlorinated organic compound; in
1977 nearly 5 million metric tons was synthesized
in the United States. It is used primarily as a raw
material in the production of vinyl chloride
monomer and a few other chlorinated organic
compounds. The environment is exposed to this
chlorinated hydrocarbon primarily through
manufacturing losses. Smaller exposures occur
through dispersive uses, such as grain fumigations
and application of paints and other coatings, and
through storage, distribution, and waste disposal
operations. Concentrations of 1,'2-dichloroethane in
environmental air and water distant from point
sources are small—on the order of parts per
billion or less. Concentrations in the environment
near point sources are unknown. 1,2-Dichloroethane
is toxic to humans, other vertebrates and
invertebrates, plants, and microorganisms. It is an
established carcinogen in rats and mice exposed by
oral intubation and is a weak mutagen in some
bacteria and certain grains.
A-27
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Main Title Determination of the Effects of Ambient Conditions
on CFM56 Aircraft Engine Emissions.
Personal Author Lyon, T. F. ; Dodds, W. J. ; Bahr., 0. W. ;
Corporate Author General Electric Co., Cincinnati, OH. Aircraft
Engine Group./Environmental Protection Agency, Ann
Arbor, MI. Standards Development and Support
Branch.
Year Published 1979
Call Number PB80-138597
Report Number R79AEG632; EPA-68-03-2388; EPA-460/3-79/011;
Abstract It has been known that variations in ambient
temperature, pressure, and humidity can have
significant effects on measured emissions levels.
Although the need to account for variation in
ambient conditions is generally recognized, and
several studies have attempted to establish more or
less universal correction factors, there, is no
widely accepted procedure for the correction of
emissions measurements to reference-day ambient
conditions. A current program by the EPA is to
establish a wide data base from which procedures
for correction of measured emissions levels to
reference day conditions can be developed. To
establish this data base, EPA contracted with three
engine manufacturers to make tests under* controlled
ambient conditions. To supplement these data,
industry and other government agencies were
requested to submit data that could be used in
establishing an acceptable correction procedure.
The CFM 56 engine was selected for this study
because it is representative of the next engine of
highly efficient, large turbofans which Will be in
production when EPA gaseous emissions standards
first become effective in the early 1980's.
A-28
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
rear Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Evaluation of HC (Hydrocarbon) Control Strategies
for General Aviation Piston Engines.
Wilcox, Richard S. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
Standards Development and Support Branch.
1979
PB80-155393
EPA-AA-SDSB-79-17 ;
In support of the current final rulemaking action
for aircraft emission standards, the cost
effectiveness of controlling hydrocarbon (HC)
exhaust emissions from general aviation
piston-powered aircraft (PI) is evaluated. Houtman
previously evaluated the cost effectiveness of
controlling this source for HC and carbon monoxide
(CO). Recent analyses by Jordan and FAA have
indicated that these aircraft are not major
contributors to violations of the National Ambient
Air Quality Standard for CO which adversely affect
the public health and welfare. Although HC
emissions from general aviation are also small when
compared to many other sources, the oxidant problem
is so widespread that all reasonable controls
should be implemented. Based on this premise,
several potentially cost-effective control
strategies for these aircraft are evaluated to
determine if reductions in HC from general'aviation
piston-powered aircraft are justified.
A-29
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Chemical Composition of Exhaust Particles from Gas
Turbine Engines.
Robertson, 0. J. ; El wood, J. H. ; Groth, R.. H. ;
Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group, East Hartford,
CT. Commercial Products Div.;Environmental Sciences
Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
1979
PB-292 380
EPA-68-02-2458; EPA/600/2-79/041;
A program was conducted to chemically characterize
particulate emissions from a current technology,
high population, gas turbine engine. Attention was
focused on polynuclear aromatic compounds, phenols,
nitrosamines and total organics. Polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined by HPLC,
GC/MS and NMR techniques. Phenols and nitrosamines
were isolated and then measured by gas
chromatographic methods utilizing flame ionization
detection and nitrogen detection. Total organics
were determined by a backflush chromatographic
procedure. The particulate matter was collected
using a high capacity pumping system incorporating
293 mm diameter Teflon filters through which was
passed up to 43 cu m of exhaust gas. Extraction of
the organic matter was performed in a Soxhlet
extractor using hexane. The engine was operated at
idle, approach, climb and take-aff power settings
with low sulfur (0.007%S) and high sulfur (0.25%S)
fuels. Most of the PAH were small 3-to-4 fused ring
species. No nitrosamines were found and except in a
few cases, at low levels, no phenols. PAH and total
organic levels decreased with increasing power
setting and were more concentrated in the exhaust
from the low sulfur fuel. Less than 1% of the
organic matter emitted from the engine was adsorbed
on the particulate matter.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Procedures for the Preparation of Emission
Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds. Volume
II: Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Monitoring and Data Analysis Div.
1979
PB80-202229
EPA-450/4-79-018;
This is a companion document to Volume I, which
describes procedures for compiling the annual
countywide inventory of volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions. Volume II describes procedures for
converting the annual countywide emission inventory
to the detailed inventory needed for photochemical
models. The detailed inventory contains hourly
gridded emissions (by species class for VOC and
NOx) for a typical weekday during the oxidant
season.
A-30
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract"
Health Assessment Document for Polycyclic Organic
Matter.
Santodonato, Joseph ; Howard, Phillip ; Basu, Dipak
; Lande, Sheldon ; Selkirk, James K. ;
Syracuse Univ. Research Corp., NY./Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
1979
PB82-186792
EPA-68-01-2800; EPA-600/9-79-008 ;
The document responds to Section 122 of the Clean
Air Act as Amended August 1977, which requires the
Administrator to decide whether atmospheric
emissions of polycyclic organic matter (POM)
potentially endanger public health. This document
reviews POM data on chemical and physical
properties, atmospheric forms, atmospheric fate and
transport, measurement techniques, ambient levels,
toxicology, occupational health, and epidemiology.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's), such as
the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and their
neutral nitrogen analogs are the two POM chemical
groups occurring most frequently in ambient air.
The major environmental sources of POM'a appear to
be the combustion or pyrolysis of materials
containing carbon and hydrogen. There is general
agreement that POM compounds are associated with
suspended particulate matter from both mobile and
stationary sources, principally respirable
particles. Available monitoring data suggest that
many POM compounds associated with particulate
matter probably are stable in ambient air for
several days. The major health concern over
exposure to POM's is their carcinogenicity. POM's
gain ready access to the body's circulation either
by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Although
it cannot be stated unequivocally that any POM's
are human carcinogens, several of these compounds
are among the more potent animal carcinogens known.
A-31
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Quantitative Analysis of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Liquid Fuels.
Parr, Jerry L. ;
Radian Corp., Austin, TX.;Environmental Sciences
Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
1980
PB80-187388
EPA-68-02-2466; EPA-600/2-80-069;
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs), formed in
combustion processes with liquid hydrocarbon fuels,
contribute to mobile source exhaust emissions.'
Because correlation between PNA levels in
automobile exhaust and pre-existent PNAs in fuel
has been demonstrated in previous work, a
quantitative analysis of 12 individual polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons present in various aircraft
turbine, diesel, and gasoline test fuels was
determined in this project. The PNAs included
phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene,
benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, triphenylene,
benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(g,h,
i)perylene, coronene and anthanthrene. The fuel
samples were analyzed by combined gas
chromatography/masB spectrometry (GC-MS) after a
preliminary isolation/concentration scheme. Liquid
crystal chromatographic columns were employed to
resolve isomeric PNAs. The results indicated that
anthanthrene and coronene were not detected in any
of the samples analyzed.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Third Edition (Including Supplements 1-7).
Supplement No. 10.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
1980
PB80-199045
AP-42-ED-3-SUPPL-10;
In this Supplement to AP-42, new, revised and
updated emissions data are presented for mobile
sources; aircraft; transportation and marketing of
petroleum liquids; waste solvent reclamation; tank
and drum cleaning; hydrofluoric acid; phosphoric
acid; sulfur recovery; wine making; harvesting of
grain; primary lead smelting; coal cleaning; glass
fiber manufacturing; phosphate rock processing;
coal conversion; taconite ore processing; plywood
veneer and layout operations; woodworking waste
collection operations; and explosives detonation.
There is also an expansion and revision of the
Appendix A, miscellaneous data and conversion
factors.
A-32
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Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Third Edition (Including Supplements 1-7)
Supplement 10.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
1980
PB82-232190
AP-42-SUPPL-10;
In this Supplement to AP-42, new, revised and
updated emissions data are presented for mobile
sources; aircraft; transportation and marketing of
petroleum liquids; waste solvent reclamation; tank
and drum cleaning; hydrofluoric acid; phosphoric
acid; sulfur recovery; wine making; harvesting of
grain; primary lead smelting; coal cleaning; glass
fiber manufacturing; phosphate rock processing;
coal conversion; taconite ore processing; plywood
veneer and layout operations; woodworking waste
collection operations; and explosives detonation.
There is also an expansion and revision of the
Appendix A, miscellaneous data and conversion
factors.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Williams Air Force Base Air Quality Monitoring
St^udy.
Sheesley, 0. C. ; Gordon, S. J. ; Ehlert, M. L. ;
Northrop Services, Inc., Las Vegas, NV.;Air Force
Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
J.980
AD-A092 165/0
EPA-68-03-2591; EPA/600/4-80-037 ;
AFESC/ESL-TR-79-33
Air quality and meteorological data were collected
continuously from a network of five ground
monitoring stations located at Williams Air Force
Base (WAFB) near Phoenix, Arizona, during June 1976
through June 1977. Data reported here will serve as
detailed input for defining the accuracy limits of
the Air Quality Assessment Model. The data have
been analyzed in order to determine the air quality
impact attributable to WAFB operations. Also
reported are the preliminary results obtained from
several related special studies designed to
characterize horizontal and vertical dispersion of
WAFB emissions. The data indicate no significant
air quality impact at WAFB resulting from aircraft
operations. (Author)
A-33
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Main Title
Journal Title
Personal Author
Year Published
Call Number
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY CARCINOGENIC
HYDROCARBONS DURING AVIATION FUEL COMBUSTION.
GIG SANTI
SMIRNOV GA
1981
586162
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Review of Criteria for Vapor-Phase Hydrocarbons.
Tilton, Beverly E. ; Bruce, Robert M. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office.
1981
PB82-136516
EPA-600/8-81-022;
Information on vapor-phase hydrocarbons presented
in this document covers basic atmospheric chemistry
relative to secondary products, especially ozone;
sources and emissions; ambient air concentrations;
relationship of precursor hydrocarbons to resultant
ozone levels in ambient air; health effects; and
welfare effects. The principal conclusions from
this document are as follows. Hydrocarbons are a
principal contributor to the formation of ozone and
other photochemical oxidants; however, no fixed
single quantitative relationship between precursor
hydrocarbons and resulting ozone concentrations can
be defined. This relationship varies from site to
site depending on local precursor mixes, transport
considerations, and meteorological factors.
Consequently no single quantitative relationship
can be defined nationwide. While specific
hydrocarbon compounds can be of concern to public
health and welfare, as a class this group of
materials cannot be considered a hazard to human
health or welfare at or even well above those
concentrations observed in the ambient air.
A-34
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Characteristics of Benzo(a)Pyrene and A-Ring
Reduced 7,12-Dimethyl Benz(a)Anthracene Induced
Neoplastic Transformation of Human Cells in Vivo.
Tejwani, R. ; Witiak, D. T. ; Inbasekaran, M. N. ;
Gazer, F. 0. ; Milo, G. E. ;
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Physiological
Chemistry./Health Effects Research Lab., Research
Triangle Park, NC.;Air Force Office of Scientific
Research, Boiling AFB, DC./National Cancer Inst.,
Bethesda, MD.
1981
PB84-174663
F49620-80-C-0085, EPA-R-806638; EPA-600/J-81-686;
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and the A-ring reduced analogue
of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), 1,2,3,
4-tetrahydro-7,12-dimethyIbenz(a)anthracene
(TH-DMBA) are carcinogenic to human cells. The
unsaturated PAH, DMBA exhibits no carcinogenic
activity on human cells as measured by growth in
soft agar of 84 and 86, respectively. These
anchorage independent cells when seeded on the
chick embryonic skin (CES) organ cultures, are
invasive and form a fibrosarcoma. It is highly
unlikely that TH-DMBA, which does not contain an
aromatic A-ring, can undergo metabolism in human
cells in culture to form a bay region 3,
4-dihydrodiol-l,2-epoxide. These results suggest
that an alternate mechanism for the induction of
carcinogenesis is appropriate to explain the
absence of bay region diol-epoxide metabolite as
the ultimate form of the carcinogen in TH-DMBA
induced carcinogenesis in human diploid cells.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation.
Volume IV: Mobile Sources.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
1981
PB82-240136
EPA-450/4-81-026D;
Procedures are described for compiling the complete
comprehensive emission inventory of the criteria
pollutants and pollutant sources. These procedures
described are for use in the air quality management
programs of state and local air pollution control
agencies. Basic emission inventory
elements—planning, data collection, emission
estimates, inventory file formatting, reporting and
maintenance—are described. Prescribed methods are
presented; optional methods are provided. The
procedures are presented in -five (5) volumes:
Emission Inventory Fundamentals, Point Sources,
Area Sources, Mobile Sources, and Bibliography.
A-35
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Abstract
Analytical Methods for the Determination of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Air Particulate
Matter.
Wise, S. A. ; Sowie, S. L. ; Chesler, S. N. ;
Cuthrell, W. F. ; May, W. E. ;
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.;
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
1982
PB83-162230
Analytical methods for the determination of
pplycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on urban air
particulate matter are described. These methods
consist of extraction, isolation of PAH by
normal-phase liquid chromatography (LC) followed by
analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and
reversed-phase LC. Quantitative results obtained by
GC and LC for an air particulate material, which
will be issued as a Standard Reference Material,
are compared.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Binding of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Classified as
Either Phenobarbitone-, 3-Methylcholanthrene- or
Mixed-Type Inducers to Cytosolic Ah Receptor.
Bandiera, A. ; Safe, S. ; Okey, A. B. ;
Guelph Univ. (Ontario). Guelph-Waterloo Centre.;
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
1982
PB83-240788
EPA-R-809764; EPA-600/J-82-369;
It has been postulated that reversible,
high-affinity binding of 3-methyl-cholanthrene
(MC)-type inducers to a receptor protein (the Ah
receptor) in hepatic cytosol is essential for
induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)
enzymic activity. To test this postulate, the
binding affinities of 16 highly purified, synthetic
chlorinated biphenyl (PCS) congeners, which have
been categorized either as phenobarbitone (PB)-,
MC- or mixed (PB + MC)-type inducers of cytochrome
P-450-dependent monooxygenases have been examined.
The affinity of individual biphenyl congeners for
the receptor was determined by their competition
with 2,3, 7,8-(3 sup H) tetrachlorodibenzo-p-d,ioxin
((3 sup H)TCDD) for specific cytosolic binding
sites as measured by sucrose density gradient
analysis following dextran-charcoal treatment.,
A-36
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Characterization of Air Particulate Material for
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds.
Wise, S. A. ; Allen, C. P. ; Chesler, S. N. ; Hertz,
H. S. ; Hilpert, L. R. ;
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.;
Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., Research
Triangle Park, NC.
1983
PB83-155580
NBSIR-82-2595;
In studies to evaluate the potential health and
ecological effects of atmospheric emissions,
bioassays have been employed in conjunction with
chemical characterization to correlate mutagenic
and/or carcinogenic activity with chemical
composition. The complexity of an air particulate
extract necessitates the prefractionation of the
mixture into suitable subfractures or chemical
classes prior to chemical characterization and/or
biological testing. The goal of this project was to
evaluate such a fractionation scheme for air
particulate material with respect to chemical
characterization of the various fractions with
particular emphasis on the identification of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In this
study the authors have used three chromatographic
approaches to separate, identify, and quantify the
complex mixture of PAH extracted from SRM 1649
(Urban Dust/Organics): (1) capillary GC, (2) LC
with selective fluorescence detection, and (3)
multidimensional chromatographic techniques.
A-37
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Main Title Recent Advances in EPA'a (Environmental Protection
Agency's) Monitori and Methods Development
Research.
Personal Author Jungers, Robert H. ;
Corporate Author Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., Research
Triangle Park, NC. Data Management and Analysis
Div.
Year Published 1983
Call Number PB83-231209
Report Number EPA-600/D-83-085;
Abstract Several areas of advanced research related to
sampling, analysis, and human exposure assessment
of exhaust emission in ambient air have been
developed. These include studies of new methods for
volatile organic compounds (VOC's), and the
development and.application of personal exposure
monitors (PEM's) in screening for polynuclear
aromatics (PNA's) and carbon monoxide (CO). These
new methods for screening PNA's are fast,
economical and accurate. The more expensive and
time consuming traditional methods of analysis may
be judiciously applied to those samples which the
screening methods indicate are high in PNA's..
Carbon monoxide, an emission product directly
related to automotive emissions, is being monitored
using personal exposure monitors in urban scale
studies to obtain data on population exposures on a
real time basis. Such data may ultimately be used
in assessing more accurately human exposure to
mobile source and other emissions.
A-38
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Cyclopenta-Fused laomers of Benz(a)Anthracene II:
Mutagenic Effects on Mammalian Cells.
Nesnow, w. ; Leavitt, S. ; Easterling, R. ; McNair,
P. ; Toney, G. S. ;
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle
Park, NC. ;North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill.
School of Public Health.
1984
PB84-168772
EPA-600/D-84-071;
Cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) are a unique class of PAH found in the
environment. Acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene and
cyclopenta (cd) pyrene represent characterized
cyclopenta-PAH already identified as air
pollutants. The pyrolytic synthesis of- PAH from two
carbon fragments (3) suggests that many more such
cyclopenta-ring fusions are possible and may be
characterized from environmental samples.
Cyclopenta-PAH are non-alternate PAH in which the
fused five membered ring provides a new site for
metabolic attack by the cytochrome P-450
mixed-function oxidases. The study of the
metabolism, metabolic activation and mutagenesis of
these chemicals allows a probe into the mechanism
of oxygen transfer and the stereo-and
regio-specificity of the cytochrome P-450
mixed-function oxidases as well as an understanding
of the competition between sites of metabolic
action by these enzymes. This chapter is a
preliminary report of metabolism and mutagenesis
studies with four cyclopenta-fused isomers of
benz(a)anthracene: benz(jJaceanthrylene, BjA;
benz(e)aceanthrylene, BeA; benz(l)aceahthrylene,
B1A; and benz(k)acephenanthrylene, BkA.
A-39
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Mouse Skin Tumor-Initiating Activity of
Benz(e)aceanthrylene and Benz(l)aceanthrylene in
Sencar Mice.
Neanow, S. ; Gold, A. ; Sangaiah, R. ; Triplett, L.
L. ; Slaga, T. J. ;
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle
Park, NC. ;North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill.
Oept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. ;
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Biology Div.
1984
PB85-193738
EPA/600/J-84/259;
Benz(e)aceanthrylene and benz(l)aceanthrylene,
cyclopenta-fused derivatives of benz(1)anthracene,
have been reported to be active bacterial cell and
mammalian cell gene mutagens. In this study they
were evaluated as skin tumor initiators in both
male and female SENCAR mice. Both PAH induced
papilloma formation in the range of 50-1000
nmol/mouse. Benz(l)aceanthrylene was the most
active, being approximately 4 times as activeas
benzo(a)pyrene while benz(e)aceanthrylene had
activity approximately equivalent to
benzo(a)pyrene. These results are in contrast to
those reported for the air pollutant,
cyclopenta(cd)pyrene, another cyclopenta-fused PAH,
which is a weak mouse skin tumor initiator. The
authors postulate that these cyclopenta-PAH are
formed by pyrosynthetic routes similar to other
environmental cyclopenta-PAH and that they may be
of importance as contributors to air pollution
carcinogenesis. (Copyright (c) 1984 Elsevier
Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.)
A-40
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Mutagenicity of Cyclopenta-Fused Isomers of
Benz(a)anthracene in Bacterial and Rodent Cells and
Identification of the Major Rat Liver Microsomal
Metabolites.
Nesnow, S. ; Leavitt, S. ; Eaaterling, R. ; Watts,
R. ; Toney, S. H. ;
Health Effects Research Lab., .Research Triangle
Park, NC.
1984
PBS5-193969
EPA/600/J-84/260;
The microsomal metabolites and mutagenic activity
of four cyclopenta-fused benz(a)anthracenes;
benz(j)aceanthrylene (B(j)A), benz(e)aceanthrylene
(B(e)A), benz(l)aceanthrylene (B(l)A) and
benz(k)acephenanthrylerie (B(k)A) have been- studied.
Arocolor-1254 induced rat liver microsomes
metabolized B(j)A to: B(j)A-1,2-dihydrodiol,
B(j)A-9,10-dihydrodiol, B(j)A-ll,12-dihydrodiol and
10-hydroxy-B(j)A; B(e)A to: B(e)A-l,2-dihydrodiol,
B(e)A-3,4-dihydrodiol, and B(e)A-5,6-dihydrodial;
B(1)A to: B(1)A-1,2-dihydrodiol, B(l)A-4,
5-dihydrodiol and B(l)A-7,8-dihydrodiol; and B(k)A
to B
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Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHS).
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. ;
Syracuse Research Corp., NY.
1984
PB86-134244
EPA/540/1-86/013;
The document represents a brief, quantitatively
oriented scientific summary of health effects data.
It was developed by the Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office to assist the Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response in establishing
chemical-specific health-related goals of remedial
actions. If applicable, chemical-specific
subchronic and chronic toxicity interim acceptable
intakes are determined for systemic toxicants, or
q(sub 1)* values are determined for carcinogens for
both oral and inhalation routes. A q(sub 1)* was
determined for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
based on both oral and inhalation exposure. These
estimates are based on benzo(a)pyrene, the most
potent constituent in PAH containing mixtures
identified to date. The text provides information
concerning the limitations of these estimates.
Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Health Assessment Document for 1,1,
1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform). Final
Report.
Carchman, R. ; Davidson, I. W. F. ; Greenberg, M.
M. ; Parker, J. C. ; Benignus, V. ;
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC.* Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office.
1984
PB84-183565
EPA-600/8-82-003F;
Methyl chloroform (MC) is a volatile chlorinated
hydrocarbon used extensively as an industrial
solvent and in consumer products. It has been
detected in the ambient air of a variety of urban
and non-urban areas of the United States. In
certain instances involving contamination of
groundwater, much higher levels have been reported.
The weight of available evidence obtained from both
human and animal data suggest that long-term
exposure to environmental levels of MC poses no
serious health concern to the general population.
No teratogenic potential has been demonstrated for
MC in studies conducted to date in rodent species.
Available data are inadequate for reaching firm
conclusions about its mutagenic potential in
humans. Because of the limited usefulness of the
animal bioassays conducted to date, it is not
possible to classify MC in regard to its
carcinogenic potential in humans.
A-42
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Review of Sampling and Analysis Methodology for
Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds in Air from Mobile
Sources.
Chuang, C. C. ; Petersen, B. A. ;
Battelle Columbus Labs., OH./Environmental
Monitoring Systems Lab., Research Triangle Park,
NC.
1985
PB85-227759
EPA-68-02-3487; EPA/600/4-85/045;
The objective of the program, was to review and
recommend test compounds and sampling and analysis
methods for a future EPA study of polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in microenvironments.
Review of PAH profiles in ambient air indicated
that concentrations of PAH were generally higher in
winter than summer and varied with climate and
between sampling sites within an urban area. Levels
of several PAH were found to be proportional to
traffic density. Studies of the biological activity
of ambient air samples showed that some PAH and
their nitrated derivatives are extremely
carcinogenic and mutagenic. The following compounds
were determined to be the most prevalent and
mutagenic in ambient air and were recommended for
the future EPA study: phenanthrene, pyrene,
cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,
h)anthracene, 1-nitropyrene, fluoranthene,
benz(a)anthracene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(g,h,
i)perylene, coronene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene. In
the review of PAH sampling methods, collection of
both gaseous and particulate bound PAH was
determined to be necessary to accurately
characterize health effects of PAH in ambient air.
Most studies have used filters to sample
particulate-bound PAH and absorbents to collect
vapor phase PAH. The major sampling problems
encountered in the studies were PAH losses due to
volatilization and reactivity.
A-43
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Publisher
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Evaluation and Estimation of Potential Carcinogenic
Risks of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).
Chu, M. M. L. ; Chen, C. W. /
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
Jan 85
1985
PB89-221329
EPA/600/D-89/049 ;OHEA-C-147;
The evaluation and estimation of the potential risk
of human exposures to a hazardous substance
requires the analysis of all relevant data to
answer two questions: does the agent cause the
effect and what is the relationship between dose
(exposure) and incidence of the effect in humans.
For polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, _(PAH),
carcinogenicity is the effect of concern. Three
types of evidence can be used to evaluate the
likelihood that a PAH is carcinogenic to humans.
They are epidemiologic evidence, experimental
evidence derived from long-term animal bioasaays,
supportive or suggestive evidence from short-term
tests, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and
structure-activity correlations. Mathematical
modeling can be used to estimate the potential
human risks. The approaches and the problems
associated with these approaches for estimating
cancer risk to humans are addressed with special
emphasis on problems related to PAH.
A-44
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Main Title
Personal Author
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Metabolic Activation Pathways of Cyclopenta-Fused
PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and Their
Relationship to Genetic and Carcinogenic Activity.
Nesnow, S. ; Gold, A. ; Mohapatra, N. ; Sangaiah,
R. ; Bryant, B. J. ;
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle
Park, NC.
1985
PB85-236099
SPA/600/D-85/161;
Cyclopenta-fused PAH are a novel class of
environmental PAH of which the most well known
example is cyclopenta(cd)pyrene. The fusion of an
unsaturated cyclopenta-ring on a PAH in general,
markedly enhances its activity as a gene mutagen in
bacteria and cultured, mammalian cellsf a cell
transforming agent in rodent cells and a mouse skin
tumor initiator. A series of four cyclopenta-fused
isomers of benz(a)anthracene and the
cyclopenta-fused isomers of anthracene and
phenanthrene were studied with respect to the major
rat liver microsomal metabolites, their activity as
gene mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese
hamster V79 cells and their ability to
morphologically transform C3H10T1/2CLS mouse embryo
fibroblasts. For all six isomers, the dihydrodiol
arising from oxidation and hydration at the
cyclopenta-ring was a major pathway in Aroclor-1254
induced.rat liver microsomes. All six isomers were
active in mutating Salmonella typhimurium and the
four benz(a)anthracene isomers active in mutating
V79 cells at the HGPRT locus.
Main Title
Corporate Author
Year Published
Call Number
Report Number
Abstract
Health Effects Assessment for Acenaphthene.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. ;
Syracuse Research Corp., NY.
1987
PB88-182068
EPA/600/8-88/010;
Because of the lack of data for the carcinogenicity
and threshold toxicity of acenaphthene risk
assessment values cannot be derived. The ambient
water quality criterion of 0.2 mg/1 is based on
organoleptic data, which has no known relationship
to potential human health effects. Acenaphthene has
been shown to produce nuclear and cytological
changes in microbial and plant species. Results of
acenaphthene mutagenicity studies in microorganisms
and carcinogenicity study are negative. Despite the
negative results in the newt (Triturus cristatus)
the fact that acenaphthene is a polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), a class of chemicals
that contain carcinogens, the carcinogenic
potential of acenaphthene is of great concern.
Inadequate evidence to allow any conclusion
regarding carcinogenicity for humans appropriately
places acenaphthene in EPA Group 0.
A-45
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Main Title THE EFFECT OF FUEL. . .ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS. SAE
TECH PAP SER 710012.
Personal Author FLEMING RD.
Call Number 100522 Accession Number 122329
Main Title Pollutant formation in heterogeneous mixtures of
fuel drops and air
Personal Author Rink, Karl Kuno
Year Published 1987
OCLC Number 19751639
Main Title Assessment of Neurobehavioral Response in Humans to
Low-Level Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sources.
Personal Author Otto., D. A. ;
Corporate Author Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle
Park, NC. Human Studies Div.
Publisher Jun 91
Year Published 1991
Call Number PB91-233353
Report Number EPA/600/D-91/218;
Abstract Occupants of sick buildings often complain of CNS
symptoms including headache and memory loss, but
little objective evidence of neurobehavioral
effects exists. Available evidence of
neurobehavioral effects of low level VOC exposure
representative of new buildings is reviewed.
Methods suitable for studying the neurobehavioral
effects of low-level VOC exposure'—including
computerized behavioral tests, balance tests and
sensory evoked potentials—are reviewed. The use of
computerized behavioral tests in conjunction with
symptom questionnaires is recommended for low-level
VOC studies.
A-46
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NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS)
TI: Experiments and Modeling of Multi-Component Fuel Behavior in Combustion.
Final rept. 30 Sep 83-31 Mar 84 on Phase 1.
AN: ADB0849760XSP
AU: Solomon-P.R.
CS: Performer: Advanced Fuel Research, Inc., East Hartford, CT.
RD: May 84. 65p.
AB: An important Air-Force objective is to develop technology to allow the
utilization of aviation fuels with a. broader range of properties including
lower hydrogen content and higher aromaticity. The objectives of this program
are to develop a data base and modeling capabilities to relate vaporization,
pyrolysis, and soot formation to the properties of the fuel, the atomizer and
combustion conditions. The benefits of reduced soot in jet engines are
significant: increased life, improved reliability of combustor liners and
reduced pollution. In addition, reduction of the IR emission from military jet
engines is important for lowering an aircraft's visibility for tracking and
targeting.
RN: AFWALTR842063
TI: Outline of a New Emissions Model for Military and Civilian Aircraft
Facilities.
AN: DE84016455XSP
AU: Rote-D.M.
CS: Performer: Argonne National Lab., IL.
Funder: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
RD: Jan 84. 60p.
AB: The proposed computational version of the Airport Vicinity and Air
Pollution (AVAP) model and the Air Quality Assessment Model (AQAM) is intended
to meet the need for computer models usable by a wider community of users on
small, modern minicomputers. This new computational system is discussed in
Sec. 9 of Volume III of the Federal Aviation Administration report series
entitled Impact of Aircraft Emissions on Air Quality in the Vicinity of
Airports. The present report is, in effect, an appendix to that discussion and
contains a detailed series of computer program flowcharts. These figures show
the overall structure of the system as well as the detailed structure of the
most important components of the emissions portion of the system. For the most
part, these portions are applicable to both civilian and military facilities.
The few exceptions requiring special treatment are indicated. The dispersion
portion of the system, which is envisioned as being common to both the
civilian and military versions of the system, has not yet been designed. This
report also contains detailed descriptions of the structures and contents of
the major data files used, to store input and output data and to transfer data
between the independently executable computer codes that make up the entire
system. An example of a possible interactive data-file program designed to
simplify the task of compiling and editing the various data files is also
presented. 12 figures, 20 tables. (ERA citation 09:041144)
RN: ANLEESTM253
A-47
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TI: Impact: of Aircraft Emissions on Air Quality in the Vicinity of Airports.
Volume 3. Air Quality and Emission Modeling Needs. Final rept.
AN: ADA1479518XSP
AU: Rote-D.M.
CS: Performer: Argonne National Lab., IL. Energy and Environmental Systems
Div.
Funder: Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Environment
and Energy.
Funder: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Jan 84. 122p.
AB: The first part of this report addresses the status of the AVAP (Airport
Vicinity Air Pollution) model and AQAM (Air Quality Assessment Model) from the
perspective of the modeling requirements of users concerned with air-quality
problems in civilian and military aviation. Brief descriptions of the types of
problems likely to be encountered is followed by a detailed discussion of
those characteristics of the problems that determine the technical
requirements for the applicable computation procedures or models. This is
followed by a discussion of the operational or user requirements of the
models. Then a review and evaluation of the AVAP model and AQAM is given that
includes a discussion of their intended uses, strengths, and weaknesses. The
methods used by the two models to treat various aspects of the emission and
dispersion are compared, and the best methods are'selected, or alternatives
are recommended where appropriate. The latter portion of the report addresses
the future needs. Because of the number of interrelated problems and decisions
required to meet these needs, a systematic approach to the problem in the form
of a 'decision tree' is presented. The final section contains an outline of a
proposed new computational system that should alleviate at least some of the
problems identified in earlier sections. Two objections were paramount in the
new design: to make the model easier to use and to be able to implement the
model on modern, small computers.
RN: FAAEE8413, , AFESCESLTR8435
A-48
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TI: Impact of Aircraft Emissions on Air Quality in the Vicinity of Airports.
Volume 4. Nitrogen Dioxide and Hydrocarbons. Final rept. Jul SO-Apr 84.
AN: AOA1482538XSP
AU: Brubaker-K.L.; Dave-M.; Wingender-R.J.; Flotard-R.D.
CS: Performer: Argonne National Lab., XL. Energy and Environmental Systems
Div.
Funder: Federal Aviation Administration* Washington, DC. Office of Environment
and Energy.
Funder: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Apr 84. 158p.
AB: This report documents the results of three related studies conducted to
assess the impact of aircraft emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
hydrocarbons (He) on air quality. The first study consisted of a field program
carried out at O'Hare International Airport and an associated model
development program, the purposes of which were to assess the effect of
aircraft NOx emissions on ambient 1-hour concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) and to provide a dispersion model suitable for the prediction of such
concentrations. The second study involved the collection and laboratory
analysis of samples of hydrocarbons in ambient air contaminated by jet
aircraft exhaust, together with a determination of the type and relative
amounts of the various hydrocarbons detected. The third study consisted of an
analysis, based on available data in the literature, of the potential role of
aircraft hydrocarbon emissions in the production of photochemical smog. The
available literature dealing with the issue of aircraft contributions to
photochemical smog has been reviewed and is discussed. At present, the
available information is insufficient to evaluate the effect quantitatively.
The requirements for further work that would enable a quantitative evaluation
to be made are discussed.
RN: FAAEE8414, , AFESCESLTR8436
TI: Aircraft Engine Emissions Estimator. Final rept. Jan 83-Sep 85.
AN: ADA1645522XSP
AU: Seitchek-C.D.
CS: Performer: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Nov 85. lOlp.
AB: The objective of this effort is to revise the Aircraft Emission Estimation
Techniques (ACEE) Handbook to reflect changes in the Air Force aircraft
inventory that have occurred since 1975. A complete listing of current Air
Force aircraft and their associated engines is included. Emission factors for
most of these engines are provided, along with examples for calculating
emissions from aircraft operations, and analyzing their impact. This report
supersedes CEEDO-TR-78-33, Aircraft Emission Estimation Techniques (ACEE).
(Author)
RN: AFESCESLTR8514
A-49
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TI: Turbine Engine Exhauat Hydrocarbon Analysis. NTIS Tech Note.
AN: NTN861210XSP
CS: Performer: Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC.
RD: Nov 86. Ip.
AB: This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available
for utilization. Methods of sampling and analysis of jet turbine engine
emissions were developed and applied to two full-scale engines and a combustor
rig. This research provided an accounting of 98 percent of the organic
emissions and an evaluation of their contribution to photochemical reactivity.
It was found that the contribution of jet aircraft emissions to photochemical
air pollution is small, and probably has been over-estimated in the past. It
was also shown that combustor rigs may not be used as a surrogate for
full-scale engines when studying exhaust emissions. These data are applicable
to all DOD, federal, state, and local government and private agencies involved
in the evaluation and/or control of air pollution. It also has application in
the development of new turbine engines and fuels.
TI: Aircraft Emissions Characterization: TF41-A2, TF30-P103, and TF30-P109'
Engines. Final rept. Dec 85-Mar 87.
AN: ADA1920537XSP
AU: Spicer-C.W.; Holdren-M.W.; Miller-S.E.; Smith-D.L.; Smith-R.N.
CS: Performer: Battelle Columbus Labs., OH.
Funder: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Dec 87. 76p.
AB: Assessment of the environmental impact of aircraft operations is required
by Air Force regulations. This program was undertaken with the aim of
quantifying the gaseous and articulate emissions associated with three Air
Force turbine engines. These engines were 41-A2, TF30-P103, and TF30-P109. The
emissions tests were carried out, using a test cell Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City,
OK. All tests employed JP-4 as the fuel, and fuel samples were characterized
by standard tests and analyzed for composition. Emissions were measured at
power settings of idle, 30 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent, and afterburner
(where appropriate). Measurements were made of detailed organic composition,
CO, CO2, NO, NOx, smoke number, particle concentration, and particle size
distribution. A multiport sampling rake was used to sample the exhaust, and
heated Teflon tubing was used to transfer exhaust to the monitoring
instrumentation. Measured and, calculated fuel/air ratios were compared to
assure representative sampling of the exhaust.
RN: AFESCESLTR8727
A-50
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TI: Aircraft Emissions Characterization. Final rept. Sep 86-Aug 87.
AN: AOA1978642XSP
AU: Spicer-C.W.; Holdren-M.W.; Miller-S.E.; Smith-D.L.; Smith-R.N.
CS: Performer: Battalia Columbus Labs., OH.
Funder: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Mar 88. 74p.
AB: Assessment of the environmental impact of aircraft operations is required
by Air Force regulations. This program was undertaken to quantify gaseous and
particulate emissions associated with three Air Force turbine engines
(TF33-P3, TF33-P7, and J79 (smokeless). The emissions tests were carried out,
using a test cell at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City, OK. All tests employed JP-4 as
the fuel, and fuel samples were characterized by standard tests and analyzed
for composition. Emissions were measured at power settings of idle, 30
percent, 75 percent, and 100 percent. Measurements were made of detailed
organic composition, CO, CO2, NO, NOx, smoke number, particle concentration,
and particle size distribution. A multiport sampling rake was used to sample
the exhaust, and heated Teflon tubing was used to transfer exhaust to the
monitoring instrumentation. Measured and calculated fuel/air ratios were
compared to assure representative sampling of the exhaust. The results have
been used to calculate emission indices and emission rates for CO, CO2, total
hydrocarbons, NO, NO2, and NOx. The distribution of organic compounds in the
exhaust from the different engines and at various power settings has been
compared, and the distribution by compound class and by carbon number are
reported. Smoke numbers and particle size distributions have been derived from
the test data. The report also contains a review of the emissions of selected
toxic chemicals, and a, comparison with other emission sources. (FR)
*
RN: AFESCESLTR8763
A-51
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TI: Aircraft Emissions Characterization: F101 and F110 Engines. Final rept.
Jun 87-Mar 89.
AN: ADA2342517XSP
AU: Spicer-C.W.; Holdren-M.W.; Sraith-D.L.; Miller-S.E.; Smith-R,.N.
CS: Performer: Battelle Columbus Labs., OH.
Funder: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL.
Engineering and Services Lab.
RD: Mar 90. 79p.
AB: Assessment of the environmental impact of aircraft operations is required
by Air Force regulations. This program was undertaken to quantify gaseous and
particulate emissions associated with two Air Force turbine engines (F101 and
F110). The emissions tests were carried out using a test cell at Tinker AFB,
Oklahoma City, OK. All tests employed JP-4 as the fuel, and fuel samples were
characterized by standard tests and analyzed for composition. Emissions were
measured at five power settings for each engine. Detailed organic composition,
CO, CO2, NO, NOx, smoke emissions, particle concentration, and particle size
distribution were measured. A multiport sampling rake was used to sample the
exhaust, and heated Teflon tubing was used to transfer exhaust to the
monitoring instrumentation. Measured and calculated fuel/air ratios were
compared to assure representative sampling of the exhaust.
RN: AFESCESLTR8913
TI: ETBE in General Aviation Aircraft Engines. Abstract Only.
AN: N91125658XSP
• •
AU: Marshall-W.F.
CS: Performer: National Inst. for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville,
OK.
Funder: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
RD: May 90. Ip.
AB: Tests were conducted to determine the potential of using ethyl
tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) as a fuel for light aircraft engines. An engine
was installed on a test stand and operated at two speed-load conditions with
five fuels. The fuels were avgas, an unleaded premium autogas, blends of ETBE
in the autogas, and neat ETBE. The air-fuel mixture was controlled at five
different stoichiometries at each engine mode. Engine performance and exhaust
emissions were measured at each condition. The exhaust emissions measurements
included hydrocarbon speciation and aldehydes as well as total hydrocarbon,
CO, NOx, O2, and CO2. Results show that the engine performance achieved with
ETBE (either blended or neat) was equivalent to that with hydrocarbon fuels.
Thermal efficiency was slightly higher for ETBE. However, the lower emission
rates of the reactive components with ETBE yields a net effect of lesser
effect on air quality.
A-52
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DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER (DTIC1
TITLE; Evaluation of Fire Resistant Fuel in the ACT
1500 Gas Turbine Engine.
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE; Final Report, Feb. 87-Mar. 88
Mar. 88, 75 p.
AUTHORS; Vermea, Geza; Roman, Daniel
CONTRACT NO.; DAAE07-87-R021
DTIC REPORT NO.; AD-B130-032
MONITOR! TACOM TR-1337
ABSTRACT; A Fire Resistant Fuel (FRF), developed by Southwest Research
Institute, was tested and its performance compared with Diesel Fuel (DF-2) in
an ambient pressure/temperature ignition rig; a pressurized combustor rig
using preheated air; and in an AGT 1500 gas turbine engine. Atomization
characteristics of the' fuel were also investigated with a Phase Doppler
Particle Analyzer. Test results show that this FRF can provide the same power
performance from this 1500 shaft horsepower (SEP) engine as DF-2. The Specific
Fuel Consumption (SFC) using FRF was 15% higher, due to the 15% lower heating
value of the FRF, as compared with DF-2, i.e., the FRF did not cause
thermodynamic or aerodynamic degradation in the engine. Specific fuel
consumption was slightly higher at idle. Emissions'of hydrocarbons and CO
were the same as with DF-2 at full load, somewhat higher at idle. Engine
smoke was less than on DF-2. Combustion system wall temperatures were
virtually identical with DF-2. Combustor exit temperature distribution was
similar to DF-2. Ignition in the engine at 60 F ambient took approximately 6
seconds on FRF, vs. 4 seconds on DF-2.
A-53
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TITLE; U.S. Air Force Turbine Engine Emission
Survey.
Volume I-Test Summaries.
Volume II-Individual Engine Test Reports.
Volume Ill-Engine Model Summaries.
DESCRIPTIVE NOTEt Final Report, Jan. 75-Jun. 78.
Aug. 78, VOL. I, 195p; VOL II, 172p;
VOL. Ill, 96p.
AUTHORS; Souza, Anthony F. and'Daley, Peter S.
CONTRACT NO. ; F29601-75-C-0046
DTIC REPORT NO.; AD-A061-532 (VOL. I)
AD-A061-665 (VOL. II)
AD-A061-483 (VOL. Ill)
MONITOR; CEEDO TR-78-34-VOL-1
CEEDO TR-78-34-VOL-2
CEEDO TR-78-34-VOL-3
ABSTRACT; The gaseous exhaust emissions from 14 military gas turbine engines
were measured at various power levels from idle to full power including
afterburning. SAE smoke number was determined. All measurements were made
using the Air Force Mobile Emissions Laboratory which is a self-contained
state-of-the-are gas turbine emissions test laboratory. Emission rates of
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen were calculated. The
emission rate of sulfur oxides was estimated from fuel analyses. The body of
data was analyzed to show relationships among the data. These studies
included the effect of power setting on emission index and smoke number,
variation of gas concentrations across the exhaust plume and the degree of
uncertainty introduced by abbreviated sampling methods. A summary table of
'Best Estimate' emission factors for all the engines tasted is provided.
A-54
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TITLE;
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:
AUTHORS;
DTIC REPORT HO.;
Evaluation of a JP-5 Type Fuel Derived from
Oil Shale.
Interim report.
Solaah, J., Nowack, C.J. and Delfosse, R.J.
NAVAL AIR PROPULSION TEST CENTER, TRENTON, NJ
PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECT ENGINEERING
DEPT., REPORT NO. NAPTC-PE-82.
AD-A025-417
ABSTRACT; A kerosene fuel derived from oil shale was evaluated for
suitability as a substitute for petroleum derived JP-5. Engine performance
and gaseous emissions were evaluated using a T63-A-5A engine. Specification
analyses were performed to determine conformance with the MIL-T-5624J
specification for JP-5 grade fuel. Engine performance of the oil shale
derived fuel was equivalent to that of a typical petroleum derived JP-5.
while carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (THC) emissions of the oil
shale fuel were equivalent to those of petroleum fuels, the nitrogen oxides
were higher for the oil shale fuel. A high concentration of fuel bound
nitrogen was implicated as the cause for the high nitrogen oxide emissions.
The oil shale derived fuel was found not to conform to specifications for
contamination, existent gums, thermal stability, freeze point and viscosity at
-34.5 C (-30 F). A program of post-refinery upgrading studies was initiated
in order to improve these deviant properties. This program included
filtration, distillation, clay and acid treatment and urea extraction. It was
found that no one single post-refinery treatment could improve all deviant
properties.
OTHER LITERATURE SOURCES
Title: Advanced Combustors Under Development to Cut Emissions
in Conventional Engines
Authors: Kandebo, Stanley W.
Journal: Aviation Week & Space Technology Vol: 135 IBB: 21
Date: Nov 25, 1991 pp: 51-54
Abstract: Power plant manufacturers Rolls-Royce Pratt & Whitney and General
Electric (GE) are aggressively pursuing advanced combustors that
will reduce aircraft engine emissions by 30% to 50%. In 1991 GE
began development testing of a staged low oxides of nitrogen
combustor for the GE90 and for the CFM565B. Engine manufacturers
are focusing on oxides of nitrogen in conventional transports as
opposed to other emissions for several reasons including the
potential seriousness of the effects of these compounds on the
environment. Studies indicate that aviation engines contribute only
an average of 2% to the total oxides of nitrogen emissions in any
single country. However that 2% could have a critical environmental
effect. Power plant manufacturers say that a variety of methods can
be used to reduce oxides of nitrogen emissions. One way is to
decrease gas dwell time in the combustion zone. Graphs.
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