Protection
Agency
Ouluth MN 55804
Research and Development
Survey of Larval
Fish in the Michigan
Waters of Lake Erie,
1975 and 1976
Do not WEED. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
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Protection Agency have been grouped into nine series These nine broad cate-
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This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/3-79-095
August 1979
SURVEY OF LARVAL FISH IN THE MICHIGAN WATERS
OF LAKE ERIE, 1975 AND 1976
By
Ronald C. Waybrant
John M. Shauver
Water Quality Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Lansing, Michigan 48909
Contract No. R804522-01
Project Officer
Nelson A. Thomas
Large Lakes Research Station
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - DULUTH
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
U.S. Environmental Protection Aservy
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevsrjd, 12th Floor
Chicago, 1L 60604-3590
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research
Laboratory, Large Lakes Research Station, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Grosse He, Michigan, and approved for publication. Approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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FOREWORD
Man's use of the Great Lakes often affects segments of the ecosystem
which will not exhibit effects for many years. To assess the long term
effects one must attempt to project these impacts through future years.
This report on Larval Fish Distribution provides much of the data
that was used in assessing the impact of fish larval entrainment at a
fossil fuel plant. It is only through the collection of vast amounts of
data that we are about to understand the ecosystem in sufficient detail to
make wise management decisions.
m
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ABSTRACT
Surveys in 1975 and 1976 in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie assessed
the relative abundance and distribution of larval fish.
Seasonal fluctuations, patterns of distribution, and depth preferences
were noted for the 24 larval fish taxa identified. Special emphasis was
placed on four target species, walleye (Stizostedion yitreum), yellow
perch (Perca flavescens), white bass (Morone chrysops) and channel catfish
(Ictalurus punctatus). Of these 4 species only yellow perch and white bass
were found more than occasionally.
Of the remaining 20 species collected during the study only 5 (shiners-
Notropis atherinoides, N^. hudsonius, alewives, gizzard shad, and rainbow
smelt) were regularly captured. The clupeids (alewives and gizzard shad)
were the most abundant species collected during both years (84% of all fish
collected in 1975 and 85% in 1976) with shiners the second most abundant
(5.5%) and rainbow smelt (4.4%) least abundant of these five species.
The northern and southern extremes of the study area held many more
fish than the central portion. The 0-to 12-ft. depth zone had the largest
concentrations of larval fish and concentrations gradually decreased as
the depth increased.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R-804522-01-1
by the Water Quality Division of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
under the partial sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
This report covers the period from June 1975 to November 1977, and work was
completed in November 1977.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreward iii
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables ix
Acknowledgments x
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary and Recommendations 3
3. Methods and Materials 5
4. Results and Discussion 10
Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) 12
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) 18
Clupeids (Alosa pseudoharengus and 19
Dorosoma cepedianum)
Shiners (Notropis sp., FT atherinoides 24
and N_. hudsonius)
Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunnjens) 29
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) . . 34
Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) 39
White Bass (Morone chrysops) 44
Miscellaneous Species 49
Surface vs. bottom distribution 50
References 51
Appendices
A. Larval Fish Taxa Collected in Lake Erie
in 1975 and 1976 52
B. Densities of Larval Fish by Contour
1975 and 1976 53
C. Densities of Larval Fish by Transect 69
1975 and 1976
D. Larval fish densities (number/100 m3) by station for
those species not described by contour and transect ... 85
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Location of twenty sampling stations in the
Michigan Waters of Lake Erie (1975-76) 8
2 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Yellow Perch per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 14
3 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Yellow Perch per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 15
4 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Yellow Perch per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 16
5 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Yellow Perch per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1976 17
6 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Clupeids per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 20
7 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Clupeids per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 21
8 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Clupeids per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 22
9 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Clupeids per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1976 23
10 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Shiners Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 25
11 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Shiners Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 26
vi
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12 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval Shiners
Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 27
13 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Shiners Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1976 28
14 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Freshwater Drum Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 30
15 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Freshwater Drum Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 31
16 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Freshwater Drum Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 32
17 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Freshwater Drum Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1976 33
18 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval Carp
Per Contour, Western Lake Erie, 1975 35
19 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval Carp
Per Contour, Western Lake Erie, 1976 36
20 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval Carp
Per Transect, Western Lake Erie, 1975 37
21 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval Carp
Per Transect, Western Lake Erie, 1976 38
22 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Rainbow Smelt Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 40
23 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Rainbow Smelt Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 41
24 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Rainbow Smelt Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 42
25 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
Rainbow Smelt Per Transect, Western Lake Erie
1976 '. . 43
vn
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26 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
White Bass Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1975 45
27 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
White Bass Per Contour, Western Lake Erie,
1976 46
28 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
White Bass Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1975 47
29 Average Densities (No's/100 m3) of Larval
White Bass Per Transect, Western Lake Erie,
1976 48
VTM
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TABLES
Number Page
1975 and 1976 Sampling Run Dates and Station
Numbers and Locations
Stations Occurring on Each Contour and
Transect in the Lake Erie Larval Fish Survey,
1975-76 7
Monthly Abundance of Larval Fish in the
Michigan Waters of Lake Erie, Showing
Seasonal Succession 11
IX
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Various people participated in this project and their support is
greatly appreciated. Special thanks are due to Robert Basch, Thomas
Hornshaw, Joel Schaeffer, and Wheatley Hemmick. Special thanks are also
due to Penny Stockel, who typed the drafts and tables for this report.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency project officer was Nelson
Thomas, whose assistance and patience are also gratefully acknowledged.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The study of fish larvae in the western basin of Lake Erie is of
particular concern because of the intensive water demand in the basin.
Larval fish may be particularly vulnerable to any water use that draws
water from the lake. Water is drawn from the lake to meet municipal,
agricultural, and industrial needs at an increasing rate. One of the
fastest growing and greatest water requirements is for cooling water for
the electric generating industry. This requirement could expand signif-
icantly in the future (1). The amount of water withdrawn from the western
basin could amount to one-third of the flow through the basin by the
year 2025 (1, 2). Although most of this use will not be a consumptive use,
entrained fish larvae will be killed during use of the water. Thus, knowl-
edge of the distribution of eggs and fish larvae of important species in
Lake Erie becomes a primary concern when planning future uses of Lake Erie
waters.
The Fisheries resources in Western Lake Erie have changed considerably
since the turn of the century. Most of these changes are due to enrichment
and accelerated eutrophication and to overexploitation by the commercial
fisheries (3, 4). As a result, the populations of desirable fish species in
the western basin are low and stressed. Therefore, all aspects of
protection of fish stocks must be addressed, which includes insuring the
survival of larval fish when necessary. To accurately evaluate the loss of
fish larvae from water uses, a knowledge of larval fish abundance and
distribution in the western basin is required.
The primary objective of this study was to inventory larval fish
production in the Michigan waters of the western basin of Lake Erie.
This research has been coordinated with other studies in the western basin
to obtain an overall view. This data base was designed to provide an
overview of the importance of larval fish entrainment by power plant cooling
systems. Information on larval fish in the western basin has increased in
recent years, with recently published information on species composition,
distribution, and abundance of larval fish in Lake Erie in the vicinity of
Monroe, Michigan (2, 5).
In 1976 personnel of the Biology Section, Water Quality Division,
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), completed a 2-year survey
of the larval fish populations in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie. Larval
fish populations were sampled in the western basin of Lake Erie simulta-
neously by the MDNR, Ohio State University, and Michigan State University,
(1975 and 1976). The immediate objectives of the joint survey were to:
(1) inventory larval fish populations in the western basin of Lake Erie;
1
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(2) assess seasonal fluctuations in larval fish densities; (3) determine
north-to-south as well as nearshore-offshore trends; and (4) determine
density and abundance of four target species, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum),
yellow perch (Perca flavescens), white bass (Morone chrysops), and channel
catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Larval fish data collected in 1975 and 1976 by the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources showed that the 0-to 12-ft. depth zone was by far the
most important area for daytime abundance of larval fish. Densities of
larval fish were much lower in water deeper than 12 ft.
In 1975 and 1976 the southern half of the study area produced more
than 10 times the number of larval fish produced in the northern half
except for mid-June in 1975 and late June in 1976. The very high densities
recorded in the northern half of the lake in 1976 resulted from one beach
tow, which had 14,567 larvae/100 m3.
Larval clupeids were found in the 0-to 12-ft. depth zone in very high
concentrations (up to 14,567 larvae/100 m3 in 1976) and were the dominant
larval fish in this zone. Clupeids were still clearly dominant in depths
greater than 12 ft., constituting from 40% to 93% of the total number of
fish in the samples in 1975, with an average of 85%. In 1976 this trend
remained the same; clupeids made up 85% of the total larvae captured.
Larval shiners were the second most abundant species collected during
the 2-year survey. No clear preference of depth zone or north-to-south
distribution pattern was evident either year. The distribution pattern of
larval shiners was probably due to habitat preference of the two major
species, Notropis hudsonius and N_. atherinoides. The utilization by
N_. hudsonius of the shallow or nearshore waters and N_. atherinoides of the
offshore waters of the study area explains the abundance of the genus
Notropis at all depths and transects during the survey. The larval shiners
made up approximately 5.5% of the total larvae captured during the study
period.
Rainbow smelt made up 4.4% of the total larvae captured in 1976 and
were the third largest group collected. Smelt were captured at greatest
densities in the 24-to 30-ft. depth zone in 1975 and in the 18-to 30-ft.
depth zone in 1976. Smelt were most common in the northern half of the
study area, but were found in moderate concentrations in the southern
half. The major source of larval smelt might have been the Detroit River,
and not Lake Erie.
Clupeids, shiners, and rainbow smelt composed approximately 95% of
the larvae captured during the study period. Twenty-four species of larval
fish made up the remaining 5% of the total number of larvae captured during
the study. In 1976 yellow perch (2.3%), white bass (1.3%), carp (0.3%), and
freshwater drum (0.6%) made up 4.5% of the larvae captured. Sampling in
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1975 did not represent the full season of larval production, yet yellow
perch still constituted 0.5%, and white bass 4.9% of the larvae captured.
In 1975 yellow perch were most abundant in the 0-to 12-ft. depth zone
and the southern half of the study area. In 1976 two pulses appeared,
the first in the 0-to 12-ft. contour peaking in late May and the second in
the 18-to 30-ft. contour peaking during early June.
Walleye larvae were captured at two stations in 1975 on two runs and
at six stations on one run in 1976. They were generally captured on the
bottom. Walleye larvae spend the daylight hours on the bottom where they
were not readily captured with the methods used in this study. In 1975
sampling was begun after the peak of walleye runs had passed.
During 1975 and 1976 production of larval fish in the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources study area was highly variable. The
survey data were not suitable for statistical analyses. The lack of
replication and variability of sampling periods allow only the above
generalized statements to be made about larval fish abundance and
distribution in the survey area. Research, particularly for the target
species, should be designed to include sufficient samples to assess
variability and to include more than a 2-year period since it is almost
certain that a 2-year sampling period would miss the strong year-classes
of several species.
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SECTION 3
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Six transects were sampled in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie from
Pte. Mouille in the north to Woodtick Peninsula in the south. These
transects were set up to show possible geographical differences in the
production of larvae (Figure 1). They were based on known and estimated
circulation patterns in the western basin. Twenty stations were located
on the transects to sample the following depth zones: 0-6 ft. (Stations
18-20); 6-12 ft. (Stations 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17); 12-18 ft. (Stations 5, 8,
12, 15); 18-24 ft. (Stations 2, 9, 13, 16); and 24-30 ft. (Stations 3, 6, 10),
Three of these stations (18-20) were sampled with a 363-y, 9.1 m bag
seine fitted with a 1.8-liter sample bucket. These tows were made in less
than 1 m of water by wading. Filtered water volumes were calculated from
the distance seined (80-100 m), the width seined (3.1 m), and depth of
water (0.9 m).
The remaining 17 stations were sampled by boat, with a 571-y, 1 m
diameter, 1:5 conical plankton net fitted with a 1.8-liter plankton bucket.
Sample tows were made at the surface (net completely submerged) and 1 m off
the bottom at each station. Tow depths were calculated by using angle
measurements of the cable used to tow the net versus the length of the
towing cable at a constant rate of tow (3 knots/hour). Rate of tow was
determined by pi tot tube versus engine speed (revolutions/minute). Bottom
and surface tows were made for 3 min. One min. was used to set and retrieve
the net. The volume of water filtered was measured with a "Kahl pigmy-type"
flow meter which was calibrated at the beginning of the study. Station
numbers, depth zones, sampling periods, transects, and exact station loca-
tions are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Air temperature, secchi disc, wave height, surface wind direction,
and wind speed were recorded. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature,
conductivity, and pH were recorded at each sample depth with a Martek
Mark II water quality analyzer. These data were correlated with larval
fish densities to reveal possible relationships and were used to identify
distinct water masses when possible.
Icthyoplankton samples were preserved in quart jars with 10% buffered
formalin and transported to the Lansing biological laboratory. Densities
of larval fish are reported as the number of fish per 100 m3. Identifi-
cation was made to species unless large numbers of larvae were present
(usually clupeids or Notropis species). Thus, the total number of a genus
is presented in the tables, and a more specific breakdown within the taxon
is presented in the text, where possible.
5
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Table 1
Locations of Sampling Stations in Western Lake Erie
and Dates of Sampling Runs 1975-76
DATE OF SAMPLING RUNS
1975
1. June 2 - June 13
2. June 16 - June 24
3. June 30 - July 3
4. July 14 - July 16
5. July 28 - July 30
6. August 11 - August 14
7. August 25
8. September 2 - September 5
1. April 21 - April 23
2. April 26 - May 7
3. May 10 - May 21
4. May 21 - June 4
5. June 6 - June 18
6. June 21 - July 2
7. July 5 - July 16
8. July 19 - July 30
9. August 2 - August 13
10. August 16 - August 27
11. August 30 - September 10
STATION AND LOCATION
Station Number
Latitude (°N)
Deg Min Sec
Longitude (°W)
Deg
Min
Sec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
42
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
00
59
59
47
57
55
55
55
54
52
50
49
49
47
47
46
46
59
55
48
15
46
15
51
13
59
24
05
21
56
33
46
04
26
13
59
01
11
10
27
83
83
82
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
10
05
59
14
11
03
19
18
15
09
23
19
15
26
22
18
24
13
19
26
42
09
21
54
08
32
19
01
40
00
11
07
29
25
32
25
42
41
47
30
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Table 2 Stations Occurring on Each Contour and Transect
in the Lake Erie Larval Fish Survey, 1975-76
Contours
0-to 6-ft. contour includes stations 18, 19, 20
6-to 12-ft. contour includes stations 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17
12-to 18-ft. contour includes stations 5, 8, 12, 15
18-to 24-ft. contour includes stations 2, 9, 13, 16
24-to 30-ft. contour includes stations 3, 6, 10
Transects
Transect 1 includes stations 1, 2, 3
Transect 2 includes stations 4, 5, 6, 18
Transect 3 includes stations 7, 8, 9, 10, 19
Transect 4 includes stations 11, 12, 13
Transect 5 includes stations 14, 15, 16, 20
Transect 6 includes station 17
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Because of the study design, general statistical comparisons of
production by depth contours or by geographical transects could not be
made. Only general trends are reported for the various species. Surface-
bottom preferences of abundant species were tested for a given run at a
given contour with the paired Student's T-test.
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SECTION 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The production of larval fish in the nearshore study area in 1975
and 1976 was highly variable. Twenty-four species of larval fish were
identified during the study program (Appendix A). The dominant fish
were clupeids (gizzard shad and alewife), shiners (mostly emerald and
spottail shiners), and rainbow smelt. These three groups accounted for
approximately 95% of the larvae collected during the study period.
Definite seasonal variation was evident; most production occurred in late
May, June, and early July. In 1975 sampling was initiated too late to
accurately evaluate walleye, yellow perch, and smelt production. However
in the 1976 portion of the study full-scale sampling was carried out.
Four species, yellow perch, walleye, channel catfish, and white
bass, which had been identified in cooling water intakes and for which there
was some concern by regulatory agencies, were identified as target species.
The density and abundance of the larvae of these species in Lake Erie were
low. During April and May, when walleye and yellow perch should have been
very abundant, they were much less abundant than expected. By the end of
April, 1976 yellow perch, rainbow smelt, and white sucker larvae dominated
the catch. Very few walleye were taken. Channel catfish larvae were
captured only at one station in 1975. The scarcity of channel catfish larvae
was probably due to the protection that they receive on their spawning
grounds where they would not be vulnerable to the sampling gear. Mhite bass
larvae were found during both years and were much more abundant in 1975
than in 1976.
Seasonal succession of the various species of larvae during this 2-
year study is shown in Table 3. Smelt and yellow perch were the first
larvae to be captured around the end of April. They were found in moderate
numbers until July. Next came the logperch, found in May, followed by
clupeids near the first of June. White bass, shiners, and freshwater
drum were all found in good numbers during mid-June. Clupeids and
Notropis larvae were found through August. The only centrarchid larvae,
both Micropterus and Lepomis, were captured in July and August.
The frequency of occurrence of various species by contour and transect
is dissussed in the following sections. Possible trends of larval
production are explored. Differences in surface and bottom concentrations
of a larval fish species are discussed relative to possible surface-bottom
daytime distribution preferences. Data used in the following analyses are
presented in Appendices B through D.
10
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Table 3
Monthly Occurrence and Abundance of Larval Fish in
the Michigan Waters of Lake Erie
Month
Low
Abundance
Medium
High
April
May
June
July
August
September
Smelt
White bass
Logperch
Carp
Walleye
Logperch
Yellow perch
Smelt
White bass
Centrarchids
Shiners
Clupeids
Yellow perch
Centrarchids
Shiners
Clupeids
Yellow perch
Smelt
White bass
Yellow perch
Shiners
Freshwater drum
Smelt
Clupeids
Shiners
Clupeids
11
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YELLOW PERCH (Perca flavescens)
The yellow perch spawns in the spring (April 15 to early May), but
spawning may extend into June in some areas. When water temperatures
reach 44-54°F, adults migrate shoreward to the shallows of lakes and rivers
to spawn; males arrive first and remain longer than females (6).
Habitat for spawning is reported to range from submerged vegetation
to sand and gravel. Eggs are deposited as an accordion-like ribbon and
are fertilized by several attendant males. Eggs are semi-bouyant, may
attach to vegetation or the bottom, and hatch within 8-10 days. The
young larvae are about 5 mm long and transparent (7). Once the yoke is
absorbed (5 days), growth is rapid, and by October the juveniles may be
4 inches long.
In 1975 larval perch were most abundant (up to 7/100 m3) during the
first two sampling trips (June 2-13 and June 16-24), and therefore, were
captured in very low densities (less than 1/100 m3) until August (Figure 2,
App. Table B-l). The early production of prolarvae was not sampled. No
larval perch were captured after the August 11-14 trip. Larval perch were
most common in the southern half of the study area. Yellow perch reached
their greatest density in 1975 during the first sampling run (June 2-13)
in the 0-to 6-ft. contour, with a mean contour density of 15.66/100 m3.
These densities may have been the result of sampling with a modified
seine which effectively reduced avoidance and could sample larvae resting
on the bottom.
During the second sampling trip (run 2) perch were taken on all
transects and all depth contours, indicating a lakeward dispersion of
larvae after spawning. During run 2, perch were three times as dense at
the 6-to 12-ft. contour than at the 0-to 6-ft. contour. In addition, the
larvae were more dense at the 12-to 18-ft. contour during run 2 (1.28/100 m3)
than during run 1 (0.30/100 m3). The absence, or near absence (less than
or equal to 0.5/100 m3) of larvae after run 2 indicates that the perch
either moved out of the area or were able to avoid the sampling gear at a
relatively early age.
In 1975, perch appeared to spawn early, move offshore, and were able
to avoid the gear by the end of July. In 1976, our survey started 2 months
earlier than in 1975, and a more distinct picture of perch spawning and
migration patterns emerges (Figure 3, App. Table B-2). No perch were
taken during run 1 (April 12-23), but during run 3 (May 10-21) perch
larvae were taken at all contours and transects, except for transect 2.
Prolarvae were most abundant in the 6-to 12-ft. and 12-to 18-ft. contours,
although high densities (7.7 to 11.3/100 m3) of prolarvae were captured
at the 18-to 24-ft. and 24-to 30-ft. contours, respectively, during run 3.
12
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The 18-to 30-ft. depth zone in the northern half of the study area
appeared to produce the greatest densities of yellow perch in 1976,
although prolarvae were most abundant in the southern half of the study
area (Figure 4, App. Table C-l; Figure 5, App. Table C-2). By run 4
(May 21-June 4) in 1976, 92-100% of the larvae taken were post-larvae
and they were most abundant in the 0-to 6-ft. contour at the northern
end of the study area (transects 1 and 2). These values indicate a
possible northward migration of larvae, movement of larvae due to lake
circulation patterns, or an input of larvae from the Detroit River.
Larval perch were absent from our samples in 1976 by August.
13
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HALLEYE (Stizostedion vitreum)
Spawning of walleye usually begins in early spring (April 1),
occurring shortly after ice breaks up at water temperatures of 44-48°F (6).
Adults may move into the rivers to spawn even before ice is out of the
lakes. Males move to the spawning grounds (rocky, gravelly shoals) first,
and spawning takes place at night in shallow water. Eggs are sticky im-
mediately after their deposition but quickly water harden and fall singly
to the bottom. The eggs hatch in 12-18 days, and the larvae begin to
feed about 10-15 days after hatching, before the disappearance of the yolk
sac. Newly hatched walleye larvae are 6-8.6 mm long. By the end of the
summer, young-of-the-year move offshore and in Lake Erie are 3.5-8 inches
long at the end of the first growing season.
The 1975 walleye data are incomplete because sampling was not
initiated early enough in the season. In 1976 samples were collected in
April and May, and larval walleye were only taken during run 5 (June 2-18)
and in very low numbers.
Walleye larvae were not taken in the southern half of the study area
and all larvae were taken in bottom tows. Several factors may be responsible
for the low densities captured during the study period. First, adequate
habitat for spawning is lacking in Michigan waters. Second, our sampling
methods may not have captured walleye larvae if they spent daylight hours
on the bottom. Our net was usually towed within 1-3 ft. of the bottom but
not on the bottom. Third, all the walleye larvae captured in 1975 and 1976
were prolarvae or early postlarvae. Once walleye have obtained the post-
larval stage, they may be able to swim well enough to effectively avoid
the sampling gear.
18
-------
CLUPEIDS (Family Clupeidae)
The group clupeids in this study includes the alewife and the gizzard
shad because of the large numbers of larvae in many samples.
The freshwater alewife inhabits the open lake waters during most of
the year and moves to shallow beach areas and ponds to spawn in late spring
and early summer (May through July) (6). Spawning takes place at night
over a sandy or gravelly bottom. Eggs are demersal, essentially non-
adhesive, and hatch in 3-6 days at water temperatures of 60-72°F (8). The
larvae remain on the spawning ground and move slowly to deep water. At
the end of the first growing season the young alewives are 2-3 inches
long.
Gizzard shad spawn in freshwater probably during the day over sand,
gravel, and boulder shoals (6). Spawning occurs during early June and
July at temperatures of 63-73°F. Eggs are small, adhesive, and generally
hatch in 36-95 hours, depending on water temperature. The newly hatched
larvae are about 5.2 mm long. Young gizzard shad grow relatively slowly
and are usually 1-2 inches long at the end of their first year.
Comparisons of the 2 years' data show several interesting points. First,
except for the very high densities of postlarvae at one beach station (18)
during run 6 (June 21-July 2) in 1976, 1975 produced a much stronger year
class of clupeids than 1976 (Figure 6, App. Table B-3; Figure 7, App.
Table B-4). Second, there was a distinct pulse of larval clupeids during
both years beginning in June, peaking mid-June, and completed by mid-July.
Since eggs hatch within 2-4 days, these pulses, as shown on the graphs,
indicate that spawning over three of the sampled contours, (0-to 6-ft.,
6-to 12-ft., and 12-to 18-ft.) produced nearly all the clupeids collected
during the two years.
Geographical variation was important in larval production (Figure 8,
App. Table C-3, Figure 9; App. Table C-4). Transects 1 and 2 produced
only one-half to two-thirds the number of fish produced at transects 5 and 6
in 1975, and again, except for very high densities at station 18 in 1976,
the northern transects produced about one-quarter the larval clupeids of
transects 5 and 6. The middle of the study area (transects 3 and 4) produced
low numbers of larvae during both seasons, and the middle depths (12-to
24-ft.) produced smaller numbers of larvae than the shallowest or deepest
contours.
Finally, although definite preferences for habitat appeared, the
occurrence of clupeids at all locations and stations within the study area
indicated their dominance and utilization of all waters of the area during
the survey.
19
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FIGURE 7 AVERAGE DENSITIES (N0's/I00m3) OF LARVAL CLUPEIDS PER CONTOUR, WESTERN LAKE ERIE, 1976
( PERCENT PROLARVAE IN PARENTHESES, ABOVE AVERAGE DENSITIES )
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23
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SHINERS (Notropis spp.)
The biology of the principal species of shiners collected during the
2-year study is not well described. Notropis atherinoides and N_. hudsonjus
were the shiners identified most often during the study.
Notropis hudsonius, the spottail shiner, probably spawns first
(May to June) and the emerald shiner, N. atherinoides, in midsummer (June
and July). Spottail shiners spawn in The spring and early summer in the
shallows over sandy or gravelly shoals (6). Because of depth preferences,
the spottail is probably the dominant species in the 0-to 12-ft. nearshore
waters of the study area. The emerald shiner is reported to spawn in
midwater and may have an extended spawning season (6, 9). The emerald
shiner probably contributed most heavily to the shiners collected in the
offshore waters, later in the season. Identification to species was not
routinely done because of their large abundance, so all shiners were
reported as the genus Notropis.
Distinct differences appear between 1975 and 1976 shiner data. Whether
the differences are due to individual species abundance in 1975 as compared
to 1976 is a matter for more research. The shiners were very abundant,
second only to clupeids in total abundance. In 1975 the shiners were well
represented at all depth contours and transects (Figure 10, App. Table B-5;
Figure 11, App. Table B-6; Figure 12, App. Table C-5; Figure 13, App.
Table C-6). Production of shiner larvae was evident from run 2 (June 2-13)
through run 5 (July 28-30) at all depths. The 12-to 18-ft. and 18-to 24-ft.
contours produced the first pulse beginning in runs 2-4; then production in
the 0-to 6-ft. and 6-to 12-ft. contours peaked in runs 3-6. Finally, the
24-to 30-ft. contour had many shiner larvae from runs 1-6. The extended
shiner production is probably due to the spawning season differences among
two or more species of Notropis. The data for 1975 supports this conclusion
since they show many apparent pulses, such as one during run 5 on transects
1 and 2.
Most other species had only one major peak between run 2 and run 5 on
transect 3-5. Figure 12 also shows that the southern transects produced
the most shiners and produced them earlier in the season than the northern
transects (Figure 12).
The 1976 data show trends similar to those in the 1975 data. The
major differences are in abundance; about one-half as many shiners were
produced in 1976 as in 1975. Finally, when comparing 1975 and 1976
transect data, larval shiners were again first abundant in the southern
transects. During 1976 they were more abundant in the 6-to 12-ft. contour
than in 1975. The 1975 and 1976 data both show the northward spread of
spawning as the season progresses.
24
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9
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28
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FRESHWATER DRUM (Aplodinotus grunniens)
The biology of the drum is not well documented, but spawning probably
occurs in midsummer (June to July) at water temperatures of 70-75°F. The
eggs hatch 25-30 hours after spawning. Eggs of the drum are notable in
that they are bouyant and float at the surface because they contain a
large oil globule in the eggs (6). Drum larvae grow rapidly during the
first year and reach lengths of 5 inches or more.
In 1975 and 1976 freshwater drum spawned in early June and did not
spawn thereafter. No larval drum were taken after August in 1975 or
mid-July in 1976. In both years, most of the drum larvae were found in
shallow water. The 0-to 6-ft. and 6-to 12-ft. contours of Lake Erie
produced most of the drum in 1975 and the 6-to 12-ft. contour appeared to
produce the highest densities of freshwater drum during 1976 (Figure 14,
App. Table B-7; Figure 15, App. Table B-8).
Drum were present in low densities in the middle or northern portions of
the study area (transects 1-4) and reached their greatest densities on
transects 5-6 in the southern portion (Figure 16, App. Table C-7; Figure 17,
App. Table C-8). The drum densities at Station 17 (near Woodtick Peninsula)
were two (1976) to ten (1975) times greater than those on transect 5 during
both years of the study. Many freshwater drum eggs were sampled at
Station 15 and 17 in the 1976 survey during run 5 (June 7-18) at the same
time the larvae were caught. The larvae at this time were also very small,
essentially an egg with eyes and fins.
29
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CARP (Cyprinus carpio)
Carp spawn in late spring and early summer. Adult fish move into
shallow, weedy areas in lakes or streams, and spawning occurs when water
temperatures reach 62°F (6). Under normal conditions eggs hatch from
3-6 days after spawning. Growth of larvae is rapid, and carp reach 5-7
inches in length during their first growing season.
During the 2-year study period, carp larvae were found in low numbers
in the shallow zones of the study area (Figure 18, App. Table B-9;
Figure 19, App. Table B-10). Only in 1976, during run 8 (June 19-30), were
larvae found in relatively large numbers in the offshore waters (24-to
30-ft. contour). During both years of the study small numbers of larvae
were found in the 0-to 6-ft. and 6-to 12-ft. contours in the northern end
of the study area. Larvae probably occurred as early as mid-May in 1976
and peaked by June during both seasons.
Larval carp were not found in high densities in either year in the
study area probably because the habitat was not suitable for spawning. The
northern part of the study area (transects 1, 2, and 3) produced nearly
all the carp collected and they may come from the Pte. Mouille area and
the Huron River rather than in-lake spawning (Figure 20, App. Table C-9;
Figure 21, App. Table C-10). In 1975 most of the carp larvae were found
in tows that also picked up quite a bit of extraneous vegetation. In 1976
several backwater areas were sampled and contained extremely high numbers
of carp larvae. Significant carp recruitment to Lake Erie probably occurs
in the backwater areas and not in Lake Erie proper.
34
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RAINBOH SMELT (Osmerus mordax)
Depending on the weather, smelt spawn early after ice leaves the
lake from March to May. Spawning temperatures in streams are from
50-59°F (6), but smelt spawn in open lakes as well, probably at similar
temperatures (10). Eggs are demersal and adhesive and attach to the
bottom substrate shortly after spawning. Eggs hatch in 2-3 weeks and are
about 5 mm long. Smelt larvae grow rapidly and may be 2 inches or more
long by August.
In 1975 high densities of rainbow smelt were taken during run 1
(June 2-13) in the 6-to 12-ft., 12-to 18-ft. and 18-to 24-ft. contours
(Figure 22, App. Table B-ll; Figure 23, App. Table B-12). During run 2
(June 16-24) smelt were found in the 0-to 6-ft. contour (2.91/100 m3)
but were 2-3 times more dense at the 6-to 12-ft. and 12-to 18-ft. contours.
Larval smelt were taken only occassionally after run 2 and in very low
numbers (less than 0.3/100 m3). Larval smelt (late post larvae) were taken
at the 6-to 12-ft. contour during run 8 (July 19-30), but very few
individuals were noted (0.10/100 m3).
During 1975 larval smelt were found in greatest densities in the 24-to
30-ft. contour with the 12-to 18-ft. and 18-to 24-ft. contours also
important. Production was much higher in the northern end of the study
area (transects 2 and 3) than in the southern end (transects 4 and 5)
(Figure 24, App. Table C-ll; Figure 25, App. Table C-12). In 1975 nearly
all larvae taken were postlarvae. Obviously the early spawning was missed
in 1975. These postlarvae may have been dispersed by wave and current action
or migrated to deeper water from the shallower water.
In 1976 concentrations of larval smelt were again most dense in the
24-to 30-ft. contour. During run 2 (April 26-May 7), only very low densities
of smelt were found in the nearshore (less than 12 ft.) waters of the study
area. More complete data for 1976 depict a probable pattern of spawning.
It appears that during April 26 - May 7 the 24-to 30-ft. contour is the most
important producer of larvae indicating possible inputs from the Detroit
River or offshore spawning. By run 4 (May 21-June 4) the 12-to 18-ft. and
18-to 24-ft. contours produce greater smelt densities than the 24-to 30-ft.
contour. These observations indicate two or more spawning periods or
pulses in the study area.
A comparison of larval fish production in 1975 and 1976 indicates that
1975 may have produced a much stronger year-class of rainbow smelt than
1976. In 1975 run 1 corresponds to run 5 in 1976. In 1975 densities of
smelt are 30 times those found at the same contour during run 5 in 1975.
39
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WHITE BASS (Morone chrysops)
White bass spawn in the spring and adults move inshore when water
temperatures reach 55-60°F. Spawning takes place in daylight, usually
near the surface, and may last 5-10 days. Eggs are adhesive and sink to
become attached to gravel, boulders, or vegetation in the spawning areas.
Hatching occurs in 46 hours at 60°F, and the newly hatched larvae are from
3.5 to 13.5 mm long (6). Growth is rapid and white bass in Lake Erie reach
total lengths of 5-6 inches by the fall of their first year (6).
During the 1975-76 study period, several seasonal differences in the
data were apparent. More white bass were produced in 1975 than in 1976.
1975 densities of larval white bass were 4-18 times greater than in 1976.
The 0-to 6-ft., 6-to 12-ft., and 12-to 18-ft. contours produced more than
95% of the larval white bass in 1975, while the 18-to 24-ft. and 24-to
30-ft. contours appear to have greatest density of larvae in 1976 (Figure 26,
App. Table B-13; Figure 27, App. Table B-14). Sampling problems during
run 6 may have influenced these results.
In 1975 and 1976 white bass were not collected in large numbers in the
northern transects (Figure 28, App. Table C-13; Figure 29, App. Table C-14).
The southern transects 5 and 6 were by far the greatest producers of white
bass in the study area.
Production of white bass larvae was highest during June in both years
but, 1976 production appears to be spread out from run 4 (May 21-June 4)
through run 7 (July 5-16) with no real peak or pulse. If a pulse did occur
in 1976, it would have had to occur during run 6 (June 21) when samples
were collected only on the 0-to 6-ft. contour.
44
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MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES
Several additional species were found during the study, but they did
not occur often enough or in great enough numbers to make a significant
contribution to the collection (Appendix D).
Larvae of the logperch, Percina caprodes, were found in both 1975 and
1976. They were found throughout the Michigan waters of the western
basin, although highest densities occurred in the southern portion of the
lake (up to 46/100 m3 at station 20 in run 2, June 16-24, 1975). They
showed neither a surface or bottom or a contour preference. Logperch
larvae were present in the earliest samples in 1975 (June 2) and first
occurred in run 2 (April 26-May 7) in 1976. None were captured after
run 8 (July 19-30) in 1976 and run 6 (August 11-14) in 1975. Spawning
appeared to occur first in the southern waters and two weeks later in the
northern waters.
Larvae of darters, Etheostoma sp. were found in run 4 (May 21-June 4)
and run 8 (July 19-30) in 1976, in very low numbers, and from June 30-
August 14 in 1975. Over the two seasons they were found on all transects
except near the mouth of the Detroit River. No depth-contour preference
was apparent.
Larval brook silversides (Labidesthes sicculus) were found during both
seasons. They were uncommon and were found on runs 3 and 4 (June 30-
July 14) in 1975, and runs 7, 8, and 9 (July 5-August 2) in 1976. They
were generally found in the 0-to 6-ft. contour and only in the northern
part of Michigan waters.
Larval sunfish (Lepomis spp.) were found in very low numbers from
runs 2 and 4 (June 2-14) in 1975 and runs 4-8 (May 21-July 19) in 1976.
Sunfish larvae were found in the 0-to 6-ft. and 6-to 12-ft. contours.
Crappie (Pomoxis spp.) were found in very low numbers in run 2
(June 16-24) in 1975 and in runs 4-7 (May 21-July 16) in 1976. They were
found in both northern and southern parts of the lake. However, in the
northern area of the lake in 1975 they were found only at the station
furthest offshore in the 18-to 30-ft. contour. They were found in
shallower water only once, at station 14, (6-to 12-ft. contour) in the
southern part of the lake.
Larval suckers (Catastomus spp.) were found throughout the lake
during runs 1 and 2 (June 2-24) in 1975 and runs 2-8 (April 26-July 19)
in 1976.
49
-------
Larval northern pike (Esox lucius) were found in 1975 and possibly
larval muskellunge (Esox masquinongyj were found in 1976 during one
sampling run each year. They were found in the 0-to 6-ft. and 6-to
12-ft. contours.
Only one channel catfish larvae was identified at station 19, in
the 0-to 6-ft. contour in 1975. Numbers were probably low because tows
were not made in the vicinity of appropriate spawning habitat.
Bass larvae (Micropterus sp.) were found at the beach stations 18
and 20 at the 0-to 6-ft. contour, in 1975. Occurrence of this species
was much less than expected; none were captured in the 1976 sampling tows.
Larvae of the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) were tentatively
identified from 1976 during run 2. They were sampled at the offshore
stations (2 and 3) near the mouth of the Detroit River. The presence of
this fish in deep waters was unexpected although they could have been
washed to these offshore waters. Natural populations of Fundulus are
found in the quiet water areas of Lake Erie.
Surface vs. Bottom Distribution of Frequently Occurring Species
Differences between surface and bottom distributions of selected
species were tested for significance at the 5% level by run (sampling
period), by transect and with all -amples. Yellow perch showed no
overall statistically significant preference for either the surface or the
bottom. However during run 2 (April 26-May 7) in 1976 there were
significantly more larvae in the bottom waters. The significance may in
part be due to the greater numbers of larvae found during this period.
Smelt indicated no overall surface-bottom preference, nor was there
a transect difference. On runs 4 and 5 (1976, May 21-June 18) smelt were
significantly higher in the bottom samples. Most of the larvae caught
at this time were postlarvae.
Significantly greater numbers of shiners and clupeids were found in
the surface samples than in the bottom samples. This trend was evident
over all runs and transects when the fish were captured and was most
dramatic when the larvae were most abundant. Many of these larvae were
prolarvae in addition to postlarvae.
No significant differences in distribution were found for white bass
or freshwater drum. The other species were not tested because of the
generally low numbers of larvae sampled.
50
-------
REFERENCES
1. Great Lakes Basin Commission, 1975. Appendix 10, Power, Great Lakes
Basin Framework Study. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor,
Mich. 169 p.
2. Cole, R. A. 1976. The impact of thermal discharge from the Monroe Power
Plant and the aquatic community in Western Lake Erie. Michigan
State Univ. Inst. Water Res., Tech. Rep. No. 326.
3. Hartman, W. L. 1972. Lake Erie: Effects of exploitation, environ-
mental changes and new species on the fishery resources. J. Fish.
Res. Board Can. 29(6):899-912.
4. Regier, H. A., and W. L. Hartman. 1973. Lake Erie fish community:
150 years of cultural stress. Science 180:1248-1255.
5. Nelson, D. D. and R. A. Cole. 1975. The distribution and abundance
of larval fishes along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe,
Michigan. Michigan State Univ., Inst. Water Res., Tech.
Rep. 32.4. 66 p.
6. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Grossman. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada.
Bulletin 184. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 184. 966 p.
7. Mansueti, A. J. 1964. Early development of the yellow perch Perca
flavescens. Chesapeake Sci. 5:46-66.
8. Mansueti, A. J. and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. Development of fishes of
the Chesapeake Bay region. An atlas of egg, larval and juvenile
stages. Part 1. Nat. Res. Inst. Univ., Maryland. 202 p.
9. Fish, M. P. 1932. "Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-
two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull.
U.S. Bur. Fish. 10, Vol. 47:293-298. 1932.
10. Rupp, R. S. 1965. Shore spawning and survival of eggs of the American
smelt. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94:160-169.
51
-------
Appendix A LARVAL FISH TAXA COLLECTED IN LAKE ERIE
IN 1975 AND 1976
Species Name Year Captured
1 Aplodinotus grunniens, Freshwater Drum 1975, 1976
2 Catostomidae, Suckers 1975, 1976
3 Cluepidae, Clupeids 1975, 1976
(Gizzard Shad and Alewife, Alosa
pseudoharengus; Dorosoma cepedianum)
4 Cyprinus carpio, Carp 1975, 1976
5 Esox lucius, Northern Pike 1975
6 Etheostoma sp., Darters 1975, 1976
7 Etheostoma nigrum, Johnny Darter 1975
8 Fundulus diaphanus, Banded Killifish 1976
9 Ictalurus punctatus, Channel Catfish 1975
10 Labidesthes sicculus. Brook Silversides 1975, 1976
11 Lepomis sp., Sunfishes unknown sp. 1975, 1976
12 Lepomis macrochirus, Bluegill 1975
13 Micropterus sp., Bass 1975
14 Morone chrysops, White Bass 1975, 1976
15 Notropis sp., Shiner unknown sp. 1975, 1976
16 Notropis atherinoides^ Emerald Shiner 1975, 1976
17 Notropis hudsonius, Spottail Shiner 1975, 1976
18 Osmerus mordax, Rainbow Smelt 1975, 1976
19 Perca flavescens, Yellow Perch 1975, 1976
20 Percina caprodes, Logperch 1975, 1976
21 Pomoxis sp., Crappie unknown sp. 1975, 1976
22 Stizostedion vitreum, Walleye 1975, 1976
23 Species A 1976
24 Species B 1976
25 Species C 1976
26 Species D 1976
27 Unknown species 1975, 1976
52
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-79-095
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Survey of Larval Fish in the Michigan Waters of Lake
Erie, 1975 and 1976
5. REPORT DATE
August 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Ronald Waybrant and John Shauver
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Water Quality Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Lansing, Michigan 48909
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA769
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R804522-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1975-1978
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Surveys in 1975 and 1976 in the Michigan waters of L-arke Erie assessed the
relative abundance and distribution of larval fish.
Seasonal fluctuations, patterns of distribution, and depth preferences were noted
for the 24 larval fish taxa identified. Special emphasis was placed on four target
species, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). yellow perch (Perca flavescens). white bass
(Morone chrysops) and channel catfish (Icta1u r u s p u n cta tu s). Of these 4 species only
yellow perch and white bass were found more than occasionally.
Of the remaining 20 species collected during the study only 5 (shiners-Notrgpis
atherinoides, N_. hudsonius, alewives, gizzard shad, and rainbow smelt) were regularly
captured. The clupeids (alewives and gizzard shad) were the most abundant species
collected during both years (84% of all fish collected in 1975 and 85% in 1976) with
shiners the second most abundant (5.5%) and rainbow smelt (4.4%) least abundant of
these five species.
The northern and southern extremes of the study area held many more fish than the
central portion. The 0- to 12-ft. depth zone had the largest concentrations of
larval fish and concentrations gradually decreased as the depth increased.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Fishes, Lakes
Lake Erie
06/F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport}
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
96
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4—77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
*US GOVER»MEId[1ilNTfflGOFFICE 1979 -657-060/5398
86
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