&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences-R
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/3-80-027
February 1980
Research and Development
Microscopical
Analysis of Aerosols
Collected in
St. Louis, Missouri
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S Environmental
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EPA-600/3-80-027
February 1980
MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF AEROSOLS
COLLECTED IN ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
Ronald G. Draftz and Kathryn Severin
IIT Research Institute
Chicago, Illinois 60616
Grant No. R-803078
Project Officer
Jack L. Durham
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
U,S. Environmental Protection ,-"--.--^
ii
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ABSTRACT
A study of the concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) was
conducted at two sampling sites in St. Louis, Missouri during July 1975. One
site located at the southeastern boundary of the city was adjacent to an in-
dustrial area. The other sampling site was located in the commercial downtown
area of St. Louis. Selected filters were analyzed microscopically to deter-
mine the types and sources of particles contributing to the TSP.
During twelve consecutive days of sampling, the TSP concentrations ex-
ceeded 75 yg/m3 at the industrial site on ten days and nine days at the com-
mercial site. The principal cause of high TSP concentrations, except for one
sample from the industrial site, was the mineral calcite, which accounted for
approximately 50% to 80% of the total TSP at both sites. Calcite particles
were present at both sites as the primary component regardless of wind dir-
ection, suggesting that the source of these particles is pavement aggregate
entrained by vehicles.
The highest TSP concentration214.4 yg/m3 recorded at the site near the
industrial areawas the only sample that showed significant contributions
from industrial sources. Approximately 60-75% of the TSP was due to coal and
coke particles probably produced for, or used in, metallurgical reduction.
Another 5-15% of the TSP was composed of titanium dioxide and hydrated iron
oxides, probably from pigment production.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Grant No. 803078 by
IIT Research Institute under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. This report covers the period of July 1975 to October 31,
1977. This work was completed as of June 15, 1979.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Tables vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Sample Selection and Analytical Methods 2
3. Sample Analyses and Results 9
4. Discussion 28
Appendix
A. Figures 30
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Impactor Cut Size, D 1
2 TSP Concentrations by Site . 3
3 Samples Selected for Microscopical Analysis 4
4 Aerosol Composition and Size Range of Hi-Volume Filter
Particles 10
5A Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Municipal
Court Site on 15 July 11
5B Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Municipal
Court Site on 16 July 12
5C Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Municipal
Court Site on 22 July 13
5D Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Municipal
Court Site on 23 July 14
5E Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Municipal
Court Site on 24 July 15
6A Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Broadway
and Hurck Site on 15 July 16
6B Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Broadway
and Hurck Site on 16 July 17
6C Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Broadway
and Hurck Site on 22 July 18
6D Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Broadway
and Hurck Site on 23 July 19
6E Aerosol Composition by Impactor Stage for the Broadway
and Hurck Site on 24 July 20
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
In July 1975 the Aerosol Research Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency conducted a special aerosol sampling study in St. Louis, Missouri
to identify sources contributing to high concentrations of total suspended par-
ti culates (TSP) at two sampling locations. The first sampling site was on the
roof of the four-story Municipal Courts (MC) building in downtown St. Louis at
14th and Market Streets. The second site was located approximately five miles
south of MC on the roof of a three-story firehouse at the intersection of Broad-
way and Hurck (BH), adjacent to an industrial area. These sites are shown in
Figure 1.
Daily hi-vol samples were collected from midnight to midnight from 15 July
1975 to 25 July 1975. Daily collections of aerosol samples were also made with
an eight-stage Andersen impactor operated at one cfm. Uncoated, cellulose tri-
acetate filters were used as collection substrates for all seven impactor stages
plus the backup filter. The aerosol cut-off size, D5o, for each impactor stage
is shown here in Table 1.
TABLE 1. IMPACTOR CUT SIZE, D50
Stage D50,
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16.4
9.3
5.35
2.95
1.53
0.95
0.54
0.38
*backup filter
*The backup filter was a 0.8 ym pore size,
cellulose triacetate membrane filter.
fD5o values for stages 2-6 determined by Flesch, et al. , others
are calculated values
J.P. Flesch, C.H. Norn's and A.E. Nuapnt, "Calibrating Particulate Air Samplers
with Monodispersed Aerosols: Application to the Andersen Cascade Impactor,"
Am. Ind. Hug. Ass. J., 28, 507-516, 1967.
1
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SECTION 2
SAMPLE SELECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
SAMPLE SELECTION
Several sampling days were chosen on the basis of their TSP concentrations
and ratios (Table 2) for microscopical analysis. Those days with the highest,
lowest, and average TSP concentrations at each site were selected for analysis.
In addition, those days with the highest, lowest, and average TSP ratios for
sites MC to BH were also selected for analysis. Unfortunately, 20 July 1975,
which had the highest TSP ratio, and 21 July 1975, which had the highest TSP
concentration, were not selected because impactor samples were not available
for MC because of an electrical power failure at the site. The next highest
TSP date (16 July) and TSP ratio date (22 July) which provided complete sample
sets were substituted for 20 and 21 July. The 18 July 1975 sample was actually
the closest to the arithmetic average TSP for site MC; however, the 22 July
1975 sample was selected for analysis since it was also close to the average
TSP and also had the highest TSP ratio in the sampling.
High, low, and average TSP ratios in the set were sought because TSP
ratios potentially represent the greatest variations between sites. The high
and low TSP ratios can usually be attributed to a continuous local emission
source near one site, coupled with extended wind persistence or calm. Occa-
sionally, a high TSP ratio is caused by upset emissions from industrial pro-
cesses, coupled with a wind direction that impacts the sampling site.
Episodes of highest and lowest TSP concentrations (not TSP ratios) at a
site may be produced by area or regional sources such as sulfate or dust storm
incidents. Therefore by using both TSP ratio and total TSP concentration as
criteria for selecting sampling days, most of the sources contributing to TSP
nonattainnent are likely to be traced. Table 3 shows the samples selected
for analysis and the resultant wind direction and speed on each date.
Analytical Approach
Sma-11 segments were cut from the hi-vol filters and impactor substrates
and placed on glass slides containing individual puddles of a microscopical
immersion liquid (n = 1.51). This immersion liquid clearly matches the re-
fractive index of the glass fibers and the impactor membrane filters and
serves to make these substrates transparent. A coverglass was then carefully
placed over the oil-immersed segment to seal the surface against particle
contaminants and to provide a plane surface for microscopical examination.
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TABLE 2. TSP CONCENTRATIONS BY SITE
Sampling
Dates ,
July 1975
15
16
17
18
19*
20*
21*
22
23
24
25
26
Arithmetic
Geometric
Day
of the
Week
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
SUN
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
Average
Average
Mass Concentrations
MC
98.2
115. 41"
115.4
88*. 4
51.9
95.0
118.4
99. 8§
109.1
62.4
41. 2f
114.2
92.5
88.0
, yg/m3
BH
126. 5§
139.2
171.1
183.9
85.5
64.4
80.8
83.7
214. 4f
57. 3^
131.3
107.6
120.5
111.22
TSP Ratio,
MC/BH
0.78
0.83§
0.67
0.48
0.61
1.48
1.47
1.191'
0.51
1.09
0.31$
1.06
0.87
*Anderson impactor samples were not collected at the Municipal
Court site due to an electrical power failure.
Highest TSP or TSP ratio.
rLowest TSP or TSP ratio.
§Average TSP or TSP ratio.
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TABLE 3. SAMPLES SELECTED FOR MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS
Resultant
Wind Wind
Municipal Court Site Dates Direction Speed
Highest TSP 7/16 160° 7.8 mph
Lowest TSP 7/25 30° 5.5 mph
Average TSP 7/22 100° 4.2 mph
Broadway and Hurck Site
Highest TSP 7/23 180° 8.5 mph
Lowest TSP 7/24 300° 5.7 mph
Average TSP 7/15 190° 6.4 mph
TSP Ratio MC/BH
Highest 7/22 100° 4.2 mph
Lowest 7/25 30° 5.5 mph
Average 7/16 160° 7.8 mph
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The tflounted samples were examined by polarized light microscopy to iden-
tify the key particles by their optical and physical properties. The identi-
fied particles were grouped into one of five source categories: minerals,
vehicle emissions, combustion products, biologicals, and miscellaneous. The
total mass of all particles in a category was estimated as a percentage of
the total mass of the sampleexpressed as a numerical rangerepresenting the
confidence interval for the estimate. The concentration of individual par-
ticle types comprising a category was also estimated in a numerical range,
designated by the letter code:
P = Primary (>25-100%)
M = Major (5-25%)
m = minor (0.5-5%)
t = trace (<0.5«)
These letter codes refer to the estimated concentrations of the entire
sample, not just the category in which the particle types appear. For ex-
ample, assume the mineral category has an estimated concentration of 75-90%
of the total TSP. If the concentration of carbonates is listed as P (Primary,
>25-100%), whereas all the other mineral types are t (trace, 40.5%), then car-
bonates are estimated to be present at a concentration of 75-90%.
When other particle types such as quartz and feldspars are present as
m (minor, 0.5-5%), a mid-range value can be used for estimated percentage, and
this can be subtracted from the total category estimate to obtain the Primary,
P, percentage. In the example just presented, a quartz/feldspar content of
m (0.5-5%) can be transformed into an average value of 3% and subtracted from
the total mineral category estimate of 75-90%. Then the primary component, in
this instance the carbonates, would have a value of 72-87%.
In some cases, letter concentration ranges are reported as t-m or m-M.
These indicate that the numerical concentration is close to the upper limit
of the trace concentration for t-m and also close to the upper limit for the
minor concentration range for the m-M estimate.
There are several reasons for using letter categories for concentration
estimates instead of numerical values. The main reason is that it is easier
to compare component concentrations with a single letter code than with a
number range. Therefore, it is also easier to spot the principal particle
types contributing to the TSP problem. A letter code also emphasizes that
the concentrations reported are estimates and not firm numerical values with
known precisions.
It is, of course, possible to quantitate particle concentrations using
stratified counting and sizing procedures along with appropriate particle
density factors. However, this time-consuming approach could not be just-
ified here since no mass weights (and therefore TSP concentrations) were ob-
tained for the impactor samples. Also, hi-vols from only two days (23 July
and 25 July) were available for microscopical analysis, so that the conclu-
sions derived from the analyses are based mainly on impactor samples which do
not capture proportionately as many large particles as the hi-vol samplers.
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Selected segments of the impactor substrates were also mounted for
scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. Carbon-coated membrane
filters provided electrical conductivity across the membrane surface so that
substrate charging would not interfere with imaging.
Particle Type Descriptions
The mineral category groups particle types mainly by their generic miner-
al class or family, and occasionally as a specific mineral such as quartz.
These minerals have numerous potential sources from soil to finished indus-
trial product. Therefore, the minerals are assigned to a specific source
only after the results of the sample analyses are complete. Then by a process
of association with other particles and deduction based on source samples and
meteorological data, the most probable sources can be identified.
The identification of particles in other categories is often synonomous
with their source. Rubber tire fragments are readily recognized as dull,
opaque, black, cigar-shaped particles that are impregnated with calcite from
paved or unpaved road aggregate. Obviously it is not necessary to establish
whether acrylonitrite-styrene-butadiene terpolymer or natural rubber is the
source of these particles since they originate with vehicles. Most of the
particles listed in the categories have identifying names associated with
their source, e.g., flyash, oil soot, pollens, etc. The specific particle
types included in each category are briefly described below.
Minerals
Quartz, feldspars are grouped together because of their usual common
sourcesoil. Whereas quartz is a specific common mineral (a-SiCh). the
feldspars are a silicate group with the following end members: orthoclase
(KAlSi308), albite (NaAlSi308), and anorthite (CaAl2Si208). While the potas-
sium feldspars are commonly present as orthoclase and microcline, they are
minor components compared to quartz. Though the optical properties of these
minerals are distinctive enough to separate them from other mineral classes,
the feldspars have closely similar optical properties that allow these min-
erals to be grouped together.
Carbonate group is dominated by calcite (CaC03) and less frequently,
dolomite (CaMg[C03J2), the two most commonly used minerals in paved and
unpaved road aggregate. In most urban areas studied by IIT Research
Institute (IITRI), the predominant source of calcite and/or dolomite has
been paved road aggregate. It has become a somewhat common practice to
describe particles emitted from paved roads as resuspended dust. The term
'resuspended1 implies that particles deposited onto the roadway from sources
other than vehicular traffic were suspended by vehicular traffic. Since
more than 90% of the sub-100 pm particles on paved roads are merely fragments
of the pavement aggregate, we have opted to drop the prefix _re_ and describe
these vehicle-generated particles as suspended dust. This may aid in
clarifying the source of those minerals that create most of the TSP
nonattainment problems.
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Micas are a group of mineral silicates that are seen as distinctive,
thin flakes on aerosol filters. Muscovite [KA]2(AlSi301o)(OH)1] and biotite
(H,K)2(Mg,Fe)2Al2(SiOit)3 the two most common micas, can usually be traced to
soil, though they also occur when igneous rocks are used as aggregate for
paved or unpaved roadways.
Clay is a rock term and usually applies to a number of minerals that are
predominately hydrous aluminum silicates. The particles usually occur as
agglomerates of submicrometer to 5 micrometer single crystals.
Iron oxides are grouped with the minerals because many iron oxides are
formed by mineral weathering. Iron oxides from industrial sources such as
integrated steel mills consist principally of hematite (o-Fe203), magnetite
(Fe3CV) wustite (FeO), and, infrequently, metal flakes. The iron oxides from
mineral weathering are mainly the hydrated iron oxides goethite and limonite,
though hematite is also found. The iron oxides listed under minerals are
usually seen as small particles adhering to the larger soil grains of quartz
and feldspars.
Vehicle Emissions
Vehicle--auto and truckemissions principally consist of sub-0.1 micro-
meter amorphous elemental carbon particles that form chain!ike agglomerates
approximately 0.5-0.9 ym in diameter. Of these exhaust pipe emissions, about
10% are lead compounds, mainly halides and oxides. Vehicle combustion emis-
sions from gasoline and diesel are estimated from the submicrometer, black
opaque particles. It is possible to apply source coefficient factors to com-
pare the lead concentration, determined spectroscopically, to the carbon con-
tent. However, the source coefficient factor for Pb/C has been estimated
anywhere from 1:1 to 1:10. Therefore, applying these factors is sheer guess-
work and unreliable compared to microscopical estimates.
Rubber tire fragments are produced by autos (largely synthetic) and
trucks (partially natural rubber). The particles are usually longer than
10 ym and have shape profile ratios that range from 3:1 to 7:1.
Combustion Products
Flyash derived from coal combustion consists of four components: glassy
spheres, partially fused opaque minerals, iron oxides (mostly magnetite), and
partially combusted coal. All but the partially combusted coal fragments are
included in this particle source category. While magnetite is also found in
steel mill emissions, trace quantities of spherical, fused magnetite are nor-
mally ascribed to the more abundant sourceeither flyash from coal combus-
tion or "nonmagnetic iron oxides from steel production. The fused magnetite
from coal combustion is usually greater than 5 ym in diameter, while those
from steel mills are less than 5 ym in diameter. Nonspheroidal magnetite is
excluded from this category.
Coal and coke fragments are presented as a separate category because the
concentrations found in certain samples at the BH site far exceeded that
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associated with flyash. More than 90% of these particles were coke fragments
rather than raw coal.
Partially combusted plant parts are most likely the structural residues
from coal pyrolysis rather than emissions from urban or industrial incinerators,
Oil soot is the carbonaceous cenosphere from the pyrolysis and incom-
plete combustion of sprayed oil droplets.
Submicrometer ammonium sulfate and nitrate are grouped together simply
because they are usually secondary aerosols from hydrocarbon fuel combustion.
The quantities of sulfates and nitrates appeared similar at both sites on
each day so that the sources appear to be areawide.
Bi'ologlcals
With the exception of starch, which was mainly cornstarch, the pollens,
spores, conidia, plant fragments, and insect parts, are natural background
aerosols. Because cornstarch is so widely used by industry and may also be
emitted in substantial quantities during loading for transport, starch may
be considered an industrial emission.
Micellaneous
Titanium dioxide and hydrated iron oxides were frequently found at the
BH site as 3-20 ym agglomerates of submicrometer particles. While each was
found in the same sample, they always occured separately. That is, the ti-
tanium dioxide and hydrated iron oxide particles were never present in the
same agglomerated particle.
Since each agglomerate was also free of any other particle type, it
appears that these agglomerates were emitted as final products, probably from
pigment manufacturing. It is especially important to note that the hydrated
iron oxide were unique and easily distinguishable from iron oxides from steel
mill, flyash, or soil sources.
Magnetic fragments included nonspheroidal metals and metal oxides that
responded to movements of a small magnet held close to the microscope stage.
In some cases these magnetic fragments appeared as slivers, perhaps from
wear or erosion of suspension systems from autos and trucks.
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SECTION 3
SAMPLE ANALYSES AND RESULTS
After analyzing the four available hi-vol filters it was apparent that
industrial emissions were inundating the BH site when southerly winds pre-
vailed. Therefore, our results are grouped in this section according to two
wind directions: southerly and other.
The results of the microscopical analysis of the hi-vol filters are
presented in Table 4 and the microscopical analysis of the impactor samples
in Tables 5A-E and 6A-E. The data are discussed by sampling date and site.
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR SOUTHERLY WIND DIRECTIONS
23 July 1975
Resultant Wind Direction: 180
Resultant Wind Speed: 8.5 mph
This day produced the highest TSP concentration at the BH site and the
fifth highest TSP concentration at MC. Coke and coal fragments accounted for
60-75% of the sample mass (Figure 2). These coke and coal concentrations
were higher in this sample than any other analyzed and were the main cause of
the high TSP. Agglomerates of submicrometer, yellow birefringent, high re-
fractive particles (Figure 3), along with similar white agglomerates, contri-
buted 5-15% of the TSP. These agglomerates were later identified as oxides.
Broadway and Hurck (214.4 yg/m3)
On days of southerly wind, significant amounts of these oxides were
present at BH, with significantly smaller amounts at MC. The two agglomerates
were never found joined or intermixed. Despite their morphological similari-
ties, they were present in different proportions with respect to each other
from day to day, which indicates generation by separate processes. Both
agglomerates were identified with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
x-ray microanalysis. The yellow oxide contained iron (Figures 4 and 5).
Based on this analysis, color, and birefringence, these agglomerates were
hydrated iron oxide, probably goethite. The white agglomerates contained
titanium and based on the optical properties of the particles were titanium
dioxide (Figures 6 and 7).
Other industrial emissions such as flyash and ammonium sulfate were
trace sample components.
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Roadway minerals, primarily calcium carbonate particles, contributed
most of the remaining mass, about 15-25%. Vehicle emissions were present in
trace amounts.
Impactor stages 0-3 contained the same components, though the modal
size decreased from about 12 vim for stage 0 to about 4 um for stage 3. Figure
8 shows an impaction spot on stage 2 and Figure 9 a spot from stage 3. The
bright white particles are calcium carbonate minerals, which constituted about
half of the sample mass on these stages. Most of the rest of the mass is
composed of coal and coke fragments, which, as noted for the hi-vol sample,
were present at a higher concentration than on any other sample analyzed. Up
to 15% of this sample is composed of titanium oxide and hydrated iron oxide,
with the iron oxide predominating on all four upper stages. These oxides can
be seen in Figure 8 as the large, dark gray, irregular particles scattered
throughout the sample.
Stage 2 was examined by scanning electron microscope (Figure 10). An
electron beam area scan produced an x-ray spectrum (Figure 11) with peaks for
aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, and iron. The aluminum and silicon are
present primarily in soil minerals such as quartz, feldspars, and micas,
whereas the calcium occurs in calcite. Both the titanium and iron are present
mainly as Ti02 and FexOy-nH20, respectively, while the iron also occurs in
other mineral particles as a minor component.
Stage 4 (Figure 12) had basically the same composition as stages 0-3
but showed an increase in the percentage of coal and coke fragments and a
decrease in the mineral concentration. Direct vehicle emissions were still
trace sample components. The modal size of all particles was approximately
2 ym.
About 65-80% of the mass on stage 5 (Figure 13) was coal and coke frag-
ments. Vehicle exhaust composed 10-20% of the mass, with some titanium di-
oxide and hydrated iron oxide present and a minor amount of minerals.
Industrial emissions were the predominant component of the sample on
stage 6, consisting of coal and coke fragments and ammonium sulfate. The
(NHit)2SOi» formed large birefringent crystals on the filter (Figure 14).
Vehicle exhaust was present in this sample in about the same proportion as
on stage 5. The modal particle size for stage 6 was 1 um.
About half the sample mass on stage 7 (Figure 15) was recrystallized
ammonium sulfate, with the balance contributed by vehicle exhaust (35-50% of
the total) and coal and coke fragments. Traces of minerals titanium dioxide
and hydrated iron oxide were also present. The x-ray area scan of an impac-
tion spot on this stage (Figures 16 and 17) shows that sulfur is the primary
element present with some calcium, titanium, and iron, and traces of Al, Si,
Cu, and Zn. The large, angular, dark gray to black plates at the peri-
phery of the impaction spot contain sulfur, which partially corroborates the
optical identification of ammonium sulfate.
21
-------
The backup filter had an even background of tailpipe exhaust. There
were traces of almost every type of particle found on the upper stages.
Municipal Court (109.1 yg/m3)
While the hi-vol sample collected at BH had the highest TSP concentra-
tion during this study, the hi-vol at MC recorded only the fifth highest TSP
concentration at that site. Calcium carbonate particles were the primary com-
ponents of this high-volume sample (Figure 18). Most of these minerals were
less than 10 ym in diameter and were probably raised by automobile traffic.
When the direct mobile emissions such as carbonaceous tailpipe exhaust (a
large portion of the background urban aerosols) and rubber tire fragments are
included with the minerals, the aerosols from automobile traffic composed
85-95% of the total sample mass.
The southerly wind on this sampling day placed this site downwind of an
industrial area of the city. Industrial emissions contributed 5-15% of the
mass loading, primarily coal and coke fragments, plus ammonium sulfate. There
were traces of titanium dioxide and hydrated iron oxides, flyash, and oil soot.
Biological particulates were also trace sample components.
Impactor stages 0-4 were almost identical in composition, though the
modal size decreased from about 10 ym for stage 0 to about 2 ym for stage 4.
Photomicrographs of stages 2,3, and 4 are shown in Figures 19, 20, and 21,
respectively. Calcium carbonate minerals with some quartz, feldspar, and
mica constituted 85-95% of the sample mass on these stages. The remaining
mass was from industrial emissions, primarily coal and coke fragments. The
industrial emissions were similar to those found at BH, though in signifi-
cantly smaller concentrations. Some of the titanium dioxide and hydrated
iron oxide agglomerates (<5% of the sample mass) and a small amount of rubber
tire fragments were present on stages 0 and 1 and vehicle exhaust particles
on stages 3 and 4.
Stage 5 (Figure 22) showed an increase in vehicle exhaust particles to
5-10% and coal and coke fragments to 15-25% of the sample mass. Titanium
dioxide and hydrated iron oxide agglomerates were present in about the same
concentration as on stage 4. The remainder was primarily calcium carbonate
minerals. The modal size for particles on this stage was about 1 ym.
The concentration of vehicle exhaust particles doubled from stage 5 to
stage 6. Stage 6 (Figure 23) also showed a reduction in the concentration
of minerals to 20-35%. These minerals were almost entirely calcite. Ammo-
nium sulfate crystals were first present in appreciable quantities on this
stage and accounted for most of the 55-70% of the mass from industrial emis-
sions. The balance of industrial emissions was coal and coke fragments. The
modal size for particles on this stage was less than 1 ym.
22
-------
The primary component on stage 7 was recrystallized ammonium sulfate
(Figure 24). These sulfates appear as large, birefringent crystals which are
most easily seen with crossed polars because refractive indices are close to
those of the immersion liquid. Vehicle tailpipe exhaust particles were the
other predominant sample component. The modal particle size for this impactor
stage was less than 1 ym.
The backup filter had a fine background of elemental carbon from vehicle
exhaust and also contained traces of most particulates encountered on the
upper stages.
16 July 1975
Resultant Wind Direction: 160°
Resultant Wind Speed: 7.8 mph
The second highest TSP concentration at MC and the second highest TSP
concentration at BH both occurred on 16 July 1975. The TSP ratios for MC/BH
for this day (0.83) were closest to the average for all the days (0.87). Hi-
vol filters were not available for microscopical analysis from either site
on this date.
Broadway and Hurck (139.2 yg/m3)
The particles on this set of impaction substrates were very similar to
those collected on 23 July 1975. The major difference was that the coal and
coke fragments constituted a smaller percentage of this sample, while the
mineral concentration was greater (Tables 5A-E and 6A-E). The titanium di-
oxide and hydrated iron oxide accounted for the same proportion of the sample
as on 23 July 1975, but titanium dioxide was the predominant agglomerate in-
stead of hydrated iron oxide.
Municipal Court (115.4 yg/m3)
This set of impactor samples showed a particulate distribution very
similar to that described for the 23 July 1975 samples. There were, however,
almost no titanium dioxide or hydrated iron oxide agglomerates present on
any of the stages except for traces on stages 0 and 1. Coal and coke frag-
ments were present at a slightly lower level than on the 23rd. Industrial
sources collectively contributed less than 10% of the total sample mass.
The dominant cause of the high TSP was calcite, most probably from paved road
aggregate suspended by vehicular traffic.
23
-------
15 July 1975.
Resultant Wind Direction: 190°
Resultant Wind Speed: 6.4 mph
This sampling date produced a TSP concentration at the BH site
(126.5 yg/m3) t^at was closest to the average for that site (120.5 yg/i.i3).
The MC site also had a TSP concentration (98.2 yg/m3) that was close to the
site average (92.5 yg/m3). No hi-vol filters were available for microscopical
analysis.
Broadway and Hurck (126.5 yg/m3)
These impactor samples were also similar to those collected on 16 and
23 July 1975 at the BH site, with a few exceptions. As on the 16th, coal and
coke were present at lower concentrations than on the 23rd, while the minerals
were at higher concentrations. The titanium dioxide and hydrated iron oxide
were present in nearly equal amounts and were the primary components of stages
5 and 6.
Municipal Court (98.2 yg/m3)
When particles from this set of Andersen impactor substrates were com-
pared to the 23 July 1975 samples at the MC site, there was almost no differ-
ence, even in mass loading. The types of particles present on the impactor
stages and their distribution between the stages was the same except that
ammonium sulfate crystals were only found on stage 7. Except for the ammoni-
um sulfate particles, industrial sources contributed less than 1% of the
total TSP.
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR WIND DIRECTIONS OTHER THAN SOUTHERLY
25 July 1975
Resultant Wind Direction: 30°
Resultant Wind Speed: 5.5 mph
The lowest TSP concentration at the MC site (41.2 yg/m3) and the fifth
highest TSP concentration at BH (131.3 yg/m3) occurred on this date. The
significant difference between the two TSP concentrations produced the lowest
TSP ratio (MC/BH = 0.31) of any day.
Broadway and Hurck (131.3 ug/m3)
Calcite particles were the major cause of high mass loadings on this
hi-vol filter (Figure 25). Vehicle exhaust emissions were present in trace
amounts.
24
-------
Coal fragments with some coke particles were the industrial emissions
with the greatest mass impact on this sample. However, as seen in the photo-
micrograph, coal and coke make up a much smaller portion of the sample than
they did on the 23rd. Fly ash and ammonium sulfate are minor components of
the sample, but their concentration is slightly higher than on the 23rd.
Titanium dioxide and hydrated iron oxides were trace sample components.
Their presence was puzzling, however, since the wind on this date never ex-
tended more easterly than 50°. In addition, these oxides did not coat other,
larger mineral grains, so they must not have been entrained by vehicles. This
puzzle includes the coal and coke fragments, since they were present in too
high a concentration compared to the flyash content to have been derived from
coal burning. It appears that the wind direction at the International
Airport may have differed from wind directions near the riverfront, which is
less than % mile from BH.
Municipal Court (41.2 yg/m3)
The northeast wind on this sampling day provided few aerosols other than
those generated by automobile traffic. Calcium carbonate minerals composed
at least 90% of the sample mass, while direct vehicle emissions provided most
of the remainder. Traces of industrial emissions were present but they did
not account for more than 2% of the mass; biological aerosols accounted for
even less.
It was surprising that the TSP was so low at the downtown St. Louis
site when the primary particle type, calcite, was the same as at the BH site,
which had three times more TSP. The difference might simply be attributed to
limestone stockpile emissions impact at BH, or perhaps emissions from cement
manufacturing. The lower TSP at the MC site might, however, be traced to a
park just to the north of MC, extending both east and west. This grassy area
would not only reduce the amount of upwind traffic, but also serve as a
settling basin.
24 July 1975
Resultant Wind Direction: 300°
Resultant Wind Speed: 5.7 mph
This sampling day was selected for analysis because it reported the
lowest TSP concentration (57.3 yg/m3) at the BH site. The MC site reported
a slightly higher TSP concentration of 62.4 yg/m3. No hi-vol filter was
available for microscopical analysis from either site.
Broadway and Hurck (57.3 yg/m3)
Stages 0-4 were almost entirely composed of minerals, primarily calcite.
The modal size of particles on the stages ranged from 8 ym to 1 ym. Figures
26 and 27 show particles on stages 3 and 4, respectively. Approximately
1 to 5% of the samples were from industrial emissions--mostly coal and coke
25
-------
fragments. Stage 0 showed a minor contribution from rubber tire fragments;
otherwise, direct vehicle emissions constituted trace components. There were
also traces of biological particulates and titanium dioxide and hydrated iron
oxides.
Stage 5 was composed primarily of minerals: 5-10% were vehicle exhaust
particles and 10-20% were coal fragments (Figure 28). Modal size was less
than 1 ym.
Minerals, mainly calcite, were the primary sample component on stage 6.
Calcite comprised 45-60% of the sample mass (Figure 29). [In general, the
photomicrographs do not show this mineral dominance for stages 0-6. With
microscope polarizers fully crossed, it is obvious that the mineral population
is dominant. It is necessary to uncross the polarizers to show the opaque and
isotropic particles which minimize the mineral presence. Figures 30 and 31
show the difference between the photomicrographs taken with crossed and with
partially uncrossed polarizers.] Approximately 40-50% was carbonaceous tail-
pipe exhaust and 10-20% were industrial emissions, primarily coal fragments.
Ammonium sulfate amounted to 1-5% of the mass. The modal size of the parti-
cles on stage 6 was less than 1 ym.
Ammonium sulfate was the primary sample component on stage 7 (Figure 32).
As it was present as small crystals, it was not as readily visible as the
large crystals formed on the samples collected on the 23rd. Minerals, auto-
mobile exhuast, and coal fragments made up most of the remaining mass. The
back-up filter had a fine carbonaceous background with traces of most of the
particulates found on the upper stages.
Municipal Court (62.4 yg/m3)
Stages 0-4 were similar to each other and to the samples collected at
BH on the same day. Minerals, primarily calcite, constituted 80-95% of the
sample, with 1-5% coal fragments and flyash. Stage 0 contained 5-10% direct
vehicle emissions: rubber tire fragments. Stage 1 also had some rubber tire
fragments (1-5%) and the other stages showed trace amounts. Stages 2,3, and
4 had traces of biological particulates. Stage 3 showed the typical domi-
nance of mineral fragments (Figure 33). Stage 4 had 1-5% vehicle exhaust
(Figure 34). The modal size of stages 0-4 decreased from 8 ym to 1 ym.
Stage 5 showed an increase in vehicle exhaust (Figure 35). Minerals
still composed the largest portion of stage 5, 75-90%, while 5-15% were coal
fragments. The modal size was less than 1 ym.
Stage 6 had 50-65% minerals, 25-40% vehicle exhaust particles, 5-15%
coal fragments, and a trace of ammonium sulfate (Figure 36). The modal size
was less than 1 ym.
On stage 7, 25-40% of the mass loading were industrial emissions from
coal fragments and ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate formed tiny crys-
tals here instead of the large crystals seen in the samples from 23 July 1975;
therefore they were not quite so obvious (Figure 37).
26
-------
The back-up filter had a fine background of vehicle tailpipe exhaust
with traces of minerals and industrial emissions.
22 July 1975
Resultant Wind Direction: 100°
Resultant Wind Speed: 4.2 mph
The samples from this date showed the highest TSP ratio (MC/BH = 1.09)
of the samples available for microscopical analysis. Although the date re-
ported the highest TSP ratio, the TSP concentration at MC (99.8 yg/m3) was
closest to the average TSP for this site (92.5 yg/m3).
Broadway and Hurck (83.7 yg/m3)
Even though the wind on this day was from the east (100°), the composi-
tion of the samples was very similar to those collected on the 24th when there
was a northwest (300°) wind. The major difference was that stages 5 and 6
were lower in minerals (stage 6 had only 1-2% minerals) and higher in vehicle
exhaust and coal fragments than the equivalent stages on the 24th.
Municipal Court (99.8 yg/m3)
Though these samples were similar to those collected on the 24th, there
were several important differences. Iron oxides of similar morphology to the
hydrated iron oxides described in previous samples were present on stages 3-6.
On stage 5 they composed 15-25% of the sample mass. These iron oxides must
have originated in the east since the wind direction on the sampling day was
easterly.
Ammonium sulfate was present as a larger sample component on stages 6
and 7 than on the 24th, the crystals being smaller on stage 6 and larger on
stage 7. However, they never formed crystals as large as those collected on
a day with a southerly wind.
27
-------
SECTION 4
DISCUSSION
Ten of the 12 samples collected at the Broadway and Hurck (BH) site
exceeded 75 yg/m3 (Figure 38), compared to nine of the 12 samples at the
Municipal Court (MC) site (Figure 39). Seven of the 12 sampling days pro-
duced higher TSP concentrations at BH. Six of these seven higher TSP days
at BH were produced by resultant wind directions that were in the range of
160° to 220°. (The seventh higher TSP day occurred with a 30° resultant
wind direction.)
Three of the six samples collected during southerly winds were analyzed
microscopically. The sample collected 23 July 1975 at BH had the highest TSP
of the study: 214.4 yg/m3. The predominant source of the high TSP this day
was coal and coke (60-75%), followed by minerals (15-25%) and titanium
dioxide and hydrated iron oxides (5-15%). All but the minerals were clearly
due to industrial emissions, which amounted to 65-90% of the total TSP. The
small amount of flyash (aO.5%) precluded the possibility that the source of
the coal and pyrolyzed coal was boiler emissions. Rather, the flyash result-
ed from the production or use of coal and coke for some other purpose, such
as metallurgical production.
The other two samples collected 15 July 1975 (126.5 yg/m3) and 16 July
1975 (139.2 yg/m3) with resultant wind directions of 190° and 160° respec-
tively, showed significantly lower concentrations of coal and coke (=15-25%)
and much higher contributions from minerals (=60-75%). These samples also
showed an increase in rubber tire content, which suggests that these minerals
(mainly calcite) were raised by traffic on paved and perhaps unpaved roads
adjacent to the BH sampling site.
It is surprising that coal and coke also appeared at the BH site on
25 July 1975 when the resultant wind direction was 30°. Whereas the coal
and coke content was approximately 5-15% and the flyash slightly higher (0.5-
5%), the usual relative proportion was still inverted, suggesting that there
is an additional coal and coke source to the northeast of BH. However, the
major constituent of the high TSP was calcite (70-85%).
With the exception of the sample collected on 23 July 1975, all of the
samples at BH and MC were predominantly calcite. The high TSP days at MC
occurred with winds from the south, northwest, and east. Since calcite was
the major cause of these high TSP concentrations the source of these calcite
particles was probably fragments of paved road aggregate entrained by vehicles.
This conclusion can be tested by evaluating the microinventory of both sites to
28
-------
determine whether there were other sources of calcite that may have contributed
to the high TSP.
29
-------
APPENDIX
FIGURES
Number Page
1 Sampling site location 33
2 Photomicrograph of hi-vol collected at BH on 23 July 1975, showing
heavy deposits of coke and coal; partially uncrossed polars (pup),
163X 34
3 Photomicrograph of impactor stage 1 collected at BH on 23 July
1975, showing agglomerated submicrometer particles of hydrated
iron oxide in the center of the figure; pup, 407X 34
4 Scanning electron micrograph (SEMG) of submicrometer iron
oxide agglomerate on impactor stage 1, collected at BH on 23
July 1975; 600X 35
5 X-ray microanalysis of agglomerate in Figure 4, showing two
peaks for iron and two for copper. The more intense copper
peaks are caused by the copper sample holder 35
6 SEMG of submicrometer titanium dioxide agglomerate on impactor
stage 2, collected at BH on 16 July 1975; 4.000X 36
7 X-ray spectrum of agglomerate in Figure 6, showing a major
peak for titanium plus trace to minor peaks for aluminum,
silicon, sulfur, calcium, and iron from adjacent flyash
particles 36
8 Photomicrograph of stage 2 impaction spot collected 23 July
1975 at BH; pup, 163X 37
9 Photomicrograph of stage 3 impactor spot collected 23 July ,7
1975 at BH; pup, 163X *f
10 SEMG of a stage 2 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH; 160X 38
11 X-ray spectrum from analysis of the area shown in Figure 10
with peaks (left to right) for aluminum, silicon, calcium,
titanium, and iron 38
12 Photomicrograph of a stage 4 impaction spot collected 23 July
1975 at BH, showing a marked increase in coal and coke
fragments; pup, 163X 39
30
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Number Page
13 Photomicrograph of a stage 5 impaction spot collected 23
July 1975 at BH; pup, 163X 39
14 Photomicrograph of a stage 6 impaction spot collected 23
July 1975 at BH, showing large crystals of ammonium sulfate
at the periphery of the main spot; pup, 163X 40
15 Photomicrograph of large crystals of ammonium sulfate found
on impactor stage 7, collected 23 July 1975 at BH; pup,
163X 40
16 SEMG of a stage 7 impaction, collected 23 July 1975 at BH,
showing a single impaction spot with large crystals of
ammonium sulfate at the periphery; 200X 41
17 Area scan of the field of view in Figure 16, showing a major
peak for sulfur with minor peaks for aluminum, silicon,
potassium, calcium, titanium, iron, and copper. (The
copper peak is probably an artifact from the sample holder.) . . 41
18 Photomicrograph of hi-vol collected 23 July 1975 at MC,
showing bright white calcite particles and larger black
fragments of coal and coke, along with submicrometer
agglomerates of elemental carbon from vehicle exhausts 42
19 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 2
collected 23 July 1975 at MC, showing (white) mineral
particles that are principally calcite, with some quartz,
feldspars, and mica; pup, 163X 42
20 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3
collected 23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 43
21 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4
collected 23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 43
22 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5
collected 23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 44
23 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6
collected 23 July 1975 at MC, showing large
recrystallized particles of ammonium sulfate, along
with coal and coke fragments, minerals, and vehicle
tailpipe emissions, which constitute the primary
component on this stage; pup, 163X 4.4
24 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7
collected 23 July 1975 at MC, showing large
recrystallized ammonium sulfate and vehicle
particles; pup, 163X 45
25 Photmicrograph of hi-vol collected 25 July 1975 at BH,
showing mainly calcite and coal fragments; pup, 163X 45
26 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3 collected 24 July
at BH,. showing calcite and coal fragments; pup, 163X 46
31
-------
Figure Page
27 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4
collected 24 July 1975 at BH, showing calcite and an
increased coal fragment content over stage 3; pup, 163X .... 46
28 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5,
collected 24 July 1975 at BH, showing particles similar
to those of stages 3 and 4; pup, 163X 47
29 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6,
collected 24 July 1975 at BH; pup, 163X 47
30 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4,
collected 23 July 1975 at BH, with partially uncrossed
polarizers; 163X 48
31 Same field view as shown in Figure 29 but with crossed
polarizers; 163X 48
32 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7,
collected 24 July 1975 at BH, showing the presence of
(white) ammonium sulfate crystals; pup, 163X 49
33 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3,
collected 24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 49
34 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4,
collected 24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 50
35 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5,
collected 24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 50
36 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6,
collected 24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 51
37 Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7,
collected 24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X 51
38 TSP rose for Broadway and Hurck hi-vol samples
collected 15-26 July 1975 52
39 TSP rose for Municipal Court hi-vol samples
collected 15-26 July 1975 52
32
-------
Site 1 Municipal Court
Site 2 Broadway and Hurck
Figure 1. Sampling site locations
33
-------
Figure 2. Photomicrograph of hi-vol collected at BH on 23 July 1975,
showing heavy deposits of coke and coal; partially uncrossed
polars (pup), 163X.
Figure 3. Photomicrograph of impactor stage 1 collected at BH on 23 July 1975,
showing agglomerated submicrometer particles of hydrated iron oxide
in the center of the figure; pup, 407X.
34
-------
'vr^*.1
m
KI*
r4C]
i?'
ufed
Figure 4.
;jr* KfT^f .«p-»wv-.rif-i a
^A^A^^U^^'f^
Scanning electron micrograph (SEMG) of submicrometer iron oxide
agglomerate on impactor stage 1, collected at BH on 23 July 1975;
600X.
Figure 5. X-ray microanalysis of agglomerate in Figure 4, showing two peaks
for iron and two for copper. The more intense copper peaks are
caused by the copper sample holder.
35
-------
Figure 6. SEMG of submicrometer titanium dioxide agglomerate on impactor
stage 2, collected at BH on 16 Juiy 1975; 4,OOOX.
Figure 7. X-ray spectrum of agglomerate in Figure 6, showing a major peak
for titanium plus trace to minor peaks for aluminum, silicon.
sulfur, calcium, and iron from adjacent flyash particles.
36
-------
i*M
***
. Y »r - <**-3Lx *«*/*
>»? -'r/,f- » >v#^%; ^ >v
. ' ,'j.# **ri »'* ,**>* *
, t, , »; *>^ *'",*.*.'«.' /
Figure 8. Photomicrograph of stage 2 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH; pup, 163X.
<
Figure 9. Photomicrograph of stage 3 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH; pup, 163X.
37
-------
Figure 10. SEMG of a stage 2 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975 at BH;
160X.
'''Hiiir lltttHWHHWI
Figure 11. X-ray spectrum from analysis of the area shown in Figure 10
with peaks (left to right) for aluminum, silicon, calcium,
titanium, and iron..
38
-------
Figure 12.
Photomicrograph of a stage 4 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH, showing a marked increase in coal and coke fragments;
pup, 163X.
Figure 13. Photomicrograph of a stage 5 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH; pup, 163X.
39
-------
\ M
&*» .*- .
Figure 14. Photomicrograph of a stage 6 impaction spot collected 23 July 1975
at BH,showing large crystals of ammonium sulfate at the periphery
of the main spot; pup, 163X.
Figure 15. Photomicrograph of large crystals of ammonium sulfate found on
impactor stage 7, collected 23 July 1975 at BH; pup, 163X.
40
-------
Figure 16. SEMG of a stage 7 impaction, collected 23 July 1975 at BH,
showing a single impaction spot with large crystals of
ammonium sulfate at the periphery; 200X.
Figure 17. Area scan of the field of view in Figure 16, showing a major
peak for sulfur with minor peaks for aluminum, silicon,
potassium, calcium, titanium, iron, and copper. (The copper
peak is probably an artifact from the sample holder.)
41
-------
Figure 18. Photomicrograph of hi-vol collected 23 July 1975 at MC,showing
bright white calcite particles and larger black fragments of
coal and coke, along with submicrometer agglomerates of elemental
carbon from vehicle exhausts.
* *
T- * * ' '»»"' ; *.-- -
**'. -";"
Figure 19. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 2 collected
23 July 1975 at MC,showing (white) mineral particles that are
principally calcite, with some quartz, feldspar, and mica;
pup, 163X.
42
-------
-* *
Figure 20. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3 collected
23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
Figure 21. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4 collected
23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
43
-------
*i ^
, ,. *"
, - .^r:<-
* .Jr
Figure 22. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5 collected
23 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
Figure 23. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6 collected
23 July 1975 at MC,showing large recrystallized particles
of ammonium sulfate, along with coal and coke fragments,
minerals, and vehicle tailpipe emissions, which constitute
the primary component on this stage; pup, 163X.
-------
* '-,"* > r < »
'*" ,(
Figure 24. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7 collected
23 July 1975 at MC, showing large recrystallized ammonium
sulfate and vehicle exhaust particles; pup, 163X.
Figure 25. Photomicrograph of hi-vol collected 25 July 1975 at BH, showing
mainly calcite and coal fragments; pup, 163X.
45
-------
-'^
'
Figure 26. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3 collected
24 July 1975 at BH, showing calcite and coal fragments; pup, 163X.
«K
'*
* * *.
-
* »?& sP »* -.I
,.>-; .-;-t» i
- .;%:
Figure 27. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4 collected
24 July 1975 at BH, showing calcite and an increased coal
fragment content over stage 3; pup, 163X.
46
-------
. ** ,
' . ' fr '
« t, *
'
' .», *,'*.' *
» «"«»"* ^
* , *;# * , ' ^ '
Figure 28. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5, collected
24 July 1975 at BH, showing particles similar to those of
stages 3 and 4; pup, 163X.
Figure 29. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6, collected
24 July 1975 at BH; pup, 163X.
47
-------
« t >t - *,
Figure 30. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4, collected
23 July 1975 at BH, with partially uncrossed polarizers; 163X.
Figure 31. Same field view as shown in Figure 29 but with crossed
polarizers; 163X.
48
-------
Figure 32. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7, collected
24 July 1975 at BH, showing the presence of (white) ammonium
sulfate crystals; pup, 163X.
*,/ ~i
v * - *
. *.
-..«>"»*-
* W
Figure 33. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 3, collected
24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
49
-------
*{
*-' » *" " - «, ,3b"'» * ""'<* * , '
t -, I ' -,«*"f:. .».>" ,-' .«', ; ' r
, . *-**'.':;, - ,j '*
,«*
" n* * ^
*
Figure 34. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 4, collected
24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
' **
..
"***1'^^ * * ' < ^ v -
'' '
Figure 35. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 5, collected
24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
50
-------
'"' { - > ** f
> *' » * *<»« *
Figure 36. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 6, collected
24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
Figure 37. Photomicrograph of an impaction spot from stage 7, collected
24 July 1975 at MC; pup, 163X.
51
-------
Figure 38. TSP rose for Broadway and Hurck hi-vol samples
collected 15-26 July 1975.
Figure 39. TSP rose for Municipal Court hi-vol samples
collected 15-26 July 1975.
52
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/3-80-027
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
MICROSCOPICAL ANLAYSIS OF AEROSOLS COLLECTED IN
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
7. AUTHOR(S)
Ronald G. Draftz and Kathryn Seven' n
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
I IT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOWNO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AH-05 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803078
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 to 10/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A study of the concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) was conducted
at two sampling sites in St. Louis, Missouri during July 1975. One site located at
the southeastern boundary of the city was adjacent to an industrial area. The other
sampling site was located in the commercial downtown area of St. Louis. Selected
filters were analyzed microscopically to determine the types and sources of particles
contributing to the TSP.
During twelve consecutive days of sampling, the TSP concentrations exceeded
75 ug/m3 at the industrial site on ten days and nine days at the commercial site. The
principal cause of high TSP concentrations, except for one sample from the industrial
site, was the mineral calcite, which accounted for approximately 50% to 80% of the
total TSP at both sites. Calcite particles were present at both sites as the orimary
component regardless of wind direction, suggesting that the source of these particles
is pavement aggregate entrained by. vehicles.
The highest TSP concentration214.4 yg/m3 recorded at the site-.near the industrial
areawas the only sample that showed significant contributions from industrial sources.
Approximately 60-75% of the TSP was due to coal and coke particles, probably produced
f9r, 9r used in, metallurgical reduction. Another 5-15% of the TSP was composed of
titanium dioxide and hvdrated iron oxides, probably from pigment production.
7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Microscopy
Calcite
!. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
St. Louis, MO
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
07D
14B
08G
21. NO. OF PAGES
59
22. PRICE
'A Form 2220-1 (9-73)
53
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