EPA 560/5-85-002
July 1985
METHODS FOR ASSESSING EXPOSURE
TO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Volume 2
Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances 1n the Ambient Environment
by
J. Randall Freed, Stephen H. Nacht, Thompson Chambers
William N. Christie, Clay E. Carpenter
EPA Contract No. 68-01-6271
Project Officer
Michael A. Callahan
Exposure Evaluation Division
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D.C. 20460
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12tn Hoor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed and approved for publication by the
Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The use of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute Agency endorsement or
recommendation for use.
111
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FOREWORD
This document 1s one of a series of volumes, developed for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Toxic Substances (OTS),
that provides methods and Information useful for assessing exposure to
chemical substances. The methods described 1n these volumes have been
Identified by EPA-OTS as having utility 1n exposure assessments on
existing and new chemicals 1n the OTS program. These methods are not
necessarily the only methods used by OTS, because the state-of-the-art 1n
exposure assessment 1s changing rapidly, as 1s the availability of
methods and tools. There 1s no single correct approach to performing an
exposure assessment, and the methods 1n these volumes are accordingly
discussed only as options to be considered, rather than as rigid
procedures.
Perhaps more Important than the optional methods presented 1n these
volumes 1s the general Information catalogued. These documents contain a
great deal of non-chem1cal-spec1f1c data which can be used for many types
of exposure assessments. This Information 1s presented along with the
methods 1n Individual volumes and appendices. As a set, these volumes
should be thought of as a catalog of Information useful 1n exposure
assessment, and not as a "how-to" cookbook on the subject.
The definition, background, and discussion of planning exposure
assessments are discussed 1n the Introductory volume of the series
(Volume 1). Each subsequent volume addresses only one general exposure
setting. Consult Volume 1 for guidance on the proper use and
Interrelations of the various volumes and on the planning and Integration
of an entire assessment.
The titles of the nine basic volumes are as follows:
Volume 1 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances
(EPA 560/5-85-001)
Volume 2 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances 1n the
Ambient Environment (EPA 560/5-85-002)
Volume 3 Methods for Assessing Exposure from Disposal of Chemical
Substances (EPA 560/5-85-003)
Volume 4 Methods for Enumerating and Characterizing Populations
Exposed to Chemical Substances (EPA 560/5-85-004)
Volume 5 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances 1n
Drinking Water (EPA 560/5-85-005)
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Volume 6 Methods for Assessing Occupational Exposure to Chemical
Substances (EPA 560/5-85-006)
Volume 7 Methods for Assessing Consumer Exposure to Chemical
Substances (EPA 560/5-85-007)
Volume 8 Methods for Assessing Environmental Pathways of Food
Contamination (EPA 560/5-85-008)
Volume 9 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances
Resulting from Transportation-Related Spills
(EPA 560/5-85-009)
Because exposure assessment 1s a rapidly developing field, Its
methods and analytical tools are quite dynamic. EPA-OTS Intends to Issue
periodic supplements for Volumes 2 through 9 to describe significant
Improvements and updates for the existing Information, as well as adding
short monographs to the series on specific areas of Interest. The first
four of these monographs are as follows:
Volume 10 Methods for Estimating Uncertainties 1n Exposure Assessments
(EPA 560/5-85-014)
Volume 11 Methods for Estimating the Migration of Chemical Substances
from Solid Matrices (EPA 560/5-85-015)
Volume 12 Methods for Estimating the Concentration of Chemical
Substances 1n Indoor A1r (EPA 560/5-85-016)
Volume 13 Methods for Estimating Retention of Liquids on Hands
(EPA 560/5-85-017)
Michael A. Callahan, Chief
Exposure Assessment Branch
Exposure Evaluation Division (TS-798)
Office of Toxic Substances
v1
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared by Versar Inc. of Springfield, Virginia, for
the EPA Office of Toxic Substances, Exposure Evaluation Division,
Exposure Assessment Branch (EAB) under EPA Contract No. 68-01-6271 (Task
13). The EPA-EAB Task Manager was Stephen Nacht, the EPA Program Manager
was Michael Callahan; their support and guidance 1s gratefully
acknowledged. Acknowledgement 1s also given to Elizabeth Bryan and Loren
Hall of EPA-EED, who also took part 1n this task.
A number of Versar personnel have contributed to this task over the
three-year period of performance as shown below:
Program Management - Gayaneh Contos
Task Management - J. Randall Freed
Thompson Chambers
Technical Support - Kate Rlchter
William Christie
Clay Carpenter
John Dorla
Douglas Dlxon
Editing - Juliet CrumMne
Secretarial/Clerical - Shirley Harrison
Lucy Gentry
Donna Barnard
Patience Miller
VII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
FOREWORD v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v11
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1x
LIST OF TABLES x1
LIST OF FIGURES x111
LIST OF APPENDICES x1v
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Purpose and Scope 1
1.2 Report Organization 2
1.3 Framework for Calculation 2
1.3.1 Inhalation Exposure of Humans 4
1.3.2 Dermal Exposures of Humans 4
1.3.3 Exposure of Aquatic Biota 7
2. SOURCES 8
3. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS 13
3.1 Physlcochemlcal Properties 13
3.1.1 General Properties 13
3.1.2 Particle Size Analysis for Airborne Pollutants 17
3.2 Partitioning 17
3.2.1 Analogy with Other Compounds 17
3.2.2 Mathematical Models 20
(1) Background 20
(2) Required Inputs 23
(3) Information Resources 24
3.2.3 Empirical Methods 24
3.3 Environmental Pathway Models 25
4. MONITORING DATA 27
4.1 Sources 27
4.1.1 A1r Emissions 27
4.1.2 Water Discharges 31
4.2 Ambient 32
4.2.1 A1r 33
4.2.2 Water 33
4.3 Background 34
4.3.1 A1r 34
4.3.2 Water 36
ix
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
4.4 Personal Monitoring 36
4.5 Analytical Techniques 40
4.5.1 Organlcs 41
4.5.2 Inorganics 41
5. EXPOSED POPULATIONS 46
6. CALCULATING EXPOSURES 48
6.1 Identification of Exposed Populations 48
6.1.1 Ambient A1r 48
6.1.2 Ambient Water 49
6.1.3 Aquatic Biota 50
6.2 Inhalation Exposures 50
6.2.1 Periodicity 55
6.2.2 Ventilation Rate 56
6.2.3 Ambient A1r Concentrations 64
(1) Model Selection 64
(2) Geographic Locations 72
(3) Source Strength 76
(4) Emission Characteristics 79
(5) Environmental Characteristics 84
(6) Fate Process Data 85
(7) Model Execution 85
6.3 Dermal Exposure 86
6.3.1 Frequency and Duration 86
6.3.2 Availability 87
6.3.3 Ambient Aqueous Concentration 87
(1) Model Selection 89
(2) Receiving Streams 93
(3) Source Strength 94
(4) Effluent Characteristics 97
(5) Environmental Characteristics 102
(6) Fate Process Data 103
(7) Model Execution 103
6.4 Exposure of Aquatic Biota 104
7. REFERENCES 105
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Table 17.
P
Sources of Information for Production Volumes and
Geographic Location of Manufacturers
Sources of Information for Physical/Chemical
Properties
Definitions of Atmospheric Contaminants
Average Concentrations of Chemical Species at
Various Types of Sites
National Hydrologlc Benchmark Network
Monitoring Stations
Summary of Chromatographlc Detector Selectivity
Analytical and Detection Systems for 114 Organic
Priority Pollutants by Classes
Elements Analyzed by ICP
Indoor/Outdoor Relationships for Reactive Gases
Indoor/Outdoor Ratios Corresponding to Various
Reactive Half Lives
Estimated Time Spent 1n Three M1croenv1ronmental
Categories
Percentage of Time Spent 1n Each M1croenv1ronmental
Category
SRI Data on Time Spent 1n Each M1croenv1ronment at Each
Stress Level
SRI Data Aggregated for Three M1croenv1ronments by
Stress Level
Total Percent of Time Spent at Each Stress Level
Selected Lung Ventilation Values at Different Levels of
Activity as a Function of Age and Sex
Calculation of Average Ventilation Rate for Indoor
M1croenv1 ronment
age No
9
14
18
35
37
42
43
45
52
54
57
57
59
60
60
61
62
XI
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 18. Calculation of Average Ventilation Rate for Outdoor
M1croenv1ronment 62
Table 19. Calculation of Average Ventilation Rate for
1n~Transportat1on Vehicle M1croenv1ronment 63
Table 20. Capabilities of Reviewed Models 66
Table 21. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios for Elements
Associated with Partlculates 71
Table 22. Summary of Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios .. 73
Table 23. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios for Vehicles 74
Table 24. Scaling Factors Recommended for Adjusting Outdoor
Concentrations to Indoor and In-Veh1cle Concentrations 75
Table 25. Estimated Emissions from Unit Processes 78
Table 26. A1r Emission Factors Derived from Materials Balances .. 80
Table 27. Parameters and Factors Required for A1r Emission
Characterization 81
Table 28. Example of Publications Containing Emission
Characteristics 82
Table 29. Effluent Characteristics Needed To Model Aqueous
Ambient Concentrations 88
Table 30. EXAMS Input Requirements 90
Table 31. IFD Location and Facility Identifiers 95
Table 32. NPDES Location and Facility Identifiers 96
Table 33. Materials Balances and Water Emission Factors 98
Table 34. Documents Describing Aqueous Effluent Characteristics
for Industries Covered by the Clean Water Act 99
xn
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1. Information Flow for Assessing Ambient Exposures 3
Figure 2. Exposure Framework: Inhalation Route 5
Figure 3. Exposure Framework: Dermal Route 6
Figure 4. Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants 1n the Body 19
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page No.
Appendix A Information Resource Matrix 117
Appendix 8 Chemicals Studied and Regulated by RCRA, CAA, CWA,
OSHA and NIOSH 265
Table B-l. Chemicals Governed by RCRA, CWA and CAA 266
Table B-2. Updated List of Chemicals Governed by RCRA 289
Table B-3. Operations Governed by RCRA which have Hazardous
Waste Background Documents 291
Table B-4. Chemicals Evaluated by OSHA when Monitoring the
Workplace 295
Table B-5. Chemicals and Chemical Compounds Reviewed by
NIOSH by the NOHS Database 311
Appendix C Emission Characteristics of Selected Industries 335
Part 1: Organic Chemicals Industry 336
Exhibit C.l-1. Organic Chemicals Industry-Water Discharges . 337
Exhibit C.l-2. Geographical Distribution of Industrial
Facilities (based on BoC regions) 339
Exhibit C.l-3. Geographical Distributions of Industrial
Facilities (based on EPA regions) 340
Exhibit C.l-4. Environmental Data Summary and Analysis for
the Organic Chemicals Manufacturing
Industry 341
Exhibit C.l-5. Example of IFD Retrieval 342
Exhibit C.l-6. Example of NEDS Retrieval 343
Exhibit C.1-7. Example of OCPDB Retrieval 345
Part 2: Plastics Industry 350
Exhibit C.2-1. Plastics Industry-Water Discharges 351
Exhibit C.2-2. Geographical Distribution of Industrial
Facilities (based on EPA regions) 353
Exhibit C.2-3. Geographical Distribution of Industrial
Facilities (based on BoC regions) 354
Exhibit C.2-4. Environmental Data Summary and Analysis for
the Plastics Industry 355
Exhibit C.2-5. Example of IFD Retrieval 356
Exhibit C.2-6. Example of NEDS Retrieval 357
xiv
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LIST OF APPENDICES (continued)
Part 3:
Exhibit
Lubrication and Hydraulic Fluids Industry
C.3-1
Exhibit C.3-2.
Exhibit C.3-3.
Exhibit C.3-4.
C.3-5.
C.3-6.
Exhibit
Exhibit
Part 4:
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit C.4-4
Exhibit C.4-5
Exhibit
Exhibit
Lubrication and Hydraulic Fluids Industry-
Water 01scharges
Geographical Distribution of Industrial
Facilities (based on EPA regions)
Geographical Distribution of Industrial
Facilities (based on BoC regions)
Environmental Data Summary and Analysis for
the Petroleum Refining Industry
Example of IFD Retrieval
Example of NEDS Retrieval
Retrievals from Other Monitoring Data Bases
C.4-1. HATREMS (Point Source)
C.4-2. HATREMS (Area Source)
C.4-3. Environmental Assessment Data System
(Chemical Statistics Report)
Environmental Assessment Data System (FPEIS
Special Series Report)
Environmental Assessment Data System (FPEIS
Snap-Shot Information Summary)
C.4-6. National Hydrologlc Benchmark Network
C.4-7. Environmental Fate Data Base
Page No.
361
362
364
365
366
367
368
370
371
373
376
378
389
391
401
xv
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose and Scope
Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (PL 94-469), the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1s responsible for performing
exposure assessments on toxic chemicals. To help organize data
collection and analysis, exposure can be divided Into seven areas or
scenarios: occupational exposure, consumer exposure, exposure resulting
from transportation spills, exposure resulting from disposal operations,
exposure through food, exposure through drinking water, and exposure to
the general population resulting from toxic chemicals 1n the ambient
environment. This report presents methods for assessing exposure 1n the
last area, I.e., the ambient scenario.
The ambient scenario 1s the most diverse of all the scenarios, and
Includes exposure to toxic chemicals from a variety of sources, Including
Industry, natural releases, Inadvertent production, and non-point or area
sources. Toxic chemical releases from disposal-related activities and
transportation-related spills contribute to ambient exposure. However,
these subjects are addressed 1n separate volumes because of their
complexity and the quantity of available data.
The methods discussed herein have been developed 1n two phases:
feasibility and method development. Phase I, feasibility, addressed five
basic Issues:
1. What methods already exists or are being developed?
2. What data bases or Information sources are pertinent?
3. What 1s the feasibility of developing simple models or algorithms
for predicting exposure?
4. What generic data exist that can be used 1n many exposure
assessments?
5, What are the alternative approaches for assessing ambient exposure?
The primary conclusion of the Phase I effort was that development of
general methods was feasible and that a number of data bases, algorithms,
and techniques are available for assessing exposure to chemicals under a
wide variety of circumstances. This volume 1s the product of Phase II,
Methods Development, and 1t discusses the analytical framework,
techniques, and data bases that were Identified during Phase I.
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This report presents methods which can be used to estimate exposure
to toxic chemicals in the ambient environment and includes many tools,
data sources, and models which are useful in the exposure estimation
procedures. They are not, by any means, the only tools, data sources, or
models. To locate, compile, and describe all alternatives available
would have consumed more resources than were available and would have
created a great deal of confusion to the reader. Those that are
described here are used by the Office of Toxic Substances (EPA) and can
be used by others, subject to the limitations of each.
1 -2 Report Organization
This volume is organized to reflect the flow of Information in an
ambient exposure assessment. Sections 2 and 3 provide information on the
preliminary data required. I.e., production volume, physlcochemical
properties, and uses of the chemical substance. Section 4 contains a
description of the availability and use of monitoring data bases and how
monitoring data are Integrated 1n the overall methods. Section 5
indicates how the population methods (Volume 4) fit into the overall
process. Section 6 is the core of this volume; 1t addresses the
analytical framework for calculating exposure and discusses how to access
appropriate data for each of the analytical elements. Figure 1 depicts
the information flow for ambient exposure assessment, as well as the
relationships between the major sections in this volume.
To supplement the text, an Information Resource Matrix which indexes
data bases and other resources is included as Appendix A; a 11st of
chemicals regulated by federal agencies is provided as Appendix B; and
examples of pertinent data base outputs are given in Appendix C.
13 Framework for Calculation
The methods for calculating exposure are described and illustrated
below. Methods differ for each of the exposure routes and are discussed
separately. Units are for example only, since the ultimate determinant
of which units to use will often depend on the nature of the hazard
presented by the chemical.
In general ambient exposure analysis, Ingestion exposures are
typically not as important as dermal or inhalation exposures. The
Ingestion exposure route would only be applicable under unusual
circumstances when (1) particles are trapped and swallowed following
respiration, or (2) receptors (particularly children) eat dust or soil,
that results 1n an appreciable amount of absorbed material relative to
dermal and/or inhalation exposures. Ordinarily, exposure via Inhalation
or dermal absorption would accompany both of the cases described above
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I:
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S S
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resulting 1n far more significant doses (amount absorbed) than that from
1ngest1on. For the purposes of this method, only Inhalation and dermal
exposures of humans will be addressed. No methods for quantifying
exposure via 1ngest1on have been developed or are typically used by OTS.
1.3.1 Inhalation Exposures of Humans
Figure 2 Illustrates the analytical components of the Inhalation
exposure route. Note that the following relationships hold:
S = C x V
P = F x D
E = S x P
I = A x E
For most general and long-term assessments, the frequency term, F, will
be unity, and P will be directly equivalent to 0 1n hours per year.
Inhalation of air containing toxic chemicals can result 1n at least
three types of exposure: (1) via deposition 1n the lungs, (2) via
deposition 1n the gastrointestinal tract, and (3) via deposition 1n the
mucosal membranes. The latter two modes of exposure result from Initial
deposition of particles 1n the upper respiratory tract (pharynx and
trachea). This report concentrates only on the first.
Particles ranging 1n size from 0.01 to 100 ym will undergo both
pulmonary and upper respiratory deposition, and particles smaller than
0.01 ym will generally be deposited In the lungs (Leldel et al. 1977,
Sllverman et al. 1971, Becker et al. 1979). Of the Inhaled toxic
substances, some portion may be exhaled, thus not available for
absorption. Loss through exhalation 1s difficult to quantify; 1t 1s
usually taken Into account 1n the absorption term (which 1s typically
expressed as a percentage of exposure).
Absorption rate (A) Is factored 1n only when effects data are based
on absorbed dose. Otherwise, the exposure value E 1s the endpolnt of the
calculation. Estimating absorption rate 1s beyond the scope of this
methodology; the discussion of the analytical components provided 1n
subsection 6.2 addresses all of the component terms except absorption
rate.
1.3.2 Dermal Exposures of Humans
Figure 3 represents the framework for calculating exposure via the
dermal route and 1s similar to that for Inhalation. Exposure (E) 1s
derived 1n the same fashion as was described for Inhalation, with
availability (Av) analogous to ventilation rate. Availability 1s the
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INHALATION INTAKE
(I)
ug/year
ABSORPTION RATE
(A)
ug absorbed/hour
ug exposed/hour
EXPOSURE
(E)
ug/year
SEVERITY
(S)
ug/hour
PERIODICITY
(P)
hours/year
AMBIENT
CONCENTRATION
(C)
ug/m3
VENTILATION RATE
(V)
m^/hour
FREQUENCY
(F)
no. exposures/year
DURATION
(D)
hours/exposure
FIGURE 2. EXPOSURE FRAMEWORK: INHALATION ROUTE
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DERMAL INTAKE
(Q)
ug/year
ABSORPTION RATE
(A)
ug absorbed / hour cm2
ug/C exposed
EXPOSURE
(E)
"2 - hr
cm*
year
SEVERITY
(S)
.2
ug
cm'
PERIODICITY
(P)
hours/year
AVAILABILITY
(Av)
cm2 exposed skin
AMBIENT
CONCENTRATION
(C)
ug/ฃ
FREQUENCY
(F)
no. exposures/year
DURATION
(D)
hours/exposure
FIGURE 3. EXPOSURE FRAMEWORK: DERMAL ROUTE
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amount of dermal surface area available for exposure for the activities
that result 1n dermal exposure.
The following mathematical relationships apply:
S = C x Av
E = S x F x D
Q = E x A
As with Inhalation, an absorption rate (A) must be factored 1n to
convert the exposure value (E) to a dosage. Methods for calculating A
are not Included 1n this report; the reader 1s referred to Scow et al.
(1979) for stochastic algorithms.
1.3.3 Exposure of Aquatic Biota
Exposure to aquatic biota 1s usually expressed In terms of aqueous
concentration of the toxic substance. Because the biota are continuously
exposed over their entire body surface, the availability parameter that
pertains to human dermal exposure 1s not usually considered. Also,
unless the variations 1n concentration are known (a function of the
periodicity of releases from the source(s)), the frequency and duration
terms are usually neglected and exposure Is keyed to the concentrations
that occur at mean, median, or low flows.
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2. SOURCES
The preliminary steps of this process Involve gathering Information
needed to estimate the factor C, ambient concentration. This section and
the following section (3.0) will discuss the assembly of relevant
background data.
Source analysis 1n general provides a 11st of producers, their
production volumes, and releases to the environmental media. This
Information can be generated by any of three complementary processes:
Analysis of monitoring data
Performance of a materials balance
Use of estimating factors
The use of monitoring data 1s discussed 1n Section 4. The methods for
performing materials balances are described 1n ORB (1981). Estimating
factors are discussed 1n Sections 6.2.3(3) and 6.3.3(3).
The product of this section 1s a 11st of producers, their production
volumes, and their geographic locations. Annual production values
provide an Indication of the amount of the chemical available for
exposure and provide a starting point for performing a materials balance
or using emission factors to estimate releases. This Information 1s used
later to generate ambient concentrations. Geographic locations of the
producers are Important because they Identify the points of release from
production. Ambient concentrations are often greatest 1n the Immediate
area of production. For the organic chemicals Industry, which 1s
anticipated to be the major Industry of concern, 65 percent of all
production occurs 1n Louisiana and Texas (ITE 1980).
Table 1 presents references, Including data bases, that can be used
to determine producers, production volumes, and their manufacturing
locations. Comments on the variety of chemicals covered and ease of use
are provided In the table. Generally, the Information 1s stored under
the chemical name. Because of changing economic conditions, plant
shutdowns, and new plant construction, the most recent editions are
needed to provide medium to high confidence In production volumes and
locations. Companies view their production as confidential Information;
therefore, most sources 11st plant capacities rather than their
production volume. If capacities are given, a general rule of thumb 1s
to multiply the capacity by 80 percent to obtain the production volume.
This 80 percent factor varies depending on economic conditions; an
up-to-date factor can be obtained by referring to the chemical process
Industry output Index published monthly In the periodical "Chemical
Engineering."
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With regard to the data bases presented 1n the last section of the
table, selection of the most useful data source can usually be based on
the following priority scheme:
1 - Organic Chemicals Producers' Data Base
2 - CICIS
3 - CPSC CHEMRIC
4 - IPC Chemical Production Data
5 - TOB
6 - DIALOG (PTS, CIN, and Bibliographic Searches).
12
-------
3. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS
3.1 Physlcochemlcal Properties
It 1s necessary to know the environmental partitioning and fate
processes specific to a chemical substance 1n order to predict Its
environmental concentration, as well as extent and duration of exposure.
To determine this, one needs to know the physlcochemlcal properties of
the substance. In addition, the particle size of airborne pollutants
affects the magnitude of exposure via Inhalation. The output of this
section will be necessary physlcochemlcal parameters, with emphasis on
gathering data for the ENPART model (see Section 3.2.2).
3.1.1 General Properties
The critical physlcochemlcal data required for determining
environmental partitioning and fate are vapor pressure, solubility, and
Henry's law constant. The last can be estimated from the first two
properties 1f Us value 1s not available (GSC 1982). In addition, values
for the following properties can aid 1n the determination of exposure
pathways: molecular weight, phase at ambient conditions, density,
boiling point, melting point, add dissociation constant (pKa), vapor
density, octanol/water partition coefficient, organic carbon/water
partition coefficient, and reactive half-lives.
Table 2 provides a 11st of sources of Information for the physico-
chemical properties mentioned above. The final entry listed 1s a group
of estimation techniques (AOL 1981) accessible through the Graphical
Exposure Modeling System (GEMS) maintained by EPA/OTS. These estimation
programs are extremely valuable for evaluating new chemicals or for use
where properties of existing chemicals are unavailable. The programs
that are available as of this writing Include the estimation procedures
for octanol/water partition coefficient, aqueous solubility, activity
coefficient, boiling point, and vapor pressure.
A molecular structure program, or S File, 1s also available for
computer analysis of chemical structure. The Input of the chemical
structure Into the S File 1s usually preliminary to the other estimation
programs. Additional estimation programs that will more fully complement
fate analysis (discussed later 1n this volume) are also available through
the EPA-OTS Graphical Exposure Modeling System. These programs Include
soil adsorption coefficient, bloconcentratlon factor, volatility,
tropospherlc lifetime, stratospheric ozone depletion, hydroxyl radical
oxidation, and ozone oxidation.
13
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3.1.2 Particle Size Analysis for Airborne Pollutants
If the chemical Is known to be an airborne contaminant 1n the Ambient
environment, determining the size of any airborne particles allows a more
accurate assessment of exposure via Inhalation (Section 6.2). This 1s
described more completely 1n the method outlined below.
Classify the pollutant by contaminant type (gas, vapor, dust,
fume, or mist) as defined 1n Table 3. This classification 1s
based largely on specific Information about how the pollutant 1s
formed (e.g., combustion) and released, and on some of Its
phys1cochem1cal properties.
Associated particle size ranges can be Inferred from Table 3. If
a more accurate, pollutant-specific particle size classification
1s available (perhaps from field analysis or the literature), 1t
should be used 1n Heu of Table 3.
When calculating exposure via the Inhalation route, the extent of
actual particle deposition 1n lungs (or pollutant brought to the
body boundary), can be estimated, at least qualitatively, by the
relationships defined 1n Figure 4. This figure shows that when
the particle size range exceeds 5.0 microns, pulmonary deposition
will be greatly reduced regardless of the quantity or
concentration of the contaminant 1n the atmosphere. This should
be reflected In the exposure figure when exposure via Inhalation
1s being assessed (Section 6.2). Particles deposited 1n the upper
respiratory tract are subject to 1ngest1on.
Particle size also affects atmospheric transport and 1s a required Input
for some air models.
3.2 Partitioning
The extent and severity of ambient exposures to a toxic substance
depend largely upon the partitioning of the substance 1n the
environment. Partitioning refers to the relative distribution of a
substance among environmental compartments (e.g., air, surface water,
sediment, biota, soil). Partitioning can be evaluated by three basic
procedures: (1) analogy with other compounds, (2) mathematical modeling,
or (3) empirical methods. These are briefly reviewed below.
3.2.1 Analogy with Other Compounds
Existing models and empirical methods have been used for numerous
classes of compounds (most commonly, the 129 priority pollutants). If
17
-------
Table 3. Definitions of Atmospheric Contaminants
Contami nant
Definition
Size range (urn)
Gas
Vapor
Dust
Fume
Formless fluids occupying Molecular
space that can be changed
to the liquid or solid
state by increased
pressure and decreased
temperature.
Volatile form of substances Molecular
normally in the liquid or
or solid state at normal
temperature and pressure.
Airborne solid particles, 0.1-25
generated by phisical
processes such as
handling, curshing, or
grinding of solids.
Solid particles generated 0.01-5
by condensation from the
gaseous state, generally
after volatilization from
the molten state. Forma-
tion often accompanied by
oxidation or other
chemical reaction.
Mist
Smoke
Aerosols
Suspended liquid droplets 0.5-1000
generated by condensation
from the gaseous to the
liquid state or by disper-
sion of a liquid.
The result of incomplete 0.01-1.0
combustion of carbonaceous
materials, normally consists
of carbon or soot particles.
Particles can be wet and/or
dry (e.g., tobacco smoke).
More of a comprehensive term, 0.001-50
consists of liquid droplets
or solid particles of fine
enough particle size to remain
dispersed in the air for a
prolonged period of time.
Sources: Leidel et al. 1977; NSC 1979.
18
-------
0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50 100 500 1000 5000 10,000
1.00
.20
0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 SO 100 500 1000 5000 10,000
PARTICLE SIZE ,u m
PULMONARY DEPOSITION
Y///''/'\ UPPER RESPIRATORY DEPOSITION
Y<''////\ (NASOPHARYNX AND TRACHEA)
SOURCES IEIDEL ET AL 1977
SILVERMAN ET AL 1971
3ECKER ETAL. 1979
FIGURE 4 . DEPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN THE BODY
19
-------
the chemical under study 1s structurally similar to a previously studied
chemical, some parallels can be drawn to the environmental fate of the
analog.
It 1s also possible to make some Inferences regarding partitioning
based on Inspection of process and transport data. For Instance,
organlcs that are highly water-soluble may be partitioned strongly 1n the
water compartment, tend not to sorb or bloaccumulate to very high levels,
and are usually blodegraded fairly rapidly. These Inferences should be
based on thorough knowledge of chemistry and some experience 1n reviewing
fate processes for other chemicals. Uncertainty associated with these
Inferences can be high.
3.2.2 Mathematical Models
Mathematical models are based on the assumption that partitioning and
transformation are determined by the sum of the rates of the Individual
chemical and biological processes and physical transfer mechanisms that
occur for the specific substance under environmental conditions (Baughman
and Lasslter 1978, Callahan et al. 1979, Mabey et al. 1981). In
mathematical models (also known as process or evaluative models), the
objective 1s to provide behavioral Information characteristics of the
chemical rather than to predict exact concentrations for a specific
medium In a specific location. Examples of such behavioral
characteristics are the relative amounts that will partition Into each
medium, the relative concentrations 1n each medium, the dominant
reactions, the overall persistence, and the principal Intermedia
transport processes (Mackay and Paterson 1981). These are exactly the
types of characteristics that are needed to determine what the principal
exposure pathways might be; furthermore, because various estimation
techniques can be used to provide required Input data for such models,
they can be employed for predicting the environmental fate of new
chemicals, as well as existing, previously studied chemicals.
Several mathematical models have been developed. The leading multi-
media mathematical model 1s ENPART (ENvlronmental PART1t1on1ng model),
developed by OTS using the theoretical foundation proposed by Or. 0.
Mackay of the University of Toronto. This model 1s described below.
(1) Background. The theoretical basis for ENPART 1s a series of
relationships developed by Mackay and coworkers (Mackay 1979; Mackay and
Paterson 1981), which, In turn, Is rooted 1n the concept of fugadty.
The following discussion 1s a very brief summary; for a full exposition,
see the above cited articles by Mackay and the ENPART model documentation
(GSC 1981).
20
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Fugadty 1s a concept used to describe the equilibrium among environ-
mental phases (e.g., water, air, biota, soil) and can be viewed as the
"escaping tendency" that a chemical exerts from any given phase. At
equilibrium, the "escaping tendency" (viz., fugaclty) from one phase 1s
equal to that from the other(s), so that the net rate of exchange among
the phases 1s zero (Mackay and Paterson 1981).
Fugadty has units of pressure (Pa) and can be related to
concentration by the expression:
C = Zf,
where C = concentration (mol nr3) ,
Z = fugaclty capacity constant (mol m~
and f = fugaclty (Pa).
The term Z 1s unique for each phase and each chemical. At equilibrium,
f 1s equal for all phases; therefore, the relative concentrations 1n
different phases are directly proportional to the ratios of their Z
terms. Stated mathematically, 1f
f-| = f2, then
= C2/Z2, or
The ratio C-|/C2 (Zlt/Z2) 1s referred to as a "partition
coefficient."
Values of f and Z for various phases can be calculated from basic
phys1cochem1cal properties of the chemical. These calculation routines
have been programmed Into ENPART to allow estimation for Z 1n the
atmosphere, surface water, soil, sediment (suspended and bottom), and
aquatic biota. In cases where the necessary physlcochemlcal property
data are not available, estimation techniques can be used to predict
basic properties (AOL 1981). The ENPART model already Incorporates some
of these predictive methods and 1s currently being Improved by the
addition of several new methods.
So far, the discussion has been limited to the basis for predicting
the relations between equilibrium concentrations. Assumptions of
equilibrium are Inappropriate, however, 1f the reactions Involved are
klnetlcally hindered (especially 1f reaction rates are slow with respect
to Input rates (Pankow and Morgan 1981a, 1981b)). To address the
Importance of kinetics, ENPART can also be used 1n a dynamic mode.
Dynamic partitioning requires knowledge of Interphase transfer rates
as well as rates of degradation within each phase. Currently, the
degradation processes that can be modeled are (GSC 1981):
21
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A1r compartment
Photolysis
Oxidation by hydroxyl radical
Oxidation by ozone
Loss to the stratosphere*.
Water compartment
Photolysis
Hydrolysis
B1odegradat1on.
Soil compartment
Hydrolysis
B1odegradat1on.
Some of the rates for these processes can also be estimated. Using
rate data, the relative concentrations 1n a given phase can be estimated
for any time after Initial Introduction of the chemical Into the model
environment.
Finally, the ENPART model can be used to predict not only relative
concentrations 1n each phase, but also relative mass distributions In
each phase. If compartment volumes are known, 1t 1s possible to convert
the equilibrium concentration ratios Into mass ratios. The ENPART model
has a default definition of the environment from which a standard set of
compartment sizes can be selected. The default compartment volumes 1n
ENPART were chosen as reasonable volumes for air, water, soil, and
sediment 1n which equilibrium could be expected to occur rapidly.
Default volumes have been set as follows (GSC 1981):
Phase Volume (m3)
A1r 1.0 x 10**
Water 7.0
Soil 9.0 x 10-3
Bottom sediment 2.1 x 10~2
Suspended sediment 1.3 x 10~5
Biota 3.5 x 10-6
Associated default values for the density of each phase are also
supplied by the model. The use of these volumes permits evaluation of
the major sinks of a chemical that would be difficult to analyze on the
*Not an actual degradation process, but considered as such because
there 1s no stratosphere compartment 1n the model.
22
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basis of concentration alone. For Instance, Mackay and Paterson (1981)
perform an example calculation for a hypothetical compound 1n which the
highest relative concentration 1s 1n biota (Z = 63 mol/m3-Pa) and the
lowest relative concentration 1s 1n air (Z = 4.0 x 10~* mol/m3-Pa).
Yet 1n terms of overall mass distribution, 55 percent of the compound
resides 1n air and only 0.003 percent 1s bloaccumulated.
The theoretical basis of ENPART thus allows two classes of
Information to be deduced from data on physlcochemlcal properties:
relative (not absolute) concentrations 1n various environmental phases or
compartments, and distribution of mass among the different phases. In
fact, ENPART can qualitatively rank the environmental media as being of
high, medium, or low Importance, depending on the fraction of total
material discharged or partitioned Into each medium (GSC 1981).
Advectlve processes (I.e., transport) are not currently Incorporated
Into ENPART. These processes may dominate the distribution of chemicals
1n the "real" environment. Calculations of systems with and without
advectlon demonstrate the dominance of advectlon; Mackay and Paterson
(1981) conclude that this dominance "...results 1n a fundamental
difficulty 1n Identifying and quantifying environmental processes by
measurements of actual environments."
These processes limit the application of ENPART to a generalized
environmental situation, but this 1s perfectly suited to a general
assessment of environmental fate for Identifying exposure pathways. The
dependency of ENPART on readily available or estimable properties allows
Its use for either existing, previously studied chemicals or new (PMN)
chemicals. Furthermore, the model can be used to perform sensitivity
analyses to Identify gaps 1n existing data or to Indicate the
compartments that should be designated for further testing (GSC 1981).
(2) Required Inputs. Three types of Input data are required for
ENPART (Hall et al. 1981):
1. Emissions to air, water, and soil (mass/year, or percent of total
emissions to each medium).
2. Environmental characteristics (ambient temperature, volume of each
compartment, density of each compartment).
3. Physlcochemlcal properties (e.g., Henry's law constant, vapor
pressure, water solubility).
The first type of data 1s generated by a mass balance, monitoring
data, or emission factors. The second type can be specified;
alternatively, the model can provide default values. The minimum
physlcochemlcal data required for a simulation of equilibrium conditions
23
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are aqueous solubility, vapor pressure, octanol/water partition
coefficient, and organic carbon/water partition coefficient. Of these,
the model Includes routines to estimate all but aqueous solubility. Tor
a dynamic simulation, degradation and Intermedia transfer rates are also
needed. The model can estimate atmospheric and aquatic photolysis rates
1f an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum 1s Input. Default values
are available for the remaining rates; these are derived such that
results of dynamic simulation will equal those for an equilibrium
simulation 1f no rates are specified (I.e., degradation rates ซ transfer
rates) (GSC 1981).
(3) Information resources. General Information resources that
provide phys1cochem1cal data are listed 1n Table 2 (Section 3). In
addition, there are several notable sources for environmental process
data. The 129 consent decree priority pollutants are examined 1n detail
by Callahan et al. (1979). This Information 1s supplemented by further
measurement and estimation of process rates by Mabey et al. (1981). for
chemicals other than the priority pollutants, available Information 1s
generally minimal. Hoffman (1981) and Pankow and Morgan (1981a, 1981b)
summarize kinetic data for a number of reactions. Verschueren (1977) and
the Environmental Fate Data Base, mentioned 1n Table 2, deserve special
consideration as general sources for a number of chemicals.
Literature searches for specific chemicals may also yield primary or
review articles concerning specific compounds. Consulting Chemical
Abstracts or using an automated system such as DIALOG are both effective
starting points.
3.2.3 Empirical Methods
Empirical methods Involve the actual measurement of a chemical 1n
various environmental compartments. Although these methods are accurate
and can cut through the perplexing maze of variables and Interactions
that control environmental fate 1n a given situation, they are resource-
Intensive, require careful design and execution, and can make 1t
difficult to trace exposures back to "controllable" sources.
Furthermore, 1t may be difficult to extrapolate their results to other
environmental situations.
Microcosms are the leading empirical method. A microcosm consists of
a miniature ecosystem, typically Including air, soil, water, rooted
plants, aquatic plants, and aquatic organisms. Normally, a measured
amount of chemical 1s Introduced Into the microcosm and samples of each
compartment are analyzed periodically to determine partitioning.
Persistence of the chemical 1n the various compartments can be determined
1f the experiment 1s of adequate duration. The rapidity with which the
24
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system approaches equilibrium can also be observed. This approach has
proved to be quite useful, but only a few chemicals have been tested
using microcosms.
A second empirical method 1s to measure chemicals 1n the ambient
environment. The major drawbacks to this approach are the large numbers
of samples that must be taken and the difficulty of establishing any
cause and effect relationships that can be generalized to other
locations. Mackay and Paterson (1981) emphasize the Importance of
advectlon (transport) 1n determining environmental concentrations; the
great variability 1n transport from one location to another obscures the
operative partitioning and transformation processes. Furthermore, the
logistics and sampling design necessary to orchestrate a coordinated
study 1n a "real" environment make such studies ponderous and Impractical
for general use.
Empirical studies are available for a limited number of compounds.
No known compilations of compounds have been found, so 1t appears that
the most practical way of determining whether an empirical analysis has
been done for a specific toxic substance 1s to perform a literature
search for that particular substance.
3.3 Environmental Pathway Models
Environmental pathway modeling 1s a key requirement for assessing
exposure. Its function 1s to predict concentrations of chemical
substances at the point where receptor populations are ultimately
exposed. Examples of relevant models, are those used by the Exposure
Evaluation Division (EED) of OTS serviced through their Graphical
Exposure Modeling System (GEMS). Some of the components of this system
Include:
An environmental partitioning model (ENPART, described 1n Section
3.2.2).
Atmospheric models Including the Atmospheric Box Model, ATM,
PTMAX, and PTDIS. The last two are used to estimate ambient
ground level concentrations and are part of the UNAMAP series
discussed in Section 6.2.3.
EXAMS, the water transport model described In Section 6.3.3.
SESOIL, the Seasonal Soil Compartment Model. SESOIL estimates the
rate of chemical mass transfer (loading) from soil surface to
surface water and groundwater, soil concentration available for
plant uptake, and volatilization rate from soil to atmosphere.
SESOIL if further described and demonstrated 1n other more
25
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appropriate parts of this report (Sections 3 and 5 of Volume 3
(Disposal) and Section 4 of Volume 5 (Drinking Water)).
Environmental pathway models, other than those used by OTS, are only
listed and referenced 1n this document; see Section 6.2.3(1) for ambient
air models, and Section 6.3.3(1) for ambient (surface) water modeling.
26
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4. MONITORING DATA
When available, monitoring data are a useful Information resource for
determining ambient concentrations and environmental release rates.
Areas where these data are useful 1n concentration estimation are noted
1n Sections 6.2.3 and 6.3.3. This section highlights the major data
bases containing four classes of monitoring data: source, ambient,
background, and personal monitoring. The section concludes with a
summary of analytical techniques suitable for the detection of particular
toxic substances 1n ambient water or air.
4.1 Source
Source monitoring 1s designed to characterize pollutant
concentrations at the point of release to the environment, e.g., at a
stack or outfall. This type of monitoring differs from ambient
monitoring (see Section 4.2) 1n that (1) the pollutant concentration 1s
directly attributable to a source, (2) detailed source monitoring will
reflect pollutant loading to the environment, and (3) the pollutant
concentration will be relatively high since 1t will disperse, dilute, and
degrade before 1t 1s detected 1n "ambient monitoring".
The two types of releases of most concern 1n ambient exposure
assessment are (1) emissions released to the atmospheric compartment and
(2) effluents released to the aquatic compartment. Examples of air
emissions Include gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, smoke, fumes, and
dusts. Liquid effluents Include those discharges from Industrial
processes and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs).
The majority of source monitoring data 1s concerned with Industrial
sources. The available data bases and Information sources are organized
to parallel the legislative mandates for monitoring, which are by
environmental medium (air, water).
4.1.1 A1r Emissions
Sources that release pollutants to the atmosphere fall Into three
types: point, area, and line (or mobile). Major specific point sources
consist of Individually Identified sources (e.g., stacks). Such sources
have known locations and modes and rates of emission. Area sources
usually consist of sources that are numerous, small, or of uncertain
location, and yet produce Isolated patterns of significant
concentration. Concentration patterns from area sources are analyzed
cumulatively rather than Individually. Line or mobile sources Include
all modes of transportation. These sources are also numerous and
distribute their emissions throughout transportation corridors.
Transportation modes Include automobiles, other road vehicles, aircraft,
ships, and trains.
27
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Data bases concerned with point source discharge data that should be
Investigated Include the Aerometrlc Emission Reporting System (AEROS) and
Us subsets; the Environmental Assessment Data Systems (EADS) and Us
subsets; and the Compliance Data System (CDS). These data bases contain
the majority, 1f not all, of the computerized point source discharge data
available. Area source and line source discharge data are not as easily
accessible as point source discharge data. Data bases covering area
source emissions Include the National Emissions Data System (NEDS), the
Hazardous and Trace Emissions System (HATREMS), and the Emission
Inventory Subsystem/Permits and Registration Data System (EIS/P&R), all
of which are subsets of AEROS. With regard to data base priority, NEDS
should be consulted first and EIS/P&R last, based on existing
capabilities. Data bases concerned with line or mobile source emissions
Include the Emission Factor-Mobile Sources System and HATREMS.
AEROS consists of several subsystems, of which only a few are
relevant to Industrial source discharge data (most pertain to ambient
data). Based on existing capabilities, priority should be given to the
NEDS retrieval for the most comprehensive data coverage. NEDS contains
point source and area source data dating back to 1972. Pollutants
Include hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds, but the vast
majority of data are on the "criteria" air pollutants partlculates,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, and
ozone. Nonpollutant parameters Include flow rate, production level,
stack parameter codes, temperature, treatment, and design rate. Samples
of NEDS data base outputs are provided 1n Appendix C, Exhibits C.l-6,
C.2-6, and C.3-6.
HATREMS 1s operated 1n parallel with NEDS as a subsystem of AEROS.
HATREMS stores data collected regarding emissions of air pollutants that
are not Included 1n NEDS, I.e., other than the criteria pollutants. As
of this writing, lead and VOC are the only parameters covered by this
data base. HATREMS will 11st, according to counties, all point source
Industrial air emitters, Including facility name, address, and location
coordinates; provide operating characteristics of the facility (e.g.,
stack height, exit velocity); and, where monitoring data are available,
quantify on an annual basis the total estimated emissions (tons/year) for
the pollutant of Interest. Samples of the HATREMS data base outputs are
provided 1n Appendix C, Exhibits C.4-1 and C.4-2.
HATREMS quantifies on a county basis the annual area source emissions
(tons/year) from the following sources:
Residential fuel combustion (coal and oil)
Industrial fuel combustion (coal and oil)
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Residential on-slte Incineration
Commercial-Institutional on-s1te Incineration
Industrial on-s1te Incineration
It also provides annual area source emissions (tons/year) from the
following vehicular sources:
Light duty vehicles
Heavy duty vehicles
Off-highway vehicles
HATREMS retrievals can be requested by contacting EPA-OAQPS 1n Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, (Mr. Harold Barkau (919) 541-5882 or Mr.
Jake Summers (919) 541-5495).
State air quality control board Inventories are a secondary source of
site-specific point-source emissions data. In theory, the data contained
1n state Inventories should be the same as the Information contained 1n
HATREMS since HATREMS relies on Information collected by the states.
However, state data may actually be more complete, accurate, and
up-to-date than HATREMS because data may be lost 1n transmission and
because there 1s a lag time between receipt of the state data by
EPA-OAQPS and entry Into HATREMS. A problem with state Inventories 1s
that many are not computerized and access to the Information 1s time
consuming, frequently requiring a site visit to the state air control
board office. Another disadvantage of the state Inventories with
respect to HATREMS 1s that they contain no generic Information to permit
estimation of annual emissions where site-specific monitoring data are
lacking. This 1s particularly Important with regard to the noncrlterla
pollutants such as toxics.
EIS/P&R contains point and area source emissions data and 1s similar
to NEDS. This system 1s for state and local use to fulfill their
emissions reporting requirements. Nonpollutant parameters Include
discharge points, flow rates, production levels, volume/mass measures,
and treatment.
The Source Test Data System (SOTDAT) contains point source stack
emissions data from as far back as 1967. The data are limited to source
test data for selected facilities. Pollutant and nonpollutant parameters
are the same as those contained 1n NEDS. Products from AEROS Include
computer printout retrievals and published reports. AEROS and Its
subsystems are maintained by OAQPS-RTP.
EADS consists of several subsystems based on physical characteristics
of the emissions or the method by which data are gathered. They Include
29
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the Fine Particle Emissions Information System (FPEIS); Gaseous Emissions
Data System (GEOS); Liquid Effluent Data System (LEDS); Solids Discharge
Data System (SODS); Fugitive Emissions Information System (FEIS); and
Continuous Monitoring Data System (CMOS). The first four subsystems are
operational and undergo continuous upgrading. FEIS and CMOS are still In
the design stages of development. These subsystems contain data and
Information characterizing the emissions and discharges of energy systems
and Industrial processes. Nonpollutant parameters Include flow rates,
treatment, volume/mass measures, discharge points, and test descriptions.
The basis of the EADS reporting structure 1s the Test Series, which
describes the sampling activities performed at a single site over a
specified period of time. Each Test Series 1s assigned a unique Test
Series Number (TSN) which can always be used to Identify those data. The
report formats currently available Include the Series report, which
provides the complete contents of a Test Series; the Snapshot report
yielding a concise two-page summary of each TSN; and an Abstract report,
which will produce a statistical overview of the data provided 1n the
other reports.
The Abstract reports are the EADS output most useful to the methods
1n this volume. Two abstract reports, a chemical statistics report
(Including a majority of organic pollutants), and a particle distribution
summary, are Included 1n Appendix C, Exhibit C.4-3. In addition, a
Series report and a Snapshot report from FPEIS are supplied for the same
TSN 1n Appendix C as Exhibits C.4-4 and C.4-5, respectively.
Currently, there are approximately 525 Test Series Incorporated Into
EADS. The largest data bank 1s 1n FPEIS with about 260 Test Series (or
sample sites), the smallest being SODS with about 20. IERL-RTP,
responsible for maintaining the system, reports that these numbers are
growing with the system's continuous upgrading.
CDS 1s a management Information system that contains data on plants,
factories, and other stationary point sources of air pollution.
Pollutants Include hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and heavy metals.
Nonpollutant parameters Include compliance data, discharge points, and
production levels. CDS 1s maintained by the USEPA Stationary Source
Enforcement Division located at EPA headquarters.
For studies on air emissions, AEROS and CDS contain the most data and
are the most comprehensive 1n their coverage; therefore, these two data
bases should be Investigated before other systems. EADS 1s relatively
new and does not contain as much data at this time. Further descriptions
of these and other relevant data bases can be found 1n Appendix A.
30
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In many cases, the aforementioned data bases will not Include data on
a specific toxic chemical. Monitoring of toxics 1n air emissions has
lagged behind monitoring 1n aqueous discharges because the regulatory
focus has been on the criteria pollutants. National Emissions Standards
for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (NESHAPS), mandated under Section 112 of the
Clean A1r Act, have been developed for only five substances: asbestos,
beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride, and benzene. Therefore, the national
computerized data bases often are of little help. Alternatives Include
state files (many states require release data for specific chemicals) and
literature searches for articles and reports regarding the chemical of
Interest. Several files 1n the DIALOG and ORBIT search systems contain
literature on environmental releases (these systems are also described In
Appendix A).
4.1.2 Water Discharges
Sources that release pollutants to the aquatic compartment fall Into
two types: point and nonpolnt. Point sources generally are described as
those that discharge to a receiving stream through a discrete pipe or
other conveyance. Nonpolnt sources Include urban runoff, agricultural
and s1lv1cultural runoff, and mining operation runoff.
Data bases concerned with point source discharge data that should be
Investigated Include: Best Available Technology (BAT) Review Studies
(Industry specific); Data Collection Portfolios (Industry specific);
EADS; National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES); and Permit
Compliance Systems (PCS). These data bases contain the majority of point
source discharge data available. Nonpolnt source discharge data are not
as prevalent. The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) 1s the only
major program with monitoring data on toxics.
The BAT Review Studies are Industry-specific programs sponsored by
the Effluent Guidelines Division (EGO) of USEPA. Pollutant parameters
Include the 129 consent decree priority pollutants. Nonpollutant
parameters Include discharge points, flow rates, production levels, and
treatment. Industries addressed In these and other related studies
Include organic chemicals, plastics, Pharmaceuticals, Inorganic
chemicals, paint, Ink, steam electric, food, textiles, timber, and pulp
and paper. These other related studies Include screening/verification
protocols, best management practices, and Innovative technology
profiles. Most of the specific plant data In these studies are
confidential; however, Industry-wide averages and ranges can be obtained
from the development documents published from these studies.
The Data Collection Portfolios contain point source effluent data on
an Industry specific basis. Pollutants Include conventional and priority
31
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pollutants. Nonpollutant parameters Include discharge points, flow
rates, production levels, treatment, and water usage. Measurement of
waste volume and pollutant load per ton of finished product and applied
waste disposal scheme and capability are also Included 1n this EGO data
base.
NPDES Compliance Files contain Information relating to the compliance
status of both Industrial and municipal permit holders. Point source
data collection dates back to 1974, and the resulting discharge
monitoring reports are maintained on a state and regional basis.
Monitored pollutants are dependent upon permit reporting requirements.
Nonpollutant parameters Include flow rates, production levels, discharge
points, treatment, and volume/mass measurements.
PCS 1s similar to the NPDES file and 1s structured to compare
effluent data and NPDES limits 1n order to Identify violations.
Discharge monitoring reports are the source of PCS data. Pollutant and
nonpollutant parameters are the same as 1n NPDES.
Nonpolnt source pollution data collected by NURP will be Included 1n
STORET. These data Include atmospheric deposition and urban runoff data
taken during storm events. Currently, 33 cities across the nation are
contributing data to this program. Pollutants Include the 129 consent
decree priority pollutants. Nonpollutant parameters Include flow rates,
precipitation, and volume/mass measurements. NURP 1s managed by the
Office of Water Programs Operations (OWPO).
For addressing water discharge data, the various EGD programs are the
most comprehensive 1n their coverage and, along with NPDES and PCS,
should be Investigated before other systems. There can, however, be
overlap 1n these closely related data bases. Further descriptions of
these and other relevant data bases can be found 1n Appendix A.
Although considerably more data are available on specific toxics 1n
water than on those 1n air, data on chemicals other than those for
priority pollutants are rare. PCS Includes a number of additional
pollutants, but the other data bases do not. State data bases rarely
Include data on additional pollutants 1n aqueous discharges (unlike air
emissions). Again, literature searches using DIALOG or other systems
should be considered as alternatives or supplements to the
above-mentioned data bases.
4.2 Ambient
The primary media of concern 1n the ambient environment are water,
air, and soil/sediment. By far the majority of ambient monitoring data
32
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are from the aquatic and atmospheric compartments. Correspondingly, the
majority of the data bases are concerned with these two media.
Two of the largest ambient monitoring data bases are the Storage and
Retrieval of Aerometrlc Data (SAROAO) (a subsystem of AEROS), and the
Storage and Retrieval of Water Quality and Related Data (STORET). These
provide data on air quality and water quality, respectively, and both are
maintained by EPA.
4.2.1 A1r
SAROAD provides data on air pollution trends and conditions for use
1n regulatory programs. The data 1n SAROAO Include concentrations of
both criteria and noncrlterla pollutants by site and time. Consequently,
they have a limited application to these methods. Ambient air monitoring
data 1n SAROAD date back to the late 1950s and cover all major cities and
one third of U.S. counties. Currently, more than 14,000 monitoring
stations are providing ambient air quality data, some on a dally basis.
SAROAO contains an estimated 300 million observations. Further
descriptions of SAROAD and other ambient air quality monitoring programs
can be found 1n Appendix A.
4.2.2 Water
STORET contains data on samples taken from more than 680,000 unique
collection points located on essentially all of the nation's rivers,
lakes, streams, and other waterways. The 67 million plus Individual
observations, dating from the late 1950s, provide data on water quality
1n general but also Include fish tissue, shellfish tissue, other aquatic
organism tissue, and sediment samples. A subset of STORET, TOXET,
Includes some multi-media data on toxic chemicals (primarily water,
sediment, and tissue). Parameter classes 1n STORET Include physical
data, metals, dissolved oxygen, general Inorganics, general organlcs,
oxygen demand, nitrogen, solids, bacteriological data, biological data,
flow, pesticides, phosphorus, and radiological data.
Two water quality monitoring programs similar to STORET are
maintained by USGS. The U.S. National Water Data Storage and Retrieval
Systems (WATSTORE) and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network
(NASQAN) both provide data on surface and groundwater quality. These two
systems should be used to supplement a STORET retrieval. Further
descriptions of STORET, WATSTORE, and NASQAN can be found 1n Appendix A.
In addition, the Soil, Water, and EstuaMne Monitoring System (SWEHS)
provides ambient data on soil, crop, and residue tissues. There are an
estimated 12,500 observations from 9,000 stations In SWEMS nationwide.
33
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Most of the data concern pesticide residues. At present, no other
Information has been Identified concerning ambient soil monitoring
programs. The Agricultural Research Service of USDA analyzes soil
samples, but only for standard chemical and physical properties. USGS
and STORET (EPA) have limited sediment sampling data from the aquatic
compartment. In addition to the computerized data bases, there are
numerous special studies on ambient media. A notable study on previously
undetected toxic chemicals 1n ambient water was conducted by Ewlng and
Chlan (1977). Studies on specific organlcs 1n ambient air were performed
by Jarke (1979) and Brodzlnsky and Singh (1982). Other reports on
specific chemicals can be accessed by DIALOG, ORBIT, or other
bibliographic search systems.
4.3 Background
Background monitoring measures pollutant concentrations In remote and
usually uninhabited geographic areas (e.g., over oceans, In the
wilderness, or near polar regions). These data represent naturally
occurring pollutant levels and anthropogenic far-field concentration
Information where contributing sources are not Identifiable. Background
data are useful 1n exposure assessments of ubiquitous compounds (e.g.,
PCBs). Where modeled concentrations from a source(s) decreases with
distance to the background level, exposures from that point out can no
longer be attributed to the source. Also, 1f control strategies are to
be developed, the effectiveness of reducing emissions from a single
source or group of sources can be evaluated 1n terms of percent reduction
1n total exposure.
The following subsections discuss sources of background monitoring
data for air and water.
4.3.1 A1r
Data on background concentrations of toxics 1n air are available on a
very limited basis from Independent research projects and the SAROAD
system.
A leading researcher 1n the field of background air monitoring 1s
Dr. Paul Altshuller. Table 4 summarizes his research on background air
concentrations of selected chemical species completed to date.
The Storage and Retrieval of Aerometrlc Data System (SAROAD),
discussed 1n Subsection 4.2, also provides background levels for some of
Its constituent parameters. Code 03 - Background Surveillance 1s used
with SAROAD to Identify these specific retrievals. OAQPS/RTP/NC also
maintains a Filter Bank Network which Is primarily Involved 1n gathering
34
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data from a number of public and private sources on trace metals and
other airborne partlculates. Filter analyses are performed at the RTP
Laboratories.
NOAA's Geophysical Monitoring for the Climatic Change Program
collects data from numerous stations, four of which are located In remote
areas. Data available from these stations Include Information on:
C02
Ozone
Condensation nucle11
Atmospheric turbidity
Precipitation chemistry
CO
Trace gases
Fluorocarbons
Nitrous oxides
Trace elements
The contact for this program 1s: Dr. James Peterson, A1r Resources Lab.,
Environmental Research Lab., NOAA: Boulder, Colorado, (303) 497-6290.
4.3.2 Water
Data for background concentrations of toxics 1n water are available
through the National Hydrologlc Benchmark Network, maintained by USGS.
This network monitors 57 stations, all 1n remote or Isolated
environments, 1n 37 states across the United States. The network 1s
stored within STORET (see Appendix A), and may be accessed by station
number (see Table 5). Parametric coverage Includes:
t Metals, run twice a year: arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium,
cobalt, copper, Iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, zinc, selenium, silver, strontium, and vanadium.
Priority pollutants (very limited data).
0 Radioactive Isotopes - total alpha, beta counts, run once a year.
Pesticides, run once a year.
A sample retrieval of this data base 1s Included 1n Appendix C, Exhibit
C.4-6.
4.4 Personal Monitoring
The term "personal monitoring" refers to the use of a portable sample
collector that 1s carried by a volunteer. Currently, the
state-of-the-art 1s limited to sampling air to enable calculation of
36
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Table 5. National Hydrologic Bench-mark Network Monitoring Stations
Station
Storet #
Talkeetna River near Talkeetna, AK
Blackwater River near Bradley, AL
Sipsey Fork near Grayson, AL
Wet Bottom Creek near Chi Ids, AZ
Cossatot River near Vandervoort, AR
North Sylamore Creek near Fifty Six, AR
Elder Creek near Branscomb, CA
Merced River at Happy Isles Bridge near Yosemite, CA
Halfmoon Creek near Malta, CO
Vallecito Creek near Bayfield, CO
Sopchoppy River near Sopchoppy, FL
Falling Creek near Juliette, GA
Tallulah River near Clayton, GA
Honolii Stream near Papaikou, HI
Hayden Creek below North Fork, near Hayden Lake, ID
B. Jacks Creek near Bruneau, ID
South Hogan Creek near Dillsboro, IN
Elk Creek near Decatur City, IA
Big Creek at Pollock, LA
Wild River at Gilead, ME
Washington Creek at Windigo, Isle Royale, MI
Kawishiwi River near Ely, MN
North Fork Whitewater River near Elba, MN
Cypress Creek near Janice, MS
Beauvais Creek near St. Xavier, MT
Swiftcurrent Creek at Many Glacier, MT
Dismal River near Thedford, NE
South Twin River near Round Mountain, NV
Steptoe Creek near Ely, NV
McDonalds Branch in Lebanon State Forest, NJ
Mogolion Creek near Cliff, NM
Rio Mora near Terrerro, NM
Esopus Creek at Shandaken, NY
Cataloochee Creek near Cataloochee, NC
Bear Den Creek near Mandaree, NO
Beaver Creek near Finley, NO
Upper Twin Creek at McGaw, OH
Blue Beaver Creek near Cache, OK
15292700
02369800
02450250
09508300
07340300
07060710
11475560
11264500
07083000
09352900
02327100
02212600
02178400
16717000
12416000
13169500
03276700
06897950
07373000
01054200
04001000
05124480
05376000
02479155
06288200
05014500
06775900
10249300
10244950
01466500
09430600
08377900
01362198
03460000
06332515
05064900
03237280
07311200
37
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Table 5. National Hydrologic Bench-mark Network Monitoring Stations
(continued)
Station
Storet #
Kiamichi River near Big Cedar, OK 07335700
Crater Lake near Crater Lake, OR 11492200
Minam River at Minam, OR 13331500
Young Womans Creek near Renovo, PA 01545600
Scape Ore Swamp near Bishopville, SC 02135300
Upper Three Runs near New Ellenton, SC 02197300
Castle Creek above Dearfield Reservoir, near Hill City, SO 06409000
Little Varmillion River near Salem, SO 06478540
Buffalo River near Flat Wood, TN 03604000
Little River above Townsend, TN 03497300
Limpia Creek above Fort Davis, TX 08431700
South Fork Rocky Creek near Briggs, TX 08103900
Red Butte Creek at Fort Douglas, near Salt Lake City, UT 10172200
Holiday Creek near Andersonville, VA 02038850
Andrews Creek near Mazama, WA 12447390
North Fork Quinault River near Amanda Park, WA 12039300
Popple River near Fence, WI 04063700
Cache Creek near Jackson, WY 13018300
Encampment River above Hog Park Creek, near Encampment, WY 06623800
Source: Cobb and Biesecker 1971.
38
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Inhalation exposures; dermal absorption 1s not covered. Personal
monitoring has been most widely used 1n occupational settings but has
recently been used to a limited extent to assess general population
exposures. The monitoring data generated by these studies provide an
Integrated picture of exposure 1n all microenvlronments through which the
volunteers pass, as well as all of the exposure scenarios (I.e., ambient,
consumer, occupational, etc.). The application of the results 1s
therefore not restricted to the ambient scenario unless all of the
sources and microenvlronments pertain only to the ambient environment.
Although personal monitoring has not been widely used beyond the
workplace, 1t 1s being rapidly developed because of a series of studies
that have provided significant results: air quality measured at fixed
station monitors 1s often not representative of the concentrations to
which human populations are exposed. The Influences of multiple sources
and different microenvlronments have been dramatically shown by these
studies, at least for "conventional" air pollutants (e.g., partlculates,
CO). Thus, the current approach to air pollution regulation, which 1s
generally based on outdoor ambient concentrations, 1s being reexamlned,
and the distinction between Indoor environments of various types (e.g.,
residences, offices, energy-efficient buildings) and outdoor environments
has been shown to be Important.
Only a handful of studies have used personal monitors to characterize
exposure to organic pollutants 1n the ambient environment; for the most
part, 1t 1s difficult to separate the contribution of ambient sources
from consumer or other types of sources 1n these studies. There 1s no
computerized data base available to access the data, but most of the
available Information can be found 1n reports on the EPA-ORD Monitoring
Methods Development 1n the Beaumont-Lake Charles Area, the EPA-ORD Total
Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study, the Harvard Medical School
Six City Study, and the EPA-EED Halocarbon Study. Ott (1981) and
coworkers have had notable success 1n developing an exposure model
compatible with personal monitoring data, but they have limited their
studies to carbon monoxide.
The EPA-ORD Beaumont - Lake Charles study (USEPA 1980a) was Initiated
1n 1978 as a preliminary step to develop, demonstrate, and test methods
for monitoring levels of chemicals, primarily 1n air and water, and to
measure effects of the atmosphere on Indicator organisms, all within a
defined geographic area. Major areas of Investigation 1n this study were
collection of relevant background Information, Including geographical,
cl1matolog1cal, and Industrial production and discharge data; preliminary
source Investigations at selected major Industries; and evaluation of new
methods for detecting environmental agents and their corresponding
biological effects. The following methods and systems were tested as
39
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part of the above activities: three methods for collecting organic gases
1n air; a massive air sampler (MAS) and subsequent Salmonella mutagenesls
testing; a scheme for extraction and fractionating organic material
collected by the MAS; methods for detecting direct atmospheric effects on
mutation frequencies of Tradescantla and Zea mays; and methods for
personal monitoring measuring levels of chemicals 1n Individual air,
breath, body fluids, and drinking water samples.
The TEAM Study (PelUzzarl et al. 1982) 1s a two-phase research
program to field test methodologies for estimating total human exposure
to selected toxic or hazardous substances. The program objectives are:
sampling and analysis of air and drinking water consumed by a sampled
volunteer population; collection and analysis of breath, blood, milk, and
urine; collection of Information from participants regarding activities
and possible exposures during the study period; statistical analysis of
collected data; and continual monitoring of the study activities. The
study attempts to establish for each substance the relative Importance of
certain routes of exposure and whether a predictable correlation exists
between exposure and body burden.
The Harvard Six City Study 1s a developmental program to determine
the basic logistics for personal monitoring studies 1n both the Indoor
and outdoor mlcroenvlronments. Measurements made by portable samplers
carried by the subjects are correlated with the subjects' activities
(that were concurrently recorded 1n a log) and with measurements taken at
fixed stations both Indoor and outdoor. Preliminary results show that
1f both outdoor and Indoor concentrations are considered, 77 percent of
the variance 1n recorded personal exposures can be explained; only 22
percent of the variance can be explained 1f only outdoor concentrations
are considered. Information on the final report of this study can be
obtained by contacting Dr. John Spengler, Harvard School of Public Health
(Boston), 617-732-1255.
The EPA-EEO Halocarbon study 1s 1n Its preliminary stages and
assesses halogenated hydrocarbon data as measured by fixed site air
monitoring stations and personal ambient air samplers. Data are
available for Greensboro, North Carolina, and Gelsmar, Louisiana.
Initial analyses Indicate that levels of compounds that were detected 1n
both personal and fixed air samples were significantly higher 1n personal
air. Also, personal air levels are more highly correlated with
corresponding breath levels than are fixed site air levels.
4.5 Analytical Techniques
This section summarizes the analytical techniques used 1n the
laboratory to quantify organic and Inorganic pollutants associated with
environmental monitoring. This Information 1s Included 1n this section
40
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to allow the analyst to evaluate the quality of his monitoring data based
on the analytical techniques prescribed for a particular pollutant or
class of pollutants. The techniques described herein consider
contaminants 1n broad classes from all environmental media without
regard for their sampling matrix or method of extraction. No
distinction 1s made as to the pollutant's environmental origin because
the same analytical technique 1s generally used regardless of whether the
sample 1s aqueous or atmospheric. Sample preparation and extraction
techniques are highly compound- and situation-specific and are not
addressed here. The following Information Is based on federally approved
procedures and analytical methods currently 1n practice.
4.5.1 Organlcs
Laboratory analysis of organlcs 1s achieved through separation,
Identification, and quantification of the Individual compounds.
Chromatographs are used to Initially separate the sample Into Us
constituent compounds, and detectors are used to Identify and
quantltate. Generally, two types of Chromatographs are used: gas
Chromatographs for lighter, easily volatilized substances; and liquid
Chromatographs for heavier, less volatile substances. The wide variety
of detectors which are currently used are specific to the type of
compounds being analyzed and the carrier gases being used 1n the
analysis. A summary of the more selective detection systems (used
cooperatively with the appropriate chromatograph) 1s presented 1n Table 6.
Since regulation has focused attention on the analysis of organlcs
from the USEPA's water priority pollutant 11st, additional Information Is
available on specific techniques prescribed for the quantification of
these compounds. This Information 1s summarized 1n Table 7.
Recently, the use of the GC/Mass Spectrometer system has been found
comparatively accurate and economical 1n analyzing the priority
pollutants classified 1n Table 7. The MS detector 1s used to overcome
Interferences that would mask compound responses obtained with most other
detection systems. EPA has proposed that the GC/MS system be considered
as an option when analyzing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n (TCDD),
volatile organic compounds that are amenable to the purge and trap
method, and a number of organic compounds that are solvent-extractable
and amenable to gas chromatography (USEPA 1979b).
4.5.2 Inorganics
There are two methods for quantification of trace metals 1n environ-
mental samples: Atomic Absorption (AA), and Inductively coupled plasma
optical emission spectrometry (ICP). Currently, the ICP 1s more widely
41
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Table 6. Summary of Chromatographic Detector Selectivity
Detector
Selectivity
Thermal conductivity
Gas density balance
Flame lonization
Electron capture H^
Alkali flame
Helium
Cross section
Photoion Nation
Hall electrolyte conductivity
Nltrogen-Phosphorus
Mass spectrometry
Universal - responds to all compounds.
Universal - responds to all compounds
whose MW differs from carrier gas.
Responds to organic compounds, not to
fixed gases or water.
Response to electron adsorbing com-
pounds, esp. halogens, nitrates, and
conjugated carbonyls.
Enhanced response to phosphorus or
nitrogen compounds.
Universal - responds to all compounds.
Universal - responds to all compounds.
Selectivity based upon lonization
potential of compound.
Halogen-specific or nitrogen-specific
(depending on reactor conditions and
electrolytic solution).
Nitrogen-specific or phosphorus-
specific depending on combustion gas.
Universal.
Sources: McNalr and Bonel I i 1968; Versar laboratory personnel.
42
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Table 7. Analytical and Detection Systems for 114 Organic Priority Pollutants by Classes
EPA
Method #
Parameter Class
Analytical
System
Detect Ion
System
601-
602-
603-
604-
605-
606-
607-
608-
609-
610-
61 I-
612-
Purgeable halocarbons GC
Purgeable aromatics GC
Acrolein and acrylonltri le GC
Phenols GC
Benzidines HPLC
Phthai ate esters GC
Nitrosamines GC
Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs GC
Nitroarcxnatics and isophorone GC
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons HPLC
Haloethers GC
Chlorinated hydrocarbons GC
Hal(de-speci fIc.
Photo ion izat ion.
Differential flame ionlzatlon/
thermionic or Hall for just
acrylonltrile.
Flame Ion I ration/electron capture.
Electrochemical.
Flame ionlzatlon/electron capture.
Nitrogen phosphorus/Hall.
Electron capture/ha Iogen-specIflc.
Electron capture/flame Ion Izat ion.
Fl uorescence/UV.
Hal ide-specif ic.
Electron capture.
GC = Gas chromatograph.
HPLC = High pressure liqid chromatograph.
Source: USEPA 19796.
43
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used because 1t 1s less expensive, faster, and for some substances 1t
offers better detection limits and repeatability than the AA method.
Table 8 1s a 11st of elements that can be analyzed by ICP.
*
Inorganics that require wet chemistry analyses use methods that are
unique to the specific parameter. Documentation on these methods are
found 1n Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
(APHA 1975), and Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste
(USEPA 1979c).
44
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Table 8. Elements Analyzed by ICP.
Aluminum (Al)
Barium (Ba)
Beryl I turn (Be)
Boron (B)
Cadmium (Cd)
Calcium (Ca)
Chromium (Cr)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Lithium (Li)
Magnesium (Mg)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Nickel (N)
Potassium (K)
Silver (Ag)
Sodium (Na)
Strontium (Sr)
Tin (Sn)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V)
Yttrium (Y)
Zinc (Zn)
45
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5. EXPOSED POPULATIONS
Identification and quantification of the human population exposed to
a chemical substance 1n the ambient environment represent major
components of exposure profile development (outlined In Section 6).
Identification relies on Information produced earlier 1n the methodology:
release from and distribution of the pollutant around sources,
phys1cochem1cal characteristics of the toxic substance In the
environment, and Identification of the media and mlcroenvironments in
which the chemical will persist. Quantify cation and characterization of
the exposed human populations, once identified, can be accomplished by
the population enumeration techniques outlined 1n Volume 4 of this
report. The present section will summarize the population methodology to
indicate how 1t fits into the overall assessment.
Because populations exposed to chemical substances in the ambient
environment are defined geographically, the Census of Population is the
major data base. Population data are available down to the level of
Block Group within Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SHSAs), and
are available down to the level of the Enumeration District in non-SMSAs.
Human populations to be analyzed are identified primarily by the
geographic distribution of a pollutant and by the human activities
associated with the primary exposure pathways. Information on the
geographic distribution of a pollutant in the ambient environment will
set an initial limit on the population potentially exposed.
The transport and transformation of a pollutant (discussed 1n
Section 3) would also affect the geographic limits of population
Identification, as it would affect the associated exposure pathways.
Specific Information on quantities, emission characteristics, and the
physical phase in which a pollutant enters the ambient environment will
focus the analysis to the mlcroenvironments, media, and exposure routes
(exposure pathways) that are relevant.
The computational techniques using the information on frequency,
duration, and other activity-related aspects generated in this section
are described in Section 6.
Enumeration of the population exposed to atmospheric pollutants
emitted from point sources is by means of a computer modeling system
(ATM-SECPOP) that integrates the output of the Atmospheric Transport
Model (Section 6.2.3(1)), a population distribution data base, and
graphic and mapping Information displays. Volume 4 of this report
provides all the details on the use and modifications of the model for
point, area, and line source enumerations.
46
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Dermal exposure to chemical substances 1n the ambient environment may
occur through a number of pathways. Geographically-defined sources of
aquatic exposure, such as river reaches downstream of an Industrial
discharge, may be Identified by examining release Information. In this
case, the exposed population 1s the swimmers 1n those specified receiving
waters. The final step 1n Volume 4 1s to characterize the exposed
population according to age, and/or sex. This 1s accomplished by
consulting Census Bureau publications.
47
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6. CALCULATING EXPOSURES
This section provides the analytical framework for ambient exposure
analysis along with an explanation of each of the operations Involved In
calculating exposure. This method addresses three types of exposure:
Inhalation exposure to humans, dermal exposure to humans (via outdoor
swimming), and exposure to aquatic biota. The emphasis will be on
assessments of a general nature. Less common types of exposure may
become relevant 1n more detailed assessments (e.g., 1ngest1on of
contaminated soil by children); these must be dealt with on a
case-by-case basis. Since they are not expected to be significant 1n
general assessments, they will not be discussed further.
The framework for calculating exposure for each exposure route has
been outlined 1n subsection 1.3. Subsection 6.1 addresses Identification
of exposed populations. The succeeding subsections discuss the
Individual analytical components of the framework for each of the three
types of exposure.
The primary reason for calculating exposure 1s ultimately to
determine the risk to the general population posed by the chemical
substance being studied. For aquatic biota, exposure and effects data
are usually expressed 1n terms of concentration. For human populations,
exposure 1s usually calculated 1n terms of dosages. The goal of
calculating exposures 1s to provide exposure Information 1n a format
compatible with effects data.
6.1 Identification of Exposed Populations
The frameworks for calculating exposure provided 1n Section 1.3
generate a measure of exposure to particular Individuals. In order to
completely evaluate the significance of exposure, one must be able to
determine not only who 1s exposed but how many Individuals are exposed at
various levels and what demographic characteristics affect exposure.
Thus, there are three components 1n the analysis of receptor populations:
1. Identification
2. Enumeration
3. Characterization
Only the first of these 1s covered 1n this volume; enumeration and
characterization are addressed 1n Volume 4 of this report.
6.1.1 Ambient A1r
Unlike some other types of exposures which are related to performing
particular activities, ambient Inhalation exposures affect the entire
48
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population of an area. For this reason, the exposed population Is
Identified primarily by geography, I.e., the areas where specific
concentration ranges occur. For example, the population exposed to
atmospheric concentrations of a chemical released by an Industrial site
would be those persons Inhabiting the region around the source; the
Identified region must be large enough to account for prevailing
meteorological conditions and to allow for ultimate dispersal/dilution to
negligible levels. This population would be divided Into subgroups
according to the concentration ranges.
Population mobility (annual, seasonal, dally) obviously affects which
atmospheric concentrations people are exposed to. For general exposure
assessments, however, 1t 1s possible to disregard mobility and assume
that the population exposed via Inhalation 1s composed of the people who
reside 1n the specific area.
The population movements most likely to be of Importance 1n a more
detailed exposure assessment are principally the result of diurnal shifts
of the population between place of employment and place of residence.
While no method 1s presented to account for population mobility patterns,
1t 1s possible to present generic mobility data for geographic census
categories; this 1s presented 1n Volume 4 of this series.
The exposure assessment team may use these data when 1t 1s determined
that Identification and enumeration of exposed subpopulatlons are
required. For point sources, the boundaries of SMSAs and central cities
would have to be determined In relation to the ATM sector areas. Net
population movements could then be determined for the area of Interest.
The data, however, would be most useful to Identify and enumerate
populations exposed via area source emissions, particularly 1f the
estimated concentrations as a result of area source emissions are modeled
according to the described census geographic categories.
6.1.2 Ambient Water
For purposes of these methods, 1t 1s assumed that human exposure via
ambient water 1s potentially significant only through dermal absorption
resulting from swimming In rivers, lakes, or oceans. Other activities,
such as fishing, boating, and water skiing, could also lead to exposure,
but these are of lesser Importance because of the low availability of
skin surface, or because of relatively low periodicity (Scow et al.
1979). They may be of Importance 1n more detailed assessments, however.
Consult Scow et al. (1979) to determine 1f a given type of exposure may
be significant.
49
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6.1.3 Aquatic Biota
Exposures to aquatic biota are sometimes analyzed 1n terms of effects
on specific target populations, but more often, the most sensitive
species are unknown and no specific population 1s Identified. When some
Information 1s required on a particular aquatic population, 1t 1s usually
with regard to fish, since most available aquatic toxldty data are on
fish. Data sources for determining whether specific fish populations are
present 1n a stream reach or river basin Include field guides by
Lee et al. (1980) and McClane (1978).
6.2 Inhalation Exposures
Exposure via Inhalation 1s usually the most significant type of human
exposure In the ambient environment because Inhalation 1s continuous.
Exposure to airborne toxics through Inhalation 1s limited only by (1) the
period of time the receptor population 1s subjected to the contaminated
atmosphere (periodicity) and (2) the rate at which the average receptor
brings the contaminated air to the body boundary (I.e., the lungs and
nasopharynx) for absorption (ventilation rate). Hence, the calculation
of Inhalation exposure 1s based on periodicity (hours/year), ventilation
rate (m3 hour), and ambient concentration (ug/m3). The arithmetic
relationship of these parameters was Illustrated earlier 1n this volume
1n Section 1.3.
Inhalation exposures are usually keyed to geographic location, I.e.,
ambient concentration 1s assumed to be homogeneous throughout a limited
area or sector, and all of the population 1n that area 1s considered to
be exposed to the same concentration. This assumption Is not always
well-founded, however. Numerous studies have shown that there can be
marked differences 1n Indoor and outdoor concentrations of pollutants
(Budlansky 1980; Moschandreas et al. 1980) or within other types of
environments 1n the same area (Ott 1981). To account for these
differences when calculating exposure, several Investigators have coined
the term "mlcroenvlronment," which refers to a type of physical setting
where concentrations of pollutants can be expected to be similar. For
example, 1n his studies of carbon monoxide, Ott (1981) postulates several
microenvlronments, Including such areas as Inside parking garages, Inside
one's home, and Inside an office building.
For ambient Inhalation exposures to toxic substances, three
microenvlronments can be used to describe differences 1n concentrations:
outdoors, Indoors, and 1n-veh1cle. Other microenvlronments may need to
be postulated for specific pollutants with multiple source types or other
factors which would result 1n significant nongeographlc differences 1n
concentrations. It 1s appropriate to evaluate exposure separately for
50
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these microenvlronments only under certain conditions; for most general
and long-term assessments, 1t 1s common to assume that concentrations are
homogeneous throughout a given area. The conditions that most obviously
merit specific microenvlronment consideration are those 1n which the
toxic substance under study 1s:
1. Generated Indoors - In this case concentrations Indoors will be
greater than those outdoors or 1n-veh1cle. Most of these
situations are covered by the consumer scenario (Volume 7 of this
report).
2. An extremely reactive gas - These may have lower Indoor
concentrations because the greater surface-to-volume ratio Indoors
offers more substrate for reaction.
3. Partlculate - Concentrations Indoors and 1n-veh1cles may be
reduced by Infiltration through structures (assuming outdoor
sources).
4. Released episodically - Concentrations Indoors lag behind outdoor
concentrations, thus buffering the extremes.
Other conditions may be evaluated on a case-by-case basis for more
detailed or short-term assessments. Each of these conditions 1s
explained more fully below. It 1s worth emphasizing that 1f none of
these conditions 1s met, a conventional atmospheric model can be used and
no adjustments need to be made 1n periodicity and ventilation rate. If
any of the conditions are met, use the techniques explained under each of
the appropriate subsections (on periodicity, ventilation rate, and
ambient concentration) to calculate exposure separately for each of the
microenvlronments.
Condition 1 - Indoor Sources
When Indoor sources (e.g., fuel combustion) release pollutants, the
advectlve processes that usually reduce ambient concentrations between
the source and receptor do not have the opportunity to occur. In this
case, model the Indoor concentrations and use the periodicity value for
the Indoor microenvlronment only. An example of a situation where this
would be appropriate 1s provided by Moschandreas et al. (1981), who
observed significantly higher levels of benzo(a)pyrene Indoors than
outdoors during use of residential fireplaces and wood stoves.
Condition 2 - Reactive gases
Sulfur dioxide (S02) and ozone (03) are the reactive gases that
have been monitored most extensively 1n simultaneous Indoor/outdoor
studies. Table 9 summarizes the relationships found for Indoor and
outdoor concentrations. All of the studies found that Indoor
concentrations were lower than outdoor concentrations. The mechanism
hypothesized to reduce Indoor concentrations 1s reaction with surfaces;
51
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Table 9. Indoor/Outdoor Relationships for Reactive Gases
(No Indoor source is postulated for these pollutants.)
Reference
Pollutant
Comments
Anderson 1971
Chamberlain 1966
Moschandreas et al. 1978
Moschandreas et al. 1981
McCarolI 1978
Phalr et al. 1958
Spengler et al. 1978
Walsh et al. 1977
Weather Iy 1966
S02
S02
S02
S02
S02
so2
so2
S02
so,
I/O = 0.51
I/O = 0.60
I/O <1
I/O <1
I/O <1
I/O ซ1
0.35
-------
degradation occurs much more rapidly Indoors because of the greater
availability of surface area (high surface-to-volume ratio). Any toxic
substance that 1s a strong oxidant, has a high affinity for surface
reactions (e.g., organic adds), or 1s otherwise very reactive (half-life
of ten hours or less) should be considered a candidate for modeling
Indoors; I.e., 1t should not be assumed that outdoor concentrations are
representative.
The Influence of decay half-life (e.g., sorptlon, transformation) on
the ratio of Indoor to outdoor concentrations 1s shown 1n Table 10 for
several exchange rates. Typical exchange rates found 1n the literature
range from about 0.25 to 3 air changes per hour (ach) for residences,
with 1 ach frequently being used as an average value. The calculations
shown 1n this table could conceivably be used to adjust outdoor
concentrations to Indoor concentrations. Unfortunately, there are
currently no known estimating methods for predicting the rates of decay
reactions Indoors. Further work 1s needed 1n this area before exposure
to reactive gases can be fine-tuned by microenvlronment.
Condition 3 - Partlculates
A number of studies have described the relationships between Indoor
and outdoor concentrations of partlculates. In many cases,
concentrations are roughly equal (Jacobs et al. 1962, Chamberlain 1966,
Weatherly 1966, Moschandreas et al. 1978) or are even higher Indoors than
outdoors (Dockery and Spengler 1978, Hollowell et al. 1976, Hollowell and
Trayner 1978, Moschandreas et al. 1981). When the concentrations of
partlculates from Indoor sources (e.g., smoking, fuel combustion,
cooking) are discounted, however, 1t 1s apparent that there 1s
significant filtration of outdoor air (Alzona et al. 1979, Cohen and
Cohen 1980, Dockery and Spengler 1978).
Additional studies have demonstrated that the particle size
distribution of partlculates Indoors 1s different from that outdoors,
with more of the total being toward the smaller size Indoors (Jacobs et
al. 1962, Manoharan et al. 1961). Therefore, Indoor concentrations of
pollutants associated with particulates from outdoor sources are less
than those predicted based on atmospheric modeling alone, although a
higher proportion of the particles may be resplrable.
An example of this situation 1s exposure to lead. This element 1s
associated with partlculate emissions from transportation and 1s found at
lower levels 1n apartments, residences, and office buildings than 1n the
outdoor air Immediately surrounding them (Halpern 1978, Moschandreas et
al. 1978, Alzona et al. 1979, Cohen and Cohen 1980, Moschandreas et al.
1981). Similar relationships have been found for other trace elements as
53
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Table 10. Indoor/Outdoor Ratios Corresponding to Various Reactive Half-Lives
(Tabulated values are Indoor/outdoor concentration ratios.)
Reactive half-lives (hours)
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
0.25
0.26
0.42
0.52
0.59
0.64
0.78
0.88
Exchange rate, y (air changes per hour)
1.0
0.59
0.74
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.94
0.97
3.0
0.81
0.90
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.98
0.99
Derivation: The Geotnet Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollution Model (GIOAP) (Moschandreas et at. 1978) can be
used to describe the relationships between Indoor and outdoor sources. The following
assumptions were employed:
1. There are no Indoor sources of the toxic substance.
2. Outdoor concentration is constant.
3. Exchange rate and degradation rate are constant. Using these assumptions, the
closed form solution to the GIOAP model under equilibrium conditions (i.e., adequate
time to reach steady state) can be reduced to:
ฐout
where: C|n = Indoor concentration
'-'out = outdoor concentration
y = exchange rate, air exchange/time
and D = decay factor, time"'.
The term D can also be expressed as:
D = In 2/t1/2
where: ~t]/2 Is the half-life with respect to all decay processes (e.g., sorption,
transformation).
Therefore:
Cout (In 2/t,/2) +7
This equation was used to calculate the Indoor/outdoor ratios tabulated above.
54
-------
well (Colome et al. 1978, Cohen and Cohen 1980, Moschandreas et al. 1981)
and also apply to air within vehicles (Alzona et al. 1979).
Clearly, then, some adjustment of outdoor concentrations 1s
appropriate when the toxic substance being studied 1s associated with
partlculates so as not to overestimate exposure 1n the Indoor and
1n-veh1cle m1croenv1ronments. Methods of adjustment are addressed later
under ambient concentration (Section 6.2.3.(1)).
Condition 4 - Episodic Releases
Several studies have shown some lag period before Indoor
concentrations respond to differences 1n outdoor concentrations (Lefcoe
and Inculet 1975, Derham et al. 1974, Halpern 1978, Phalr et al. 1958,
Sabersky et al. 1973). This lag 1s generally on the order of one to
three hours, depending on the exchange rate (air changes per hour) of the
structure. The lag tends to buffer rapid changes 1n outdoor air
concentration and has an averaging effect. This lag could be Important
1n short-term or extremely detailed exposure assessments where the
effects of population mobility and dally activities are accounted for.
The current state of the art 1n estimating periodicity of releases and
modeling concentrations on an hourly (or even shorter) time step does not
provide sufficient resolution to allow evaluation of the effects of this
phenomenon. Personal monitoring 1s currently the only feasible method to
account for such short-term variations.
All Other Cases
For general assessments, 1t 1s common to assume that concentrations
1n a local area are homogeneous, and thus microenvlronments are not
broken out. For more detailed and short-term assessments, the necessity
of defining additional microenvlronments must be evaluated Individually.
6.2.1 Periodicity
For the general cases of Inhalation exposure calculation, the con
centratlon of the chemical 1n the atmosphere 1s assumed to be equal
throughout the local ambient environment. Here, the periodicity of
exposure 1s assumed to be continuous for one year so that the frequency
factor F becomes unity and P=D (Figure 2).
Periodicity = 8,760 hours/year = 24 hours/day x 365 days/year
A more detailed approach to determining periodicity may be desired
when exposure 1s known to be limited to one microenvlronment (e.g.,
55
-------
Indoors), or if ambient atmospheric concentration of the contaminant may
differ significantly from one microenvlronment to another (e.g.,
participate filtration from the outdoor to Indoor mlcroenvlronments).
The average time spent 1n each microenvlronment 1s provided 1n Tables 11
and 12. Though there 1s some discrepancy 1n the format of the two
tables, the estimates on time spent 1n the three mlcroenvlronments agree
fairly well. There 1s an Indication that these figures are biased to
adult respondents and that locations may be defined slightly differently
1n each report; "Inside one's home" may not be equivalent to "Indoors,"
and where one study has broken out work time, the other may not have.
Nevertheless, H 1s possible to estimate a typical distribution of time
for adults 1n the three mlcroenvlronments from a synthesis of these two
tables:
Indoors- 90% (x 8,760 hrs/yr) = 7,884 hrs/yr
Periodicity Outdoors- 5% (x 8,760 hrs/yr) = 438 hrs/yr
In-veh1cle- 5% (x 8,760 hrs/yr) = 438 hrs/yr
6.2.2 Ventilation Rate
In general application, a common value for ventilation rate can be
used to calculate exposure via Inhalation. An example of an adult
average derived from experimental results (USEPA 1981b) 1s a ventilation
rate of 1 m^/hour. This value can be used to estimate exposure
regardless of mlcroenvlronments or activity.
A more precise estimate of ventilation rate for each microenvlronment
can be derived by generating time-weighted average ventilation rates.
The basis for this calculation 1s mlcroenvlronment-related data and
activity stress levels/ventilation rates associated with the Individual
mlcroenvlronments.
The SRI data base (Roddln et al. 1979) 1s a computerized data base
that offers statistical analysis and retrieval of human t1me-d1ary data
collected from various sources. This section discusses the data derived
from the SRI data base 1n terms of amount of time spent Indoors,
outdoors, and 1n-transportat1on vehicle at the three stress levels (high,
medium, and low). These data may be used to estimate ventilation rates
for each stress level 1n each microenvlronment.
The SRI data are presented for five mlcroenvlronments: (1) Indoors
work-school, (2) other Indoors, (3) 1n-transportat1on vehicle, (4) other
transportation, and (5) outdoors. These five mlcroenvlronments were
aggregated Into three mlcroenvlronments to facilitate use of the data:
"other Indoors" was aggregated with "Indoors work-school" to produce the
Indoor microenvlronment, and "other transportation" with
"1n-transportat1on vehicle" to produce the 1n-veh1cle microenvlronment.
The outdoor microenvlronment remained the same. The data presented 1n
56
-------
Table 11. Estimated Time Spent in Three Microenvironmental Categories
Hours/day
Percent of day
Location
Indoors
Outdoors
In-vehicle
Employed men
21.7
0.7
1.6
Housewives
22.9
0.3
0.8
Employed men
90
3
7
Housewives
95
1
3
Source: NAS 1981.
Table 12. Percentage of Time Spent in Each Microenvironmental Category
Percentage of day*
Location
Inside ones home
In-transit
At work
Other locations
All
persons
73
6
14
7
In
labor
force
57
6
31
6
Not in
labor
force
89
4
0
7
*"A11 persons" reported to include all races, ages, socioeconomic statuses,
(workers, housewives, students, etc.).
Source: Moschandreas et al. 1981.
57
-------
Table 13 are the percent of time spent 1n each of the five SRI
microenvlronments and within each stress level. These figures were
derived by taking the mean of the four "Activity Files" maintained within
SRI, which represent four discrete data sets. Table 14 shows the
aggregated figures for the Indoor, outdoor, and 1n-veh1cle environments
at each stress level, and Table 15 shows total time spent at each stress
level. All data presented represent averages for both sexes and all age
groups.
0 Table 16 Illustrates ventilation rates as minute volume
(V 1n n/m1n) for four stress levels (resting, light, heavy, and
maximal). Average ventilation rates for each of the four stress levels
were calculated by taking the mean of all data points at each stress
level. This yields:
Activity Stress Level Average Ventilation Rate
Maximal 68 8,/m1nute
Heavy 34 8,/mlnute
Light 20 l/m1nute
Resting 4 it/minute
Since the SRI data present only three stress levels, these four rates
were averaged to correspond to three levels. Rates for maximal and heavy
activity, heavy and light, and light and resting were averaged; the three
resultant values represent "high," "medium," and "low."
Activity Stress Level Average Ventilation Rate
High 51 !L/m1nute (3.06 m3/hr)
Medium 27 8,/m1nute (1.62 m3/hr)
Low 12 8./m1nute (0.72 m3hr)
A time-weighted average ventilation rate for each microenvlronment
can be calculated by tabulating the m1croenv1ronment/vent1lat1on
Information as 1s done 1n Tables 17 through 19, where percent of time
spent 1n a microenvlronment (a) 1s multiplied by the average ventilation
rate (c), and summed for all three stress levels. Thus,
cn = X m3/hr
A total dally ventilation rate based on the data 1n Table 15 and the
Inhalation rates for each stress level can be calculated as a
time-weighted average for all ages, sexes, activities and
microenvlronments equal to an estimated rate of 0.79 m3/hour.
58
-------
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59
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Table 14. SRI Data Aggregated for Three Microenvironments
by Stress Level
Ambient microenvironments and
associated stress levels
INDOORS L
M
H
TOTAL
OUTDOORS L
M
H
TOTAL
IN TRANSPORTATION
VEHICLE L
M
H
TOTAL
Average percent of time
spent in each
81.85
2.95
.41
85.21
4.21
2.69
.48
7.38
7.16
.19
.0050
7.36
Hours or fraction of hour spent
in each microenvironment
19.64
.71
.098
1.01
.65
.12
1.72
.05
.0012
TOTAL
-100
~24 hours
Table 15. Total Percent of Time Spent
At Each Stress Level
Stress level
Total percent of time
Low
Medium
High
93.2
5.8
.9
60
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Table 16.
Selected Lung Ventilation Values at Different Levels of
Activity as a Function of Age and Sex
:oi. I
_lne Subject
Adult
1 Man
2 1.7 m2SA
3 30 y: 1 70 cm L
4 20-33 y
5 Woman
6 30 y; 160 cm L
7 20-25 y; 165.8 cm L
8 Pregnant (8th mo.)
Adolescent
9 eฃ 14-16 y
10 5b
/alues in column 2 are body weights referable to the dimension quoted in column I. f = frequency (breaths/ml n);
o
VT = tidal volume (ml); V = minute volume (l/min); SA = surface area.
o
'Calculated from V = f x VT.
'Cryi ng.
Source: From ICRP 1974.
61
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Table 17. Calculation of Average Ventilation
Rate for Indoor Mlcroenvlronment
(a)
Percent of total time spent In
Indoor ml croenv I ronment for
average respondent
(b)
Activity stress
levels
(c)
Average ventilation rate
for average respondent
0.48
3.46
96.06
High
Med 1 urn
Low
3.06 m3/hr
1.62 m3/nr
0.72 m3/hr
x Cn = 1(0.0048) (3.06 m3/hr)l
+ 1(0.0346) (1.62 m3/hr)l
+ [(0.9606) (0.72 m3hr)l
= 0.76 nvVhr
Table 18. Calculation of Average Ventilation Rate
for Outdoor MlcroenvIronment
(a)
Percent of total time spent In
outdoor mlcroenvlronment for
average respondent
(b)
Activity stress
I eve Is
(c)
Average ventilation rate
for average respondent
6.5
36.40
57.05
High
Med 1 urn
Low
3.06 m3/hr
1.62 m3/hr
0.72 rrrVhr
V =ฃan x Cn = 1(0.065) (3.06 m3/hr)I
+ 1(0.0364) (1.62 m3/hr)l
+ 1(0.5705) (.72 m3hr)l
= 1.20 m3/hr
62
-------
Table 19. Calculation of Average Ventilation Rate
for In-TransportatIon Vehicle Mlcroenvlronment
(a) (b) (c)
Percent of total time spent In i n-
transportatlon vehicle environment Activity stress Average ventilation rate
for average respondent I eve I s for average respondent
0.68
2.58
97.28
High
Med 1 urn
Low
3.06 m3/hr
1.62 m3/hr
0.72 m3/hr
V =^an x Cn = 1(0.0068) (3.06 m3/hr)l
+ 1(0.0258) (1.62 m3/hr)l
+ [(0.9728) (0.72 m3hr)]
= 0.76 m3/hr
63
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6.2.3 Ambient A1r Concentrations
The final analytical component needed to calculate Inhalation
exposure 1s ambient concentration. Ambient concentration can be
determined 1n either of two ways: (1) from monitoring data or (2) by
atmospheric modeling. Sources of monitoring data are discussed 1n
Section 4.2.1. Monitoring data for toxics 1n ambient air are very rare,
however, so most exposure assessments on existing chemicals and all
exposure assessments on new (PMN) chemicals must rely on modeling. The
analytical procedure for modeling Involves the following steps:
1. Selecting the model
2. Identifying geographic locations
3. Determining source strength
4. Characterizing emissions
5. Retrieving environmental transport data
6. Analyzing fate processes
7. Executing the model
Each of these 1s discussed below.
(1) Model Selection. As with all of the other components of this
method, the level of detail (and uncertainty) Involved 1n modeling
ambient concentrations can be varied commensurate with the objectives of
the Investigation and the accuracy of Input data. A detailed exposure
assessment might require modeling each source under various
environmental (e.g., meteorologlc) conditions. A general assessment
might use one "typical" source and "canonical" environmental conditions
(I.e., conditions considered to be representative of various
environmental types) to estimate the long-term distribution of
concentrations around a source. These concentrations might then be
extrapolated to all geographic locations around sources.
The Modeling Team of OTS's Exposure Evaluation Division (EED) 1s
developing a system of models for all ambient media. Development has
emphasized providing the level of detail required to perform exposure
assessments for both new chemicals (PMNs) and existing chemicals to
support screening or detailed reviews. The models described below are
those adopted by the EED Modeling Team, except that some additional
Information 1s provided on modeling Indoor and 1n-veh1cle
concentrations. It should be noted that this 11st 1s not Intended to
designate the only appropriate models; these are simply the ones that
have been most useful or most readily accessible. For Indoor sources,
the GIOAP model 1s discussed as the leading candidate for estimating
Indoor concentrations. Outdoor sources are generally considered to be
line, area, or point sources; representative models for each type are
64
-------
briefly described. Finally, 1t was possible to develop some rough
scaling factors for estimating Indoor concentrations of participates
based on outdoor concentrations; these are discussed at the end of this
subsection. Other models are described 1n the EPA "Draft Directory of
Models and Data Bases" (USEPA 1981c), the "Workbook for Comparison of A1r
Quality Models" (Smith et al. 1978), the "EPA Environmental Modeling
Catalogue" (USEPA 1982), and more recently 1n the Environmental
Mathematical Pollutant Fate Modeling Handbook/Catalogue (Draft) prepared
by the Office of Policy and Resource Management, U.S. EPA (Bonazountas et
al. 1982). Table 20 lists the models that have been reviewed by the
handbook/catalogue, highlighting their particular capabilities. Due to
the excess of Information on each of the models, additional Information
on use, access, and characteristics has not been Included here, but can
be found 1n the referenced document.
Indoor Source - GIOAP
The GEOMET Indoor/Outdoor A1r Pollution (GIOAP) Model (Moschandreas
et al. 1978) 1s a leading model that has been verified by observations of
several chemicals. This model 1s recommended for estimating Indoor
concentrations of toxic chemicals emitted by an Indoor source. Like
other Indoor air models, 1t 1s founded on a mass balance equation,
expressed as (Moschandreas et al. 1978):
,S-VYC-VDCfort<
-------
TABLE 20
CAPABILITIES OF REVIEWED MODELS
MODEL
FUNCTION
LINE SOURCE
VOLUME SOURCE
LONG TERM
GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING
AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS
MOMENTUM PLUME RISE
STACK DOWNWASH
TURBULENT DEPOSITION
TERRAIN ADJUSTMENT
COMPLEX TERRAIN
CALIBRATION
URBAN/RURAL DISPERSION *
COEFFICIENT
BACKGROUND CALCULATED
STREET CANYON FLOWS
WIND SPEED EXTRAPOLATION
HIGHWAY GENERATED
TURBULENCE
EMISSION RATES FUNCTION
OF MET CONDITIONS
EMISSION RATE FUNCTION
OF TIME OF DAY
BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION
ปy FUNCTION OF AVERAGING
TIME AND STABILITY
INVERSION PENETRATION
FACTORS
PARTICLE RE8USPENSION
WASHOUT
NO. OF SOURCES (MAX.)
NO. OF RECEPTORS (MAX.)
r
1200
B26
''/I
200 P
2600 A
UN
LIMITED
//
19
ISO
/#
24
60
y
100
400
//
ซP
2SO
110
'/*
180
30
A
26
(PTMTP)
30
(PTMTP)
7*
250 P
100 A
160
/
UN-
LIMITED
2600
A
300 P
60 A
2600
/ ฅ
60
112
-/i
30
f
\
1
1
* U = URBAN ONLY, R - RURAL ONLY
SOURCE: BONAZOUNTAS et il. 1982.
66
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The decay term 1s assumed to be first order and 1s the sum of all
processes transforming the chemical (e.g., oxidation, adsorption). It
can be expressed as:
D = In 2/t1/2
where t-|/2 = the half-life of the chemical.
As previously mentioned, methods have not yet been developed for
predicting D, and predictions based on hydroxyl radical attack or ozone
oxidation (used for outdoor dispersion modeling) are probably
Inappropriate. More work 1s needed 1n this area.
Outdoor air concentration can be generated using one of the models;
which will be discussed subsequently, unless 1t can reasonably be assumed
to equal zero. Over short time Intervals, Cout can be approximated by
a line with the form:
C0ut = m t + b
where:
m = slope of the line, mass/volume time
t = time
b = y-1ntercept of the line, mass/volume.
Then, 1f S, D, and y are assumed constant over the time period of
Interest (and we denote C^n as C),
V _ = V(mt + b) + S - VYC - VOC.
dt
If we denote the Indoor concentration at time zero as C0, the following
closed-form solution obtains (Mosrhandreas et al. 1978):
C(t) =
for t0
-------
approaches - ป, and the first term 1s negligible. Also, since Cout
1s constant, m 1s zero and the third term drops out. Thus, the equation
can be reduced to
C =
/_L_\ /Yb + S\
H \ v
The variable b 1s equal to Cou^ 1n this equation.
Moschandreas et al. (1978) performed a sensitivity analysis on the
output of the model based on perturbation of Input parameters. In
descending order of sensitivity, the Input parameters rank as follows:
air Infiltration rate, decay rate, Indoor source strength, and Initial
concentration and volume of the structure. There 1s considerable
variation 1n values of Infiltration rate among structures; based upon a
very brief review of the literature, a typical value for residential
structures 1s 1 air change per hour (the range 1s about 0.3 to 4 ach).
Decay rate, source strength, and Initial concentration are all
chemical-specific terms. If the steady-state equation 1s used, the last
factor 1s not needed. Volumes of residences are on the order of 150 to
700 m3. Volumes of different types of conventional residences sampled
by Moschandreas et al. (1978) are as follows:
Structural type Mean Volume, m3__ Range of Volume, m3
(no. of observations)
Detached (3) 565 514 - 611
Semidetached (1) 385
Mobile (2) 187 181 - 194
Low-rise apartment (3) 183 183-183
High-rise apartment (3) 205 205 - 205
These may not be representative of typical volumes because of the limited
number of samples.
Line Source - UNAMAP Series
Line sources are generated by vehicles that travel along a route (or
line) such as a road, railway, or river. At present, no specific line
source models have been applied by OTS for modeling toxics. Some line
source models are available from the EPA UNAMAP (User's Network for
Applied Modeling of A1r Pollution) series (e.g., HIWAY), but these would
68
-------
have to be modified because they were conceived and designed for use with
the air quality program's criteria pollutants. Because (1) OTS rarely
has use for line source models and (2) 1t 1s probable that existing line
source models would have to be modified 1n a pollutant-specific manner,
Investigation of line source models for this methodology was limited to
Identifying the UNAMAP series as a starting point for model selection.
Area Sources - Atmospheric Box Model
Area sources are those sources that cannot be described as specific
point sources because releases are too widespread or exact locations are
not known. They are similar to line sources Insofar as many Individual
generators contribute to release. Situations where an area source model
might be used are for modeling ambient concentrations resulting from
residential combustion (e.g., heating oil, natural gas), release from
consumer goods, releases from commercial establishments, or other cases
where there are a number of diffuse release points.
The Atmospheric Box Model 1s currently used by OTS for modeling area
sources. Required Inputs are meteorological conditions (wind speed,
mixing height), release rates (mass/area/time), and size of release area
(Hall et al. 1981). The model can also account for degradation,
precipitation scavenging, and deposition 1f the appropriate rate factors
are Input. Output 1s average ground level concentration within the
release area on an hourly, monthly, or annual basis.
Point Sources - ATM
Point sources are known locations Identifiable by geographic
coordinates for which emissions of a specific chemical can be estimated
and assigned. If there 1s more than one point source, they must be
separated enough to ensure uniqueness during analysis. Also Included 1n
this category are general point sources. These are sources of chemical
emissions for which prototypes are defined and analyzed because the
actual sources are too numerous to allow Identification of specific
locations with geographic coordinates. Prototype sources are defined for
different regions, 1f necessary, and modeled 1n the same fashion as
specific point sources. The results can then be scaled to represent all
sources of the same nature.
The Atmospheric Transport Model (ATM) 1s used by OTS to model point
sources. ATM can model gaseous and partlculate pollutants at distances
of up to 50 km from a point source (Hall et al. 1981). Input data
required Include source location, emission type (process, storage, or
fugitive), emission characteristics (I.e., stack height, vent radius,
exit velocity, exit temperature), release rate, physlcochemlcal
69
-------
parameters (degradation rate(s), particle size spectrum), and
meteorological parameters (monthly wind rose data, atmospheric
stability). Meteorological data have been catalogued for over 300
National Weather Service Stations (STAR stations); this data file 1s
Interfaced with the OTS version of ATM to allow selection of
meteorological conditions for sites throughout most of the U.S. Average
monthly or annual ground level pollutant concentrations are output for
the 16 compass points at ten or more rad11 from the source. This model
1s also Interfaced with a Census Bureau data file on populations to allow
direct computation of number of people exposed to various concentrations
(Hall et al. 1981).
Partlculates - Scaling Factors for Indoor and In-vehlcle
M1croenv1ronments
The approach recommended for estimating Indoor or 1n-veh1cle
concentrations resulting from outdoor releases of partlculate matter 1s
to apply scaling factors to the outputs from the point, area, or line
source models discussed previously. As mentioned earlier, numerous
studies have documented simultaneous Indoor and outdoor concentrations of
partlculates, but only a few have distinguished between the contributions
of outdoor and Indoor sources. Most notable among these are studies by
Alzona et al. (1979) and Cohen and Cohen (1980).
In the former study, the air 1n various rooms was cleaned, and
airborne partlculate matter was collected (by filtration) simultaneously
1n the room and outdoors nearby. The filters were then analyzed for
trace elements of outdoor origin. These elements, and the particle sizes
with which they are typically associated, are calcium (0.65-20um), Iron
(3.6-20um), zinc (0.65-20um), lead (0.1-0.65um), and bromine (0.1-0.65um)
(Alzona et al.. 1979). Indoor concentrations reached an equilibrium ratio
with outdoor concentrations within one day, and these ratios varied for
different structural conditions. Mean 1ndoor:outdoor ratios ranged from
0.10 (calcium) to 0.42 (lead) for various closed rooms. When tests were
run with the windows wide open or cracked open, the ratios were
considerably higher (see Table 21). By placing plastic over the Internal
surfaces of the room, 1t was determined that Infiltration around the
windows (when closed) was the primary mode of entry of the partlculates;
resuspenslon of partlculates was not an Important effect. Concentrations
1n vehicles with windows closed were slgnflcantly less than outdoor
concentrations.
Cohen and Cohen (1980) built upon the work of Alzona et al. (1979) by
performing more analyses of calcium, Iron, lead, and bromine 1n
additional building types. They stated that calcium and Iron are
generally associated with large particles (about Sum) and lead and
70
-------
Table 21. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios for Elements Associated with PartIculates.
Effect of Various Conditions on I/O. All Measurements Taken in the Same Room.
No. of
runs
3
2
1
2
6
3
I/O
Conditions Ca Fe Zn Pb
Normal 0.10 0.17 0.52 0.49
Plastic over windows 0.10 0.15 0.71 0.17
Window wide open 0.52 0.81 0.93 1.2
Window cracked open 0.20 0.16 0.69 0.55
All surfaces plastic 0.02 0.12 0.24 0.15
covered
All but windows plastic 0.10 0.15 0.58 0.57
covered
Br
0.33
0.17
1.0
0.53
0.20
0.32
Source: Alzona et al. 1979.
71
-------
bromine are associated with submlcron particles. Results from the Cohen
and Cohen (1980) and Alzona et al. (1979) studies are summarized In
Table 22 for buildings and 1n Table 23 for vehicles. Based on these
results, Cohen and Cohen (1980) conclude that, for chemicals associated
with large particles, Indoor concentrations are only about 20 percent of
outdoor concentration when windows are closed. For submlcron particles,
Indoor concentrations are on the order of 45 percent of outdoor
concentrations. The authors are forthright 1n stating the limits of
their procedures, I.e., that although a variety of sampling sites were
chosen, they cannot claim that the sites are representative of building
occupancy throughout the nation. Nevertheless, these data and several
other studies clearly show that exposure assessments which assume that
outdoor concentrations of chemicals associated with partlculates are
equal to Indoor concentrations (and 1n-veh1cle concentrations) tend to
overestimate exposure.
Therefore, pending development of better methods, outdoor
concentrations (generated by the Atmospheric Box Model, ATM, or other
models) should be adjusted by the scaling factors given 1n Table 24 to
provide more realistic estimates of Indoor concentrations of toxic
chemicals associated with partlculates. As the table shows, the ratios
differ depending on whether windows are open or closed. The proportion
of time with windows open depends on local climate, the prevalence of
heating and air conditioning, and proximity of the buildings to sources
(I.e., windows will be closed permanently 1f the source or other sources
cause perennial air quality problems). The average scaling factors 1n
Table 24 were calculated based on the assumption that windows are open 50
percent of the time and closed 50 percent of the time.
(2) Geographic Locations. Specific geographic locations of the
sources are needed for two reasons: (1) so that the receptor
populations can be Identified and (2) to allow collection of
site-specific environmental data (e.g., meteorology)-required for
modeling. The most useful format for geographic location Is to 11st the
latitude and longitude of the site.
Source Information 1s generated by three processes:
1. Analysis of monitoring data.
2. Materials balance approach.
3. Applying emission factors to production volumes at production
sites.
In the first case, the exact location of the sampling station 1s usually
given because 1t 1s a standard descriptor of the monitoring regime. The
second process, materials balance, 1s not described 1n this volume, but
72
-------
Table 22. Summary of Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios
for Buildings (windows closed)
Bui Iding type
Diversity, office
ublic high school
ubl ic h Igh school
Diversity, office
tore
ubl ic elem. sch.
ommercial office
ome, basement
ame, 3 wks later
ome, attic
ome, att ic
ome, kitchen
i i vers ity, office
liversity, lab
jme, bed room
ame, attic
:>me, bedroom
liversity, lab
i iversity, office
liversity, lab
/erage
>me average
Age* Condition^
8
60(1)
60(1)
25
80(3)
50
80(2)
50
50
50
70
90
10
60
50
50
70
60
25
60
A
A
A
C
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
D
B
0
B
B
0
D
C
C
Windows
2
1
0
4
20
5
4
5
5
2
1
2
0
2
8
2
2
3
3
3
Ca
0.043(0.015)
0.26(0.23)
0.17(0.09)
0.15(0.08)
0.064(0.016)
0.23(0.16)
0.14(0.09)
0.38(0.30)
0.16(0.10)
0.42(0.29)
0.15(0.03)
0.05
0.08
0.15
0.10
0.17(0.08)
0.23(0.13)
1/0+
Fe
0.077(0.021)
0.095(0.036)
0.13(0.06)
0.050(0.021)
0.19(0.06)
0.44(0.18)
0.16(0.05)
0.30(0.13)
0.32(0.10)
0.31(0.17)
0.15(0.03)
0.26(0.04)
<0. 10
0.33
0.27
0.10
0.33
0.13
0.54
0.17
0.22(0.1 1)
0.25(0.07)
Pb
0.17(0.06)
0.070(0.01)
0.15(0.09)
0.19(0.07)
0.31(0.10)
0.62(0.16)
0.27(0.05)
0.44(0.10)
0.47(0.07)
0.50(0.37)
0.42(0.21)
0.85(0.28)
<0. 10
0.25
0.70
0.40
0.47
0.31
0.47
0.49
0.38(0.16)
0.53(0.12)
Br
0.41(0.18)
0.18(0.06)
0.25( )
0.43(0.20)
0.57(0.28)
0.44(0.16)
<0. 10
0.43
0.58
0.29
0.22
0.25
0.58
0.33
0.36(0.17)
0.38(0.13)
'arentheses indicate years since last remodeling.
londition: A-excel lent; B-good; C-falr; D-poor.
'arentheses indicate average deviation.
>urces: Cohen and Cohen I960 and Alzona et al. 1979.
73
-------
Table 23. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Concentration Ratios for Vehicles
(Windows Closed)
Indoor/Outdoor
Type of vehicle Fe Pb Br
Chevrolet Vega 0.27 0.41 0.36
Datson 440 0.09 0.12 0.24
Source: Alzona et al. 1979.
74
-------
Table 24. Scaling Factors Recommended for Adjusting Outdoor
Concentrations to Indoor and In-vehicle Concentrations
Predominant
particle size
Less than 1 pm
Greater than 1 pm
Indoor microenvironment In-vehicle microenvironment
WC WO Avg.2 WC WO Avg.2
0.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.7
0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.6
Application: multiply outdoor concentration of particulate-associated chemical by factors to
estimate indoor or in-vehicle concentration.
^WC = window closed and WO = window open.
^Average value based on assumption that windows are closed 50% of the time.
Based on data from Alzona et al. (1979) and Cohen and Cohen (1980), reproduced in Tables 21,
22, and 23.
75
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the geographic coordinates of releases should be provided as an output of
the process. The third process, using emission factors, 1s applied only
to production sites.
Production sites can be Identified by use of the same Information
sources that provide data on production volumes. These are listed In
Table 1. The spatial resolution offered by these sources may be
Inadequate; for Instance, when the address Is a large city or county, a
more exact location will be needed. Where more detail 1s required,
options are:
1. Obtain a NEDS (National Emissions Data System) retrieval for the
site. This will provide Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates
of any major point sources (note that these may not coincide with
the exact locations of process or fugitive releases, but they will
at least be close). These coordinates can then be translated to
latitude and longitude. NEDS 1s described 1n Sections 6.2.3(4)
and 4.1.1, and Appendix A of this volume, and sample retrievals
are given 1n Appendix C.
2. Obtain an IFD (Industrial Facilities Discharges) retrieval for the
site. This 1s an aqueous effluent data base, and 1t provides only
latitude and longitude of aqueous discharges; this 1s probably
accurate enough for most applications. IFD 1s described 1n more
detail 1n Sections 6.3.3(2) and 4.1.2, and Appendix A of this
volume.
3. Call the EPA Regional Office and talk to staff members who deal
with air, water, or hazardous waste enforcement. These people
usually know, or have ready access to, Information on exact site
locations.
4. Call the company.
(3) Source Strength. Source strength 1s a measure of release rate
to the atmosphere and 1s expressed 1n units of mass/time (e.g., g/sec or
kkg/yr). The three procedures by which source strength can be
determined, 1n descending order of preference, are:
1. Collect monitoring data.
2. Perform environmental materials balances.
3. Use estimating factors.
Each of these 1s explained below.
76
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Monitoring Data
Monitoring data can provide the most reliable Information on air
emissions. Unfortunately, monitoring data on toxic substances 1n air are
very rare or unavailable. The data bases that do provide data on air
emissions are described 1n Section 4.1.1.
Environmental Materials Balances
Environmental materials balances are quantitative determinations of
the flow rates of chemicals from the anthropogenic environment to the
natural environment 1n terms of quantity, location, time, and chemistry.
Environmental materials balances are concerned with the releases to
different media, usually expressed on an annual basis. The methods for
performing materials balances 1s beyond the scope of this report. If
materials balances are required, use the release rate to the atmosphere
as the source strength for modeling ambient concentrations.
Estimating Factors
The last method to use when determining air releases from production
1s to apply estimating factors to production volume. This method will
Indicate the approximate amount of product released to a specific medium
as a percentage of production volume. It should be noted that estimating
factors are crude approximations of releases and should be used only as a
last resort when all other techniques have been exhausted.
Estimating factors were developed to account for the product releases
to air from the manufacture of organic chemicals. Two methods were used
to calculate this estimating factor:
1. The air release factors were derived by using a weighted average
based on approximate unit process emissions. The contribution of
emissions from each unit process was taken from White (1981). The
actual numerical emissions (1n kg of product/kkg of production
volume) for each unit process were found 1n Versar (1982).
Information from both sources 1s presented 1n Table 25.
The estimated emission contribution percentage was applied to the
actual numerical emissions to determine the weighted average. The
weighted average was calculated based on the amount of available
data. This average 1s for process emissions only. Therefore, to
determine the total amount of emissions, 1t was assumed that
process emissions account for 55 percent of total emissions (IT
Envlrosdence 1980).
77
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Table 25. Estimated Emissions from Unit Processes
Unit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
process
Oxidation
Halogenatlon
Hydrogenatlon
Ester If I cat Ion
Alkylatlon
Sul fonat Ion
Dehydrogenatlon
Hydrolysis
Reforming
Carbony latlon
Oxyacety latlon
Nitration
Dehydration
Ammono 1 ys 1 s
Condensation
Dealky lat ion
TOTAL
Estimated emissions
contribution to total synthetic
organic chemicals manufacturing
industry (?)
48.3
14.5
10.8
6.9
4.0
3.4
2.7
2.4
2.2
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0
100.0
Amount of product
released from each unit
process (kg of product/
kkg of production volume)
I.I
6.5
MA
1.6
NA
NA
0.228
0.15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Emission
factor for
each unit
process (%)
0.1 1
0.65
NA
0.16
NA
NA
0.0228
0.015
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not available.
Sources: White 1981 and Versar 1982.
78
-------
2. The air emission factor was determined by averaging the product
air releases reported 1n over 20 organic chemical materials
balances (Versar 1980). Materials balances for numerous types of
organic chemicals were examined, Including aromatlcs and
chlorinated hydrocarbons (see Table 26).
The results of the above two methods were very similar. The emission
factors for the first and second methods were 0.39 and 0.31 percent of
the total production volume, respectively. Therefore, the estimating
factor for air was assumed to be 0.35 percent of the total production
volume. Again, 1t must be noted that this estimating factor should be
used with extreme caution. Emissions from organic chemical manufacturing
are actually process- and site-specific and cannot be adequately
estimated using only one factor.
The total amount of air releases from manufacturing are attributed to
the following four types of emissions: fugitive, storage, secondary, and
process. The amount each of these emission types contributes to the
total amount of product releases 1s not known. However, this Information
has been calculated for VOC (volatile organic carbon) by IT Envlrosclence
(1980). Of the total amount of VOC emitted to the air from the synthetic
organic chemicals manufacturing Industry, 9 percent 1s attributed to
storage losses, 32 percent to fugitive emissions, 4 percent to secondary
releases, and 55 percent to process vent emissions. It can be assumed
that the product emission breakdown will be similar to the VOC emission
breakdown. Like the other factor, this emission breakdown 1s only an
approximation and will vary among unit processes and manufacturing
facilities.
(4) Emission Characteristics. The various components required to
characterize air emissions are shown 1n Table 27. In addition, examples
of emission characteristics are presented 1n Appendix C for the organic
chemicals, plastics, and lubrication and hydraulic fluid Industries.
These characteristics are required as Input values for ATM and other
models.
There 1s no simple source that provides all the Information on
emissions characteristics. Several sources must be used and Include but
are not limited to: reports generated by OAQPS (Monitoring and Data
Analysis Division, Strategies and A1r Standards Division), EPA Industrial
Process Profiles, EPA Compilation of A1r Pollution Emissions Factors,
State Emissions Inventory Questionnaires (EIQ), various trade journals,
and various data bases. Reports on specific industries that characterize
air emissions are shown 1n Table 28.
79
-------
Table 26. Air Emission Factors Derived from Materials Balances
Air emission
Chemical factor (?)
Phenol 0.10
2-Chlorophenol 0. I I
2,4-Olchlorophenol 0.10
Tetr achIoroethe ne 0.80
Methylene chloride 0.20
Benzene 0. I I
1,1,l-Trlchloroethane 0.95
Ethylene dichlorlde 0.72
Ol-n-butyl phthalate ester 0.01 I
Diethylphthalate ester 0.11
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate 0.12
TrIchlorofIuoromethane 1.0
TrIchloroethene 1.46
Tol uene 0.1 I
Chloroform 0.048
Pentachlorophenol 0.07
Naphthalene 0.02
Ethyl benzene 0.10
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.10
Xylene 0.082
Acetone 0.10
80
-------
Table 27. Parameters and Factors Required for Air Emission Characterization
Emissions categories: process, fugitive, storage and handling, etc.
Contributions from each emissions category
Stack Information: height, diameter, number per plant, etc.
Periodicity of release: batch, continuous, semi-continuous; frequency and duration
Wastestream: exit velocity, exit temperature, chemical and physical composition,
flow,
81
-------
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The air quality data bases of primary concern that contain emission
characteristics are: Aerometrlc Emission Reporting System (AEROS) and
Its subsets; Compliance Data System (CDS); Environmental Assessment Data
Systems (EADS) and Its subsets; and the Compliance Data System (CDS).
These data bases should be consulted 1n the order listed above. A brief
description of each system 1s presented below.
AEROS consists of several subsystems that provide emission
characterization Information. One of the subsystems, the National
Emissions Data System (NEDS), contains data on the following relevant
elements: stack height, stack diameter, gas temperature, gas flow rate,
plume height, pollutant emission factors, design rate, capacity, control
efficiencies, and operating level. The point source listing also
Includes name and address of the facility, SIC code, and source
classification code (SCC). The SCC provides more detailed Information
than the SIC (example: SIC 2911 - Petroleum Refining; SCC 4-03-001-02 -
Petroleum Storage, Fixed Roof Tank, Breathing Loss, Crude).
NEDS 1s an extensive data base but 1s limited with respect to
statistical summary retrieval capabilities. For Instance, 1t 1s not
possible to retrieve average stack height for a given SIC. Therefore,
retrieval of a sample of plants must be performed for Industrywide
exposure assessments and summary statistics need to be calculated by
hand. The primary drawback of NEDS 1s that 1t 1s essentially limited to
points emitting more than 100 tons per year of criteria pollutants (e.g.,
NOx, S02, partlculates). As far as toxic substance releases are
concerned, process vents and other points that are of most Interest are
not generally covered by NEDS. Two other Important subsystems of AEROS
are the Source Test Data System (SOTDAT) and the Hazardous and Trace
Emissions System (HATREMS). SOTDAT contains the same Information as NEDS
but 1s limited to selected test facilities. HATREMS 1s also similar to
NEDS except that 1t tracks facilities releasing noncrlterla hazardous
pollutants. While HATREMS and SOTOAT are potentially most applicable to
exposure assessments on toxics, there are very little data 1n these
systems yet so they are not widely useful.
CDS 1s a management Information system that contains data on plants,
factories, and other point sources of air pollution. Emissions
characterization Information Includes compliance data, treatment levels,
Inspection data, and production levels of plants. Other Information 1s
similar to NEDS point source listing.
EADS consists of several subsystems that contain emission
characteristics Information based on the physical character of the
emissions (I.e., gaseous, liquid, fine particle, solid, and fugitive).
83
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This Information Includes design process rate, process type, stack
height, mass/volumetric flow rate, stream velocity, and stream
temperature.
Industry-specific date bases are also available and Include Organic
Chemical Producers Data Bases (OCPOB) and Multimedia Assessment of the
Inorganic Chemicals Industry. An example of an OCPDB retrieval Is
presented 1n Appendix C, Exhibit C.I.7.
Detailed descriptions of the data bases mentioned above are provided
1n Appendix A. The Information resource matrix at the beginning of the
appendix presents an Index and location for the data bases available 1n
Appendix A.
Beyond these data bases, a vast amount of Information on emission
characteristics exists 1n EPA and contractor publications. One
contractor's report 1n particular (SAI 1981), prepared for OAQPS,
addressed 35 selected chemicals 1n respect to human exposure to
atmospheric concentrations. An appendix was provided on each of 35
chemicals and contained detailed emission characteristics Information
Including number of stacks, vent height, vent diameter, discharge
temperature, velocity, and distribution area.
(5) Environmental Characteristics. Environmental characteristics
used to model ambient concentrations Include meteorological data and
terrain data.
The best source of meteorological data 1s the computerized data file
maintained by the National Weather Service at the National Climatic
Center (NCC) at Ashevllle, North Carolina. The raw data 1n this file for
250 major meteorological reporting stations throughout the country can be
processed by using the STab11ty ARray (STAR) program to provide data on
atmospheric stability, wind direction, and wind speed. STAR 1s available
on magnetic tape from the NCC and 1s widely used by air modelers. In
fact, ATM 1s Interfaced with this program and the NCC raw data 1n the OTS
operating model system. Users should be aware, however, that the
Pasqulll-Turner method used 1n the STAR program for calculating stability
1s a very Indirect method, and may be Inappropriate for modeling rough
terrain, valleys, cities, and other areas with terrain anomalies
(Sullivan and Shanoff 1981). Since most models are very sensitive to
atmospheric stability, this parameter must be characterized as accurately
as possible (Sullivan and Shanoff 1981).
Terrain data are not required Inputs to any of the models discussed
above, because these models generally assume level terrain. If this
assumption 1s Inappropriate, however, the confidence 1n the modeled
84
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ambient concentration 1s reduced. A qualitative evaluation of terrain
roughness can be made for an area by referring to the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) 1:250,000 map series, which Include contour lines. If more
resolution 1s needed, the USGS 7.5-m1nute quadrangles provide very sharp
detail. These maps are available from USGS headquarters 1n Reston,
Virginia, or from the map offices 1n Arlington, Virginia, or Denver,
Colorado.
(6) Fate Process Data. Fate process data needed for modeling
Include degradation rate by hydroxyl radical, degradation rate by ozone,
and particle deposition rate. Some general sources of Information on
physlcochemlcal properties were listed 1n Table 1 (Section 2), but for
the most part these sources do not Include quantitative atmospheric rate
data. The Environmental Fate Data Base (EFDB), currently under
development by Syracuse Research Corporation for OTS, contains files of
physlcochemlcal properties, Including oxidation reactions 1n the
atmosphere. Three files are Included 1n EFDB:
DATALOG, a data pointer file, covering 2,600+ chemicals; 20,000+
records.
CHEMFATE, a data value file, covering 220+ chemicals; 3,600+
records.
XREF, a bibliography file, covering 1,900+ citations.
The files are searchable by Chemical Abstracts number. An example of an
EFDB (CHEMFATE) retrieval 1s provided 1n Appendix C, Exhibit C.4-7.
A literature search via the commercially available computerized
systems for the Individual substance or analogous compounds may also
yield rate data. Much of the data 1n the literature 1s found 1n
periodicals such as Environmental Science and Technology, Journal of
Physical Chemistry, and International Journal of Chemical Kinetics.
Another alternative 1s to use estimation techniques. Algorithms for
estimating destruction by ozone or hydroxyl radical attack are currently
programmed Into ATM; one Inputs the molecular structure, and based on
component rates for various bonds (e.g., carbon-carbon double bond), a
degradation rate 1s estimated.
ATM 1s also programmed to estimate particle deposition rate, provided
that particle size spectrum 1s Input. A routine for estimating particle
size spectrum was discussed 1n Section 3.1.2.
(7) Model Execution. Model execution Involves setting up the
appropriate model, Inputting the parameters discussed 1n subsections
85
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6.2.3(2) to 6.2.3(6), and outputtlng ambient concentrations. For
detailed Instructions on model operation, the reader 1s referred to the
following sources:
Model Source (see reference section for complete
citation)
GIOAP Moschandreas et al. 1978
Line sources - UNAMAP Smith et al. 1978
Atmospheric Box Model Glfford and Hanna 1972
ATM Patterson et al. 1981.
6.3 Dermal Exposure
Dermal exposure to humans differs from Inhalation exposure because of
the activities that lead to exposure; swimming 1n rivers, lakes, and
streams 1s the only activity considered to cause significant dermal
exposure. Although other activities (e.g., water skiing, fishing,
standing 1n the rain) could lead to human dermal exposure, the frequency,
duration, and amount of skin surface available for exposure are small;
therefore, at least for general and long-term assessments, these
activities are considered negligible. (Consult Scow et al. (1979) to
evaluate their significance.) Because swimming 1s an episodic activity
(unlike the continuous activity of breathing), 1t 1s necessary to
consider frequency and duration (subsection 6.3.1) of exposure. In
addition, availability of dermal surface area to the waterborne pollutant
1s an Important factor 1n dermal exposure calculation (subsection
6.3.2). These activity-related parameters, when coupled with data on the
aquatic ambient concentration (subsection 6.3.3), yield a dermal exposure
figure as outlined earlier 1n Section 1.3.2.
6.3.1 Frequency and Duration
Frequency of outdoor swimming 1n natural surface water bodies must be
determined 1n terms of the number of exposures per year. The duration
parameter refers to the number of hours per exposure. Together, these
parameters equal the exposure periodicity 1n hours per year.
The only Information source found for frequency and duration of
outdoor swimming was In a report by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
(USDOI 1973). Of the surveyed population of 11,000, 34 percent swam 1n
rivers, lakes, and oceans. For this group, the average frequency of
swimming was seven days per year, and the average duration was 2.6 hours
per day. It 1s not possible to disaggregate this Into separate
frequencies and durations for rivers, lakes, and oceans, but 1t 1s likely
that lakes and oceans make up the majority of the time reported. It Is
Important to note that the seven activity days were reported only during
86
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the three summer months, or summer quarter (of 1972). This can be
considered an annual value with the assumption that most, 1f not all,
outdoor swimming occurs only during that time of the year. This
assumption 1s not realistic 1n the warmer areas of the country, but no
better data were found.
In summary, for a national per person average:
34 percent of the total population swims outdoors 1n natural
surface water bodies (Including oceans, lakes, creeks, rivers).
Frequency of exposure = 7 days/year.
Duration of exposure = 2.6 hours/day.
Periodicity = 18.2 hours/year.
These are general values; 1t should be noted that there 1s probably
considerable geographic variability.
6.3.2 Availability
Availability for dermal exposure calculation 1s assumed to equal the
total amount of human skin surface area. Availability values are given
below for adults and children. If the exposed population will not be
disaggregated by age groups, 1t 1s recommended that both availability
values be used to represent a general range of exposure for the total
swimming population. Both figures cited below are from ICRP (1974).
Availability:
Average Adult (male and female, 20-30 yrs) = 17,000 cm2.
Average Child (male and female, 1-10 yrs) = 7,700 cm2.
6.3.3 Ambient Aqueous Concentration
Like ambient air concentration for Inhalation discussed 1n Section
6.2.3, ambient aqueous concentration can be determined by using
monitoring data and/or by modeling. Monitoring data are generally rare,
but some data sources have ambient toxic substances concentrations; these
are discussed 1n Section 4.2.2. Most often, some modeling will be
required. Generalized model requirements are listed 1n Table 29. The
remainder of this section discusses modeling.
The steps Involved are analogous to those addressed 1n Section 6.2.3
for modeling air pollutants. They are as follows:
1. Select model.
2. Locate receiving streams.
87
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Table 29. Effluent Characteristics Needed To Model
Aqueous Ambient Concentrations
1. Discharge type point or nonpoint
2. Flow
3. For point sources, whether:
direct (discharged after on-site treatment), or
indirect (routed to publicly-owned treatment
plant IPOTW1 for treatment)
4. Periodicity of release:
continuous
semi-continuous or batch (need frequency and
duration of release)
-------
3. Determine source strength.
4. Characterize effluent.
5. Characterize environment.
6. Analyze fate processes.
7. Execute the model.
Each of these elements 1s discussed below.
(1) Model Selection. Numerous models have been developed for
estimating the effects of chemicals on water quality. A summary of
models available for estimating pollutant concentrations In surface
waters has been prepared 1n another volume of this reportMethods for
Assessing Exposures from Drinking Water (Volume 5). The reader should
refer to Table 8 1n Volume 5 for complete listings, descriptions, and
references to other models. The ensuing discussion Is limited to those
water models currently being used by OTS.
The simplest method of estimating ambient concentration 1s to assume
Immediate dilution and distribution of the substance at the point where
1t 1s discharged to surface water. The required data for this approach
are the aqueous loading (mass/time) and the receiving stream flow
(volume/time). This 1s obviously a gross method and cannot account for
fate processes, but 1t 1s useful In screening-level studies where great
accuracy 1s not required.
A much more sophisticated model 1s the Exposure Assessment Modeling
System (EXAMS), which has been developed by USEPA's Athens Environmental
Research Laboratory (ERL). EXAMS 1s a compartment model, I.e., 1t
considers the fate and transport of a chemical as 1t passes through a
series of water compartments and associated sediment and blotlc
compartments. Within each compartment, the model generates one
concentration; 1t 1s assumed that each compartment 1s homogeneous. The
compartments can be arranged to depict a simple pond (one water and one
sediment compartment), a river (a series of water and sediment
compartments), or a stratified lake (one upper water compartment and one
lower water compartment). EXAMS can simulate chemical loading from point
sources, atmospheric deposition (dry and wet), nonpolnt sources, and
groundwater seepage. Its use 1s limited to organic chemicals. I.e., 1t
1s not appropriate for Inorganics.
EXAMS can depict not only bulk transport and dilution, but fate
processes Including volatilization, hydrolysis, photolysis,
blodegradatlon, adsorption to suspended and bed sediments, and chemical
spedatlon (Flksel et al. 1981). Input requirements for EXAMS are listed
1n Table 30. Default values are available for virtually all of these
parameters except the hydrologlcal ones, and are supplied by the model.
89
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Table 30. EXAMS Input Requirements
Parameter Units
River and tributary flow m3/hr
Non-point source water input m /hr
(direct surface runoff)
Compartment length m
Compartment width m
Compartment surface area nr
Compartment depth m
Compartment volume nr
Stream velocity m/s
Chlorophyll concentration mg/L
pH
pOH
Concentration on suspended sediment mg/L
Percent organic carbon content of
benthic and suspended sediment
Extinction coefficient m
Nonpoint source sediment input kg/hr
Length for dispersive mixing m
Eddy dispersivity nrVhr
Cross-sectional area of adjoining m^
reaches
90
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Table 30. EXAMS Input Requirements
(continued)
Parameter
Units
Interflow
Reaeration rate coefficient
Wind speed over river
Rainfall
Cloud cover
Evaporation loss
Water temperature
Sediment load
Latitude
Spectral irradiance
Distribution function (ratio of
optical path length to vertical
depth in water)
Sediment density
Percentage water weight of sediment
Cation exchange capacity of sediment
Anion exchange capacity of sediment
Molar concentration of oxidants
nrVhr
cm/hr
m/s
mm/month
tenths
mm/month
ฐC
kg/hr
degrees
photons/crrrVs /nm
g/cm3
mini eq/100 g dry wt
milli eq/100 g dry wt
moles/L
91
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Table 30. EXAMS Input Requirements
(continued)
Parameter Units
Biomass in water and sediment mg/L and g dry wt/rn^
Fraction of planktonic biomass
Biotemperature ฐC
Bacterial density eelIs/100 g dry wt
Percent of active bacteria
Dissolved organic carbon mg/L
Source: Fiksel et al. 1981.
92
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Typical values for many of the environmental characteristics listed 1n
Table 30 are being developed under contracts with the Environmental
Research Laboratory, Athens ORD, for 15 major river basins 1n the U.S.
These studies should be completed sometime 1n late 1983 and will be
available through NTIS. Kenneth F. Hedden (ERL/Athens) can be contacted
for more current Information at (404) 546-3310.
EXAMS outputs the steady-state concentrations of the chemical of
Interest (for dissociated and undlssodated species) 1n each compartment
(water, sediment, biota) and the decay kinetics. The model allows
dynamic response to fluctuating loads of chemicals, but 1n most
applications, loading 1s assumed to be constant.
The Wisconsin Hydrologlc Transport Model (WHTM) 1s also 1n use by
OTS. WHTM 1s a very "data-hungry" model suitable for detailed simulations
of a specific locale. It 1s less suitable for more general
applications. WHTM simulates the transport of organic or Inorganic
chemicals through soils and surface waters. Input requirements Include
loading rate (by deposition, Incorporation Into the soil, or direct point
source discharge), environmental characteristics (flows, temperature,
soil characteristics, precipitation, Infiltration rates, suspended solids
load, etc.), and reaction rates for fate processes. The model
accommodates blodegradatlon, hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis,
volatilization from soil and water, absorption to soils and sediments,
and dissociation. Output 1s the concentration of the chemical In various
compartments with temporal resolution as fine as 15 minutes.
(2) Receiving Streams. After selecting the appropriate model
(Section 6.3.3(1)), the next step 1s to determine the exact location of
any toxic pollutant discharges entering the receiving stream, I.e.,
surface waters. To determine the exact location of the discharges, the
four steps below can be used:
1. Check the Industrial Facilities Discharge file (IFO).
2. If the required Information 1s not 1n the IFD file, check the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) data base.
3. If the exact discharge location could not be found from the above
Information sources, call the Regional EPA enforcement staff, who
usually are aware of most major sources.
4. Call the company.
A more detailed description of Steps 1 and 2 1s presented below:
93
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Step 1. The IFO file 1s an EPA In-house data base consisting of direct
and Indirect discharges for the major Industrial categories. It
covers those Industries suspected of discharging priority
pollutants. This data base allows rapid selection, sorting, and
retrieval of Information based on a variety of selection
criteria. For example, by selecting a specific SIC code, 1t 1s
possible to output Information on the corresponding Industrial
category. This output can be further refined by specifying a
particular state, county, city, or river basin.
In general, two categories of selection criteria (Identities)
can be used to obtain location data. These two categories
consist of location and manufacturing facility Information. The
specific Identifiers found 1n each category are presented In
Table 31.
Additional background Information on the IFO file 1s located 1n
Appendix A. Sample IFO retrievals are presented 1n Appendix C,
Exhibits C.l-5, C.2-5, and C.3-5.
Step 2. NPOES 1s a permit-Issuing program designed to monitor and
control the discharge of pollutants Into the nation's surface
waters. Any Industry or publicly owned treatment works that
discharges Into surface waters 1s required to obtain an NPDES
permit.
This file 1s organized 1n a manner similar to that used for the
IFO file. The Identifiers are grouped according to location and
facility Information and are presented 1n Table 32.
For additional Information on the NPDES file, see Appendix A.
(3) Source Strength. Source strength 1s equivalent to the environ
mental release rate to water and 1s expressed 1n units of mass/time
(e.g., kg/day or kkg/yr). As 1s the case for air emissions, source
strength to water can be determined by:
1. Monitoring
2. Performing environmental materials balance
3. Using estimating factors.
Monitoring
Monitoring data for aqueous discharges provide the most useful and
accurate Information, but they are not available for most toxic
substances. Data bases providing aqueous loading rates are discussed 1n
Section 4.1.2.
94
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Table 31. IFD Location and Facility Identifiers
Location Identifiers Facl llty Identifiers
I. State I. Facility name
2. County 2. Facility location
3. City 3. Street address
4. Street address 4. SIC code
5. Coordinates 5. Dun and Bradstreet number
6. Latitude/longitude 6. NPDES number
7. Stream name 7. Program Identifier
8. Stream reach
9. River mile
Besides location and facility information, the following
nonpolluUnt parameters can be obtained from the IFD file:
Discharge points
Flow rates
Geographic subdivisions
Industry
Political subdivisions
Demographics
95
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Table 32. NPDES Location and Facility Identifiers
Location identifiers
Facility identifiers
1. State
2. City
3. Town/township
4. Street address
5. Project identifier
NPDES number
1. Plant facility name
2. Plant location
3. NPDES number
These identifiers are also possible output parameters
and can be combined to further restrict the scope of
the search.
Besides the above data, the following nonpollutant
parameters can be obtained from the NPDES file:
Compliance data
Discharge points
Flow rates
Inspection data
Sampling data
96
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Environmental Materials Balance
A materials balance approach 1s often used to estimate releases to
various environmental compartments. One of the components of a materials
balance 1s Identification of the points of release and associated
loadings to the aquatic environment, usually on an annual basis.
Estimating Factors
If neither monitoring data nor materials balances Information 1s
available, a very crude approximation of release from production sites
can be made by deriving relationships between production and release rate.
Estimating factors can be used to provide approximate data on water
release from production. A water estimating factor Indicates the
approximate amount of product released to receiving streams (surface
water) as a percentage of production volume. It cannot be overemphasized
that estimating factors are only crude approximations; they should be
used only when no other options are available.
An estimating factor was determined to account for the product
releases to receiving streams from the manufacture of organic chemicals.
This emission factor was determined by averaging the product water
releases 1n over 20 organic chemical materials balances. A 11st of the
materials balances considered and the water release factors are presented
1n Table 33.
The average value from Table 33 was found to be 0.40 percent
(equivalent to 4 kg released per kkg produced) based on the available
Information. Again, this emission factor should be used with extreme
caution. Actual emissions from organic chemical manufacturing are highly
process- and site-specific and cannot be adequately estimated by only one
emission factor.
(4) Effluent Characteristics. Information on effluent
characteristics needed to model aqueous ambient concentrations 1s listed
1n Table 29. This Information 1s available on an Industrywide basis from
the following sources: EPA Effluent Limitation Guidelines Development
Documents; EPA TreatabUHy Manuals, Best Available Technolgy (BAT)
Review Studies, Environmental Data Summary and Analyses (EDSAs),
Industrial Facilities Discharge file (IFD), and Bureau of Census (Census
of Manufactures).
Industry coverage for the first three types of Information sources
noted above 1s listed 1n Table 34; presentation of the Information varies
from document to document. Examples of EOSAs providing Industrywide flow
97
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Table 33. Materials Balances and Water Emission Factors
Water emission
Materials balance factors (%)
Phenol 0.008
2-Chlorophenol 2.09
2,4-Dichlorophenol 2.10
Tetrachloroethene NA
Methylene chloride 0.005
Benzene 0.01
1,1,1-Trichloroethane NA
Ethylene chloride NA
Di-n-butyl phthalate ester 0.13
Diethylphthalate ester 0.11
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 0.13
Trichlorofluoromethane NA
Trichloroethene 0.03
Toluene NA
Chloroform 0.01
Pentachlorophenol NA
Naphthalene NA
Ethylbenzene 0.17
Methyl ethyl ketone NA
Xylene 0.04
Acetone NA
TOTAL 4.83
NA - Not available.
98
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and direct/Indirect discharge data are provided 1n Appendix C as Exhibits
C.l-4, C.2-4, and C.3-4 for the organic chemicals, plastics, and
lubricant and hydraulic fluids Industries, respectively.
The IFO file can provide summary retrievals listing flows and number
of plants discharging directly or Indirectly; to provide this, the file
must be searched by SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) code. SIC
code may not correspond exactly to the specific Industrial category or
subcategory of Interest, so this 1s a potential drawback.
The Census of Manufactures (Bureau of the Census 1980a) provides an
Industry-by-lndustry listing of water use. Use 1s grouped by such
characteristics as process, cooling, refrigeration, drinking, etc., and
1s also broken out by direct or Indirect discharge. Examples of Census
of Manufactures data on organic chemicals, plastics, and lubricant and
hydraulic fluids Industries are presented 1n Appendix C as Exhibits
C.l-1, C.2-1, and C.3-1, respectively.
For effluent characteristics for Individual plants, there are two
options:
1. Obtain an IFD retrieval for the plants.
2. Infer the characteristics based on Industrywide data from the
other Information sources above.
IFD can be accessed by plant name. IFD retrievals showing flows and
other effluent characteristics for specific plants are shown In
Appendix C as Exhibits C.l-5, C.2-5, and C.3-5.
If IFD 1s not available, one of the other sources can be used. These
other sources are designed to obscure plant-specific data to discourage
calculation of confidential Information. One can estimate the plant's
effluent characteristics based on the Industry average values or 1f
production volume 1s known, flow may be calculated based on
flow-production ratios provided 1n some of the effluent guideline
development documents.
For nonpolnt sources, effluent characteristics will be related to
land use and hydrology. Land use data may be available from local
planning agency studies mandated by Section 208 of the Clean Water Act.
Watershed boundaries can be found In U.S. Geological Survey State
Hydrologlc Unit Maps (available from USGS offices 1n Reston, Virginia;
Arlington, Virginia; and Denver, Colorado) which are arranged by a
hydrologlc unit code for regions, subreglons, accounting units, and
cataloging units. There are 352 accounting units 1n the U.S., and
101
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within these there are approximately 2,100 cataloging units. Data on
annual runoff rates are available for each of the 18 major river basins
1n the U.S. from a USEPA draft report on the National Urban Runoff
Program (DON 1981). Other useful hydrologlcal Information 1s found 1n
the "Water Atlas of the U.S." (Geraughty et al. 1973).
(5) Environmental Characteristics. All models, Including the simple
dilution calculation, require data on the flow of the receiving stream.
Beyond that, the EXAMS and WHTM models can use site-specific data on
parameters that affect fate and transport or they can be run using
model-supplied default values.
The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a system of stream gages
throughout the U.S. to determine flow. Stream flow data can be accessed
manually by referring to the USGS reports published annually on a
state-by-state basis (e.g., "Water Resources Data for Virginia, Water
Year 1980"). Locations of gaging stations are provided 1n a map 1n the
front of each report, and average, high, and low flows are summarized for
each station on an annual basis and over the period of record. Dally
flows are provided, allowing calculation of seasonal averages (1f needed).
More sophisticated hydrologlc statistics can be computed by using the
USEPA STOrage and RETrleval (STORE!) Flow Data File (FDF). This file
uses the USGS flow data (stored 1n computer form 1n Water Data Storage
and Retrieval Systems (WATSTORE), and Interfaced with STORET) and
provides the programming required to calculate probability-based
hydrologlc values (e.g., 7-day, 10-year recurrence Interval, low flow).
Where the site Involved 1s far from a USGS gaging station, the EPA GAGE
file (Stream Gaging Inventory) can be used. This file Includes data from
additional sources such as state gages, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
gages, Bureau of Reclamation gages, etc. Like FDF, GAGE 1s maintained
and operated by the Water Quality Analysis Branch, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, USEPA.
Where several locations are being studied, the REACH file of STORET
offers an effective way of Identifying environmental characteristics and
monitoring data. If the locations correspond to the occurrence of
various Industrial facilities or publicly owned treatment works, selected
plants or the entire Industry (by SIC) can be located using the
Industrial Facilities Discharge (IFO) component of REACH. Flows for each
stream segment (I.e., reach) can be summarized by using GAGE, which 1s
also a component of REACH.
Relevant water quality characteristics (e.g., pH, suspended solids)
can be accessed by the main STORET Water Quality File which 1s Interfaced
with the REACH file, and the locations of drinking water Intakes can be
102
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Identified using the REACH Drinking Water Supply File. Thus, the REACH
file links several types of data needed for modeling. Currently, several
of the files 1n REACH are Incomplete with respect to coverage of
Industrial plants and locations of drinking water Intakes.
(6) Fate Process Data. Resources for fate process data were
discussed previously 1n Sections 2 and 3 (see Table 2). These resources,
which Include empirical data, literature estimates, and general methods
for estimating properties, can be consulted to provide the required
partitioning, degradation, and kinetic data. Empirical data are
preferred over estimates. If one or two processes are much faster or
account for much more of the mass than the others, the other processes
can usually be neglected, and the Input data for them are not required.
(7) Model Execution. Model execution entails Inputting the data
listed 1n Subsections 6.3.3(2) to 6.3.3(6), calibrating with ambient
monitoring data (when available), and outputtlng ambient concentrations.
The dilution calculation 1s expressed by a simple mathematical equation:
Cd = Ce Qe + Cu Qu
Qe + Qu
where C^ = concentration downstream of the effluent
Ce = concentration 1n the effluent
Cu = concentration upstream of the effluent
Qe = flow of the effluent
Qu = flow of the receiving stream upstream of the effluent.
The term Cu 1s often considered to equal zero unless there are
other sources upstream. If the nearest gaging station 1s downstream
Instead of upstream, the following assumptions are often made:
QU + Qe ~ Qd- or 1f
Qe << Qu. Qu = Qdซ where Qd = flow downstream.
These assumptions are applicable only 1f there are no major tributaries
between the discharge point at the downstream gaging station.
Steps for execution of EXAMS and WHTM are provided 1n their
respective user's manuals, by Burns et al. (1979) and Patterson et al.
(1981).
103
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6.4 Exposure of Aquatic Biota
Exposure of aquatic biota 1s usually analyzed 1n terms of aqueous
concentration. Ambient concentration 1s derived by the process explained
1n Section 6.3.3, using monitoring data and/or models. The output should
be a description of the concentration gradient at various distances
downstream from the source. The distances will depend on the persistence
of the substance being studied, the hydrology of the system, and the
source strength.
Knowing the periodicity of releases Into the aquatic environment 1s
helpful when one compares calculated exposures to laboratory-generated
toxldty tests of known duration. For example, 1f a fish 1s harmed by a
10-ppm concentration 1n a 24-hour flow-through bloassay, there 1s no
reason to believe that 1t will be harmed by 1-ppm over a 10-day period
under field conditions. Most often, the exact periodicity of releases 1s
unknown and release 1s assumed to occur evenly and continuously; 1n these
cases, the periodicity of exposure 1s continuous. Where the temporal
release patterns are known more exactly from a detailed source
characterization (not described 1n this volume), the exposures can be
modeled separately for various release levels.
104
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no
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ill
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Printing Office.
Versar, Inc. 1980. Materials balance and production and use documents.
Draft report. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water Regulations and Standards. EPA 68-01-3852.
Versar, Inc. 1982. Development of the environmental release data base
for the synthetic organic chemicals manufacturing Industry. Washington,
DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development.
Verschueren K. 1977. Handbook of environmental data on organic
chemicals. New York, NY: Van Nostrand/Relnhold Company.
Walsh M, Black A, Morgan A. 1977. Sorptlon of S02 by typical Indoor
sources Including wool carpets, wallpaper, and paint. Atmos. Environ.
February 1977. Abstracted 1n Moschandreas et al. 1980. Indoor-outdoor
pollution levels: a bibliography. Electric Power Research Inst. EPRI
EA-1025.
Weast RC. 1977. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 58th ed.
Cleveland, OH: CRC Press, Inc.
Weatherly ML. 1966. A1r pollution Inside the home. Intl. Jour. A1r
Water Poll. 10:404-09. Abstracted 1n Moschandreas et al. 1981.
Indoor-outdoor pollution levels: a bibliography. Elecrlc Power Res.
Inst. EPRI EA-1025.
White R. 1981. Organic chemical manufacturing. Volume 1: program
report. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Wlndholz M, ed. 1976. The merck Index. An encyclopedia of chemicals
and drugs. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.
114
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APPENDIX A
Information Resource Matrix
This appendix, an Information resource matrix, catagorlzes and
briefly describes currently available Information/data resources
pertinent to the methods for assessing exposure to chemical substances,
particularly these methods for the ambient, occupational and disposal
scenarios.
In addition to the actual matrix, brief descriptions have been
composed for each of the resources listed and are Included 1n this
appendix 1n the order 1n which they appear 1n the matrix. The
descriptions have been designed to merely provide Insight and guidance
with regard to any particular resource; they have been Intentionally
abbreviated to reduce the volume of the appendix. The page where each
Information resource description appears 1s Indicated 1n the first column
of the matrix.
This Information resource matrix 1s not Intended to be all-inclusive
1n Its coverage. Rather, 1t reflects a group of resources known to be
applicable to the exposure assessment methods used by OTS.
The matrix presents 77 Information resources that Include:
computerized data bases
bibliographic retrieval systems
nonb1b!1ograph1c retrieval systems
standard reference manuals
encyclopedias, books, and special studies
These Information resources are grouped Into nine generalized
categories arranged vertically on the matrix:
t chemical Information
air emissions
water discharges
waste disposal
117
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ambient air
ambient water
bibliographic
occupational resources
miscellaneous
Information resources listed under each of the nine generalized
categories are alphabetized.
Descriptive parameters, arranged horizontally on the matrix, are
grouped Into five generalized categories:
exposure framework
frequency of update
0 period of record
access
responsible agency
The exposure framework category Includes eight headings:
physical/chemical properties; production and Import; use, transport,
export, and disposal; geographic distribution; environmental releases;
emissions characteristics; environmental fate/pathways; and ambient
concentrations. Strictly for the purposes of this appendix, each heading
can be explained as follows.
Physical/Chemical Properties Include molecular weight, ambient phase,
density, boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, solubility, add
dissociation constant, vapor density, partition coefficient, and
half-life.
Production and Import Includes sources, volumes, and process
technologies. All tiers or levels of production may be Included.
Use. Transport. Export, and Disposal Include trade, commercial, and
consumer market activities and distributions; sources; volumes; modes of
transport; and techniques for disposal. Other parameters necessary for
materials balance analysis are Included here.
118
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Geographic Distribution Includes street address, county, state,
region, hydrologlc unit, latitude/longitude, etc.
Environmental Releases Include air emissions, water discharges, or
other pollutant releases from production; use, transport, disposal, and
other activities.
Emissions Characteristics Include stack height, exit velocity, plume
rise, periodicity, wastestream composition, etc.
Environmental Fate/Pathways Include photolysis, oxidation,
hydrolysis, volatilization, sorptlon, blotransformatlon, bloaccumulatlon,
and chemical spedatlon. Exposure pathways must also be addressed and
Include ambient loading, persistence, frequency and duration, and
receptor populations.
Ambient Concentrations Includes monitoring data for all ambient media
Including studies focusing on waste disposal and occupational area
monitoring.
The frequency of update category Includes five headings: continuous;
periodic; annual; two to four years; and, five or more years. This
category 1s concerned mostly with the computerized files; however, update
frequency can be applied to some hard copy resources such as special
reports or yearly surveys.
Continuous updating refers to weekly, dally, or hourly additions of
data as well as master file update.
Periodic updating refers to monthly, quarterly, or Irregular data
additions and master file update. Irregular updating Includes updates
controlled by budgetary constraints, or data collected on an "as needed"
basis.
Annual updating refers to yearly data additions and master file
update. Some continuously and periodically updated resources are also
updated on a yearly basis.
Two to four year updating and five years or more updating usually
apply to special surveys and reports.
A source with no bullet 1n this category Indicates that data
collection and/or data update has been terminated, In the case of
computerized files; or 1n the case of hard copy (books), only one edition
has been published.
119
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The period of record category Includes four headings: five years or
more; two to four years; one year or less; and special study. The
category refers to length of data collection for computerized files,
length of publication for hard copy resources, or one time special
surveys/studies.
The access category Includes three headings: hard copy,
computerized, and manual file. This category refers to the nature and
accessibility of the Information resources. Hard copy denotes books,
Journals, reports, etc., as well as microfilm/microfiche.
The responsible agency category Includes acronyms of the office,
agency, or firm responsible for generating and/or maintaining the
Information resources. The following table 1s Included as a key to the
acronyms.
120
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Key to Responsible Agency Acronyms
APTIC Air Pollution Technical Information Center
BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics
BRS Bibliographic Retrieval Services
CDC Control Data Corporation
CDS Chemical Data Services
CMA Chemical Manufacturers Association
CMH Considine (author) - McGraw Hill
CPSC Consumer Products Safety Commission
CSC Computer Sciences Corporation
DIALOG DIALOG Information Retrieval Service
EGD Effluent Guidelines Division
EMSL Environmental Monitoring System Lab - RTP
ERLA Environmental Research Lab - Athens
ERLD Environmental Research Lab - Duluth
FKCWI Faith, Keyes, and Clark (authors) - Wiley Interscience
HWTF Hazardous Waste Task Force
IERL Industrial Environmental Research Lab - RTP
IERLC Industrial Environmental Research Lab - Cincinnati
KOWI Kirk-Othmer (authors) - Wiley Interscience
KVVNR Karel Verschueren (author) - Van Nostrand Reinhold
MACSD M/A-COM Sigma Data
MDSD Monitoring and Data Support Division
121
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Key to Responsible Agency Acronyms
NFPA National Fire Prevention Association
NIOSH National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health
NLM National Library of Medicine
NSF National Science Foundation
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OHS Occupational Health Services
OPMO Office of Program and Management Operation
OPP Office of Pesticide Programs
OPTS Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
OPTSE Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Enforcement
ORD Office of Research and Development
OSW Office of Solid Waste
OTS Office of Toxic Substances
OWE Office of Water Enforcement
OWPO Office of Water Programs Operations
PCMH Perry and Chilton (authors) - McGraw Hill
PI1C Pergamon International Information Corporation
RED Regional Enforcement Divisions
SDC Systems Development Corporation
SRI SRI International
SSED Stationary Source Enforcement Division
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USITC U.S. International Trade Commission
122
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CEH
The Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) 1s a multl-volume loose-leaf book
concerned with the economic status and progress of the world's chemical
Industries. Participants (subscribers) are kept Informed regarding the present
and future status of raw materials, primary and Intermediate chemicals, chemical
product groups, the chemical Industry, and those aspects of other Industries and
the total economy that are relevant to the chemical Industry. Emphasis 1s
placed on future markets, both 1n terms of quantities and economies of chemi-
cals produced/consumed and the technological requirements of future demand.
Sections of the CEH are: Introduction; Index; Economic Indicators; Manual
of Current Indicators; Industry; Chemicals. The main body of CEH Is made up of
Reports and Data Sheets concerning Individual chemicals or groups of chemicals.
Data Sheets are summaries Including data on chemical production, sales,
consumption, price, manufacturing processes, producing companies, plant
locations, plant capacities, Imports, exports, and sources used. Yearly growth
rates can be extrapolated and compared using the standardized graphs and a
special protractor, Included with each CEH set.
Reports contain detailed analytical sections on topics covered by Data
Sheets. CEH Reports are written by subject specialists and reviewed by colla-
borating experts 1n the chemical Industry, market researchers, or product
managers.
A "Manual of Current Indicators" section reporting recent economic sta-
tistics 1s updated and reissued every other month.
CEH contains chemical Industry economic Indicators such as product growth
curves, production quantities, Inventory data, price, and export/Import ratios.
Plant locations, capacities and other data are gathered and updated
occasionally. Specialized volumes deal with specific Industries such as
pesticides.
Access:
CEH is available from SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
Cost:
Hard copy 1s available for $7,500-9,000 depending on the number of spe-
cialized volumes desired. Computer tape with data listed therein are available.
Monthly indexes for the main body of the handbook and for the specialized vol-
umes are available at a subscription cost.
128
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Chemical Engineers9 Handbook
FIFTH EDITION
Prepared by a staff of specialists
under the editorial direction of
Robert H. Perry
Consultant
Cecil H. Chilton
Senior Advisor
Battelle Memorial Institute
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
Now York SI louu San franciuo Aixkland ooaol*
DuMoldorf Johonnotburg London Madrid MOXKO
Mortrroal Now Oolhi Poname Part! Soo Paulo
Singapore Sydnov Tokyo Toronto
129
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Index to Sections for Quick Reference
DATA AND FUNDAMENTALS s.ซ,.n
Mathematical Tables ... 1
Mathematics 2
Physical and Chemical Data 3
Reaction Kinetics Reactor Design and Thermodynamics 4
HANDLING OF FLUIDS AND SOLIDS
Fluid and Particle Dynamics 5
Transport and Storage of Fluids 6
Solids Transport and Storage 7
Size Reduction and Size Enlargement 8
HEAT GENERATION AND TRANSFER
Heat Generation, Transport, and Storage . . . . . .... 9
Heat Transmission ... . 10
Heat-transfer Equipment 11
Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration .... 12
PRINCIPLES OF DIFFUSIONAL OPERATIONS
Distillation 13
Gas Absorption 14
Liquid Extraction 15
Adsorption and Ion Exchange 16
Miscellaneous Separation Processes . 17
MULTIPHASE CONTACTING AND SEPARATIONS
Liquid-Gas System* 18
Liquid-Solid Systems 1ฐ
Gas-Solid Systems 20
Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Solid Systems 21
ALLIED AREAS OF ENGINEERING
Process Control 22
Materials of Construction ... . . . . . 23
Process Machinery Drives 24
Cost and Profitability Estimation 25
lnd*x fotfows Section 25.
130
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CFCP
The Chemical Formulations of Consumer Products (CFCP) database contains
formulation (Ingredients with percentage) Information for over 15,000 U.S. con-
sumer products.
Data were collected directly from over 1600 manufacturers required to
report ingredients to a specificity 0.1%. Approximately 45% of the product for-
mulations were designated by the manufacturers as proprietary data or trade
secrets.
Data Files:
The database consists of four files: A Manufacturer-Product file con-
taining manufacturer names, codes, and addresses; a Product-Ingredient file
containing product names, codes, and formulation data; a Chemical Dictionary
file which is a name authority file relating Chemical Abstracts Service Registry
Numbers and nomenclature to trade names and other chemical names reported by
manufacturers; and a Bookkeeping file containing file status and management
data.
Access:
The file is accessible through the staff of the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, Bethesda, MD.
Cost:
Searches are free, as are some publications. Extensive searches may
involve some cost.
Update;
No longer named CFCP. Now named CHIPl and CHIP2 (CHemicals In Products)
Majority of information is proprietary. Other requests possdJDle through FOI
(Freedom of Information) channels. For further information contact:
Eliot Foutes, CPSC - Economics Division, (301) 492-6962.
131
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The NIH/EPA Chemical Information System CIS
In 1970, work was begun at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to
determine the feasibility of online, Interactive searching of numeric,
chemical data bases. The first area to be studied was mass spectrometry,
and 1n 1972, a search system and a mass spectral library of approximately
10,000 spectra were developed as a joint effort between NIH and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This permitted searches for
compounds whose mass spectra possessed specific peaks and also for the
mass spectra of compounds having specific molecular formulas or molecular
weight.
Since then, a number of other numeric data bases and search systems have
been developed with much the same design. These components cover areas
that reflect the missions of the various supporting agencies of the U.S.
Government, such as carbon-13 nmr, X-ray diffraction, toxlclty and
regulation of chemicals.
As the various CIS data bases were being developed and merged Into the
public system, work was continuing at NIH and EPA upon the problem of
searching these data bases for specific chemical structures or
substructures. This led 1n 1978 to the releases of a Structure and
Nomenclature Search System (SANSS), which permits searching through any
or all of the data bases of the CIS for particular chemical structures or
substructures.
CIS Information 1s referenced on the SANSS data base 1n which every
chemical substance 1n the CIS 1s represented. SANSS 1s used to Identify
a chemical substance, given Its Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry
number, Its name, or Its structure, and refers the user to all CIS files
that contain data on the compound. Any such data can then be retrieved
with simple commands from the appropriate file or the CIS network.
Several new data bases are 1n process and will be added to CIS as soon as
development and testing are completed. These Include:
CHEMLAW
CESARS
CHRIS
Information on new additions and enhancement of existing data bases will
be announced through the Newsletter and NEWS messages available online In
CIS.
The retrieval Information from one component to another may easily be
done. The commands which allow this are known as UNIVERSAL commands.
Thus, a name search 1n SANSS may reference the CIS Mass Spectral Search
System (MSSS) and/or the NIOSH Registry of Toxic effects of Chemical
132
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Substances (RTECS). From the SANSS component, the NSHOW or the TSHOW
universal command will retrieve the mass spectrum or the NIOSH/RTECS
toxldty data, respectively. After retrieving the data the SANSS search
software 1s still 1n effect.
If your aim 1s to Identify a chemical substance from measurements made on
1t, such data can be entered Interactively Into any of the numeric data
components of the CIS, such as MSSS, or another appropriate system. The
search strategies 1n these CIS components will assist you 1n Identifying
the unknown material and the CAS Registry numbers of any matching
compounds will be provided to you. The Registry number can then be used
to locate Information pertaining to the compound 1n any other CIS
component.
The CIS has been developed and maintained by Fe1n-Marquart Associates,
Inc. of Baltimore, Maryland under contract to cooperating Agencies of the
U.S. Government and 1s available 1n the private sector for use by the
public on a fee-for-servlce basis. It 1s accessible world-wide through
the GTE-Telenet and Tymnet telecommunications networks.
133
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CPD
Scope:
Chemical Plant Data (CPD) is designed to provide worldwide information on
chemical plants producing, or planning to produce, any of more than 100 basic
chemicals. Currently, 114 chemicals, or in some cases classes of chemicals, are
covered. The information available through this service 1s based upon material
collected from a wide range of sources published in many languages, and includes
technical literature, company information, annual reports, etc. In addition,
companies are approached to verify the information thus provided.
Subject coverage includes:
114 chemical commodities
Producing plant listings (worldwide)
Plant capacities, start-up date
Production/Sales/Statistical summaries
Producer/Process/Feedstock
Access:
Currently, Chemical Plant Data is disseminated primarily in hard copy
form. Online computer retrieval of this information is, however, 1n the
planning stages. For further information contact:
The Sales Department
Chemical Data Services
Dorset House, Stamford Street
London, SE1 9LU, ENGLAND
137
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chemical
and process
technology
encyclopedia
editor-in-chief
Douglas M. Considine
Consulting Engineer, Los Angeles, California
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
Tliis Kncye lopedia blinds toLjclhci in a lotin.il iclciciu c work the many
facets D| inoi^anu, oii^inii, and |>hysi<;il chemistry and ol chemical,
mrl.i llm L;I< a I, and pioi ess CIILMIICCI int; wine h, when vi( vvi d as an inte-
grated body ol si icnlilif knowledge, coinpiisc ilinnidil anil fnntfi', lrtlini>/i>t>i'
In a in,nkcd depaihiK li'iin lln I radii lonal edilonal lotinal, tills book
combines the detailed (overage nl a handbook with I he convenience and
s( ope ol an alphabet l/rd CTIC \ < lopedia
It nol only rtnbiairs ilu liadilional sphi-irs nl inuirsl in nuhislii.d
(hennsliy and ( hcinii ,il technology as icllcctecl b\ the peltolc-um, pc'tio-
cheniKal, ihemital. paper, lixlilc. and olhei liiny-cstabhshed pioccss
indnsti ics, but ,dso more iccenl apph( at ions ol an ad\an< imj and bioad-
enniL; (hemual lei hnol
-------
air lc\\ if anv professionals \\lio h.ivr a woiking familiarity with all the
hi ,IIH lies. When 11ic pie Sessional seeks i ii11 INI1.11 IDII DM a siil>|('cl willi which
he 111. IN i ID I 11.1\ r Ix en in IDIII h I HI . i Ion g pel mil, il ,il .ill, he seeks i,i|>i(l,
eoneisr, extremely cleai Minimal irs thai will provide initial 01 icntalion
.ind lead him to rnrthei, moic detailed information Thus ihe rradrr
will find slicing editoii.il emphasis in this hook on definitions of terms,
clarification of nomenclature, and classification of subject matter, lead-
ing him directly and quickly to more detailed shelf literature and other
information sunn es.
This Kncv elopcdia aims to provide within one volume not only the
attendant convenience and economy of a single source as conliastrd with
ninllivohmir works wlni h laiely piovide com hisive detail, l>nl also a very
large portion of highly selei I information which an inleiesled reader may
seek in his initial com cm with a given topic. In many instances, because
of the man net m wine h the mloi m.ilion c on I en I was selected, the reader
will find all the answcis he is seeking within tins one volume. Where
Inilher information is iccjuircd, extensive icIciciKc lists, caielully culled
foi value, aie nullified. Kxha list ive bihliogi a|>l lies containing icferenecs
of maiginal value aie not included. In most instances, references have'
lieen selected which, in themselves, c onlain long lists of 'references, so that
the1 leader can assemble his cm n information bank rapidly, using this book
as a start ing base'.
This Kncyc lopecha is mil a compilation of generalities, but ratliei is
packed with detail information, caicfully selected on a priority basis by
ea< 11 au I IK ii -spec lahst follow ing a I else- ovci v icw of a topic- in most eases,
the- aulhoi picsents del,ills \\linli, m his e\pci I iipimon, ie al c lassifie at ion
139
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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES INFORMATION NETWORK - A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
The Chemical Substances Information Network (CSIN) 1s being developed 1n
response to the massive data requirements of chemical regulation, toxlcologlcal
research, chemical manufacture, and related activities. The system will place a
valuable new tool, capable of accessing diverse types of chemical-related data,
1n the hands of federal and local government agencies, scientists, educators,
public interest groups, and others. This will be accomplished by Unking and
coordinating data from several Independent chemical-related Information systems;
which together will provide access to greater capabilities than any existing
system currently supplies.
The network will meet information needs more effectively than the
multiple specialized data systems. At this time, no single specialized data
system satisfies all user requirements. The network.will accommodate differ-
ences as they evolve, providing both the integration and diversity that are
needed.
CSIN's prime qoals are to simplify chemical data acquisition and to make
comprehensive data available to a broad user population. Objectives related to
the fulfillment of these goals Include:
integrating relevant federal and private databases in a coordinated
fashion;
providing access to a variety of databases without opening several
accounts and learning various log-on and searching procedures;
reducing the time involved in conducting a data search;
using the results from one information resource to formulate
queries to other resources; and
providing the user with an Interactive source word thesaurus capable
of relating the Input subject to the system vocabulary and ulti-
mately identifying a list of CSIN resources relevant to the subject.
Figure 2 Illustrates the prototype network system. Users will use the
network through the public telecommunications network accessible through online
terminals. Chemical identities will be determined through the Chemical
Structure Nomenclature System (CSNS). For each chemical Identity a unique ID
number, called the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry number will be
ascertained.
Once the substance has Keen Identified through the CSNS, the National
Library of Medicine (NLM), Chemicals 1n Commerce Information System (CICIS), and
commercially available systems will be simultaneously accessable for chemical
140
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Information. The network component systems will provide hard data , as well as
bibliographic and research data, Including:
nomenclature
properties
production and commerce
products and uses
ง exposure
effects
studies and research
regulations and controls.
CSIN will provide system users with greater capabilities than any single
chemical Information system that Is currently available. Functional capabili-
ties currently envisioned Include:
determining the location of data relevant to the user's request 1n
the network;
formulating queries to various systems 1n the network to retrieve
relevant data;
using the results of queries from one Information resource to for-
mulate queries to other databases;
collecting and integrating results from several information
resources and delivering them to the user;
a global query language which allows a user to access data from
various databases with a single inquiry;
user defined query procedures; and
direct use of certain CSIN components when such access is the best
means of supplying the needed data.
CSIN will provide access to virtually every discipline relating to chemi-
cals and their management. The current pre-prototype version of CSIN provides
the user with the ability to Identify chemicals on the basis of chemical name or
structure; supplies online bibliographic reference to chemical, toxlcologlcal,
and medical information; and provides access to the production, biological and
environmental effects, and exposure of specified chemicals in commerce. Future
capabilities may come from databases which contain data on federal and state
regulations regarding toxic substances; protocols for ongoing toxicology experi-
ments; baseline pathology data on control animal strains; additional
bibliographic data from various private and public sources; and user prompted
graphic data evaluation of monitoring and other numeric data.
142
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Further Information on the development of CSIN may be obtained from:
Dr. Sidney Siege!
Co-Network Administrator
CSIN
or
Mr. Gerry Brown
Information Scientist
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(TS-777)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, O.C. 20460
143
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CHEMTREC
CHEMTREC (the Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) 1s an Information
center which provides Immediate hazard warnings and guidance to those on the
scene of a chemical transportation accident or emergency. Available by
telephone 24 hours a day, CHEMTREC may be used by any carrier, shipper,
emergency service, or other persons encountering a transport-related chemical
spill, leak, fire, release, exposure, or accident. Persons who notice or
suspect a leak, spill, or potential problem concerning chemicals in transport
should contact CHEMTREC for assistance 1n preventing or remedying an emergency.
CHEMTREC will attempt to ascertain the name(s) of the product, nature of
the problem, location, shipper, manufacturer, container type, rail car or truck
number, carrier name, consignee, and local conditions (weather, population
density) from the individual who contacts the center.
CHEMTREC maintains extensive files for the Identification of trade names,
chemical names, shippers, and carriers. Using these files, CHEMTREC personnel
provide the caller with Indications of the hazards Involved and give specific
Instructions for handling the emergency. CHEMTREC personnel then contact the
shipper and relay the particulars of the emergency, thus passing responsibility
for further guidance to the shipper. In some cases, manufacturers, government
agencies, police, or emergency services will be contacted directly.
The file contains 3,100 chemical dossiers searchable under 15,000 trade
names. It provides 900 personal contact names for expert consultation
regarding the chemical. The database 1s a manual card file.
Access:
Access is obtained by a telephone call to the Chemical Manufacturers
Association (800-424-9300).
Cost:
Service is free.
144
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CICIS
The Chemicals 1n Conmerce Information System (CICIS) 1s an online
Interactive management Information system for the Office of Toxic Substances,
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Its purpose 1s to store and enable uti-
lization of Information and data collected under the mandates of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Much of CICIS' content 1s proprietary, but 1t 1s
anticipated that a portion of the file with non-proprietary data will be made
publicly available.
CICIS is being developed 1n modular stages. The first available and core
module is the TSCA Inventory, containing chemical Identification and production
data submitted to EPA in 1978 by chemical manufacturers and importers as
required under TSCA. Additional modules are to contain Information on usage,
health and safety studies, exposure, environmental effects, test results, pro-
duction updates, disposal methods, and byproducts and Impurities, In support of
risk assessment of specific chemicals or groups of chemicals, or monitoring,
environmental, planning and management, and other activities that assess the
extent of the environmental program 1n certain localities or media. Most of
these data will be submitted by chemical manufacturers as required under TSCA.
Data Files:
Among the subsystems planned for the completed CISIS are:
Chemical Inventory System: for management of industry-reported data
on chemical substances currently manufactured, processed, or Imported
into the U.S.; also contains data on manufacturers, processors, and
importers.
t Premanufacture Submissions Module: allows users to display selected
portions of data submitted in premanufacture notices.
Chemical Information Database: includes data in the current
Inventory, plus additional data from submissions.
Organization/Site Database: will contain data specific to all
industry submitters of data.
Health and Safety Subsystem: will keep track of health and safety
studies submitted for risk assessment activities. Some data from
the studies may also be stored in this database.
Test Results Subsystems: stores test result data received under
TSCA and from other sources. Results will be linked to chemicals,
documents and other data in the database.
145
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Access:
The system 1s currently accessible by application to the U.S. EPA Office
of Toxic Substances 1n Washington, D.C. (202-755-9336). Access to confidential
Information must be preceeded by EPA clearance. Ultimate access will be made
available through CSIN.
ABSTRACT: The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) provides EPA with authority to
regulate commercial chemical substances, which pose unreasonable risk to man and the
environment. CICIS supports this effort. Information maintained are chemical,
plant, and production volumes. It contains chemicals manufactured or Imported in
the U.S., what chemicals are manufactured or imported at a given site, where plants
are located, and their names. There are data for about 55,000 chemicals in CICIS.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Chemical data
Location
Manufacturer
Production levels
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Termination of data collection: Occurred 12/30/73
Frequency of data collection: one time only
TSCA allows EPA to collect additional information,
as required, winch may serve to update the data
base.
Total estimated number of observations is 43000 substances.
Estimated annual increase of observations is unknown.
Data base includes: Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 3000 sites.
Number currently contributing data is 0.
146
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Resource Name: OTS Dermal Absorption Database
Acronym: DERMAL
Contact: Charlie Auer
382-3476
Description: The objective of the OTS Dermal Absorption
Database is to collect and organize data on the dermal
absorption of chemicals. The project involves
literature searching, abstract selection, article
acquisition and data extraction. The data bank includes
quantitative data on effects and quantitative data
involving absorption, distribution and metabolism (ADME)
studies. Data on toxic effects of chemicals
administered via routes other than dermal (e.g.,
inhalation, oral and injection) were included if they
appeared in articles along with dermal absorption data.
Manual or Automated: Automated
Status: Operational-enhancements ongoing
Location: DEC 20/60, SPHERE
Number of Records: Current 1,000; projected at 6-8,000
Direct or Indirect Access by User: Direct
User Interacts with Resource Through: On-line interactive;
requests submitted through ISSB
Who Designed Resource: Contractor (Tracor Jitco)
Designed for Which Organizational Unit(s): CHIB, OB and TEB
Relationship of OTS to Resource: OTS developed, maintains
and operates with extramural support for its own use.
Which OTS Programs are Supported by the Resource: Potential
for all programs, but primarily PMN Review and Existing
Chemical Review
Which Organizational Unijts Currently Use: HERD uses it as a
source of information in evaluating a chemical's
potential for, and the effects associated with, dermal
absorption.
Which Organizational Unit Sets Policy for Resource: CHIB -
'82, TEB - '83
147
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DCP
The Directory of Chemical Producers: United States of America (DCP) Is an
annually published hook with quarterly updates.It provides ready reference to
commercial chemical manufacturers and products produced 1n the U.S.A.
Commercial chemicals are defined as those produced In excess of 1,000 pounds or
$1,000 value per year. Indexes of products, companies, and regions provide
access to manufacturer names, locations, and products. Supplemental
Information, such as annual production volumes and company relationships, are
frequently Included.
Data contained In the Directory are obtained from questionnaires returned
from manufacturers, technical and trade journals, other contacts with
manufacturers, and research. Sixteen hundred companies, representing 4,300
plant sites producing 10,000 chemicals, are reported In the volume. Each annual
Issue of the book contains only one year's data. The book has been published
since 1961.
Access:
The Directory of Chemical Producers; United States of America 1s dissemi-
nated and produced by the Chemical Information Services Department, Chemical
Industries Center, SRI-Internat1onal, Inc., Menlo Park, California.
Cost:
The Directory of Chemical Producers 1s available on a subscription basis
for $450 for the first year, and 5300/year for subsequent renewal subscriptions.
The subscription Includes the book and quarterly updates.
148
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KIRK-OTHMER
Scope:
The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1s a reference text
which covers virtually all major aspects of chemical technology and related
topics: Industrial products, natural resources, manufacturing processes, and
chemical uses. The third edition will Include topics such as energy, health,
safety, toxicology, new materials, polymer and plastics technology. Inorganic
and solid-state chemistry, composite materials, fermentation and enzymes,
coatings, Pharmaceuticals, and surfactant technology.
Second edition volumes were sequentially published from 1963-1972. In the
25 volumes of the third edition, approximately 1,000 articles written by subject
experts will appear. The third edition volumes are being Issued at a rate of
four per year; completion of the set 1s expected in 1983.
Access:
The K1rk-0thmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1s published by W1ley-
Intersclence, New York (212) 867-9200.
Cost:
The third edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1s available by subscription for 595 per volume.
149
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Resource Name: Environmental Fate Database
Acronym: CHEMFATE
Contact: Becky Jones
382-3481
Description: CHEMFATE contains files of physical chemical
properties, monitoring and field studies data, chemical
identification information and bibliographic sources of
fate information, including transport and degradation.
Manual or Automated: Automated
Status: Operational-enhancements ongoing
Location: Syracuse Honeywell (Designed to be incorporated
into SPHERE)
Number of Records: 4,000
Direct or Indirect Access by User: Direct
User Interacts with Resource Through: On-line interactive,
Requests submitted through 3rd person
Who Designed Resource: (Syracuse Research Corporation)
Designed for Which Organizational Unit(s): CHIB
Relationship of OTS to Resource: OTS developed, maintains
and operates with extramural support for its own use.
Which OTS Programs are Supported by the Resource: Existing
Chemical Review
Which Organizational Units Currently Use: EAB, CHIB, CFB,
OPP, Enforcement, OWPE, Regional offices, state offices,
universities. More OTS use is expected after it is put
on SPHERE.
Which Organizational Unit Sets Policy for Resource: CHIB
Who Operates and Maintains: CHIB
150
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Establishment Registration Support System
Acronym: ERSS
Media sampled to generate data: pesticide production data
Type of data collection/monitoring: production Information for pesticide
products.
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: A centralized data base is used to support inspection planning and case
preparation for pesticide enforcers by maintaining a nationwide file identifying all
pesticide producing establishments and their types and amounts of annual production.
Data covers pesticide products as defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), identified by product registration numbers. Mo chemical
ingredient data is included.
Mon-pollutant parameters include: Compliance data
Industry
Location
Production levels
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/75 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: annually
Total estimated number of observations is 120000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 20000.
Data base includes: production volumes reported by producing establishments.
Total number of stations or sources covered is 3000.
Number currently contributing data is 8000.
Muraoer of facilities covered is 3000.
Geographic coverage of data base: International, include foreign product imports to
U.S.
Location identifiers of station/source for each, record are: State
County
City
Street address
EPA Establishment
Mumber
Facility identifiers include: Plant facility name
Plant location
Parent corporation name
Parent corporation location
Street address
EPA Establishment Number
Pollutant identification data have: pesticide registration number codes
151
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HANDBOOK OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DATA ON ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
Karel Verschueren
Environmental Advisor
Louvain University
The Netherlands
VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
NEW YORK CINCINNATI ATLANTA DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO
LONDON TORONTO MELBOURNE
CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
II ARRANGEMENT OF CATEGORIES 2
A. Properties 2
B. Air pollution factors 2
C. Water pollution factors 2
D. Biological effects 2
III ARRANGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 3
IV EXPLANATORY NOTES 3
A. Properties 4
1. Vapor pressure 5
2. Vapor density 5
3. Heat of combustion 5
4. Solubility 6
B. Air Pollution Factors 7
1. Conversion between volume and mass units of concentration 7
2. Threshold limit values for employees' exposure (T. L. V.) 11
3. Protection measures 11
4. Odor 12
5. Atmospheric reactions 28
6. Natural sources 28
7 Man-made sources 29
8. Maximum immission concentration (MIC) 29
9 Emission limits 30
152
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CONTENTS
10. Emission control methods and efficiency 31
11. Sampling and analysis: methods and limits 31
C. Water Pollution Factors 35
1. Biodegradation 35
2. Oxidation parameters 35
3. Impact on biodegradation processes 41
4. Reduction of amenities 41
5. Wutcr quality 42
6. Natural sources 42
7. Man-made sources 42
8. Waste water treatment 42
D. Biological Effects 45
1. Environmental toxicology 45
2. Definitions 48
3. Check list of most common organisms used in experimental work
with .polluting substances 49
4. Arrangement of data 52
E. Abbreviations 53
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY 647
153
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INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICALS
Third Edition
W. L. FAITH
Consulting Chemical Engineer
San Marino, California
DONALD B. KEYES
Consulting Chemical Engineer
New York. ISe\v York
RONALD L. CLAKK
Director of Cor|ioratf I'lnnning
llookci Chemical Coi|)oratiiin
Mou Yoik. New Voik
John Wiley & Suns, Inc. ' New York London Sydney
154
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155
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ISHOW USERS MANUAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR
HAZARDOUS ORGANICS IN WATER"
NOVEMBER 1981
BY
:
DR. VINCENTMAGNUSON
and
. DONALD HARRISS '
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-";- '".. , -&--f\* **.*:
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- ' -';-.:*?*. 4 -'
' .-- -."-i~Zr'.'""'i t-.
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
University of Minnesota, Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
156
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I SHOW
ISHOW (JLn format Ion System for Hazardous Organics In Water) is an
Interactive, computerized Information storage and retrieval system for
physical and chemical properties of organic compounds and associated
aquatic toxlclty data. Also featured Is the ability to search and display
information on the manufacturers and/or Importers of these compounds.
ISHOW was developed In coordination with the Environmental Protection
Agency's Region V Great Lakes Program Office and the International Joint
Commission for the purposes of: (1) establishing an interactive
computerized catalog of chemical, physical, and aquatic toxicity data on
organic chemicals In the Croat Lakes watershed, (2) providing a means to
systematically determine which data elements arc cither unavailable or
unreliable, (3) providing a readily accessible data base for
structure-activity correlation studies, and (4) providing a readily
accessible data base and Information management system which relates
physical, chemical, and aquatic toxlclty data on chemicals to data on
manufacturers of these chemicals.
The data base for this version of TSIIOW contains 14,600 compounds.
The hulk of these compounds are from the EPA Office of Toxic Substances
1977 Chemicals In Commerce Information System (CICIS) inventory. The
emphasis of this project Is on chemicals Imported or manufactured in the
Great Lakes watershed. Accordingly, only compounds used or manufactured in
Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
New York were selected from the CTCIS inventory. Of the 14600 total
compounds in the data base, 12772 fall In this category. The other 1828
compounds are of interest in structure activity studies.
157
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Multimedia Assessment of the Inorganic Chemicals Industry
Acronym: Mone
Media sampled to generate data: Effluents manufacturing processes and waste
treatment
Emissions manufacturing processes and waste
treatment
Solid waste
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection inorganic
chemical manufacturing processes
Data base status: Update terminated
ABSTRACT: Information on high volume, industrial inorganic chemicals which are
compounds of aluminum, boron, chromium, fluorine, iron, manganese, nickel,
phosphorus, seawater, silicon, methane, alkalie, sodium, sesquicarbonate, sulfur,
titanium, barium, calcium, copper, lead, strontium, potassium, lithium, magnesium,
arsenic, antimony, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, vanadium, and four industrial gases.
Process description, energy requirements, raw waste description, pollution
technology, and emissions after controls are also included. Occupational and health
effects and research and development needs in pollution control are presented for
each group of chemicals.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Chemical data
Compliance data
Concentration measures
Cost/economic data
Discharge points
Disposal
Exposure data
Flow rates
Geograpnic subdivision
Health effects
Industry
Location
Manufacturer
Political subdivisions
Production levels
Treatment devices
Use
Volume/mass measures
Process description
Control technology
Residual emissions after treatment
disposal practices
Ongoing study tune period is 01/01/75 to 08/30/30
Termination of data collection: Occurred 08/30/30
Frequency of data collection: 5 year period for data collection and update
158
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NFPA
Scope;
"A Table of Common Hazardous Chemicals," compiled by the American Chemical
Society and the National F1re Prevention Association (NFPA) Committee on
Hazardous Chemicals and Explosives, presents the most authoritative data
available concerning hazardous substances. Substances are listed 1n order to
make available Information about hazardous properties and fire fighting phases
to Improve fire protection and prevention. If a chemical 1s omitted from the
publication, 1t does not mean 1t 1s not hazardous. A chemical must meet one or
more of the following criteria 1n order to be Included:
- A health hazard of 2 or higher (based on scale of 1-4; 4 the most
hazardous)
- A reactivity rating of 1 or higher (based on scale of 1-4; 4 the most
hazardous)
- Unusual storage or fire fighting problems
- Hazardous when contaminated with other chemicals
In this publication, the following specific types of Information are pro-
vided for each chemical:
- Description
- Fire and explosion hazards
- Life hazard
- F1re fighting phases
- Usual shipping containers
- Storage
- Remarks
Access:
The manual may he purchased from NFPA, Boston, Massachusetts.
159
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NSF-HCL
Scope:
The National Science Foundation Hazardous Chemicals List (NSF-HCL) lists
organic compounds which may be of special interest with respect to possible
environmental and/or health effects. The primary purpose of this list 1s to
place in the hands of NSF and other interested organizations a 11st of compounds
which could help guide future environmental and health research.
Access:
For a more detailed description of this project, see "Final Report of NSF
Workshop Panel to Select Organic Compounds Hazardous to the Environment,"
October 1975. Two appendices 1n that report are of particular Interest:
Appendix IV A, where the original chemicals are ranked by release rate, and
Appendix V, where the final 11st of 80 chemicals is ranked by order of Interest.
An additional four volumes of Information on this project are available
through the National Technical Information Service (Research Program on Hazard
Priority Ranking of Manufactured Chemicals, Phase II Final Report, SRI, ECU
3336).
160
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OCCUPRTIONRL
HERLTH
QMS
INC,
COMPUTERIZED ENVIRONMENTAL/OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
HAZARDLINE
A unique, online, easy-to-access databank providing
instant information on over 500 hazardous workplace substances as defined by OS HA.
HAZARDLINE
Total, instant information
for optimal occupational health.
OSHA standards, constantly
changing... NIOSH criteria documents,
growing in number... already almost
550 workplace substances designated
as hazardous... 72 new chemicals
introduced to industry daily... worker
awareness to occupational health
dramatically increasing... employer/
employee occupational health related
suits estimated at $125 billion and climb-
ing... parent company suits... product
liability suits... high punitive, cumulative,
actual and compensatory damages being
awarded in worker compensation cases.
The trend is clear... the regulatory
environment in the U.S. is definitely in a
state of flux. And in this constantly
changing environment, how can anyone
be expected to know all of the vital infor-
mation required for optimal, defensible
occupational health care? Yet occupa-
tional health professionals and their
employers are charged with that awe-
some responsibility. Failure to know
compromises the health and safety of
human lives and can also result in serious
liability for the organization.
What can you do? You can spend
hours on research and still not find the
answers you need. Or if you're lucky
enough to find them at all, you may not
find them in time. HAZARDLINE is the
electronic solution to this mind-boggling
problem. It is an extraordinary, multi-
faceted line of defense for the occupa-
tional health professional.
There is no other single source
for so much vital
occupational health information.
HAZARDLINE is a unique, online
databank with an extraordinary amount
of information on over 500 hazardous
workplace substances. Many books,
articles, and court decisions are scanned
regularly by our staff of occupational
health experts to keep current on all vital
requirements and recommendations.
New information is added to the data-
bank continually. The service even provides
clarification of vague wording that
appears in some regulatory standards.
All the OSHA regulations, the NIOSH
criteria documents, any pertinent data
from regulatory bodies... it's all in
HAZARDLINE and it's up-to-date.
And HAZARDLINE goes even fur-
ther The OSHA mandate has been to
protect the worker and all regulations
relate to that issue. HAZARDLINE not
only includes all information necessary
for protection of the worker but has
recommendations regarding action
required to protect the employer as well.
Comprehensive is an understatement.
Twnendations on over 500 hazardous
substances, not a bibtographic or abstract service.
^_ซS^fiซ:eQiweBtenti^^ * "-,' .;-;- ..
* NCTcomputer required.,. only a standard terminal and telephone.
* NCTcomplicated training.".. a simple-to-understand users manual takes
ttwplaceaf a lengthy traintng course. ., - .,
Communications access via TYMNETซ*and STSC networks.
* Round-the-clock access.
One-time, low connect fee plus constant access charge regardless of
time of day. <* ' '
"r~-%
requirements:
any standard terminal
{print orvideo display)
with the ASCtt inter-
change may be used at
operation speeds from
30 to 120 characters
per second. (OHS will
help you in the selection
of equipment, if desired.}
TYMNET is a regatwed trademark of Tymshare. Inc.
161
-------
ALL-ENCOMPASSING, EASY-TO-ACCESS DATA.
The components of HAZARDLINE have been designed
to provide a complete picture of hazardous workplace
substances. ..and the 27 categories can be accessed .
with simple 4-tetter commands: . ^:"^:'S,: ;--''; >,.," -', :^-'_ -
CHEMICAL NAMEthe name principally recognized by
OSHA and NIOSH. ' <.^>5;.;yv "i-^?$>%!;^s^:.J3^ri^^<
CHEMICAL FORIIUU^ittWstiT^^
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SYliOMYl(BUM*BtnoBStrat*ia HA2ARIปJl^iabซfi^ ** 'fc
RESPIRATORallowable use, including escape respirator
requirements, firefighting respirator requirements, and
class/type of respirators required at various levels of
substance concentration.
. ROUTEinformation concerning the hazardous sub-
stance's entry into the body: inhalation, skin absorption,
ซiaes6ra^,stdซor eye-contact, radiation.
to allow you to research a substance even if you do
not know its "proper name." In other words, referring ,,
toOICHLOROMONOFLBOrlOMETJ-IANEaft s
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELas allowed by
OSHA standards. Also listed are NIOSH, ACGIH. ANSI
and other recommendations when available, since courts
have held companies responsible for the known body of
literature even if there are no OSHA standards written.
:-4:i;.ซJ
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH
y^wneed^^tc.rK^,ซ^-|ซ|| Jr- COlWEIfl1l*llON^gjvenซp.p.m. (parts per million! or
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the QSHA standard reads.
still get you the W
CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE NUMBERbecause
.saซfainaii^
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' infonnatkxi which can prove vetvusefuJ for identifw
purposes, ' -' -"'" - *-"'- -" -*-'*--'
RETCRegistry of Toxic Effects I.D, Number, because
book if you wish to supplement the HAZAROLINE data.
PHYSICAL DESCmPTIOW-a complete description of
the substance in question plus an additional vital feature:
"if the substance is suspected of being a carcinogen.
teratogen, or mutagen, HAZAROLINE indicates its ,'' -
suspect nature using as its source the Registry of Toxic
L AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES including
CH
molecular weight, boiling point, water solubility flash point,
vapor pressure, melting point, upper and lower explosive
limits and mean explosive level, when known,
INCOMPATIBILITIES there am- If? substances in the
file which are known to be incompatible with others. This
is information that OSHA does not provide,
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING the standards
here are often vague, but HAZARDLINE draws upon
court-related data, as well as the standards, to clearly
state recommendations in a way that will be useful to your
GOGGLES eye protection, including information that will
protect both the worker and his employer
WASH practical recommendations on what-to-do-when
if a chemical has been spilled on the body
CHANGE when to change workplace clothing if there is
any possibility of contamination, information given to you
even if clothing change is not required by OSHA.
REMOVAL frequency and immediacy of clothing removal
in case of accidental contamination; recommendations
for dry sweep or dry mop when a suspected carcinogen
is involved.
PROVISIONS specific emergency provisions that the
employer should provide. The OSHA standard is given, but
if one does not exist, HAZARDLINE will recommend and
advise steps.
SYMPTOMS^following human exposure to hazardous
workplace substances: these have been consolidated into
smanageableform so that the occupational health profes-
; sional has hands-on information regarding what symptoms
a chemical will-produce and its corollary: what hazardous
exposure should be suspected with a known set of symp-
toms. When no knowledge of human exposure exists.
animal data are provided.
FIRST AIDprocedures following exposure in eyes, on
skin, if inhaled or swallowed.
ORGANS'attacked by the substance.
STATUSof regulatory enforcement. HAZARDLINE
includes ALL of the standards that cover a substance,
as well as appropriate warnings that are sometimes over-
looked, On your own, you might possibly think that your
research is complete after finding one standard, because
you do not know that others exist. HAZARDLINE helps
you avoid making this mistake.
SURVEILLANCE all medical exams required by OSHA
plus a clarification of vague wording and a listing of specific
tests when needed.
CERTIFICATIONSa HAZARDLINE reminder of the
importance of maintaining written required certifications.
as well as written refusals of medical exams in employees'
medical records. Although not an OSHA requirement, this
section is designed to provide the employer with the most
comprehensive protection.
TESTSspecial diagnostic tests for difficult medical
cases as required/recommended by OSHA when a worker
has been exposed to a hazardous workplace substance.
LEAKS AND SPILLSOSHA and EPA approved
procedures.
WASTEapproved methods for large quantity disposal.
Twenty-seven categories of information on over 500
hazardous workplace substancesall at your fingertips.
162
-------
5. CAS NUMBER
ENTER KEYWORD
KHZ
T MEXAHYPRIB
TETRANVDRIBE
CYCLOHEXENE
SYNONYN-
RETC NUMBER
BENZ1DINE BLACK
BENZIDINE BLUE
BEN2IDINE MOW* :
SYMPTOMS
IRRITATION EYES HOSE
RESMRRTORY DISTRESS
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WAST
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PCMHSSIKC-"EXPOSURE
IHHCDmTELY IMH6EROlฃE TO LIFE OR HEflLTM COrCEHTRHTIG
PHYSICflL DESCRIPTIDM
CHEHICflL 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ,' -
IMCOMPBTIBILITIES ''.. ' " % -.-;
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EYE PROTECTION ' ', - -':.,". '"
CHENICRtS FROW THE SKIH * '"
CMAHKIHป OF> UORK CLOTHINS
FREOUENCY t IMMEDIACY OF CLOTHIN8 REHOVW. UPO*
8CCIDCmซt CONTnUINRTIOrt
SPECIFIC EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
RLUMOLE RESPIRBTOR USE
POUTS OF ENTRY" INTO BODY
SYHPTOHSt FOLLOWING HUMAN EXPOSURE
FIRST RIB PROCEDURES FOLLOWING EXPOSURE
OR6RNS AFFECTED BY THE SUBSTANCE
STATUS OF REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE REQUIRED
CERTIFICATIONS NEEDED
SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
LEAKS AND SPILLS PROCEDURES
WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE NUMBER
RETC NUMBER
Many simple ways to access
the HAZAROLINE databank.
One of the most valuable features of HAZARDLINE is that a
particular substance can be accessed several different ways
Of course you can obtain information on a chemical if you know
its name However that is not always the case Therefore,
HAZARDLINE is designed so that all of its data is available
to you in the following ways:
1. NAME: Official chemical name.
2. SYNONYM: Access by other commonly used chemical names
not officially accepted, or by trade names
3. KEYWORD. When the full name of the chemical is not known,
enter some consecutive letters from the name to get a complete
listing of all chemical names, synonyms and formulas in the data-
bank having those consecutive letters. You can then pick out of
the list the chemical you wish to know more about.
Q, FORMULA Enter the chemical formula
5. CAS#: Enter the Chemical Abstract Service Number
6. RTEC#. Enter the Registry of Toxic Effects Number
7. SYMPTOMS. You can identify a chemical even if you don't know
its name, but do know some of its symptoms of exposure
163
-------
Fast, easy data access
no computer or
computer knowledge required.
In addition to its comprehensive yet
easy-to-use design, it is speed of data
access that keeps HAZARDLINE ahead
of all other information services providing
this information. And HAZARDLINE is
unique. . no other electronic system
provides all these vital, ever-changing
requirements and recommendations.
You don't need a computer to access
HAZARDLINEthe computer is at our
end, in Rockville, Maryland, along with
the experts to operate it. All you need is
a telephone, a modem (coupler), and any
standard terminal. Clf you don't have the
proper equipment, we will be happy to
assist you in selecting one for purchase
or low-cost leasing.)
You don't need to learn a special
computer language either because
(B)
HAZARDLINE is accessed by simple
English commands with prompting to
aid your moving from one section to
another
To access HAZARDLINE, dial a local
area code telephone number couple the
telephone to the terminal, type in your
identification code and the service code,
and the system is ready for your request.
It's that fast and that simple.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
SERVICESbecause
what you don't know can hurt you.
Awareness of workplace-related
illness and disease by the public, legal
community, unions, and the courts is
continually growing. Occupational health
professionals and their companies are
being held responsible. The OSHA man-
date has been to protect the worker
Occupational Health Services, with its
(C)
computerized information systems, has
made a commitment to aid both the
worker andthe employer as well as the
occupational health professional in the
performance of his/her role.
HAZARDLINE is one way OHS is
helpingENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
NEWS" is another ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH NEWS is an online news update
service, alerting the environmental/
occupational health professional to
late-breaking events. OHS is also the
creator of OMAR,'" Occupational
Medical Automated Recordkeeping
a computerized, customized record-
keeping and corporate medical planning
system. These three unique systems,
along with additional services to come,
make OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
SERVICES the definitive professional
resource for electronic occupational
health information.
(A)
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(D)
(A) HAZARDLINE provides a complete list of ALL medical exams
and certifications required by OSHA But it goes further.. it
clarifies vague standard wording and includes data that can
specifically be used by the employer for protection such as
when medical warnings are necessary and when to get employee
receipts for information/warnings given This section is an excel-
lent example of how HAZARDLINE protects both the employee
plus the employer
(B) HAZARDLINE gives you ALL of the standards that cover a
substance, as well as appropriate warnings that are sometimes
overlooked. If you were researching the substance, there would
be no way of knowing if you had found all of the pertinent
information. Overlooking one item could mean a serious error
(C) HAZARDLINE gives you the first aid procedures to follow in
case of chemical exposure to eyes, skin, if inhaled or swallowed.
(D) OSHA and EPA approved procedures to follow are presented
for leaks/spills.
DCCUPRTIONRL
HERLTH SERVICES, INC.
515 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022 (212) 752-4530
What you don't know can hurt you.
164
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SEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industriai Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA-600/ PS2-80-164 Sept. 1980
Project Summary
The Revised Organic Chemical
Producers Data Base System
G. E. Wilkins. C. H. Tucker, and E. 0. Gibson
This report describes the revised
Organic Chemical Producers Data
Base (OCPDB). an automated
chemical industry information system
developed in 1976 for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
Improvements by Radian Corpora-
tion. Austin, Texas, have been made in
two ways: (1) expansion of the data
base to include more chemicals and
more information about each
chemical, and (2) implementation of
the system through a data base
management system.
The revised data base includes
almost 600 chemicals and their more
than 1 30O producers. Chemicals ;ir<;
described by Chemical Abstracts
Services (CAS) registry number.
Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN),
industrial process descriptions,
chemical uses, synonyms, toxicity
data, economic data, and producers.
Priority pollutants identified as a result
of Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC) vs. EPA are marked and
process descriptions are cross-
referenced with another EPA
reference source. The Industrial
Process Profiles for Environmental
Use (IPPEU) Chapter 6. Locations of
producers are described by city, state.
EPA region, and river basin The
chemicals that are produced at each
location are listed, along with name-
plate capacities, when available.
Retrieval is possible through use of
any of a number of "key" data
elements: chemical name, synonyms.
OCPDB number, CAS numbers. WLN.
priority pollutant markers, process ID
number. IPPEU numbers, producer
company name, parent company
name, city, state, river basin, and EPA
region.
Introduction
This report describes the revised
Organic Chtmiical Producers Data Baso
(OCPDB) sysit;m The original OCPDB
was developed in 1976 for EPA's Indus-
trial Environmental Research Labora-
tory (IERL) in Cincinnati under EPA
Contract 68-02-1319, Task 51
Th
-------
changes in program needs and will
allow more flexibility in operation
Discussion and Procedure
The original OCPDB consisted of a
matrix of about 300 chemicals and their
610 production sites The chemical list
was begun with the one compiled by
Monsanto Research Corporation under
EPA Contract 68-02-1320 Several
additions were made to complete the
list The basic petrocnemical feedstocks
were added toluene, xylene, ethylene,
propylene, C;-C4 hydrocarbons Also
added were chemicals that had
production volumes equal to or greater
than those chemicals already included
(about 10 million pounds per year).
Prioritized lists of toxic chemicals were
examined, and chemicals not in the data
base were added. The list was then
compared to the list generated in the
Source Assessment Program (EPA
Contract 68-02-1874) to check for
omissions Production sites for the
chemicals were obtained from the open
literature, and this file formed the other
dimension of the computerized matrix.
The mechanical structures of the
chemical and producer data files are
shown in Figures 1 and 2.
New adjectives or descriptors were
added to describe chemical entries
These include Chemical Abstracts
Services (CAS) registry numbers,
process routes, additional toxicity data,
use descriptions, sales, and synonyms.
New data files describing production
sites include parent company name and
river basins The data files from the
original OCPDB have been updated in
cases in which new data have become
available
Table 1 lists all of the data files
included in the OCPDB system It also
shows the number of unique data items,
the total number of occurrences of data
items within a file, and the amount of
computer storage required for each file
The revised data base has been
implemented with a data base
management system (DBMS) System
2000" A DBMS was chosen to elimi-
nate inefficiencies in the original
system System 2000" was selected
because it is well-proven and widely
used in commercial and governmental
institutions, including EPA
Flexibility in reporting is another
major improvement in the revised
Entry
'Entry Type = r\
fntry IDttJ
c
DC
hemical
'scnption
'Name
Castt
'WLN
Toxicity Data
Process Routes
/"Process ID'
( Process
^Description
End Use
[ Description
{Amount %
[ Domestic
IPPEU tfs
(Entry Type = 2}
'Entry IDtt )
Svitem 2000" 'S a rugisieftfd trademark ol MRI
Systems Corporation
'Key Data Element
Figure 1. Hierarchial structure of the chemical data files of the OCPDB.
system Both interactive and batch
modes of access are possible, and addi-
tional report formats may be defined at
any time Analytical report capabilities
such as the "minimum sues search" Level 0
have been retained and expanded
through the possibility of linking tho
DBMS to other data handling systems
The sections of the report describe in
more detail the system contents and its
workings Section 1 is an introduction to
the. system and its revision Section 2 is
a summary provided for those who want
a quick overview of the OCPDB A
description of the data contained in the
data base is presented in Section 3 The
system mechanics and structure are
detailed m Section 4 The capabilities of
the system and an understanding of its
uses can best be gained in Section 5
which contains sample reports and
example access modes Several long
tables and technical sections have been
appended to facilitate reading the
report. Appendix A is a listing of OCPDB
chemicals, Appendix B is a listing of
Level ^
'Name of Company
City
'Parent Company
'State
'River Basin
'EPA Region
'Key Data Elements
Figure 2.
Hierarchial structure of
the producer data files
of the OCPDB.
166
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Table 1. Data Tally for the OCPDB*
Entry Type
Entry ID
Chemical Related Data
OCPDB Chemicals
CAS Numbers
New Chemical Markers
Priority Pollutant Markers
Wiswesser Line Notation
Process ID
Process Description
IPPEU Numbers
Uses Description
Use Volume
Use by % of Consumption
Use IPPEU Numbers
Synonyms
Toxicity Data
NIOSH Registry Number
LD,,, Mode
LDgg Species
LDfg Amount
LDg, Units
LCLO Mode
LCLO Species
LCLO Amount
LCLO Units
AQTX
TLV
TLV Units
Sax Ratings
Economic Data
Year
Production Volume
Unit Cost
Sales
Producer Related Data
Plant ID
Plant Capacity
Company Names
Cities
States
River Basin
River Basin Code
Parent Companies
TOTALS
No. of Unique
Values
2
1,621
537
518
1
1
500
8
640
224
1,794
b
b
90
5,285
b
6
6
b
4
3
9
b
37
b
b
5
b
15
b
b
b
1,246
b
615
748
49
321
326
182
14,853
No. of
Occurrences
1,944
1,944
597
525
224
135
506
1,131
1,133
318
2,763
784
711
106
5,426
439
335
335
335
597
134
134
135
597
170
185
597
1.470
649
287
348
176
3,703
1.190
1,346
1,346
1.346
1,082
1,081
340
36.604
Total Computer
Storage Volume
in No. of Bytes
1.944
8,720
14,925
5,250
224
135
20,240
2,262
28,325
954
138,150
6,272
4,266
318
217,040
3,512
1,005
1,005
2,680
5.970
402
402
1,080
5,970
2,496
1,850
5,970
1,470
1.298
2.296
2,784
1,408
18,515
10,710
33,650
26,920
2,692
32,460
8.648
8,500
632,7 18C
Table 2. List of Key Data Elements in
OCPDB
Chemical Product Entries
Name
OCPDB Number
CAS Number
Wiswesser Line Notation
Use Description
Original OCPDB Chemical Indicator
Priority Pollutant Indicator
Synonym
Process OCPDB Number
Process IPPEU Number
Producer Entries
OCPDB Number
Parent Company Name
Producing Company Name
City
State
River Basin
EPA Region
National Technical Information Service
Three major types of directed retrieval
are possible using the OCPOB: informa-
tion about chemical products, informa-
tion about producers, and relationships
between producers and products.
Retrieval is possible through use of any
of a number of "key" data elements
which are listed in Table 2. Using these
retrieval "keys" to access the files, the
sorting, filing and reporting possibilities
aru virtually limitless.
'As of the date of this interim report.
"For non-key data files, the number of unique values is not known.
'With indices and other internal data base tables, the total number for the entire data base
is approximately 2,000.000 bytes.
OCPDB producers River basins m
whicn OCPDB producers are located are
listed in Appendix C
Information about accessing the
system may be obtained by contacting
the project officer This publication is a
summary of the complete project report,
which can be purchased from the
167
-------
Pesticide Document Management System
Acronym: PDMS
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Drinking water
Effluents varies by producer
Ground water
Runoff rain water, ground water, waste water
Sediment
Soil
Surface water
Tissue animals, plants, man
Type of data collection/monitoring: scientific data varies as submitted by
producers
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act requires every
pesticide manufacturer or producer to submit scientific data to EPA before a
pesticide product can be manufactured, sold, or used in the United States. These
data are maintained in the Pesticide Document Management System. Related
information from the published literature is also included.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Biological data
Chemical data
Cost/economic data
Disposal
Exposure data
Health effects
Manufacturer
Physical data
Production levels
Site description
Test/analysis method
Use
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/80 to 10/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection:- Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: daily
Total estimated number of observations is 65000 citations.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 45000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate- observations
Reference data/citations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 44941 companies.
Mumber currently contributing data is unknown*
168
-------
Number of facilities covered is not available.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: citations
Facility identifiers include: Not applicable
Pollutant identification data have: Shaughnessy Codes
Limitations: The data base is still being developed. Currently, it has limited
access-batch mode by a chemical code, Shaughnessy Code; a limited number of standard
retrievals and output formats; a response time of 3-4 days; and one purpose-
information support to the EPA Pesticides Program. Information Requests which fall
outside of these limits will require new programs and increase the response time.
It contains information for 72 chemicals.
Development of regulations or standards is the primary purpose for data collection.
Compliance or enforcement is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Risk assessment is the third purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 92-516 as amended, section 3(c)(2)(c) (FIFRA)
Form of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
Microfilm
Form or data storage: Magnetic disc
Microfich/film
Data access: Commercial software WYLBUR
EPA hardware IBM 370/163 MIDSD system number: 7200000905
Charge for non-EPA use: no outside use/access permitted
Frequency of master file up-date: Weekly
169
-------
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SYNORG
Scope:
Synthetic Organic Chemicals: United States Production and Sales (SYNORG)
1s a single volume annual publication of the U.S. International Trade
Commission. It receives data from approximately 800 producers, and reports
domestic commercial production and sales of synthetic.organic chemicals and the
raw materials from which they are made. Fifteen sections, organized by chemical
classes, deal with: tar and tar crudes; crude products from petroleum and
natural gas for chemical conversion; cyclic intermediates; dyes; organic
pigments; medicinal chemicals; flavor and perfume materials; plastics and resin
material; rubber-processing chemicals; elastomers; plasticizers; surface-active
agents; pesticides and related products; miscellaneous end-use chemicals and
chemical products; and miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals.
For each of these groups, three separate tables are provided. The first
of these lists the total production and sales figures for those chemicals for
which there are three or more significant producers. The second table lists the
manufacturers for all chemicals (in terms of a code), and the third table defines
the manufacturers code. The Commission also publishes monthly statistics on
110 of the most significant of these chemicals.
A companion publication entitled "Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals and
Products, I9xx", 1s also available from the Commission. For this publication,
the Imported benzenolds are categorized in seven groups as follows:
Intermediates, finished products, dyes and pigments, medlcinals and
Pharmaceuticals, flavor and perfume, and all other finished products. Various
tables are provided for various groups showing imported quantities by chemical,
Invoice values by country of origin, etc.
Through 1975, data were reported by producers for only those items where
the volume of production exceeded 1,000 pounds or where the value of sales
exceeded $1,000. Beginning in 1976, these limits were raised to 5,000 pounds
and $5,000 for most chemicals and 50,000 pounds and $50,000 for plastics and
resin materials; the 1,000 pounds and $1,000 limits were retained for organic
pigments, medicinal chemicals, flavor and perfume materials, rubber processing
chemicals, and elastomers.
Access:
Available through the U.S. Government Printing Office.
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AEROS
The AerometHc and Emissions Reporting System (AEROS) was established by
the Environmental Protection Agency to serve as a management Information system
for EPA's air pollution research and control programs. As such, AEROS 1s mainly
concerned with the collection, processing, and reporting of basic air pollution
data. Various supplementary data files are also maintained to provide addi-
tional Information valuable for the preparation and analysis of air pollution
data.
The major data components of AEROS are ambient air quality data and air
pollution source and emissions data. The former consists of air quality moni-
toring site descriptions and their data, plus pollutant and method reporting
codes. Emission point sources test results are also Included. The outputs are
published reports and raw data output listings. Volume I of the reports Is a
system summary. Volume II 1s a system user manual. Volume III, the AEROS
Summary and Retrieval Manual, 1s Intended for those who want to obtain data from
AEROS. Volume III describes AEROS reports, how they may be used, and gives
Instructions on how to obtain them. Volume IV 1s the National Air Data Branch
(NAOB) Internal Operations Manual, which documents, 1n detail, all NAOB proce-
dures related to AEROS. Certain portions of Volume IV may be of Interest to
persons Interested In all details of AEROS operations, but 1s Intended mainly as
a guide for NAOB personnel. Volume V 1s the AEROS Coding Manual. It contains
tables of standard emission codes for use with Volume II.
Data Files;
AEROS consists of ten data storage and retrieval subsystems:
I. The National Emissions Data System (NEDS), which stores and reports
source and emissions-related data for the five criteria pollutants
(participates, SOx, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons).
2. The Storage and Retrieval of Aerometrlc Data (SAROAD) system, which
stores and reports Information relating to ambient air quality
covering 65 pollutants and which Includes site data.
3. The Hazardous and Trace Substance Emissions System (HATREMS), which
stores and reports sources and emissions data for non-criteria
pollutants.
4. The Source Test Data (SOTDAT) system, which stores and retrieves
relevant technical data collected during source emission measure-
ments (I.e., stack tests).
5. The State Implementation Plans (SIPS) regulation system, which pro-
vides retrievals of EPA-approved state air pollution control
regulations.
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6. The Emissions History Information System (EHIS), which provides
historical trends Information on nationwide emissions, and may also
function as a computerized technique for examination of air pollu-
tant-emissions scenarios.
7. The Weighted Sensitivity Analysis Program (WSAP), which operates on
NEDS data to compute the variance which can be tolerated 1n the
emission estimate for each source category In order that some
overall user-specified limit shall not be exceeded.
8. The Source Inventory and Emission Factor Analysis (SIEFA) program,
which complements WSAP by computing the actual (as opposed to
allowable) Imprecision 1n emission estimates for each source cate-
gory 1n NEDS due to Imprecision 1n emission Inventory techniques and
source data.
9. The Computer Assisted Area Source Emissions (CAASE) System, which
calculates county ambient emissions levels.
in. The Regional Emissions Projection System (REPS), which does regional
emission projections up to the year 2000.
Access:
Standard AEROS reports are published periodically and are available from
thr EPA A1r Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) at Research Triangle
Park, NC, or the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 1n Springfield,
VA. Many of the standard published reports and a number of additional standard
reports are also readily available from the National A1r Data Branch (NADB),
Research Triangle Park, NC, or from the ten EPA Regional Offices. To meet
requirements not met by standard AEROS reports, it Is also often possible to
restructure and report data as required in response to special requests.
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Compliance Data System
\cronym: CDS
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Other compliance information
Type on data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection stationary source
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
viiSTKACT: The Compliance Data System (CDS) is a management information system used
-j store and retrieve enforcement related information about plants, factories, and
..r.ner stationary source* of air pollution. The system was developed between 1972
.irui 1974 by EPA ' ป Stationary Source Enforcement Division (SSED) for use at EPA
neaaquarters and at EPA regional offices to meet the EPA's information needs.
Mon-pollutant parameters include: Compliance data
Discharge points
Industry
Inspection data
Location
Manufacturer
Political subdivisions
Production levels
Site description
:n^omg study time period is 01/01/74 to 09/30/80 (present)
1'enn.Lnation of data collection: Mot anticipated
frequency of data collection: weekly
quarterly
estimated number of observations is 16000000 or more.
annual increase of observations is 2000000 or more.
.';ata base includes: Summary or aggregate observations
Reference data/citations
Total, number of stations or sources covered is 100000 or more.
r currently contributing data is 27000 or more.
r of facilities covered is 50000.
coverage of data base: National
ocaiioa identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Town/township
Street address
Project identifier
'oinpliance or enforcement is the primary purpose for data collection.
'rograin evaluation is the secondary purpose for data collection.
'rsno assessment is the third purpose for data collection.
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Energy Data System
Acronym: EDS
tedia sampled to generate data: Other No specific media: Data related to fossil
fuel combustion taken from Department of Energy
forms on the utility sector.
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection Utility power
plants (annual and monthly reports)
Data base status: .Update terminated
\3STRACT: The data base stores fuel quality and consumption data, plant design and
operation data, emission regulations, compliance information, future megawatt
capacities, diffusion modeling results, and air quality data. Much of the data in
the Energy Data System are extracted from existing automated data systems. The
Energy Data System is unique, however, in that it combines these data in a single
-uta base and thus provides a capability to relate emissions data, fuel consumption
oata, and air quality data.
Son-pollutant parameters include: Cost/economic data
Flow rates
Location
Temperature
Volume/mass measures
utility boiler and stack parameters
utility plant annual and monthly fossil fuel use
individual fuel procurements
fuel characteristics
Ongoing study tine period is 01/01/69 to 12/30/78
Termination of data collection: Occurred 10/30/79
.frequency of data collection: monthly, annually and as needed before termination
Total estimated number of observations is 250000.
.Oata base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 1200.
of facilities covered is 1200.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
SMSA
City
Town/township
Street address
Regulation data on State Implementation Plans is dated January I, 1978;
,iiซr identification codes recorded as on original Department of Energy forms,
inconsistencies occur. Some quality assurance aspects not applicable.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DATA SYSTEMS
In the course of fulfilling its charter, EPA performs multimedia
environmental assessments of stationary sources of pollution and conducts
R&D programs to develop and demonstrate feasible control technology. Such
programs generate voluminous data, often according to different reporting
protocols and sampling and analysis practices. The Environmental Assessment
Data Systems (EAOS) have been developed to consolidate the results of these
programs and others into one comprehensive information system. The EADS is
also designed to provide uniformity in reporting protocols and to supply
current information and methods for analyzing data.
The EAOS is composed of four waste stream data bases and a number of
reference and support data bases. The waste stream data bases include the
Fine Particle Emissions Information System (FPEIS), the Gaseous Emissions
Data System (GEDS), the Liquid Effluents Data System (LEDS), and the Solid
Discharge Data System (SDDS). The FPEIS was the original data base in EADS,
having become operational in 1977, and is now a mature system containing
data from hundreds of stationary sources and serving the needs of a diverse
user community. The GEDS, LEDS, and SDDS were initiated in 1978 and are now
operational. The original FPEIS has concurrently been redesigned to conform
to the requirements of expanded multimedia testing, although existing data
in FPEIS will continue to be available to the user.
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DATA BASE USES
The EADS has been built upon and designed around the needs of the
user community. In 1977, a feasibility study indicated a significant need
and desire on the part of the user community, through a questionnaire
survey, to have available a central repository for environmental assessment
(EA) data. In addition, at the outset of the development of the EAOS, the
user community was once again approached, and needs, comments, and
suggestions were solicited. The EAOS was originally intended to provide
support for the EA program enacted by EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. While the
EA program is continually changing, the fundamental uses of the generated
data remain; they are (1) to establish research, development, and
demonstration priorities for waste stream control, (2) to identify waste
streams and pollutants requiring further attention, (3) to Identify
processes for which environmental standards may be needed and the
technologies available for their control, and (4) to assist with other
integrated technology assessments. EADS was designed to organize and store
the Information and data produced from EA activities, but it has not been
limited, through a rigid structure dictated by EA protocols, in its ability
to accommodate data from a variety of other sources. The types of data
uses that EA programs and other users may find with the EADS include the
following:
Characterize emissions data according to source category,
fuels, control devices, and other qualifiers
Summarize waste stream data by EA project
Develop emission factors
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Characterize emissions for purposes of new and retrofit control
device design and application
Assist with regional emissions studies
Provide background data for standards development
Assess source types with respect to toxic and hazardous
pollutants
Perform control device and waste treatment evaluations
Provide data for correlative studies (e.g., correlating source
types with radionuclide emissions)
a Provide source emissions data for various equipment design
purposes
Provide data for private industry research projects
These are fairly specific uses to which the EAOS data may be employed. You
may very well be asking yourself, how can I apply the EADS data to my
specific problem? How will EAOS make my job easier and the solution to my
problem more reliable and comprehensive?
The EADS Program Library and other data manipulation procedures
provide the techniques for obtaining, organizing, and, in some cases,
analyzing the data contained in the multimedia data bases. The Program
Library provides a great amount of flexibility to the user and simplifies
the data retrieval process. One of the most useful options available to
the user is the system's ability in a retrieval operation to group data
into classes according to varying criteria.
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ฃADS Program Manager
EADS Technical Staff
Gaseous Emissions Data
System, Liquid Effluents
Data System
CONTACTS
Gary L. Johnson (MD-63)
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
919-541-2745
Barbara Shoemaker
Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94042
415-964-3200, Extension 3019
or
Robert J. Lark in
Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94042
415-964-3200, Extension 3019
J. Patrick Reider
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
816-753-7600
Nick Young
Acurex Corporation
Route 1, Box 423
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
919-781-9704
A complete set of EADS documentation, in addition to the Systems
Overview Manual, includes: the Gaseous Emissions Data System User Guide,
EPA 600/8-80-006, January 1980; the Liquid Effluents Data System User
Guide, EPA 600/8-80-008, January 1980; the Solid Discharge Data System
User Guide, EPA 600/8-80-009, January 1980; the Fine Particle Emissions
Information System User Guide, EPA 600/8-80-007, January 1980; and the
Terminology Reference Manual, EPA 600/8-80-011, February 1980.
Documentation will be either registered or unregistered. Holders of
registered documentation will receive regular updates, while those with
unregistered copies will not.
Fine Particle Emissions
Information System,
Solid Discharge
Data System
Software
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REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
A Proprietary Product of
CONTROL DATA CORPORATION
The Regional Environmental Information System (REIS) is a user friendly compu-
ter system offering interactive retrieval, display and manipulation of regional
data. REIS is designed to provide easy access to regional data for high level
managers and analysts who have little or no computer background. The system
has two components: 1) a regional database, and 2) software that providea
editing, retrieval and display of the database. REIS has been designed with
maximum flexibility to accept data at practically any regional level and from
any source or machine origin.
REIS has been developed with the emphasis on user-accessibility. Users can
operate the system in a "turnkey" manner, where the system prompts the user
for all required information, or in a command-language manner, where the user
enters natural language type commands at the terminal. The system offers
formatted reports and ad hoc query capability.
A prototype version of REIS has been developed to demonstrate the capabilities
of the system. The prototype database includes: population, land area,
energy consumption, energy production, selected manufacturing activity output
and related air pollutant emissions, all at the state and county levels. The
data currently in the database was originally developed in the Strategic Envi-
ronmental Assessment System (SEAS), a large scale energy and environmental
forecasting system.
Examples of the type of data in reports produced by the REIS prototype Include:
e Sulfur oxide emissions by state for selected industrial activities
for recent and future years.
e Population by county and state.
e Coal-fired electricity generation for selected counties for recent
and future years.
An unlimited number of ad hoc queries is available as well.
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Data Collection Portfolio for Industrial Waste Discharges
Acronym: DCP
Media sampled to generate data: Effluents manufacturing point source
Other industrial sludge
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection industrial
manufacturing wastes
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The data base contains quantitative determinations of conventional and
priority pollutants present in wastes discharged to land, publicly owned treatment
plants, and watercourses that originate from industrial manufacturing operations.
Measure of waste volume and pollutant load per ton of finished product and applied
waste disposal scheme and capability are also included in the data base.
Son -pollutant parameters include: Chemical data
Compliance data
Concentration measures
Cost/economic data
Discharge points
Disposal
Flow rates
Industry
Location
Manufacturer
Political subdivisions
Production levels
Sampling date
Treatment devices
age of manufacturing plant
water usage
recovery techniques
production levels
production capacity
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/74 to 09/30/79 (present)
Termination of data collection: Anticipated 06/30/32
Frequency of data collection: Other as needed to support development of guidelines
Total estimated number of observations is 354000.
Li tuna ted annual increase of observations is 43000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 3120.
currently contributing data is 1 at a tine in most cases.
of facilities covered is 3120.
Program evaluation is the primary purpose for data collection.
Development of regulations or standards is the secondary purpose for data
collection.
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Effluent Guidelines GC/MS Screening Analysis Data Base
Acronym: HISLI3
*ecia sampled to generate data: Effluents industrial, publicly owned treatment worics
(POTW)
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection industrial and
municipal waste treatment
Data oase ' status: Operational/ongoing
TRACT: This data base contains those compounds found by computer analysis of Gas
rr.rcmacographic/Mass Spectrometric (GC/MS) data collected in Effluent Guidelines
Division's screening analysis of 2! industrial categories and publicly owned
rreacmenc works (POTWs). Each entry is a tentative identification by computer
r.ac-.iing of mass spectra in the raw data with a reference library. Tentative
identifications are listed without regard for any of the chemical lists. Any or all
:: cne organic compounds amenable to GC/MS analysis may be present.
Van-pollutant parameters include: Chemical data
Discharge points
Industry
Sampling date
Treatment devices
analysis parameters
analytical laboratory
sampling team
Ageing study time period is 09/01/77 to 12/30/80
Termination of data collection: Anticipated 09/30/3!
Frequency of data collection: as needed
T:-.al actual number of observations is 23000.
Ziti.-nared annual increase of observations is 20000.
3ata oase includes: Raw data/observations
T;:a- number of stations or sources covered is 3000.
Numcer currently contributing data is 3000.
of facilities covered is 300.
Secgraohic coverage of data base: National
Jaci.ity iaentifiers include: Effluent Guidelines Division Industrial Category
Number
Pollutant identification data have: CAS registry number codes
LL.TII nations: Data is tentative pending confirmation by chemical analysis. Effluent
G-icelines Division must approve any release of data.
Daca collection and analysis procedures: Sampling plan documented
Collection method documented
Development of regulations or standards is the primary purpose for data collection.
NO scatutory^ requirement: Data collection requirement is 1976 Consent Decree
~o.~7i of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
184
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INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES DISCHARGE FILES**
The Industrial Facilities Discharge (IFD) File was designed and
Implemented under contract for the specific purpose of providing the
Monitoring and Data Support Division of the Office of Water Regulation
and Standards with a comprehensive data base of point source
dischargers. Included within this data base are approximately 44,150
pipes of the 21 Industrial categories likely to contain any of the 129
priority pollutants as defined 1n the National Resources Defense Council
et al., (NRDC) settlement agreement. Of this number, 32,750 are pipes of
direct dischargers (15.4 percent of the discharges are POTW systems) and
11,400 pipes of Indirect dischargers. The direct dischargers discharge
over 300 billion gallons per day of wastewater to the nation's surface
waters.
There are 127 data elements within the IFD data file for which data
has been collected from various sources, with the following the most
Important:
(1) Permit Compliance System (PCS)
(2) EPA's 1978 Needs Survey File
(3) NPDES Permit Files
The 1978 Needs Survey file was used to collect Information on all new
and existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) also referred to as Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), receiving Industrial flows and/or serving
populations 1n excess of 10,000.
The Industrial facilities 1n the IFD data file are linked to the
Reach data file by a common USGS hydrologlc cataloging unit number and
EPA's stream segment number. The linkage of IFD with stream allows the
hydrologlc p1n-po1nt1ng of any of all facilities along waterways. This
linkage facilitates hydrologlcal analysis of point discharger Information
when assessing potential pollution problems downstream of upstream of a
point and between two stream locations.
The IFD data file 1s organized as an hierarchical Information system
of two levels: facility level and discharge pipe level. Facility
Information consists of name, address, NPDES number, city, county, total
facility flow, SIC codes, and the receiving water name or the
Identification of POTW receiving the Indirect discharge flow.
The pipe level Information Includes location (latitude/longitude),
pipe flow, pipe SIC code, discharge type (process, cooling, etc.),
receiving water, and other pipe related data.
**IFD 1s a component of the hydrologlcally-Hnked data files as
referenced 1n this report. See also: GAGE, and REACH.
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COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
NROSl NUMBER
OUN t 9RAOSTRSET NUMBER
AC1LITY NAMC
CITY NAME AND COOB
COUNTY coee
STATE ABBREVIATION t COOl
ERA REGION
STOPtT MAJOR/MINOR BASIN
sic coot
MAJOR/MINOR "LAO
OWNERSHIP CCSE
ZIP cooe
ปiPt NUMBER
LATI TUOE/LONG ITUOB
NG ซปTBB MAMg
OISCHAMOI TYปf
'LO* STABT/INO ซซป100
SIC COOKS)
INDUSTRIAL ปLOO CซIvtO
INOIRICT 'ACILITY NAM|
INOIRICT
SIC COOซ(S)
SURVEY
NEEDS NUMBER
NEEDS TREATMENT CODE
NEEDS 'LOW
NEEDS INDUSTRIAL 'LOW
NEEDS RRE-TREATMENT cooe
FD
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
DISCHARGE FILE
" t.
EFFLUENT GUIDELINES
otvisiriN
EGO SUBCATS&ORY(S)
EGO 'LOW
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY! SI
IHS GAGE
RECEIVING STREAM MEAN 'LOW
ECIIVINO STREAM L0ซ ปLOซ
PQTW PRETREATMENT
_STUOY
LOCATION
STRfAM 'LOWS
LOW
L0ซ
ป
S
~l
3RGANIC CHEMICAL
B9QDUCE95
OCRQB ID NUMBER
FILE
C CATALOGING UNIT
EACH SEGMENT NUMBER
~IT 'LAG
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE IFD FILE
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National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) Compliance Files
Acronym: None
Media sampled to generate data: Effluents from National Pollutant
Discharge
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection
Industrial and municipal
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Files containing Information relating to the compliance status
of permit holders under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit program. Files are arranged 1n alphabetical order
by State 1n the Water and Hazardous Materials Compliance Section. Files
contain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits,
self monitoring reports, state and federal Inspection reports, state and
federal enforcement actions, notices of noncompllance from permittees and
other correspondence relating to the status of permittee compliance.
Non-pollutant parameters Include: Compliance data
Discharge points
Flow rates
Inspection data
Location
Sampling date
Ongoing study time period 1s 09/01/74 to 08/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: dally
monthly discharge monitoring reports
contain data typically collected dally,
some may vary 1n frequency.
Total estimated number of observations: varies by Region.
Estimated annual Increase of observations: varies by Region.
Data base Includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered: varies by Region.
Number currently contributing data: varies by Region.
Number of facilities covered: varies by Region.
Location Identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
City
Town/township
Street address
Project Identifier NPDES number
Facility Identifiers Include: Plant facility name
Plant location
NPDES
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Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
Acronym: NURP
Media sampled to generate data: Atmospheric deposition
Ground water
Runoff urban
Sediment
Surface water river, lake, impoundment
Other depotition on street surface
Type of data collection/mouitoring: Non point source data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: This data base contains data taken during storm events. The data is taken
in receiving waters, control structures, wetfall/dryfall deposition stations,
precipitation stations, and in storm sewers. Stormwater pollution control
technologies can be evaluated from the data. For example, catchments are swept for
a time period and data taken; then catchments remain unswept for a time, and data
taKen in order to evaluate streetsweeping. See our quarterly reports for latest
results.
Son-pollutant parameters include: Biological data
Chemical data
Collection method
Concentration measures
Cost/economic data
Flow rates
Location
Physical data
Political subdivisions
Population demographics
Population density
Precipitation
Salinity
Sampling date
Site description
Temperature
Test/analysis method
Treatment devices
Volume/mass measures
hydrograph limb: base, rising, peak, falling
quality of rain
Ongoing study tioe period is 12/01/78 to 07/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Anticipated 01/30/33
Frequency of data collection: less than hourly flow and precipitation
daily: receiving water
varies with parameter codes related to storm events
Pollutant identification data have: Storet parameter codes
Limitations: Primarily data related to urban stormwater events. Pollutant parameter
codess vary by sample.
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Permit Compliance System
Acronym: PCS
Media sampled to generate data: Effluents National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPOES) permitted
facilities
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection National
Pollutants Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permitted facilities
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
Funded for development Projected operational data:
01/00/81 - system enhancement to be completed
ABSTRACT: The Permit Compliance System Is a currently operational data
base, but does not yet collect effluent reported values. An enhancement
to collect effluent reported values for the purpose of comparison to
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) limits, and
therefore Identify violations, 1s presently underway. Collection will be
through data entry of Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMR) reported
values. Capability will be available about January 1, 1981. Actual data
entry, phased region by region, will begin at that time.
Non-pollutant parameters Include:
Collection method Salinity
Compliance data Sampling date
Discharge points Temperature
Flow rates Test/analysis method
Geographic subdivision Treatment devices
Industry Selected National Pollutant (NPDES)
Inspection data Elimination System (NPDES)
Location permit application data
Political subdivisions National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit
effluent limits
Ongoing study time period 1s 01/01/75 to 08/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: Other ongoing: varies by National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) facility
Total estimated number of observations 1s 254,000.
Estimated annual Increase of observations 1f 5950.
Data base Includes: raw data/aggregate data: varies by permit.
Compliance of enforcement 1s the primary purpose for data collection.
Trend assessment 1f the secondary purpose for data collection.
Retrieval contact: Deborah Griffin, (202) 755-0994, USEPA, Office of
Water Enforcement
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Verification Data Base
Acronym: Mone
Media sampled to generate data: Effluents industrial
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection industrial
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Data base contains the results of the Effluent Guideline Division GC/MS
verification program.
Men-pollutant parameters include: Concentration measures
Industry
Location
Site description
Ingoing study time period is 10/01/79 to 09/30/50 (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: one time only
varies by site-may be more frequently
Tstal estimated number of observations is 100000.
Intimated annual increase of observations is 30000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
key statistics
local aumber of stations or sources covered is 500.
s umDer currently contributing data is 10 to 15 at any one time.
s'umoer of facilities covered is 100.
lecgraphic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Street address
Project identifier
Faciliry identifiers include: Plant facility name
Plant location
Street address
Program identifier
Pollutant identification data are: Coded with other coding schemes
l_uai rations: Plant names and addresses are not identified for some organics.
of regulations or standards is the primary purpose for data collection.
..-at^-tory authorization is ? L 92-500 as amended (Clean Water Act-CVM)
:~:rm ;r available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
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Federal Facilities Information System
Acronym: FFIS
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Drinking water
Effluents federal facilities
Noise
Solid waste
Type of data collection/monitoring: federal facilities permit, stationary source
compliance, and compliance project budgetary
data.
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The Federal Facilities Information System contains an inventory of all
Federal facilities subject to environmental regulations, their compliance status,
and information related to the budgeting and funding of 3,653 projects to achieve or
maintain compliance (including 363 hazardous waste projects and information on
radioactive and pesticide projects). The System contains and can generate the sane
reports as the Compliance Data System, Permit Compliance System, Hazardous Waste
Site System and the Docket System.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Compliance data
Cost/economic data
Funding data
Management data is available on meeting all
environmental laws.
contains all the parameters of the systems which
are a part of it auch as the Permit Compliance
System (PCS) and Compliance Data System (CDS)
Ongoing study time period is 07/01/76 to 12/30/BO (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: quarterly
semi annually
Quarterly data from Compliance Data System (CDS) and
Permit Compliance System (PCS)
Semi-annually: Project reports
Total estimated number of observations is 350000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 40000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Suranary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 14000.
Number currently contributing data is 14000.
Number of facilities covered is 3000.
Geographic coverage cf data base: International
Compliance or enforcement is the primary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is Executive Order 12088 and CMS Circular A-106
Form of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
Standard format reports
192
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HAZARDOUS WASTE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
RCRA NOTIFIER DATA BASE
The primary source of Information for Identifying hazardous waste
facilities and the particular content of the waste Including the source
and transport 1s the RCRA Not1f1er Data Base, a computerized data system
which 1s Individually maintained by each of the regional EPA offices.
This data base was created as a result of requirements of the Resource
Conservation and Recover Act of 1976, which records producers, handlers,
and transporters of hazardous material, method of transportation, and
ultimate disposal. This Information has been stored according to
hazardous waste codes assigned by EPA to specific chemical compounds, and
specific or non-specific sources (e.g., Industrial categories,
manufacturing processes).
For further Information contact: Jeff Tumerkln, USEPA/OSW
(202) 755-9145
193
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HOW TO APPLY FOR A RCRA PERMIT
Who MUM File RCRA Permit Application
The Resource Conservation end Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) re-
quires each person owning or operating facility for the treatment,
storege, or diipoial of hazardous watte to have a permit. This includes
individuals, trusts, firms, joint stock companies, corporations (including
goytmmtnt corporutiont), partnerships, associations. States, munici-
palities, commissions, interstate bodies and Federal Agencies. If you
treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste without obtaining a permit,
you may be iub|ปcl to civil or criminal penalty.
How to Determine If you Handle Hazardous Watte
OFF-SITE FACILITIES. Owners and operators of off-site treatment,
storage, or disposal facilities are encouraged to obtain waste informa-
tion from the generators they serve. If the generators will not supply
this information, you are still responsible for determining if you handle
a hazardous waste and should follow the procedures below for onsite
facilities.
ON-SITE FACILITIES. Solid waste generators who treat, store, or
dispose of their own waste onsite should follow the following proce-
dures for determining If their waste Is a hazardous waste. This determin-
ation Is made as follows:
A. First, determine If the solid waste handled It excluded from regul-
ation as a ha/ardous waste. The list of exclusions can be found In
the regulation titled "Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste",
Sections 261.4 and 261.6 published in the "Federal Register," May
19, 1980. H the inlid waste handled Is excluded, a RCRA hazardous
waste permit is not needed to treat, store, or dispose of these wastes.
B. If the solid waste handled Is not excluded by Sections 261.4 or
261.5, determine if the watte is listed in Subpart D of "Identification
and Listing of Hazardous Waste." Persons owning or operating facili-
ties where listed hazardous waste is treated, stored, or disposed are
ibJBcl to regulation and must file a RCRA permit application.
C. If the waste handled to not lilted in Subpart D of "Identification
and Listing of Hazardous Waste," the waste may still be hazardous
because it possesses certain characteristics or contains certain contam-
inants. These characteristics and contaminants are contained in
Subpart C of "Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste." A
determination that a waste possesses these characteristics or contam-
inants may be made either based on: (1) Your knowledge of the
hazard characteristic of the waste in light of the materials or the pro-
cesses used; or (2) The results of testing the waste according to the
' methods in Subpart C of "Identification and Lining of Hazardous
Waste."
Certain persons who handle hazardous waste are not required to obtain
a RCRA permit. They are:
Generetors who accumulate their own hazardous waste onsite for
less than 90 days as provided in 40 CFR 262.34;
Farmers who dispose of hazardous waste pesticide from their own use
as provided in 40 CFH 262.61; and
Owners and operators of totally enclosed treatment facilities as de-
fined In 40 CFR 260.10.
Whet Information Should be Filed end When
There ere two parts to the RCRA permit application Part A end
Part B. Part A consists of Form 1 and Form 3 of EPA's Consolidated
Permit Application. Part B requires detailed site-specific Information
such as geologic, hydrologic, and engineering date. 40 CFR 122.25
specifies the mformetion thet will be required from hazardous waste
management facilities in Pert B.
RCRA established a procedure for obtaining "Interim status" which
allows existing hazardous waste management facilities to continue
their operations until e fine! hazardous waste permit Is issued. In order
to qualify for interim status, owners and operators of existing hazard-
ous waste management facilities must complete and sign both Forms 1
and 3 and submit them to EPA by November 19, 1980. In order for
an existing facility to receive e permit, complete Part B must be sub-
mitted within six months after it is requested by EPA. For new facili-
ties, both Part A and Part B must be submitted to EPA at lent 180
days before physical construction is expected to commence.
Operation During Interim Status
As provided In 40 CFR 122.23(bl, Part A of the permit application
defines the processes to be used for treatment, storage, end disposal
of hazardous wastes; the design capacity of such processes; end the
specific hazardous wastes to be handled at a facility during the Interim
status period. Once Part A Is submitted to EPA, changes in the hazard-
out wastes handled, changes in design of facilities, changes In processes,
and changes in ownership or operational control at a facility during
the mteiim status period may only be made In accordance with the
procedures in 40 CFR 122.23(c). Changes In design cepacity and
changes in processes require prior EPA approval. Changes in the quanti-
ty of waste handled at a facility during interim status can be made
without submitting a revised Part A provided the quantity does not
exceed the design capacities of the processes specified in Part A of the
permit application. Failure to furnish all information required to pro-
cess a permit application is grounds for termination of interim status.
How Many Application! Should be Filed
You need submit only one RCRA permit application (Pmrt A ปttd
Ptrt Bl par site or location, provided that you describe ell of the ectivl-
tiet at that site or location. If you conduct hazardous waste activity/A**/
at more than one site or location, you must submit a separete applica-
tion for each site or location.
Where to File
Permit applications should be sent to the EPA Regional office thet
serves the area where your hazardous waste management facility is
located. If you previously received a notification packet from EPA that
contains two preaddressed mailing labels and two envelopes, you should
use one of the mailing labels and one of the envelopes to send your per-
mit application to EPA. If you do not have e preaddressed mailing la-
bel, mall your permit application to the EPA Regional office that
serves the area where your hazardous waste management facility is lo-
cated. The mailing addresses for the EPA Regional offices are listed on
the following page.
194
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Hazardous Waste Site Tracking System
Acronym: STS
Media sampled to generate data: No specific media: Inventory of hazardous waste
sites with gross amounts of chemicals found at site
Type of data collection/monitoring: No monitoring data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The data base contains an inventory of potential hazardous waste sites
both active and inactive, on-site of. industrial facilities and off-site. Major
functions supported include: inventory and identification, assessment, site
inspection, hazards, hydrological analysis, and remedial and enforcement actions
accessary.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Compliance data
Cost/economic data
Funding data
Inspection data
Location
Physical data
Political subdivisions
Population demographics
Population density
Site description
Hazards
Waste state
Waste characteristics
Remedial actions
Ongoing study time period is 08/01/79 to 12/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: As events (e.g. inspections) are done
Total estimated number of observations is 20821.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 10000.
Data base includes: Raw- data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 8000.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Street address
Coordinates
La tltude/Longi tude
Coordinates
Compliance or enforcement is the primary purpose for data collection.
Remedial action is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Program evaluation is the third purpose for data collection.
No statutory requirement: Data collection requirement is to aid in EPA tracking of
hazardous waste sites
Form of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
195
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Strategic Environmental Assessment System-Residuals Generation Module
Acronym: SEAS-RES
Media sampled to generate data: Solid waste
No specific media: data are industry emission
factors for a number of pollutants
Type of data collection/monitoring: literature surveys
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The SEAS-RESGEN Data base contains national and state average emissions
factors for a number of air, water and solid waste residuals from stationary,
mobile, point, and non-point sources. These data are derived from sources and are
most complete for the criteria air conventional water, and pollution control related
solid waste pollutants. The data base is expanding to include many more toxics and
hazardous wastes. The data base is designed for use with the strategic
Environmental Assessment System (SEAS).
Non-pollutant parameters include: Cost/economic data
Geographic subdivision
Industry
Population density
Precipitation
Production levels
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/72 to 12/30/75
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: as needed
Total estimated number of observations is 100000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is Unknown.
Data base includes: Reference data/citations
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
SMSA
City
Pollutant identification data have: Coded with other coding schemes
Limitations; The quality and scope of the data are variable. The user should
contact the Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology before making use of
the data.
Trend assessment is the primary purpose for data collection.
Anticipatory/research is the secondary purpose for data collection.
No statutory requirement: Data collection requirement is to support Agency planning
efforts
Form of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
196
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Waste Characterization Data Base
Acronym: None
Media sampled to generate data: Solid waste
Process residuals
Type of data collection/monitoring: Point source data collection
Industrial process residuals
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Data on the amount and composition of Industrial chemical
process residuals. Specific compound Identification and concentrations.
Includes Information on generator of the sample. Samples are analyzed to
determine significant materials present, regardless of whether or not
they are on any of the pollutant parameter lists.
Non-pollutant parameters Include:
Chemical data Manufacturer
Disposal Physical data
Industry Production levels
Location Sampling date
Test/analysis method
Ongoing study time period 1s 10/01/80 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: as needed
once or twice per generator
Total estimated number of observations 1s 200.
Estimated annual Increase of observations 1s 2000.
Data base Includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered 1s 25.
Number currently contributing data 1s 12 months.
Number of facilities covered 1s 25.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location Identifiers of station/source for each record are:
State
City
Street address
Project Identifier
complete facility
Identification
Facility Identifiers Include: Plant facility name
Plant location
Street address
Dun and Bradstreet number
Development of regulations or standards 1s the primary purpose for data
collection. Statutory authorization 1s P L 92-580/3007 (Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act) Form of available reports and outputs:
Hand searchable as needed.
197
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Community Health Air Monitoring Program
Acronym: CHAMP
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: ambient and some source
Data base status: Update terminated
ABSTRACT: The data base contains five minute values and hourly averages with peak
five minute values for sixteen parameters. The data was collected to support
epidemiological studies in approximately 21 cities.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Concentration measures
Flow rates
Location
Sampling date
Site description
Temperature
Wind direction
Wind velocity
dew point
barometeric pressure
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/74 to 12/30/79
Termination of data collection: Occurred 12/30/79
Frequency of data collection: less than hourly every five minutes
Total estimated number of observations is 2500000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 21.
Number currently contributing data is 0.
Number of facilities covered is 2).
Geographic coverage of data base: Geographic region California, Utah, Missouri (St.
Louis)
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Street address
Coordinates UTM
Anticipatory/research is the primary purpose for data collection.
Technology development is the secondary purpose for data collection.
No statutory requirement: Data collection requirement is to support Agency research
and development program.
Form of available reports and outputs: Publications several published by Health
Effects Research
199
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Field Study Measurements
Acronym: None
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: .Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
.ABSTRACT: Measurements obtained during intensive field studies of plumes from power
plants and urban area sources as well as of regional hazes are included in the data
base. Aircraft and mobile and fixed surface data, together with supporting
meteorological data are stored. Includes STATE and PEPE/NEROS data.
Son-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Elevation
Location
Sampling date
Ongoing study time period is 08/01/78 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: Most data are 5-second averages
Total estimated number of observations is 30000000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 1000000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 31.
Number currently contributing data is 3 to be added.
Number of facilities covered is 10.
Geographic coverage of data base: Geographic region trans Applachian Region and
East Coast Corridor
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: Coordinates latitude
and longitude
sampling platform
Facility identifiers Include: Not applicable
Pollutant identification data have: Other coding scheme
Limitations: Data are limited to periods of 3 to 5 week intensive with 50 to 100
hours sampling time per platform.
Special study is the primary purpose for data collection.
Development of regulations or standards is the secondary purpose for data
collection.
No statutory requirement: Data collection requirement is for research on
transformation/transport processes and effects
Form of available reports and outputs: Unpublished reports Platforms Reports
Machine-readable raw data
200
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Inhalable Particulate Network
Acronym: IPMN
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The Inhalable Particulate Network contains a breakdown of participate data
by size. The data base will be used to determine the need for a new standard and
the fate of the Total Suspended Particulate standards.
Mon-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Concentration measures
Flow rates
:Physical data
:Sampling date
Site description
Test/analysis method
Volume/mass measures
Ongoing study tiaie period ii 05/01/79 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: every six days
Total estimated number of observations is 70000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 100000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 300.
dumber currently contributing data is 90.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Project identifier
Pollutant identification data have: Saroad parameter codes
Development of regulations or standards is the primary purpose for data collection.
Technology development is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 88-206 as amended, Section 110 (Clean Air Act-CAA)
Form of available reports and outputs: Printouts on request
Machine-readable raw data
On-line computer
Confidentiality: No limits on access to data
Primary physical location of data: NCCAINIVAC
Form of data storage: Magnetic disc
Data access: Commercial software System 2000
201
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National Air Monitoring System
Acronym: FBAJ03
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The National Air Monitoring System stores and analyzes potential criteria
pollutants at National Air Monitoring Sites. The data is used for research
applications.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Concentration measures
Flow rates
Physical data
Sampling date
Site description
Test/analysis method
Volume/mass measures
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/74 to 09/30/BO (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: every 12 days
Total estimated number of observations is 500000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 50000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 250.
Number currently contributing data is 250.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Pollutant identification data have: Saroad parameter codes
Development of regulations or standards is the primary purpose for data collection.
Trend assessment is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 88-206 as amended, Section MO (Clean Air Act-CAA)
OMB form number: 158-R-0012
Form of available reports and outputs: Publications Air Quality Data for National
Air Sampling Network (yearly)
Printouts on request
Machine-readable raw data
On-line computer
Confidentiality: No limits on access to data
Primary physical location of data: NCC/UNIVAC
Form of data storage: Magnetic disc
Data access: Commercial software System 2000
202
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National Air Surveillance Network
Acronym: NASN
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Update terminated
ABSTRACT: Pollutant concentrations of up to 33 parameters at up to 2,500 sites,
recorded bimonthly: January 1955-December 1976. Sulfate (SCty), Nitrate (M03) and
ammonium are "he major available parameters--all others are reported infrequently.
Non-pollutant parameters Include: Collection method
Location
Sampling date
Test/analysis method
Ongoing study tune period is 01/01/55 to 1 2/30//76
Termination of data collection: Occurred 01/30/78
Frequency of data collection: bimonthly
Total estimated number of observations is 2000000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 0.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 1350.
Numoer currently contributing data is 0.
Number of facilities covered is 0.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
Project identifier
area coded
SIC code
agency
Facility identifiers include: Mot applicable
Pollutant identification data have: Saroad parameter codes
Limitations: Data quality assurance procedures are unknown
Trend assessment is the primary purpose for data collection.
Anticipatory/research is the secondary purpose for data collection.
203
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Pesticides in Ambient Air
Acronym: None
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Pesticides in Ambient Air is a raw data base containing about 3,000
observations. The data can only be accessed manually. Years of collection: 1970-
1972, and 1975 present. The quantity of data collected each year of the 1970-1972
period is about ten times that of the 1975-1980 period.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Concentration measures
Flow rates
Location
Precipitation
Sampling date
Temperature
Wind direction
Wind velocity
Ongoing study time period is 04/01/70 to 09/30/BO (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: monthly 90% of the data
Total estimated number of observations is 3000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 100.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 80.
Number currently contributing data la 10.
Geographic coverage of data base: Geographic region selected locations in selected
states
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Town/township
Street address
Pollutant identification data are: Uncoded
Limitations: Extensive annual sampling 1970-72. Mo data 1972-74. Fewer samples
from 1975 on. Currently data base covers California, Montana, Illinois, Mississippi
and Texas.
Risk aปปeaซroent ia the primary purpose for data collection.
Anticipatory/research is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 92-516 as amended by P L 94-140 and P L 95-396
section 20 (The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act-FITRA)
Form of available reports and outputs: Publications Air Pollution from Pesticides
and Agricultural Processes (CRC Press)
204
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Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data **
Acronym: SAROAD
led i.a sampled to generate data: Air
rype ot data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: SAROAD is a system for editing, storing, summarizing, and reporting
ambient air quality data. Raw data are collected by State agencies for the criteria
pollutants, reported to Regional Offices and submitted for update. The data
reporting by States began in 1972-1973. The data are published in summary form, are
utilized for trends analysis, and are utilized to determine whether National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are being met.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Concentration measures
Elevation
Location
Political subdivisions
Site description
Temperature
Wind direction
Wind velocity
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/57 to 03/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: hourly
daily
weekly
Total estimated number of observations is 300000000.
annual increase of observations is 20000000.
Jata base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 14000.
M umber currently contributing data is 5000.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
SMSA
City
Street address
Coordinates UTM
** SAROAD is a component of AEROS which is described in the
Air Emissions section of this matrix.
205
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Basic Water Monitoring Core Stations
Acronym: None
Media sampled to generate data: Sediment
Surface water fresh
Tissue indigenous species: fish/shellfish
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Data is collected from the national ambient water quality monitoring
network of 1,000 stations, comprised primarily of a minimum "core" network of State
stations selected as a subset of ongoing State programs. Stations are operated
monthly, with a common list of parameter codess, and the data is used for national
trend assessments.
Non-pollutant parameters include:
Biological data
Collection method
Flow rates
Geographic subdivision
Salinity
Sampling date
Site description
Temperature
conductivity
transparency
Ongoing study time period is 10/01/78 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: monthly
Total estimated number of observations is 24000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 12000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 1000.
Mumber currently contributing data is 1000.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are:
Pollutant identification data have: Storet parameter codes
Limitations: frequency varies by parameter codes
State
County
City
Town/township
Coordinates Latitude
and longitude
Project identifier
Agency-code
Station-number
207
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Name NASQAN DATA BASE SYSTEM
Acronym NASQAN
Data Base Type Spatial
System[That Accesaes Data Base
NATIONAL STREAM QUALITY ACCOUNTING
NETWORK (NASQAN)
Division/Office
Water Resources Division
Contact Person John C. Briggs
Contact Telephone
(703) 860-6834 (FTS) 928-6834
Contact Address
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
MS 412
Reston, VA 22092
Subject Coverage
Water-quality data from NASQAN
stations
Keywords
Chemical Analyses; Rivers;
Streams; Water Quality; Water
Temperature
Geographical Coverage
Continental United States; Alaska;
Hawaii; Guam; Puerto Rico
Spatial Data Type Point
Coordinate System Latitude/Longitude
Sources of Data in Data Base
Data are from the Water Quality
File of the U.S. Geological
Survey's WATSTORE system
Time Span of Data Collected
1972 to 1978
Status of Data Base Operational
Users
U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Division, Branch of
Water Quality hydrologists
Data Availability
Available for limited access
Output Media
Magnetic tape; Batch computer
printout; Publication; Punched
cards
Storage Media Disc
Size of Data Base 15,000,000 bytes
Computer Residence
IBM 370/155 Reston, VA
Language SYSTEM 2000; PL/1
Abstract
The NASQAN Data Base System
contains all water-quality data
collected since 1972 for 445
stations constituting the National
Stream Quality Accounting Network
(NASQAN). Data in the ayatarn
included field measurements, common
constituents, and some pesticide
and radiochemical constituents.
Documentation
No published documentation
Date of This Information October 1979
208
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National Surface Water Monitoring Program
Acronym: NSWMP
Media sampled to generate data: Surface water itreams
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data bate status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: Contains pesticide residue and toxic substance monitoring data on 40
chemicals at approximately 150 nationwide collection stations.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Collection method
Concentration measures
Flow rates
Geographic subdivision
Location
Physical data
Political subdivisions
Sampling date
Site description
Temperature
Test/analysia method
Use
Volume/mass measures
Ongoing study time period is 05/01/76 to 08/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: quarterly
Total estimated number of observations is 90000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 600-1000.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 150.
Number currently contributing data is 150.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
Coordinates Latitude
and longitude
Trend assessment is the primary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 92-516 as amended, Section 20 (Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act-FIFRA)
Form of available reports and outputs: On-line computer
209
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National Water Quality Surveillance System
Acronym: NWQSS
Media sampled to generate data: Surface water fresh water
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: These EPA designated ambient water quality monitoring stations augment the
1,000 "core" stations operated by the states. Stations are selected by the Regions
and operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Flow rates
Geographic subdivision
Salinity
Sampling date
Site description
Temperature
Ongoing study time period is 10/01/79 to 10/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: monthly
Total estimated number of observations is 9000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 10800.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 53.
Number currently contributing data is 41.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Town/township
Coordinates
Latitude/longitude
agency code
station number
Facility identifiers include: Not applicable
Pollutant identification data have: Storet parameter codes
Trend assessment is the primary purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 95-217, Section 104(2)(5)
Form of available reports and outputs: Publications National Water Quality
Inventory/Report to Congress
Unpublished reports December 1 Report to
the Administrator
Printouts on request
Machine-readable raw data
On-line computer
included in Council on Environmental
Quality Report
210
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REACH FILE
The Reach file consists of 72,050 segments which are associated with
2,111 USGS cataloging units.
The Reach file 1s "pivotal" for hydrologlc use In that four data
files are "linked" together by the common use of cataloging units,
segment numbers and mileages. These four files are:
(1) Industrial Facilities Discharge (IFO)
(2) Pollution-caused F1shk1ll File
(3) Drinking Water Supply File
(4) Stream Gaging Inventory Data File
All stream reaches have been linked hydrologlcally to allow for
retrieval and analysis downstream or upstream of a point to between
points. The linearized segment data are used for mapping and location
plotting for STORET Water Quality, IFD, GAGE, Water and F1shk1ll data.
For Information on the REACH File Directory and associated maps, the
reader 1s referred to Robert Horn, Monitoring Branch, Monitoring & Data
Support Division.
**REACH 1s a component of the hydrolog1cally-!1nked data files as
referenced 1n this report. See also: IFD, GAGE.
211
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STORE!
STORE! 1s an acronym used to Identify the computerized database system
maintained by EPA for the S!0rage and RETrleval of data relating to the quality
of the waterways within and contiguous to the United States. Within the STORET
system, some 1,800 unique water quality parameters (a parameter 1s essentially
the objective of a measurement such as the concentration of a particular
substance 1n a particular medium) are defined. Approximately 80% of the 40
million Individual observations available within the system pertain to approxi-
mately 200 of these parameters which deal with concentrations of conventional
pollutants (BOD, N, P, etc.) and metals 1n water. A single observation repre-
sents a measurement of a single parameter at a specific location or station at
a specific point in time. !hese observations are taken from more than 200,000
unique collection points located on essentially all U.S. rivers, lakes, streams,
and other waterways.
!he S!ORE! system 1s fully computerized; It permits users throughout the
country to enter observations Into the database as well as to retrieve infor-
mation from the database through remote terminals. A comprehensive range of
retrieval capabilities, both 1n the statistical analysis of observations, and
the reporting of the results of the analyses, 1s provided by STORET. Some of
these services are available in an online mode of operation, others 1n a batch
mode of operation.
STORET can be used for the following purposes:
To detect changes 1n pollutants that could change ambient
cri terla/standards.
To help promote water quality programs hy substantiating the effec-
tiveness of other similar programs.
To help justify budget requests for water quality programs.
To help cut sampling costs hy coordinating efforts with other
organizations.
t To provide a repository for data collection efforts.
To help Identify where monitoring efforts are needed, thereby deter-
mining where funds need to be allocated.
To help design overall programs based upon the successes of others.
To help complete water quality management basin plans.
To help prepare fact sheets required for permit processing.
To detect changes in pollutants that could change existing permits.
212
-------
storet
provides
water
quality data
on the
right
parameters
Some 1800 unique water quality parameters are defined within storet Ap-
proximately 80% of the 40 million individual observations available
within the system pertain to approximately 200 of these pa-
rameters which are grouped into the general cate-
gories shown in the table to the right. A single
observation represents a measurement
of a single parameter at a spe-
cific location, or station,
at a specific point
in time
I PRIOR TO 1966
ง 1966-1970
I 11971-1975
PARAMETER GROUPS
at the
right
stations
storet contains data on samples taken from
IT-OIV t'.lan 200 000 unique collection points
located or, essentially all of the Nation s rivers
la^es streams and other waterways The shading:
o* the map leflect the relative concentrations of
samplipc and monitonng stations The blow-up
o: the Sagi-iau Rner Basin shows its drainage
aiea and no specific locations of sampling points
213
-------
A river basin is the area drained by a single river
and its tributaries. A water quality management
basin plan is a management document that iden-
tifies the water quality problems of a particular
basin, or portion of a basin, and sets forth an
effective remedial program to alleviate those
problems. Overall basin needs and priorities are
assessed, actions scheduled, and the necessary
coordination with concerned organizations
planned.
basin
planning
The needs and priorities are based largely upon
water quality data and the analysis of this data.
For example, fecal coliform bacteria is a common
indicator of pollution problems in areas affected
by major municipal/industrial activity. A plot of
coliform along a stretch of a river can quickly
ascertain the presence of a bacterial source and
the extent of a pollution problem.
The development of an effective planning proc-
ess is crucial to effective water quality manage-
ment. This is particularly true for river basin
planning as required under various sections of
PL 92-500. River basin plans are primarily the
responsibility of the states, and the law delineates
the rather extensive amount of information that
must be provided.
research
In order to achieve our national obiective of
having water that is clean enough both for recre-
ational activity and for the protection of fish and
wildlife, numerous research and development
efforts have been initiated to acquire a thorough
understanding of the complex and variable bio-
logical systems that charactenze our waterways
Research tells us what a specific level of a specific
pollutant does to humans, animals, and crops It
establishes thresholds at which we might expect
adverse effects from environmental pollutants
alone or in combination (And from these
thresholds, cntena for water quality standards can
be established ) It provides the basic scientific
knowledge we need to safeguard the public health
and to balance the benefits of a specific product
against its environmental risks
A representative effort is that of the EPA Grosse
lie Laboratory's Research Program to improve the
water quality of the Great Lakes This Lab is in-
volved with a number of other agencies in devel-
oping the scientific information needed to assess
the effectiveness of implemented programs on
Great Lakes water quality to form the basis for
needed control actions and to develop the scien
tific information needed to suppoit the Canadian
U S Agreement for the Great Lakes Over a
dozen U S and Canadian agencies universities.
and loirt commissions are participating in this
extensive program launched in 1972
Since this is an on going international program
involving both ivater quality management and
research it is essential that all data gathered on the
water quality of the Great Lakes be readily accessi
ble by all investigators According!", all participants
are required to enter all collected data into store!
thereby greatly expediting the use and analysis of
the information through sharing of data This nig
nificant multi-organizational le^earch progtam not
only illustrates the value of storet in i eseaivh
oriented endeavors but also it demonstrates how
the use of an accepted central system can foster
cooperation among a gioup ot legalizations
s'nanng common imprests
CHLOROPHYLL A IN LAKE ONTARIO
TWO PERSPECTIVE VIEWS
214
-------
monitoring
& surveillance
The data in storet originates from samples taken
as part of individual monitoring programs con-
ducted by the states and other organizations.
Several objectives of these monitoring efforts are
to identify and assess quantitatively the magnitude
of existing and potential water pollution problems,
and to detect any trends or changes over a period
of time. Reports such as the trend plots shown
here, which show presence of phosphates and
ammonia as a function of time, vividly point out
where problems do and do not exist
npdes
permit
program
Far-reaching goals were established by PL 92-500:
By 1983, water clean enough for swimming,
boating, and protection of fish, shellfish, and wild-
life; and by 1985, no discharges whatsoever of
pollutants into the Nation's waters! To achieve
these ambitious but essential goals, the law estab-
lished a national permit program, known as
NPDES-the National Pollutant Discharge Elim-
ination System, to control the discharge of pol-
lutants into any waterway. This program is the
mechanism for insuring that effluent limits are
met, that the necessary technology is applied, and
that all requirements of the 1972 law for con-
trolling discharges and complying with water
quality standards are met on schedule. Permits
are to be granted to individual dischargers only
after they show that their effluents will not con-
taminate a waterway in excess of established water
quality standards, or will not lower its existing
quality.
The law allows polluters time to improve facil-
ities, but provides that corrective programs must
meet the "best practicable" and "best available"
standards of water pollution control technology
by 1977 and 1983 respectively.
EFFLUENT VIOLATIONS REPORT
215
-------
progress
reporting
Under Section 305(b) of PL 92-500, states are
required to submit annual reports to EPA on
sources of pollutiontheir nature, extent recom-
mendations for control, and the cost of these
controls. (An excerpt from the State of Michigan's
305(b) report is shown below.) As practices be-
come more sophisticated, these reports should
reflect the effects of these sources on the pollu-
tion of groundwaters, and provide an inventory of
wells which can be used to determine ground-
water quality within a state's jurisdiction.
A new activated sewage treatment plant was built
on Fountain Creek below Colorado Springs in
late 1972. The data in torat collected pnor and
subsequent to the implementation of the new
plant were compared. The number of violations
for dissolved oxygen had dropped from 53% to
7%, for dissolved solids from 59% to 33%, for
BOD from 85% to 73%, and for fecal coliform
from 89% to 58%. Similar improvement occurred
and was demonstrated when a sewage treatment
plant was built in the Fargo, North Dakota area.
These examples show the applicability of using
the data in toict to demonstrate progress either
from an over-all point of view or from the view-
point of a single effort
Kf.iซf4rtcsrrrTปtfr nee*
TINE IIP OB3CTVATJON
standards
& criteria
Associated with specific water uses are the water
quality standards which must be met in order for
the water to be used for its intended purposes.
consistent with the 1983 goals of water quality
Once standards have been established by states
in accordance with national cntena. it is necessary
to monitor the effect of water pollution abatement
and control activities relative to those cntena A
number of storet report programs can be used
such as the ones pictured below, to track the
progress of water quality improvement efforts
-------
toxic
substances
Although many substances are potentially toxic to
aquatic life and other organisms when present in
su fficient concentration for a sufficient period of
time the term toxic substances generally refers to
those substances which are dangerous even in
very, low concentration Consequently, the 1977
and 1983 deadlines for limiting pollutant dis-
charges do not apply in the cases of these deadly
substances, such as mercury, cadmium and
toxaphene Steps required to meet standards
established for toxic substances must be taken
quickly to protect the public health and welfare
To this end EPA is empowered to restrain dis-
charges of any pollutants which present an im-
minent and substantial endangerment to the
health or livelihood of the public
All toxic substances for which water qualia ana!
yses have been performed are defined within
store! and the system can easily accommodate
the inclusion of additional substances upon their
discovery Reports such as the one shown below
(from a Council on Environmental Quality report)
can be readily obtained from storet data to dem-
onstrate the presence or absence of toxic sub
stances in any body of water for which data
are available
in summary,
the right
answer
DDT LEVELS IN OS. J8URBICSE
WATERS, 1970-74 :
""
Atf*"*?*"* ,' ,~^*^*"1[:
-------
STREAM GAGING INVENTORY FILE**
The GAGE data file contains Information on approximately 36,514
stream gaging locations throughout the United States. Information stored
Includes location of gaging stations, types of data collected, frequency
of data collection, media 1n which data are stored, Identification of the
collecting agency, and where available from the Basin Characteristics
File, mean annual flow and 7 day/10 year low flow.
The primary sources of data for the GAGE Data File were:
(1) National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)
(2) Master Water Data Index (MWDI)
(3) Basin Characteristics File (BCF)
(4) STORET Flow File (USGS Dally Value Flows)
During 1979, cataloging units and reach numbers were determined and
coded for the USGS gaging stations Identified 1n the Basin Characteristic
File. These stations are considered to have the longest periods of
natural flow data (I.e., flow not affected by human activities) and would
therefore be valuable 1n water quality assessment work.
The GAGE file provides a common place for gage Information to assist
those Involved 1n activities such as water quality studies, waste load
allocations, dilution studies, and advanced waste treatment assessments.
**GAGE 1s a component of the hydrologlcally-Hnked data files as
referenced 1n this report. See also: REACH, IFO.
218
-------
WATST0RE;
A WATar Data
STOraoa and
Hfijkrlaval Syatam
The U.S. Geological Survey, through its
Water Resources Division, investigates the
occurrence, quantity, quality, distribution,
and movement of the surface and under-
ground waters that constitute the Nation's
water resources. It is the principal Federal
water-data agency and, as such, collects
and disseminates about 70 percent ot the
water data currently being used by
numerous State, local, private, and other
Federal agencies to develop and manage our
water resources. These hydrologic data are
used not only in determining the adequacy
of water supplies, but also in designing
dams, bridges, and flood control projects;
in allocating irrigation waters; in locating
sources of pollution; in planning for energy
development; and in predicting the potential
effects of radioactive waste disposal on
water supplies.
As part of the Geological Survey's pro-
gram of releasing water data to the public,
a large-scale computerized system has been
developed for the storage and retrieval of
water data collected through its activities.
The National WATer Data STOrage and
REtrieval System (WATST0RE) was estab-
lished in November 1971 to modernize the
Geological Survey's existing water-data
processing procedures and techniques and
to provide for more effective and efficient
management of its data-releasing activities.
The system is operated and maintained on
the central computer facilities of the Survey
at its National Center in Reston, Va. Data
may be obtained from WATST0RE through
any of the Water Resources Division's 46
district offices listed at the end of this
leaflet.
System Description
The Geological Survey currently (1981)
collects data at approximately 16,000
stream-gaging stations, 1,000 lakes and
reservoirs, 5,200 surface water quality
stations, 1,020 sediment stations, 30,000
water-level observation wells, and 12,500
ground water quality wells. Each year many
water-data collection sites are added and
others are discontinued; thus large amounts
of diversified data, both current and his-
torical, are amassed by the Survey's data-
collection activities.
The WATST0RE system consists of several
files in which data are grouped and stored
by common characteristics and data-
collection frequencies. The system is also
designed to allow for the inclusion of
additional data files as needed. Currently,
files are maintained for the storage of
(1) surface-water, quality-of-water, and
ground-water data measured on a daily or a
continuous basis, (2) annual peak values
for streamflow stations, (3) chemical
analyses for surface- and ground-water
sites, (4) water-data parameters measured
more frequently than daily, (5) geologic
and inventory data for ground-water sites,
and (6) summary data on water use. In
addition, an index file of sites for which
data are stored In the system is also
maintained.
219
-------
Station Header File
All sites for which data are stored in the
Daily Values, Peak Flow, Water-Quality, and
Unit Values Files of WATST0RE are indexed
in this file. It contains information pertinent
to the identification, location, and physical
description of nearly 263,000 sites.
Daily Values File
All water-data parameters measured or
observed either on a daily or on a con-
tinuous basis and numerically reduced to
daily values are stored in this file. Instan-
taneous measurements at fixed-time
intervals, daily mean values, and statistics
such as daily maximum and minimum
values also may be stored. This file currently
contains more than 200 million daily values,
including data on streamflow, river stages,
reservoir contents, water temperatures,
specific conductance, sediment concentra-
tions, sediment discharges, and ground-
water levels.
Peak Flow File
Annual maximum (peak) streamflow
(discharge) and gage height (stage) values
at surface-water sites constitute this file,
which currently contains more than 400.000
peak observations.
Water-Quality File
Results of more than 1.8 million analyses
of water samples that describe the chemical,
physical, biological, and radiochemical
characteristics of both surface and ground
waters are contained in this file. These
analyses contain data for 165 different
constituents.
Unit Values File
Water parameters measured on a schedule
more frequent than daily are stored in
this file. Rainfall, stream discharge, and
temperature data are examples of the types
of data stored in the Unit Values File.
Ground-Water Site-Inventory File
This file is maintained within WATST0RE
independent of the files discussed above,
but it is cross-referenced to the Water-
Quality File and to the Daily Values File. It
contains inventory data about wells, springs,
and other sources of ground water; the
data included are site location and identi-
fication, geohydrologic characteristics,
well-construction history, and one-time field
measurements such as water temperature.
The file is designed to accommodate 255
data elements and currently contains data
for nearly 700,000 sites.
Water-Use File
Summary data on water use throughout
the Nation are stored in this file.
220
-------
Water Quality
Acronym: None
Media aampled to generate data: Surface water ocean and riven
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Update terminated
ABSTRACT: Water Quality data of up to 2,200 parameters for South Atlantic and
Eastern Gulf of Mexico and the Ohio River Basins, 1950 through 1977. Obtained from
the U.S. Geological Survey.
Son-pollutant parameters include: Biological data
Elevation
Flow rates
Geographic subdivision
Location
Physical data
Precipitation
Salinity
Temperature
weather
inorganic parameters
organic parameters
radio chemical
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/50 to 12/30/77
Termination of data collection: Occurred 05/30/79
Frequency of data collection: ten day samples
Total actual number of observations is 901305.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 7274.
Geographic coverage of data base: Geographic region South Atlantic, Eastern Gulf of
Mexico, Ohio River Basin
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
City
Coordinates latitude
and longitude
station ID number
Facility identifiers include: Mot applicable
Pollutant identification data have: Storet parameter codes
Limitations: It is not known if EPA-approved or accepted lab analysis methods were
used or if lab audit samples were satisfactorily analyzed.
Special study is the primary purpose for data collection.
Anticipatory/research is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Ho statutory requirement: Data collection requirement is Regional background
analysis
221
-------
Are You
Looking
For:
LAURA KASSEBAUM
Manager, New Product Development
Bibliographic Retrieval Services. Inc.
611 Cameron Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
703-548-4005
.<:*.;*
; *,.
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Current Awareness Service?
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Online Retrieval Software?
223
fe.
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tured for maximum searching efficiency. In addition to those files currently available, BRS will continue to make new
databases available online according to user demand.
DATABASES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FROM BRS
(June, 1980)
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224
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DIALOG
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Database (File Number(s))
Dates of Coverage
CHEMISTRY
CA SEARCH (308, 309, 310, 311, 320)
1967-present
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY NOTES (19)
1974-present
CHEMICAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
SYSTEM (174)
Current
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1967-present
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1965-present
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Current
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7/68-present
SCISEARCH (34, 94, 186, "187)
1970-present
TSCA INITIAL INVENTORY (52)
1979 edition
AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION
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1970-present
BIOSIS PREVIEWS (5, 55)
1969-present
CAB ABSTRACTS (50)
1973-present
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Current
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1969-present
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1974-present
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1969-present
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1967-present
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1965-present
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6/74-present
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1975-present
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1966-present
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1975-present
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1973-present
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1978-present
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1966-9/78
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1970-present
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1974present
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1978-present
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1969-present
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1967-present
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1972-oresent
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1971-present
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Current
226
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ENVIROLINE (40)
1971-present
ENVIRONMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (68)
1973-present
OCEANIC ABSTRACTS (28)
1964-present
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS (41)
1970-present
WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS (117)
1968-present
WATERNET (245)
1971-present
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BHRA FLUID ENGINEERING (96)
1974-present
COMPENDEX (8)
1970-present
Ei ENGINEERING MEETINGS (165)
1979-present
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1969-present
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1961-present
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1969-present
INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE DATABASE (232)
Current offerings
ISMEC (14)
1973-present
MATHFILE (239)
1973-present
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1972-present
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1971-1981
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1982-present
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227
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DISCLOSURE II (100)
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1971 -present
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1972-present
PTS US FORECASTS (81)
7 71present
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Current
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1973-present
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1974-present
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1979-present
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228
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230
-------
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240
-------
Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses in 1979: Summary
U.S. Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
April 1981
Bulletin 2097
Topical focus of data
Name of
program
or system
Agency
Purpose
Health
Environment
or individual
exposure
Annual
Occupational
Injuries and
Illneti
Survey
BLS To provide data on
work-related disease
and injury.
Acute disease and
acute iniury by
cause, with or with-
out Ion work days.
Fact of death.
Industry.
Establishment size.
Method
of data
collection
Population-
location-
time
coverage
Method
of data
dissem-
ination
Statistics
generated
Morbidity Record Sur- Since 1972. ooqoing
vey. Probability sanv surveys of nearly all
pie of employers under private sector mdus-
OSHA recordkeeping. tnej across the United
stratified by industry Slates.
and establishment ma.
Tape. Incidence of illness and
Publication, injury by type of case
per plant-hour worked.
snlo h.\ the Slllicritlt ..... Irnl of Hm-illllvnt*. V S. (JmnlilliiMlt I'rllltlliKOIIIri
ปL' - 1'riro Jt'J
242
-------
Contents
Page
Definitions 1
Tables:
Injuries and illnesses
I. Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, 1978 and 1979 2
2. Number of occupational injuries and illnesses, and lost workdays by industry
division, 1978 and 1979 13
3. Number of occupational injuries and Illnesses by industry, 1979 14
Injuries
4. Occupational injury incidence rates by industry, 1978 and 1979 16
5. Occupational injury incidence rates by industry division and employment size,
1978 and 1979 26
6. Occupational injury incidence rates for lost workday cases by industry, 1978
and 1979 27
Illnesses
7. Number of occupational illnesses by industry division and category of illness, 1979... 29
Fatalities
8. Occupational injury and illness fatalities and employment for employers with 11
or more employees by industry division, 1978 and 1979 29
9. Causes of fatalities resulting from occupational injury and illness in 1978 and 1979
in units with 11 or more employees, private sector, by industry division
(Percent distribution by industry) 30
10. Causes of fatalities resulting from occupational injury and illness in 1978 and
1979 in units with 11 or more employees, private sector, by industry division
(Percent distribution by cause) 30
Appendix A. Scope of survey and technical notes 31
243
-------
Definitions
The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses
and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Re-
quirements under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970.
Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are:
1. Occupational deaths, regardless of the time be-
tween injury and death, or the length of the illness; or
2. Nonfatal occupational illnesses; or
3. Nonfatal occupational injuries which involve one
or more of the following: Loss of consciousness, restric-
tion of work or motion, transfer to another job, or
medical treatment (other than first aid).
Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture,
sprain, amputation, etc., which results from a work ac-
cident or from exposure involving a single incident in
the work environment.
Occupational illness is any abnormal condition or
disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational
injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors
associated with employment. It includes acute and
chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by in-
halation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away
from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
1. Lost workday cases involving days away from
work are those cases which result in days away from
work, or a combination of days away from work and
days of restricted work activity.
2. Lost workday cases involving restricted work ac-
tivity are those cases which result in restricted work ac-
tivity only.
Lost workdaysaway from work are the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee
would have worked but could not because of occupa-
tional injury or illness.
Lost workdaysrestricted work activity are the number
of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of
injury or illness:
1. The employee was assigned to another job on a
temporary basis; or
2. The employee worked at a permanent job less than
full time; or
3. The employee worked at a permanently assigned
job but could not perform all duties normally connected
with it.
The number of days away from work or days of
restricted work activity does not include the day of in-
jury or onset of illness or any days on which the
employee would not have worked even though able to
work.
Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or
illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and
were calculated as: (N/EH) X 200,000 where:
N = number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
workdays
EH ป total hours worked by all employees
during calendar year.
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers
(working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per
year).
244
-------
SAMPLE TABLE
Table 1. ContinuedOccupational Injury and Illness Incidence rates by Industry, 1978 and 19791
Industry 2_l
Comer clal printing, letterpress
_ * . 1 .
lankbooka and bookbinding
Typea* tt Ing
Electrotyplnf and atereotyplng
Industrial Inorganic chemical a, n.e*c...
Plaatlca Material a and synthetics
Organic f Iberai noncelluloelc
Soap, cleaners, and toilet gooda
Cyclic crudee and Intermediate!
Indue trial organic chemicala, n.e.c
"ฐ , fin
Hlacellaneoue chemical producte
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal
Lubricating oils and greaeea
Petroleum and coal products, n.e.c
SIC
cod*
u
273
2731
2732
274
275
2751
2752
2753
2754
276
277
278
2712
2789
279
2791
2793
2794
2795
28
281
2812
2816
2819
282
2821
2823
2824
283
2831
2833
2834
284
2841
2842
2843
2844
285
286
2861
2865
2869
287
2873
2874
2875
2879
289
2891
2892
2893
2895
2899
29
291
295
2951
2952
299
2992
2999
1979
annual
average
ploynent
(In thouaanda)
m
103.4
70.7
32.7
45.7
409.2
167.4
219.2
n.a.
n.a.
46.7
n.a.
64.0
n.a.
n.a.
43.2
h.a.
n.a*
Q.a.
163.3
n.a.
n.a*
211.3
86.3
n.a.
96.6
193.4
n.a.
n.a.
154.2
139.0
41.2
n.a.
n.a.
58.0
68.8
171.7
n.a.
n.a.
69.9
n.a .
n.a .
n.a.
n.a.
93.4
n.a .
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
210.0
165.4
32.6
n.i .
n.a.
n.a .
n.a .
n.a.
Incidence ratee per 100 full-tlae vorkera 5/
Total
caaea <>/
1978
7.2
4.8
12.3
8.7
7.7
9.1
8.0
16.0
11.7
6.4
11.0
11.4
2.5
1.6
5.8
4.3
5.1
10.0
5.7
8.7
2.5
6.7
6.4
7.1
6.7
9.8
8.7
12.8
14.2
8.5
14.3
6.2
9.2
5.0
9.1
7.8
8.4
13.4
7.9
11.6
14.2
5.7
13.4
7.3
12.4
7.9
6.0
14.4
11.1
16.3
16.6
13.8
27.2
1979
7.3
5.0
12.1
8.6
8.1
8.8
7.2
15.2
13.1
6.4
10.0
10.2
3.1
2.3
5.9
4.8
4.8
9.5
5.4
8.9
2.9
2.3
7.0
7.7
8.8
6.8
9.7
9.3
12.7
9.8
8.2
13.4
5.7
9.7
4.9
9.9
9.0
7.9
13.0
9.8
12.8
16.2
5.7
13.5
8.1
7.7
5.6
15.6
14.0
16.4
15.3
14.9
17.3
Loat
workday
caaea
1978
2.7
2.0
4.2
3.6
3.3
3.6
2.7
8.4
4.9
2.7
4.2
4.0
.9
.6
1.8
1.4
2.4
4.9
2.3
3.8
.8
3.0
3.1
4.0
2.9
4.5
4.5
5.2
5.9
3.9
6.0
2.5
4.0
2.1
3.6
2.9
2.9
4.8
3.7
5.1
5.9
2.4
5.3
4.3
3.4
2.7
5.7
4.1
6.6
7.1
5.9
11.4
1979
2.9
2.0
4.7
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.3
8.0
5.6
2.8
4.0
4.3
1.2
1.0
1.7
1.7
3.5
2.4
4.2
2.4
4.2
l.l
.7
3.4
3.2
4.0
3.3
4.8
4.7
6.1
4.9
4.0
5.9
2.5
4.5
2.1
4.2
3.1
3.1
5.4
4.9
5.9
7.9
2.2
5.9
4.3
3.6
2.7
6.9
5.8
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
Nonfatal
caaea
without
loat
workdaye
1978
4.5
2. a
1.1
5.1
4.4
5.5
5.3
7.6
6.7
3.7
6.8
7.3
1.6
1.0
4.0
2.9
4.5
2.7
5.1
3.4
4.9
1.7
3.7
3.3
3.1
3.8
5.3
4.1
7.6
8.3
4.6
8.2
3.7
5.2
6.0
2.9
5.5
4.9
5.5
8.6
4.2
6.5
8.3
3.3
8.1
3.0
4.5
3.3
8.7
7.0
9.7
9.5
7.9
15.7
1979
4.4
3.0
7.4
4.9
4.6
S.2
3.9
7.2
7.3
3.6
6.0
5.9
1.9
1.2
4.1
3.1
4.2
2.4
5.3
3.0
4.7
1.8
1.6
3.6
4.5
4.7
3.5
4.9
4.6
6.6
4.9
4.2
7.5
3.2
5.2
4.3
2.8
5.6
5.9
4.8
7.6
4.9
6.9
8.3
3.5
7.6
3.8
7.3
4.1
2.9
8.7
8.1
8.9
8.0
7.6
10.0
Loat
vorkdaye
1978
36.6
24.3
63.4
19.0
53.0
50.8
52.5
95.0
94.5
57.4
32.4
58.4
92.6
7.3
14.1
10.8
15.2
17.6
24.9
50.9
49.6
54.9
88.6
40.7
33.8
53.3
17.9
42.7
49.0
98.2
40.0
68.0
69.1
81.8
78.9
98.2
78.1
41.4
64.3
63.1
33.8
56.7
43.1
62.0
79.5
49.4
73.4
81.8
53.1
71.4
86.5
75.8
58.3
46.0
105.7
71.4
125.8
92.1
79.0
140.9
1979
39.4
26.D
64.5
20.8
50.9
49.3
49.0
44.6
113.1
69.4
39.5
55.5
32.2
61.0
22.6
26.0
17.3
18.0
17.0
54.9
46.9
44.2
58.5
43.3
41.4
71.6
25. 3
14.4
47.3
51.9
34.1
49.9
71.5
77.9
81.7
64.7
61.5
81.2
46.6
71.2
58.8
41.6
62.3
50.2
54.3
83.8
61.1
81.8
83.4
45.0
91.1
88.8
88.9
62.0
46.0
122.0
95.3
135.6
112.8
117.1
90.0
footnotes described in resource text
245
-------
Topical focus of data
Name of
program
system
Cross
Sectional
Industrial
Studies
Agency Purpose
Health
NIOSH To understand reia- Physical symptomi.
tionthip between type
of industry and illness
of reproductive
system.
Environment
or individual
exposure
Occupational history
Current levels of se-
lected pollutants
proximal to worker
Method
of data
collection
Population-
location-
tune
coverage
(Method
of data
dissem-
ination
Statistics
generated
Cohort studies Ex-
posed and control
groups are selected
Interviews with all
employees and in
some ceies medical
examinations are
conducted.
Series of industrywide Special
studies, beginning in reports.
1971.
Relative risk statistics.
Morbidity rates.
Average exposure to
selected pollutants.
246
-------
("tome of
program Agency Purpose
ix system
Topical f ocut of data
Environment
Health or individual
exposure
Hea'tr. NIOSH To summarize intor-
Ettects mation obtained
Evaluation from hazard evalu-
Dซu anons (HE) requested
Base by employees or em-
ployers under the Oc-
cupational Safety and
HMlth Act
Symptoms and medi- Location and name of
cal test results from
workers examined
during the HE.
establishment. Stand-
ard Industrial Classi-
ficat.on (SIC), haz-
ards, occupations ob-
served, results of
environmental
ample* taken
Method
of data
collection
Inspection by indus
trial hygienists and
occupational heaitfi
physician specialists.
Population-
location-
time
coverage
Nationwide. 1977-78.
A total of 260 HE's
are in this file.
Method
of data
drtserrv
mination
Special
requeit
reports.
Publications.
Statiitics
generated
For internal uce.
247
-------
NOHS
Scope:
The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) was a two-year study, 1n1-
tiated In 1972, which Intended to descrTbe the health and safety conditions in
the American work environment and, more specifically, to determine the extent
of worker exposure to chemical and physical agents. The businesses par-
ticipating in the survey were selected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and
consisted of approximately 4,750 establishments in 67 metropolitan areas
throughout the United States. This sample was chosen to be representative of
all non-agricultural businesses covered under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970. Each of the selected business establishments was visited
by a member of a professionally trained survey team, where the survey itself
consisted of two major parts. In the first part, appropriate management per-
sonnel were interviewed, using as the basis of the interview a standard set of
50 questions regarding facility policies and conditions relevant to employee
safety and health. In the second part, a walkthrough investigation of the
facility was conducted. In this walkthrough potential hazards were noted, the
occupational titles of the people exposed were coded, and the Intended control
procedures utilized in connection with the hazard were recorded. A three
volume NIOSH publication, the National Occupational Hazard Survey, describes
the survey itself (Volume I - Survey manual), and the subsequent database and
retrieval system development (Volume II - Data Editing and Database
Development), and provides tabular compilations of some of the database sta-
tistics (Volume III -Survey Analysis and Supplemental Tables).
Access:
Single copies of the published documents can be obtained by sending a
self-addressed mailing label to:
Publications Dissemination
Division of Technical Services
NIOSH
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
Reference: riHEW (MIOSH) Publication Nos.
74-177, 77-123, and 78-114
For additional information concerning the contents of this database
contact:
Joseph Seta
Surveillance Branch (F3)
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226 Telephone: (513) 684-2706
248
-------
Nirrwof
program Agency Purpose
or syttem
Topical focui of data
Environment
Health or individual
exposure
Occupational NIOSH To provide surveil-
Hazard lance of workers ex-
Exposure poted to workplace
Registry hazards, e.g., kepone.
Presence of expected
health effects.
Type of industry and
work history indi-
cating potential and
actual exposure.
Method
of data
collection
Population
location-
time
coverage
Mtthod
of data
dissem-
ination
Statist ict
genera ted
Registry. Continuing
search for high-risk
groups.
l\etionwide effort
started in 1976.
None.
Cause specific
mortality.
249
-------
Nimeof
program
or s yttem
Occupationally
FUUled
OOMK
CMC
Ragmen
Topical focus of data
Agency Purpose
NIOSH To provide data on
the changing incidence
and prevalence of
occupat tonally re-
lated disease.
Health
Vital and general
health status. Occur-
rence of hepatic angio-
larcoma; occurrence
of beryllium related
disease.
Environment
or individual
exposure
Record o* PVC ex-
posure by |Ob history
Record of beryllium
exposure by |ob
history
Method
of data
collection
Population-
location-
time
coverage
Method
of data
dmem-
ination
Statistics
generated
National case finding
efforts. Submission o'
case reports from
medical community
Related to Hepatic
Angioxarcoma Case
Finding EHort (table
8C cases of angio-
sarcoTB reponed for
1974-80 680 cases
Publications Changes in incidence
in and prevalence over
preparation, the years.
i-epo'tea betnveen
1951 and 1980
250
-------
Name of
program
or system
Topical focus of data
Agency
Purpo*
Health
Environment
or individual
exposure
Outcome
Sudiesof
Workers in
Stlected
Industries or
Occupations
NIOSH To understand rela-
tionship between type
of industry or specific
exposures and causes
of death.
Cause of death.
Occupation, industry,
chemical or physical
agent.
Method
of data
collection
Population-
location-
time
coverage
Method
of data
dissem-
ination
Statistic*
generated
Cohort studies Plants Series of industrywide Special
with high-risk ctvarac- studies, beginning in reports.
teristics are selected. 1971.
All workers in a de-
fined cohort are se-
lected for study.
Risk statistics.
Mortality rates.
Average exposure to
selected pollutants.
251
-------
Topical focus o> daa
program
or system
Agency
Purpoie
Environment
Health or individual
exposure
BUS BUS To provide regis-
Statistioil tration of occu-
Record- pational ill nets and
keeping injury at the em-
Syitem ployer level.
Fatalities. Disease
and injury by cause.
Industry
tfcthod
of data
collection
Population-
location-
time
coverage
Method
of data
dissem-
ination
Statistics
generated
Registry. Log and
summary of occupa-
tional injury and ill-
ness are maintained.
Supplementary rec-
ord on each cat*.
Since 1971, logs have Publication. Incidence of injury
been maintained by and illness by cause
all nonfarm employers per 100 workers.
of more than 10
people nationwide.
252
-------
fl U O O O O O
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Bureau of the Census
Washington, D.C. 20233
MAKE CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE
TO SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
- City, State, and ZIP Code
-------
DATAGRAF
DATAGRAF is an "integrated information processing service"
providing state-of-the-art graphics, statistics, and database
services to users of numeric data in the government and
private industry. The system provides easy to use interfaces
to existing graphics and statistics packages, such as SAS and
DISPLA, allowing end-users with little or no programming
experience to utilize the full capabilities of these powerful
but difficult to use the packages. Specific analysis
features include device independent color graphics and
mapping, and a comprehensive array of statistical functions.
Because the system integrates plug-in modules, users always
inherit the most modern and advanced capabilities; a design
philosophy which prevents obsolescence.
DATAGRAF users request access to a wide variety of
environmental, health, demographic, and socio-economic data.
These data originate from such diverse sources as the
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey,
National Center for Health Statistics, National Cancer
Institute, U.S. Census Bureau, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. Access to these databases, which
is cumbersome and time-consuming, is made easy and convenient
through DATAGRAF. Sigma Data's staff of database management
specialists are expert in the use of these databases and the
disciplines they pertain to.
The up-front costs of DATAGRAF are low. Users have the
option of accessing DATAGRAF via a time-sharing service or
licensing DATAGRAF for use on their own computer systems.
The system is device independent, providing users the option
of selecting from a wide variety of inexpensive graphics
devices. Access to DATAGRAF via a national time-sharing
network provides users local dial-up service to over 200 U.S.
cities and toll-free numbers to all other cities.
256
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National Electronic Injury Surveillance System
Acronym: NEISS
Media sampled to generate data: sample is hospital emergency rooms which treat
pesticide poisonings.
Type of data collection/monitoring: monitoring of injuries (pesticide poisonings)
treated in hospital emergency rooms.
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: NEISS consists of a listing of pesticide poisoning incidents giving
information on type of pesticide, route of exposure, whether or not the case was
diagnosed as a poisoning by a physician, what symptoms, if any, were present, the
brand name of the pesticide, and the EPA registration number of the product, if
known.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Exposure data
Health effects
Location
Population demographics
Sampling date
Treatment devices
pesticide type
route of exposure
physician diagnosis of poisoning
symptoms present
age & sex of patient
disposition of case
body part affected
EPA regulation number
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/79 to 09/30/30 (present)
Tertninatior of data collection: Not anticipated
Frequency of data collection: Monthly reports by Consumer Product Safety
Commission to EPA
Total estimated number of observations is 21067.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 13500.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 74.
Number currently contributing data is 51.
Number of facilities covered is 74.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: County
State
257
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Pesticide Incident Monitoring System
Acronym: PIMS
Media sampled to generate data: Air
Blood
Drinking water
Ground water
Runoff agricultural
Sediment
Soil
Tissue human, animal, tish
Type of data collection/monitoring: data collection or monitoring is often
determined by the nature of the incident.
Data baa* status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The Pesticide Monitoring System (PIMS) enters, stores, coordinates and
retrieves pesticide incident data within the EPA. The system develops and maintains
reporting sources, monitors suspected incidents and provides confirmatory analysis
and data on circumstances of the incident.
Non-pollutant parameters include: Biological data
Chemical data
Collection method
Concentration measures
Disposal
Exposure data
Geographic subdivision
Health effects
Industry
Location
Manufacturer
Physical data
Precipitation
Sampling date
Site description
Use
Wind direction
Wind velocity
Some application methods
Rates
Ongoing study time period is 01/01/66 to 09/30/80 (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: varies as i-ncidents are reported-may be as
frequently as daily.
Total actual number of observations is 41000.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 4000.
258
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Soil, Water, Estuarine Monitoring System
Acronym: SWZMS
Media sampled to generate data: Soil
Tissue agricultural crops
Type of data collection/monitoring: Ambient data collection
Data base status: Operational/ongoing
ABSTRACT: The soils section of the SWZMS system contains residue data for
agricultural and urban soils, raw agricultural crops, and agricultural chemical
application data for the sites sampled. These data may be summarized in several
ways: by material, by state, by crop* by urban area (for urban soils).
Non-pollutant parameters include: Sampling date
Site description
Ongoing study time period is 05/01/68 to 09/30/BO (present)
Termination of data collection: Mot anticipated
Frequency of data collection: annually urban soil only
Total estimated number of observations is 12500.
Estimated annual increase of observations is 500.
Data base includes: Raw data/observations
Summary or aggregate observations
Total number of stations or sources covered is 9000.
Number currently contributing data is 3000.
Geographic coverage of data base: National
Location identifiers of station/source for each record are: State
County
SMSA
Project identifier
Pollutant identification data are: Coded with other coding schemes
Limitations: Agricultural data collected only 1968-1973. 1973 (FY '74) data is a
six-year schedule, so 2 sets of data (different years) are available for most SHSAs.
Data has been automated through' part of 1978. 1979 data has been analyzed but not
automated. 1980 samples are currently being analyzed.
Risk assessment is the primary purpose for data collection.
Trend assessment is the secondary purpose for data collection.
Program evaluation is the third purpose for data collection.
Statutory authorization is P L 94-469, section 10 P L 92-516, as amended, Section
20(c)
Confidentiality: No limits on access to data
Primary physical location of data: Headquarters office
Form of data storage: . Magnetic tape
Data access: EPA software Special program MIDSD system number: 7501300900
EPA hardware IBM 370/168
259
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Resource Name: VAX Databases
Acronym: None
Contact: Bill Wood
382-3928
Description: Environmental fate models, databases in
comparison populations, chemical specific data,
chemical property estimates, statistical and graphical
systems. Most are in or will be included in the
Graphical Exposure Modeling System (GEMS).
Manual or Automated: Automated
Status: Operational, enhancement on-going
Location: VAX 11/780
Number of Records: Variable
Direct or Indirect Access by User: Direct
User Interacts with Resource Through: On-line interactive
Who Designed Resource: Contractor (General Software
Corporation)
Designed for Which Organizational Unit(s): EED
Relationship of OTS to Resource: OTS developed, maintains
and operats with extramural support for its own use.
Which OTS Programs are Supported by the Resource: All 5
for exposure assessments
Which Organizational Units Currently Use: EED principal
user (also available to other EPA offices as well as
other agencies)
Which Organizational Unit Sets Policy for Resource: EED
Who Operates and Maintains: EED
260
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PROFILE OF VAX DATABASE
Resource Name: Meteorological (STAR) Data (STAR * Stability
Tubular Array)
Acronym: STAR
Description: STAR data consists of wind speed vs. wind
direction frequently for up to 7 atmospheric
stability classes compiled from over 300
weather stations in the continental U.S.
Data are used as input for climate logical
atmospheric models like ATM which estimate
ground level concentrations in all directions
around a release point rather than just in
the prevailing wind direction.
261
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PROFILE OF VAX DATABASE
Resource Name: Needs Survey Data
Acronym: None
Description: The 1980 Needs Survey, conducted by the EPA
Office of Water Program Operations,
characterized most publicly owned treatment
works (POTWs), primarily sewage treatment
plants, in the United States. This file
contains data on the flow rates and
treatment procedures of POTWs together with
the sizes of populations served by the
plants. These data are used to estimate the
removal efficiencies of the treatment
procedures for chemicals in order to obrain
waterborne release and concentration
estimates. The data file has not yet been
integrated into GEMS, but can be used with
specific retrieval software.
262
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PROFILE OF VAX DATABASE
Resource Name: Geoecology Data Base
Acronym: None
Description: This Database contains county level data on
a variety of environmental parameters.
Categories include terrain, soils, water
resources, forestry, vegetation,
agriculture, land use, wildlife, climate,
natural areas and endangered species. Data
is planned for use with the SESOIL and other
models and exposure analyses for which
county level (i.e., not site specific data
may be appropriate). (Note: this is only
partially implementedapproximately 18 of
64 subfilesas of October 1982.)
263
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APPENDIX B
Chemicals Studied and Regulated
by RCRA. CAA. CWA. OSHA. and NIOSH
This appendix lists the chemicals regulated by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean A1r Act (CAA), and Clean
Water Act (CWA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH). This appendix was compiled so that 1t could be quickly scanned
to see 1f a toxic chemical or a similar chemical 1s regulated. If 1t 1s
regulated, then exposure assessment Information of the chemical may be
available from the regulating agency.
Table B-l 1s a checklist from an EPA questionnaire used 1n the EPA
Environmental Data Base Survey. The survey determined the available
environmental data bases and models and the Information they contained.
Table B-l further groups the pollutants Into categories corresponding to
legislative or regulatory requirements and selected monitoring lists. In
response to the questionnaire, the categories were checked which best
reflected the actual observations contained In the data base. Table B-l
can be used to find out the category to which the chemical belongs; the
data base survey can be used to find out where the available data bases
are located.
The RCRA hazardous waste 11st has been updated since Table B-l was
created 1n 1979. Table B-2 contains the current 11st from the May 1980
Federal Register. Table B-3 presents the hazardous waste generating
operations which are regulated by RCRA. These operations have been
analyzed 1n hazardous waste background documents which have valuable
materials balance Information.
Tables B-4 and B-5 are lists of chemicals regulated by OSHA and
NIOSH. Documents have been written by OSHA and NIOSH on the Industries
using these chemicals. If the chemical or a similar chemical Is
contained 1n these lists, the publication bibliographies of OSHA and
NIOSH should be searched.
265
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Table B-l
Chemicals Governed by RCRA, CWA and CAA
Source: Environmental Data Base Survey. 19
EPA Information Clearinghouse, Office of PI a
ning and Management, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Washington, D.C.
(
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
83-32-9
208-96-8
75-07-0
64-19-7
108-24-7
67-64-1
75-86-5
75-05-8
98-86-2
506-96-7
75-36-5
107-02-8
79-06-1
79-10-7
107-13-1
124-04-9
15972-60-8
309-00-2
107-18-6
107-05-1
7429-90-5
20859-73-8
10043-01-3
2763-96-4
504-24-5
33089-61-1
61-82-5
7664-41-7
631-6r-8
1863-63-4
1066-33-7
7789-09-5
1341-49-7
10192-30-0
1111-78-0
506-87-6
12125-02-9
7788-98-9
7632-50-0
13826-83-0
12125-01-8
1336-21-6
CHEMICAL
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetouitrile
Acetophenone
2-Ace ty laminof lour ene
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Acidity
Acid mist
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Adipic acid
Alachlor
Aldrin
Alkalinity
n-alkanes (CIQ ~ C30)
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum phosphide
Aluminum sulfate
5-(Aminomethyl)-3-isoxazolol
4-Aminopyridine
6-Amino-l ,18,2,8,88, 8b-hexahydro-8-
(hydroxymethyl)8-methoxy-5-methyl-
carbamate azirino (2* ,3' :3,4)pyrrolo
11,2-a) indole-4,7-dione (ester)
Amltraz (Baam)
Amitrole
Ammonia
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium benzoate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bichromate
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium bisulfite
Ammonium carbamate
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chr ornate
Ammonium citrate
Ammonium fluoborate
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
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X
X
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X
X
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X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
266
-------
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-1
-
-
-
-
-
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBEB
1113- 38r8
131-74-8
16919-19-0
7773-06-0
12135-76-1
10196-04-0
3164-29-2
1762-95-4
7783-18-8
628-63-7
62-53-3
120-12-7
7440-36-0
7647-18-9
11071-15-1
7789-61-9
10025-91-9
7783-56-4
1309-64-4
140-57-8
7440-38-2
1327-52-2
1303-32-8
1303-28-2
7784-34-1
1327-53-3
1303-33-9
1332-21-4
1912-24-9
2465-27-2
115-02-6
319-84-6
319-85-7
58-89-9
319-86-8
1918-00-9
7440-39-3
14798-08-4
542-62-1
1861-40-1
17804-35-2
225-51-4 -
98-87-3
50-31-7
71-43-2
98-09-9
108-98-5
92-87-5
56-55-3
205-99-2
CHEMICAL
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium plcrate
Ammonium silicof luoride
Ammonium sulfamate
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium tartrate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Ammonium thiosulfate
Amyl acetate
Aniline
Anthracene
Antimony
Antimony pentachlorlde
Antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trioxide
Aramite
Arsenic
Arsenic acid
Arsenic di sulfide
Arsenic pent oxide
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenic trisulfide
Asbestos
Atrazine
Auramine
Azaserine
BHC-Alpha
BBC-Beta
BHC ( 11 ndane) -Gamma
BHC -Delta
Banvel-D
Barium
Barium 140
Barium cyanide
Benefin
Benomyl
Benz[c]acridine
Benzal chloride
Benzac
Benzene
Benzenesulfonyl chloride
Benzenethiol
Benzidine
Benzo ( a )ant hracene
3 , 4-Benzof luor anthene
////// /./ // 1,1 /.//////
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CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBEft
207-08-9
65-85-0.
100-47-0
191-24-2
50-32-8
98-07-7
98-88-4
100-44-7
7440-41-7
7787-47-5
7787-49-7
13597-99-4
92-52-4
111-91-1
111-44-4
494-03-1
39638-32-9
542-88-1
117-81-7
7440-69-9
7440-42-8
7726-95-6
598-31-2
108-86-1
28906-38-9
75-27-4
74-83-9
101-55-3
357-57-3
23184-66-9
1338-23-4
123-86-4
71-36-3
109-73-9
85-68-7
88-85-7
84-74-1
107-92-3
75-60-5
7440-43-9
543-90-B
7789-42-6-
1018-64-2
7778-44-1
52740-16-6
75-20-7
13765-19-0
592-01-8
26264-06-2
1305-62-0
CHEMICAL
Benzo(k)f luoranthene
Benzole acid
Benzonitrile
Benro(g,h,i)perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzotrichloride
Benzoyl chloride
Benryl chloride
Beryllium
Beryllium chloride
Beryllium dust
Beryllium fluoride
Beryllium nitrate
Biphenyl
Bis (2-chloroethoxy) me thane
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylaraine
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bis(2-e thy Ihexyl) phthalate
Bismuth and compounds
Boron and compounds
Bromine
Bromoacetone
Bromobenzene
Bromochloro benzene
Bromodichloromethane
Bromome thane
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bruclne
Butachlor
2-Butanone peroxide
Butyl acetate
n-Butyl alcohol
Butylamine
Butyl benzyl phthalate
2-sec Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
N-Butyl phthalate
Butyric acid
Cacodylic acid and salts
Cadmium
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium bromide
Cadmium chloride
Calcium arsenate
Calcium arsenlte
Calcium carbide
Calcium chrooate
Calcium cyanide
Calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Calcium hydroxide
/
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
7778-5*-3
1305- 7-8-8
133-06-2
63-25-2
1563-66-2
14762-75-5
75-15-0
630-08-0
56-23-5
353-50-4
10045-97-3
107-20-0
75-87-6
305-03-3
118-75-2
57-74-9
various
various
7782-50-5
106-47-8
108-90-7
510-15-6
124-48-1
106-89-8
75-00-3
75-01-4
110-75-8
110-75-8
67-66-3
59-50-7
74-87-3
107-30-2
91-58-7
95-57-8
7005-72-3
5344-82-1
126-99-8
542-76-7
7790-94-5
100-44-7-
3165-93-3
2921-88-2
1066-30-4
7738-94-5
10101-53-8
7440-47-3
10049-05-5
CHEMICAL
Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium oxide
Cap tan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon 14
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Car bony 1 fluoride
Cesium 137
Chloroacetaldehyde
Chloral
Chlorambucil
Chloranil
Chlordane
Chlorinated ethanes
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Chlorine
p-Chloroaniline
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
l-( p-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-
methylindole-3-acetic acid
Chlorodibromomethane
l-Chloro-2 , 3-epoxy propane
Chloroe thane
Chloroethene
Chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-Chloroethylvinyl ether
Chlorof luoroca rbons
Chloroform
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Chloromethane
Chloromethyl methyl ether
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
l-(o-Chloropehnyl)thiourea
Chloroprene
3-Chloropropionltrile
Chlorosulfonic acid
alpha-Chlorotoluene
4-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride
Chlorpyrifoa
Chromic acetate
Chromic acid
Chromic sulfate
Chromium
Chromous chloride
|
K
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
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-jT
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
218-01-ป9
8007-45-2
7440-48-4
7789-43-7
544-18-3
7550-50-8
544-92-3
56-72-4
8021-39-4
1319-77-3
95-48-7
108-39-4
106-44-5
1319-77-3
4170-30-3
98-82-8
142-71-2
12002-03-8
7447-39-4
3251-23-8
814-91-5
7758-98-7
10380-29-7
815-82-7
21725-46-2
57-12-5
460-19-5
506-68-3
506-77-4
110-82-7
108-94-1
131-89-5
50-18-0
94-75-7
various
various
72-54-8
72-55-9"
various
50-29-3
20830-81-3
8065-48-3.
2303-16-4
333-41-5
53-70-3
132-64-9
189-55-9
124-48-1
CHEMICAL
Chrysene
Coal tar
Cobalt
Cobaltous bromide
Cobaltous formate
Cobaltous sulfamate
Copper
Copper cyanide
Coumaphos
Creosote
Cresol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p- Cresol
Cresylic acid
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cupric acetate
Cupric acetoarsenite
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cupric oxalate
Cupric sulfate
Cupric sulfate ammonia ted
Cupric tartrate
Cyanazine
Cyanide
Cyanogen
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanone
2-Cyclohexyl-4 ,6-dlnitrophenol
Cyclophosphamlde
2,4-D acid
2,4-D esters
DDD(TDE)
4,4'-DDD(p,p'-TDE)
4,4'-DDE(p,p'-DDX)
DDT
4,4'-DDT
Daunomycin
Demeton
Dialkyl ethers
Dialkyl phosphates
Dlallate
Dlazlnon
Dibenzo[a,h] anthracene
Dlbenzofuran
Dibenzol[a,i]pyrene
' Dibromochloromethane
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
'*? /u ' ^
*^ / /
X
X
X
1
%f
k
X
X
X
X
X
X
III
1
iiiiiiiijiil,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
If
270
-------
[
ซm
-
-
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
96-12-6
106-93.-4
74-95-3
84-74-2
84-74-2
1918-00-9
1 194-65-6
117-80-6
25321-22-6
106-46-7
95-50-1
541-73-1
106-46-7
91-94-1
75-27-4
110-57-6
75-71-8
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
156-59-2
156-60-5
594-04-7
75-09-2
120-83-2
87-65-0
94-75-7 j
696-28-6
78-87-5
542-75-6
75-99-0
542-7 5T6
62-73-7
60-57-1
1464-53-5
109-89_-;7
1615-80-1
297-97-2
311-45-5
84-66-2
56-53-1
94-58-6
CHEMICAL
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
Dlbromomethane
Dibutyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Dicanba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Oichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3* -Dlchlorobenzidine
Dichlorobrooonethane
1 , 4-Dichloro-2-butene
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1 , 1-Dlchloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
i ,1-Dichloroethylene
ci s-1 , 2-Dlchloroethy lene
I , 2-tran8-Dichloroethylene
Dichloroiodomethane
Oichloromethane
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 6-Dichlor ophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
Dichlorophenylarsine
Dichloropropene & Dlchloropropane
mixture
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
1 , 3-Dichloropropene
2 , 2-Dichloropropionic acid
1 ,2-Dichloropropylene
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
Dieldrin
Diepoxybutane
Diethylamlne
Diethylarsine
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
0,0-Diethyl-s-(2-ethylthlo)ethyl) ester
of phoaphorothioic acid
0,0-Diethyl-s-methyl ester of
phosphorodithioic acid
0,0-Diethyl-0-(2-pyrazinyl)phosphoro-
thioate
0,0-Diethyl phosphoric acid, 0-p-
nitrophenyl ester
Di ethyl jปhthalate
Diethylstilbestrol
Dihydrosafrole
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ij l/i/i/ li i/l/i/i l/i i/ 1* li*
/* i * f /^/$ /* ฃix * s M * / ซ/ 'ซ;/ป/ซ/ N/ nf
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
55-91-4
60-51-5
119-90-4
39196-18-4
124-40-3
60-11-7
57-97-6
119-93-7
80-15-9
79-44-7
57-14-7
540-73-8
62-75-9
122-09-8
105-67-9
131-11-3
77-78-1
25154-54-5
534-52-1
51-28-5
25321-14-6
121-14-2
606-20-2
117-84-0
123-91-1
123-91-1
828-00-2
101-84-2
38622-18-3
122-66-7
142-84-7
621-64-7
2764-72-9
298-04-4
541-53-7
330-54-1
27176-87-0
60-00-4
115-29-7
959-98-8
33213-65-9
1031-07-8
72-20-8
7421-93-4
CHEMICAL
3 , 4 Dihydroxy-alpha-(methylamino)-
methyl benzyl alcohol
Di-isopropylfluorophosphate
Dimethoate
3,3' -Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3-Dimethyl-l(methylthio)-2-butanone-
0-[(methylamino) carbonyljoxiae
Dime thy lanine
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
7, 12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthracene
3,3' -Dime thy Ibenzidine
al pha , alpha-Dime thy Ibenzylhydr o-
peroxlde
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
1 , 1-Dimethylbydrazine
1 , 2-Dime thy Ihydraz ine
Dimethylnitrosoamine
alpha, alpha-Dime thy Iphenethylamine
2 , 4-Diraethylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dinltrobenzene
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Dinltrophenol
2, 4-Dinitrophenol
Dinitrotoluene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Dioxane
1 , 4-Dioxane
Dioxin
Diphenyl ether
Dipheny Ihydraz ine
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Dipropylainine
Di-n-propylnitrosamine
Diquat
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Solids
Disulfoton
2,4-Dithiobiuret
Diuron
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
EDTA
Endosulfan
Endosulfan- Alpha
Endosulfan-Beta
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
/
/
I/
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I/J
1
Fl
w
?fi
X
X
X
i
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S/i
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1
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k
II
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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y
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ii
-
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I
X
X
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X
X
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tf
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X
ii
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VI
i
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/
272
-------
MM
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
106-89-8
136-25-4
563-12-2
141-78-6
140-88-5
100-41-4
75-00-3
107-12-0
various
107-15-3
106-93-4
107-06-2
151-56-4
75-21-8
96-45-7
60-29-7
97-63-2
62-50-0
56-38-2
2104-64-5
1185-57-5
14221-47-7
7705-08-0
7783-50-8
10421-48-4
10028-22-5
10045-89-3
7758-94-3
7720-78-7
206-44-0
86-73-7
7782-41-4
640-19-7
75-69-4
50-00-0
64-18-6
110-17-8 .
110-00-9
98-01-1
86-50-0
76-44-8
1024-57-3
118-74-1
CHEMICAL
Epichlorohydrln
Erbon
Ethion
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl chloride
Ethylcyanide
Ethylene bisdlthiocarbaaate
EBDC's (ethylenebisdithlocarbamates)
Ethylenediamine
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyleneimine
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethyl ether
Ethyl nethacrylate
Ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl parathion
EPN (ethyl p-nitrophenyl thiono-
benzenephosonate)
Fecal coliform
Ferric ammonium citrate
Ferric ammonium oxalate
Ferric chloride
Ferric cyanide
Ferric fluoride
Ferric nitrate
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides
Fluorine
2-Fluoroacetamide (1081)
Fluoroacetic acid, sodium salt
Fluorotrlchloromethane
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Furan
Furfural
Glycidylaldehyde
Gross alpha
Guthion
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexach lor obe nzene
C fr III) /*. * / / * /ป * , ป lo> IS 'ซ. / ป iซ-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ill
X
X
-------
CHEMICAL.
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
87-68-3;
58-89-2
77-47-4-
67-72-1
70-30-4
1888-71-7
757-58-4
302-01-2
7647-01-0
74-90-8
7664-39-3
74-90-8
7783-06-4
75-60-5
193-39-5
15046-84-1
10043-66-0
74-88-4
7439-89-6
9004-66-4
78-83-1
624-83-9
78-59-1
78-79-5
54590-52-2
12&-58-1
115-32-2
143-50-0
13983-27-2
303-34-4
7439-92-1
301-04-2
3687-31-8
7758-95-4
13814-9~6-5
7783-46-2
10101-63-0
10099-74-8
7446-27-7
1072-35-1
1335-32-6
7446-14-2
1314-87-0
592-87-0
58-89-9
14307-35-8
CHEMICAL
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
l,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-l,4,4a,5,8,
8a-hexahydro-l,4:5,8-endo, endo-
dlmethanonaphthalene
Hexachlorophene
Hexach loropropene
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate
Hydraz ine
Hydrocarbons
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroxydimethyl arsine oxide
Indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Iodine 129
Iodine 131
lodome thane
Iron
Iron dextran
Isobutyl alcohol
Isocyanic acid, aethyl ester
Isophorone
Isoprene
Isopropanolamine Dodecylbenzene
Sulfonate
Isosafrole
Kel thane
Kepone
Krypton 85
Lasiocarpine
Lead
Lead acetate
Lead aracnate
Lead chloride
Lead fluoborate
Lead fluoride
Lead iodide
Lead nitrate
Lead phosphate
Lead stearate
Lead subacetate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lead thiocyanate
Llndane
Lithium chr ornate
tf
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
II
rป je> Ifr/* lot IS / /ป I" ' i rv,
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
/'
tf
ซป
/
274
-------
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
20816-12-0
145-73-3
10028-15-6
30525-39-4
123-63-7
4685-14-7
56-38-2
608-93-5
76-01-7
82-68-8
87-86-5
504-60-9
127-18-4
72-56-0
62-44-2
85-01-8
578-94-9
108-95-2
103-82-2
696-28-6
62-38-4
103-85-5
298-02-2
75-44-5
7803-51-2
7664-38-2
7723-14-0
10025-87-3
1314-80-3
1314-80-3
7719-12-2
88-99-3
85-44-9
109-06-8'
51-03-6
13981-16-3
15117-48-3
various
various
12674-11-2
11104-28-2
11141-16-5
CHEMICAL
Oleyl alcohol condensed with 2 moles
ethylene oxide
Osmium tetroxide
7-Oxabicycol(2.2.1)heptane-2,3-
dicarboxylic acid
Oxygen demand
Ozone
Paraformaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Paraquat
Parathion
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachloroe thane
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
Pentachlorophenol
1,3-Pentadiene
Perchloroethylene
Perthane
pH
Phenacetin
Phenanthrene
Phenarsarine chloride
Phenol
Phenylacetlc acid
Phenyl dichloroarsine
Phenylmercury acetate
N-Phenylthiourea
Phorate
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphoric acid
Phosophorothioic acid, 0,0-dimethyl
ester, 0-ester with N,N-dimethyl
benzene sulfonamide
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxy chloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus sulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Photon emitters
Phthalic acid
Phthalic anhydride
2-Picoline
Piperonyl butoxide
Plutonium 238
Plutonium 239
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
|/|M/l|/-
/|/|/*/|/ltS|
ll/l/llll
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
//////i/^/ ///,/..
liijiililjlililili^
ft lei K .' * oi IS - / ป /- iv rj ;
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
'*
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBEJt
53469-21-9
12672-29-6
11097-69-1
11096-82-5
7440-09-7
7784-41-0
10124-50-2
7778-50-9
7789-00-6
151-50-8
1310-58-3
7722-64-7
506-61-6
23950-58-5
1918-16-7
57-55-6
1120-71-4
709-98-8
2312-35-8
139-40-2
79-09-4
123-62-6
107-12-0
75-56-9
114-26-1
107-10-8
107-19-7
129-00-0
121-29-9
110-86-1
91-22-5
13982-63-3
15262-20-1
10043-92-2
50-55-a
108-46-3
299-84-3
83-79-4
81-07-2
94-59-7
7783-00-8
7782-49-2
12640-89-0
7446-34-6
630-10-4
7440-22-4
506-64-9
CHEMICAL
PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
Potassium
Potassium arsenate
Potassium arsenite
Potassium bichromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium silver cyanide
Fronamlde
Propachlor
1,2-Propanediol
1,3-Propane sultone
Propanll
Propargite
Propazine
Propionic acid
Propionic anhydride
Propionitrile
Proplyene oxide
Propoxur
n-Propylamine
2-Propyn-l-Ol
Pyrene
Pyrethrin
Pyridine
Quinoline
Quinones
Radio krypton
Radioxenon
Radium 226
Radium 228
Radon
Reserpine
Resorclnol
Ronnel
Rotenone
Saccharin
Safrole
Secondary amines
Selenious acid
Selenium
Selenium oxide
Selenium sulfide
Selenourea
Silver
Silver cyanide
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X.
X
X
X
X
n I
ป '
X
Jl
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X
X
X
X
u
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*
X
X
X
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X
X
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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9
X
X
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X
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ii
X
X
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X
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X
X
X
X
//
/
276
-------
-
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
7761-88-8
122-34-9
7440-23-5
7631-89-2
7784-46-5
26628-22-8
10588-01-9
1333-83-1
7631-90-5
7775-11-3
143-33-9
25155-30-0
7681-49-4
62-74-8
16721-80-5
1310-73-2
7681-52-9
124-41-4
7632-00-0
7558-79-4
7601-54-9
10102-18-8
18883-66-4
8001-50-1
14158-27-1
10098-97-2
7789-06-2
1314-96-1
57-24-9
100-42-5
7446-09-5
7664-93-9
10025-67-9
72-54-8
95-94-3
1764-01-6
79-34-5
630-20-6
79-34-5
127-18-4
127-18-4
56-23-5
58-90-2
3689-24-5
78-00-2
CHEMICAL
Silver nitrate
Simazine
Sodium
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium azide
Sodium bichroaate
Sodium bi fluoride
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium chr ornate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium me thy late
Sodium nitrite
Sodium phosphate, dibasic
Sodium phosphate, tribaslc
Sodium selenite
Strep tozotocin
Strobane
Strontium 89
Strontium 90
Strontium chromate
Strontium sulfide
Strychnine
Styrene
Sulfates
Sulfides
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride
Suspended solids
IDE
Terpenes
1,2,4, 5-Te trachlorobenzene
2,4,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin (TCDD)
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachioroethane
Tetrachloroe thene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloromethane
2,3,4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol
Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate
Tetraethyl lead
If
1
jjii
e ฃ /ป 1*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
m
jf
f/lA
Is
/I'*
ffฃ
X
X
X
X
X
~ / /* ง;ป ' * /ป /ซo / /in / oป ' */
C /iv je> KI /<5.'~/ป /" r? n
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
277
-------
fcr/f
CHEMICAL.
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
107-49-3
109-99-:9
509-14-8
1314-32-5
7440-28-0
563-68-8
29809-42-5
7791-12-0
10102-45-1
7446-18-6
62-55-5
23564-05-8
79-19-6
62-56-6
137-26-8
7440-32-6
108-88-3
25376-45-8
26471-62-5
636-21-5
8001-35-2
2303-17-5
75-25-2
78-48-8
52-68-6
120-82-1
120-82-1
25323-89-1
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
79-01-6
79-01-6
75-69-4
75-70-7
25167-82-2
95-95-4
88-06-2
93-76-5
various
various
various
93-72-1
various
27323-41-7
121-44-8
CHEMICAL
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetranitroraethane
Thai lie oxide
Thallium
Thallium acetate
Thallium carbonate
Thallium chloride
Thallium nitrate
Thallium selenlte
Thallium sulfate
Thioacetamide
Thiophanate methyl
Thiosemicarbazide
Thiourea
Thiuram
Titanium
Toluene
Toluenediamine
Toluene diisocyanate
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
Total reduced sulphur
Total suspended particulates
Toxaphene
Triallate
Trlbromomethane
^jSjS-Tributyl phosphorotrithioate
Trichlorfon
1,2, 4-Trichloroben*ene
1 , 3 ,4-Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
1,1,2-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethene
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethene
Trichloroethjrlene
Trichlorof luorome thane
Trichloromethanethiol
Trichlorophenol (TCP)
2,4, 5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (T)
2,4,5-T amines
2,4,5-T esters
2,4,5-T salts
2,4 , 5-trichlorophenoxypropionic
acid (TP)
2,4,5-TP acid esters
TriethanoTamlne dodecylbenzenesulfon-
ate
Triethylamine
%k ฃ * s IS ฃ s KW9lslxls ; Is
X
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278
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1
ซซ
CHEMICAL
ABSTRACT
NUMBER
1582-09-8
75-50-S
99-35-4
78-48-8
126-72-7
10028-17-8
72-57-1
50-31-7
66-75-1
7440-61-1
13966-29-5
15117-96-1
7440-61-1
541-09-3
10102-06-4
51-79-6
11115-67-6
7440-62-2
1314-62-1
27774-13-6
108-05-4
75-01-4
75-35-4
1330-20-7
95-47-6
108-38-3
106-42-3
1300-71-6
7440-66-6
557-34-6
1332-07-6
7699-45-8
3486-35-9
7646-85-7
557-21-1
7783-49-5
557-41-5
7779-86-4
7779-88-6
127-82-2
1314-84-7
16871-71-9
7733-02-0
13746-89-9
16923-95-8
14644-61-2
10026-11-6
CHEMICAL
Trifluraline (treflan)
Trimethylamine
Trlnitrobenzene
Triputyl phosophorotrithloate
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
Tritium
Trypan blue
Trysben
Turbidity
Uracil Bustard
Draniun
Uranium 234
Uranium 235
Uranium 238
Uranyl acetate
Uranyl nitrate
Ur ethane
Vanadic acid, ammonium salt
Vanadium
Vanadium pentoxide
Vanadyl sulfate
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Xylenol
Zinc
Zinc acetate
Zinc ammonium chloride
Zinc borate
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc cyanide
Zinc fluoride
Zinc formate
Zinc hydrosulfite
Zinc nitrate
Zinc phenol sulfonate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc silicofluoride
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium nitrate
Zirconium potassium fluoride
Zirconium sulfate
Zirconium tetrachlorlde
1
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-------
Taole B-l (continued)
l_l 43 PRIORITY CHEMICALS UNDER ASSESSMENT UNDER SECTION 112 CAA
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Benzyl Chloride
Bis (Chloromethyl)Ether
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
o-,m-,p- Cresol
p-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl Nitrosamine
Dioxane
Dioxin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese
Methyl Chloroform
Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane
Methyl Iodide
NicXel
Nitrobenzene
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Nitrosomethylurea
Nitrosomorpholine
P erchloroethylene
Phenol
Phosgene
Polychlorinated Biphenyis
Proplyene Oxide
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
_ o-,m-,p-Xylene
5 NESHAPS STANDARDS POLLUTANTS;
Pi Asbestos
|_| Benzene
|_| Beryllium
l_| Mercury
M Vinyl Chloride
|_| 7 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) POLLUTANTS;
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
_ Sulfur Dioxide
_ Total Suspended Particulate
\ 3 POLLUTANTS REGULATED UNDER SECTION HID CAA
PI Acid Mist
i_| Fluorides
l_I Total Reduced Sulphur
280
-------
_| 18 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS
n
Barium 140
Carbon 14
Cesium 137
Iodine 129 and 131
Krypton 85
Plutonium 238 and 239
Potassium
n
Radiokrypton
Radioxenon
Radium 226
Strontium 89 and 90
Tritium
Uranium 234, 235,
and 238
129 CONSENT DECREE PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
Acenaphthene
Ace naphthy1ene
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
BHC-Alpha
BHC-Beta
BHC (lindane) -Gamma
BHC-Delta
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzo(a)anthracene
(1,2-benzarthracene)
3,4-Benzofluoranthene
(benzo(b)fluoranthene)
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
(1,12-benzoperylene)
BenzoC a]pyrene
(3,4-benzopyrene)
Beryllium
Bi s(2-chloroethoxy)methane
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bromoform (tribromomethane)
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroethane
2-Chloroethylvinyl ether
Chloroform (trichloromethane)
p-Chloro-m-cresol.
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chlorophenol
Chromium
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
Chrysene
Copper
Cyanide
4,4'-DDD(p,p'-TDE)
4,4'-DDE(p,p'-DDX)
4,4'-DDT
DibenzoC a,h]anthracene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3*-Dichlorobenzidine
Di chlorobromomethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropylene
(1,3-dichloropropane)
Dieldrin
Diethyl phthalate
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Di-n-octyl phthalate
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Endosulfan-Alpha
Endosulfan-Beta
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
_ Ethylbenzene
281
-------
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead
Mercury
Methyl bromide
(bromomethane)
Methyl chloride
(chloromethane)
Methylene chloride
(di chloromethane)
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosodiphenylaraine
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
Pentachlorophenol
Phenanthrene
Phenol
PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
Pyrene
Selenium
Silver
2,4,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin (TCDD)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium
Toulene
Toxaphene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Vinyl chloride
Zinc
11 "CONVENTIONAL" WATER POLLUTANTS
Acidity
Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Solids
Fecal Coliforra
Nitrogen and Compounds
Oil & Grease
Oxygen Demand
pH
Phosphorus and Compounds
Suspended Solids
. 282
-------
41 POLLUTANTS BEING CONSIDERED FOR PUBLICATION OF ADDITIONAL
CRITERIA UNDER CWA
Acetone
n-Alkanes (c - c )
10 30
Aluminum and Compounds
Ammonia
Barium and Compounds
Biphenyl
Bismuth and Compounds
Boron and Compounds
Bromine
Chlorine
Cobalt
2,4-D
Demeton
Dialkyl ethers
Dibenzofuran
Diphenyl ether
Fluorides
Guthion
Iron and Compounds
Kepone
Lithium and Compounds
Malathion
Manganese and Compounds
Methoxychlor
Methyl ethyl Tcetone
Mirex
Molybdenum and Compounds
Nitrates/Nitrites
Nitriloacetates
Parathion
Phosphorus and Compounds
Polybrorainated biphenyls
Secondary amines
Sodium and Compounds
Styrene
Sulfates
Sulfides
2,4,5-TP
Terpenes
Uranium
Vanadium
CONSTITUENTS REGULATED IN. DRINKING WATER UNDER SDWA -
NATIONAL INTERIM PRIMARY DW REGULATIONS
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
2,4-D
Endrin
Gross Alpha
Lead
Lindane
Manraade Beta
Mercury
Also:
- Fluoride
- Chloroform
- Bromodichloro-
methane
- Other Trihalo-
methanes
Methoxychlor
Microbiology-coliform bacteria
Nitrate
Photon emitters
Radium 226 and 228
Selenium
Silver
Si1vex
_ Toxaphene
__ Turbidity
9 CONSTITUENTS UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR REGULATION UNDER
REVISED NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
'[ Carbon tetrachloride ]'
j 1,2-Dichloroethane \
\ Mono- and Dichlorobenzenes I'
\ Radon \[
I Tetrachloroethylene
'I 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
"I Trichloroethylene
j Uranium
"I Vinyl chloride
283
-------
29 ADDITIONAL COMPOUNDS SURVEYED .IN DRINKING WATER
Alachlor
Atrazine
Banvel-D
Benefin
Bromobenzene
Bromochlorobenzene
Bromodi chloromethane
Butachlor
Chlorodibromomethane
Cyanazine
Dibutylphthalate
Dichloroiodomethane
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
|~| Diethylphthalate
Diphenylhydrazine
Ethylchloride
0-Methoxyphenol
Nitralin
Phenylacetic Acid
Phorate
Phthalic Acid
Propachlor
Propanil
Propazine
Simazine
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,3,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
'I 299 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES REGULATED UNDER SECTION 311 OF
THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Adipic acid
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium benzoate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bichromate
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium bisulfite
Ammonium carbamate
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chromate
Ammonium citrate
Ammonium fluoborate
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium silicofluoride
Ammonium sulfamate
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium tartrate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Ammonium thiosulfate
Amyl acetate
Aniline
Antimony pentachloride
Antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trioxide
Arsenic disulfide
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenic trisulfide
Barium cyanide
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzonitrile
Benzoyl chloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium chloride
Beryllium fluoride
Beryllium nitrate
Butyl acetate
n-Butyl phthalate
Butylamine
Butyric acid
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium bromide
284
-------
Cadmium chloride
Calcium arsenate
Calcium arsenite
Calcium carbide
Calcium chrornate
Calcium cyanide
Calcium dodecylbenzene-
sulfonate
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium oxide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromic acetate
Chromic acid
Chromic sulfate
Chromous chloride
Cobaltous bromide
Cobaltous formate
Cobaltous sulfamate
Coumaphos
Cresol
Crotonal dehyde
Cupric acetate
Cupric acetoarsenite
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cupric oxalate
Cupric sulfate
Cupric sulfate ammoniated
Cupric tartrate
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexane
2,4-D Acid
2,4-D Esters
DDT
Diazinon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Dichlorobenzene
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Dichloropropene-
Dichloropropane Mixture
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Diethylamine
Dimethylamine
Dinitrobenzene
Dinitrophenol
Dinitrotoluene
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
Endosulfan
Endrin
Epichiorohydrin
Ethion
Ethylbenzene
Ethylenediamine
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
EDTA
Ferric ammonium citrate
Ferric ammonium oxalate
Ferric chloride
Ferric fluoride
Ferric nitrate
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Fo rma1dehyd e
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Furfural
Guthion
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Isoprene
Isopropanolamine dodecylben-
zenesulfonate
Kelthane
Kepone
Lead acetate
Lead arsenate
Lead chloride
Lead fluorborate
Lead fluoride
Lead iodide
Lead nitrate
285
-------
Lead stearate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lead thiocyanate
Lindane
Lithium chromate
Malathion
Maleic acid
Maleic anhydride
Mercaptodimethur
Mercuric cyanide
Mercuric nitrate
Mercuric sulfate
Mercuric thiocyanate
Mercurous nitrate
Methoxychlor
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Mexacarbate
Monoethylamine
Monomethylamine
Naled
Naphthalene
Naphthenic acid
Nickel ammonium sulfate
Nickel chloride
Nickel hydroxide
Nickel nitrate
Nickel sulfate
Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrophenol
Nitrotoluene
Paraformaldehyde
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Potassium arsenate
Potassium arsenite
Potassium bichromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
__| Propargite
_J Propionic acid
_| Propionic anhydride
_J Propylene oxide
~| Pyrethrins
_l Quinoline
Resorcinal
Selenium oxide
Silver nitrate
Sodium
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium bichromate
sodium bifluoride
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium chromate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium dodecylbenzene-
sulfonate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium methylate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium phosphate, dibasic
Sodium phosphate, tribasic
Sodium selenite
Strontium chromate
Strychnine
Styrene
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride
2,4,5-T acid
2,4,5-T amines
2,4,5-T esters
2,4,5-T salts
TDE
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Thallium งulfate
Toluene
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP acid
2,4,5-TP acid esters
Trichlorfon
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorophenol
Triethanolamine dodecyl-
benzenesulfonate
Triethylamine
Trimethy1amine
_ Uranyl acetate
_ Uranyl nitrate
286
-------
n
Vanadium pentoxide
Vanadyl sulfate
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene
Xylenol
Zinc acetate
Zinc ammonium chloride
Zinc borate
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc cyanide
Zinc fluoride
Zinc formate
Zinc hydrosulfite
Zinc.nitrate
Zinc phenolsulfonate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc silicofluoride
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium nitrate
Zirconium potassium fluoride
Zirconium sulfate
Zirconium tetrachloride
|~~| 48 CANCELLED PESTICIDES AND RPAR CHEMICALS
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin
Amitraz (Baam)
Aramite
Arsenic and compounds
Benomyl
Benzac
Cadmium
Chloranil
Chlordane
Chlordecone (kepone)
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
(trichloromethane)
Coal Tar
Creosote
DBCP (l,2-dibromo-3-
chloropropane)
ODD (TDE)
DDT
Diallate .
Dieldrin
Dimethoate
Endrin
EBDC's (ethylenebisdithio-
(carbamates)
EPN (ethyl p-nitrophenyl
thionobenzenephosonate)
9 ADDITIONAL PESTICIDE CHEMICALS MEASURED IN
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Ethylene oxide
Heptachlor
Lindane
Maleic hydrazide
Mi rex
Monuron
OMPA (octamethylpyrophos-
(phoramide)
PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol and derivative
Phenarsazine chloride
Pronamide
Safrole
Silvex
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)
Stobane
Strychnine
Thiophanate methyl
Toxaphene
Trifluraline (treflan)
Trysben
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP)
1081
HUMAN MONITORING
Carbofuran
Chlorpyrifos
Dialkyl phosphates
2,4-D
Dicamba
M Malathion
I I Methyl and ethyl parathion
!~j PCBs
!_| Propoxur
287
-------
I~I 54 SELECTED CHEMICALS AND SUBSTANCES UNDER ASSESSMENT
UNDER TOSCA, UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR SECTION 4 TEST RULE
OR IDENTIFIED FOR REGULATION BY THE IRLG
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Antimony
Arsenic and compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzyl chloride
Cadmium
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chloroprene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chromium and compounds
Cresols (3)
Dichlorobenzenes (3)
Dichloroethanes
Dichloroinethane
1,2 Dibromoethane
1,2 Dichloropropane
2,4 Dinitrotoluene
Dioxin
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
Hexachlorobutadine
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Isophorone
Lead
Maleic anhydride
Mercury and mercury compounds
Methyl iodide
Nitrobenzene
2-Nitropropane
PBBs
PCVBs
Phosgene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Tri chloroethane
Vinylidene chloride
Xylenes (3)
'I 16 CHEMICALS PE5TICIES UNDER PRE-RPAR REVIEW
Cacodylic acid and salts
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
Erbon
Methanearsonates
Paraquat
Perthane
Piperonyl butoxide
Ronnel
Rotenone
S,S,S - tributyl phosphorotrithioate
Triallate
__ Trichlorofon
_ Triputyl phosphorotrithioate
15 METALS OF INTEREST
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
'\ Lead
_"! Manganese
'I Mercury
\ Nickel
\ Sellenium
]| Titanium
I Vanadium
288
-------
Table B-2. Updated List of Chemicals Governed by RCRA
Appendix VIIIHaurdous Constituents
Acetaldehyde
(Acetato)phenylmercury
Acetonilrile
3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
and salts
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acetyl chloride
l-Acetyl-2-thiourea
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrlle
Afla toxins
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
Aluminum phosphide
4-Aminobiphenyl
6-Amino-l,la,2,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-fl-
(hydroxymethyl)-Ba-niethoxy-5-
methylcarbamate azirino(2',3':3,4)
pyrrolo(l,2-a)indole-4.7-dione (ester)
(Mitomycln C)
6-(Aminomethyl)-3-isoxazolol
4-Aminopyridine
Amitrole
Antimony and compounds, N.O.S.1
Aramile
Arsenic and compounds, N.O.S.
Arsenic acid
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic trioxide
Auramine
Azaserine
Barium and compounds, N.O.S.
Barium cyanide
Benz(c)acridine
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzene
Benzenearsonic acid
Benzenethiol
Benzidine
Benzojajanthracene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzol Jlfluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium and compounds, N.O.S.
Bi8(2-chloroethoxy)methane
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthyUmlne
Bis(2-chloroisop'ropyl) ether
Bisjchloromethyl) ether
Bis{2-ethylhexyl) phthalute
Bromoacetone
Bromomelhane
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Brucine
2-Butanone peroxide
Butyl benzyl phthalate
2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (UNBP)
Cadmium and compounds, N.O.S.
Calcium chromate
Calcium cyanide
Carbon disulfide
Chlorambucil
Chlordane (alpha and gamma ifomeri)
Chlorinated benzenes, N.O.S.
Chlorinated ethane, N.O.S.
Chlorinated naphthalene, N.O.S,
Chlorinated phenol, N.O.S.
Chloroacetaldehyde
Chloroalkyl ethers
p-Chloroaniline
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
l-(p-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-
methvlmdole-3-acetic acid
p-Chloro-m-cresol
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxybutane
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloromethyl methyl ether
2-Chloronaphthalene %
2-Chlorophenol
l-(o-Chlorophenyl)thlourea
3-Chloropropionitrile
alpha-Chlorotoluene
Chlorotoluene, N.O.S.
Chromium and compounds, N.O.S.
Chrysene
Citrus red No. 2
Copper cyanide
Creosote
Crotonaldehyde
Cyanides (soluble salts and complexes),
N.O.S.
Cyanogen
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride
Cycasin
2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Cyclophosphamide
Daunomycin
ODD
DDE
DDT
Diallale
Dibenz[a,h|acridine
Dibenzja,j|acridlne
Dibenz[a,h|anthracene(Dibunzo[a,h|
anthracene)
?H-Dlbenza|c,g)carbazole
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Dibenzo|a,h]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,ijpyrene
l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane
Dibromomethane
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
Dichlorobenzene, N.O.S.
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroelhane
trana-l,2-Dichloroethane .
Dichloroethylene, N.O.S.
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetlc acid (2,4-D)
Dichloropropane
Dichlorophunylarslne
1.2-Dichloroprnpane
Uichloropropanol, N.O.S.
Dlchluropropene, N.O.S.
1.3-Dichloropropene
Dieldrin
Diepoxybutane
Diethylarsine
0,0-Dielhyl-S-(2-ethyllhlo)ethyl ester of
phosphorothlolc acid
1,2-Diethy Ihydrazlne
0,0-Diethyl-S-methylester phosphorodithiok
acid
0.0-Diethylphosphoric acid, 0-p-nitrophenyl
ester
Diethyl phthalate
0,0-Diethyl-0-(2-pyrazmyl)phosphorothioiU
Diethylstilbestrol
Dihvdrosafrole
289
3,4-bihydroxy-alpha-(methylamlno)-methyl
benzyl alcohol
Di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DPP)
Dimethoate
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
7,12-Dimelhylbenz|a|anthracene
3.3'-Dimethylbซnzidine
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
1 l-Dlmpthylhydrazlne
1,2-Dlmplhylhydrailne
3 3 Dlmplhyl-1-(methyl!hlo)-2-butanone-0-
(Imp(hylBmino) carbonyl)oxime
Dimethylnltrosoamine
ilphs.alpha-Dimethylphenethylamlne
2.4-Dimelhylphenol
Ulmplhyl phthalate
Dimplhyl nulfate
Dtnllrobpnzene. N.O.S.
4.RHInilro-o-cresol and salts
2.4-l)!nitrophi>nol
Z.4-I)initrololuene
20-Dinitrotoluene Dl-n-octyl phthalate
1,4 Dioxflne
).2-niphpnylhydrazine
DI-n-Drnpylnltrosamlne
Diiullolon
2.4-Dithiobluret
Endoiulfan
Kndrin and metabolites
Rpichlorohydrin
Rlhyl cyanide
Fihylene diamine
Flhylenrbiddilhiocarbamate (EBDC)
Elhylpnpimine
Elhylene oxide
F.lhylenethiourea
Elhyl methanesulfonate
Fluornnlhene
Fluorine
Z-Fluoroanetamlde
Fluoroacetlc acl-i. sodium salt
Formnldehyde
Glycldylaldehyde
HRlomethane, i.'.O.S.
HeplBchlor
Heptschlor epoxld* (alpha, beta, and gamma
isomers)
Hexachlorobenzene
Hp.xarhlornbutadiene
HexBchlorocydohexane (all isomers)
Hexachlorocyclopantadiene
Hexschloroplhnne
1.2.3.4,10.10-HpxBchloro-l.4,4a,5,8.Ba-
hexahy dro-1,4:5,8-endo,emlo-
dlmelhanonaphthalene
Hnxachlorophene
Hftxachloropropene
Hexaethyl tetraphosphatp
Hydrazlnn
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrogen sulflde
lndeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
lodomethane
loorynnic acid, methyl ester
Isosafrole
Kppone
Ijulornrplne
Lead and compounds, N.O.S.
lซad acetate
l^ad phosphate
Lead subacetatn
-------
Table B-2. Updated List of Chemicals Governed by RCRA (continued)
Malelc anhydride
Mnlononitrilp
Mrlphnlan
Mercury and compound*, N.O.S.
Mnthnpyrllene
Methomyl
2-Methylazirldlne
3-Methylcholanthrene
4,4'-Methylene-bls-(2-chloroanlllne)
Methyl ethyl ketons (MEK)
Methyl hydrazine
Z-Methyllactonitrile
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methanesulfonate
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)pmplonaldซ'hyde-o-
(melhylcarbnnyl) oxlme
N-Melhyl-N'-nltru-N-nltrosoguanidirtR
Methyl parethlon
Methylthlouracll
Mustard gas
Naphthalene
1,4-Nsphthoquinone
1-Naphthylamlne
2-Naphthylamine
l-Naphthyl-2-thiourea
Nickel and compounds, N.O.S. t
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel cyanide
Nicotine and salts
Nitric oxide
p-Nltroanlline
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen mustard and hydrochloride salt
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide and hydrochloride
gall
Nitrogen peroxide
Nitrogen telroxide
Nitroglycerine
4-Nitrophenol
4-Nitroqulnoline-l -oxide
Nltronamlne, N.O.S.
N-Nltrosodl-N-butylsmlne
N-NltroBodlfitrmnolamlne
N-Nltrosodiethylamlne
N-Nltrosodimethylamine
N-Nltrosodiphenylamlne
N-Nltrosodi-N-propylamlnn
N-Nitrono-N-ethylurea
N-Nltroaomethylelhylamine
N-NUroso-N-methyjurea
N-Nltroso-N-methylure thane
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamlne
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nltrosonornicotine
N-Nitrosoplperldlne
N-Nltrosopyrfolldlne
N-Nltrososarroslne
5-Nitro-o-tnluldine
Octamethylpyrophosphoramlde
Oleyl alcohol condensed with 2 moles
ethylene oxide
Osmium tptroxide
7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dlcarboxy!lc
acid
Parathion
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentnchloroe thane
PentHchloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
Pentncholorophenol
Phenacetin
Phenol
Phenyl dlchlnroarslne
Phenylmercury acetate
N-Phenylthiourea
Phosgene
Phosphlne
Phosphorothioic acid, O.O-dimethyl ester O-
ester with N.N-dlmethyl benzene
sulfonamlde
Phlhallc acid esters, N.O.S.
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyl. N.O.S.
Potassium cyanide
Potassium silver cyanide
Pronamide
1,2-Propanediol
1,3-Propane sultone
Proplonltrile
Propylthlouracll
2-Propyn-l-ol
Pryidine
Keserplne
Saccharin
Safrole
Selenlous acid
Selenium and compounds, N.O.S.
Selenium sulfide
Selenourea
Silver and compounds, N.O.S.
Silver cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Streptozotocin
Strontium sulfide
Strychnine and salts
1,2.4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
2,3,7.8-Tetrachlorodlbenzo-p-dioxln (TCDD)
Telrachloroethane, N.O.S.
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1.1,2.2-Tetrachloroethane
TRtrarhloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene)
Tetrachloromethane
2,3,4,6-TetrachIorophenol
Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethylpyrophosphate
Thallium and compounds, N.O.S.
Thallic oxide
Thallium (I) acetate
Thallium (I) carbonate
Thallium (I) chloride
Thallium (I) nitrate
Thdlllum selenlle
Thallium (I) sulfate
Thioacetamlde
Thiosemicarbazide
Thlourea
Thiuram
Toluene
Toluene diamine
o-Toluldine hydrochloride
Tolylene diisocyanate
Toxaphenn
Tribromomnthane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane
1.1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
Trichloromethanethiol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,fl-Trlchlorophenol
2.4.5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionlc acid (2,4,5-
TP) (Silvex)
Trlchloropropane, N.O.S.
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
0,0.0-Triethyl phosphorothioate
rrinltrobenzene
3-dlbromopropyl) phosphate
Trypan blue
Uracll mustard
Urethane
Vanadic acid, ammonium salt
Vanadium pentoxlde (dust)
Vinyl chloride
Vlnylldene chloride
Zinc cyanide
Zinc phosphide
IF* Doc. so-mor PiM s-ie-sot sซi .ml
COOf (SM-01-M
^-The abbreviation N.O.S. signifies those members of the general class "not
otherwise specified" by name in this listing.
Source: 45 FR 33132-33133, May 19, 1980.
290
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Have Hazardous Waste Background Documents (Cont.)
320, January 16, 1981
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-------
Table B-4
Chemicals Evaluated by OSHA when Monitoring the Workplace
Source: OSHA 1977.
Code
0005
0010
0020
0030
0040
0060
0065
0870
0070
0080
0050
0090
0110
0115
0120
0125
0130
0140
0145
0150
0235
0160
0162
1030
0165
0185
0170
0175
0180
0185
0190
0191
0210
0220
0225
0230
0235
0240
0260
0270
Substance
Abate
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acetylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethylene)
Acetylene
Acetylene tetrabromide
Acids, miscellaneous
Acridine
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile (vinylcyanide)
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Allyl glycidyl ether
Allyl propyl disulfide
Alpha naphthyl thiourea (ANTU)
Aluminum and compounds
4-Aminodiphenyl
2-Aminoethanol (ethanolamine)
2-Aminopyr id ine
Ammate (ammonium sulfamate)
Ammonia
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfamate (Ammate)
n-Amyl acetate
sec-Amyl acetate
Amyl alcohol
Aniline
Anisidine (o,p-isomers)
Antimony and compounds
ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea)
Argon
Arsenic and compounds
Arsine
C - Carcinogen
P - Pesticide
295
-------
Code
Substarn-a
0290
P 0300
P 2690
0310
0320
C 0330
0320
2222
0335
0340
0360
0477
1015
2053
C 2630
0370
0380
0381
0382
0390
0391
0400
0410
0420
0480
0430
0435
0440
0441
0442
0460
0461
0462
0470
0435
0473
0477
0480
0485
0490
0491
0500
0505
0510
0520
Asphalt (Petroleum) fumes
Azinphos, methyl (Guthion)
Azodrin (monocrotophos)
Barium and compounds
Benzene (benzol)
Benzidine (and its salts)
Benzol (benzene)
p-Benzoquinone (quinone)
Benzoyl peroxide
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium and compounds
BGE (n-butyl glycidyl ether)
Biphenyl (diphenyl)
Biphenyl mixture (pher.yl ether)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bismuth and compounds
Boron oxide
Boron tribromide
Boron trifluoride
Bromine
Bromine pentafluoride
Bromoform
Butadiene (1, 3-bjtadiene)
Butane
Butanethiol (butyl mercaptan)
2-Butanone (MEK) (methyl ethyl ketone)
2-Butoxy ethanol (butyl cellosolve)
n-Butyl acetate
sec-Butyl acetate
tert-Butyl acetate
Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
n-Butylam ine
Butyl cellosolve (2-butoxy ethanol)
tert-Butyl chromate
n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE)
Butyl mercaptan (butanethiol)
p-tert-Butyl toluene
Cadmium (metal dust and soluble salts)
Cadmium oxide (fume)
Calcium arsenate
Calcium carbonate
Calcium cyanamide
Calcium oxide
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
296
-------
Code
Substance
0522
P 0525
0527
0530
0540
*0560
0570
2070
P 2670
1037
0575
057-7
0610
0611
0612
0613
0640
0614
0615
0617
0618
0620
0623
0627
0680
0630
0645
1120
2580
0670
C 2640
066..
0675
0680
0685
0690
0710
0700
0720
0730
1016
*0735
P 0737
0750
0760
Camphor
Carbaryl (Sevin)
Carbon black
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
Carbonyl chloride (phosgene)
Carbophenothion (Trithion)
Cellosolve acetate (ethoxyethyl acetate)
Cellulose
Cement, Portland
Cerium
Chlordane
Chlorinated camphene
Chlorinated diphenyl
Chlor ine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine trifluoride
Chloroacetaldehyde
(toxaphene)
oxide
a-Chloroacetophenone (phenacylchloride)
chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)
o-Chlorobenzylidene rnalonitrile (OCBM)
Chlorobromomethane
2-Chloro-l, 3-butadiene (chloroprene)
Chlorodiphenyl or Chloronaphthalenes
l-Chloro-2, 3 expoxypropane (epichlorohydrin)
2-Chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin)
Chloroethylene (vinyl chloride)
Chloroform (trichlormethane)
Chloromethyl ether (methyl chloromethyl ether)
1-Chloro-l-nitropropane
Chloropicrin (nitrotr ichloromethane)
Chloroprene (2-chloro-l, 3-butadiene)
Chromic acid and chromates
Chromium, sol chromic, chromous salts
Coal tar naphtha
Coal tar pitch volatiles
Cobalt and compounds
Copper (fume, dust, or mist)
Corundum (Aฑ203)
Cocton dust (raw
Crag
Creosote
Cresol
emery
* - Target Health Hazard
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
297
-------
Code
Substance
0740
0770
0780
0790
0800
0810
0820
0830
0840
0845
P 2730
0846
P 0847
P 0850
0853
P 2740
P 0857
0923
0860
1130
P 2720
0861
P 0932
1140
0863
0864
0865
0867
0868
C 0869
0871
0872
1160
0874
0870
0880
1730
0887
0890
0846
2190
0900
P 0905
0910
0920
Cresylic acid
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cyanides
Cyanogen
Cycloheane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexene
Cyclopentadiene
(Dimethoate)
(2 ,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
Cygon
2,4-D
DDT
DDVP
Decaborane
Delnav (Dioxathion)
Demeton (Systox)
DGE (diglycidyl ether)
Diacetone alcohol (4-methyl-2-pentanone)
1,2-Diaminoethane (ethylenediamine)
Diazinon
Diazomethane
Dibrom (dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphat*
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)
Dibutyl phosphate
Dibutylphthalate
Dichloracetylene
o-Dichlorobenzene-
p-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salt)
Diehiorodifluoromethane
l,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin
1,1-Dichloroethane (ethylidine chloride)
1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride
1,2-Dichloroethylene (acetylene dichlcride)
Dichloroethyl ether
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
Dichloromonofluoromethane
1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
1,2-Dichloropropane (propylene dichloride)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Dieldr in
Diethylamine
2-Diethylaminoethanol
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
298
-------
Co'de
Substance
1010
C921
1210
1015
0922
0923
1490
0924
0925
P 2710
P 2730
1655
0927
0928
C 0929
2600
0931
2590
0932
0930
0924
0940
1942
0950
0960
0970
0975
0980
0990
1010
P 2740
0926
1011
1013
1014
1015
2680
2680
1000
2780
1016
2425
1017
0645
1019
Diethylene dioxide (dioxane)
Diethylene triamine
Diethyl ether (ethyl ether) (ethyl oxide)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (di-sec-octylphthalate)
Difluorodibromomethane
Diglycidyl ether (DGE)
Dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinone)
Diisobutyl ketone (2,6-dimethylheptanone)
Diisopropylamine
Dimecron (phospharaidon)
Dimethoate (Cygon)
Dimethoxymethane (methylal)
Dimethyl acetamide
Dimethylamine
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Dimethylaminobenzene (xylidene)
Dimethylaniline
Dimethylbenzene (xylene)
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate (dibrom)
DimethyIformamide
2,6-Dimethylheptanone (diisobutyl ketone)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine^
Dimethylnitrosoamine (n-nitrosodimethylamine)
Dimethylphthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dinitrobenzene
rinitro-o-cresol
Uinitrophenol
Dinitrotcluene
Dioxane (diethylene dioxide)
Dioxathion (Delnav)
Diphenyl amine
Diphenyl (biphenyl)
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (methylene bis(phenylene
isocyanate) (MDI)
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether
Di-sec-octylphthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate)
Di-Syston (disculfoton)
Disulfoton (Di-Syston)
Dyes, misc.
Dylox (Trichlorfon)
Emery (corundum) (A1203)
Endosulfan (thiodan)
Endr in
Foichlorohydrin i' l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
EPN
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
299
-------
Code
Substance
2215
1365
1020
1025
1220
1030
2750
1033
1037
1040
1050
1060
1070
1075
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1033
1130
1140
1160
1910
1170
1175
1190
1210
1155
1160
1210
1220
1984
1225
1230
1240
1260
1250
' 1263
1267
1300
1280
1270
1285
1290
1, 2-Epoxypropane (propylene oxide)
2 ,3-Epoxy-l-propanol (glycidol)
Epoxy systems, general
Ethane
Ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan)
Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol)
Ethion
2-Ethoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethoxyethyl-acetate (cellosolve acetate)
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethyl
Ethylene
Ethylene
acrylate
alcohol
amine
sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl-3-heptanone)
benzene
bromide
butyl ketone
chlor ide
chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol)
glycol monoethyl ether (2-ethoxyethanol)
(3-heptanone)
Ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane)
Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1 , 2-dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol dinitrate
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (methyl
cellosolve acetate)
Ethylene imine
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl ether (ethyl oxide) (diethyl ether)
Ethyl formate
EthylJdere chloride (1 ,1-dichlcroethane)
Ethyl oxide (ethyl ether) (diethyl ether)
Ethyl mercaptan (ethanethiol)
Ethyl parathion (parathion)
Ethylmorpholine
Ethyl silicate
Exhaust of diesel combustion engine (no breakdown)
Exhaust of gasoline combustion engine (no breakdown;
Fabrics, misc.
Ferbam
Ferrovanadium dust
Fibrous glass
Fluoride
Fluor ine
Fluorotr ichloromethane
Formaldehyde
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
300
-------
Code
Substance
.1310
1320
1330
1340
1360
1363
1365
1366
P .0300
1367
1368
1400
P 1369
1371
1675
1100
1372
P 1373
1370
1380
1690
1385
1387
P 1390
1405
1410
1420
1430
1440
1460
1470
1475
1480
P 2760
1567
1500
1510
1515
1520
1530
1532
1534
1536
1538
1540
P - Pesticide
Formic acid
Freon, unspecified
Furfuryl alcohol
Gasoline
Germanium compound
Glycerine mist
Glycidol (2,3-epoxy-l-propanol)
Graphite
Guthion (azinphos, methyl)
Gypsum
Hafnium
Helium
Heptachlor
Heptane (n-heptane)
2-Heptanone (methyl (n-amyl) ketone)
3-Heptanone (ethyl butyl ketone)
Hexochloroethane
Hexachloronaphthalene
Hexamylenetetramine
Hexane (n-hexane)
2-Hexanone
Kexone (methyl isobutyl ketone)
sec-Hexyl acetate
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen selenide
Hydrogen sulfide
Imidan (Prolate)
IGE (Isopropyl glycidyle ether)
Indene
Indium and compounds
I or ine
Iron and compounds
Isoamyl acetate
Isoamyl alcohol
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl alcohol
Is-jphor one
Isopropyl acetate
(muriatic acid)
301
-------
Code
Substance
1760
1765
1013
2650
1730
0430
1770
1075
1772
1670
1385
1773
1643
1774
1775
2010
1777
1778
2065
1780
1790
2690
1972
1794
1797
1405
0710
2037
1810
1815
1820
0932
1830
1850
1840
1841
1855
1860
1890
1865
1870
1872
1877
: 1875
1880
:MDI)
Methylcyclohexanol
o-Methylcyclohexanone
Methylene bis(phenylene isocyanate)
(diphenylmethane diisocyanate)
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (2-butanone)
Methyl formate
5-Methyl-3-hepatanone (ethyl sec-arayl ketone)
Methyl iodine
Methyl isobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl mercaptan (methanethiol)
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl parathion
Methyl propyl ketone
Methyl silicate
a-Methyl silicate
Mevinphos (phosdrin)
Mineral Spirits
Molybdenum and compounds
Monocrotophos (Azodrin)
Monomethyl aniline
Monomethyl hydrazine
Morpholine
Muriactic Acid (hydrochloric acid
Naphtha (coal tar)
Naphtha (petroleum distillates)
Naphthalene
a-Naththylamine
(2-pentanone)
B-Naphthylamine
Naled (Dibrom)
Natural gas (L.P.
Neon
Nickel metal and
Nickel carbonyl
Nicotine
Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
p-N itroaniline
Nitrobenzene
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
N-Nitrod imethylamine
4-Nitrodiphenyl
Ni troethane
G.) (liquified petroleum gas)
soluble compounds
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinoqen
302
-------
Code
Substance
1560
1562
1565
1567
1570
1575
*1590
1593
P 1595
1503
1803
1615
1610
P 1616
1618
1620
1652
1073
0430
1630
1635
P 2700
1640
1643
1660
1646
0590
1650
1651
1652
1653
1655
1660
1665
1670.
1675
1680
1690
0590
1170
1710
1720
2640
1735
1740
Isopropyi alcohol
I sopropylamine
Isopropylether
Isopropyi glycidyl ether (IGE)
Kerosine (Kerosene)
Ketone
Lead and compounds
Limestone
Lindane
Lithium hydride
L.P.G. (liquified petroleum gas] (natural gas)
Magnesite
Magnesium and compounds
Malathion
Meleic anhydride
Manganese and compounds
MAPP (methyl acethylene-propadiene mixture)
MDI (methylene bis (phenylene isocyanate))
(diphenylmethane diisocyanate)
MEK (2-butanone) (methyl ethyl ketone)
Mercury and compounds
Mesityl oxide
Meta-Systox R (oxydemetonmethyl)
Methane
Methanethiol (methyl mercaptan)
Methanol (methyl alcohol)
Methoxychlor
2-Methoxyethanol (methyl cellosolve)
Methyl acetate
Methyl acetylene (propyne)
Methyl acetylene-propad iene mixture (.-1APP)
Methyl acrylate
Methylal (dimethoxymethane)
Methyl alcohol (methanol)
Methylamine '
Methyl amyl alcohol (methyl isooutyl carbinol)
Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2-heptanone)
Methyl bromide
Methyl butyl ketone (2-hexanone)
Methyl cellosolve (2-methoxyethanol)
Methyl cellosolve acetate (ethylene glycol monomet
ether acetate)
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform (1 ,1,1-tr ichlor Oc-thane)
Methyl choromethyl ether (chloromethyl ether)
Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate
Methylcyclchexane
* - Target Health Hazard
P - Pesticide C- Carcinogen
303
-------
Ccce
1900
1903
1907
1912
1920
1930
1940
1942
1945
0675
1953
0623
1955
1957
5010
1960
1970
2700
1975
1980
2000
1982
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
2010
2020
2030
2033
2037
0618
2057
2040
2042
2047
2053
2280
2057
2060
P 2770
P 2065
2070
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen trifluoride
Nitroglycer ine
Nitromethane
Nitrophenols
Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (dimethyl nitrosoamine)
Nitrotoluene
Nitrotrichloromethane (chloropic.in)
Nitrous oxide
OCBM (o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile)
Octachloronapthalene
Octane
Oil mist
Osmium tetroxide
Oxalic acid
Oxydemetonmethyl (meta-Systox R)
Oxygen difluoride
Ozone
Paraffin
Paraquat
Parathion (ethyl parathion)
Pentaborane
Pentaerythritol
Pentachloronaphthelene
Pentachlorophenol
Pentane
2-Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone;
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroetylene}
Perchloromethyl mercaptan
Perchloryl fluoride
Petroleum distillates (naphtha)
Phenacylchloride (A-chloroacetophcnone)
PGE (phenyl glycidyl ether)
Phenol
p-Phenylene diamir.e
Phenyl ether
Phenyl ether - biphenyl mixture
Phenylethylene (styrene monomer)
Phgnyl glycidyl ether (PGE)
Phenylhydrazine
Phosalone (Zolone)
Phosdrin (mevinphos)
Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
304
-------
Code
Substance
P '2710
2080
2085
2090
2091
2092
2093
2110
2120
P 2125
2127
2100
2130
2135
2137
2140
P 2760
2150
2167
C 2163
2180
2170
2190
2210
2213
2215
2185
1651
P 2216
2220
2222
2224
2200
2225
2226
P 2228
2229
2230
2231
P 0525
2236
2240
2245
225C
2260
Phosphamidon (Dimecron)
Phospine
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorous
Phosphorous pentachloride
Phosphorous pentasulfide
Phosphorous trichloride
Phthalic anhydride
Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol)
Pival (2-Pivalyl-l,3-indandione)
products (unspecified)
decomposition products
Plaster of Paris
Plastic decomposition
Platinum
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Potassium bisulfite
Potassium hydroxide
Prolate (Imidan)
Propane
Propargyl alcohol
B-Propiolactone
n-Propyl acetate
Propyl alcohol
Propylene dichloride (1 , 2-dichloropropane)
Propylene glycol
Propylene imine
Propylene oxide (1,2-epoxypropane)
n-Propyl nitrate
Propyne (methyl acetylene)
Pyrethrum
Pyr idine
Quinone (p-benzoquinone)
RDX
Resins, miscellaneous, unless classified elsewhere
Rhodium
Rornel
Rotenone
Rouge
Selenium compounds
Selenium hexafluoride
Sevin (carbaryl)
Silicon carbide
Silver and compounds
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium fluoroacetrade
Sodium hydroxide
P - Pesticide
C - Carcinogen
305
-------
Code
Substai.i:e
2263
2267
2270
2275
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2321
2323
P 0857
2324
2325
P 2327
2329
2330
2332
P 2334
2335
2337
2339
2340
2020
0570
2350
2360
2390
2370
2380
2395
2410
2420
P 2425
2427
24.30
2431
2432
2440
2460
2470
2475
2460
P 0612
Starch
Stibine
Stoddard solvent
Strychnine
Styrene monomer ( phenylethylene )
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride
Sulfur pentaf luor ide
Sulfuryl fluoride
Systox (Demeton)
2,4,5-T ( 2 , 4 , 5- tr ichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
Tantalum
TEDP
Teflon decomposition products
Tellurium
Tellurium hexafluoride
TEPP
Terphenyls
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloro-2 ,2-difluoroethane
l,l,2,2-Tetrachloro-l,2-difluorcethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
Tetrachloromethane (cardon tetrachlor ide )
Tetrachlor onaphthalene
Tetr"aethyl lead
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetramethyl lead
Tetramethyl succinonitr il e
Tetranitromethane
Tetryl (2, 4,6-trinitrophenyl methyl nitra mine)
Thallium
Thiodan (endosulfan)
Tin (inorganic - except tin oxide)
Tin (organic compounds)
Tin ox Lde
Titanium dioxide and other titanium compounds
Toluene ( toluol )
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
o-Toluid ine
Toluol (Toluene)
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene )
P - Pesticide
306
-------
Code
2477
? 2780
1720
2495
2490
0670
2483
2324
2510
2485
2480
2500
2120
2410
2530
2532
2535
P 2670
2537
2540
2560
2570
2575
2580
0120
2582
P 2586
2590
2600
2602
2606
2611
2610
2620
P 2770
Substance
Tributyl phosphate
Trichlorfon (Dylox)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Tr ichloroethylene
Trichloromethane (chloroform)
Tr ichloronaphthalene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Tr iethylamine
Trifluoromonobromomethane
2 ,4 ,6-Trinitrophenol (picric acid)
2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl)
Trinitrotoluene
Triorthocresyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphate
Trithion (carbophenothion)
Tungsten and compounds
Turpentine
Uranium and compounds
Vanadium and compounds
Vinyl benzene
Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
Vinylcyanide (acrylonitrile)
Vinyl toluene
War far in
Xylene (dimethylbenzene)
Xylidine (dimethylaminobenzene)
Yttrium
Zinc and compounds
Zinc chloride
Z inc ox ide (fume)
Zirconium compounds
Zolone (Phosalone)
P - Pesticide
307
-------
I. Unidentified Chemicals
Substance
5440 Bleach
5340 Brake fluid mist
5130 Carburetor cleaner
5250 Caustic cleaner mist
5240 Cosmetic solvent vapor
5140 Degreaser
5400 Detergent
5330 Drilling fluid mist
5360 Duplicator vapors
5210 Dye
5220 Dye solvent vapor
5450 Enzyme
5170 Explosives
5150 Fabric plasticisers , modifiers and finishers
5160 Flavoring agents
5320 Flux
5100 General solvent vapor-
5348 Glue
5350 Glue vapors
5015 Grease
5029 Ink
5030 Ink mist
5230 Ink solvent vapor
5310 Metal fume
5370 Microbiological pathogens
5009 Oil
5010 Oil mist
5390 Paint and Varnish thermal decomposition products
5180 Paint mist
5110 Paint thinner
5345 Pesticide, unspecified
5260 Photographic developer vapor
5280 Plant and food products
5270 Rubber accelerators and anti-oxidants
5410 Soap
5460 Stainless Steel (composition unknown or unspecified)
5430 Tar
5120 Type cleaner
5420 Wax
5380 Welding gases, unspecified (ozone, NOx, CO, C02)
5930 Other alcohols
5950 Other solvents
5999 Other and unidentified chemicals
308
-------
II. Physical Hazards
Source
8110 Noise, continuous
8120 Noise, intermittent
8130 Noise, impact
8140 Noise, ultrasonic
8150 Vibration
8260 Alpha radiation
8270 Beta radiation
8220 Gamma radiation - sealed source
8280 Gamma radiation - unsealed
8210 X-radiation
8290 Other ionizing radiation
8310 Exposure to cold
8320 Heat stress - dry
8330 Heat stress - humid
8390 Improper Illumination
8380 Infrared
8350 Long wave Radio-frequency
8340 Microwave
8360 Sunlight
8370 Ultra-violet
8510 Lasers - infrared
8505 Lasers - microwave and RF
8590 Lasers - ultraviolet
8530 Lasers - visible
8600 Lasers - X-radiation
8410 Low pressure
8420 High pressure
8870 Electrical shock
8880 All other physical hazards
309
-------
IV. Dust
Code
*9010
*9013
*9015
*9017
*9050
*9020
9140
9150
9160
9040
9220
9200
9090
9120
9075
9170
9100
9180
0577
9190
9085
9030
9087
9210
9130
Substance
Crystalline Free Silica
Fused Silica
Cristobalite
Tridymite
Amorphus Silica, including diatomaceous eartn
Asbestos
Brass Dust (composition unknown or unspecifie:
Brick Dust
Clay Dust
Coal
Dust containing enzymes
Flour Dust
Graphite
Leather
Mica
Mortar Dust
Organic Dust
Plastic Dust
Portland Cement
Rubber Dust
Soapstone
Talc
Tremolite
Wood - Sawdust
Inert or nuisarce dust, not elsewhere classify.
* Target Health Hazard
310
-------
Table B-5
Chemicals and Chemical Compounds Reviewed by NIOSH
by the NOHS Database *
Mnemonic
Code
ACAL
HAC
AC20
ACETO
ACCY
ACETY
TCE
ACRYL
AP
ABDAC
ADEBAC
ALLOH
ALCL
AGE
AL203
AL
AL203
ALOX
Code
92020
92015
92021
92845
01038
80015
01568
02740
02820
02830
02900
03195
03298
03350
01355
73790
90050
03490
03530
03540
03570
03800
03895
03897
92030
04065
92770
80016
80039
04235
80108
04260
80090
04280
80085
04370
04460
04530
04590
20265
04603
04605
20265
04608
80037
80177
04975
04980
05215
06190
Name
ABRASIVE
ABRASIVE SHOT
ABSORBENT
ACCELERATOR, RUBBER
ACETALDEHYDE
ACETATE
ACETIC ACID
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
ACETONE
ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN
ACETONITRILE
2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORINE
ACETYLENE
ACETYLENE DICHLORIDE (1, 2-DICHLOROETHYLENE)
ACETYLENE TETRABROMIDE
ACETYLENE TRICHLORIDE (TRICHLOROETHYLENE)
ACIDS
ACRIDINE
ACROLEIN
ACRYLAMIDE
ACRYLIC ACID
ACRYLONITRILE (VINYL CYANIDE)
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
ACTIVATOR
ADHESIVE
AEROSOL CLEANER
AEROSOL PROPELLANT
AIR FRESHENER
AJAX
ALCOHOL
ALCOHOL-DENATURED
ALDRIN
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
ALKYL BENZYL DIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
ALKYL DIMETHYL ETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
ALLYL ALCOHOL
ALLYL CHLORIDE
ALLYL GLYCIDYL ETHER
ALLYL PROPYL DISULFIDE (ONION OIL)
ALUMINA (ALUMINUM OXIDE; CORUNDUM; EMERY)
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
ALUMINUM OXIDE (ALUMIDE; CORUNDUM; EMERY)
ALUMINUM, OXIDES OF
ALUMINUM STEARATE
AMINE
4-AMINODIPHENYL
2-AMINOETHANOL
2-AMINOPYRIDINE
AMMATE (AMMONIUM SULFAMATE)
*See Appendix A for further informatin on the NOHS Data Base.
311
-------
Mnemonic
Code
NH3
NH4CL
NH40H
NHNO
ANIL
SB
SBHB
SB203
SBOX
SBCL3
A
AH
AS
ASOX
AS03
ASH3
BA
BACL
BAOH
BAOX
BEN
Code
05250
05270
80038
06063
06145
06163
06175
80158
06190
06320
06323
06330
06580
06985
07040
92040
07310
69800
07325
07328
07405
07415
92850
92050
07465
07485
80027
07545
07555
07570
07580
90310
90320
35750
92060
08525
40370
08625
08650
90330
08655
08658
08705
80040
90340
09070
25710
BEN
BE
09318
09830
09070
10920
11280
11600
11770
Name
AMMONIA
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM DICHROMATE
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
AMMONIUM NITRATE
AMMONIUM PERSULFATE
AMMONIUM SULFATE
AMMONIUM SULFAMATE (AMMATE)
n-AMYL ACETATE
sec-AMYL ACETATE
AMYL ALCOHOL
ANILINE
ANIMAL PRODUCTS, NEC
ANISIDINE (o and p-isomers)
ANTIFREEZE
ANTIMONY
ANTIMONY HYDRIDE
ANTIMONY OXIDE
ANTIMONY, OXIDES OF
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE
ANTIOFFSET AND SMOOTH LAY COMPOUND
ANTIOXIDANT
ANTITOXICANT
APLITE
ARGON
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
ARSENIC
ARSENIC, OXIDES OF
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
ARSINE
ASBESTOS
ASPHALT
AZINPHOS, METHYL (GUTHION)
BACTERICIDE
BACTERIOSTAT
BANANA OIL (ISOAMYL ACETATE)
BARIUM
BARIUM CHLORIDE
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
BARIUM HYDROXIDE
BARIUM, OXIDES OF
BASE
BELT DRESSING
BENTONITE
BENZENE (BENZOL)
1, 4-BENZENEDIOL (p-HYDROQUINONE; p-DIHYDROXY BENZENE;
HYDROQUINOL; QUINOL)
BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE (LINDANE)
BENZIDINE
BENZOL (BENZENE)
p-BENZOQUINONE
BENZOYL PEROXIDE
BENZYL CHLORIDE
BERYLLIUM
312
-------
Mnemonic
Code
BEOX
BIO
BI
BIOX
BI203
BWTC
H3B03
B203
BOX
BBR3
BCL3
BF3
BC
BRASS
BRASO
BR
BRNZE
BRNZO
CAO
BUT
BUT
MEK
Code
90350
11855
90360
92070
12065
92080
12068
27590
12783
12785
90370
12795
12798
12845
92090
92100
92110
80087
12940
12960
12961
90380
12963
12964
12966
12970
12980
12985
80086
92120
90400
13025
90410
80012
90420
13100
13103
31900
13160
90430
13275
80116
52136
15755
13410
13410
13480
13785
13850
13980
14143
14144
29930
14380
14380
Name
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM, OXIDES OF
BERYLLIUM SALTS
BINDER-ABRASIVE WHEEL
BINDER-FOUNDRY
BIOCIDE
BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, NEC
BIPHENYL (DIPHENYL)
BISMUTH
BISMUTH CHLORIDE
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS
BISMUTH, OXIDES OF
BISMUTH OXIDE
BISPHENOL A
BLEACH
BLEACHING AGENT
BLENDING AGENT
BOILER WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL
BORAX
BORIC ACID
BORON CARBIDE
BORON HYDRIDES
BORON OXIDE
BORON, OXIDES OF
BORON TRIBROMIDE
BORON TRICHLORIDE
BORON TRIFLUORIDE
BORON TRIFLUORIDE COMPLEXES
BOWL CLEANER
BRAKE FLUID
BRASS, CU, ZN, PB GROUP
BRASS, OXIDES OF
BRICK
BRIGHTENER
BRINE
BROMINE
BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE
BROMOETHANE (ETHYL BROMIDE)
BROMOFORM
BRONZE-CU, SN, PB GROUP
BRONZE, OXIDES OF
BUFFER
BUNKER FUEL (OIL, FUEL NO
BURNT LIME (CALCIUM OXIDE
BUTADIENE
1, 3-BUTADIENE
BUTANE
BUTANETHIOL (BUTYL MERCAPTAN)
n-BUTANOL
2-BUTANONE (METHYL ETHYL KETONE)
1-BUTENE
2-BUTENE
2-BUTOXYETHANOL (BUTYL CELLOSOLVE)
BUTYL ACETATE
n-BUTYL ACETATE
6)
UNSLAKED LIME; CALX; QUICKLIME)
313
-------
Mnemonic
Code
2BUTA
BGE
CD
CDOX
CAC2
CAC03
CACL2
CAOH2
CAOCL
CAO
CAO
PHEN
UGASE
CB
C02
CS2
Code
14382
14384
14420
14410
14400
14865
14440
14444
29930
14655
14720
13785
14930
15570
90440
15630
90450
80041
15700
15703
15705
15720
15730
15743
15746
15755
80042
15765
15755
90460
47800
20930
55460
17389
17388
17370
17360
17367
17370
17385
CO
CCL4
COCL2
SIC
KOH
17460
17475
17490
17385
57710
17525
90470
92130
17595
92135
80025
92140
60440
Name
sec-BUTYL ACETATE
tert-BUTYL ACETATE
BUTYL ALCOHOL
sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL
tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL
n-BUTYLALDEHYDE
BUTYLAMINE
tert-BUTYLAMINE
BUTYL CELLOSOLVE (2-BUTOXYETHANOL)
tert-BUTYL CHROMATE
n-BUTYL GLYCIDYL ETHER
BUTYL MERCAPTAN (BUTANETHIOL)
p-tert-BUTYLTOLUENE
CADMIUM
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CADMIUM, OXIDES OF
CADMIUM SALTS-SOLUBLE
CALCIUM
CALCIUM ARSENATE
CALCIUM CARBIDE
CALCIUM CARBONATE (LIMESTONE)
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (HYDRATED LIME; SLAKED LIME)
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
CALCIUM OXIDE (UNSLAKED LIME; CALX; QUICKLIME; BURNT LIME)
CALCIUM SILICATE
CALCIUM STEARATE
CALX (CALCIUM OXIDE; UNSLAKED LIME; QUICKLIME; BURNT LIME)
CARBAMATES
CARBARYL (SEVIN; 1-NAPHTHYL-n-METHYL CARBAMATE)
CARBODIIMIDE (CYANAMIDE)
CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL)
CARBON ARC LAMP GASES
CARBOMETHANE
CARBON BISULFIDE (CARBON DISULFIDE)
CARBON BLACK
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DISULFIDE (CARBON BISULFIDE)
CARBON HEXACHLORIDE (HEXACHLOROETHANE; PERCHLOROETHANE;
CARBON TRICHLORIDE)
CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON STEEL (STEEL)
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (TETRACHLOROMETHANE)
CARBON TRICHLORIDE (CARBON HEXACHLORIDE; HEXACHLOROETHANE;
PERCHLOROETHANE)
CARBONYL CHLORIDE (PHOSGENE)
CARBORUNDUM (SILICON CARBIDE)
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
CARBURETOR CLEANER
CARPET CLEANER
CATALYST
CAULKING COMPOUND
CAUSTIC CLEANER
CAUSTIC POTASH (POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE)
314
-------
Mnemonic
Code
NAOH
CH
CL
CL02
CLF3
CLBE
OCBM
ECL
VCL
H2CRO
CROX
CR03
Code
69070
32450
46930
90480
17683
17685
17694
17695
17745
17775
17855
17857
92150
51590
73500
18035
90500
18040
18045
18050
18065
18070
18080
18190
18240
18250
18260
18393
90510
20901
31970
18400
76445
18500
90530
90540
18590
18710
18260
29010
73760
90550
90560
19360
90570
19395
90580
19425
90570
19430
90570
cc
NAOCL
90590
92160
69090
Nairn?
CAUSTIC SODA (LYE; SODIUM HYDROXIDE)
CELLOSOLVE-SOLVENT (ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER)
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE)
CELLULOID
CELLULOSE
CELLULOSE NITRATE (NITROCELLULOSE)
CEMENT-GLUE
CEMENT-PORTLAND
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHALK
CHARCOAL
CHELATING AGENT
CHLORDANE
CHLORINATED CAMPHENE (TOXAPHENE)
CHLORINATED DIPHENYL OXIDE
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
CHLORINE
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE
CHLOROACETALDEHYDE
CHLOROACETIC ACID
a-CHLOROACETOPHENONE (PHENACYLCHLORIDE)
CHLOROBENZENE (MONOCHLOROBENZENE)
o-CHLOROBENZYLlDENE MALONITRILE
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
2-CHLORO-l, 3-BUTADIENE (CHLOROPRENE)
CHI.ORODIPHENYL
CHLORODIPHENYLS
1-CHLORO-2, 3-EPOXYPROPANE
CHLOROETHANE (ETHYL CHLORIDE)
2-CHLOROETHANOL
CHLOROETHYLENE (VINYL CHLORIDE)
CHLOROFORM (TRICHLOROMETHANE)
CHLORONITRO ANILINES
CHLORONITRO BENZENES
1-CHLORO-1-NITROPROPANE
CHLOROPICRIN (NITROTRICHLOROMETHANE)
CHLOROPRENE (2-CHLORO-l, 3-BUTADIENE)
CHLOROPROPYLENE OXIDE
CHLOROTHENE
CHROMATES
CHROME PLATING COMPOUND
CHROMIC ACID
CHROMIC SALTS (CHROMIUM SALTS, CHROMOUS SALTS)
CHROMIUM
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHROMIUM, OXIDES OF
CHROMIUM SALTS (CHROMOUS SALTS, CHROMIC SALTS)
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE
CHROMOUS SALTS (CHROMIC SALTS, CHROMIUM SALTS)
CITRIC ACTD
CLAY
CLEANING COMPOUND
CLOROX (SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE)
315
-------
Mnemonic
Code
CU
CUCN
CUOX
AL203
CRE
CRE
CYC
C5H6
RDX
DDT
DDVP
DP-ACF
DP-F
Code Name
92170 COAGULATOR
19765 COAGULANT
90600 COAL (Anthracite)
19767 COAL (Bituminous)
90610 COAL TAR
90620 COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES
19769 COATING
19770 COBALT
90630 COBALT COMPOUNDS
19935 COKE
80004 COLORING AGENT
19985 COLUMBIUM (NIOBIUM)
19995 COMET
80030 CONCRETE
20063 CONTACT CEMENT
20064 CONTACT CLEANER-ELECTRICAL
92175 COOLANT
20115 COPPER
90640 COPPER COMPOUNDS
20155 COPPER CYANIDE
20170 COPPER, OXIDES OF
92180 COPY MACHINE FLUID
20245 CORK
80018 CORRECTION FLUID
92185 CORROSION INHIBITOR
20265 CORUNDUM (ALUMINUM OXIDE; ALUMINA; EMERY)
92190 COSMETIC SOLVENT
94040 COTTON
68970 CRAG HERBICIDE
90650 CREOSOTE-MIXED PHENOLS
20380 CRESOL (CRESYLIC ACID)
20380 CRESYLIC ACID (CRESOL)
20627 CROCCUS
20630 CROTONALDEHYDE
20810 CRYOLITE
20850 CUMENE
80020 CURING AGENT
52131 CUTTING FLUID
20930 CYANAMIDE (CARBODIIMIDE)
90670 CYANIDES
90680 CYANIDE SOLUTION
20970 CYANOGEN (ETHANE DINITRILE)
90690 CYCLOALKANES
21190 CYCLOHEXANE
21560 CYCLOHEXANOL (HEXAHYDROPHENOL)
21660 CYCLOHEXANONE (KETOHEXAMETHYLENE)
80043 CYCLOHEXANONE PEROXIDE
21705 CYCLOHEXENE
20065 CYCLOPENTADIENE
22210 CYCLOTRIMETHYLENE TRINITRAMINE
24270 2, 4-D (2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID)
73750 DDT (DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROMETHANE)
24440 DDVP (DICHLORVOS)
80187 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-ACID CORE FLUX
80125 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-FLUX
316
-------
Mnemonic
Code
DP-G
Code
2273A
DP-CO
DP-0
DP-HO
DP-LO
DP-PO
DP-QO
DP-VO
DP-PA
DP-BUT
DP -POL
DP-ISO
DP-N
DP-NEO
DP-PY
DP-PE
DP-PS
DP-TEF
DP-PU
DP-PVC
DP-PR
DP-UR
DP-RCF
DP-V
DP-WF
DAAL
B2H6
EDBR
80127
22736
22737
22738
22739
22741
22742
22743
92635
22745
22746
22747
80138
22748
80137
22749
22751
60925
22753
22754
22755
22756
80126
92965
80174
92200
92210
92220
92230
22840
92240
80006
92250
92255
80095
23010
38110
23230
80045
23275
23304
23370
23650
26420
23660
23865
23870
23880
23980
24003
24006
24025
Name
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-GENERAL
(NOTE: The above is used in a NOTE, only when neither
of the following DP's are appropriate.)
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-METAL COATING
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, CUTTING
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, GENERAL
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, HYDRAULIC
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, LUBE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, PENETRATING
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, QUENCH
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-OIL, VEGETABLE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-PAINT
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, BUTADIENE RUBBER
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, GENERAL
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, NATURAL RUBBER
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, NYLON
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, NEOPRENE RUBBER
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYESTER
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYETHYLENE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYSTYRENE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYURETHANE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-POLYMER, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-RESIN, PHENOLIC
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-RESIN, UREA-FORMALDEHYDE
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-ROSIN CORE FLUX
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-VARNISH
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS-WRAPPING FILM
DEFOAMER AGENT
DEFOLIANT
DEGREASER
DEHAIRING AGENT
DEMETON (SYSTOX)
DENATURANT
DEOXIDIZER
DESCUMMING AGENT
DETERGENT
DEVELOPER
DIACETONE ALCOHOL (4-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE)
DIAMINE (HYDRAZINE; 1, 1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE)
1, 2-DIAMINOETHANE
DIAMMONIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
DIAMOND
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH-NATURAL
DIAZOMETHANE
DIBORANE
DIBROM (DIMETHYL 1, 2-DIBROMO-2, 2-DICHLOROETHYL PHOSPHATE)
1, 2-DIBROMOETHANE (ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE)
DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
DIBUTYL PHOSPHITE
DIBUTYLPHTHALATE
DICHLOROACETYLENE
o-DICHLOROBENZENE
p-DICHLOROBENZENE
3, 3-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
317
-------
Mnemonic
Code
DCDFM
DDT
EDCL
MECL2
DDVP
DEC
DEHP
DGE
IPAL
Code Name
24095 DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 12)
24100 1, 3-DICHLORO-5, 5-DIMETHYLHYDANTOIN
73750 DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT)
24120 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE (ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE)
24130 1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
03350 1, 2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (ACETYLENE DICHLORIDE)
24150 2, 2-DICHLOROETHYL ETHER
24185 DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
47270 DICHLOROMETHANE (METHYLENE CHLORIDE)
24235 DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 21)
24255 1, 1-DICHLORO-l-NITROETHANE
24270 2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2, 4-D)
24390 1, 2-DICHLOROPROPANE
24425 DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE
24440 DICHLORVOS (DDVP)
24600 DIELDRIN
52132 DIESEL FUEL
24615 DIETHANOLAMINE
24680 DIETHYLAMINE
24930 DIETHYLAMINO ETHANOL
25145 DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE (1, 4-DIOXANE)
25545 DIETHYLENE GLYCOL (DIGLYCOL)
25210 DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE
32590 DIETHYL ETHER (ETHYL ETHER).
25365 DI (2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE (DI-sec-OCTYL PHTHALATE)
25515 DIFLUORODIBROMOMETHANE
12846 DIGLYCIDYL ETHER
25545 DIGLYCOL (DIETHYLENE GLYCOL)
25710 DIHYDROXYBENZENE (1, 4-BENZENEDIOL, p-HYDROQUINONE)
25820 DIISOBUTYL KETONE (2, 6-DIMETHYHEPTANONE)
25850 DIISOPROPYL AMINE
25905 DIISOPROPYL ETHER (ISOPROPYL ETHER)
26075 DIMETHOXYMETHANE (METHYLAL)
26095 N, N-DIMETHYL ACFTAMIDE
26130 DIMETHYLAMINE
26175 4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
76910 DIMETHYLAMINOBENZENE (XYLIDENE)
26335 N, N-DIMETHYLANILINE
26350 DIMETHYL BENZENE
40987 DIMETHYL CARBINOL (ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, ISOPROPANOL)
80083 3, 5-DIMETHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL
26420 DIMETHYL-1, 2-DIBROMO-2, 2-DICHLOROETHYL PHOSPHATE (DIBROM)
26560 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
25820 2, 6-DIMETHYLHEPTANONE (DIISOBUTYL KETONE)
38110 1, 1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE (DIAMINE, HYDRAZINE)
26615 DIMETHYLMETHANE (PROPANE)
26735 DIMETHYL NITROSOAMINE
59210 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
26880 DIMETHYL SULFATE
27046 m-DINITROBENZENE
27048 o-DINITROBENZKNF
27050 p-DINITROBENZENE
27080 4, 6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL
27110 2, 4-DINITROPHENOL
80046 DINITROPHENYL CHROMATE
318
-------
Mnemonic
Code
MDI
HEP
DEHP
AL203
ECH
EO
PLO
ETOH
EAM
ETAC
EAC
ETOH
EB
EBK
Code Name
27125 2, 4-DINITROTOLUENE
25145 1, 4-DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE)
27590 DIPHENYL (BIPHENYL)
27615 DIPHENYLAMINE
27705 DIPHENYLCARBAZONE
27780 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE (METHYLENE BISPHENYL
ISOCYANATE)
36060 DIPROPYL METHANE (HEPTANE, HEPTYL HYDRIDE)
25365 DI-sec-OCTYL PHTHALATE (DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE)
92260 DISINFECTANT
80165 DOLOMITE
80019 DRAIN OPENER
28673 DRAINO
92270 DRILLING FLUID
92280 DUPLICATOR FLUID
92290 DYE
92300 DYE SOLVENT
92310 DYE STUFF
90710 DYNAMITE
28805 ELASTIC
28807 EMBALMING FLUID
28808 EMBALMING PREPARATION FLUID
20265 EMERY (ALUMINUM OXIDE, ALUMINA, CORUNDUM)
92320 EMULSIFIER
28855 ENAMEL
28880 ENDOSUI.FAN (THIODAN)
36630 ENDRIN
93060 ENZYMES
29010 EPICHLOROHYDRIN
90720 EPOXY
90730 EPOXY COMPOUNDS
32550 1, 2-EPOXYETHANE (ETHYLENE OXIDE)
63550 1, 2-EPOXYPROPANE (PROPYLENE OXIDE)
35120 2, 3-EPOXY-l-PROPANOL (GLYCIDOL)
90740 EPOXY RESINS
80120 ERADICATOR
92860 ERUSTICATOR (RUST REMOVER)
90750 ESTERS
80026 ETCHING COMPOUND
29325 ETHANE
20970 ETHANE DINITRILE (CYANOGEN)
32760 ETHANETHIOL (ETHYL MERCAPTAN)
31500 ETHANOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL)
04980 ETHANOLAMINE (MONOETHANOLAMINE)
90760 ETHERS
31350 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
31390 2-ETHOXYETHYLACETATE
31470 ETHYL ACETATE
31490 ETHYL ACRYLATE
31500 ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)
31520 ETHYLAMINE
31800 ETHYL sec-AMYL KETONE
31830 ETHYL BENZENE
31900 ETHYL BROMIDE (BROMOETHANE)
36330 ETHYL BUTYL KETONE (3-HEPTANONE)
319
-------
Mnemonic
Code
ECL
EDBR
EG
EO
2EH
2EH
EDCL
FECL2
FEV
F
Code Name
31970 ETHYL CHLORIDE (CHLOROETHANE)
32200 ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN
32220 ETHYLENEDIAMINE
23660 ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE (1, 2-DIBROMOETHANE)
32385 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
80171 ETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE
32450 ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER (CELLOSOLVE-SOLVENT)
46930 ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE (CELLOSOLVE
ACETATE)
32470 ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER (METHYL CELLOSOLVE)
46935 ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER ACETATE
(METHYLCELLOSOLVE ACETATE)
32520 ETHYLENE IMINE
32550 ETHYLENE OXIDE (1, 2-EPOXYETHANE)
32590 ETHYL ETHER (DIETHYL ETHER)
32610 ETHYL FORMATE (FORMIC ETHER)
32645 2-ETHYL-HEXANOL (2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL) .
32645 2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL ,(2-ETHYL-HEXANOL)
24120 ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE (1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE)
32760 ETHYL MERCAPTAN (ETHANETHIOL)
32840 N-ETHYL MORPHpLINE
32925 ETHYL POLYSILICATE
80173 ETHYL PROPIONATE
32940 ETHYL SILICATE (TETRAETHYL-o-SILICATE)
92330 EXPLOSIVE
92355 FABRIC
92340 FABRIC FINISHER
92345 FABRIC MODIFIER
92350 FABRIC PLAST1CIZER
33085 FABRIC SOFTENER
33115 FELDSPAR
16280 FERBAM
33160 FERRIC CHLORIDE
33165 FERRIC SULFATE
33230 FERROUS SULFATE
33235 FERROVANADIUM
92360 FERTILIZER-CHEMICAL
92365 FERTILIZER-ORGANIC
80140 FIBER BOARD
33245 FIBERGLASS
90810 FIBERGLASS FABRIC
90820 FIBERGLASS INSULATION
80022 FILLER COMPOUND
80023 FILTER MEDIA
92370 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
80001 FIRE RETARDANT
92380 FLATTING AGENT
92390 FLAVORING AGENT
90800 FLINT
33305 FLOOR WAX
92400 FLOTATION AGENT
33307 FLOUR
90840 FLUORIDES
33370 FLUORINE
90830 FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
320
-------
Mnemonic
Code
TCFM
CAF2
FDS
FDST
HCHO
HCHO
HCOOH
TCFM
DCDFM
FUR
GN
GL
GU
GE
GEOX
G
G
G
AU
Code Name
33415 FLUOROBORIC ACID
33565 FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE (FREON 11, TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHAi
33595 FLUORSPAR
92410 FLUX
92420 FOOD ADDITIVE
92425 FOOD PRESERVATIVE
33635 FOODSTUFF
33637 FOODSTUFF-THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF
33640 FORMALDEHYDE (METHANAL, FORMALIN)
33640 FORMALIN (METHANAL, FORMALDEHYDE)
33675 FORMAMINE (HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE; HEXAMINE; METHENAMINE;
UROTROPIN)
90850 FORMATES
33720 FORMIC ACID
32610 FORMIC ETHER (ETHYL FORMATE)
33895 FOUNTAIN SOLUTION
90860 FREON
33565 FREON 11 (FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE, TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE)
24095 FREON 12 (DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE)
24235 FREON 21 (DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE)
71447 FREON 112
74337 FREON 113 (TRIFLUOROTRICHLOROETHANE)
92430 FUEL
90870 FULLER'S EARTH
92440 FUMIGANT
92450 FUNGICIDE
34185 FURAN
34120 FURFURAL (2-FURANCARBONAL; 2-FURALDEHYDE; FURAL; FURALE)
34370 FURFURYL ALCOHOL
34455 FURNITURE POLISH
34585 GALLIUM
69775 GALVANIZED STEEL
90883 GASOLINE-LEAD CONTENT UNKNOWN
90880 GASOLINE-LEADED
90885 GASOLINE-UNLEADED (WHITE GAS)
34715 GELATIN
34770 GERMANIUM
90890 GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS
34792 GERMANIUM, OXIDES OF
34815 GERMICIDE
90900 GLASS
76622 GLASS CLEANER (WINDOW CLEANER)
90910 GLASS WOOL
80024 GLAZING COMPOUND
34892 GLAZE
90920 GLUE-EPOXY BASE
90925 GLUE-GUM
92460 GLUE-OTHER
90930 GLUE-RUBBER BASE
35085 GLYCERIN (GLYCERINE; GLYCEROL; 1, 2, 3-PROPANETRIOL)
35085 GLYCERINE (GLYCEROL; GLYCERIN; 1,2, 2-PROPANETRIOL)
35085 GLYCEROL (GLYCERINE; GLYCERIN; 1, 2, 3-PROPANETRIOL)
35120 GLYCIDOL (2, 3-EPOXY-l-PROPANOL)
90950 GLYCOLS
35455 GOLD
321
-------
Mnemonic
Code
AUOX
C
GWD
HF
HE
HEP
EBK
HEP
Code
35457
90960
17366
35505
92470
92473
80005
35507
80049
35745
35750
90980
35755
92475
92480
91000
91010
91030
92490
35925
35927
80134
35960
36060
36340
36330
36060
91040
17385
HEX
HEX
MBK
MIK
CAOH2
HBR
HCL
HCN
HFA
H2
HBR
HCL
HCN
36690
36710
21560
33675
33675
36955
36955
37330
37510
37520
15743
38110
91050
38575
91060
91070
38580
38530
38550
38585
38575
38580
38530
Name
GOLD, OXIDES OF
.GOLD PLATING COMPOUND
GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO)
GRAVEL
GREASE
GREASE REMOVER
GRINDING COMPOUND
GRINDING WHEEL DUST
GUM ARABIC
GUNK
GUTHION (AZINPHOS, METHYL)
GYPSUM
HAFNIUM
HAIR SPRAY
HAIR TONIC
HALIDES
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
HARDENER
HELIUM
HEMATITE (IRON OXIDE, RED)
HEMP
HEPTACHLOR
HEPTANE (DIPROPYL METHANE; HEPTYL HYDRIDE)
2-HEPTANONE (METHYL (n-AMYL) KETONE)
3-HEPTANONE (ETHYL BUTYL KETONE)
HEPTYL HYDRIDE (HEPTANE; DIPROPYL METHANE)
HETEROCYCLIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
HEXACHLOROfilHANE (PERChLOROETliANE; CAkBOU TRICHLORIDE;
CARBON HEXACHLORIDE)
HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE
HEXACHLOROPHENE
HEXAHYDROPHENOL (CYCLOHEXANOL)
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE (FORMAMINE; HEXAMINE; METHENAMINE;
UROTROPIN)
HEXAMINE (HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE; FORMAMINE; METHENAMINE;
UROTROPIN)
HEXANE (n-HEXANE)
n-HEXANE (HEXANE)
2-HEXANONE (METHYL BUTYL KETONE; METHYL n-BUTYL KETONE)
HEXONE (METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE)
sec-HEXYL ACETATE (METHYL AMYL ACETATE)
HYDRATED LIME (CALCIUM HYDROXIDE; SLAKED LIME)
HYDRAZINE (DIAMINE; 1, 1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE)
HYDRAZINE SALTS
HYDROBROMIC ACID (HYDROGEN BROMIDE)
HYDROCARBON PARAFFINS
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (MURIATIC ACID, HYDROGEN CHLORIDE)
HYDROCYANIC ACID (HYDROGEN CYANIDE; PRUSSIC ACID)
HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HYDROGEN FLUORIDE)
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN BROMIDE (HYDROBROMIC ACID)
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (HYDROCHLORIC ACID, MURIATIC ACID)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HYDROCYANIC ACID; PRUSSIC ACID)
322
-------
Mnemonic
Code
HFA
H202
H2SF.
H2S
DAAL
TN
I
FE
FEOX
FE203
ISO
IPAL
I PAL
IGE
Code_ Name
r85~50 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (HYDROFLUORIC ACID)
38605 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
38610 HYDROGEN SELENIDE
38620 HYDROGEN SULFIDE
366-45 HYDROQUINOL (HYDROQUINONE; QUINOL; p-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;
1, 4-BENZENEDIOL)
36645 HYDROQUINONE (1, 4-BENZENEDIOL; p-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;
HYDROQUINOL; QUINOL)
38950 HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (HYDROXYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE)
38950 HYDROXYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE (HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE)
38965 HYDROXYL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
23010 4-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE (DIACETONE ALCOHOL)
91080 HYPOCHLORITES
39365 ILLITE
91085 IMIDES
39820 INDENE
80011 INDICATOR
39R60 INDIUM
91090 INDIUM COMPOUNDS
39995 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
92520 INK
92523 INK DRIER
92760 INK, PRINTING
92525 INK REMOVER
92530 INK SOLVENT
97545 INSECTICIDE
92540 INSECT REPELLENT
92550 INSULATION
92553 INTENSIFIER
40025 IODIDES
40030 IODINE
91095 IRON
40297 IRON, OXIDES OF
40298 IRON OXIDE ORE (MAGNETITE)
35927 IRON OXIDE, RED (HEMATITE)
91100 IRON SALTS-SOLUBLE
40370 ISOAMYL ACETATE (BANANA OIL)
40380 ISOAMYL ALCOHOL (3-METHYL-1-BUTANOL; ISOBUTYL CARBINOL)
40410 ISOBUTYL ACETATE
40430 ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
40380 ISOBUTYL CARBINOL (3-METHYL-1-BUTANOL; ISOAMYL ALCOHOL)
40595 ISOCYANATES
40910 ISOPHORONE
40940 ISOPRENE (3-METHYL-1, 3-BUTADIENE)
40987 ISOPROPANOL (ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL)
40982 2-ISOPROPOXYPROPANE
40984 ISOPROPYL ACETATE
40987 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (ISOPROPANOL)
409QQ ISOPROPYL AMINE
25905 ISOPROPYL ETHER (DIISOPROPYL ETHER)
41150 ISOPROPYLGLYCIDYL ETHER
91110 JET FUEL
41775 KAOLIN
4]776 KAOLINITE
91115 KEROSENE (OIL, FUEL NO. 1)
323
-------
Mnemonic
Code
PB
PB304
PBOX
CAOH2
CAO
CAC03
LPG
LIH
NAOH
MG
MGCL2
MGOX
FE203
MAH
MN
MN02
MNOX
HG
HGOX
Code Name
A1840 KETENE
21660 KETOHEXAMETHYLENE (CYCLOHEXANONE)
91120 KETONES
42035 KRYPTON
92555 LACQUER
42355 LACQUER THINNER
91140 LACTONES
80051 LANOLIN
91150 LATEX
80008 LAUNDRY ADDITIVE
42405 LAYOUT FLUID
42490 LEAD
42510 LEAD ARSENATE
91160 LEAD COMPOUNDS
42600 LEAD FLUOROBORATE
4268Q LEAD OXIDE
42685 LEAD, OXIDES OF
42805 LEATHER
92560 LEAVENING AGENT
15743 LIME, SLAKED (HYDRATED LIME; CALCIUM HYDROXIDE)
15755 LIME, UNSLAKED (CALX; CALCIUM OXIDE; QUICKLIME;
BURNT LIME)
15705 LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)
43025 LIMONITE
09318 LINDANE (BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE)
80053 LINSEED OIL
91190 LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS
43115 LITHIUM HYDRIDE
92570 LUBRICANT
43195 LUCITE
69070 LYE (SODIUM HYDROXIDE; CAUSTIC SODA)
43315 LYSOL
92580 MACHINE COOLANT
43320 MAGNESIUM
80144 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
43360 MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
43390 MAGNESIUM, OXIDES OF
40298 MAGNETITE (IRON OXIDE ORE)
43470 MALATHION
43660 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
44000 MANGANESE
44025 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
44030 MANGANESE DIOXIDE
44035 MANGANESE, OXIDES OF
44105 MASONITE
92590 MEDICINE
44840 MERCUROCHROME
44870 MERCURY
44915 MERCURY COMPOUNDS
45315 MERCURY, OXIDES OF
80156 MERTHIOLATE
45360 MESITYL OXIDE
92600 METAL
80054 METAL DEFECT DETECTOR
45385 METAL FINISH
324
-------
Mnemonic
Code
HCHO
CH4
CH3HS
MEOH
MEOH
MENH2
MEBR
ISO
MBK
MCL
TRIG
MDI
MECL2
MEK
MEKP
MIK
MIK
Code Name
80113 METAL SURFACE TREATMENT
33640 METHANAL (FORMALIN; FORMALDEHYDE)
45655 METHANE
A5850 METHANETHIOL (METHYL MERCAPTAN)
45930 METHANOL (METHYL ALCOHOL)
33675 METHENAMINE (FORMAMINE; HEXAMETHYLENETETRAM1NE; HEXAMINE;
UROTROPIN)
46210 METHOXYCHLOR
46240 2-METHOXYETHANOL
46410 METHYL ACETATE
46435 METHYLACETYLENE (PROPYNE)
46450 METHYL ACRYLATE
26075 METHYLAL (DIMETHOXYMETHANE)
45930 METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL)
46470 METHYLAMINE
37520 METHYL AMYL ACETATE (sec-HEXYL ACETATE)
46620 METHYL AMYL ALCOHOL
36340 METHYL (n-AMYL) KETONE (2-HEPTANONE)
46890 METHYL BROMIDE
40940 3-METHYL-l, 3-BUTADIENE (ISOPRENE)
40380 3-METHYL-1-BUTANOL (ISOBUTYL CARBINOLj ISOAMYL ALCOHOL)
37330 METHYL BUTYL KETONE (METHYL n-BUTYL KETONE, 2-HEXANONE)
32470 METHYL CELLGSOLVE (ETHYLENL GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER)
46935 METHYLCELLOSOLVE ACETATE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL
ETHER ACETATE)
45770 METHYL CHLORIDE
73760 METHYL CHLOROFORM (1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE)
47030 METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
47040 METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL
47045 o-METHYLCYCLOHEXANONE
27780 METHYLENE BISPHENYL ISOCYANATE (DIPHENYL METHANE DIISOCYANATE)
47270 METHYLENE CHLORIDE (DICHLOROMETHANE)
13980 MFTHYL ETHYL KETONE (2-BUTANONE)
80105 METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE
33850 METHYL FORMATE
47410 3-METHYL-5-HEPTANONE
45655 METHYL HYDRIDE (METHANE)
80055 METHYL p-HYDROXY BENZOATE
47600 METHYL IODIDE
47605 METHYL ISOAMYL KETONE
47610 METHYL ISOBUTYL CARBINOL
37510 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE (HEXONE)
47625 METHYL ISOCYANATE
45850 METHYL MERCAPTAN (METHANETHIOL)
47700 METHYL METHACRYLATE
80155 METHYL 'ORANGE
47855 METHYL PARATHION
37510 4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE
54480 METHYL PROPYL KETONE (2-PENTANONE)
80154 METHYL RED
48330 METHYL SILICATE
76510 alpha-METHYL STYRENE (VINYL TOLUENE)
71900 METHYL TUADS (TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE; THIRAM)
17340 MEVINPHOS
48535 MICA
325
-------
Mnemonic
Code
MOS2
MOX
MONEO
EAM
HCL
NAPH
PD
ANTU
NG
NI
NIOX
HN03
N2
NO 2
NOX
N02
Code
48545
48615
92610
48625
80056
48628
48655
48656
18190
04980
48780
48800
92620
48910
38580
49580
49600
90520
49582
07440
50065
47800
50195
50315
50420
50430
50440
50495
50510
50570
50675
50676
19985
50742
50745
50058
50748
50760
17685
50775
50783
50785
50795
50865
50870
50875
50883
50873
50885
50888
50890
50910
50930
50950
50940
Name
MINERAL SPIRITS
MOISTURIZER
MOLD RELEASE
MOLYBDENUM
MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE
MOLYBDENUM, OXIDES OF
MONEL STEEL
MONEL STEEL, OXIDES OF
MONOCHLOROBENZENE (CHLOROBENZENE)
MONOETHANOLAMINE (ETHANOLAMINE)
MONOMETHYLANILINE
MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE
MORDANT
MORPHOLINE
MURIATIC ACID (HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HYDROGEN CHLORIDE)
NAPHTHA-COAL TAR
NAPHTHALENE
NAPHTHALENES, CHLORINATED
NAPHTHA-PETROLEUM (PETROLEUM DISTILLATES)
alpha-NAPHTHA THIUREA
beta-NAPHTHYLAMlNE
1-NAPHTHYL-n-METHYL CARBAMATE (CARBARYL; SEVIN)
NATURAL GAS
NEON
NICKEL
NICKEL CARBONYLS
NICKEL CHLORIDE
NICKEL, OXIDES OF
NICKEL SULFATE
NICOTINE.
NI-HARD STEEL
NI-HARD STEEL, OXIDES OF
NIOBIUM (COLUMB1UM)
NITRIC ACID
NITRIC OXIDE
NITRILO TRIACETIC ACID
p-NITROANILINE
NITROBENZENE
NITROCELLULOSE (CELLULOSE NITRATE)
p-NITROCHLOROBENZENE
NITRODIMETHYL AMINE
NITRO-DIPHENYL
NITROETHANE
NITROGEN
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
NITROGEN, OXIDES OF
NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
NITROGEN TETROXIDE
NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE
NITROGLYCERINE (TRINITROGLYCERIN)
NITROMETHANE
m-NITROPHENOL
o-NITROPHENOL
p-NITROPHENOL
326
-------
Mripmonir
Code
OILC
OILF
02
LOX
03
DP-PA
Code
51100
51090
51110
51115
18710
51118
80031
80013
51585
51705
52131
80123
91115
52132
52133
52134
52135
52136
52137
92500
52138
52139
52141
04590
52142
52143
52144
52145
80096
52365
52370
52480
53395
53525
53526
53530
53590
92630
92635
92640
92645
92650
53615
80168
94140
53815
53900
53920
53975
54130
54155
54160
54185
54243
54246
3
4
5
6 (OIL, BUNKER C)
Name
1-NITROPROPANE
2-NITROPROPANE
n-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
NITROTOLUENE
NITROTRICHLOROMETHANE (CHLOROPICRIN)
NITROUS OXIDE
NUTRIENT MEDIA
NYLON
OCTACHLORONAPHTHALENE
OCTANE
OIL, CUTTING
OIL, FUEL (GENERAL)
OIL, FUEL NO. 1 (KEROSENE)
OIL, FUEL NO. 2 (DIESEL FUEL)
OIL, FUEL NO
OIL, FUEL NO
OIL, FUEL NO
OIL, FUEL NO
OIL, FUSEL
OIL, HYDRAULIC
OIL, LUBE
OIL, MINERAL
OIL, MOTOR
OIL, ONION (ALLYL PROPYL DISULFIDE)
OIL, OTHER
OIL, PENETRATING
OIL, QUENH1
OIL, VEGETABLE
OILS, ESSENTIAL
OSMIUM
OSMIUM TETROXIDE
OXALIC ACID
OXIDIZING AGENT
OXYGEN-GAS
OXYGEN-LIQUID
OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE
OZONE
PAINT
PAINT, DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF
PAINT DRIER
PAINT REMOVER
PAINT THINNER
PALLADIUM
PALLADIUM, OXIDES OF
PAPER
PARAFFIN
PARAQUAT
PARATHION
PASTE
PENTABORANE
PENTACHLORONAPHTHALENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PENTAERYTHERITOL
n-PENTANE
iso-PENTANE
327
-------
Mnemonic
Code
PCE
PD
PHEN
PH
PGE
COCL2
H3P04
PW
PY
PAH
Code Name
54480 2-PENTANONE (METHYL PROPYL KETONE)
17385 PERCHLOROETHANE (CARBON HEXACHLORIDE; CARBON TRICHLORIDE;
HEXACHLOROETHANE)
54790 PERCHLOROETHYLENE (TETRACHLOROETHYLENE)
54800 PERCHLOROMETHYL MERCAPTAN
54810 PERCHLORYL FLUORIDE
54835 PERMANGANATE
92660 PESTICIDE
49582 PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (NAPHTHA-PETROLEUM)
80059 PETROLEUM SULFONATE
18080 PHENACYLCHLORIDE (a-CHLOROACETOPHENONE)
55460 PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID)
56240 PHENOLPHTHALEIN
56950 p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
57210 PHENYL ETHER
57240 PHENYLETHYLENE
57280 PHENYL GLYCIDYL ETHER
57300 PHENYLHYDRAZINE
57700 PHOSDRIN
57710 PHOSGENE (CARBONYL CHLORIDE)
80060 PHOSPHATE
57740 PHOSPHINE
58520 PHOSPHORIC 'ACID
59125 PHOSPHOROUS-WHITE
59130 PHOSPHOROUS-YELLOW
59160 PHOSPHOROUS PENTACHLORIDE
59162 PHOSPHOROUS PENTASULFIDE
59115 PHOSPHOROUS PENTOXIDE
59166 PHOSPHOROUS TRICHLORIDE
92670 PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICAL
92675 PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPER
80117 PHOTOGRAPHIC FIXER
59173 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE CLEANER
59185 PHTHALIC ACID
59230 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
59450 PICRIC ACID (2, 4, 6-TRINITROPHENOL)
59465 PIGMENT
80061 PINE OIL
80033 PIPE JOINT SEALER
60110 PIVAL (2-PIVALYL-l, 3-INDANDIONE; PINDONE)
60110 2-PIVALYL-l, 3-INDANDIONE (PIVAL; PINDONE)
60110 PINDONE (2-PIVALYL-l, 3-INDANDIONE; PIVAL)
80007 PLASTER
60122 PLASTER OF PARIS
60123 PLASTIC
92680 PLASTIC BODY FILLER
92685 PLASTICIZER
92690 PLATING COMPOUND
92700 PLATING SOLUTION
60125 PLATINUM
80166 PLATINUM, OXIDES OF
17366 PLUMBAGO (GRAPHITE)
76626 PLYWOOD (WOOD-RESIN BONDED)
92720 POLISH
60215 POLONIUM
328
-------
Mnemonic
Code
DP-TEF
PVC
K
KCN
KOH
PR-ACS
PC-C
PC-0
PC-GL
PC-GN
PC-GU
C-GAS
PC-K
PC-NO
PC-P
PC-W
PR-RCS
PL
PLG
PLO
HCN
Code
80062
60242
60244
60246
80010
80063
60248
60275
60285
60295
60297
60298
60350
60315
60350
60400
80064
60440
80065
60585
60665
92740
92750
80097
92760
80128
60711
60712
60713
60714
60715
60716
80089
60717
60718
60719
60721
80172
26615
35085
62000
62270
63265
63280
63495
63520
63525
63540
63550
63620
46435
38530
92780
92790
65070
Name
POLYCARBONATE
POLYELECTROLYTE
POLYESTER
POLYETHYLENE
POLYETHER
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
POLYMER
POLYPROPYLENE
POLYSTYRENE
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, DECOMPOSITION OF
POLYURETHANE
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
POTASH (POTASSIUM CARBONATE)
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM CARBONATE (POTASH)
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC POTASH)
POTASSIUM OXIDE
POZZOLITH
PRECIPITATING AGENT
PRESERVATIVE
PRIMER
PRINTING CHEMI-CAL
PRINTING INK
PRODUCTS OF ACID CORE SOLDER
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-COAL OR COKE
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-FUEL OIL
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-GASOLINE (LEADED)
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-GASOLINE (LEAD CONTENT UNKNOWN)
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-GASOLINE (UNLEADED)
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-GENERAL
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-JET FUEL
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-KEROSENE
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-NATURAL GAS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-PROPANE
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION-WOOD
PRODUCTS OF ROSIN CORE SOLDER
PROPANE (DIMETHYLMETHANE)
1,2, 3-PROPANETRIOL (GLYCERINE; GLYCEROL; GLYCERIN)
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL
beta-PROPIOLACTONE
n-PROPYL ACETATE
n-PROPYL ALCOHOL
PROPYLENE
PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
PROPYLENE IMINE
PROPYLENE OXIDE (1, 2-EPOXYPROPANE)
n-PROPYL NITRATE
PROPYNE (METHYLACETYLENE)
PRUSSIC ACID (HYDROCYANIC ACID; HYDROGEN CYANIDE)
PUMICE
PUTTY
PYRETHRUM
329
-------
Mneaonic
Code
CAD
RH
ROUGE
SE
SI02
SI02P
SI
SIC
SI02
Code
65080
66495
15755
36645
66950
67163
67165
80014
80088
92800
92810
80021
92820
92830
67405
92840
67525
67528
67530
67535
67536
13410
13455
67537
67538
67539
67541
67555
92855
92860
67855
67857
67915
67918
67935
68105
68205
68208
92865
68295
68340
47800
68505
68508
68509
68511
68512
23305
68645
68655
68657
68658
68695
17525
23305
Name
PTRIDINE
QUARTZ
QUICKLIME (CALCIUM OXIDE; UNSLAKED LIME; CALX; BURNT LIME)
QUINOL (HYDROQUINONE; HYDROQUINOL; p-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
QUINONE
RADIUM
RADON
RAYON
REAGENT
REDUCING AGENT
REFRIGERANT
REINFORCING MATERIAL
RESIN
RETARDER
RHODIUM
RODENTICIDE
RONNEL
ROOFING TAR
ROTENONE
ROUGE
ROX
RUBBER, BUTADIENE
RUBBER, BUTADIENE STYRENE
RUBBER, NATURAL
RUBBER, NEOPRENE
RUBBER, OTHER
RUBIDIUM
RUSITE
RUST INHIBITOR
RUST REMOVER (ERUSTICATOR)
SALTS
SALT WATER-OCEAN
SAND
SAND, SILICA FREE
SANITIZER
SCANDIUM
SCRATCH REMOVER
SEACOAL
SEALANT
SELENIUM
SELENIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
SEVIN (CARBARYL; 1-NAPHTHYL-n-METHYL CARBAMATE)
SEWAGE, COMBINED-SANITARY SEWAGE PLUS URBAN RUNOFF
SEWAGE, SANITARY
SHALE
SHAMPOO
SHELLAC
SILICA, AMORPHOUS (SILICON DIOXIDE)
SILICA, CRYSTALLINE, FREE
SILICA, GEL
SILICATE OF SODA (SODIUM SILICATE)
SILICATES
SILICON
SILICON CARBIDE (CARBORUNDUM)
SILICON DIOXIDE (SILICA, AMORPHOUS)
330
-------
Mnemonic
Code
AG
AGOX
CAOH2
NAC03
NA
NAC03
NACLO
NACL
NACRO
NACN
NAOH
NAOCL
NASO
SS
SSOX
STOX
SBH3
Code
68659
68730
80142
68748
92880
15743
68763
68764
68766
68768
68850
68765
80069
80071
68850
68870
68880
68900
68905
68950
69040
69055
69070
69090
69375
80073
80079
68657
69445
69460
69470
80153
80075
80076
92890
80032
92900
69615
92910
80121
69705
92920
69715
69717
69713
80077
69735
69738
17475
80118
69775
80124
69800
69855
80112
Name
SILICONS
SILVER
SILVER NITRATE
SILVER, OXIDES OF
SIZING COMPOUND
SLAKED LIME (CALCIUM HYDROXIDE; HYDRATED LIME)
SLATE
SLUDGE-SEWAGE TYPE
SOAP
SOAPSTONE
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)
SODIUM
SODIUM BICARBONATE
SODIUM BISULFATE
SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH)
SODIUM CHLORATE
SODIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM CHROMATE
SODIUM CITRATE
SODIUM CYANIDE
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA; LYE)
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (CLOROX)
SODIUM PROPIONATE
SODIUM METABORATE
SODIUM METASILICATE
SODIUM SILICATE (SILICATE OF SODA)
SODIUM STEARATE
SODIUM SULFIDE
SODIUM SULFITE
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
SODIUM TRICHLOROPHENATE
SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE
SOFTENER
SOIL
SOIL ADDITIVE
SOLID WASTE
SOLVENT
SOYA ALKYD RESIN
SPOT REMOVER
STABILIZER
STAINLESS STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL, OXIDES OF
STAIN, WOOD
STANNIC CHLORIDE
STANNOUS FLUORIDE
STARCH
STEEL (CARBON STEEL)
STEEL BLUE
STEEL, GALVANIZED
STEEL, OXIDES OF
STIBINE (ANTIMONY HYDRIDE)
STODDARD SOLVENT
STRIPPING SOLUTION
331
-------
Mnemonic
Code
STY
S
S02
H2S04
TA
TE
PCE
TEDP
TEPB
TEPP
TMPB
TH
THOX
TH
SN
SNOX
TI
TI02
Code
69935
70060
70130
70845
70860
70865
70870
70900
70940
70960
70995
80136
71025
22840
73900
71055
71058
71095
71135
71193
88705
71197
71200
71306
71308
71310
80078
71447
71193
71460
54790
17490
71500
71610
71640
32940
71680
71695
71860
71880
71900
71930
72055
72095
72085
92930
92940
28880
71900
72985
73075
73252
73253
73255
73258
Name
STRONTIUM
STRYCHNINE
STYRENE (VINYL BENZENE)
SULFUR
SULFUR DIOXIDE
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE
SULFURIC ACID
SULFUR MONOCHLORIDE
SULFUR PENTAFLUORIDE
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
SURFACTANT
SWEEPING COMPOUND
SYNTHETIC FABRIC
SYSTOX (DEMETON)
2, 4, 5-T (2, 4, 5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID)
TALC
TALCUM POWDER
TANTALUM
TAR
TEDION (2, 4, 5, 4-TETRACHLORODIPHENYL SULFONE)
TEFLON, DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF
TELLURIUM
TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
m-TERPHENYL
o-TERPHENYL
p-TERPHENYL
TETRACETIC ACID
1, 1, 2, 2-TETRACHLORO-l, 2-DIFLUOROETHANE (FREON 112)
2, 4, 5, 4-TETRACHLORODIPHENYL SULFONE (TEDION)
1, 1, 2, 2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)
TETRACHLOROMETHANE (CARBON TETRACHLORIDE)
TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE
TETRAETHYL DITHIOPYROPHOSPHATE
TETRAE1HYL L^.AD
TETRAETHYL-o-SILICATE (ETHYL SILICATE)
TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE
TETRAHYDROFURAN
TETRAMETHYL LEAD
TETRAMETHYL SUCCINONITRILE
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAMD1SULFIDE (THIRAM; METHYL TUADS)
TETRANITRO METHANE
TETRYL (2, 4, 6-TRINITROPHENYLMETHYLNITRAMINE)
THALLIUM
THALLIUM, OXIDES OF
THICKENER
THINNER
THIODAN (ENDOSULFAN)
THIRAM (METHYL TUADS; TETRAMETHYLTHIURAMDISULFIDE)
THORIUM
TIN
TIN FLUOROBORATE
TIN, OXIDES OF
TITANIUM
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
332
-------
Mnemonic
Code
TOL
TDI
TOL
TRIG
TCE
TCFM
TNT
TSP
W
UNCH
CAO
U
Code
73300
73390
73470
73300
73495
73500
73515
73525
73730
73760
73770
73790
33565
18500
73870
73900
73960
74010
74617
74175
74335
74337
74405
50890
59450
77055
74550
74600
74613
74635
74655
74795
74980
74990
92950
75155
75158
15755
75205
75265
75915
76005
V
V205
VA
STY
VCL
76165
76210
92960
92965
92970
76275
94205
94215
76355
76420
70130
76445
Name
TOLUENE (TOLUOL)
TOLUENE-2, 4-DIISOCYANATE
o-TOLUIDINE
TOLUOL (TOLUENE)
TONER
TOXAPHENE (CHLORINATED CAMPHENE)
TRANSMISSION FLUID
TREMOLITE
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM)
1,1, 2-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (ACETYLENE TRICHLORIDE)
TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 11, FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE)
TRICHLOROMETHANE (CHLOROFORM)
TRICHLORONAPHTHALENE
2, 4, 5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2, A, 5-T)
1, 2, 3-TRICHLOROPROPANE
1,1, 2-TRICHLORO-l, 2, 2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
TRIDYMITE
TRIETHYLAMINE
TRIFLUOROMONOBROMOMETHANE
TRIFLUOROTRICHLOROETHANE (FREON 113)
TRIMETHYL BENZENE
TRINITROGYLCERIN (NITROGLYCERIN)
2,4, 6-TRINTTROPHENOL (PICRIC ACID)
2, 4, 6-TRINITROPHENYLMETHYLNITRAMINE (TETRYL)
TRINITROTOLUENE
TR10RTHOCRESYL PHOSPHATE
TRIOX
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
TRIPOLI
TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE
TUNGSTEN
TURPENTINE
TYPE CLEANER
UNDERCOATING
UNIDENTIFIED CHEMICAL
UNSLAKED LIME (CALX; QUICKLIME; BURNT LIME; CALCIUM OXIDE)
URANIUM
URBAN RUNOFF
URETHANE COMPOUND
UROTROPIN (FORMAMINE; HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE; HEXAMINE;
METHENAMINE)
VANADIUM
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
VARNISH
VARNISH, DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF
VARNISH DRYER
VARSOL
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS, NEC
VEHICLE, PAINT
VERMICULITE
VINYL ACETATE
VINYL BENZENE (STYRENE)
VINYL CHLORIDE
333
-------
Mnemonic
Code
WHC
WGASE
CGA8
WR
GU
Y
ZN
ZNCL2
ZN02
ZNOX
ZR
Code
76448
03800
80000
76510
76605
76610
76612
80029
76613
80009
76614
76615
76616
76617
76618
92980
90885
80003
80129
76622
94220
76623
92990
76624
76626
76627
69713
93200
76715
76720
76910
76720
77055
77115
77150
77155
77190
77195
77215
80141
77265
Name
VINYL COMPOUNDS
VINYL CYANIDE (ACRYLONITRILE)
VINYL PLASTIC
VINYL TOLUENE (alpha-METHYL STYRENE)
VITHANE
WARFARIN
WATERLESS HAND CLEANER
WATERPROOFING AGENT
WATER SOFTENER
WATER TREATMENT COMPOUND
WAX
WAX REMOVER
WELDING GASES, ELECTRIC
WELDING GASES, GAS
WELDING RODS
WETTING AGENT
WHITE GAS (GASOLINE-UNLEADED)
WHITENING AGENT
WINDEX
WINDOW CLEANER (GLASS CLEANER)
WOOD
WOOD FILLER-PLASTIC WOOD TYPE
WOOD PRESERVATIVE
WOOD, PRESSED
WOOD, RESIN BONDED (PLYWOOD)
WOOD SEALER
WOOD STAIN
WOOL
XENON
XYLENE (XYLOL)
XYLIDINE (DIMETHYLAMINOBENZENE)
XYLOL(XYLENE)
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZINC CHLORIDE
ZINC CHROMATE
ZINC OXIDE
ZINC, OXIDES OF
ZINC STEARATE
ZIRCON
ZIRCONIUM
334
-------
APPENDIX C
Emission Characteristics
of Selected Industries
To provide examples of some of the data bases used for determining
emission characteristics, some typical retrievals and tables are shown In
this Appendix for the following Industries:
Part 1 - Organic Chemicals
Part 2 - Plastics
Part 3 - Lubrication and Hydraulic Fluids
The data listed herein are aggregated for the overall Industries, except
for some of the air emissions. Summary statistics are not available for
stack parameters or other emission characteristics from the air data
base. Thus, for general values of these characteristics, one would have
to retrieve data for a number of Individual plants and manually compute
typical values.
In addition, sample retrievals have been acquired for the major
monitoring data bases relevant to the methods presented 1n this report.
These sample outputs, presented to help Illustrate their applications and
limitations, are compiled 1n the final section of this appendix, entitled:
Part 4 - Retrievals from Other Monitoring Data Bases
All sources of material exhibited 1n this appendix will be
appropriately Identified on each exhibit. In most cases, the source will
be a data base discussed 1n the body of this report (Volume 2). For
example, exhibit C.l-3 1s a distribution map from the IFD data base.
Access and descriptive Information on IFD has already been covered 1n
Section 6.3.3(2) and Appendix A. Other sources may refer to documents
cited 1n the reference section (7) of this report.
335
-------
Exhibit C.l-1. Organic Chemicals Industry - Water Discharges
Source: Bureau of Census 1980a Water (Use in Manufacturing)
Water Discharged, Treated and Untreated, by Point of Discharge,*or Industry Groups and Industries: 1978-Con.
SIC Industry group and industry
code
28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS.
281 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS .
2819 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEM.j NEC. .
262 PLASTICS MATERIALS. SYNTHETICS .
2621 PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS. . .
2824 ORGANIC FIBERS, NONCELLULOSIC. . .
2834 PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. . . .
264 SOAPS, CLEANERS, TOILET GOODS. .
2642 POLISHES AND SANITATION GOODS. . .
286 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS . .
2865 CYCLIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES. .
2669 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS. NEC.
267 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
2873 NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS. .....
2879 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS. NEC. . . .
269 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.
2699 CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, NEC ....
ater
Intake
1 525.5
964.6
175.8
10)
653.8
181.6
150.7
33.2
109.0
188.7
90.1
.3
55.2
3U.6
(0)
17.5
1.5
15.0
.2
2 150.6
(D)
1 909.9
301.6
67.4
190.7
(D)
168.7
4.1
4.4
140.9
Water
dis-
charged
3 910.3
855.3
177.0
(D)
595.9
ซ5<1.9
139.1
29.0
103.9
182.9
87.2
.3
52.2
JK.7
ID)
16.6
(0)
14.3
1.6
1 996.3
IP)
1 76U.9
233.3
56.9
158.4
(0)
137.3
3.9
1.4
93.9
Number of
es tab 1 ishments - -
Dls- Dlscharv-
charg- ing ex-
ing to clusively
public to public
severs aewers
684 333
116 48
9 1
19 9
70 24
96 50
76 40
6 u
1
13 6
98 61
6 5
17 10
73 46
67 46
38 19
10 6
15 9
24 12
151 67
50 26
98 40
22 7
12 6
u 1
6
80 36
21 11
U 1
49 22
Water treated by point of dlsch
Total
967. U
299.0
129.6
U7.3
121.9
110.1
27.2
(D)
(D)
36.3
2B.6
(D)
(D)
6.2
(D)
3.3
(D)
9.9
(D)
U22.9
(D)
562. ซ
74.9
22.2
44.9
(D)
17.5
.1
13\3
Public
utility
sewer
100.5
46.7
(D)
(0)
44.8
7.6
5.4
(0)
IDT
5.8
101
(D)
1.3
10.3
.7
ID)
9.2
(D)
25.0
(D)
15.8
.6
(D)
ID)
.1
3.5
(D)
(D)
3.2
StresMS
and
rivers
60U.O
184.6
93.6
34.4
56.5
97.0
20.0
7.3
35.8
33.8
6.3
(D)
ID)
1.0
(D)
(D)
(D)
289.7
(D)
235.7
60.3
19.7
34.5
(D)
5.1
(D)
(D)
1.7
Lakes
and
ponds
107.5
33.4
(D)
(D)
7.2
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
7.5
(D)
(D)
Bays and
estuaries
129.4
28.7
(D)
(D)
6.7
3.4
1.1
(D)
(0)
(0)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
66.2
33.6
(D)
12.7
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
arปe
Ocean
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
Ground
(wells,
spray,
seepage)
17.6
2.4
(D)
(D)
1.9
.9
.2
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(OT
(0)
12.3
ID)
11.6
(0)
.5
(D)
.7
ID)
(D)
Trans-
ferred
to other
uaer>
ID)
ID)
(0)
(oT
ID)
(0)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(Z)
(D)
(D)
(D)
2.0
(0)
ID)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
Water Discharged, Treated and Untreated, by Point of Discharge, for Industry Groups and Industries: 1978-Con.
All figure* in billion* of gallons.
SIC
code
28
281
2B12
2816
2819
282
2821
2822
2823
2824
283
2831
2833
2834
284
2641
2642
2843
2844
286
2865
2869
287
2873
2874
2879
289
2891
2895
2699
Industry group and industry
INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEM.* NEC
PLASTICS MATERIALS* SYNTHETICS
ORGANIC FIBERS* NONCELLULOSIC
SOAP AND OTHER DETERGENTS
POLISHES AND SANITATION GOODS
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
TOILET PREPARATIONS
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS
CYCLIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS* NEC
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS* NEC
Total
2 942. 9
556,3
47.4
(D)
474.0
3Uซ.8
(D)
ID)
146.6
58. 1
(0)
26.2
20,4
13 5
1.2
4.3
1 4
1 573. U
1 402.6
158 4
36.7
113.5
(D )
119.8
3.9
7
80.6
Public
utility
sewer
306.7
5.8
2.6
2.5
4.7
3.8
(D)
(0)
.8
7.7
,3
,8
6.7
6,8
4.8
.5
.9
.6
121.9
113.0
to)
,9,
,9
(0)
tO)
49.0
(D)
(D)
47.2
Water u
Streams
and
rivers
432.9
42,3
-------
Exhibit C.l-1 (cont'd)
Water Discharged,Treated and Untreated, bv Last use. for Industry Groups and Industries: 1978-Con.
All figures in billion of gallons.
1977
26
281
2812
2616
2619
262
2821
2822
2823
2824
263
2831
2833
2831
284
2841
2842
2843
2644
286
2665
2869
287
2673
2874
2879
269
2891
2895
2899
Industry group and industry
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS
PLASTICS MATERIALS* -SYNTHETICS
PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS
CELLULOSIC MANMADE FIBERS
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS ,
SOAPS* CLEANERS* TOILET GOODS
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS
CYCLIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES
NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS* NEC
Water
Intak*
a 325.5
964.6
175.8
(D)
653.8
461.6
150.7
90. 1
3
(0 )
17.5
2 150.6
301.6
1ซ0.9
Total
3 910.3
855/3
177.0
(0)
505,9
1154.9
139. 1
1S2.9
87,2
,3
16.8
1 996.3
(D)
231,3
137.3
3 9
93.9
Total Process
967.4 309.8
299 .0 79 . 6
129.6 31.0
47 . 3 19 . 4
121.9 29.2
27.2 15 2
28.8 6.2
3.3 y
422.9 127.3
13.3 5.0
Water discharged
Coo line ind condensing
Steaa
electric
power Air con-
generation ditloning Other
ซ7.0 6.7 487.8
4ซ.5 2.7 118.4
ID) (D) 52.6
(D) 2*6 41.3
(D)
(0)
(0)
1.7
1.2
ID)
IDI
.3
5.6 1
101
4.3 1
.3
(D)
ID)
(D!
9.7
(Dl
(0)
Other
112.4
475.9
32.0
(0)
416.7
229.1
93.1
(Dl
(0)
70.5
49.4
.1
29.1
20.2
11.7
7.7
.2
3.2
.7
164.6
ID)
110.7
99.4
(D)
64.0
(D)
81.1
(0)
(D)
50.7
Sanitary
service
21.9
1.7
.6
(D)
.9
.9
.5
(D)
(D)
.3
1.7
(Z)
.1
1.6
1.9
.3
.7
.7
.2
1.2
ID)
1.0
ID)
.1
ID)
(D)
14.5
(Z)
IZ)
14.7
Boiler
feed
25.0
(6)
2.7
(D)
5.5
(0)
(0)
2.8
(D)
(Z)
ID)
.5
.7
.6
(Z)
.1
(Z)
9.8
2.1
ID)
1.7
ID)
1.6
(01
(D)
.8
Other
46.4
10.6
ID)
(0)
3,5
13.1
1.6
(D)
ID)
9.5
1.2
10)
ID)
1.2
(0)
ID)
(D)
(D)
.1
12.7
1.8
10.9
6.3
.7
(0)
(0)
1.5
(0)
(0)
(0)
t trnjor laduatry groups (2-diglt) include date* for all co.mpoa.iiie Industrie*, ubeeher or not sepante figure* srซ '
tf.g.C. Hot alaovhoro elaeelflod.
Mote: Figures shown for Industry groups (3-diglt)
for Individual Industries in the group.
Industries which here been omitted from the table have total water discharge of Ian then .03 or have data being withheld to avoid disclosure.
- Represents lero. (D) Withhold to avoid disclosing operetlons of Individual companies.
(Z> Less them 50 million rations.
338
-------
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c:
o
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T3 U
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340
-------
Exhibit C.l-4. Environmental Data Summary and Analysis
for the Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry
Total number of plants: 2100
1ฐ organics 1ฐ plastics 1ฐ both 2ฐ all
Number of direct dischargers: 254 205 42 581
Number of indirect dischargers: 284 116 32 103
Number of other dischargers: 117 236 37 93
Total flow: 2.94 BCD 1073.1 BGY
Total Direct Flow: 2.32 BCD 843.2 BGY
Total Indirect Flow: 0.63 BCD 229.9 BGY
Number of operating days per year: 365
SIC codes: 2821, 2823, 2824, 2865, 2869
Source: \fersar, Inc. 1982. Prepared for EPA-OWRS/MDSD/WQAB.
Data supplied by EPA-OWRS/EGD.
341
-------
1/1
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Exhibit C.2-4. Environmental Data Summary and Analysis
for the Plastics Industry (combined with the
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry)
Total number of plants: 2100
1ฐ organics 1ฐ plastics 1ฐ both 2ฐ all
Number of direct dischargers: 254 205 42 581
Number of indirect dischargers: 284 116 32 103
Number of other dischargers: 117 236 37 93
Total flow: 2.94 BCD 1073.1 BGY
Total direct flow: 2.31 BCD 843.2 BGY
Total indirect flow: 0.63 BCD 229.9 BGY
Number of operating days per year: 365
SIC codes: 2821, 2823, 2824, 2865, 2869
Source: Versar, Inc. 1982. Prepared for EPA-OWRS/MDSD/WQAB.
Data supplied by EPA-OWRS/EGD.
355
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Exhibit C.3-4.
Environmental Data Summary and Analysis for the
Petroleum Refining Industry
Total number of subcategories:
0
Total number of refineries to be regulated: 285
Total number of direct dischargers to be regulated: 182
Total number of indirect dischargers to be regulated: 48
Total number of zero dischargers: 55
Summary of Flow Data (MGY)
Total Direct Flow
Total Indirect Flow
Total Industry Flow
for Regulated Plants
Total Other Flow
Pretreated Raw
113880
22265
136145
0
Current
113880
22265
136145
0
New BAT Optlon/PSES
71175
22265
93440
0
Number of operating days per year: 365
SIC Code: 2911
Number of direct discharge pipes in IFD data base:
Number of direct discharge plants in IFD data base:
460
351
Statement of Reach/IFD data base adequacy for this industry: There appear
to be discrepancies in the number of direct discharging plants and total
direct discharge flow between the IFD data base and the EGD data.
Total Direct Flow (MGD)
Number of Direct Discharge Plants
IFF) Data Base
3222.27
351
EGD Data Base
312
182
Source: Versar Inc. 1982. Prepared for EPA-OWRS/MDSD, V\QAB.
Data sillied by EPA-OWRS, EGD.
366
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HAZARDOUS
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HEIGHT:
1 DIAMETER:
? TEMPERATURE:
' FLOW RATE: 22
1 PLUME HEIGHT:
PT/COMMON STACK:
ZONE: 1 5
1ZONTAL: 244.8 KM
TICAL: 3264.5 KM
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'72-101
1PORT DOCUMENTATION 1-REPฐ"T.Nฐ- /c oc ftno 2-
PAGE EPA 560/5-85-002
Title and Subtitle
Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substance -
Volume 2, Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substance
in the Ambient Environment.
Author(s) j^ Randall Freed, Stephen H. Nacht, Thompson Chambers,
William l\l. Christip. P.lav F. Tarnpntpr
Performing Organization Name and Address
Versar, Inc.
6850 Versar Center
Springfield, Virginia 22151
Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Exposure Evaluation Division
Washington. D.C. 20460
3. Recipient's Accession No.
5. Report Date
7/85
>6.
8. Performing Organization Rept. No.
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Task 13
11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
(o 68- 01- 6271
(G)
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
14.
Supplementary Notes
EPA Project Officer was Michael A. Callahan
EPA Task Manager was Stephen H. Nacht
Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
This document is the second in a series of volumes developed for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances to assist in the
assessment of exposure to chemical substances. This report presents methods that
can be used to estimate exposure to chemical substances in the ambient environment
and includes many tools, data sources, and models that are useful in the exposure
estimation procedures.
This volume is organized to reflect the flow of information in an ambient
exposure assessment. Sections 2 and 3 provide information on the preliminary data
required, i.e., production volume, physicochemical properties, and uses of the
chemical substance. Section 4 contains a description of the avaialbility and use of
monitoring data bases and how monitoring data are integrated in the overall methods.
Section 5 indicates how the population methods (Volume 4) fit into the overall
process. Section 6 is the core of this volume; it addresses the analytical framework
for calculating exposure and discusses how to access appropriate data for each of
the analytical elements. To supplement the text, an Information Resource Matrix which
indexes data bases and other resources is included as Appendix A; a list of chemicals
studied and regulated by federal agencies as of 1984 is provided as Appendix B; and
"f poyHr|ont Hata ha<;p outputs arp glvpn in Appendix C.
Document Analysis a. Descriptors
i. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Exposure Assessment/Environmental Release
Toxic Substances/Environmental Pollution
:. COSATI Field/Group
Availability Statement
Distribution Unlimited
19. Security Class (This Report)
Unclassified
20. Security Class (This Page)
Unclassified
21. No. of Pages
405
22. Price
NSI-Z39.18)
See Instructions on Reverse
OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-35)
Department of Commerce
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