EPA-600/2-78-005
January 1978
Environmental Protection Technology Series
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields
The nine series are:
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8 "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-78^005
January 1978
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
August 1977 - October 1977
by
Penelope Melvin, Helmut Ehrenspeck, and Elizabeth Sorenson
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
Grant No. R805052-01
Project Officer
L. T. McCarthy, Jr.
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
P
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed,
converted, and used, the related pollutional impacts on our environment
and even on our health often require that new and increasingly more
efficient pollution control methods be used. The Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory - Cincinnati (IERL-Ci) assists in developing and
demonstrating new and improved methodologies that will meet these needs
both efficiently and economically.
This report is a product of the above efforts. It cites current
events, literature, research, patents, and other material relevant to
the oil pollution abatement program and is published in an abstract
format on a quarterly basis. As such, it serves as a basic reference
document for all those interested in oil spill and oil pollution control.
This project is part of the continuing program of the Oil and Hazardous
Materials Spills Branch, IERL-Ci, to assess and mitigate the environmental
impact of oil pollution.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
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ABSTRACT
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS is a quarterly bulletin
designed to review current scientific and technical publications
and research projects in the field of oil pollution. Subject
coverage includes aquatic and terrestrial oil pollution with
emphasis on the marine environment. This issue contains summaries
of research projects and published information selected from the
scientific and technical literature during the period August, 1977
through October, 1977.
The following sections are included in the report:
I. Reports, Publications, and Patents
II. Current Research Projects
III. Current Oil-Related Conferences
The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA Grant No.
R805052-01 by the Marine Science Institute, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California, under the sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction ix
Abbreviations - Acronyms x
Sections
I. Reports, Publications, and Patents
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Reporting 1
2. Monitoring 12
3. Remote Sensing 19
4. Sampling 23
5. Analysis 25
6. Source Identification 34
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 37
2. Cleanup and Recovery 41
3. Restoration 59
4. Oil Transfer and Transport 60
5. Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods 63
6. Reclamation and Reuse 88
7. Personnel Training and Education 90
8. Contingency Planning 91
9. Prevention and Control Measures 92
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C. Effects of Oil Pollution Page
1. Biological Effects
2. Physical Effects 129
3. Economic Effects 129
4. General Effects 131
D. Effects of Oil Exploration and Production
1. Biological Effects 138
2. Economic Effects 140
3. General Effects 141
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biodegradation 155
2. Physical Changes of Oil 164
3. Chemical Changes of Oil 166
4. General Fate of Oil 167
F. Oil Pollution Regulations
1. U.S. Legislation 175
2. International Legislation .... 170
3. Foreign Legislation 178
4. Standards and Guidelines 130
5. Agreements and Conventions 181
G. Bibliographies 183
II. Current Research Projects 187
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Monitoring 188
2. Sampling 189
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Page
3. Analysis 189
4. Source Identification 191
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 192
2. Oil Transfer and Transport 192
3. Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods 193
4. Prevention and Control Measures 195
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 196
2. General Effects 201
D. Effects of Oil Exploration and Production
1. General Effects 204
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biodegradation 205
2. General Fate of Oil 206
III. Current Conferences 208
Master List of Keywords 224
Subject Index 229
Author Index 071
Appendix: Periodicals Reviewed 277
vn
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the assistance of Mrs. Mary Ankeny and
Ms. Kathy Courtney in typing the camera-ready copy of OIL SPILL
AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS. We also wish to thank the personnel
of the Science-Engineering Library, University of California,
Santa Barbara, for their assistance during the research stages
of the project.
vni
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INTRODUCTION
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS is a quarterly bulletin which
reviews pertinent scientific and technical publications and research
projects to provide its readers with current developments in the field
of oil pollution. This issue contains summaries of articles, reports,
patents, documents, and other materials relating to oil pollution
published during the period 1975 to 1977 (Section I); summaries and
status of current research projects (Section II); and current oil-
related conferences (Section III).
Subject coverage includes aquatic and terrestrial oil pollution with
emphasis on the marine environment. Items in Section I are categorized
by seven major subdivisions which are divided into thirty-two specific
subject categories. These are presented in the Table of Contents.
Patents and patent applications are announced under appropriate
subject categories. Subject and author indexes for entries in Section
I are provided at the end of the report. A list of the periodicals
reviewed in preparing this series appears in the Appendix.
Section II presents titles of active or recently completed oil pollution
research projects, summaries of project objectives, and current status
information and/or resulting publications provided upon request by the
principal investigators or performing organization. Notices of research
projects were obtained from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange
(SSIE). Entries are arranged according to the same subject categories
as in Section I and are ordered by serial number within each subject
division. Some of the current projects listed in previous Oil Pollution
Reports have been recently renewed. These projects have been relisted
and headed by the same serial number as originally reported, followed
by the word (renewal). Renewal entries are listed at the beginning of
each subject category.
Section III, Current Oil-Related Conferences, contains descriptive
information on recently held and upcoming conferences relevant to
any aspects of oil pollution. Conference dates are listed; and, when
information is available, titles, authors, and abstracts of conference
papers are included. All information for this section was obtained
from the periodicals reviewed (Appendix) and from responses to written
inquiries concerning the meetings.
Entries in Section I and II have separate serial numbers. The letters
preceding the serial numbers designate the following: C, reports,
publications, and patents; and R, research projects.
IX
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ABBREVIATIONS
atm atmosphere
bbl barrel
°C degrees Centigrade
cm centimeter
dwt dead weight ton
EIS environmental impact
statement
°F degrees Fahrenheit
ft foot
g gram
gal gallon
GLC gas-liquid chromatography
gpd gallons per day
gph gallons per hour
gpm gallons per minute
ha hectare
hr hour
i.e. (id est), that is
in inch
IR infrared
kg kilogram
km kilometers
kn knot
L liter
Ib pound
LNG liquefied natural gas
LOT load on top
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
m meter
mg mi 11i gram
mi mile
min minute
ml milliliter
mm millimeter
OCS outer continental shelf
oz ounce
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
pH the negative log of the H ion
concentration
ppb part per billion
ppm part per million
sp. species
TLC thin-layer chromatography
U.S. United States
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
UV ultraviolet
VLCC very large crude carrier
wt weight
yr year
% percent
/ per
y micron
yg microgram
ACRONYMS
API American Petroleum Institute
BLM Bureau of Land Management
CEQ Council on Environmental Quality
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration
FEA Federal Energy Administration
IMCO International Maritime Consultative Organization
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NBS National Bureau of Standards
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NTIS National Technical Information Service
UN United Nations
USCG United States Coast Guard (DOT)
USGS United States Geological Survey
USDI United States Department of Interior
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USN United States Navy
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SECTION I. REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, AND PATENTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
C-1634-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Environment 19(5):26-27.
Oil spills, Crude oil, Fate, Ekofisk blowout
The Phillips Petroleum Company's oil well in the North Sea
spilled 75,700 L (20,000 gal.) a day of crude oil for 10 days
until it was finally capped on May 1, 1977. It was the largest
spill to date in the North Sea, comparable to the 1969 Santa
Barbara blowout, with a slick estimated to be 48 km (30 mi) wide
and 72 km (45 mi) long. Although the slick was expected to be
dispersed by weather and wave action, concern centered on long-
range effects such as tarballs that may persist for up to 2 years.
C-1635-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Petroleum Engineer International 49(7):1.
Cost analysis, Ekofisk blowout, Offshore drilling, Offshore
exploration, Norway
The cost of the April, 1977, Ekofisk blowout has been assessed
at over $130,000,000. One future effect of the blowout is the
Norwegian government's postponement of drilling north of the
62nd parallel planned for 1978. Norway has also stopped plans
for exploration of 16 blocks to be offered to oil companies
this year.
C-1636-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(7):149-150.
Pollution control, Oil-water separation, Distillation, Oil
discharges, USSR
A recent Moscow conference reported two new oil pollution control
measures. All Soviet Black Sea ports now have separating equip-
ment to distill and purify oil effluents from visiting ships.
Within the next three years, separators will also be installed in
Soviet ships for the purification of oil-polluted discharge water
and other waste.
1
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C-1637-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(7):149.
Oil spills, Statistics, Sources, North Sea, UK
There were 595 oil spill incidents around Britain in 1976,
increasing the 1975 figure of 500 spillages by nearly 20%.
The Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution of the Sea 1976 survey
cites leaks and intentional dumping from ships as the main
sources of pollution, but also notes a serious increase in the
number of spills from North Sea off-shore oil fields.
C-1638-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):125.
Environmental protection, Contingency planning, Arctic Ocean,
Canada
Canada's Environmental Protection Service has begun a five year
technology program to develop oil spill countermeasures for
arctic waters. Research areas will include blowouts, movement
of oil spills in ice-covered waters, biological effects,
recovery, containment and disposal equipment, and shoreline
cleanup. The ultimate goal is a comprehensive contingency plan.
C-1639-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):125.
Oil spills, Regulations, Oil transfer, Biological effects, Birds,
Scotland
Occidental Oil's new terminal on the island of Flotta off Orkney
has issued new loading regulations after the April, 1977, spill
there. Accepted operating conditions have been lowered from
force 10 winds to force 5. The spill, claimed to be due to
equipment failure, contaminated 12 km of Scapa Flow shoreline
and killed more than 100 birds.
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C-1640-77
ARGO MERCHANT DISASTER 'INEVITABLE1 (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):124.
Argo Merchant spill, Tankers, Liability, Spill cleanup
Alarming facts about the ill-equipped "Argo Merchant" and its
negligent command are revealed. The history of its accidents
and other mishaps is briefly reviewed. The tanker's owners,
Thebes Shipping Company, are attempting to limit their liability
for the loss of the ship and to avoid paying compensation for
cleanup costs and pollution damage.
C-1641-77
ARGO MERCHANT SPILL DISAPPEARS; SHIP HULL STRENGTHENING URGED.
(news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Sea Technology 18(7):26-27.
Argo Merchant spill , Monitoring, Movement, Pollution prevention,
Tankers, USGS
In order to improve methods of prediction, USGS scientists have
studied the movement of the Argo Merchant spill by use of a buoy dropped
into the spill in December, 1976. An MIT professor monitored
grounding events of the tanker and has made several suggestions
in a recent report for preventing tanker break ups. Also, new
methods of oil spill trajectory analysis and their relation to
this famous spill were reported at the annual American Geophysical
Union meeting.
C-1642-77
BLOWOUT EMERGENCY VESSEL DESIGNED FOR NORTH SEA (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Offshore 37(8):13.
Pollution control, North Sea, Norway, *Blowouts, *Emergency
vessel
Paul "Red" Adair is working with three Norwegians to have this
vessel operating by late 1978. He is also setting up a division
of his company in Norway to handle oil pollution incidents, and
is discussing similar plans with British officials.
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C-1643-77
BRAVO
Anon. 1977.
Noroil 5(6):25-27.
Ekofisk blowout, Environmental effects, Production, North Sea
The following factors emerged from the Ekofisk Bravo blowout:
a combination of luck and calculation limited the effects of the
spill; the political and practical experiences of the blowout
will be limited in both time and extent; considerable attention
will be directed toward development of oil spill equipment; and
production from the Bravo platform will start up later and
possibly at a lower capacity than anticipated.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(34):#237,226. 1977]
C-1644-77
CREW SET TO CAP FALSE RIVER BLOWOUT (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(36):20.
Oil wells, Blowouts, Louisiana, *Gas-wells
A Chevron Oil Co. gas-well in the False River field at Point
Coupee Parish, Louisiana, blew out August 31, 1977, after high
pressure caused failure of the blowout preventers. A crew from
the Red Adair Co. was preparing capping operations, and minimal
equipment damage was reported at press time.
C-1645-77
DANGER OF OIL POLLUTION - HOW BIG? (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Ocean Industry 12(4):164.
Oil spills, Norway, Blowouts, *Prediction
A Shell-sponsored analysis was conducted in an attempt to estimate
potential danger from blowouts in waters offshore Norway. After
computer analysis of 5,000 possible blowouts, it was concluded
that only five percent of a spill (largest estimate 100,000 barrels)
would reach the coast, and usually only after two or three weeks
allowing time for preparations.
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C-1646-77
'DON'T DISTORT THE FACTS' SAY LIBERIAN SHIPOWNERS
Anon. 1977.
Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering 48(7):22-23.
Tankers, Oil spills, Safety, Economics, *l_iberian registry
Flag-of-convenience shipowners have had adverse publicity
centered on them following numerous tanker oil spills off the
U.S. eastern coastline and elsewhere. The Liberian Shipping
Council disclaims 'misleading reporting1 by the media and
discusses safety standards, economics, taxes, and employment.
Apparently an effort is being made to improve the situation.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8)$7Q10422. 1977]
C-1647-77
EKOFISK OIL SPILL (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):123.
Oil spills, Fish, North Sea, Ekofisk blowout
A blow-out on the Phillips Bravo 14 platform in the North Sea
Ekofisk field on April 25, 1977, pumped an estimated 20,000 tons
of oil into the sea over a period of seven days. Norwegian
anti-pollution ships were unequipped to deal with the spill
initially due to gale force winds. The slick covered 1500 sq-
km, threatening several fish species.
C-1648-77
MARITIME WATERS GENERALLY POLLUTION-FREE (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(3) :6.
Tar, Oceans, Distribution, Canada, Atlantic Ocean, Sargasso Sea
A survey by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, headed by Dr.
E. Levy, shows that Canada's Atlantic seaboard is generally free
from pollution. However, waters from Massachusetts to the West
Indies have a small but widely distributed amount of oil pollution,
mostly in the form of persistent tar balls. The Sargasso Sea
vortex appears to be the center of floating tar pollution in the
North Atlantic.
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C-1649-77
NEW MARINE INFORMATION SERVICE (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(7):147.
Information systems, Statistics, Pollution control, Offshore
development, *Data bank, UK
The Natural Environment Research Council's Institute of Oceano-
graphic Sciences (UK) has set up a Marine Information and Advisory
Service to provide data about the marine environment to any
organization or private individual. The development of a
computerized data bank will include coverage of offshore
operations, coastal protection, and pollution control. For
further information contact the Publicity Officer, Marine
Information and Advisory Service, Institute of Oceanographic
Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB.
C-1650-77
OIL SPILL POLICY (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Nature 268(5619):395.
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, UK, *0il spill policy
The British government has adopted a policy to let oil spills
degrade naturally where possible, and to use dispersants only
for serious incidents. Plans will be made to deal with spills
of 16,000 tons per day offshore, and 1,000 tons per day inshore.
C-1651-77
PUMP STATION MISHAP CLOSES TAPS, TANKERS MILL (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(34):60.
Oil spills, Pipelines, Crude oil, Alaska, *Pump station accident
Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. shut down the 1280 km (800 mi)
trans-Alaska pipeline again on August 15, 1977, after a sump
tank overflowed thirty bbl of crude oil inside a pump station.
Head of the Department of Interior's Alaska Pipeline Office,
Jack Turner, has cited human error as the cause of the incident.
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C-1652-77
RED ADAIR COMPANY TO OPEN BRANCH TO OPERATE IN NORWAY (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Sea Technology 18(7):26.
Blowout prevention, North Sea, Norway, *Red Adair Co.
The Red Adair Company, Norway, is expected to begin operating
a security and prevention station for the North Sea in 1978.
Adair will be working in cooperation with three Norwegian
companies and will concentrate on the Statfjord Field where
high rise Condeep fixed rigs present special difficulties in
blowout prevention.
C-1653-77
TAPS GOES BACK ON STREAM, PUMP STATION GEAR SALVAGED (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(36):44.
Oil spills, Crude oil, Pipelines, Alaska, *Pump station accident
The latest Alaska pipeline shutdown occurred from August 15 to
August 20, 1977, due to a sump tank overflow at Pump Station 9.
As a result, Alyeska is following a recommendation to use separate
sumps for the pumps and the turbine lube-oil system. Pump Station 8,
destroyed in a July explosion, is being rebuilt and equipment
repaired.
C-1654-77
ECOFIASCO (editoral)
Bourne, VI. R. P. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):121-122.
Oil spills, Ekofisk blowout, Spill cleanup, Pollution control,
North Sea
The author compiles facts about the April, 1977, Ekofisk blowout
on the Phillips Bravo 14 platform in the North Sea. Attention is
drawn to a series of apparent mistakes made prior to and during
the blowout, and cost estimates for well-capping and cleanup
operations are indicated. Questions are raised as to the manage-
ment of the platform, corrosiveness and physical characteristics
of Ekofisk oil, oil toxicity and use of dispersants, and pollution
control measures.
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C-1655-77
NORTH SEA OIL POLLUTION IN SCAPA FLOW (news brief)
Bourne, W. R. P. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):123.
Oil spills, Oil transfer, Tankers, Environmental protection,
Surveillance, North Sea
The author reviews a March, 1977, oil spill from the tanker
"Nacella" which was loading oil from an Occidental terminal
at Flotta in Orkney. Two equipment failures, involving the
mooring chain and the single point mooring, were responsible
for the spill during bad weather conditions which were claimed
to be accepted operating conditions. The incident draws attention
to the difficulties found in loading vessels in uncertain weather,
the inefficiency of booms, and the limited environmental surveil-
lance covering the North Sea.
C-1656-77
THE URQUIQLA OIL SPILL, LA CORUNA, SPAIN: CASE HISTORY AND
DISCUSSION OF METHODS OF CONTROL AND CLEAN-UP.
Gundlach, E. R., and M. 0. Hayes. 1977.
Marine Pollution Pollution Bulletin 8(6):132-136.
Urquiola spill, Fate, Pollution control, Spill cleanup, Coasts,
Spain
Details are given of the "Urquiola" oil spill of May, 1976, which
spilled 100,000 tons of Persian Gulf crude oil. Most of the oil
burned, but nearly one third washed ashore on 215 km of coastline.
Over 2000 tons of dispersants were used, but oil control and
clean-up operations were generally ineffective, largely due to
lack of an oil spill contingency plan.
C-1657-77
OIL SPILLS IN THE ALASKAN COASTAL ZONE, THE STATISTICAL FUTURE
Harrald, J. R., B. D. Boyd, and C. C. Bates. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.1-7. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Oil spills, Oceans, Statistics, Coasts, Alaska
This paper reviews the statistical studies published in recent
years regarding the global influx of petroleum hydrocarbons into
the oceans in order to inform workers in the field of oil pollution
of what these statistical budgets do and do not provide.
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C-1658-77
INTERNATIONAL ACTION FOLLOWING THE EKOFISK BLOWOUT (news brief)
Hudson, M. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):123-124.
Ekofisk blowout, Environmental protection, Wildlife, North Sea
The British Nature Conservancy Council immediately reviewed
contingency plans to protect wildlife following the Ekofisk
oil spill. Scientists from England, Norway, and Denmark met to
assess consequences, and future meetings are planned for all
countries with North Sea coasts.
C-1659-77
JERSEY TO TAX OIL COMPANIES FOR FUTURE CLEANUPS
Janson, D. 1977.
New York Times Jan 7:B2.
Legislation, New Jersey, Spill cleanup, Compensation, Oil
industry, *Spill fund
Governor Byrne of New Jersey went to the site of the "Olympic
Games" tanker spill in the Delaware River to sign the most
comprehensive state legislation in the U.S. regarding spill
cleanup and damage compensation. The new law will assess a
l<£/bbl tax, for oil brought into the state in order to create
a $25 million spill cleanup and compensation fund.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02762. 1977]
C-1660-77
LIBERIAN REGISTERED TANKER SPILLS OIL INTO DELAWARE RIVER -
CONSERVATIONISTS SEEK TO CLEAN UP
Janson, D. 1977.
New York Times Jan 5:9.
Tankers, Olympic Games spill, Birds, Spill cleanup, Delaware,
*Delaware River
After the tanker,"Olympic Games", ran aground in the Delaware
River and spilled 507,000 L (134,000 gal) of oil, volunteers
and specialists attempted to save oiled ducks and geese and
protect some 60,000 water fowl threatened by 40 km (25 mi) of
oil slicks. Indictment of the ship's captain and a lawsuit
against the ship's owner were being sought.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02761. 1977.]
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C-1661-77
FLAG OF CONVENIENCE OIL TANKERS MAGNIFYING CONCERN ABOUT SPILLS
Kifner, J. 1977.
New York Times Feb. 13:1.
Tankers, Oil spills, *Liberian registry, *Flags of convenience
Recent tanker accidents have aroused national concern over oil
pollution and its relation to ships flying flags of convenience.
Liberia is at the center of this concern, as Liberian registry
offers relatively restriction-free and profitable operation and
seems to allow dangerously unsafe ships and their crews to ply
the seas and pollute the shores.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03182. 1977]
C-1662-77
TANKER LOSSES SET RECORD IN'76 PERIOD (news brief)
Kifner, J. 1977.
New York Times Jan. 10:1.
Oil spills, Tankers, Oceans, Statistics, Tanker accidents
Records for oil tanker losses and the amount of oil spilled were
set in the first nine months of 1976 - well before the wreck of
the "Argo Merchant" and the following rash of tanker mishaps.
Thirteen tankers were declared a total loss, and nearly 200,000
tons of oil were spilled into the world's oceans during that period.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02475. 1977.]
C-1663-77
SPILLAGES FROM OIL INDUSTRY CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES IN WESTERN
EUROPE. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF REPORTED INCIDENTS, 1975.
King, E. M., and P. Rogier. 1976.
Stichting CONCAWE Report 7. 13p.
Oil spills, Oil transport, Pipelines, Spill cleanup, Europe,
*Cross country pipelines
In 1975, cross country pipeline systems in Europe totalled
17,900 km in length, had a combined throughput of 483 million
m3 of petroleum products, and had 20 reported spill incidents,
with a total loss of under 400 m3. The spillage amounted to
0.00008% of the total volume transported. None of the spills
took more than one month to clean up, and no known instances
of contamination of potable water resources resulted.
[from Environmental Health and Pollution Control 11(9). 1977.]
10
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C-1664-77
EDITORIAL - THE 1977 OIL SPILL CONFERENCE
Kleinman, B. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):1.
Oil spills, Fate, Environmental effects, Spill cleanup,
Monitoring, Behavior, *1977 Oil Spill Conference
The 1977 Oil Spill Conference which was held in March, 1977,
in New Orleans,was the fifth conference on oil spills sponsored
jointly by government and industry. In the first conference in
1969, 41 technical papers were presented; in this most recent
meeting, 123 technical papers provided the latest information
on the behavior of oil under different environmental conditions,
on the known environmental effects of spills, and on procedures
useful in preventing, controlling, monitoring, and cleaning up a
spill.
C-1665-77
NORTH SEA BLOWOUT TAMED QUICKLY
LeBlanc, L. 1977.
Offshore 37(6):32-33.
Ekofisk blowout, North Sea, Pollution control
The eight day blowout of Phillips Petroleum Company's Bravo
platform in the Ekofisk field in late April, 1977, is reviewed,
and the successful capping of the well by the Red Adair team of
specialists is described in detail. The spill comprised 178,000
bbl of oil, at one point forming a slick approximately 70 km
(45 mi) long by approximately 50 km (30 mi) wide.
C-1666-77
Untitled (news brief)
Thompson, G. B. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):125.
Dispersants, Fish, Toxicity, Tropical regions, Japan, *Warren
Springs Laboratory, *Hong Kong
On January 1, 1978, the Hong Kong Agriculture and Fisheries
Department will introduce controls on the use of oil dispersants
due to their adverse effects on fish. Toxicity testing is being
done and it appears that toxicity classifications determined at
the Warren Springs Laboratory (UK) may not be applicable under
tropical or sub-tropical conditions.
11
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2. MONITORING
C-1667-77
Untitled. (book review)
Anon. 1977.
Chemical Engineering 84(17):15.
Monitoring, Contaminants, Analytical techniques, Sampling
A brief review of E. D. Goldberg's Strategies for Marine Pollution
Monitoring (New York, John Wiley & Sons,1976. 310p) is presented.
This book was fostered by a U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration workshop, and reviews recent analytical techniques
for organic and inorganic substances. Sampling methods and
pollutant transport are also included.
C-1668-77
Untitled. (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Technology Society Journal 11(1):53.
Monitoring, Argo Merchant spill, Chesapeake Bay
Marine Technology Society and American Society of Naval Engineers
members attended a recent seminar on oil spills (University of
Connecticut at Avery Point, February, 1977). A panel of USCG
and EPA scientists observed that virtually none of the Argo
Merchant oil spill had sunk below the water's surface. The oil
was dispersed, and one slick was sighted 880 km (550 mi) due
east of Chesapeake Bay.
C-1669-77
ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN FOAM/WATER MONITOR (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Offshore Engineer 5:98.
Monitoring, Design and engineering, Pollution control
This new remote-controlled monitor, offered by Svenska Skumslacknings,
was designed for marine needs and the suppression of oil fires at
docks and platforms. There is a choice of voltage and dc or ac
for the motors. The circle of movement is 170° and elevation
limits are -45° to +85°.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10454. 1977]
12
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C-1670-77
OIL CONTENT MONITOR (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(7):474a.
Monitoring, Chemical analysis, Oil spills, Waste oil, *IR
absorption
Sahkoliikkeiden Oy, a Finnish manufacturer, has designed an oil
content analyzing and monitoring system that will report waste
spills immediately with direct measurement from the water. The
IR absorption technique used is unique in that it does not need
recalibration at less than ± 10% accuracy. Contact: Trade
Commissioner, Consulate of Finland, One IBM Plaza, Chicago, 111
60611.
C-1671-77
INPUT OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS FROM PETROLEUM OPERATIONS
INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO
Brooks, 0. M., B. B. Bernard, and W. M. Sackett. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press, 1977.
p.373-384. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Monitoring, Hydrocarbons, Sources, Platforms, Gulf of Mexico,
*Gas venting, *Brine discharge
Dissolved Ci to C4 hydrocarbon patterns measured during the last
6 years in the Gulf of Mexico indicate that underwater venting
of waste gases and brine discharges, both associated with offshore
platforms, are the major sources of non-methane light hydrocarbons
to upper Gulf coastal waters. Although these compounds are
apparently not toxic to marine organisms, they are proving to
be highly sensitive indicators of the most toxic components of
petroleum which are entering the sea from man's activities.
C-1672-77
DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN WESTERNPORT BAY
(AUSTRALIA): RESULTS OF CHRONIC LOW LEVEL INPUTS
Burns, K. A., and J. L. Smith. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.442-453. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Monitoring, Hydrocarbons, Sources, Distribution, Chronic effects,
Australia, *Myti1us ejJulis, indicator species
The mussel, Mytil us edulls, was the major indicator species
used to establish problem areas and probable sources of petroleum
13
-------
input. Two major sources of pollution were identified: refinery
and other industrial outfalls, and boating activities. Pollution
levels varied from no detectable petroleum hydrocarbons to amounts
close to saturation levels of body lipids in mussels (29 mg/g
lipid). This discussion includes means of relating amounts
found in indicator species to level of input and implications
on the toxicity to various components of the ecosystem.
C-1673-77
FATE AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED ON PERMAFROST TERRAIN.
FIRST YEAR PROGRESS REPORT
Collins, C., F. Deneke, T. Jenkins, L. Johnson, and T. McFadden.
1976.
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, report CRREL-
SR-76-15. lip.
Monitoring, Fate, Crude oil, Movement, Biological effects,
Microorganisms, Chemical effects, Alaska, *Permafrost terrain
This study is concerned with the long-term effects and ultimate
fate of crude oil spilled on permafrost-underlain tundra. Two
experimental oil spills of 7570 L (2,000 gal) each on 1295 km2
(500 sq mi) test plots near Fairbanks, Alaska were designed for
the project. This report concerns the first one, a winter spill
in February 1976; the second spill is planned for the peak
growing season in the summer. Monitoring techniques will cover
oil movement, temperature regime, biological effects, micro-
biological changes, permafrost impact, and chemical degradation
of the oil.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(15}:#37008. 1977]
C-1674-77
DEVELOPMENT OF BUOY MOUNTED HYDROCARBON VAPOR SENSORS FOR USE IN
LOCAL AREA POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
Goodson, L. H., W. B. Jacobs, S. Dick, and E. T. Fago, Jr. 1976.
Final report, USCG-D-127-76; Contract DOT-CG-34320-A. 50p.
Monitoring, Oil spills, Detection, Design and engineering,
*Buoys, *Gas sensors
A low cost system for the rapid detection of small amounts of
spilled oil uses two Taguchi Gas Sensors (semiconductor, stannic
oxide on a support), one of which responds to oil vapors and
engine exhaust. The other sensor is protected by a semi permeable
membrane which has little or no effect on the sensor's response
to carbon monoxide yet is able to retard its response to hydro-
carbon vapors. An alarm is signalled when the uncovered sensor
responds and the covered sensor does not.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#AD-A037 237/5GA.
1977]
14
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C-1675-77
ULTRASONIC POLLUTION MONITOR
Houlihan, T. M., and F. K. McGrath. 1976.
Environmental Technology '76, Philadelphia. 1976. p.487-480.
Monitoring, Pollution control, Oil-water separation, Ships,
*Ultrasonic monitor
An ultrasonic oil/water separation and monitoring system has
been developed and tested and will be applied toward controlling
pollution from naval vessels. The ultrasonic monitor has been
found to be effective and to have the necessary degree of sensi-
tivity.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02465. 1977]
C-1676-77
ENERGY-RELATED MARINE DATA MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Hughes, P. 1977.
Environmental Data Service, p.4-11.
Monitoring, Baseline studies, Environmental effects, Offshore
development, OCS, Information systems, NOAA, BLM, Alaska Coast
Environmental baselines are being established in the Alaskan
Outer Continental Shelf Environment Assessment Program (OCSEAP),
run by NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories and funded
by the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management.
Details of the data management system provided by the Environmental
Data Service are outlined. A similar project - the Puget Sound
Energy-Related Project - deals with potential environmental effects
of intensified petroleum activities.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10591. 1977]
C-1677-77
INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING/VOLUME 2, WATER.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Environmental Instrumentation
Group. 1976. Report LBL-1. 18p. Third update.
Monitoring, Source identification, Chromatography, Design and
engineering, instrument survey
This survey, originally compiled in 1973 and periodically updated,
includes a chapter on oil and grease in water. Information from
1975 includes a laboratory analysis and manufacturer's specifications
of seven oil identification instruments (gas chromatographs). It is
recommended that the instrument descriptions not be used alone, but
in conjunction with the introductory information, the referenced
literature, and manufacturers' publications given in this survey.
15
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C-1678-77
SEDIMENT HYDROCARBONS AS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS IN THE NORTH-
EAST GULF OF MEXICO
Lytle, J. S., and T. F. Lytle. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.404-412. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Monitoring, Hydrocarbons, Sediments, Sources, Gulf of Mexico
Continental shelf
Hydrocarbons were analyzed in sediments collected from the
Gulf of Mexico along the continental shelf from Pascagoula,
Mississippi, to Fort Myers, Florida, in an effort to survey the
hydrocarbons in this area and detect man-induced seasonal
effects in hydrocarbon profiles. Three zones are distinguished
by their aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution and are discussed
in detail.
C-1679-77
A PILOT STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF A PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON BASELINE
INVESTIGATION FOR NORTHERN PUGET SOUND AND STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
MacLeod, W. D., D. W. Brown, and R. G. Jenkins. 1976.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL MESA-8. 59p.
Monitoring, Hydrocarbons, Environmental effects, Oil transport,
Pipelines, Refineries, Puget Sound
Hydrocarbon baseline levels must be measured in the title regions
in order to assess the potential future environmental impact
arising from increased tanker traffic, pipeline transport, and
refining operations when the Alaska pipeline comes into operation.
This report presents results of a pilot study and offers recom-
mendations for a first year Petroleum Hydrocarbon Baseline
Investigation.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06875. 1977]
C-1680-77
OIL POLLUTION COMPLIANCE MONITOR
Moreau, J. 0. 1976.
U.S. Patent 3,985,020
Monitoring, Oil discharges, Tankers, Regulations, Design and
engineering, Patent
The monitoring system consists of adsorbing an oil sample which
is proportional to total oil discharged and rate of oil discharged
16
-------
on a continuously moving lipophilic belt and subsequently
analyzing the belt after the voyage has been terminated when
required to prove that the tanker has not exceeded ocean
pollution requirements.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(11):#25910. 1977]
C-1681-77
EFFECTS OF HIGH DISCHARGE AND AN OIL REFINERY CLEANUP OPERATION
ON HEAVY METALS IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS IN SKELETON CREEK
Namminga, H. E., and J. Wilkin. 1976.
Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 56:133-138.
Monitoring, Streams, Sediments, Wastewaters, Refineries, Sampling,
*Heavy metals
Grab samples of water and sediment were collected for seven
months in 1973. After high discharge, heavy metal concentrations
decreased exponentially with time. After the refinery cleanup,
Cu decreased with time, but Cr, Pb, and Zn were at peak concen-
trations during the first week. No significant changes occurred
in the sediments.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#43861v. 1977]
C-1682-77
FREE RADICAL OXIDATION PROCESSES IN SEA WATER AND METHODS FOR
MONITORING THEM [in Russian]
Simonov, A. I., V. I. Chernyshov, E. S. Lebedeva, and Yu. S.
Takuev. 1975.
Materialy Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma "Okeanograficheskie Aspekty
Okhrany Vod ot Khimicheskikh Zagryaznenii", Moscow, 1974.
p.140-145.
Monitoring, Petroleum products, Oxidation, Seawater, *Chemilumi-
nescence
"The experimental data show that the chemiluminescence method
is suitable for monitoring free radical destruction of petroleum
and phenols in seawater."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(22):#160897b. 1977]
17
-------
C-1683-77
METHOD FOR DETECTING OIL IN WATER
Thyrum, P. T. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,004,453
Monitoring, Detection, Dispersions, Patent, *0il soluble dye
To detect oil dispersed in water, a sample of the water is
passed upward through a porous filter, the upper end of which
contains a pad impregnated with a hydrophobic, oil-soluble
dye. A color stain on the visible surface of the pad indicates
the presence of oil.
[from Underwater Information Bulletin 9(4) :41 ,#77/08/29.. 1977]
4,004,453
METHOD FOR DETECTING OIL IN WATER
Per T. Thjrum, 100-D Phelps Ave., New Brunswick, NJ.
08901
Filed Dec. 8, 1975, Ser. No. 638,471
Int. CI.'GOIN 33/18
U.S. Cl. 73-61.1 R 27 Claims
C-1684-77
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Tyler, B., W. Gongaware, and T. M. Houlihan. 1977.
Naval Engineers Journal April:125-128.
Monitoring, Ships, Bilges, Design and engineering, Detection
A prototype automatic oil pollution monitor has been built and
tested. The monitoring system utilizes the "Direct Difference
Method of Total Organic Carbon Determination" and in tests was
capable of determining the concentration of any type of oil in
a known water sample. This monitoring system is undergoing
further testing and development for use in determining oil
concentrations of shipboard bilge waters.
-------
C-1685-77
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Tyler, B. D., and T. M. Houlihan. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976. p. 12F-17F.
Monitoring, Design and engineering, Bilges, *Total organic carbon
determination
The development and testing of an oil pollution monitor using a
Direct Difference Method of Total Organic Carbon Determination
is reported. With this monitoring system it was possible to
specify the concentration of any oil, independent of type, in
a known water sample. Applications of the system include
monitoring oil concentrations in bilge waters.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03173. 1977]
C-1686-77
LEAK DETECTION ON PETROLEUM PIPELINES
Young, H. A. 1976.
International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement Conference, 51st,
Norman, Oklahoma, 1976. p.393-398.
Monitoring, Detection, Leakage, Pipelines
A description of the leak detection systems is included along
with information on process calculations and process considerations.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(13):#31876. 1977]
3. REMOTE SENSING
C-1687-77
LANDSAT SATELLITES DETECT OIL SLICKS OFF U.S. AND ELSEWHERE
(news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Sea Technology 18(6):31-32.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Natural seepage, Pollution control,
*Landsat
A USGS Department of the Interior hydrologist, Morris Deutsch,
has reported on the detection of oil spills and natural seeps by
Landsat images, and discusses the future use of the satelite in the
pollution control and offshore exploration. Slicks have been
detected since August, 1972.
19
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C-1688-77
SATELLITES DETECT OFFSHORE OIL SLICKS (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Offshore 37(9):94.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Monitoring, Pollution control,
*Landsat
Landsat satellites have detected oil slicks off the coasts of
the U.S. and other nations, in an Interior Department USGS-
managed EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) program.
The environmental monitoring potential for Landsat is inferred.
C-1689-77
MARKING THE SEA SURFACE WITH ARTIFICIAL SEA SLICKS AND
FLUORESCENT DYES TO AID SEARCH AND RESCUE OR OCEAN DUMPING
SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS
Barger, VI. R., and W. D. Garrett. 1976.
Final report, USCG-D-107-76. 80p.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Surveillance, Oceans, *Dye/slick
seamarking device
A new technique of marking the ocean surface with monomolecular
films in combination with dyes was studied in order to dcsvelop
a practical sea marker which can be detected by airborne remote
sensing devices in addition to visual observation. A series of
mathematical equations was developed to approximate the shapes,
sizes, and lifetimes of monolayer slicks under different wind
conditions.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#AD-A037 140/1GA.
1977]
C-1690-77
REMOTE DETECTION OF WATER POLLUTANTS BY COMPUTERIZED LASER-
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Brown, C. W. 1976.
Completion report, W77-00154, OWRT-A-054-Ri(l). 31p. PB-258
777.
Remote sensing, Petroleum products, Detection, Chemical analysis,
Spectroscopy, *Computerized Raman spectroscopy
Hazardous chemicals in water were analyzed remotely and by
conventional instrumentation using digitized Raman spectrometry.
In addition, an entirely new method for fingerprinting light
petroleum product contaminants was developed. The method involves
the removal by chemical extraction of fluorescing petroleum
components that obscure parts of the Raman spectrum, and then
analyzing the complete spectrum.
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(ll):#N77-20555.
1977]
20
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C-1691-77
USE OF LANDSAT DATA FOR THE DETECTION OF MARINE OIL SLICKS
Deutsch, M., A. E. Strong, and 0. E. Estes. 1977.
Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 1977. 8p.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Detection, Monitoring, Coasts,
Natural seepage, *Landsat data
Reflectance anomalies associated with oil slicks have been
visually detected on film data, by photo-optical enhancement
techniques, and by computer processing. Applications of Landsat
oil slick data include environmental monitoring of coastal waters
and detection of natural seeps, such as in the Santa Barbara
Channel, for exploration purposes.
[from International Aerospace Abstracts 17(14):#A77-32244. 1977]
C-1692-77
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SENSORS, 2ND,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA,
OCTOBER 10-11, 1973
Environmental Protection Agency. 1976.
EPA/600/9-76/031. 779p.
Remote sensing, Contaminants, Environmental effects, Monitoring,
Oil spills
Among the topics covered at the conference are: remote sensing
systems for monitoring pollutants; in situ monitoring systems;
remote sensing techniques for land use mapping, environmental
impact assessment, water surface temperature determinations, and
oil and hazardous material spills identification.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#PB-264 183/5GA.
1977]
C-1693-77
RADAR DETECTION OF OIL CONTAMINATIONS OF THE SEA SURFACE [English
summary]
Galayev, Y. M., A. I. Kalmykov, A. S. Kurekin, Y. A. Zementa,
B. A. Nelepo, et al. 1977.
Fizika Atmosfery I Okeana 13(4):406-414.
Remote sensing, Crude oil, Petroleum products, Detection,
*Sea surface, *Radar
Results are presented of a study on the radiowave reflectance
characteristics of a sea surface polluted by oil. Tests were
carried out under moderate sea state conditions with radiowaves
A = 3.3 cm and 10 cm and high coordinate resolution. The
presence of oil was found to lead to a reduction of the scattered
signal in the area of the spot detection, reaching more than 20 db
at A = 3.2 cm and more than 18 db at X = 10 cm.
21
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C-1694-77
SATELLITE SENTINEL FOR OIL SPILLS IN 1978?
Hovis, W. A., and D. R. Jones. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):4-6.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Detection, Surveillance, Natural
seepage, Santa Barbara Channel, *Coastal Zone Color Scanner
The limited capabilities of existing satellite remote sensing
systems for the detection and monitoring of oil slicks are
discussed and contrasted with the much greater capabilities
of the proposed Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), designed
to be onboard Nimbus G in 1978. Preliminary tests of the
CZCS in high altitude U-2 overflights have demonstrated its
capabilities in detecting oil slicks. Further refinement of
the system is underway or planned.
C-1695-77
SATELLITE, AIRCRAFT, AND DROGUE STUDIES OF COASTAL CURRENTS
AND POLLUTANTS
Klemas, V., G. Davis, J. Lackie, W. Whelan, and G. Tornatore.
1977.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics Vol. GE-15:97-108.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Coasts, Movement, Wastewaters,
*Current circulation, *Satel lite-aircraft-drogue studies
A satellite-aircraft-drogue approach employs remotely tracked
expendable drogues together with satellite and aircraft observa-
tions of waste plumes and current tracers such as dyes or
suspended sediment. Tests indicate that the approach provides
a cost-effective means of studying current circulation, oil
slick movement, and ocean waste dispersion under a wide range
of environmental conditions.
[from International Aerospace Abstracts 17(12) :#A77-30004. 1977]
REMOTE SENSING OF OIL POLLUTION AT THE SEA SURFACE. 2. DAMPING
OF WATER WAVES BY AN OIL LAYER AS A POSSIBLE INDICATOR FOR SLAR
OBSERVATIONS
Pronk, A. C. 1975.
Ph.D. thesis, NIWARS-Publ-22; NTIS No. HC A02/MF A01. 12p.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Oceans, *Wave damping, *0il properties
The damping action of oil pollution on sea waves is discussed in
regard to observation from the air. Oil layers of all thicknesses
damp a part of the wave spectrum, but only in thicker layers is
the damping related to the nature of the oil. The distance over
which the sea waves damp out after an oil slick has entered seems
a useful indicator for the oil properties.
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(14) :#N77-23583.
1977]
22
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C-1697-77
REMOTE SENSING OF OIL POLLUTION AT THE SEA SURFACE. 1. REVIEW
OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS EMPHASIZING RADAR
vanKuilenburg, J. 1975.
NIWARS-Publ-21; NTIS No. HC A03/MF A01. 29p.
Remote sensing, Oil slicks, Oceans, Bibliographies, *Radar,
*Sea surface
The remote sensing methods applicable to the monitoring of oil
pollution are reviewed. A discussion is presented on radar
observations of oil slicks and of the surrounding sea surface,
and a selected bibliography is included.
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(14):#N77-
23582. 1977]
4. SAMPLING
C-1698-77
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE WATER COLUMN OF
THE MAFLA LEASE AREA
Calder, J. A. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press, 1977.
p.432-441. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Sampling, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Chemical analysis, Oil-gas
leasing, Gulf of Mexico, *Seasonal variations, *MAFLA lease
area
A series of 15 stations in the Gulf of Mexico were occupied
during summer, fall, and winter 1975-76. Samples were
collected and analyzed by gas chromatography for dissolved
hydrocarbons and those associated with suspended particulate
material. This report represents the initial evaluation of
the three data sets.
23
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C-1699-77
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT I. BENZO-
(A)PYRENE IN ECONOMICALLY-IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS FROM
OREGON ESTUARIES
Mix, M. C., R. T. Riley, K. I. King, S. R. Trenholm, and
R. L. Schaffer. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 421-431. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Sampling, PAH, Detection, Mollusks, Carcinogens, Estuaries,
Oregon, *Bivalves
Benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) levels were determined in economically-
important indigenous shellfish populations from several sites
in five Oregon bays. Detectable levels of BAP were present
in bivalves from 43 of the 44 sampling sites. High levels
(> 15 ng/g) were present in mussels collected from the Newport
bayfront in Yaquina Bay and from a marina in Tillamook Bay.
Significant levels (> 5 ng/g) were present in Mya arenaria
collected along the shipping docks in Coos Bay.
C-l700-77
PELAGIC TAR AND PLASTIC IN THE GULF OF ALASKA AND BERING SEA:
1975
Shaw, D. G. 1977.
The Science of the Total Environment 8(1):13-20.
Sampling, Tar, *Plastics, Distribution, Gulf of Alaska,
Bering Sea
Seventy-one tows of 740 m2 were made in search of pelagic tar
and plastics in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea from
October, 1974 to October, 1975. The abundance of these
substances was found to be substantially lower in the Gulf
and Bering Sea than in most other oceanic areas for which
values are reported. The tar collected in this study is
generally more extensively weathered than typical North
Atlantic tar as indicated by N^ values.
24
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5. ANALYSIS
C-1701-77
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE RESIDUAL OILS
AND/OR OIL CONTENT IN WATERS
(A. Essers Company) 1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,532,869
Oil-water separation, Detection, Analytical techniques, Patent,
*0il-in-water, *Fluorescence
Petroleum ether or hexane is used to extract the oil from water,
and the extract is transferred to a measuring cup containing
nonhygroscopic silicic acid gel, a fluorescence indicator. A
technique is described for measuring the intensity of fluorescence
of the sample and comparing it with a standard.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194672q. 1977]
C-1702-77
THE USE OF LASER RADAR FOR DETERMINING THE POLLUTION OF THE SEA
SURFACE BY OIL PRODUCTS [in Russian]
Abramov, 0. I., V. I. Evemin, L. I. Lobov, and V. V. Polovinko.
1977.
Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Izvestiia, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana 13:
331-334.
Contamination, Oceans, Petroleum products, *Laser radar, *Sea
surface
Backscattering spectra were obtained under laboratory conditions
and for the Bosphorus region using a laser emitting at a wave-
length of 0.3472 JJL These spectra were used to determine the
thickness of oil-product films on water surfaces.
[from International Aerospace Reports 17(16):#A77-35475. 1977]
C-1703-77
ASSESSMENT OF OIL PRODUCT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE OIL FILM FLOATING
AT THE SEA SURFACE [English summary]
Anufrieva, N. M., A. B. Gornitsky, M. P. Nesterova, and I. A.
Nemirovskaya. 1976.
Okeanologiia 16(2):255-258.
Oil slicks, Chemical analysis, Petroleum products, Seawater,
*Sorbents
Tests have been made on various types of sorbing materials
suitable for the determination of oil product concentration in
25
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surface oil films. Polyurethane plastic has given the best
results. Carbon tetrachloride will extract oil products
from the sorbent, and quantitative determination of the product
is made by the IS-method.
[from Oceanographic Abstracts and Bibliography - Deep-Sea
Research 24(1):28. 1977]
C-1704-77
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE VICINITY OF OFFSHORE
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
Bean, R. M., J. W. Blaylock, E. A. Sutton, R. E. Wildung, and
F. M. Davidson. 1977.
Chemistry of Marine Sediments. T. F. Yen (ed.). Ann Arbor,
Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1977. p.55-72.
Chemical analysis, Sediments, Offshore production, Venezuela,
Statistical analysis
"Sediment samples from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela were fractionally
extracted, the fractions were analyzed for C, H, N, and S, and
the molecular weights were detected. Statistical approaches
were used in interpreting the results."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#192138w. 1977]
C-l705-77
CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN FLOWING SEAWATER
SUSPENSIONS OF NUMBER 2 FUEL OIL
Bean, R. M., and J. W. Blaylock. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.397-403. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Fuel oil, Chemical analysis, Seawater, Chromatography,
*Water-soluble fraction
Dilute suspensions of No. 2 fuel oil in seawater (less than 1 mg/L)
have been analyzed for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using
helium partition gas chromatography. Results from the gas
chromatograms indicate the existance of soluble and insoluble
oil phases in suspensions of No. 2 fuel oil in seawater and
the presence of monocyclic aromatic components largely in true
solution.
26
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C-1706-77
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING STUDIES OF THE EFFLUENTS
FROM EMERGING FOSSIL FUEL PROCESSES
Clark, B. R. 1976.
EPA-IAG-D5-E681; Contract W-7405-ENG-26. 9p. Air Pollution
Control Association Specialty Conference, Cambridge, 1976.
Wastewaters, Refineries, Fossil fuels, Analytical techniques
Approaches to the chemical characterization of aqueous wastes
and gas phase fugitive emissions are reported. Specific studies
have included characterization of aqueous by-products from oil
shale retorting, coal liquefication, and petroleum refining.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(10):#23950. 1977]
C-1707-77
ELECTROANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF SEAWATER POLLUTION BY AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
Cosovic, B., V. Zutic, T. Zvonaric, and Z. Kozarac. 1976.
Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commission Internationale
Pour 1'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee 23(7):
57-58.
Chemical analysis, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Seawater, *Electro-
chemical analysis
Electrochemical methods, based on adsorption effects at mercury
electrodes, present a rapid and simple technique for estimating
the concentration of total oil pollutants in seawater. This
report describes the methods and discusses test results which
indicate that the presence of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons
is responsible for the observed adsorption phenomena.
C-l708-77
HYDROCARBONS IN EASTERN CANADIAN MARINE WATERS DETERMINED BY
FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY AND GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Keizer, P. D., D. C. Gordon, Jr., and J. Dale. 1977.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(3) -.347-353.
Hydrocarbons, Chemical analysis, Chromatography, Spectroscopy,
Detection, Canada, Atlantic coast
The title methods were used to analyze and quantify hydrocarbons
from coastal waters off eastern Canada. Concentrations of n-
alkanes ranged from <20 ng/L to about 1 yg/L at depths of 2 and
50 m, respectively. Based on fluorescence analyses, oil concen-
trations were estimated to range from 0.2 to 9.3 yg/L, with the
highest concentrations found in Bedford Basin off Nova Scotia.
Hydrocarbons in other areas appear to be principally biogenic
in origin.
27
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C-1709-77
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER, AS A PART OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION [English summary]
Kubelka, V., J. Mitera, J. Novak, and J. Mostecky. 1977.
Chemicke Listy 71(3):241-284.
Hydrocarbons, Surfactants, Chemical analysis, Detection.,
Contaminants, Environmental protection
"A review with 348 references, of the concentration (by
extraction or adsorption) and detection of some organic
compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons, surfactants,
pesticides, and phenols in polluted water ."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11177k. 1977]
C-1710-77
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM TYPE HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SAMPLES
USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY
Laseter, J. L., and M. C. Legendre. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976. p. 23C-27C.
Hydrocarbons, Chemical analysis, Chromatography, Spectrometry,
Zooplankton, Crustaceans, Sediments
Following their extraction with a series of organic solvents,
hydrocarbons from zooplankton, shrimp, and sediments are
fractionated by column Chromatography, resolved by high
resolution gas Chromatography, and identified by combined
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Capillary columns
enable almost complete resolution of the petroleum-based
isoprenoids and branched and cyclic alkanes.
[from Environmental Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03178. 1977]
C-1711-77
HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS OF SURFACE SEAWATER AND BEACH SAND BY
INFRARED ABSORPTION METHODS
Lee. W. T. 1976.
Dissertation Abstracts International B 37(10):5110-5111.
Analytical techniques, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Beaches,
Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Absorption
Infrared spectroscopy was used for quantitative and qualitative
determination of hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Gas
and thin-layer Chromatography were also used for characterizing
and separating the samples. Paraffins, aromatics, and olefins
were found with evidence of seasonal variance, although the
total concentration was usually less than 0.1 ppm. Results
indicated that hydrocarbons occur at low concentrations in
the presence of other extractable substances, pollution is
28
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higher during the colder, winter months, and a positive
correlation with boating traffic could not be made.
C-1712-77
IDENTITY, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFF-FLAVORS IN GREAT
LAKES ANADROMOUS FISH
Lindsay, R. C. 1977.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison Completion
Report for Project AFC-13. PF-89-304. 7p.
Sources, Contamination, Fish, Chemical analysis, Petroleum
products, Great Lakes
The project has consisted of the chemical identification of
volatile compounds present in Great Lakes salmon and environ-
mentally related materials. Analytical procedures are described.
The occurrence of a number of aromatic hydrocarbons along with
the aliphatic even-carbon numbered hydrocarbons would strongly
suggest salmon pick-up of oil or petroleum-based product
contamination of materials.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06931.
1977]
C-1713-77
INTERTIDAL SEDIMENT HYDROCARBON LEVELS AT TWO SIGHTS ON THE
STRAITOF JUAN DE FUCA
MacLeod, W. D., Jr., D. W. Brown, R. G. Jenkins, and L. S.
Ramos. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977 p.385-396. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Sampling, Hydrocarbons, Sediments, Analytical techniques,
Intertidal zone, Washington
The primary objective of this study was to test analytical
techniques for their utility in processing large numbers of
marine sediment samples. Solvents/slurry extraction, silica
gel chromatography, and glass capillary GC were adapted for
analyzing the abundance and variation of hydrocarbons in
intertidal sediments from 2 similar sites on the Strait of
Juan de Fuca. Results are presented.
29
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C-1714-77
STATE-OF-THE-ART CHROflATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE
ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE TISSUE
May, W. E., S. A. Wise, S. N. Chesler, B. H. Gump, and H., S.
Hertz. 1976.
American Chemical Society. Division of Environmental Chemistry.
Preprints of Papers 16(2):55-57.
Chemical analysis, Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Detection,
Hydrocarbons, Marine organisms, Baseline studies
A method for detecting hydrocarbons at submicrogram/kilogram
levels has been developed and will be especially applicable
to pollution baseline and monitoring studies. The method
consists of extracting from the tissue homogenate the volatile
organic components, followed by liquid chromatographic
separation of the biogenic components extracted, gas Chromato-
graphy quantitation, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
identification of the petroleum hydrocarbons. Test results
for aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons are discussed.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03382. 1977]
C-1715-77
HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS [English summary]
Mironov, 0. G., and T. L. Shchekaturina. 1976.
Gidrobiologiya Zhurnal 12(6):5-15.
Chemical analysis, Sources, Hydrocarbons, Marine organisms,
Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Spectrometry
The use of gas-liquid Chromatography, infrared spectroscopy,
and mass-spectrometry in the discrimination of biogenic
from petroleum hydrocarbons is described.
[from Applied Ecology Abstracts 3(6):#3D7193. 1977]
C-1716-77
DETERMINATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SEAWATER [in Russian]
Nemirovskaya, I. A. 1975.
Materialy Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma "OkeanograficheskieAspecty
Okhrany Vod Khimicheskikh Zagryaznenii", 1st, Moscow, 1974.
V. I. Chernyshov (ed.). Moscow, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Okeanograf-
icheskie Komissiya, 1975. p. 107-115.
Petroleum products, Seawater, Analytical techniques, *Gravimetric
analysis, *Spectrophotometry
Gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination
of petroleum products in seawater are described.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176950z. 1977]
30
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C-1717-77
APPLICATION OF GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS TO MONITOR PETROLEUM-
TYPE HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS
Overton, E. B., 0. Bracken, and J. L. Laseter. 1977.
Journal of Chromatographic Science 15(5):169-173.
Chemical analysis, Chromatography, Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
hydrocarbons, Monitoring, Sediments, *Glass capillary columns
An analytical method is presented which combines the use of
high resolution glass capillary columns and gas Chromatography
for the analysis of hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples.
The method resolves almost all of the petroleum alkanes and
many of the important aromatic hydrocarbons and permits the
distinction between biogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons.
C-1718-77
ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF OIL IN WATER
Peake, E. 1976.
Alberta, Canada, University of Calgary, The Environmental
Sciences Centre, 1976. Publication No. 76-37. 13p.
Chemical analysis, *0il in water
Summary not available.
[from Environmental Sciences Center, Kananaskis, University of
Calgary, Alberta. IB#24. June 30, 1977]
C-1719-77
RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMERCIAL
OIL-SPILL DISPERSANTS
Penrose, W. R., and L. L. Dawe. 1976.
Manuscript Report Series Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
No. 1352. 13p.
Dispersants, Chemical analysis, Surfactants
Oil spill dispersants consist of a nonionic surfactant dissolved
as a 10-30% solution in a solvent which may be a hydrocarbon,
alcohol, or water depending on the surfactant. This report discusses
methods for chemical analysis of dispersant surfactants and details
the constituents of oil spill dispersants.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(5):#7Q5951. 1977]
31
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C-1720-77
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTICAL EMISSION OF THE SEA [in Russian]
Polovinko, V. V. 1976.
Geodeziia i Aerofotos'emka No. 6:109-114.
Contamination, *0ptical emission, Caspian Sea, Analytical
techniques, *Sea surface
Described is an experiment conducted during March, 1975, to
determine the relation between the optical emission of the
Caspian Sea and the turbulization and pollution of the sea
surface by oil. The measuring instrumentation used and results
obtained are elaborated.
[from International Aerospace Reports 17(16):#A77-35698. 1977]
C-1721-77
OPREDELENIE NEFTEPRODUKTOV V POCHVE (title not translated)
Potapov, M. P., and L. A. Lukas. 1976.
Gigiena i Sanitariya No. 9:71-72.
Petroleum products, Soil, Chemical analysis
A method for the determinination of oil products in the soil was
developed and tested under practical conditons. The procedure
is described in detail.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03938. 1977]
C-1722-77
THE CHEMISTRY OF MARINE PETROLEUM SEEPS
Reed, W. E., and I. R. Kaplan. 1977.
Journal of Geochenical Exploration 7(2):255-293.
Chemical analysis, Natural seepage, Biodegradation, Weathering,
Chromatography, Spectrometry, Santa Barbara Channel, Southern
California
The occurrence and chemical properites of marine petroleum seeps
are reviewed, focusing on those of the Santa Barbara Channel
and other parts of the Southern California Borderland. The
compositional changes due to weathering by microbial and chemical
degradation, evaporation, and dissolution are summarized. The
compositions of petroleum seeps are reported based on analysis
by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,
stable isotope studies, and carbon isotope analysis.
32
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C-1723-77
THE FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIC POLLUTANT ANALYSIS
Rosen, A. A. 1976.
Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water.
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1976. p.3-14.
Chemical analysis, Oil spills, Source identification
The development of the field of systematic analysis of organic
pollutants, which began about 25 years ago, is described. Among
the methods first used in pollutant analysis was passive labeling
for the identification of oil spill sources.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(12):#PB-265 309/5GA.
1977]
C-1724-77
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR OIL AND GREASE DETERMINATION
Short, 0. W. , S. D. Rice, and D. L. Cheatham. 1976.
Assessment of the Arctic Marine Environment. Selected Topics.
Fairbanks, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska,
1976. Chapter 28. p.451-462.
Crude oil, Fuel oil, Analytical techniques, *0il-grease determination
The authors compare oil content measured by the gravimetric method
(used by government agencies for determining levels of oil in
discharged waters) with oil content determined by infrared
spectrophotometry for toxic water-soluble fractions of two crude
oils and a fuel oil. Recovery of all the oils and a synthetic
grease standard was 100% by the infrared method. Using the
gravimetric method, recovery of the grease standard was 98%,
but recovery of the three pure oils ranged from 52 to 65%.
It is concluded that the gravimetric method is sensitive only
to heavier compounds of the oils.
C-1725-77
INTERLABORATORY CALIBRATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM LEVELS
IN SEDIMENT
Wise, S. A., S. N. Chesler, B. H. Gump, H. S. Hertz, and W. E.
May. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.345-350. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Sediments, Analytical techniques, Chromatography,
Spectroscopy, *Intercalibration
A sample was analyzed by NBS and one other laboratory in order
to determine the suitability of Katalla River sediment for a
33
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more extensive intercalibration exercise. As a result of the
data obtained, an enlarged intercalibration was initiated,
which is currently in progress. Comparison of the interlaboratory
data should provide a measure of the analytical variability
among the participating laboratories.
C-1726-77
ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN
NATURAL WATERS. ON THE ADSORPTION OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AT
MERCURY ELECTRODE/SEA ATER INTERFACE.
Zutic, V., B. Cosovic, and Z. Kozarac. 1977.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Interfacial Electro-
chemistry 78(1):113-121.
Petroleum products, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Surfactants,
Chemical analysis, Adsorption, *Electroanalysis
Dissolved petroleum products in seawater are investigated
through electroanalytical techniques. Two methods are used
for measuring the adsorption effects of petroleum products
and of individual hydrocarbons. Both techniques are discussed
in relation to the total surface activity of a seawater sample
and the effect of surfactants.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28755v. 1977]
6. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
C-1727-77
PETROLEUM IDENTIFICATION BY LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Ahmadjian, M., and C. W. Brown. 1976.
Analytical Chemistry 48(8):1257-1259.
Source identification, Crude oil, Fuel oil, Petroleum products,
Analytical techniques, Spectroscopy
The Raman spectra of No. 2 fuel oils, kerosenes, lubricating
oils, weathered oils, and actual spill oils were measured.
It was found that Raman spectroscopy provides a fast and
simple method for identifying petroleum products.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#PB-264 732/9GA.
1977]
34
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C-1728-77
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS GIVES A "FINGERPRINT" FOR THE IDENTIFICATION
OF OIL SPILLS [English summary]
Boeler, J. B., R. Lichtenthaler, and P. E. Paus. 1976.
Kjemi 36(10):19-21.
Source identification, Oil spills, Analytical techniques
Systems based on combinations of different analytical techniques
which are useful in oil spill fingerprinting are described.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194521q. 1977]
C-1729-77
STATUS OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Geraghty, 0. J., and D. W. Miller. 1977.
Water Technology and Research Conference, 96th, New Orleans,
1976. Vol. 2. p.33-1-51-1.
Source identification, Contamination, Groundwater, Oil wells,
Production, Wastewaters, *Brine disposal
The mechanisms and major sources of groundwater contamination,
and federal legislation for protecting underground waters are
reviewed. Industrial wastewater impoundments, land disposal
of solid wastes, sludges, and wastewaters, and disposal of
brines from oil wells and petroleum processing facilities are
among the major contaminant sources.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6) :#77-03472. 1977]
C-1730-77
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
IN LAKE WASHINGTON
Wakeham, S. G. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(7) :1680-1687.
Source identification, Hydrocarbons, Sediments, Lakes
Surface sediments of the title lake have higher concentrations
of hydrocarbons (up to 1500 )ig/g) than deeper sediments (approxi-
mately 30 ng/g); the sources of this contamination were surveyed.
Results indicated sources include urban stormwater and freeway
bridge runoff, rivers and creeks, rainfall, and dustfall.
Although urban and bridge runoff contained the highest concentra-
tions of petroleum hydrocarbons, a budget calculation showed
that the rivers (and creeks) contributed nearly equal amounts
of hydrocarbons to the lake as did the runoff.
35
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C-1731-77
SOURCE OF OIL DISCHARGED INTO WATER
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p. 9-26.
Source identification, Oil discharges, Natural seepage, Oil
spills, Offshore development, Tankers, International agreements
A brief review is presented of the quantities and sources of
oil in the marine environment including natural seeps,
offshore exploration and production, spills from offshore
wells, tanker accidents, operational discharges from ships
and tankers, and oil from atmospheric sources. International
oil pollution control agreements and industry agreements are
briefly mentioned.
36
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
C-1732-77
EUROPA - NEW OIL BOOM UNIT (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(7):148.
Booms, Spill containment, Harbors, Inland, *Product information
The EUROPA - Emergency Unit for the Recovery of Oil in Pollution
Accidents - is a new unit for dealing with oil on inland water-
ways and in harbors, made by Hoyle Marine Ltd., Merseyside.
The unit can be towed to inaccessible locations (weighing less
than 1150 kg) and has boom equipment that can be launched
within four minutes to an 80 m extension.
C-1733-77
FLOATING OIL FENCE DESIGNED FOR RAPID DEPLOYMENT (product
information)
Anon. 1976.
Ocean Industry 11(8):32.
Spill containment, Booms, Design-engineering, *0ilfence
The Oil fence, a portable floating spill containment barrier
manufactured by Oil Spill Control Systems of Oakland, California,
is described. The barrier is made of portable, connectible
polyurethane sections especially designed for ease of handling
in transport and deployment. The flexibility of the system
facilitates configurations of the barrier to fit the specific
oil containment situation.
[from Oceanic Abstracts 14(3):#77-02652. 1977]
C-1734-77
LARGEST BUBBLE BARRIER (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):31.
Spill containment, Tankers, Ports, Sweden, *Spill Bubble
barrier
Atlas Copco has designed and installed at Ga'vle, Sweden, an
oil protection bubble barrier to prevent the spread of an
oil spill. A series of interconnected polyurethane air hoses
stretch 475 m in a sectorized loop around the berthed tanker.
Through numerous holes in the hoses, compressed air, fed
37
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from onshore compressors, rises to the surface to create
a barrier curtain.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10597.
1977]
C-1735-77
OIL SPILLS PROMPT BOOM DESIGNS (product information)
Anon. 1977.
National Fisherman 58(3):10B.
Booms, Spill containment, Design-engineering, *Product information
Nils Lucander has an un-patented design for what he calls the
"Lucan" Bottom Tension Oil Spill Control Boom, claimed to
have been invented by a large oil company. According to
Lucander, the USCG and the old Water Pollution Control Admini-
stration saw his model years ago "and state unequivocally it
was the best they had seen and that it should be developed further."
For information, contact Lucander at Box 3184, Brownsville,
Texas, 78520.
C-l736-77
CONNECTOR HINGE FOR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Campbell, F. J., and D. J. Graham. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,016,726
Spill containment, Booms, Design and engineering, Patent,
*Connector hinge
A connector hinge is described for attaching oil spill contain-
ment booms having a male cylindrical connector which fits
loosely within a female cylindrical connector to allow easy
movement of both parts in both a vertical and horizontal
direction. The connectors can be attached to a floating oil
spill containment boom, an immovable object such as a pier
or jetty, or a floating tow assembly.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(34):#237,302. 1977]
4,016,726
CONNECTOR HINGE FOR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Francis J. Campbell, Stanford, and Douglas J. Graham, San
Francisco, both of Calif., assignors (o The United States of
America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Wash-
ington, D.C.
Filed Aug. 21, 1975, Ser. No. 606,696
Int. Cl.2 E02B 15/04
U.S. Cl. 61-IF 16 Claims
38
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C-1737-77
OIL BOOM FOR COLLECTING AND SKIMMING OIL ON A WATER SURFACE
in'tVeld, C. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,014,795
Spill containment, Booms, Skimmers, Design-engineering, Patent
Two parallel rows of floating barrier screen panels are
supported by a framework which is connected to end floats.
Flow diverter vanes beneath the barrier screen panels cause
a surface transport current to flow between the 2 rows of
the panels toward a surface skimmer located adjacent to one end
of the boom.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(33):#237,017. 1977]
4,014,795
OIL BOOM FOR COLLECT INC AND SKIMMING OIL ON
A WATER SURFACE
Cornelis in'tVeld, Vlaardingen, Netherlands, assignor to Na-
tional .Nfarine Service, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.
Filed Nov. 24, 1975, Ser. No. 634,505
Int. Cl.2 E02B IS/04
U.S. Cl. 210-242 R 11 Claims
C-l738-77
OIL SLICK INSTABILITY AND THE ENTRAPMENT FAILURE OF OIL
CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Leibovich, S. 1976.
Journal of Fluids Engineering 98(3):98-105.
Spill containment, Booms, Behavior, Oil slicks, *Slick droplet
formation, *Entrainment failure
Experimental evidence is shown to be consistent with the view
that the onset of droplet formation in contained oil slicks
is due to the breaking of finite interfacial waves; these waves
result from the equilibration of amplifying Kelvin-Helmholtz
waves. Conditions for droplet shedding from the headwave and
from the entire slick are derived from this model.
39
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C-1739-77
THE USE OF BOOMS
Newman, D. E. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith, (ed.). London, Graham &Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.83-114.
Spill containment, Booms, Design and engineering, Freshwater,
Oceans
The use of booms in oil spill containment is summarized with
reference to different types of booms, including chemical oil
herders and their functions, operations, design, and limitations,
Four different spill situations and the effective use of booms
are described. The situations cover oil spilled into a stream,
oil entering an estuary from the sea, protection of freshwater
intakes, and use of booms for corral ing or collecting oil in
open waters.
C-1740-77
FENDING DEVICE FOR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Nielsen, E. C. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,000,532
Spill containment, Booms, Design and engineering, Patent
"The device for floating barriers has an open planar structure
with associated buoyancy arrangements to give flotation on
water substantially coplanar to the surface of the water.
Fenders extend transversely of the plane of the structure and
exceed above and below the water line to engage the barrier and
block passage thereby."
[from Underwater Information Bulletin 9(4):39,#77/08/01. 1977]
4,000,532
FENDING DEVICE FOR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Erik C. NieKen, R.D. 3 Box 360-K, Toms Rher, NJ. OH753
Filed Mar. 5, 1975, Ser. No. 555,366
Int. Cl.! B63B 35/00, E02B 15104
U S Cl. 9-8 R 10 Claims
40
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C-1741-77
SEABOOM TM, A PERMANENT OIL CONTAINMENT BARRIER
Tedeschi, E. T. 1976.
American Chemical Society. Division of Environmental Chemistry.
Preprints of Papers 16(2}:123-126.
Spill containment, Booms, Design and engineering, *Seaboom
The Seaboom line of containment barriers consists basically
of a sheet of rubber held vertically in the water by continuous
flotation chambers containing closed-cell foam and stiffened
by vertical ribs. The material does not foul and cannot snag
on protruding structures. The booms have been in operation
for over 5 years with no degradation in performance and little
maintenance required.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03387. 1977]
2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
C-1742-77
DRACONE 'BARGE1 (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):33.
Spill recovery, Oil transport, Design and engineering, *Dracone
barge
The Dunlop GRG Divison, Skelmersdale, UK, manufactures a 4,500 L
capacity Dracone Barge. The 7.3 m (28 ft.) long bargeisa towed,
flexible unit made from synthetic rubber coated nylon fabric and
cord, and is used for collecting and transporting salvaged oil
at sea.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10471. 1977]
C-1743-77
FOAM CHIPS FOR OIL RECOVERY (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5) :33.
Spill recovery, Absorption, Design and engineering, USN, *Foam
chips
Ocean Design Engineering Corporation (ODEC), California, has a
patented oil-spill recovery system for the open ocean. The system
41
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recycles large quantities of urethane foam chips which absorb
the oil, and is capable of recovering up to 132,475 L/hr
(35,000 US gph) in continuous operation. A prototype has been
built for the U.S. Navy.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10470.
1977]
C-1744-77
NEW SYSTEM CLEARS BIG OIL SPILLS(product information)
Anon. 1977.
Offshore Services 10(4):91.
Spill recovery, Blowouts, Booms, North Sea, Norway
Large scale blowouts off the coast of Norway should soon be
able to be handled in difficult weather without chemicals.
Statoil, negotiating on behalf of the North Sea Operators'
Committee, has ordered two complete oil recovery systems
and 1000 m of seagoing booms. Descriptions of the equipment,
ordered from Thune-Eureka A/S and A/S Nofi, are given.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10594.
1977]
C-1745-77
NEW TANK CLEANING STATION NEEDED AT GOTHENBURG
Anon. 1977.
Holland Shipbuilding 25(12):71.
Oil tanks, Cleanup, Sweden, *Tank cleaning station
The separation technique used on board "Renare Har", a floating
tank cleaning station, has been very effective in meeting the
oil content limits for discharged waters imposed by the
Swedish authorities. Gotaverken is offering to carry out
conversions of old tankers into similar cleaning stations.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(6) :#7Q7585. 1977]
C-1746-77
OIL DISPERSANT SPARES SEA LIFE (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):33.
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, Emulsifiers, Solution, Toxicity
The Gamlen Chemical Co. Ltd., .of Uxbridge, UK, has developed
an emulsifier without a solvent, named Hydrogamosol LT. It
has been approved by the British Warren Springs lab for its
42
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effectiveness and low toxicity, and meets the French standards
of legislation for bio-degradable detergent products. The
agent can be used in solution in sea water at concentrations
of 2-4%, and will not deteriorate metal, concrete, rubber,
wood, or plastic. When sprayed on the oil spill, a fine
emulsion forms which can be dispersed by mechanical means.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10468. 1977]
C-1747-77
OIL RECLAIMER (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(4):30.
Spill recovery, Reclamation, Design and engineering
The Olsen reclaimer, a floating, self propelled unit for cleaning
up harbor spills and oil slicks, is described. The device
collects oil at a rate up to about 570 L/min (150 gpm)
depending on the thickness of the oil layer, and it delivers
a product that is readily processed for oil reclamation. The
unit is available from M.SC Engineering Systems Ltd., 265
Canarctic Drive, Downsview, Ontario M3J 2N7, Canada.
C-1748-77
OIL SKIMMER RECOVERS 1-50 GPM (product information)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(32):93.
Skimmers, Spill recovery, Design and engineering
A floating, weir-type oil skimmer, the Slurp, has no moving
parts or necessary adjustments. The producing company, Seaward
International Inc., also advertises a self-contained emergency
oil-spill response system. Write to Seaward International at
6269 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA.
C-1749-77
OIL SPILL PUMP (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Offshore 37(6):76.
Pollution control, Spill cleanup, *0il spill pumps
The Frank Mohn Company has developed an oil salvage pump system
for use against uncontrolled blowouts or other types of oil
spills. The pumps can take up spills at the same rate as oil
gushing from the well.
43
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C-1750-77
OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1976.
Ocean Industry ll(10):75-79.
Spill recovery, Absorption, Skimmers, Booms, Ships
Recent developments in oil spill recovery technology are
examined including the use of absorbent polyurethane foam
chips, absorbent ferromagnetic polyfoam, and several specially
designed oil spill recovery vessels, booms, and skimmers.
[from Oceanic Abstracts 14(3):#77-02661. 1977]
C-1751-77
OIL SPILLS IN BAD WEATHER: SKUTENG A/S AND A/S BLEHR &
TENVIG HAVE THE SOLUTION
Anon. 1977.
Scandinavian Oil Gas Magazine 5(4):27-29.
Spill recovery, Design and engineering, North Sea, *0il
collection systems
The article reports the progress of the title companies
toward reaching a solution to the collection of offshore oil
spills. Skuteng feel they have developed an ideal system to
collect oil during bad weather. Blehr & Tenvig have patented
a stabilizer system which can reduce the heaving motion of a
ship at sea. Both companies think that the systems could be
effectively coordinated for use in the North Sea.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(34):#237,304. 1977]
C-1752-77
POLLUTION CONTROL - PUMP SETS FOR OIL SLICK DISPERSAL
Anon. 1977.
Marine Engineers Review 7(February):34.
Dispersants, Booms, Oil slicks, Spill cleanup, *Pumps
Megator Pumps and Compressors Ltd., London, have introduced
a 2 pump package for feeding concentrated oil dispersant and
seawater to spray vessels' booms. The sets have been approved
for use with the Warren Spring Laboratory spray boom system
which is designed to apply dispersant to floating oil and then,
by means of specially designed breaker boards, to agitate the
surface of the treated oil to speed dispersion of the slick.
44
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C-1753-77
PUMPS FOR OIL-SPILL CLEARANCE (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):33.
Spill cleanup, Design-engineering, *0il-spill pump
The self-priming flameproof Wilden pump can pass most solids
of up to 5.08 cm (2 in) in size and, if damaged, can be
repaired on site. Thus, the dangers of electrical shock or
flame hazards from an electric pump are eliminated. The
pumping capacities range from a few liters (gallons) up to
757 L/min (200 gpm).
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10469.
1977]
C-1754-77
RCMP LINK WITH NEELS AIDS OIL SPILL CLEAN UP (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(4):13.
Spill cleanup, Spill containment, Canada, *Equipment locator
system
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) has been linked with
Canada's computer-based National Emergency Equipment Locator
System (NEELS) in order to aid the country in quickly locating
spill containment and cleanup equipment when a spill occurs.
C-1755-77
SKIMJET REMOVES OIL FROM SURFACE OF WATER (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(4):68.
Spill recovery, Skimmers, Design and engineering, *Skimjet
Skimovex B.V. has developed a unit, the Skimjet, which can
remove 98% of oil from a 500 m2, 2 cm thick oil spill per hour,
regardless of the viscosity of the oil. The system uses jets
of water to direct and push the oil into a floating, bottomless
enclosure. Advantages of the system include simplicity of
operation, high capacity, and insensitivity to wind and waves
up to 0.7 m. The collected oil contains virtually no water.
The unit is adaptable for land based and marine applications.
45
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C-1756-77
SYSTEM RECOVERS OIL AT 250 BBL/HR RATE (product information)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(32):90.
Skimmers, Spill recovery, Design and engineering
The new ZRV Dynamic Skimmer recovers oil by moving an adsorbent
floating rope mop in the opposite direction of vessel travel at
up to six knots. For more information, write to Oil Mop Inc.,
Drawer P, Belle Chase, LA. 70037.
C-1757-77
SYSTEM RECOVERS SPILLS FAST (product information)
Anon. 1977.
The Oil and Gas Journal 75(34):141.
Contingency planning, Spill recovery, *Response teams, U.S.
A new system of two crews of six-man teams is on standby
twenty-four hours a day for 5-hr on-scene response to over
fourteen western states. The system covers oil and other
spills at train, truck, boat, or barge accidents. For
further information! write to Western Environmental Services
Div., Willamette-Western Corp., Foot of North Portsmouth
Ave., Portland, OR 97203.
C-1758-77
WIDE RANGE OF OIL POLLUTION GEAR FROM U.S. MAKER (product
information)
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):32.
Spill recovery, Skimmers, Design-engineering, *Seaward
International
Seaward International of Falls Church, Virginia, offers
SLURP (Self-Levelling Unit for Removing Pollution), the
Spiltrol harbour skimmer, and the Huskey offshore skimmer,
as well as other pollution control equipment. The skimmers
operate in a variety of water conditions and are self-propelled
and non-self-propelled.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10467.
1977]
4b
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C-1759-77
EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR FUEL OIL ADSORPTION FROM
A POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
Allen, D. H. 1976.
Final report, AFCEC-TR-76-46. 12p.
Fuel oil, Contamination, Fresh water, Adsorption, *Activated
carbon, *Water supply
The use of activated carbon adsorption for removing diesel
fuel from a contaminated Air Force water supply was found
to be a highly effective and extremely rapid process.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(12) :#AD-A037 478/5GA.
1977]
C-1760-77
STUDY OF THE CREATION OF PROTECTIVE AND SORBENT MATERIALS FOR
OIL SPILLS [in Russian]
Anufrieva, N. M, 1975.
Kompleksnye Issledovaniya Microvom Okeane. M. E. Vinogradov
(ed.). Moscow, USSR, Akademia Nauk SSSR, 1975. p.331-335.
Spill cleanup, Spill containment, Absorption, *Polyurethane
foams
"Polyurethane foams prepared by foaming easily transportable
polyurethane components directly in contact with petroleum
on water surfaces, entrap petroleum leaving only a thin film."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#82718. 1977]
C-1761-77
A FAST-CURRENT OIL RECOVERY DEVICE
Ayers, R. R., and J. M. Ward. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):12-14.
Spill recovery, Skimmers, Design-engineering, *Fast current
oil recovery
Currently available oil spill recovery equipment is generally
limited to operating in water current speeds of under 4 km/hr
(2 knots). The newly developed zero-relative-velocity (ZRV)
oil skimmer is described, and its performance in a series of
developmental USCG tests is summarized. The ZRV skimming
concept has been shown by tests to be capable of recovering
oil effectively in 7-18 km/hr (4-10 knot) currents.
47
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C-1762-77
INSTALLATION TO COLLECT A LIGHT MATERIAL FLOATING ON A WATER
SURFACE
(Ballast Nedam Groep NV). 1975.
Netherlands Application 7,510,151
Spill recovery, Design-engineering, Patent
The installation is submerged in water and consists of a wall
around a collection space. Collection mechanisms move the
light material to the collection space. The wall consists of
a multitude of panels which can be moved into positions to
provide water-tight connections between intermediate flexible
wall panels.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(35):#237,684. 1977]
C-1763-77
A PROCESS FOR ABSORBING OIL FROM WATER
Barnes, R. I. 1977.
British Patent 1,472,964
Absorption, Contaminants, Patent, *0il-absorbent compound
An oil-absorbent compound consisting of the reaction product
of a carbohydrate and a metal oxide is added to the water. The
carbohydrate may be a disaccharide, monosaccharide, or poly-
saccharide; the metal oxide is the oxide of a metal in Group II
of the Periodic Table of Elements.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(30):#235,883. 1977]
C-1764-77
SPILLAGE INTO WATER - TREATMENT
Canevari, G. P. 1976.
Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering. J. R.
Pfafflin, and E. N. Ziegler (eds.). New York, Edward N. Gordon
& Breach, 1976. Vol. 2. p.793-809.
Spill cleanup, Spill containment, treatment methods
Various methods in which oil spills can be handled are discussed
and the merits of the different methods are compared.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#8219v. 1977]
48
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C-1765-77
SEPARATING OIL FROM OIL-CONTAMINATED SURFACES
Chambers, D. B., B. Walker, E. Chadwick, and J. N. Greenshields.
1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,639,149
Contamination, Oil tanks, Absorption, Patent, *Cleanup
The preparation of a cleaning composition used for the spray
cleaning of oils from surfaces of storage tanks, etc., is
described.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#173451b. 1977]
C-1766-77
SOLIDIFICATION OF LEAKED OILS AND OIL LEAKING PREVENTION
Chikami, K. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 87,349
Tankers, Leakage, Spill cleanup, Patent, *0il solidification
A mixture which includes urethane and trichloroethane is added
to oils leaked or leaking from oil tankers. This causes rapid
solidification and stops the leak.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28641e. 1977]
C-1767-77
OIL RECOVERY PERFORMANCE OF THE LOCKHEED DISC-DRUM DEVICE -
A PARAMETRIC STUDY
Chung, J. S., and C. E. Rudiger, Jr. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington D. C., 1976. p.!2B-22B.
Spill recovery, Design-engineering, Lockheed disc-drum device,
*Performance
Using test data obtained on Lockheed disc-drum oil recovery devices,
parameters affecting their performance were investigated. Very
high recovery rates were obtained over a wide range of oil
properties and oil layer thicknesses including thin slicks.
Optimal recovery rates were obtained for oils with a viscosity
between 200-1500 centistokes.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6) :#77-03169. 1977]
49
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C-1768-77
OIL AND LUBRICANTS IN WATER. HOW CAN MAN REMOVE IT?
Enke, C. G. 1976.
Wasser, Luft und Betrieb 20(12):685-688.
Emulsions, Filtration, Evaporation, Incineration, *0il removal
Emulsion breaking, ultrafiltration, evaporation, and incineration
are emphasized in this review with no references.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#43551u. 1977]
C-1769-77
SELECTION CRITERIA AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL SORBENTS
Environmental Protection Service. 1976.
No. EPS-4-EC-76-5. 53p.
Spill recovery, Absorption, Cost analysis, *Sorbents, *Performance
evaluation
Twenty different types of oil spill sorbents were studied in
terms of desirable performance and operational criteria. Oil
pick-up capacities were determined and then correlated with
sorbent prices to give oil sorption costs. Of the materials
examined, the synthetic polymeric sorbents exhibited the
highest oil pick-up capacities and oil/water ratios.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(32):#236,712. 1977]
C-1770-77
SINKING AND DISPERSING OIL
Farn, R. J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters. J.
Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.159-180.
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, Toxicity, Sinking agents
The sinking of oil as a means of spill cleanup is not considered
a successful method because of the potential damage to benthic
life and fisheries resources in many areas. The use of oil spill
dispersants is presently the most effective and widely used
method of combatting oil pollution in the open sea, coastal
waters, and shorelines. The development and evaluation of the
performance and toxicity of various dispersants by laboratory
tests and sea trials are described. The methods of dispersant
application in various spill situations are reviewed.
50
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C-1771-77
PETROLEUM WASTES IN THE SOIL
Harris, J. 0. 1976.
Land Application of Waste Materials. Ankeny, Iowa, Soil
Conservation Society of America, 1976. p.249-253.
Spill cleanup, Petroleum products, Soil, Sources, Biodegradation,
Oxidation, Absorption
Petroleum products likely to pollute land are extremely variable
in composition and physical characteristics; and spills may
result from pipeline breaks and accidents or leakage during
transport or storage. The roles of oxidation and biodegradation
of oil by soil microorganisms are reviewed, and methods for
onland spill containment, cleanup and recovery are summarized.
Cleanup is best achieved by adsorption on straw, hay, ground
corn cobs, and various sponge-like plastic absorbents.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03948. 1977]
C-1772-77
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING DISPERSIONS OF TWO IMMISCIBLE
LIQUIDS [in German]
Hartman, R., and 0. Kuz. 1976.
German Patent-2,164,476
Dispersions, Oil-water separation, Spill cleanup, Design and
engineering, Patent
"This apparatus for separating dispersions consists of a tank
with horizontal baffle plates of corrugated or zigzag sheet
metal and a distributor consisting of a fill separated from
the baffles by a perforated plate. The space between the
baffle plates is filled with a material preferentially wetted
by the dispersed phase."
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(23):#234,065. 1977]
C-1773-77
OIL COLLECTION
Hoketsu, H. 1977.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 77 12,687
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, Patent, *Magnetic powder
"Oil on water is dispersed with irregular granules of plastics
mixed with powdered magnetic metal and collected magnetically
as oil balls."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#58182y. 1977]
51
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C-1774-77
PROCESS FOR EMERGENCY SMALL SPILL CONTROL
Irons, D. E. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,006,082
Spill recovery, Booms, Patent
Floating oil or other contaminants are recovered by a process
that involves use of a floating sump and a flexible floating
boom. The boom is attached to the sump and is placed in the
water so as to encircle the sump and at least part of the
spill. Take-up arrangements originating at the sump are used
to gradually decrease the area of the spill, and the floating
pollutant is pumped into a storage vessel.
[from Underwater Information Bulletin 9(4):42, #77/08/38. 1977]
4,006,082
PROCESS FOR EMERGENCY SMALL SPILL CONTROL
Denis E. Irons, San Francisco, Calif., assignor to Murphy
Pacific Marine Salvage Co., Emeryville, Calif.
Filed May 12, 1975, Ser. No. 576,944
Int. Cl.1 E02B 15/04
U.S. Cl. 210-83 1 Claim
and Inland Waters.
& Trotman Ltd.,
C-1775-77
MECHANICAL DEVICES
Jeffrey, P. G. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham
1976. p.115-140.
Spill recovery, Skimmers, Design and engineering
Five basic types of oil skirnmers are described and evaluated
based on their underlying principles of operation and deployment.
Included are skimmer types that rely on: 1) adhesion of oil to
a solid surface such as a metal disk; 2) adhesion to a continuous
flexible belt drawn along the the oil/water interface; 3) centri-
fugal devices that create a vortex for increasing oil layer
thickness; 4) devices with one or more weirs; and 5) more than
one method of operation.
52
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C-1776-77
OIL-ABSORBING MATERIAL
Kumitomo, Y., H. Ono, T. Saida, K. Nakarai, and T. Wagatsuma.
1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,621,961
Spill recovery, Absorption, Incineration, Patent, *Absorbent
fibers
Peat fibers are mixed with melted polyolefin to form a material
that absorbs floating oil and can be burned after use.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#7052y. 1977]
C-1777-77
REMOVAL OF SPILLED OIL FROM WATER
Murata, K. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76,110,479
Spill recovery, Fuel oil, Adsorption, Patent, *Sawdust
A chip or powdered oil adsorbent is spread over an oil spill
and then solidified by spraying with an alkali metal silicate
and a hardening agent. Experiments used sawdust to remove fuel
oil from water.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28832t. 1977]
C-1778-77
STUDY OF POLYURETHANE FOAM AS A MEDIUM TO REMOVE PETROLEUM FROM
THE SURFACE OF OCEANS [in Russian]
Nemirovskaya, I. A., N. M. Anufrieva, and A. B. Gornitskii. 1975.
Kompleksnye Issledovaniya Mirovom Okeane. M. E. Vinogradov (ed.)
Moscow, USSR, Akademia Nauk SSSR, 1975. p.327-330.
Spill cleanup, Absorption, Oceans, *Polyurethane foams
"Polyether-based polyurethane foams are unsuitable for absorbing
spills, but polyester-based ones absorb 18.6 times their own
weight of petroleum, 94.2% of which can later be extracted with
petroleum ether containing a small amount of CHCls."
[from Chemcial Abstracts 87(2):#8270e. 1977]
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C-1779-77
IMPROVEMENTS IN OIL SLICK DISPERSANT APPARATUS
Noel, R. A. 1976.
South African Patent 75/7,078
Oil slicks, Dispersants, Spill cleanup, Design-engineering,
Patent
"The apparatus consists of an eductor, a source of concentrated
dispersant connected to an inlet of the eductor, and a pump
adapted to pump water through the eductor to at least one suitable
nozzle. The water is mixed with concentrate in the eductor."
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(23):#234,064. 1977]
C-1780-77
RECOVERY OF SPILLED OIL ON SEA WATER OR RIVER WATER
Okhori, K. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 87,507
Spill recovery, Seawater, Rivers, Solvents, Flocculation,
Coagulation, Patent
Spilled oil is sprayed with an aromatic solvent containing a
flocculant, and then with a coolant, such as dry ice, to
coagulate the oil and to form an oil fence.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28640d. 1977]
C-1781-77
REMOVAL OF PETROLEUM FROM THE SURFACE OF WATER
Pelevin, L. A., G. N. Pozdnyshev, Yu. Kh. Lukmanov, et al. 1977.
USSR Patent 548,573
Spill recovery, Absorption, Surfactants, *Sorbent-wood chips
"Petroleum was removed from the surface of water by treating
the water with a sorbent, e.g. wood chips, and then with a
0.1-10.0% solution of a surfactant based on Oxyphos."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11414k. 1977]
54
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C-1782-77
ABSORBENT PRODUCTS FOR HYDROCARBONS
Porte, P. 1976.
U.S. Patent 3,990,970
Oil slicks, Spill recovery, Absorption, Patent
A pulp of an artificial or synthetic polymer, preferably a
polyamide or polyester, is used as an absorbent for petroleum
products spread on the surface of water. The pulp can be coated
with 1 to 5% of its weight of a hydrophobic and oleophilic material
especially a long chain paraffin or chlorinated paraffin.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(13):#W77-06456. 1977]
C-1783-77
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO REMOVING OIL FROM BEACHES AND
THE LIKE
Rogers, J. 1977.
British Patent 1,478,008
Spill recovery, Beaches, Dispersants, Surfactants, Patent
A stream of water is mixed with a dispersant composition
consisting of a solution or suspension in an organic solvent
of one or more surfactants (at least one of which is a gelling
agent). The mixture is applied to the surface and subsequently
permits rinsing of the surface to remove the mixture and
contamination.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(33):#237,023. 1977]
C-l784-77
FLOTATION PURIFICATION OF SEAWATER BY REMOVING EMULSIFIED
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS [in Russian]
Skrylev, L. D., V. K. Ososkov. 1977.
Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya (Kiev) No. 1:50-51.
Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Seawater, Petroleum products,
Flotation
A model emulsion of seawater contained 18 g/L mineral salts and
300-400 mg/L engine oil or diesel fuel dispersed in the form of
particles with diameters of 7vi. This emulsion was subject either
to pressure flotation at 5 atm or saturated with air dispersed
by passage through porous material. The second method was more
effective.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176692s. 1977]
55
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C-1785-77
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR RECOVERY OF A SHEET OF LIQUID FLOATING
ON WATER
(Soc. Gen. Cons. Elec. Mec. Alst.). 1977.
Belgian Patent 822,629
Oil slicks, Spill recovery, Design and engineering, Patent
This process consists of passing both water and pollutant
through a cyclone separation by means of a suction pump placed
at the lower outlet of the polluted water.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(27) :#235,295. 1977]
C-l786-77
SKIMMER FENCE
Stovall, L. F. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,000,618
Spill recovery, Skimmers, Booms, Design-engineering, Patent
An apparatus for removing floating oil from flowing water is
described. The device consists of a vertically-deployed,
fence-like boom provided with a series of connected, vertical
and horizontal baffles that form a number of flow passageways
for the entrainment of oil.
[from Underwater Information Bulletin 9(4):39,#77/08/04. 1977]
4,000,618
SKIMMER FENCE
I,Hand F. Slovall, Corpus Christi, Tex., assignor to Exxon
Production Research Company, Houston, Tex,
Filed Apr. 28, 1975, Ser. No. 572,556
Int. Cl.! E02B 3100
U.S. Cl. 61-1 F 3 Claims
56
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C-1787-77
OIL ADSORBENT USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF SPILLED OIL
Takahashi, R., T. Sone, and T. Hirata. 1977.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 77 19,190
Spill cleanup, Adsorption, Gasoline, Fuel oil, Patent
An oil adsorbent is made by mixing a block copolymer with oil,
olefin monomer, copolymer, or filler, and then foaming. The
resulting foam has oil-adsorbing capacities of 0.30, 0.35, and
0.41 g/cm3 for gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oil, respectively.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#43818m. 1977]
C-1788-77
APPARATUS FOR REMOVAL OF OIL FILMS FROM WATER
Tsunoi, I. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,006,086
Oil slicks, Spill recovery, Skimmers, Ships, Design-engineering,
Patent
The apparatus comprises a floating elongate chamber which is
pivotably supported between the hulls of a catamaran-type ship.
The forward end of the chamber has an inlet opening behind which
an adjustable weir and an inclined, horizontal plate serve to
capture the oil film. Two separate pump and conduit arrangements
remove water and oil respectively from the chamber.
[from Underwater Information Bulletin 9(4):42,#77/08/39. 1977]
4,006,086
APPARATUS FOR REMOVAL OF OIL FILMS FROM
WATER
Ikuo Tsunoi, Yokohama, Japan, assignor to Kabushiki-Kaisha
Kyoei Senpaku Kogyo, Yokohama, Japan
Filed May 14, 1975, Ser. No. 577,554
Claims priority, application Japan, July 1, 1974, 49-75217
Int. CI.J E02B IS/04
U.S. Cl. 210-242 R 2 Claims
57
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C-1789-77
A TOWED PLANING HULL SLED FOR FAST SURFACE DELIVERY OF POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT (product information)
Ward, R. S., and R. M. Larrabee. 1977.
Naval Engineers Journal 89(2):129-137.
Pollution control, USCG, *Equipment, *Fast Surface Delivery
System
A Fast Surface Delivery System was developed for the USCG for
use in pollution control at sea. The all-aluminum sled, towable
by helicopter and surface vessel, can deliver a 9.1 metric ton
(20,000 Ib) payload and be unloaded manually at sea.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10451. 1977]
C-1790-77
ABSORBENTS, BURNING AND GELLING
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.141-159.
Spill cleanup, Absorption, Incineration, *Gelling agents
The cleanup of oil spills by using absorbent materials, combustion,
and gelling agents that immobilize oil is described, and the
efficacy of each method is assessed. Suitable absorbents
include inorganic materials like vermiculite, natural organic
material such as peat and straw, and synthetics including
polyethylene foams and fibres. Combustion of oil spills is
not satisfactory in most situations and does not represent a
successful method. The gelling of oil products to facilitate
handling or to prevent a spill from spreading has been tested
and applied successfully but is too expensive for large-scale
application.
C-1791-77
SEA AND FRESHWATER SPILLS
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.181-202.
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, Absorption, Disposal, Coasts, Marshes,
Beaches, Seawater, Freshwater
The most suitable methods available for oil spill cleanup along
the shore and on beaches include mechanical removal and the use
of dispersants and absorbents. The methods for removing oil from
swamps, mud flats, sandy and rocky beaches, large rocks, cliffs
and manmade structures, and inland spills are briefly described.
The disposal of oil contaminated beach material remains a diffi-
cult problem; disposal methods on land should be used which
assure biodegradation.
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3. RESTORATION
C-T792-77
CLEANING AGENTS FOR OILED WILDLIFE
Berkner, A. B., D. C. Smith, and A. S. Williams. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):15-19.
Restoration, Wildlife, Oil spills, Surfactants, Solvents,
Toxicity
The advantages and limitations of detergents and solvents in
saving oiled wildlife are discussed with respect to the type
of wildlife affected, the types of oil involved, and the
treatment facilities and equipment available. Several commercial
detergents are compared for their cleansing ability, optimal
concentrations, and toxicity and/or side effects.
C-179.3" 7 7
CHANGES IN VEGETATION OF AN OILED SOUTHAMPTON WATER SALT MARSH
Dicks, B. 1977.
Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. J. Cairns, Jr.,
K. L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks (eds.). Charlottesville,
University Press of Virginia, 1977. p.208-240. Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Recovery of Damaged
Ecosystems, Blacksburg, Virginia, March 23-25, 1975.
Restoration, Vegetation, Marshes, Contamination, Wastewaters,
Refineries, England, *Salt marsh
Progressive damage was incurred in a salt marsh in Southampton
Water, Hampshire, England, due to effluent that was discharged
from a refinery between 1951 and 1970. An area 1000 m by 600 m
had been denuded of vegetation. This appears to have been a
result of repeated contamination of the marsh by oil films.
The pattern of recolonization of damaged areas is discussed.
RECOVERY OF SOME BRITISH ROCKY SEASHORES FROM OIL SPILLS AND
CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Nelson-Smith, A. 1977.
Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. J. Cairns, Jr.,
K. L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks (eds.). Charlottesville,
University Press of Virginia, 1977. p.191-207. Proceedings of
the International Symposium on the Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems,
Blacksburg, Virginia, March 23-25, 1975.
Restoration, Shorelines, Oil spills, Biological effects,
Mollusks, Algae, *Rocky shores, England
The effects of oil spills of varying severity are described.
The most striking result is a reduction in the numbers of
59
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grazing mo "Husks, especially limpets, resulting in successive
blooms of green and brown algae. Recovery periods varied from
up to 7 years after a major crude-tanker wreck to virtually no
time after a small spill of heavier oils. Chronic pollution
by an oily refinery effluent has modified the balance of shore
populations so that complete recovery can never occur.
4. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
C-1795-77
TANKERS DISMISSED IN U.S. OIL STORAGE PLAN
Baron, V. C. 1977.
Seatrade 7(4):116.
Tankers, Storage, Crude oil, Environmental protection, FEA
The Petroleum Reserve Plan of the U.S. Federal Energy Admini-
stration indicates that FEA's program for long-term crude oil
storage will not use tankers. FEA requires storage facilities
that are feasible, environmentally acceptable, cost competitive,
capable of storing large volumes, and near to pipeline and
seaport distribution systems. There are a wide range of
pollution prevention and maintenance considerations as well
which would raise the costs of using tanker storage.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10842.
1977]
C-1796-77
OIL STORAGE TANK
Bell, A. 0., and J. C. Feben. 1977.
British Patent 1,467,238
Storage, Tankers, Design and engineering, Patent, *0il storage tank
A marine structure for storing oil and for providing a mooring
for a tanker is described. The tank controls the flow rate of
the oil and allows for discharging water from it. Buoyance is
controlled through an air and water discharging system between
the tank's inner and outer walls.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(23):#234,020. 1977]
60
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C-1797-77
CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: VALDEZ, ALASKA TO MIDLAND,
TEXAS (AS PROPOSED BY SOHIO COMPANY) - CHAPTERS 1-9
Bureau of Land Management. 1976.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management Draft Environmental Impact
Statement. 2233p.
Oil transport, Pipelines, Alaska, Texas, EIS, Crude oil, Oil
spills
A pipeline east of the Rocky Mountains is proposed by Standard
Oil Co. of Ohio to transport Alaskan crude oil, to relieve the
prospective regional crude supply and demand imbalance, and to
reduce dependence on foreign crude oil imports. Such a project
would reduce the threat of oil spills into the ocean as it would
reduce the transport of oil by sea.
[from Energy Information Abstracts 2(2):#77-21489. 1977]
C-1798-77
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE.
Federal Energy Administration. 1976.
Final Environmental Impact Statement, FEA/S-76/487-Vol-l; FES-76/2-
Vol-1. 583p.
Crude oil, Storage, Environmental effects, EIS, *Salt domes,
Oil tanks, *Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Underground storage of crude oil in solution-mined salt domes
and conventional mines, and above ground storage in tanks have
been proposed as a strategic petroleum reserve. This final
environmental impact statement identifies particularly sensitive
environmental parameters that are investigated in greater detail
in site-specific environmental impact statements.
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(13):#N77-
22675. 1977]
C-1799-77
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE
Federal Energy Administration. 1976.
Final Environmental Impact Statement, FEA/S-76/488-Vol-2; FES-
76/2-Vol-2. 273p.
Crude oil, Storage, Environmental effects, EIS, *Salt domes,
*Mines, *Strategic Petroleum Reserve
"Comments on the programmatic environmental impact statement
(Volume 1) from federal, state, and local agencies and private
industry concerning storage of crude oil underground in solution -
mined salt cavities and in conventional mines are presented."
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(13):#N77-22676.
1977]
61
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C-1800-77
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE. BAYOU CHOCTAW SALT DOME
Federal Energy Administration. 1977.
Supplement to Final Environmental Impact Statement, FEA/S-77/129,
FES 76-5. 175p.
Crude oil, Storage, Environmental effects, EIS, Louisiana,
*Bayou Choctaw Salt Dome
This site-specific EIS Supplement analyzes the environmental
impacts caused by site preparation and operation of the
proposed St. James oil distribution system, and compares
these impacts with those associated with the Addis distri-
bution system.considered in the final EIS.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(30):#235,912. 1977]
C-1801-77
HOW TO MAKE TANKERS SAFER
Mayer, A. J., et al. 1977.
Newsweek 89(3):60-61.
Oil transport, Tankers, Safety, *Standards, *Accident prevention
The record-breaking rash of accidents involving commercial
tankers is likely to result in the imposition of tough new
safety standards. Double hulls, segregated ballast, backup
systems, and collision-avoidance radar should be standard
equipment on all commercial oil tankers, especially supertankers
which are considered to be immediately hazardous, difficult to
control, and astonishingly fragile.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03156. 1977]
C-l802-77
TRANSPORT OF MINERAL OIL COMPONENTS TO GROUNDWATER. PT. 2.
INFLUENCE OF LIME, CLAY AMD ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENTS ON THE
RATE OF TRANSPORT
van der Waarden, A., W. M. Groenewoud, and A.L.A.M. Bridie.
1977.
Water Research 11(4):359-365.
Oil transport, Groundwater, Adsorption, *Lime, *Clay, *Soil
components
The adsorption of a model compound arid of oil components on
lime, clay, and organic soil components is discussed. It is
demonstrated that adsorption may reduce the total amount of
oil transport to groundwater, reduce concentrations, and delay
transport.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(27):#235,271. 1977]
62
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5. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
C-1803-77
EVAPORATION AND THERMAL OXIDATION OF LIQUID EFFLUENTS - BY
BURNING WITH FLAME IN COMBUSTION CHAMBER
(Inventor unknown). 1976.
French Patent 2,302,483
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Evaporation, Incineration,
Patent, *Thermal oxidation
This process provides for the treatment of effluents containing
toxic products from refineries and plants which chemically treat
petroleum products. A continuous evaporation process is created
and combustible substances are burned and eliminated by thermal
oxidation. The effluent is vaporized by convection currents in
the combustion chamber. Solid wastes can be burned along with
the effluent products by mixing with the fuel.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07227. 1977]
C-1804- 7.7
AN ECONOMIC CASE STUDY OF WASTE OIL AND ITS WIDER SIGNIFICANCE
Anon. 1977.
Solid Wastes 67(2):86-87.
Waste oil disposal, Storage, Economics, UK
About 65,000 tons of reasonably high quality waste oil are
wasted each year in the United Kingdom alone. This study
concludes that the costs of providing waste oil storage and
collection centers are not likely to be small, but would reduce
the illegal disposal of oil by motorists and industry.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03514. 1977]
C-1805-77
FLOTATION MACHINE (product information)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(4):30.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Flotation,
Design and engineering
The Wemco Hydrocleaner flotation machine, which separates oil,
solids, and organic matter from wastewater, is described. The
system can clean wastewaters containing up to 50,000 ppm oil,
depending on type of oil and emulsion, leaving an effluent with
typically less than 10 ppm oil. The Wemco Hydrocleaner is
available from Envirotech Canada, Ltd., 5155 Creek Bank Road,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
63
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C-1806-77
OIL EMULSION PROCESSING
Ames, R. K., and H. H. Peters. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,002,562
Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Patent, *Amine addition
A method for separating oil-water emulsions that contain solids
is described. The emulsion is mixed with one or more amines in
which the oily component is soluble and exhibits an inverse
critical solution point in a 2-phase system with water such that
the mixture forms a single, continuous liquid phase. Heating to
just below the critical solution point removes the solids and
amine(s); further heating separates the oil and water phase.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#8036h. 1977]
4,002,562
OIL EMULSION PROCESSING
Robert K. Ames, Seattle, and Hans H. Peters, Federal Way,
both of Wash., assignors to Resources Conservation Co.,
Renton, Wash.
Filed Sept. 18, 1975, Scr. No. 614,511
Int. Cl.' BO ID 17/04
U.S. Cl. 210-22 R 11 Claims
C-1807-77
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE EMULSIFIED OILS BY ULTRAFILTRATION
Bailey, P. A. 1977.
Filtration and Separation 14{l):53-55.
Waste oil treatment, Emulsions, Filtration, *Ultrafiltration
A semi-permeable membrane of polymeric materials was used to
treat the waste oils. Under slight pressure, emulisified oil
particles are retained while water molecules pass through.
The principles of the method and factors which affect its
performance were explored. Advantages for ultrafiltration
include: little required pretreatment, no necessary chemical
additions or heat input, little need for further treatment of
water, no sludge formation, and an oil concentrate capable of
supporting combustion. About 100 plants have installed this
treatment system.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(13):#W77-06221. 1977]
64
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C-1808-77
ULTRAFILTRATION-THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART
Bailey, P. A. 1977.
Filtration and Separation 14(3):213-219.
Wastewater treatment, Industries, Filtration, Oil-water
separation, Emulsions, *Ultrafiltration
The ultrafiltration process is described and ten major
industrial applications of the process are reviewed,, including
the separation of oil-water emulsions and wastewaters.
[from the UDS Quality Control Digest 8(4):III-29, #7E-131.
1977]
C-1809-77
PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION TO COLLECT A LIGHT FLOATING MATERIAL
FROM A FLUID SURFACE
(Ballast Nedam Groep NV). 1975.
Netherlands Application 7,510,152
Wastewater treatment, Waste oil, Design and engineering, Patent,
Collection reservoir
A light Material such as oil is carried into a collection
reservoir by the force of a fluid jet stream. The oil floats
upward in the reservoir and heavier fluid is removed via
exits close to the lower part of the collection reservoir.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(35) :#237,687. 1977]
C-1810-77
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING OIL AND SOLIDS FROM WATER
Barra, F. J., and K. R. Murrell. 1976.
Canadian Patent 995,591
Wastewater treatment, Filtration, Oil-water separation, Patent
A multichamber filtering apparatus is described which removes
oil-coated solids from water, separates the solids, and recovers
the oil.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194680r. 1977]
65
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C-1811-77
TREATMENT OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS BEFORE AND/OR DURING
ULTRAFILTRATION
Beaton, N. C., and J. D. Hasledon. 1977.
British Patent 1,475,745
Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Filtration, Patent, *Ultrafiltration
An emulsion stabilizer is added to the oil-in-water emulsion and
subsequently the stabilized emulsion is subjected to ultrafiltration
to produce a purified ultrafiltrate.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(30):#235,882. 1977]
C-1812-77
FLUID BED INCINERATION OF WASTES
Becker, K. P. and C. J. Wall. 1976.
Chemical Engineering Progress 72(10):61-68.
Wastewater disposal, Sludge, Refineries, Incineration, *Fluid
beds
Fluid bed incineration systems, originally developed for coal
gasification, are now being applied to waste disposal problems
in various industries. The article discusses applications of
this technology to refinery wastewater and sludge treatment.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02593. 1977]
C-1813-77
PERFORMANCE OF DUAL-MEDIA - 1
Brody, M. A., and R. J. Lumpkins. 1977.
Chemical Engineering Progress 73(4):83-86.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Filtration,
Refineries, Pennsylvania, *Sand filters
The BP Oil Corporation's Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, oil refinery
is described with regard to its use of sand filters for treating
refinery wastewaters. Since their installation in 1973, the sand
filters have performed well, needing little maintenance arid
averaging about 60% removal of oil and suspended solids.
66
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C-1814-77
EVALUATING COALESCENCE OF OIL EMULSIONS
Chieu, J. N., E. F. Gloyna, and R. S. Schechter. 1977.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Devision, ASCE 103
(EE2):163-175. Proceedings paper 12852.
Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Coalescence, Waste oil
The basic concepts of a laboratory unit which can be used to
select filter media suitable for the coalescence of oil-water
emulsions are described. System variables studies include
media wettability, filtration velocity, interfacial tension,
coalescer depth, and oil viscosity.
C-1815-77
OIL-WATER SEPARATION PROCESS AND APPARATUS
Cook, D. G. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,011,158
Oil-water separation, Ships, Coalescence, Flotation, Design and
engineering, Patent
Oily wastewaters are passed through a coalescer unit where small
oil droplets combine into larger ones and coalesce into a
floating layer that is removable by conventional means. The
apparatus is designed to accommodate for pitching and rolling
movement so that the unit can be used for shipboard oil-water
separation applications.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194683u. 1977]
4,011,158
OIL-WATER SEPARATION PROCESS AND AP?ARATUS
Danny G. Cook, Walnut Creek, Calif., assignor (o Liquid
Processing Systems, Inc., San Leandro, Calif.
Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 465,168, April 26, 1974,
abandoned. This application May 23, 1975, Ser. No. 580,537
Int. Cl.z B01D 13100
U.S. Cl. 210— 23 R 10 Claims
67
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C-1816-77
EXTRACTION OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
WITH VOLATILE SOLVENTS
Earhart , J. P., K. W. Won, C. J. King, and J. M. Prausnitz. 1976.
Final report 1971-1975, EPA/600/2-76/220; Grant EPA-R-801030. 531p.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Contaminants, Extraction,
Solvents
Solvent extraction was studied as a method for treating waste-
waters from petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. A
mi nip!ant extraction facility was used to demonstrate the
capabilities of extraction for treating 7 different industrial
waters and for the purpose of analyzing the underlying mass
transfer and axial mixing behavior. The scale-up of the
extraction system and the logic of selecting extraction processes
for wastewater treatment are explored.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(15):#PB-266 241/9GA.
1977]
C-1817-77
RECOVERY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS VIA SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Earhart , J. P., K. W. Won, H. Y. Wong, J. M. Prausnitz, and
C. J. King. 1977.
Chemical Engineering Progress 73(5):67-73.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Petrochemicals, Hydrocarbons,
*Solvent extraction
Solvent extraction, using light hydrocarbon solvents, was applied
experimentally to the treatment of seven real wastewaters from
petroleum refining and petrochemical manufacture. Results of the
experiments are briefly summarized in this report and demonstrate
the usefulness of this method for removing many or all major
contaminants, including oil.
C-1818-77
THE REPORT TO CONGRESS: WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Supply. 1977.
Final report, EPA/570/9-77/001. 531p.
Contaminants, Crude oil, Industries, Disposal, Groundwater,
Environmental effects
This document was prepared pursuant to a section of the Safe
Drinking Water Act and is an evaluation of the impact of waste
disposal practices upon present and future underground sources
of drinking water. The sources and pathways of pollutant
substances, including crude oil, are identified.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(13):#PB-265 081/OGA.
1977]
68
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C-1819-77
RADIOTRACER APPLICATIONS IN PETROLEUM REFINERY POLLUTION CONTROL
Fries, B. A. 1976.
International Symposium on the Development of Nuclear-based
Techniques for the Measurement, Detection and Control of
Environmental Pollutants, Vienna, Austria, 1976. p.609-619.
Wastewaters, Refineries, Pollution control, *Radiotracer applications
Radiotracer procedures are probably the best way to measure flow
and to study hydraulic behavior; therefore they can assist in
measuring the quantities of emissions, studying the control
systems, and diagnosing operating problems in petroleum refineries
and petrochemical plants. Case studies are presented.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(12):#28693. 1977]
C-1820-77
COMPOSITION OF MICROFLORA OF ACTIVE SLUDGES PURIFYING WASTE
WATERS FROM PETROLEUM REFINERIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
[in Russian]
Gasanov, M. V., L. M. Kirill ova, and R. M. Subaeva, 1976.
Trudy, Bakinskii Filial Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo
Instituta Vodosnabzheniya, Kanalizatsii, Gidrotekhnicheskikh
Sooruzhenii i Inzhenernoi Gidrogeologii 12:9-12.
Wastewater treatment, Biodegradation, Activated sludge, Refineries
Biochemical purification was optimal at 37°. The predominant
microorganism in the activated sludge was NJtrobacter.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#57968x. 1977]
C-1821-77
ELIMINATION OF OBVIOUS AND LATENT OILS
Gassmann, G. and W. Gunkel. 1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,533,775
Wastewaters, Spill cleanup, Biodegradation, Patent, "^CU
H202 was added in concentrations from 0.1 to 10% to polluted
areas to accelerate biological degradation of oils. \^2 is
useful in locations with limited air access, but may also be
used on beaches and in open spaces. It is advantageous to add
nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and surfactants.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176780u. 1977]
69
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C-1822-77
OPTIMIZING GRANULAR MEDIA FILTRATION
Grutsch, J. F., and R. C. Mallatt. 1977.
Chemical Engineering Progress 73(4):57-66.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Filtration
"Chemical destabilization of colloids followed by granular
media filtration is a valuable method for treating petroleum
refinery effluents."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#43667m. 1977]
C-1823-77
REMOVING OIL PRODUCTS FROM WASTE WATERS BY FLOCCULATION
Gudasheva, V. M., L. A. Alferova, I. L. Mongait, and V. G.
Ponomarev. 1977.
USSR Patent 545,590
Wastewater treatment, Petroleum products, Oil-water separation,
Flocculation, Patent
"Polyethylenimine was added (2-5 mg/L) as a flocculant to remove
oil products from wastewater."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(22):#160741w. 1977]
C-1824-77
OIL-SEPARATING AGENT FROM EMULSION - LIKE OIL-WATER MIXTURES
Hagiwara, M., M. Mori, S. Nakai, and T. Kishima. 1977.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 77 45,593
Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Crude oil, Patent
The agents contain ester or ether derivatives of poly(oxyalkylene)
mono(alkylphenyl) ether-HCHO condensation products. When mixed
with an oil-water mixture (90% crude oil), 9.5% water was
separated after settling and centrifugation.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#41642a. 1977]
C-1825-77
TECHNIQUES FOR PURIFYING OILY WASTE WATER
Hale, L. C., and D. Bauer. 1977.
Plant Engineering, March 17:131-133.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Pollution prevention,
Refineries, Waste oil
Alternate recovery methods for removing oily wastes from several
industrial effluents were reviewed. Refinery wastes are usually
treated in gravity-type separators and then further treated in
induced-air flotation units.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07213. 1977]
70
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C-1826-77
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY SEPARATING EMULSIONS
Heath, J. E., and W. M. Sawyer. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,017,389
Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Coalescence, Patent, *Cellulose
pulp
Cellulose pulp is used to effect coalescence in an oil-in-water
emulsion. The emulsion is filtered from one chamber to another
for two coalescences, and the floating oil is removed from each
chamber.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#58154r. 1977]
4,017,389
MKI HOD AND APPARATUS TOR CONTINLOL SLY SEP-
ARATING EMULSIONS
James E. Heath, and Webster M.Sawjer, both of Houston, Tex.,
assignors to Shell Oil Company, Houston, Tex,
Filed June 6, 1975, Ser. No. 584,450
Int. C1.2 BO ID 17/04
U.S. Cl. 210—23 R 3 Claims
. -Jtl3
ir
C-1827-77
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING OIL, FAT, GASOLINE AND SIMILAR LIGHT
MEDIA AS SLUDGE FROM LIQUIDS
Hein, M. 1976.
Austrian Patent 332,317
Oil-water separation, Sludge, Gasoline, Wastewaters, Design and
engineering, Patent
Oil and sludge are separated from wastewater by an apparatus
which is mounted on a vertical outlet pipe and has a funnel for
introducing the mixture into a separation zone. This zone consists
of a set of cylindrical partitions that form a zigzag path for the
water. Water is siphoned to the outlet pipe and oil and sludge
are collected periodically.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11125s. 1977]
71
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C-1828-77
SEPARATION OF OIL FROM WATER
Hoketsu, H. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76,151,689
Oil-water separation, Coagulation, Patent, *Plastics powder
Plastics powder is dusted on oil on water and vibrated mechanically
to coagulate the oil to balls.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176790x. 1977]
C-1829-77
WATER-OIL SEPARATION FROM WATER-CONTAINING WASTE OIL
Ikeguchi, M., N. Kawakami, Y. Nagata, H. Nakagaki, and H. Ono.
1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 96,785
Waste oil treatment, Oil-water separation, Surfactants, Patent
A coal tar-system waste oil containing water is mixed with
anionic surfactants, agitated, and then centrifuged for separation.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28545b. 1977]
C-1830-77
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND OIL RECLAMATION AT GENERAL MOTORS,
ST. CATHARINES
Johnson, R. E., Jr. 1976.
Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, Ontario, 1976. No. 23.
p.345-357.
Wastewater treatment, Industries, Oil-water separation, Reclama-
tion, Reuse, Canada
The treatment of liquid wastes from the General Motors Axle Plant
in Ontario is described. Wastewaters are sieved to remove solids,
allowed to stand two days to allow oils to separate, and the
separated oil is then skimmed off. The pH of the emulsified oil
is adjusted to 4.5 with ^$04 and aluminum, and the precipitated
flocculant is separated from the water using streams of air
and a polyelectrolyte. The recovered oil can be refined and
reused.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(22):#160600z. 1977]
72
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C-1831-77
EMULSION TREATER
Jones, J. A. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,012,207
Emulsions, Crude oil, Oil-water separation, Patent
A crude oil-water emulsion such as that produced from oil wells
is treated by passing the emulsion through a treatment tank
which contains a preheating, direct heating, and post-heating
zone. Vapor is removed at the top and water is removed at the
bottom. A final settling and oil recovery zone completes the
separation process.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(28):#235,496. 1977]
4,012,207
EMULSION TREATER r/-f
Jeffrey A. Jones, Tafl, Calif., assignor to Chanslor-Western Oil
and De\elopment Company, Sante Fe Springs, Calif.
Filed Apr. 5, 1976, S«r. No. 673,588
Int. Cl.2 BO ID 19/00
U.S. Cl. 55—174 22 Claims
C-1832-77
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OIL
Kanamori, M. 1977.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 77 25,455
Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Oil-water separation, Oxidation,
Adsorption, Patent
Oily wastewater is mixed with ferrous salt, neutralized with
alkali, and oxidized at high temperature. An oxidizing gas is
blown into the mixture to produce Fe oxide, which adsorbs the
emulsified oil.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28619d. 1977]
73
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C-1833-77
SEPARATION OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Kawaguchi, N., and H. Shibata. 1977.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 77 11,179
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Patent, *Popcorn
polymer
Wastewater containing tar-type heavy oil was passed through a
tower packed with an oil-absorbed popcorn styrene copolymer and
fed into a separation tank. Oil and water phases occurred rapidly
in separation.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28588t. 1977]
C-1834-77
PERFORMANCE OF DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS - 2
Kemp!ing, J. C., and J. Eng. 1977.
Chemical Engineering Progress 73(4):87-91.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Filtration, Refineries,
Canada, *Dual-media filters
Based on successful pilot plant simulation of dual media filtra-
tion, a full-scale wastewater filtration facility was installed
at the Imperial Oil refinery in Sarnia, Ontario, in 1974. Twenty
months of operation of the full scale filtration system have
shown that the filters remove an average of 1.5 tons/day of oil
and suspended solids from the refinery wastewaters.
C-1835-77
REMOVAL OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FROM PETROLEUM-CONTAINING WASTE
WATERS
Khaimovich, B. N., N. F. Bezuglyi, N. P. Kobyzev, and A. F.
Taratunin. 1977.
USSR Patent 301,053
Wastewater treatment, Flotation, Patent, *Tetraethylead removal
"For removal of tetraethylead waste waters are first treated by
flotation and KMn04 is added at 0.2-lg/L."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11160z. 1977]
74
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01836-77
WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY
Kieli, J. 1977.
Prace Naukcwe Instytutu Inzynierii Ochrony Srodowiska Politechniki
Wroclawskiej 32:143-162.
Wastewater treatment, Solid wastes, Refineries, Poland
This paper discusses waste purification methods for refinery plants
in Poland.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28508s. 1977]
C-1837-77
DEVELOPMENT STAGE OF SEWAGE PURIFICATION IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING
AND PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY IN THE GDR [in German]
Kinder, R., and K. Gabsch. 1976.
Freiberger Forschungshefte A566:75-92.
Refineries, Oil industry, Petrochemicals, Wastewater treatment,
East Germany
Methods which have been developed to meet international standards
of effluent treatment in the petroleum and petrochemical industries
are discussed. Cost-effective methods include mechanical clarifi-
cation, flocculation, and biological activated sludge treatment.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11053s. 1977]
C-1838-77
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING IMPURITIES FROM WATER USING
ULTRASONICS
Koblanski, J. N. 1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,641,330
Oil-water separation, Coalescence, Patent, *Ultrasonics
Oil floating on water can be coalesced into a continuous mass
that can be drawn off by focusing ultrasonic energy on the oil-
water interface. The ultrasonic energy is focused by a submerged
parabolic surface toward a point at which the coalesced oil enters
a separate holding chamber.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#195038z. 1977]
75
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C-1839-77
HIGH EFFICIENCY OIL/WATER SEPARATION
Lock, J. 1976.
Processing 22(10):41.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Coalescence, Design
and engineering
The Flofoil oil-water separation process, developed by ICI Pollution
Control Systems, is described. The process can remove oil droplets
larger than lOy with 97-99.6% efficiency to less than 1 ppm concen-
tration; oil droplets smaller than lOy can be removed with 30-60%
efficiency to concentrations under 5 ppm. The system is based on
the use of special coalescence filters and fabrics that are
incorporated into an oil-water separator unit.
C-1840-77
TRANSFER OF ORGANICS FROM AN OIL FILM INTO WATER
Lysyj, I., and E. C. Russell. 1977.
Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environments, Part 1.
I. H. Suffet (ed.). New York, Wiley, 1977. p.135-144.
Wastewaters, Oil discharges, Fuel oil, Gasoline, Lubricating
oil, Monitoring, Environmental effects, *Dissolved organics
Total organic carbon analyses were performed on fuel oils,
gasolines, and lubricating oils in this study concerned with
monitoring and control of oily wastewater discharges. Conclusions
report that the observed concentrations of water soluble petroleum
derived organics exceed the "no visual sheen" limit for free oil,
which is approximately 10 ppm; therefore, the discharge of oily
wastewater containing dissolved petroleum matter could have
adverse environmental effects. It is suggested that additional
chemical and toxicological data are needed in order to establish
regulations and limitations of dissolved oil in waste discharges.
C-1841-77
OIL/WATER SPLITTER SNAGS EMULSIFIED OIL (product information)
Mapco, Inc. 1977.
Chemical Engineering 84(15):77.
Oil-water separation, Wastewater treatment, Coalescence, Design
and engineering, *Gravity separation
A combined gravity separation and coalescence oil/water separation
system has been developed by the Mapco Process and Pollution
Controls Division, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The model is available in
227-5,678 L/min (60-1500 gal/min)capacities; removes oil from a
wide range of wastewater streams; and recovers floating,
dispersed, and emulsified oil.
7b
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C-1842-77
BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETOXICATION OF REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL
WASTE WATERS [English summary]
Miksch, K. 1977.
Przemysl Chemiczny 56(2):67-70.
Petrochemicals, Refineries, Wastewater treatment, *Biological
detoxication
"A reivew with 38 references."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194451s. 1977]
C-1843-77
DESIGNING PARALLEL-PLATES SEPARATORS
Miranda, J. G. 1977.
Chemical Engineering 83(3):105-107.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Oil-water separation, *Para11el
plate separators
A method has been developed for designing parallel plate separators
which overcome the problems encountered in using API type oil-
water separators for petroleum refinery effluents. The parallel
plates interceptor (PPI) minimizes difficulties associated with
space requirements, evaporation losses, construction cost, fire
hazard, and high stream consumption. A theoretical design approach
to the PPI is presented.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(13):#W77-06222. 1977]
C-1844-77
FILTRATION & SEPARATION: REMOVING COLLOIDAL SOLIDS VIA UPFLOW
FILTRATION
Mohler, E. F., Jr., and L. T. Clere. 1977.
Chemical Engineering Progress 73(4):74-82.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Filtration, Solid wastes, Design
and engineering, Ohio, *Upflow sand filters
In 1972, the Sun Petroleum Company's Toledo, Ohio refinery installed
a fully automatic upflow sand filtration system. After in-house
improvements to the system, it now meets the 80% suspended solids
removal guarantee and also removes significant quantities of other
pollutants, including oil. In addition, the system enables the
reuse of process waters and has dramatically decreased the amount
of wastewaters discharged per barrel of crude oil processed.
77
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C-1845-77
AUTOMATIC OIL-WATER SEPARATION DEVICE
Morgan, J. E., W. M. Lynch, and P. M. Pelton. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,010,103
Oil-water separation, Skimmers, Design and engineering, Flotation
Patent
The device is used within a tank for skimming the oil off the
top of the water and then collecting it in a container. Included
is a skimming trough supported by two flotation beams which are
designed to restore the trough to the skimming position in the
event the unit is submerged.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(23):#234,035. 1977]
4,010,103
•\LTOM\TIC Oil.-\\ATtR SKP \RA1ING DEVICE
Jerry K. Morgan, 352 67lh St., Clarendon Hills, III. 60514;
Uilliam M. I.jnch, 621 Western Ave., Glen Klljn, III.
6O137, and Paul M. Pelton, 1209 South Gates, West Chi-
t..go, 111. 60185
FiM \ug. 12, 1974, Ser. No. 496,515
Int. Cl.2 K02B 15104
U.S. Cl. 210 —242 R 8 Claims
C-1846-77
ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY OF FIVE WASTEWATER PARAMETERS—PETROLEUM
REFINING INDUSTRY
Myers, L. H., T. E. Short, Jr., B. L. DePrater, and F. M.
Pfeffer. 1976.
Report EPA-600/2-76-234. 67p.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, Chemical analysis, EPA,
*Analytical variability
"The extent of analytical variability incurred for a specific
industrial wastewater, e.g.' petroleum refinery effluents, was
detected for intralaboratory (repeatability) interlaboratory
(reproducibility), and spike recovery for COD, suspended solids,
ammonia-N, phenolics, and oil and grease. The Environmental
Protection Agency methodology was suitable."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11106m. 1977]
78
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C-1847-77
LAND DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTEWATER BY MEANS OF SPRAY IRRIGATION
Neal, D. M. , R. L. Glover, and P. G. Moe. 1977.
Land as a Waste Management Alternative. R. C. Loehr (ed.). Ann
Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1977. p.757-767.
Wastewater disposal, Waste oil, Reclamation, Fuels, *Land
disposal, *Spray irrigation
Since 1972, over 136 million L (36 million gal) of oily waste-
waters have successfully been disposed of through a land application
system, and about 2.3 million L (600,000 gal) have been reclaimed
in the process and used successfully as boiler fuel. The value of
the salvaged oil has more than paid for the entire costs of the
project to date.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03258. 1977]
C-1848-77
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Obara, G. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 87,350
Wastewater treatment, Flocculation, Oil-water separation, Patent
Oil-containing wastewater is mixed with n.-C6Hi4, a neutralizing
agent, and two flocculants. The mixture is put into a scum
separator, and heated to vaporize the J1-C6H14 from the floes
before they are removed. Vapors are recovered through cooling.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28537a. 1977]
C-1849-77
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Obara, G. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 87,351
Wastewater treatment, Flocculation,
Oil-water separation, Patent
whi le
A neutralizing agent is mixed with oily wastewater
is blown into
wastewater is
air
the mixture, and two flocculants are added. The
then put into a scum separator where the floating
floes are removed by oscillating blades.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28536z. 1977]
79
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C-1850-77
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Okumura, M., and K. Sukai. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 78,066
Wastewater treatment, Emulsifiers, Sludge, Adsorption,
Flotation, Patent
A fibrous agent is made from oil emulsion-treatable fine
inorganic particles or an organic polymer. It adsorbs sludge
material in wastewater during an air flotation treatment process.
The method removes emulsifier oils, has excellent filterability,
and needs no pH control.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#58081q. 1977]
C-1851-77
WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION
Okumura, M., and K. Sukai. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 79,959
Wastewater treatment, Coagulation, Patent
The agent described consists of emulsified-oil-treating
inorganic particles and/or organic polymers. Any volume of
wastewater can be treated by this method, using only a precipi-
tation tank and stirring tank.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#58085u. 1977]
C-1852-77
BREAKDOWN OF STABLE PETROLEUM EMULSIONS [in Russian]
Pozdnyshev, G. N., and M. V. Shmelev. 1977.
Neftyanoe Khozyaistvo 1977(2):51-54.
Emulsions, Oil-water separation, Crude oil
"Stable oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions were broken by
feeding 50-100 g Pi sol van 4411 ton crude oil."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#55380a. 1977]
C-1853-77
COMPOSITION FOR SEPARATING HYDROCARBONS FROM WATER
Preus, P. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,011,175
Wastewater treatment, Spill recovery, Oil-water separation,
Absorption, Patent, *Sorbent material
Oil is removed from wastewater or absorbed from spills by
adding a comminuted mixture consisting of expanded perlite,
80
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asphalt, clay and cellulose fibers, having a particle size
< 0.64 cm (0.25 in) and density approximately 80 kg/m3 (4.5 lb/
ft3). The material floats on water after oil absorption and can
absorb oil at a rate of about 75-125 L/kg (9-15 gal/lb).
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#195020n. 1977]
C-1854-77
SEPARATION OF EMULSIONS BY FLOTATION WITH DISSOLVED AIR
Rovel, 0. M., and M. Cordier. 1976.
French Demande 2,300,620
Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Oil-water separation, Flotation,
Patent, *Cationic polymers
Wastewater that contains petroleum oil in droplets (<30y in
diameter) is treated separately with two cationic polymers for
comparison and then subjected to air flotation.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28591p. 1977]
C-1855-77
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES IN THE
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Sanjour, W., E. Weisberg, and H. Cruse. 1976.
National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting, 1976.
Paper AM-76-33. 22p.
Refineries, Contaminants, Wastewaters, Solid wastes, Disposal,
Inland, *Waste disposal practices, *Landfills
In this study of potentially hazardous wastes of the petroleum
industry, all waste streams investigated were found to be
potentially hazardous in their content of at least one significant
trace element. Disposal to secure landfills or land farms was
judged to provide a simple, economical, and environmentally
adequate waste disposal technique.
[from The Engineering Index Monthly 15(6):#042619. 1977]
C-1856-77
WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY REVERSE OSMOSIS. IV. PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Sato, T., H. Motomura, and Y. Taniguchi. 1976.
Kagaku Kojo 20(11):72-73.
Wastewater treatment, Refineries, *Reverse osmosis, *Water
recovery
Reverse osmosis methods were used to recover water discharged
by an oil refinery. The water recovery rate was 90%.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194612v. 1977]
81
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C-1857-77
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED WASTE WATER
TREATMENT SYSTEM AT IMPERIAL'S SARNIA REFINERY
Schindel, G. W. 1976.
*'' Proceedings of the Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, Vol. 23:
202-230.
Refineries, Wastewater treatment, Filtration, Water quality,
Ontario
Improved wastewater treatment at an Ontario, Canada, refinery
resulted in a reduction of process wastewaters from about 57,000
to 11,000 L/min (15,000 to 3,000 gpm), and a significant improve-
ment in effluent quality. An improved dual mode filter was
installed which reduced suspended oils in the effluent by 79%
and suspended solids by 53%.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11024h. 1977]
C-1858-77
SOLVENT RECOVERY FROM SCUM IN OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Shishido, N. , T. Hirano, H. Tsuchiya, and K. Sakaki. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application)76 96,778
Wastewater treatment, Flocculation, Solvents, Oil-water
separation, Patent, *Solvent recovery
Oil-containing waste water is treated with an organic solvent and
a flocculant before steam is blown into the scum layers. After
separation the solvent is recovered by distillation. Recovery
time was twice as long when steam was not used.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28546c. 1977]
0^1859-77
SOLVENT RECOVERY FROM SCUM IN OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Shishido, N., T. Hirano, H. Tsuchiya, M. Masuda, and K. Sakaki.
1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76 96,781.
Wastewater treatment, Solvents, Flocculation, Oil-water separation,
Patent, *Solvent recovery
After oily wastewater is treated with an organic solvent and a
flocculant, a water-soluble inorganic salt is added to the scum
layers. The scum is separated, mixed with Nad, and distilled
for solvent recovery.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28547d. 1977]
-------
C-1860-77
HEAVY-EMULSION OIL WASTE REDUCED FROM 2000 TO 10 PPM
Smith, A. W., and K. Robe. 1976.
Chemical Processing 39(12):62.
Waste oil treatment, Emulsions, Refineries, Design and engineering
An air flotation system was designed to handle the previously
untreatable heavy oil emulsions in wastewaters from the
Champlin Petroleum Company refinery. Tests in a pilot unit
showed a 90-95% oil removal under varying loads of oil
emulsion, and a 1900 L/min (500 gpm) unit was subsequently
installed.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(4):#77-02604. 1977]
C-1861-77
CRUDE OIL PRETREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Sorkin, Ya. G. 1975.
Chemical Technology of Fuels and Oils (USSR) 11(11-12) :913-915.
Wastewater treatment, Crude oil, Refineries, Cost analysis,
Economics, USSR
Removal of oil and salts from wastewaters in the refinery requires
the construction of expensive treating units. In order to calcu-
late the cost for oil pretreating and emulsion wastewater treating
and to determine how these costs are affected by the salt content
of the oil entering the refinery, the author has used averaged
technoeconomic indices for the operation of a number of USSR
refineries in the processing of one million tons of Romashkino
crude. Cost data of crude oil pretreatment are tabulated and
discussed.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(11):#25903. 1977]
C-1862-77
COALESCENCE OF OIL-IN-WATER SUSPENSIONS BY FLOW THROUGH POROUS
MEDIA
Spielman, L. A., and Y. P. Su. 1977.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals 16(2) -.272-282.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Wastewaters, Coalescence
This work attempts to resolve aspects of major disagreement
regarding the separation of finely disposed liquid-liquid
suspensions, and sets down equations governing coalescence of
oil by both granular and fibrous media.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(34):#237,299. 1977]
83
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C-1863-77
COMBINED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND UNDERGROUND INJECTION OIF REFINERY
WASTE WATER
Sutterfield, F. D., E. C. Donaldson, and F. S. Manning. 1976.
National Conference on Complete Water Use, Chicago, 1975. 26p.
Wastewater treatment, Disposal, Refineries, *Biological treatment,
*Underground waste injection
The biological treatment and underground waste injection systems
for petroleum refinery wastewaters are described, and a possible
redesign of the biological unit is presented. Both treatment
systems meet current legal requirements for waste processing, and
the combined system is more economical than treatment in a single
biological system.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(10):#24022. 1977]
C-1864-77
IMPROVEMENT IN THE FLOTATION SEPARATION OF FINELY EMULSIFIED OILS
FROM WASTE WATERS [in Russian]
Sviridov, V. V., T. F. Kokovkina, V. G. Vshivtsev, and L. D.
Skrylev. 1976.
Koks i Khimiya No. 11:38-40.
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Flotation
Flotation removal of oils requires 30-70 mg FeS04/L. Problems
resulting from the use of inorganic salt were eliminated by
using ultrasonically dispersed 1-5 mg/L of undecyl-, tridecyl-,
or cetylpyridine chloride. Residual concentration of oils was
lowered to 10-30 mg/L.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176666m. 1977]
C-1865-77
TAXONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDY IN AN OXIDATION POND SYSTEM
ESTABLISHED FOR THE TREATMENT OF OIL INDUSTRY WASTE WATER
Szabo, J., G. Lakatos, M. Tokar, J. Katai, and A. Nagy. 1976.
Acta Biologica Debrecina 13:199-214.
Oil industry, Wastewater treatment, Oxidation
The system studied uses a preliminary settling tank, stabilization,
pond, and final settling tank. Hydrobiological investigations
report on the 0 budget, loading, and the calculated efficiency.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(6):#43725d. 1977]
84
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C-1866-77
OIL ABSORBENT
Takeda, N., H. Maki, and E. Ishimaru. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76,121,494
Wastewater treatment, Petroleum products, Absorption, Patent,
*Absorbent polyolefin
Polyolefin of cohesive energy d < 60 is used to absorb oil
dispersed in water. In a test, water samples containing 100 ppm
heavy oil, turbine oil, or kerosine were reduced to 1, 1, and 3
ppm of the pollutants after addition of the material.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11430n. 1977]
C-1867-77
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Tomita, Y. 1976.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 76,138,055
Wastewater treatment, Flocculation, Surfactants, Oil-water
separation, Patent
Oily wastewater at a stable emulsion state is mixed with an
inorganic salt, a flocculant, and/or an electrolytic surfactant,
then exposed to ultrasound waves. After settling, the floated
oil is removed.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28575m. 1977]
C-1868-77
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF PETROLEUM-CONTAINING WASTE
WATERS [in Russian]
Vasilenko, I. I., V. Yu. Shchepanyuk, N. A. Sukhoverkhova, and
A. P. Ivanenko. 1976.
Neftepererabotka i Neftekhimiya (Kiev) 14:92-94.
Wastewater treatment, Petroleum products, *Coagulation
"Wastewater containing 34.5 mg/L petroleum products was coagulated
(optimum efficiency of flotation 76%) by 0.2 g/L of aluminum
ammonium sulfate."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11058x. 1977]
85
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C-1869-77
SEPARATING OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS INTO THEIR OIL AND WATER
COMPONENTS
Von Preen, W. 1977.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,528,990
Wastewater treatment, Oil-water separation, Emulsions, Filtration,
Patent, *Ultrafiltration
A two stage method for separating oil-water emulsions is described
which involves first heating the emulsion under pressure above
the boiling point, and then applying ultrafiltration methods.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#8038k. 1977]
C-1870-77
REMOVAL^OF LIPOPHILIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER TREATMENT [English
summary]
Weil, L., H. Berger, and K. E. Quentin. 1976.
Dechema Monographs 80(1616-1638):105-114.
Petroleum products, Wastewater treatment, Flocculation
A new process for removing lipophilic substances, including
petroleum products, from wastewaters is described and its
effectiveness is compared with currently available methods.
The new process involves the addition to water of a novel
type of PE suspension, which is free from emulsifiers and
other substances, and subsequent flocculation.
[from The Engineering Index Monthly 15(7):#053708. 1977]
C-1871-77
SEPARATION OF FREE OIL FOLLOWING COALESCENCE
Wu, C. J., R. S. Shechter, J. F. Malina, Jr., and E. F. Gloyna.
1977.
University of Texas at Austin, Center for Research in Water
Resources, Report CRWR-143. 105p.
Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Coalescence, Oil-water
separation
Oil was coalesced by passing a stable oil-in-water emulsion
through a polyester felt mat, and then removed by a separator.
The method reduced concentrations of 50 mg/L oil to 1 mg/|_. Six
mechanical separators were evaluated for efficiency and headloss.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(4):#28805m. 1977]
86
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C-1872-77
STUDIES OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING POLISH RAW MATERIALS AS
SORBENTS IN SETTLING FILTRATION [English summary]
Zagorski, K., W. Strzelczyk, and J. Bankowska. 1975.
Biuletyn Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Nankowego, Matematyka-Fizyka-
Chemia 17(1-2):53-57.
Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Adsorption, Filtration, Poland,
*Cellulose, *Diatomaceous earth
Domestic raw materials were evaluated as sorbents in the filtration
of oily waters and emulsions. Cellulose or diatomaceous earth
suspensions in water are almost as effective as a commercial
product. A suspension of activated C-cellulose mixture has the
highest oil adsorption capacity.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11019k. 1977]
87
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6. RECLAMATION AND REUSE
C-1873-77
LOW-COST ANSWER TO OIL RECYCLING?
Anon. 1977.
Factory Management 10(l):32-33
Waste oil, Lubricating oil, Recycling, Filtration, Coalescence
The high cost of recycling used lubricating and other oils can
be lowered by use of a new system which combines filtration and
coalescence technologies to first separate oil and water and
then remove solids and separate purified oil fractions and gases
Examples of usage of this system are given.
[from The Engineering Index Monthly 15(7):#049942. 1977]
C-1874-77
NEW, MORE ATTRACTIVE ROUTE TO LUBE OIL RECOVERY
Anon. 1976.
Process Engineering, December: 6
Reclamation, Lubricating oil, Haste oils, *IFP process
A new Institute Francais du Petrole process for reclaiming
used lubrication oil is claimed to solve several problems
which until now have hindered reprocessing. The JFP process
avoids acid treatment of oil (9-18% sulfuric acid is used
in most conventional methods) and shows a considerable increase
in the yield of usable products and a marked decrease in
waste sludges and clay.
C-1875-77
OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM ALLOWS RE-USE OF FUEL (PRODUCT INFORMATION)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(2):31.
Spill recovery, Waste-water treatment, Oil-water separation,
Crude oil, Fuels
The Scavenger oil recovery system, developed by Oil Recovery
Systems, is an oil-water separation system designed to
recover 99% water-free oil at rates exceeding 18 L/min
(5 gpm). The system effectively recovers thin slicks or
thick layers and works best with light crude oil, No. 2 fuel
oil, diesel oil, gasoline, and jet fuel. The unit is portable
for spill recovery applications or can be permanently installed
in wastewater treatment facilities. The system is available
from Marine Equipment Ltd., Halifax, Nova Scotia.
88
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C-1876-77
RECOVERY OF USED INDUSTRIAL OIL
Anon. 1977.
Petroleum Review 31(361):15-16
Waste oil, Reclamation, Reuse, Economics
The recovery and reconditioning of waste oils by industries
is recommended as a means of saving new oil costs and staying
within the law. Used oil can be reclaimed and reconditioned
so that it performs exactly like new oil.
[from The Engineering Index Monthly 15(6):#041251. 1977]
C-1877-77
WASTE OIL BURN-OFF IN COAST GUARD POWERPLANTS. WASTE OIL
FILTERING SYSTEMS AND DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Hobbs, J. R., and R. A. Walter. 1976.
Final report, TSC-USCG-76-1; USCG-D-78-76. 58 p.
Waste oil, Lubricating oil, Reclamation, Filtration, Oil-
water separation, Fuels, *USCG powerplants
In testing waste lubricating oils as possible fuel in U.S. coast
Guard powerplants, waste oil cleanup systems were evaluated.
A filtration pack was found to be more effective than oil-
water separation methods. Up to 10% waste lube oil was used
with fuel oil, with no short-term adverse effects on emissions
and powerplant engine performance.
[from Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 15(11):
#N77-20630. 1977]
C-1878-77
UTILIZATION OF WASTE IN PULP, PAPER, SUGAR, PETROLEUM AND
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
lyengar, M. S. 1976.
Chemical Age India 27(12):1045-1051.
Industries, Refineries, Wastewaters, Reclamation, Reuse, India
Wastes from various industries are reviewed and methods
developed in India and covered by Indian patents for the
effective utilization of wastes are outlined.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#10994n. 1977]
39
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O1879-77
WASTE OIL RECOVERY. X
Kawase, Y. 1976.
Sekiyu To Sekiyu Kagaku 20(11):76-80
Waste oil, Reclamation, *Review
"A review with 5 references."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#192113j. 1977]
C-1880-77
WASTE OIL RECOVERY. XI
Kawase, Y. 1976.
Sekiyu To Sekiyu Kagaku 20(10):82-86.
Waste oil, Reclamation, *Review
"A review with 5 references."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#192112h. 1977]
C-1881-77
THE GARRETT OIL-FROM-WASTE PROCESS AND RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEM
Titlow, E. T., and J. K. McCartney. 1975.
Energy and the Environment. Dayton, Ohio. American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, 1975. p. 192-198. Proceedings of the
Third National Conference, Oxford, Ohio, September 29-October 1,
1975.
Waste oil, Petroleum products, Reclamation, Reuse
A system and flowsheet for the recovery of secondary resources
(including petroleum) from municipal wastes are described.
The principal products recovered, process economics, and the
unit operations are discussed.
[from International Aerospace Reports 17(15):#A77-35162. 1977]
7. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
C-1882-77
IF THERE'S AN OIL SPILL, WE'RE READY
Glenn, M. C. 1977.
Petroleum Today 18(2):16-20.
Personnel training, Spill cleanup, Pollution control, Texas,
*0il Spill Control Course
The Oil Spill Control Course, taught at Texas A&M University's
facilities in Galveston, Texas, is described and illustrated.
90
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The course, offered at least 20 times per year, provides seminar
instruction in the latest methods of spill containment and
control, both on land and in water. Extensive field exercises
give students the opportunity to work with modern oil spill
equipment in spill simulations.
C-1883-77
OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING
Payne, J. L. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):7-8.
Personnel training, Oil spills, Pollution control, Contingency
planning, *Spill Control Course
The Oil Spill Control Course conducted by Texas A&M University's
Engineering Extension Service at Galveston is described. The
program covers spill prevention, control, and cleanup measures
and especially emphasizes the need for an effective response
when a spill has occurred. The course augments classroom
presentations with field exercises and frequent informal
discussion sessions in order to optimize active learning.
C-1884-77
BLOl/OUT SCHOOL TEACHES PREVENTION, CONTROL
Speer, L. 1977.
Offshore 37(8):138-142.
Blowout prevention, Personnel training, *Blowout school
The University of Oklahoma blowout prevention school at Norman,
Oklahoma, one of two such schools in the U.S. is preparing a
special class in offshore well control for the fall of 1977.
The OU Blowout School will act in liaison with a third school
in California at Ventura College, planning to open August, 1977.
8. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
C-1885-77
HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF AN OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY ORGANIZATION
Barker, C. D. 1977.
Annual SPE of AIME California Regional Meeting, 47th, Bakersfield,
1977. Paper no. SPE-6518. 2 p.
Contingency planning, Oil industry, Oil-gas leasing, DCS,
Southern California
Southern California-Petroleum Contingency Organization (SC-PCO)
was formed as an unincorporated joint venture in April, 1976,
91
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by the petroleum companies involved in the federal leasing
program of the Outer Continental Shelf. The work covers a
monthly diary describing initial funding, purchase of equipment,
field testing, and related topics.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(33):#237,022. 1977]
C-1886-77
OIL SPILL CLEANUP—WHAT ARE THE CAPABILITIES?
Kendrick, P. J. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(5):733-736.
Contingency planning, Spill cleanup, USCG, EPA
The author reviews the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan (1972) and the roles played by EPA,
USCG, oil spill cooperatives, and private companies in oil
spill cleanup. It is concluded that substantial efforts have
been made in recent years to improve strategies for handling
pollution emergencies.
C-1837-77
FORWARD PLANNING
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.), London, Graham & Trotman Ltd.,, 1976.
p. 203-218.
Contingency planning, Spill cleanup, Personnel training, UK,
U.S., Europe
The problems of organization for effective spill response are
outlined with reference to West European practice and United
States practice. In the UK for example, spill cleanup is
carried out by the marine branch of the Department of Trade;
in the U.S. the spiller is made responsible for cleanup,
supervised by an on-scene commander from the U.S. Coast Guard
or the Environmental Protection Agency. Contingency planning,
and the organization and training of spill response personnel
ane discussed.
9. PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
C-1888-77
AVOIDING CONTAMINATION OF THE SEA [in Spanish]
Anon. 1977.
Petroleo International 35(5):25-26.
92
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Pollution prevention, Offshore drilling, Emulsions, *Drilling
muds, Design and engineering
A system developed by Petrobras permits extensive use of
inverted emulsion muds in offshore locations without the
risk of harming marine life. An efficient drill-cutting
scrubber is used in the apparatus.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(32):#236,715. 1977]
C-1889-77
CANNED BY THE EXPERTS
Anon. 1977.
Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering 48(5) :5-6
Pollution prevention, Oil spills, Tankers, Oil tanks, *Tin can
containers
A. Thorhill believes that he has discovered a way to prevent
oil spills at sea. According to his idea, tankers would carry
their cargoes in huge tin cans rather than in fixed ship tanks;
and these cans could be discharged to float independently
should the ship sink or run aground. Experts state that while
the idea is feasible it is not economical.
[from Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts 7(6) :#7Q7579. 1977]
C-1890-77
THE GLACIER-PILGRIM 'COASTGUARD1 STERNGEAR SYSTEM (product
information)
Anon. 1976.
Shipping World & Shipbuilder 169(3921):761.
Ships, Leakage, Pollution prevention, *Sterngear seal system
The Glacier Metal Co. Ltd., Deep Sea Seals Ltd., and Pilgrim
Developments Ltd. have developed an aft shaft seal system which
is designed to eliminate oil leakage and meet antipollution
laws. The design and functioning of the system are described.
[from Oceanic Abstracts 14(3):#77-02700. 1977]
C-1891-77
SPECIAL: OFFSHORE GREENLAND. SAFETY FIRST WHEN DRILLING
Anon. 1977.
Danshore 2(3):36-37.
Offshore drilling, Safety, Pollution prevention, Arctic,
*Icebergs, Greenland
Icebergs constitute a serious danger to drilling operations
in the arctic waters off Greenland. When icebergs come too
close, they can completely destroy a drilling or production
93
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platform; therefore these installations must be protected to
prevent large-scale oil pollution.
[from Petroleum Abstacts 17(28) :#235, 453. 1977]
C-1892-77
WAYS TO REDUCE OIL SPILLS RECOMMENDED (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Sierra Club Bulletin 62(3) :37
Pollution control, Oil spills, USCG.
Sierra Club representatives have recently suggested that the
U.S. consider establishing a 320 km (200 mi) -wide pollution
control zone to protect the marine resources now covered by
the fisheries jurisdiction zone. Changes in the U.S. Coast
Guard bureaucracy are urged to better effect its role in
combatting pollution.
C-1893-77
RAM TYPE BLOWOUT PREVENTION
Arzumanov, S. A., A. A. Danieliants, K. S. 0. Aliverdizade,
etal. 1977.
British Patent 1,478,724
Blowout prevention, Drilling, Design and engineering, Patent
The elements which comprise the blowout preventer are listed.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(34) :#237, 177. 1977]
C-1894-77
PIPELINE LEAK LOCATOR AND METHOD
Boyens, V. C. 1977.
U.S. Patent 4,016,748
The method consists of flowing a fluid through a conduit at
superatmospheric pressure, placing within the conduit a float
able leak sensor which is responsive to pressure and velocity
differentials caused by a leak, and moving the leak sensor
through the conduit along with the fluid, whereby the sensor
stops movement through the conduit at the location of a leak.
The components of the leak sensor are described.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(35) :#237, 658. 1977]
4,016,748
PIPELINE AND LEAK LOCATER AND METHOD
Virgil C. Bojcns, R.R. 1, Dtnison, Iowa 51442
Filed Nov. 10, 1975, Str. No. 630,694
fnt. Cl.' G01M 3128
U.S. Cl. 73-40.5 R 1 1 Claims
94
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C-T895-77
INSTALLATION TO REPAIR DAMAGED PIPELINES
(British Petroleum Company, Ltd,) 1976.
Netherlands Application 7,606,010
Pipelines, Leakage, Pollution prevention, Design and engineering,
Patent
A compressible closing element is pressed by a bracket against
the surface of the pipeline. A longitudinal flexible assembly
then is placed around the pipeline, and brought under tension
in order to exercise a radial inward pressure on the bracket
and closing element. There are means to exercise a pulling
force on the longitudinal flexible assembly.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(25):#234,774. 1977]
C-1896-77
OIL DISTRIBUTION AND WATER POLLUTION [English summary]
Chirac, M. 1977.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales 3:87-92.
Oil transport, Tankers, Pipelines, Pollution prevention, Spill
recovery
This paper describes legal precautions for avoiding oil spills
at dumps and during transport by tank-wagon, barge, or pipe-
line. Emergency equipment for containment and recovery is
available in case of crashes.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8) :#7Q10599.
1977]
C-1897-77
SLIP RINGS - CRUCIAL COMPONENTS FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE BOP
SYSTEMS
Cook, L., and J. M. Vanhoozier. 1977.
Offshore 37(9):53-56.
Pollution control, Blowout prevention, *Slip rings, *Equipment
The authors review slip ring development and its major uses.
The slip ring, sometimes called an electrical swivel, has been
essential in electrical distribution equipment which makes
deep sea drilling possible and in particular, for blowout
preventer (BOP) control techniques.
95
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C-1898-77
CLEAN SOUND—A SUCCESSFUL OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE
Doolittle, J. C. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):9-ll.
Spill cleanup, Contingency planning, Puget Sound, Oil Industry,
*0il spill cooperative
Clean Sound, a cooperative oil spill response group active in
the Puget Sound area, is described and its inception and
development since 1971 is detailed. With their access to
specialized equipment and trained manpower, oil spill coopera-
tives represent a way to reduce oil spill damage in a manner
satisfactory to industry, the public, and governmental agencies,
C-1899-77
ENERGY RESOURCE EXTRACTION; OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
Dorrler, J. S. 1976.
National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects, and
Control Technology of Energy Use. Cincinnati, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. p. 186-191.
Production, Pollution prevention, Oil spills, Detection,
Leakage, Pipelines
New methods to improve petroleum emulsion breaking, waste
minimization for offshore oil facilities, and oil spill
prevention are needed. The detection of small pipeline leaks
also needs more sensitive methods.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#173815y. 1977]
C-1900-77
ESTUARINE POLLUTION CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT. PROCEEDINGS OF A
CONFERENCE. VOLUME I, and II
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and
Standards. 1977.
Final report, EPA/440/1-77/007. 760 p.
Pollution control, Estuaries, Conference
The report provides information to be used in establishing a
national program for the prevention, abatement, and elimination
of pollution in estuaries with emphasis on heavy metals and oil
pollution. Individual papers of the report address important
estuarine problems by presenting up-to-date knowledge and
experience in this field.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(14):#PB-265 467/1GA.
1977]
96
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C-1901-77
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING A FLUID LEAK FROM A PIPELINE
Jouve, P. 1977.
Belgian Patent 823, 862
Leakage, Pipelines, Detection, Design and engineering, Patent
The process consists of continuously comparing the pressure
difference between the differential pressure in the pipeline
and a reference pressure and a predetermined threshold pressure.
The threshold pressure is the line pressure at the start of each
cycle of comparison.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(27):#235,244. 1977]
C-1902-77
OIL SPILLS: ISSUES AND ACTIONS
Leitzell, T. L. 1977.
Marine Technology Society Journal ll(l):26-29.
Oil spills, Tankers, Oil discharges, Safety, Pollution control,
Liability, International conventions
Problems of marine oil pollution by tanker spills and accidental
or intentional vessel discharges are reviewed. The author
believes that vessel-caused pollution can be easier to control
than many other sources if certain problems are overcome.
Areas discussed are safety in vessel construction, equipment
and operation, spill cleanup, damage compensation, and
liability assignment. The study explores recent international
legislation dealing with these problem areas.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(29):#235,724. 1977]
C-1903-77
Title not translated [English summary]
Murzakaey, F. G. 1976.
Gigiena i Sanitariya No. 7:7-10.
Refineries, Petrochemicals, Pollution control, Wastewaters,
Water quality, Rivers, USSR
Improvements in the water quality downstream from oil refining
and petrochemical plants along the Belaya River, USSR, are
described. These industries have taken measures to decrease
consumption and discharge of water, and to decrease pollution
of the water with oil, petroleum products, and other compounds.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03222. 1977]
97
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C-1904-77
OIL PROTECTION IN THE NORTH SEA
Read, C. M. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):31-32.
Blowouts, Statistical analysis, Environmental protection,
Economic effects, North Sea
The statistical likelihood of a blow-out occurring in the
North Sea is considered. Economic effects are discussed and
there is disagreement as to which cleanup methods and equipment
would be most effective.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10598.
1977]
C-1905-77
OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES - THE BEAUFORT SEA AND THE SEARCH
FOR OIL
Ross, S. L., W. J. Logan, and W. Roland. 1977.
Canada Department of the Environment, Beaufort Sea Project
overview report. 67 p.
Oil spills, Pollution control, Arctic, Beaufort Sea, *Spill
countermeasures
This report includes the "State-of-the-art" of oil spill
countermeasures for arctic waters and is a digest of Beaufort
Sea technical reports on the topic. The Beaufort Sea Project,
a set of arctic marine environmental studies, was conducted
during the years 1974 and 1975 in order to assess the possible
impact of offshore exploratory drilling in the Beaufort Sea.
[from Beaufort Sea Project Office, Institute of Ocean Sciences,
9860 West Saanich Rd., Sidney, B. C. Canada V8L 352]
C-1906-77
THE CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION ON THE SEA AND INLAND WATERS
Wardley-Smith, J. (ed.) 1976.
London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976. 240 p.
Pollution control, Oil spills, Oceans, Inland, Environmental
effects, Spill cleanup
This book explains the effect of oil spills on the marine
environment and describes the best methods of cleaning up such
pollution. The contents are divided into four main topics:
(1) Oil and its Effects; (2) Treatment of Oil on Water; (3)
Treatment of Oil on the Land; (4) Organizational Aspects.
98
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C-1907-77
THE FUTURE
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters,
0. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman, Ltd.,
1976. p. 219-223.
Spill cleanup, Dispersants, Environmental effects, Pollution
control
In spite of many recent developments in the field of oil spill
cleanup, mechanical methods are ineffective in all but calm
waters. Dispersants appear to be the only effective overall
method available now and in the near future. Although the
effects of oil pollution are now considered less serious and
long-lasting than previously thought, the prevention and
control of oil pollution will continue to receive high priority
in the future.
C-1908-77
THE U.S. COAST GUARD AND THE CONTROL OF OCEANIC POLLUTION
Williams, H. D. 1976.
U.S. Naval Institute. Proceedings 102 (879):146-159.
Legislation, Pollution prevention, Oil spills, Law enforcement,
USCG
The author discusses the role of recent legislation and the
U.S. Coast Guard in environmental protection. Methods for
enforcing oil pollution prevention are developed,including a
proposal for biennial inspection of crude oil tankers. Several
oil spill incidents, response activity by the USCG National
Strike Force, and new equipment are also reviewed.
C-1909-77
WAYS OF PREVENTING POLLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE DURING THE
OPERATION OF SHIPS [in Russian]
Yuditskii, F. L. 1976.
Sudostroenie (Leningrad) No. 3:17-22.
Ships, Oil discharges, Oil spills, Leakage, Pollution prevention
The following topics are discussed: air pollution and control
exhaust gases and petroleum vapors; discharge of hold, ballast
and other waters polluted by petroleum products into rivers,
seas, and oceans; and leakages and spillages of petroleum and
petroleum products during shipwreck. The maximum allowable
concentration is 100 mg/L of seawater.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(24):#176814h. 1977]
99
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-1910-77
Untitled. (Book review)
Anon. 1977.
Chemical Engineering 84(17):15-16.
Oil spills, Environmental effects, Toxicity, Marine organisms
The book, Marine Ecology and Oil Pollution [J. M. Baker (ed.).
Barking, Essex, U.K., Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1976],
is called a "comprehensive review" of British oil pollution
events and related research occurring since 1971. Environmental
effects of the oil industry at Milford Haven are stressed; the
book also includes a global review of oil spills and their
damage from 1960 to 1975.
C-1911-77
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS OF FUEL OIL ON HATCHABILITY
OF MALLARD EGGS
Albers, P. H. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 151-157. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Fuel oil, Birds, Biological effects, *Hatchability, *Mallard
duck eggs
Mallard eggs were coated with varying amounts (up to 50 yL) of
No. 2 fuel oil and artificially incubated along with controls
and eggs coated with other materials. Even very small amounts
of fuel oil severely reduced the hatchability of the test eggs.
Ducklings from the test eggs exhibited no gross external mal-
functions or behavioral abnormalities but did show some growth
inhibition, suggesting sublethal physiological damage or internal
abnormalities.
C-1912-77
BIOAVAILABILITY OF SEDIMENT-SORBED NAPHTHALENES TO THE SIPUNCULID
WORM, PHASCOLOSOMA AGASSIZII
Anderson, J. W., L. J. Moore, J. W. Blaylock, D. L. Woodruff, and
S. L. Kiesser. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 276-285. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
100
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Hydrocarbons, Sediment, Uptake, Release, Annelids, *Phasco1o-
soma agassizii. *Naphthalenes
The uptake and release of crude oil naphthalenes by the title
organism were compared for exposure to oil in aqueous solution,
on the sediment surface, or mixed into the sediment. Signifi-
cant amounts of naphthalenes were detected in the test organisms
after 24 hours. When the worms were removed to clean water
or sediments, depuration of the naphthalenes to background
levels occurred within two weeks, indicating little bioaccumula-
tion of these hydrocarbons.
C-1913-77
RESPONSES TO SUBLETHAL LEVELS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ARE
THEY SENSITIVE INDICATORS AND DO THEY CORRELATE WITH TISSUE
CONTAMINATION?
Anderson, J. W. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 95-114. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washing-
ton, November 10-12, 1976.
Toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Marine organisms, Metabolism, Behavior,
Analytical techniques, *Sublethal levels
Numerous studies are critically analyzed and summarized regarding
the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on physiological parameters
including respiration, ionic and osmotic regulation, behavior,
growth, and reproduction in marine organisms. Recommendations
are made to assure the validity of experimental approaches and
analytical methodology applied in such studies.
C-1914-77
TOXICITY OF CRUDE OILS AND FUEL OILS PRESENTED DIRECTLY TO
MICROALGAE
Batterton, J. C., K. Winters, and C. Van Baalen 1977.
Journal of Phycology 13 (Supplement):6. Abstract.
Toxicity, Crude oil, Fuel oil, Algae
Fuel oils were much more growth-inhibiting than crude oils for
a green alga, a blue-green alga, and a diatom. "Baton Rouge"
and "New Jersey" fuel oil samples were toxic but were detoxified
by heating. Chemical data suggest that the less water-soluble
compounds in the higher boiling aromatic fraction are the cause
of toxicity.
101
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C-1915-77
THE EFFECT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON REPRODUCTION OF AN
ESTUARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPOD IN LABORATORY CULTURES
Berdugo, V., R. P. Harris, and S. C. O'Hara. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):138-143.
Aromatic hydrocarbons, Crustaceans, Biological effects,
Estuaries, *Copepod
The effect of short-term exposure of Eurytemora affinis to high
hydrocarbon concentrations which might occur immediately under
an estuarine oil-slick is studied. Exposure to the water-
soluble fraction of aromatic heating oil resulted in various
biological effects including a reduced feeding rate and sublethal
effects on reproduction during the subsequent life span of the
female. Comparisons were drawn of the effects of exposure to
naphthalene alone.
C-1916-77
USE OF DISPERSANTS TO CONTROL ACCIDENTAL DISCHARGE OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS AT SEA. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS [in French]
Bocard, C., G. C. Gatellier, and P. Renault. 1976.
Rueil Malmaison, France, Institut Francais du Pe"trole, 1976.
IFP--24162. 22 p.
Dispersants, Spill cleanup, Oil discharges, Toxicity, Marine
organisms
The effects of two classes of oil spill dispersants on hydro-
carbons and their toxicity are reviewed. Some recommendations
are made for the homologation criteria of dispersants.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(4):#7Q4584.
1977]
C-1917-77
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF OIL AND THE CHEMICALS USED TO CONTROL
IT ON 4) BIRDS
Bourne, W. R. P. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters-
J. Uardley-Snrith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p. 72-82.
Birds, *Seabirds, Oil spills, Biological effects, Restoration
The vulnerability of birds, especially the pelagic seabirds,
to oil pollution is particularly great because they encounter
oil floating on water and ingest it from oiled feathers. Their
mobility, migratory patterns, tendency to congregate to feed,
roost, or breed, and their low'reproductive capacity increases
their vulnerability to oil pollution. Possible means of
frightening birds away from areas of pollution, and the rehabili-
tation of oiled birds are briefly discussed.
102
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C-1918-77
SEABIRDS AND POLLUTION
Bourne, W. R. P. 1976.
Marine Pollution. R. Johnston (ed.). London, Academic Press,
1976. p. 403-502.
Birds, *Seabirds, Biological effects, Oil spills, Oil slicks,
Chronic effects
The effects of various pollutants, including oil, on seabirds
are detailed. Oil pollution is particularly serious because it
causes both physical and chemical damage. Serious oil pollution
incidents affecting seabirds are documented, with numerous
examples from offshore Europe and the rest of the world. Vulnera-
bility of birds to oil during breeding season, moulting,
roosting, and feeding activity is described.
C-1919-77
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL POPULATIONS IN
FRESH WATER ARTIFICIAL PONDS
Breuil, C., and D. B. Shindler. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New
Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q45. Abstract.
Crude oil, Biological effects, Bacteria, Fungi, Ice, Fresh-
water, *0il-under-ice
The effects of winter under-ice crude oil spills on the
microbial population of artificial freshwater ponds were
monitored for over a year, and seasonal variations in
bacterial and fungal populations are reported.
C-1920-77
EFFECTS OF A SEAWATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF COOK INLET CRUDE OIL
AND ITS MAJOR AROMATIC COMPONENTS ON LARVAL STAGES OF THE
DUNGENESS CRAB, CANCER MAGISTER DANA
Caldwell, R. S., E. M. Caldarone, and M. H. Mallon. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.).New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. ~p. 210-220. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,Washing-
ton, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Toxicity, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Crustaceans, *Larval
development, *Cancer magister Dana
Larval stages of C^. magister Dana were exposed continuously to
dilutions of Cook Inlet crude oil water-soluble fraction (WSF)
or seawater solutions of naphthalene or benzene for periods up
to 60 days. Effects on survival, duration of larval development
and size were used as indicators of toxicity. The lowest con-
centration of WSF at which toxic effects were seen was 4.0% of
103
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the full strength WSF (0.0049 mg/L as naphthalene or 0.22 mg/L
as total dissolved aromatics). The lowest concentrations at
which toxic effects were observed with naphthalene and with
benzene were 0.13 mg/L and 1.1 mg/L, respectively. Concentra-
tions of aromatic hydrocarbons in the WSF were inversely related
to the degree of alkylation in the benzene and naphthalene
families, but acute toxicity was directly related to the degree
of alkyl substitution.
C-1921-77
THE EFFECT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON THE SURVIVAL AND LIFE
HISTORY OF POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS
Carr, R. C., and D. J. Reish. 1977.
F.ate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 168-173. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washing-
ton, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Fuel oil, Toxicity, Polychaetes, *Reproduction
The toxicity of seawater-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil and
South Louisiana crude oil to 5 species of polychaetous annelids
was determined. A wide variability in species sensitivity to
the 2 oils was observed. The water soluble fractions of No. 2
fuel oil were more toxic to all species than South Louisiana
crude oil. The effects of petrochemicals on reproduction were
measured and results are discussed.
C-1922-77
ARGO EFFECTS BAD BUT NOT DISASTROUS (news brief)
Cornell, C. 1977.
National Fisherman 58(3):21-A, 26-A.
Argo Merchant spill, Biological effects, Invertebrates, Fish,
Food web
Several conclusions based on preliminary data were stated at an
EPA-sponsored seminar in Narragansett, Rhode Island, on the
aftereffects of the "Argo Merchant" spill. Adult fish and
commercial invertebrates seem to have escaped damage, although
fish eggs and larvae showed high rates of mortality and abnor-
mality, and the food web is endangered by contaminated plankton
and copepods. Long-range effects on the ecosystems of Nantucket
Shoals and Georges Bank are still unknown.
C-1923-77
SUBLETHAL POLLUTANT EFFECTS UPON THE NATIVE MICROFLORA OF
GEORGIA STRAIT
Dietz, A. S., T. Tuominen, and L. J. Albright. 1976.
Proceedings of the Third International Biodegradation Symposium.
104
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J. M. Sharpley, and A. M. Kaplan (eds.). Barking, Essex,
Applied Science Publishers, 1976. p. 1083-1090. Held in
Kingston, Rhode Island, 17-23 August, 1975.
Microorganisms, Crude oil, Fuel oil, Biological effects, Canada,
*Georgia Strait, *Heterotrophic potential, *Productivity
Glucose heterotrophic potential, bacterial productivity, and
primary productivity of the native microflora in Georgia Strait
were determined before and after treatment with crude oil, fuel
oil, and 5 other pollutants. Crude oil enhanced bacterial
productivity, inhibited primary productivity, and decreased
heterotrophic potential. Diesel fuel had no effect on these 3
biological paramaters.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4) :#77-03315. 1977]
C-1924-77
UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE RINGED
SEAL, PHOCA HISPI DA
Engelhardt, F. R., J. R. Geraci, and T. G. Smith, 1977.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34(8):
1143-1147.
Biological effects, Hydrocarbons, Crude oil, Uptake, Marine
mammals, Beaufort Sea, *Ringed seal
The authors assessed the uptake, distribution, and clearance
of Norman Wells crude oil in the title species after exposure
by immersion and by ingestion of contaminated fish. In this
acute study, the seals showed rapid absorption of hydrocarbons
into body tissues and fluids. The results suggest that detoxi-
fying and excretory mechanisms function through the liver, bile,
and urine, but it is unknown what effects longer exposure with
increased accumulation in the body would have.
C-1925-77
EFFECT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON SALT MARSH MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES
Ereditario, J. M., and F. K. Pfaender. 1977,
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New
Orleans, 1977. Paper no. N72. Abstract.
Hydrocarbons, Fuel oil, Biological effects, Microorganisms,
Biodegradation, Marshes, *Salt marsh
The effects of motor oil and diesel fuel hydrocarbons on micro-
bial communities were studied in simulated salt marsh ecosystems.
Based on plate and epifluorescence counts, total viable organisms
initially decreased coincident with a relative increase of
hydrocarbon degraders. After 5 days and until the end of the
experiment (5 weeks), the total populations gradually increased,
105
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coinciding with a stabilizing of the number of oil degraders.
Final species diversity index averages were about the same
as the control in the ecosystems receiving low hydrocarbon
concentrations and slightly lower in those receiving high
concentrations.
C-1926-77
CULTURE TECHNIQUES AND REACTIONS OF BRACKISH WATER COPEPODS
TO OIL TOXINS
Fain, G. D. 1977.
Dissertation Abstracts International B 37(9):4354-B.
Crude oil, Toxicity, Crustaceans, *Mississippi Sound, *Copepods
Species of 3 pelagic orders of copepods present in the Missis-
sippi Sound were collected for the laboratory study. The oils
used in bioassay preparation were Empire Mix, and Iranian.,
Nigerian, Saudi Arabian, and Venezuelan crude oils. Nigerian
crude oil proved to be the most toxic.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(27):#235,288. 1977]
C-1927-77
THE SANTA BARBARA OIL SPILL: AN ECOLOGICAL DISASTER?
Foster, M. S., and R. N. Holmes. 1977.
Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. J. Cairns,
Jr., K. L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks (eds.). Charlottesville,
University Press of Virginia, 1977. p. 166-190. Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Recovery of Damaged
Ecosystems, Blacksburg, Virginia, March 23-25, 1975.
Oil spills, Environmental effects, Marine organisms, Birds,
Biological effects, Santa Barbara Channel
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill released over 70,000 bbl of
crude oil into the Santa Barbara Channel. The greatest known
damage occurred in surfgrass communities and barnacle and bird
populations. Cleanup procedures resulted in additional damage
on rocky shores and sandy beaches. Although some populations
have recovered, the lack of prespill and postspill information
makes it impossible to determine adequately the long-term effects.
C-1928-77
CYTOLOGICAL DAMAGE IN MERCENARIA MERCENARIA EXPOSED TO PHENOL
Fries, C. R., and M. R. Tripp. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.).New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 174-181. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washing-
ton, November 10-12, 1976.
Biological effects, Mollusks, *Phenol, *Cytology, *Mercenaria
mercenaria
106
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Gills, gut, digestive gland, and blood cells were damaged when
exposed to various concentrations (1 to 50,000 ppb) of phenol.
Basophilic tissue staining was evident at lower concentrations;
moderate necrosis and sloughing of ciliated epithelial layers
were seen at higher concentrations. Blood sinuses were distended
and contained precipitated hemolymph. In the gill, only the
chitinous supporting rods remained at 50,000 ppb phenol.
C-1929-77
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OF NAPHTHALENES UPTAKE IN
THE TEMPERATURE [sic] CLAM, RANGEA CUNEATA AND THE BOREAL CLAM,
PROTOTHACA STAMINEA
Fucik, K. W., and J. U. Neff. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 305-312. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Uptake, Release, Mollusks, *Naphthalenes, *Rangea
j:uneata, *Protothaca staminea
Representing a temperate and a boreal species, the clams were
exposed to a 25% water soluble fraction of Southern Louisiana
crude oil for 3 days under varying temperature and salinity
conditions, and then allowed to depurate for 3 days under the
same conditions. Naphthalene uptake for both clams was greatest
at the lowest temperatures; salinity variations had little
influence. Tissue naphthalenes concentrations were greater
in the temperate clam, _R. cuneata, after the same exposure
period than in the boreal clam.
C-1930-77
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF CRUDE OIL ON OLNEY BULRUSH (SCIRPUS
OLNEYI) AND MARSHHAY CORDGRASS (SPARTINA PATENS)
Gebhart, J. L., and R. H. Chabreck, 1976.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of
Game & Fish Commissioners 29:567-577.
Plants, Crude oil, Contamination, Toxicity, *01ney bulrush,
*Marshhay cordgrass
The title species were subjected to four concentrations of a
light and a heavy crude oil at four water levels over an 8.5
month period. For both plants a fluctuating water level (+5 to
-5 cm) at a water level of +5 cm above the soil surface was
most detrimental. Results are given comparing the damaging
effects of heavy and light oils to growth and survival of these
plants.
[from Applied Ecology Abstracts 3(7):#3D8370. 1977]
107
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C-1931-77
A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FIN ROT IN MULLET ASSOCIATED WITH
EXPOSURE TO CRUDE OIL
Giles, R. C., and L. R. Brown. 1977,
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New
Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q43. Abstract.
Crude oil, Biological effects, Fish, *Fin rot, *Mugi1 cephalus
Fin rot infections resulted in mullet (Mugil cephalus) when they
were experimentally exposed to 4.0-5.0 mg/L crude oil concen-
trations in estuarine ponds. Depending on the crude oil used,
about 96-97% of the fish developed the infection as compared to
6-7% in control ponds. This paper reports microbiological
aspects of the course of the infection as documented from two
months of observation following exposure to the oil.
C-1932-77
UPTAKE PATHWAYS AND ELIMINATION OF A NONIONIC SURFACTANT IN COD
(GADUS HORRHUA L.)
Granmo, A., and S. Kollberg, 1976.
Water Research 10(3) -.189-194.
Dispersants, Biological effects, Surfactants, Fish, Toxicity
The nonionic surfactant nonylphenol ethoxylate, NP 10 EO, which
is used in the manufacturing of synthetic washing powders and
oil dispersants, was studied at exposure concentrations of 5 ppm.
Penetration and uptake take place in tissues and organs of cod.
It is suggested that the main cause of acute poisoning is
asphyxiation through surfactant accumulation in the gills.
C-1933-77
EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON
THE ACTIVITY OF HEPATIC ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE OF COHO
SALMON (ONCHORHYNCHUS KISUTCH) AND CHINOOK SALMON (0_. TSHAWYTSCHA)
Gruger, E. H., Jr., M. M. Wekell, and P. A. Robisch. T977:
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 323-331. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Fish, Uptake, Release, *Coho and Chinook salmon,
^Chlorinated biphenyls, *Enzyme activity
The title organisms were fed mixtures of test compounds, one
composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons, the other a mixture of
chlorinated biphenyls. The latter was found to interact
synergistically with the hydrocarbons, inducing aryl hydrocarbon
hydroxylase activity in the hepatic microsomes of coho salmon,
but depressing it in the chinook salmon. The presence of
chlorobiphenyls thus may interfere with the natural accumulation
and discharge of petroleum hydrocarbons in organisms.
108
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C-1934-77
THE EFFECTS OF ESSO COREXIT 9527 ON THE FERTILIZING CAPACITY
OF SPERMATOZOA
Hagstrb'm, B. E., and S. Lflnning 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):136-138.
Dispersants, Echinoderms, Toxicity, *Esso Corexit 9527,
*Fertilization
The present study of the effect on sea urchin spermatozoa
indicates that the water-soluble oil dispersant Esso Corexit
9527 interferes with fertilization and development in concen-
trations down to 0.0003 ppm. It is believed that such con-
centrations will be achieved after any use of the dispersant
at sea. The components of Esso Corexit 9527 have not been
published by the manufacturers.
C-1935-77
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RETENTION OF A PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
BY MARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS
Harris, R. P., V. Berdugo, E.D.S. Corner, C. C. Kilvington,
and S.C.M. O'Hara. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 286-304. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Crustaceans, Plankton, Uptake, Release *^C-1-
naphthalene, *Copepods
Radiolabeled C-1-naphthalene was used as a model compound to
study retention of aromatic hydrocarbons by 7 species of
marine planktonic copepods. Naphthalene concentrations in the
range of 0.2 to 1000 yg/L were used in order to simulate
concentrations likely to exist in oil spill situations. After
uptake the animals were transferred to clean water and 34 days
later, they still retained an average of 10% of the initially
accumulated ^C-1-naphthalene.
C-1936-77
THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON EXPOSURE ON THE STRUCTURE
OF FISH TISSUES
Hawkes, J. W. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). Mew York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 115-128. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Fish, Biological effects, Hydrocarbons, Analytical techniques,
*Tissues, *Morpho1ogical changes
109
-------
Literature on the morphological effects of petroleum contamina-
tion is reviewed, and new information on cellular and subcellular
tissue changes in fish exposed to petroleum is presented. Light
microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy
techniques were used to document changes in skin, gills, liver,
eye lens, and other organ tissues.
C-1937-77
EFFECTS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY OIL SPILL
Hershner, C. H., and K. A. Moore. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(3):20-21.
Oil spills, Biological effects, Marshes, Marine organisms,
Birds, Mollusks, Chesapeake Bay, *Marsh grasses
A study was conducted to determine the biological effects of
the February, 1976, Chesapeake Bay oil spill on the marshes of
the eastern shore of the Bay. The spill resulted in an
unusually high kill of water birds, but the damage to other
members of the ecosystem, such as the intertidal mussel,
Modiolus demissus, the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the
snail, Littorina irrorata, was minimal. The marsh grass,
Spartina alterniflora, showed an increase in net production
and flowering success and a decrease in mean height.
C-1938-77
EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON TROUT REPRODUCTION
Hodgins, H. 0., W. D. Gronlund, J. L. Mighell, J. W. Hawkes,
and P. A. Robisch. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 129-137. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Chronic effects, Toxicity, Fish, *Trout reproduction
Prudhoe Bay crude oil was added to the diet (Ig oil/kg food)
of sexually maturing rainbow trout in order to assess the
chronic effects of the oil exposure on salmonid fish repro-
ductive success. Six to seven months after initial treatment,
survival and development of hatched eggs, fertility rates,
and morphological and histological abnormalities were compared
for test fish and their controls. No significant impairment
of reproductive success was detected in the experiment.
110
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C-1939-77
ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF PHYTOPLANKTON ON CHRONIC OIL POLLUTION
Ignatiades, L., and N. Mimicos 1977.
Environmental Pollution 13(2):109-118.
Contamination, Chronic effects, Phytoplankton, Aegean Sea
The phytoplankton ecology in the chronically oil-polluted
Elefsis Bay (Saronicos Gulf, Aegean Sea) inshore environment
was studied over an annual cycle. Emphasis was placed on the
species composition, dominance, diversity, and succession of
diatoms and dinoflagellates, but generally most taxa were
tolerant of the oil in concentrations up to 27 mg/L. Results
are compared with data on unpolluted environments.
C-1940-77
PETROLEUM, TEMPERATURE, AND TOXICANTS: EXAMPLES OF SUSPECTED
RESPONSES BY PLANKTON AND BENTHOS ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
Jeffries, H. P., and W. C. Johnson, II. 1976.
Marine Reprint-69, NOAA-77011708; Grant NOAA-04-6-158-44002.
17 p.
Crude oil, Toxicity, Plankton, Benthos, DCS, *New York Bight,
New York
Gross population changes enumerated over time in natural
communities of the New York Bight are examined. For open
coastal areas in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, the direct effect on
copepod populations is at present not a concern. Limited,
short-term effects are seen only at point discharges. However,
on the sea bottom, small-scale environmental changes have
cumulative effects that are enhanced in the benthos, rather
than dissipated as in the plankton, by ecosystem processes.
C-1941-77
MORTALITY OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS IN ARGENTINA
Jehl, J. R., Jr. 1975.
Auk 92(3):596-598.
Birds, Contamination, Coasts, Argentina, *Tierra del Fuego,
*Penguins, *Mortality
Oiling appears to be an important contributor to the mortality
of Magellanic penguins and other birds living along the Tierra
del Fuego coast of Argentina. A large number of bird remains
have been found on beaches of the area contaminated or completely
coated with oil.
[from Ecological Abstracts 1976/6:#76L/4438. 1977]
111
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C-1942-77
ALTERATIONS IN SOME CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM INDEXES IN BLOOD OF
SEA BASS AND BLACK SEA SOLE EXPERIMENTALLY POISONED WITH
DISSOLVED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS [English summary]
Kotor, A. M. 1976.
Gidrobiologiya Zhurnal 12(6):84-88.
Petroleum products, Toxicity, Metabolism, Fish, *Spicara smaris.
*So1ea lascaris nasuta.
"Petroleum products at 9.3 mg/L raised the glucose level in the
blood of sea bass (Spicara smaris) within 72-120 h, whereas at
16.4-22.2 mg/L decreased it within 5-51 h. However, within 4 h,
the petroleum products at 22.2 mg/L raised the blood glucose
and glycogen and decreased lactic acid. At 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L,
the petroleum products decreased glucose and lactic acid, and
raised glycogen during 42 days. In the sole (Solea lascaris
nasuta) 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L of petroleum products raised the blood
glucose for 20 days, and glycogen and lactic acid for 10 days."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(25):#184068h. 1977]
C-1943-77
SEZONNAYA DINAMIKA GEMATOLOGISHESKIKH POKAZATELEI U NEKOTORYKH
CHERNOMORSKIKH RYB I IKH IZMENENIE PRI EXPERIMENTAL1 NOM
OTRAVLENII NEFTEPRODUKTAMI [in Russian]
Kotov, A. M. 1976.
Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 12(4):63-68.
Petroleum products, Toxicity, Fish, *Hematological changes
The effect of dissolved petroleum products on the blood of the
fish, Spicara smaris, Diplodus annularis, and Solea lascaris
nasuta was studied. The oil products produced pronounced
pathological disturbances of the blood, including leukocytosis
which occurred in two of the species. Hematological changes
can be used as criteria for estimating the toxic effect of
soluble petroleum products in fish.
[from Pollution Abstracts 8(4):#77-03237. 1977]
C-1944-77
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON POPULATIONS OF THE SALT
MARSH CRAB UCA PUGNAX
Krebs, C. T., and K. A. Burns. 1977.
Science 197(4302):484-487.
Fuel oil, Oil spills, Contamination, Marshes, Crustaceans,
Biological effects, Massachusetts, *Uca pugnax
A fuel oil spill at West Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1969, con-
taminated salt marshes with up to 6000 ppm oil per gram of mud,
112
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and adversely affected local populations of the fiddler crab,
Uca pugnax. The oil pollution resulted in reduced crab density,
reduced ratio of females to males, reduced juvenile settlement,
heavy overwintering mortality, incorporation of oil in body
tissues, and behavioral disorders in locomotion and abnormal
burrow construction. As yet, recovery of the marsh from this
relatively small spill is incomplete.
C-1945-77
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, SALINITY SHOCK AND CHRONIC
EXPOSURE TO NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT RATE AND
RESPIRATION OF THE HORSESHOE CRAB, LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS
Laughlin, R. B., Jr., and J. M. Neff. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 182-191. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Fuel oil, Biological effects, Metabolism, Crustaceans,
*Temperature, *Salinity, *Limulu$ polyphemus
Survival of larvae decreased with decreasing temperature and
increasing concentrations of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of
No. 2 fuel oil. The respiration rates of control animals
decreased with decreasing salinity and temperature. The respira-
tion rate of oil-exposed crabs was significantly higher than
that of controls at nearly all salinity/temperature combinations,
The interaction of salinity and WSF exposure on respiratory
rate was highly significant.
C-1946-77
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVERTEBRATE BIOASSAY TO SCREEN PETROLEUM
REFINERY EFFLUENTS DISCHARGED INTO FRESHWATER
Lee, D. R. 1976.
Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,
Virginia. 118 p.
Refineries, Toxicity, Wastewaters, Freshwater, Monitoring,
Invertebrates, *Daphnia pulex, *Bioassay
A simple method which uses unsophisticated equipment has been
developed for on-site toxicity testing of refinery effluents.
The method uses Daphrn'a pulex bioassays because the organism
is the most sensitive of 15 species of freshwater invertebrates
and 3 fish species tested, and because it is inexpensive and
easy to maintain. Daphnia bioassays were field tested at
several refineries. The test results are in agreement,
reproducible, and can be performed readily by refinery personnel
[from Dissertation Abstracts International B 37(4) .-1551-1552.
1976]
113
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C-1947-77
ACCUMULATION AND TURNOVER OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE
ORGANISMS
Lee, R. F. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York3 Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 60-70. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Uptake, Storage, Release, Marine organisms
This review deals with the uptake, storage, and discharge of
petroleum hydrocarbons by marine organisms under laboratory
and field conditions. Under the heading, "Bioaccumulation,"
analyses of organisms collected from oil spill and chronically
polluted areas are reviewed. The section entitled, "Biological
Transfer Processes," discusses the ability of animals to
depurate their hydrocarbons accumulated after exposure to oil.
C-1948-77
TOXICITY EFFECTS OF A CRUDE OIL ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF THE
PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE RANGE ESTUARY: INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND
CONTACT TIME [English summary]
Le Pemp, X., J.-C. Lacaze, and 0. Villedon de Nalde. 1976.
Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (3e Se>.),
Ecologie generale 386(32):107-110.
Toxicity, Crude oil, Phytoplankton, Estuaries, *Kuwait crude
Experiments showed that the toxicity of Kuwait crude oil rises
with temperature in the case of a biocenose-extract contact
time of 24 hours. However, the temperature dependence is
eliminated and the toxicity is reduced to one-seventh when the
exposure time is reduced to four hours.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10523.
1977]
C-1949-77
CHRONIC TOXICITY OF A SYNTHETIC TRI-ARYL PHOSPHATE OIL TO FISH
Lockhart, W. L., R. Wagemann, J. W. Clayton, B. Graham, and D.
Murray, 1975.
Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5(6):361-369.
Toxicity, Chronic effects, Fish, Freshwater, Lubricating oil,
*Synthetic oil
A long-term, continuous-flow exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo
qairdneri) to IMOL S-140, a synthetic high-temperature lubri-
cating oil, was conducted after concern was raised over past
and future dangers of oil losses from natural gas pipeline
114
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pumping stations. No sign of acute toxicity was observed, but
the fish slowly developed symptoms of chronic poisoning.
The toxicity was not revealed by standard 96-hr bioassay
methods nor by serum and brain cholinesterase measurements.
C-1950-77
RECOLONIZATION OF RED SEA CORALS AFFECTED BY NATURAL CATASTRO-
PHIES AND MAN-MADE PERTURBATIONS
Loya, Y. 1976.
Ecology 57(2):278-289.
Coral reefs, Biological effects, Contamination,Red Sea, Israel,
*Succession, *Recolonization
This paper studies the recovery patterns of hermatypic coral
communities following a catastrophic low tide, observing two
reef flats in the northern Gulf of Eilat. The control reef was
pollution-free, but the other, at the nature reserve of Eilat,
Israel, neighbors the port of Eilat and two major oil terminals
and is thus chronically polluted. The conclusion is made that
the man-polluted coral reef will not return to its former
equilibrium, but the naturally disturbed community will recover
over time.
C-1951-77
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
AND ORGANISMS
Malins, D. C. 1977.
New York, Academic Press, 1977. Vol. II. Biological Effects
of Petroleum.
Hydrocarbons, Biological effects, Marine organisms, Ecosystems,
Arctic, Subarctic regions
The impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons on the biota of pristine
areas are poorly understood, despite certain relevant data from
laboratory experiments with indigenous organisms and a lesser
amount of field information. In this volume an attempt is made
to compile data on the biological effects of petroleum on
marine organisms, evaluate the implications to possible
alterations in organisms and ecosystems, and offer suggestions
for future work where significant gaps in knowledge exist.
C-1952-77
THE EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES AND FISH
IN A SMALL SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA CREEK.
Masnik, M. T., J. R. Stauffer, C. H. Hocutt, and J. H. Wilson.
1976.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health All (4 & 5):281-296.
115
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011 spills, Fuel oil, Biological effects, Invertebrates, Fish,
Streams, Virginia
Approximately 13,000 L of No. 2 fuel oil entered Plum Creek
in May, 1973, after the tank of a disabled tractor trailer
truck overturned. Immediate mortality of water snakes and
waterfowl was high, but collections of benthos and fishes over
a five-month period indicated minimal mortality and only slight
reductions in population levels. It was recommended that the
use of straw booms be reevaluated, as leaching of oil fractions
from the straw over time may result in chronic environmental
damage.
C-1953-77
MOLTING AND SURVIVAL OF KING CRAB (PARALITHODES CAMTSCHATICA)
AND COONSTRIPE SHRIMP (PANDALUS HYPSINOTUS) LARVAE EXPOSED TO
COOK INLET CRUDE OIL WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION
Mecklenburg, T. A., S. D. Rice, and J. F. Karinen. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 221-228. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Biological effects, Crustaceans, *Water-soluble
fraction, *Molting larvae
Molting larvae were more sensitive than intermolt larvae to
the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil, and molting
coonstripe shrimp larvae were more sensitive than molting king
crab larvae. When molting larvae were exposed to high concen-
trations of the WSF (1.15-1.87 ppm total hydrocarbons) for six
hours, molting success was reduced by 10-30% and some deaths
occurred. When larvae were exposed to these concentrations for
24 hours or longer, molting declined 90-100% and the larvae
usually died. Comparisons of sensitivity to oil between
different crustacean species or life stages should be based on
animals tested in the same stage of the molt cycle.
C-1954-77
THE OCCURRENCE OF FIN ROT IN MULLET (MUGIL CEPHALUS) ASSOCIATED
WITH CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATION OF AN ESTUARINE POND-ECOSYSTEM
Minchew, C. D., and J. D. Yarbrough, 1977.
Journal of Fish Biology 10(4):319-323.
Fish, Contamination, Crude oil, Estuaries, *Fin rot, *Mullet
Four ponds were constructed with tidal simulation and stocked
with mullet, shrimp, and oysters. A six-month study established
a low incidence of disease in the fish. Within one week after
Empire Mix crude oil was spilled in two ponds all of the mullet
developed fin rot. This disease did not occur in any preliminary
laboratory tests of acute exposure of mullet to crude oil.
116
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C-1955-77
TOXIC INFLUENCE OF MINERAL OILS AND GASOLINE ON SELF PURIFICA-
TION PROCESSES IN NATURAL WATERS [English summary]
Mueller, D., and H. Hellmann. 1976.
Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser 117(8):369-373.
Crude oil, Petroleum products, Gasoline, Biodegradation,
Toxicity, Bacteria, Algae, Freshwater, *Photosynthesis
Samples of crude oil, diesel fuel, motor oil, and gasoline
were added to 10-L volumes of tap water exposed to sun and
wind; bacterial biodegradation and algal photosynthesis were
monitored for 21 days. Gasoline showed initial strong
toxicity followed by increased bacterial activity. Water
soluble components of diesel and motor oils increased biodegra-
dation and inhibited photosynthesis. Toxic effects of light
and medium crudes paralleled those of gasoline.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11356t. 1977]
C-1956-77
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON THE LITTORAL ECOSYSTEM [in Norwegian]
Notini, M. 1976.
NORDFORSK, Miljoevardssekretariatet Publication (2, Organiska
Miljoeaifter i Vatten, Nordiska Symposiet om Vattenforskning,
12th):299-316.
Intertidal zone, Biological effects, Spill cleanup, Baltic Sea
This review covers sources of oil pollution in the Baltic Sea,
special problems in the littoral zone, and techniques for
studying the biological effects of oils and cleanup activities
on littoral organisms. Twelve references are cited.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#57795p. 1977]
C-1957-77
EFFECTS OF OIL ON MICROBIAL COMPONENT OF AN INTERTIDAL SILT-
SEDIMENT ECOSYSTEM
Norrell, S. A. and M. H. Johnston, 1976.
Occasional Publications, University of Alaska, Institute of
Marine Science 4(Assessment of the Arctic Marine Environment,
Selected Topics, Symposium):305-327.
Biological effects, Bacteria, Biomass, Sediments, Microorganisms,
Intertidal zone
"A review with twenty-seven references of the relations between
bacterial biomass and sediment properties and the effects of
oil contamination on microbial growth."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(7):#49854s. 1977]
117 *
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C-1958-77
SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF PHYTOPLANK-
TON GROWTH BY LOW LEVELS OF MINERAL HYDROCARBONS
Parsons, T. R., Li, W. K. W., and R. Waters. 1976.
Hydrobiologia 5(l):85-89.
Phytoplankton, Hydrocarbons, Biological effects, Metabolism,
*Plant growth, *Photosynthesis
From field and laboratory experiments it has been observed that
low concentrations (ppb) of mineral hydrocarbons can cause an
increase in photosynthesis among nanoplankton. It is believed
that very low level effects of hydrocarbons on marine phyto-
pi ankton may be ecologically important in stimulating the
growth of certain nanoplanktonic organisms, causing them to
grow faster at the expense of larger phytopiankters.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#PB-264 727/9GA.
1977]
C-1959-77
MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES IN MARINE ORGANISMS IN RELATION TO
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON METABOLISM AND DETECTION
Payne, J. F. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(5):112-116.
Hydrocarbons, Metabolism, Detection, Monitoring, Marine
organisms, *Enzyme activity, Canada
Several organisms were collected from pollution-free sites in
eastern coastal Newfoundland and investigated for mixed function
oxidases. AHH activity was detected in some of the phyla, as
well as petroleum induced AHH. Only AHH appeared to be a
useful enzyme monitor for petroleum, but no invertebrate was
considered a useful monitor for petroleum pollution.
C-1960-77
EFFECTS OF DISPERSED CRUDE OIL UPON THE RESPIRATORY METABOLISM
OF AN ARCTIC MARINE AMPHIPOD, ONISIMUS (BOEKISIMUS) AFFINIS
Percy, J. A. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 192-200. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Dispersions, Biological effects, Metabolism,
Crustaceans, *Sublethal effects, *Arctic amphipod
At low oil concentrations, metabolism is significantly depressed,
but with increasing concentration a reversal of the response
occurs. An explanation for this response is presented. The
113
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effects of oil type, presence of dispersants, nutritional state
of the animals, and weathering of the oil on the metabolic
response are also considered.
C-1961-77
POLLUTION OF MARINE WATERS
Peres, J. M. 1976.
Paris, France, Bordas, 1976. 231 p.
Pollution control, Biological effects, Benthos, Coasts, *Pelagic
organisms
This book brings together several papers on the main problems of
marine pollution. Oil pollution control and biological effects
of oil contamination are reviewed along with other forms of
pollutants. The authors discuss the biological effects on
pelagic and benthic communities and on the sea's resources.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(7):#7Q8933. 1977]
C-1962-77
ACUTE TOXICITY AND UPTAKE-DEPURATION STUDIES WITH COOK INLET
CRUDE OIL, PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL, NO. 2 FUEL OIL AND SEVERAL
SUBARCTIC MARINE ORGANISMS
Rice, S. D., J. W. Short, C. C. Brodersen, T. A. Mecklenburg,
D. A. Moles, C. J. Misch, D. L. Cheatham, and J. F. Karinen.
1976.
Northwest Fisheries Center Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory,
Processed report. 90 p.
Crude oil, Fuel oil, Toxicity, Uptake, Release, Marine organisms
This report provides the results of a laboratory study of which
the primary objectives were: to determine the acute toxicity
of Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay crude oils and fuel oil to various
life stages and species of fish and shellfish found in Kachemak
Bay; to determine the rate and degree of uptake and depuration
of hydrocarbons by these organisms when they are exposed to
sublethal concentrations of the water-soluble fractions of Cook
Inlet crude oil; and to compare results with the published
literature in order to determine to what degree Alaskan fish
and shellfish differ from species in other areas in their
response to oil contamination.
C-1963-77
EFFECT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON BREATHING AND COUGHING RATES
AND HYDROCARBON UPTAKE-DEPURATION IN PINK SALMON FRY
Rice, S. D., R. E. Thomas, and J. W. Short. 1977.
Physiological Responses of Marine Biota to Pollutants. New York,
Academic Press, 1977.
119
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Crude oil, Fuel oil, Toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Metabolism, Fish,
*Respiration, *0ncorhynchus gorbuscha
Breathing and coughing rates of pink salmon fry, Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha, were monitored during exposure to water soluble
fractions of Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay crude oils and No. 2
fuel oil. High breathing rates during the first 24 hr of
exposure, elimination of most aromatics by 20 hr , and the
continued high breathing during a contact dose exposure for 72
hrs indicate that salmon fry can cope with a sublethal exposure
to hydrocarbons, but at the cost of an increased metabolic
rate. Increased metabolic rates may be detrimental to survival
if the stress persists for long periods of time.
C-1964-77
A REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE OIL TOXICITY AND COMPARATIVE ANIMAL
SENSITIVITY
Rice, S. D., J. W. Short, and J. F. Karinen. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 78-94. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Toxicity, Marine organisms, Crude oil, Petroleum products,
Comparative toxicity, *Bioassay
This review includes studies dealing with the ability of crude
and refined oils to kill marine animals and covers: (1) the
behavior of oil in water; (2) the methodology problems associated
with bioassays; (3) the comparative toxicity of oil-water
mixtures, oils, and components of oils; and (4) the comparative
sensitivity of different life stages and species.
C-1965-77
MUSSELS AND POLLUTION
Roberts, D. 1976.
Marine Mussels: Their Ecology and Physiology. B. L. Bayne (ed.).
Cambridge University Press, 1976. p.67-80.
Hydrocarbons, Crude oil, Toxicity, Mollusks, Bibliographies,
Surfactants, Emulsifiers, *Mussels
This chapter briefly reviews the literature concerning the
effects of pollutants on mussels. Seventeen references are
cited concerning oil and detergent pollution, dated from 1961
to 1974. The research covers hydrocarbons, crude oil, deter-
gents and oil emulsifiers, and toxicity.
120
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C-1966-77
RESPONSES TO CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATION BY CRICOTOPUS (CRICOTOPUS)
3ICINCTUS AND C. (C_.) MACKENZIENSIS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN
THE FORT SIMPSON AREA, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Rosenberg, D. M., A. P. Wiens, and 0. A. Saether. 1977.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(2):254-261.
Crude oil, Biological effects *Insects, Canada, *Chironomid
larvae
The two title species of Chironomidae, common to the Fort Simpson
area, were examined for changes resulting from experimental
exposure to crude oil. Larvae of both species were more abun-
dant on oiled artificial substrates; larvae of £. (C_.) bicinctus
tended to dominate. Larvae on oiled substrates appeared to have
more rapid life cycles and produced part of another generation
per year as compared to larvae on unoiled substrates.
C-1967-77
PLANKTON PROCESSES IN MID-ATLANTIC NEARSHORE AND SHELF WATERS
AND ENERGY-RELATED ACTIVITIES
Smayda, T. J. 1975.
Conference on Effects of Energy-related Activities on the
Atlantic Continental Shelf, Upton, New York, 1975.
Oil discharges, Hydrocarbons, Contamination, Phytoplankton,
OCS, Atlantic coast
The potential effects of temperature and petroleum hydrocarbons
on key plankton processes and events are considered, based on
phytoplankton physiology. Oil release is a likely source of
contamination on the continental shelf; however, shore-based
activities of the petrochemical industry and discharges from
tankers in shipping lanes and ports may also stress recipient
waters.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(12):#30851. 1977]
C-1968-77
THE ACCUMULATION AND DEPURATION OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL BY THE SOFT
SHELL CLAM MYA ARENARIA L.
Stainken, D. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 313-322. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Fuel oil, Emulsions, Moll usks, Uptake, Release, *Mya arenaria L.
The title organisms were exposed experimentally to No. 2 fuel
oil-in-water emulsions at 4°C to simulate winter spill conditions,
121
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and the patterns of accumulation and discharge of petroleum
constituents were determined. The clams can rapidly accumulate,
concentrate, and release to the environment large amounts of
petroleum hydrocarbons by means of a reversible mucus-oil
binding mechanism.
C-1969-77
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH
OF ZYGOTES AND JUVENILE STAGES OF THE ALGA FUCUS EDENDATUS DE LA
PYL (PHAEOPHYCEAE: FUCALES)
Steele, R. L. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 138-142. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Petroleum products, Fuels, Crude oil, Biological effects, Algae,
*Growth, *Reproduction, *Fucus edentatus De La Pyl
The effects of various petroleum products on growth and the early
development of the Fucus zygote were studied experimentally. A
crude oil had far less of an effect on Fucus growth than did
No. 2 fuel oil or two jet fuels. Exposure to any of the oil
products immediately prior to or during the release of gametes
completely prevented germination or growth.
C-1970-77
SENSITIVITY OF SOME BROWN ALGAL REPRODUCTIVE STAGES TO OIL
POLLUTION
Steele, R. L., 1977.
Journal of Phycology 13 (Supplement):64. Abstract.
Toxicity, Algae, *Reproduction, Contamination
The author studied two genera of brown algae, Fucus and Laminaria,
to measure oil pollution toxicity in these bioassay organisms.
Four kinds of oil were tested and both algae were found to be
sensitive at less than 100 ppb. Male reproductive cells were
much more sensitive than eggs or female gametophytes.
C-1971-77
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INTERTIDAL AREAS IN THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN
IN JANUARY, 1975, FIVE MONTHS AFTER THE METULA OIL SPILL
Straughan, D. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 247-260. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
122
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Metula spill, Biological effects, Marine organisms, Intertidal
zone, Strait of Magellan
Biological, physical, and chemical data were analyzed, using
techniques of ordination, classification, and discrimation, and
results indicate a negative relationship between the biota and
presence of petroleum. While grain size was important in
governing the distribution and abundance of species at the oiled
and unoiled sites, the visible presence of petroleum in the
form of mousse was the most significant factor.
C-1972-77
EFFECTS OF BENZENE (A TOXIC COMPONENT OF PETROLEUM) ON SPAWNING
PACIFIC HERRING, CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI
Struhsaker, J. W. 1977.
Fishery Bulletin 75(1):43-50.
Toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Fish, *Benzene, *Reproduction,
*Clupea harengus pallasi
Exposure of female Pacific herring to low (ppb) levels of benzene
for 48 hr prior to their spawning resulted in a significant
reduction in survival of ovarian eggs, embryos, and larvae due
to yolk absorption. Exposure to benzene also induced premature
spawning and resulted in aberrant swimming behavior and
disequilibrium in adults of both sexes.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07137.
1977]
C-1973-77
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON COMMON
EIDER EGGS
Szaro, R. C., and P. H. Albers. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 164-167. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Fuel oil, Birds, Biological effects, *Hatchability, *Common
eider eggs
Eggs of the Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) were coated with
up to 20 yl of No. 2 fuel oil and artificially incubated with
other treated eggs and controls. Eggs treated with 5 yl and 20
yl fuel oil had hatching rates of 92% and 69%, respectively, as
compared to 96% for the control group. Thus, oil pollution may
significantly increase embryonic mortality in marine birds.
123
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C-1974-77
ACCUMULATION OF NAPHTHALENES BY GRASS SHRIMP: EFFECTS ON
RESPIRATION, HATCHING, AND LARVAL GROWTH
Tatem, H. E. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 201-209. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Fuel oil, Uptake, Crustaceans, Metabolism,
*Naphtha1enes,*Hatching, *Larval growth, *Grass shrimp
When P_. pugio was exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) from a
No. 2 fuel oil, sampling revealed that naphthalene levels in the
exposure solution decreased rapidly while concentrations in the
shrimp increased dramatically. Exposure of the shrimp to over
3.0 ppm PH for 5 hr resulted in a lower than average respiration
rate. A single 72-hr exposure of gravid female shrimp to 1.44
ppm PH had a detrimental effect on larval hatching. Control
females released an average of 45 larvae compared to 9 larvae
for exposed females. Larvae continuously exposed to 0.85-
0.52 ppm PH weighed significantly less than control animals
after 12 days.
C-1975-77
RESPONSE OF THE CLAM, MACOMA BALTHICA (LINNAEUS), EXPOSED TO
PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL AS UNMIXED OIL, WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION,
AND OIL-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT IN THE LABORATORY
Taylor, T. L., and J. F. Karinen. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 229-237. Proceddings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Crude oil, Seawater, Sediments, Biological effects, Mollusks,
*Water-soluble fraction, *0il-treated sediment, *Macoma
balthica
Gentle settling of crude oil over clam beds had negligible
effects on clams observed for two months. Water-soluble (WSF)
and oil-treated (OTF) sediment fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude
oil inhibited burrowing and caused clams to move to the
sediment surface. Responses were directly proportional to the
concentrations of the WSF or amount of OTF. The significance
of these laboratory tests to survival of M_. balthica in the
natural environment is discussed.
124
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C-1976-77
FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER OF HYDROCARBONS
Teal, J. M. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 71-77. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Uptake, Release, Food web, Oceans, *Food chain
transfer
The following subjects are covered in this review: selective
accumulation of hydrocarbons; hydrocarbon uptake from food
vs. water; hydrocarbon storage and depuration; oceanic food web
transfer; and related research needs.
C-1977-77
LONG TERM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BUNKER C OIL IN THE INTERTIDAL
ZONE
Thomas, M. L. H. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 238-245. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Marine organisms, Intertidal zone, Chedabucto Bay, Canada,
Oil spills, Toxicity, *Mortalities
In February, 1970, a large spill of Bunker C oil occurred in
Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, when the tanker "Arrow" grounded.
The major species that suffered mortalities in the communities
on this shoreline as a result of this spill were studied.
Results are summarized.
C-1978-77
FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF OIL POLLUTION UPON
MARINE ORGANISMS - III. EFFECTS OF OIL-SPILL EMULSIFIERS
AND SURFACTANTS ON THE GROWTH OF PORPHYRA-LAVER. [English
summary]
Tokuda, H. 1977.
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 43(5):
587-593.
Toxicity, Surfactants, Emulsifiers, Algae, *Seaweed, *Growth
rates
Culture experiments were done to determine the inhibitory effects
of six oil-spill emulsifiers and four non-ionic surfactants on
the growth of Porpnyra yezoensis. Growth rates were studied
in assessing the toxicity, and changes in the cellular appearance
of the laver were also studied by optical microscopy.
125
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C- 1979-77
INGESTION OF SUSPENDED OIL PARTICLES AND THE INFLUENCES ON
MORTALITY IN THE MOLLUSCAN LARVAE [in Japanese]
Umezawa, S., 0. Fukuhara, and S. Sakaguchi. 1976.
Bulletin of the Nansei Regional Fisheries Laboratory, Vol. 9:
77-82.
Toxicity, Mollusks, Uptake, Release, *0il droplets, *Mortality,
*Crassostrea gigas, *Mytilus spp.
Oyster and mussel larvae, Crassostrea gigas and My ti 1 us spp.,
respectively, were kept in seawater to which different concen-
trations of oil droplets were added. The ingestion of the
suspended oil droplets and their influences on mortality in
these molluskan larvae were investigated. The percentage of the
larvae with ingested oil droplets and the diameter of the oil
droplets in the stomach of each larvae became greater as the oil
droplet concentration in the medium increased. This increase
led to an increased mortality rate among the experimental larvae.
Molluskan larvae were unable to exude oil droplets ingested in
their stomachs; subsequent cohesion of the droplets was the main
cause of larvae mortality.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(12) :#W77-05909. 1977]
C-1980-77
THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE CRUDE OIL ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN ARCTIC
PONDS
Vestal, J. R., T. W. Federle, G. R. Hater, and M. C. Miller. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q44. Abstract.
Crude oil, Toxicity, Phytoplankton, Arctic, Freshwater, *Primary
production
In controlled pond experiments, soluble components of crude oil
were found to curtail or completely inhibit primary production
of phytoplankton within a few days. As the toxic components of
oil were subsequently lost, the primary production slowly
recovered, but with a significant shift in the species dominance
from Chryptophytes to Chrysophytes.
C-1981-77
ROLE OF MUSSELS MYTILUS EDULIS IN REMOVAL OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
FROM SEAUATER (UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS)
Vokyo, Y. V., and Y. M. Petrov. 1975.
Hydrobiological Journal 11 (2): 19-24.
Uptake, Petroleum products, Moll usks, Seawater, *Water purification,
*Mytilus edulis
126
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In tanks with mussels, the water was purified twice as fast as
in the control. After 3 weeks, only 7% of the initial amount
of petroleum remained in the tanks with mussels. Of this
amount, about 1.4% was depostied by the aquatic organisms on
the tank bottoms, 5.6% remained in the surface film, and 0.2%
was still dissolved.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07116.
1977]
C-1982-77
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL CONTAMINATION ON THE SEA WITH SPECIAL
CONSIDERATION TO THE BALTIC SEA
Von Oertzen, J. A. 1977.
Wasserwirtschaff - Wassertechnik 27(2):34-37.
Contamination, Biological effects, Baltic Sea
"A review with 37 references."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(l):#726n. 1977]
C-1983-77
EFFECTS OF OIL DISPERSANTS ON THE DEVELOPING EMBRYOS OF MARINE
FISH.
Wilson, K. W. 1976.
Marine Biology 36(3):259-268.
Dispersants, Biological effects, Fish, Spill cleanup, *Embryo
development
This paper details the effects of three oil dispersants, B1002,
Finasol ESK, and Corexit 7664, on the development of plaice,
sole, and herring. Concentrations of dispersants and exposure
length leading to deleterious effects have been defined, but it
is unknown if similar conditions would occur at sea after spill
cleanup operations. It is also speculated that use of recently
developed dispersants with lower toxicity claims would not
produce significant mortality in fish embryos.
C-1984-77
GONADAL AND HEMATOPOIETIC NEOPLASMS IN MYA ARENARIA
Yevich, P. P., and C. A. Barszcz. 1976.
Marine Fisheries Review 38(10):42-43.
Oil spills, Biological effects, Mollusks, Maine, *Gonadal
neoplasms, *Mya arenaria
"Microscopic examinations of clams collected from Long Cove,
Maine, where there was an oil spill in 1971, revealed gonadal
neoplasms in males and females. In other clams neoplastic
127
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growth was observed in cells that appeared to be of hema-
topoietic lineage. Extensive accumulations of neoplastic
cells were observed in the gills, siphon, foot, and connective
tissues."
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(14):#36211. 1977]
128
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-1985-77
AN ASPECT OF COASTAL POLLUTION - THE COMBINED EFFECT OF DETERGENT
AND OIL AT SEA ON SEA "SPRAY COMPOSITION
Fontana, M. 1976.
Water, Air&Soil Pollution 5(3) :269-280.
Oil slicks, *Detergents, Physical effects, Seawater, *Sea spray
formation
The natural formation of sea spray droplets was simulated under
laboratory conditions in order to study the interaction of anionic
detergents and oil slicks. Presence of detergents increased the
production of sea spray, and the presence of a 1 mm oil slick
inhibited the formation of marine aerosols.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194756v. 1977]
C-1986-77
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF IMMERSED PINNIPED AND SEA OTTER PELTS BEFORE
AND AFTER OILING WITH PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE
Kooyman, G. L., R. W. Davis, and M. A. Castellini. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p.151-157. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Marine mammals, Biological effects, Crude oil, ^Thermal conductance.
*Sea otters, *Pinnipeds
Thermal conductance (C) of the sea otter and several species of
pinnipeds was measured during immersion, after oiling, and after
cleaning. Sea otter pups were found to have the greatest C after
oiling; adult pinnipeds were only slightly affected by oiling.
Even a light oiling would have significant detrimental effects
on the thermoregulatory abilities of otters and fur seals at sea.
3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-1987-77
ANTIPOLLUTION COSTS TO SOAR (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(2):19.
Regulations, Oil industry, Pollution control, Wastewater treatment,
Refineries, Cost analysis, API
An API-sponsored study of the cost to the oil industry of complying
with expected environmental regulations has been conducted by the
129
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Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio. Total costs to industry are
expected to be in the range of $10 billion and $17 billion per year.
Of this amount, a major expenditure will be for the treatment of
refinery wastewaters and rainfall effluent, and for the removal
of sulfur and lead from petroleum products.
C-1988-77
OIL SPILL SUPERFUNDS SEEM UNNECESSARY (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Oil and Gas Journal 75(24):28-29.
Legislation, Liability, Compensation, Tankers, Oil spills, Oil
industry, *Spill superfunds
Representatives from two international voluntary oil spill funds,
Tovalop and Cristal, feel that the proposed $200 million super-
funds to compensate for offshore oil spill damages are far larger
than necessary. In contrast, U.S. oil industry officials argue
that the existing patchwork of state and federal funds arid laws
is inadequate and should be replaced by a comprehensive and
uniform system.
C-1989-77
REGS [sic] SET FOR TAPS SPILL FUND (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Oil and Gas Journal 77(27):46.
Oil spills, Liability, Regulations, Tankers, Oil transfer, Ports,
Alaska, *0il spill fund
Regulations providing for the supervision and administration of a
$100 million oil spill liability fund have been finalized. The
fund will pay damages from oil spills occurring during oil transfer
operations at the Alaskan Port of Valdez and at any point, enroute
between Valdez and the unloading point in a U.S. port.
C-1990-77
WHAT REFINERY POLLUTION ABATEMENT COSTS
Jenkins, D. M., and W. J. Sheppard. 1977.
Hydrocarbon Processing 56(5):154-157.
Regulations, Oil industry, Pollution control, Economic effects,
Cost analysis, API, EPA
In this API report, attempts are made to compare and reconcile
differences between previous studies of the economic impact of
environmental regulations on the petroleum industry. Differences
in the cost estimates made by EPA and those made by API are
attributed to the methodology used, involving philosophical
and regulation selection differences.
130
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C-1991-77
THE HIGH COST OF AN OIL SPILL
White, 0. 1977.
Outdoor California 38(2):15.
Oil spills, Inland, Economics, Spill cleanup, Restoration,
California
The high cost and difficulty of cleaning up a small inland spill
is briefly documented. The spill, which lost about 14,383 L
(3800 gal ) of heavy fuel oil, occurred near Gilroy, California.
Cleanup and restoration took 20 men 17 days. The oil had a
value of about $600 before the spill, but its cleaning cost
exceeded $50,000.
4. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-1992-77
CANADA'S TANKER LAWS ARE THE TOUGHEST
Anon. 1977.
Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering 48(6):20-21.
Tankers, Oil spills, Legislation, Economic effects, Environmental
effects, Canada
Tanker disasters that have occurred off the Canadian coasts are
discussed. The legal, political, economic and environmental
issues surrounding such events are examined.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):#7Q10421. 1977]
C-1993-77
PERSISTING OIL SPILL EFFECTS
Anon. 1977.
Mechanical Engineering 99(January):62-63.
Environmental effects, Beaches, Sediments, Strait
Metula spill
of Magellan
A recent visit to the area of the 1974 "Metula" supertanker oil
spill in the Strait of Magellan shows tha-t the effects of the spill
are still dramatically evident on the beaches. Stranded oil has
penetrated nearly 20 cm into sand, producing pavement-like surfaces
on the beaches. In areas where the beach surface has eroded, soft,
fresh oil is evident in the subjacent layers.
131
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C-1994-77
OIL SPILLS - AN EDITORIAL
Abelson, P. H. 1977.
Ecolibrium 6(2):15.
Oil spills, Tankers, Environmental effects
Recent tanker spills have resulted in the loss of over 56 million L
(15 million gal ) of oil into the oceans. The general view is that
there are ecological catastrophes which will have serious environ-
mental effects for years. This editorial, originally published in
Science [195(4274):137], argues that this generally held view has
no factual basis, and that the environmental effects are far less
long lived and severe.
C-1995-77
MAN'S IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
SOME PROBLEMS AND HUMAN CONSEQUENCES
Aiken, S. R., and M. R. Moss. 1976.
Environmental Conservation 3(4):273-283.
Oil spills, Tankers, Environmental effects, Malaysia
Examples are selected to show the degree of man's impact on the
natural environment of Malaysia and also the changing relationships
between man and his environment. One case study describes the
impact of oil spillage from grounded supertankers using the Straits
of Malacca and Singapore and illustrates the international impli-
cations of a potentially widespread ecological disaster.
[from Applied Ecology Abstracts 3(5):#3D5731. 1977]
C-1996-77
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF OIL AND THE CHEMICALS USED TO CONTROL IT
ON 3) THE SHORE AND SPLASH ZONES
Baker, J. M. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. wlardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.57-71.
Oil spills, Dispersants, Environmental effects, Shorelines,
Intertidal zone, Marine organisms, Toxicity
A review is presented on the damage to the shoreline caused by
oil pollution. Environmental effects can be documented by post-
spill surveys, long-term monitoring schemes, field experiments on
rocky, marshy, or sandy shores, and laboratory biological experi-
ments on intertidal species. Parameters that affect shoreline
damage include the volume, type, and physical state of the spilled
oil, the frequency of oiling, the toxicity of dispersants or
cleaning agents, and the shoreline topographic, hydrographic,
and climatic conditions.
132
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C-1997-77
WARTIME OIL POLLUTION (book review)
Bourne, W. R. P. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(7):167.
Oil spills, Environmental effects, U.S., Atlantic Ocean, *World
War II
The book,Impact of Oil Spillage from World War II Tanker Sinkings
(Campbell, B., E. Kern, and D. Horn, 1977. MIT Sea Grant Program
Report No. 77-4. 85p.),is reviewed. The author criticizes the
report for not researching pertinent ornithological literature for
important environmental effects, and for the report's implication
that current oil pollution risks from offshore developments are
over-rated.
C-1998-77
OIL POLLUTION OF THE SEA
Cowell, E. B. 1976.
Marine Pollution. R. Johnston (ed.). London, Academic Press, 1976.
p.353-401.
Sources, Contamination, Ships, Exploration, Production, Biological
effects, Sea birds, Marine organisms, Fisheries, Spill cleanup,
Dispersants
Oil pollution inputs into the marine environment from shipping,
oil transfer operations, exploration and production, and other
land based sources are reviewed. The effects of oil on seabirds
and its acute and chronic effects on various marine communities
(salt marshes, rocky shores and sandy to muddy coasts) are
summarized. Methods of removing oil from the water or shoreline
by mechanical means, absorption, burning, and washing with
dispersants are discussed. Possible health hazards to animals
and interactions of oil pollution with marine ecosystems are
considered.
C-1999-77
SALT MARSHES OF PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA, AND VICINITY: A BASELINE
STUDY
Crow, J. H. 1977.
Final report to the U.S. Department of the Interior. 113p.
Oil transport, Environmental effects, Oil spills, Vegetation,
Soil, Marshes, Alaska
In 1974 and 1975, 62 baseline locations were selected for intensive
study in the salt marshes of Port Valdez and vicinity. The sites
are intended to reflect the impact of oil transport activities.
Vegetation and soil characteristics were emphasized. Gold Creek
and Sawmill Creek appear to be the marshes most susceptible to
major oil spill damage, but all the marshes studied are threatened
to some degree. An oil spill associated with seasonal high tides
or during the winter when freshwater outflow is minimal would
increase the potential hazard to the less vulnerable marsh areas.
133
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C-2000-77
POLLUTION OF THE OCEANS BY OIL. I - DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECT OF
OIL PRODUCTS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT [in French]
Gerard, F. 1976.
La Me*teorologie, December:53-66.
Contamination, Oceans, Biological effects, Pollution control,
Marine organisms, Dispersants
The sources of oil pollution, its biological impact, and the
principal means of combatting it are surveyed. Biologically, the
effects of dissolved oil must be considered as well as those of
oil slicks. Data on lethal concentrations of oil for various
types of plant and animal life are given along with data on the
lethal effects of oil dispersant chemicals.
[from International Aerospace Abstracts 17(15):#A77-34279. 1977]
C-2001-77
THE ARGO MERCHANT OIL SPILL. A PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC REPORT
Grose, P. L., and J. S. Mattson. 1977.
Special report, NOAA-77042007. 338p.
Argo Merchant spill, Distribution, Environmental effects, Coasts,
Atlantic Ocean
This report presents the available results from the investigations
carried out to date by the many groups involved in the initial
assessment of the distribution of the "Argo Merchant" oil spill
and its impact. The fortunate aspects of the outcome of the spill
are as follows: offshore winds which prevented the oil from
coming on the beaches; the low density of the oil which resulted
in no sinking of the oil and no bottom contamination; and occurrence
of the spill in winter when biological activity and fishing
activities are low.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(16):#PB-267 505/6GA. 1977]
C-2002-77
MARINE POLLUTION
R. Johnston (ed.). 1976.
London, Academic Press, 1976. xiv + 729p.
Oil spills, Refineries, Oil transport, Offshore production, Pollution
control, Toxicity, Birds, Fisheries, North Sea
The book is intended as an overview text for those in government,
industry, and environmental protection dealing with pollution of
the sea by toxic heavy metals, organic poisons, particulates
including sewage and dredge spoils, and oil pollution. Eight
contributed chapters cover mechanisms of pollution, biological
effects of various pollutants with emphasis on fisheries resources
and seabirds, pollutant dispersion in estuaries and inland waters,
and international and national aspects of pollution control.
134
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C-2003-77
MECHANISMS AND PROBLEMS OF MARINE POLLUTION IN RELATION TO
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
Johnston, R. 1976.
Marine Pollution. R. Johnston (ed.). London, Academic Press, 1976.
p.3-156.
Crude oil, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Offshore development, Fisheries,
North Sea
This chapter presents a synthesis of the major incuts of various
marine pollutants, the mechanisms of pollution by different
substances, and interactions between pollutants and commercial
fish and shellfish resources. A major section deals with the
effects of offshore North Sea oil development activities on
commercial fisheries and their operations, and assesses the
effects of crude oil and aromatic hydrocarbons on commercially
important species of fish and mollusks.
C-2004-77
MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH TITLES
Marine Pollution Information Centre. 1976.
Marine Pollution Research Titles 3(3):1-28.
Detection, Chemical analysis, Spill cleanup
The title publication includes 205 selected references on marine
and estuarine pollution divided into a dozen chapters. Oil
pollution is covered in detail, especially its detection, analysis,
characteristics, and removal.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05383. 1977]
C-2005-77
THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON MARINE POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES
Michael, A. D. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press, 1977.
p.129-137. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Environmental effects, Chronic effects, Marine
organisms, Contaminants, Oil spills
Recent literature on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on
marine life and ecosystems is reviewed from the standpoint of
assessing the current status of research. Included are the
effects of oil spills or chronic contamination on plankton,
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intertidal and subtidal benthos, fisheries, birds, and mammals.
Future research priorities suggested include long-term study of
oil spills and chronic contamination, and field and laboratory
studies of sublethal effects of pollution.
C-2006-77
PENETRATION OF CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION PRODUCTS THROUGH SOIL AND
THEIR EFFECT OF [sic] MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL AND WATER [English
s uinina ry ]
Milkowska-Jankowska, D., J. Maleszewska, and J. Luzak. 1976.
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 27(6):679-687.
Petroleum products, Lubricating oil, Movement, Soil, Bacteria,
Biological effects
"Motor oils Marinol 211D and Lux 5 rapidly passed through soil
samples in conjunction with water. Pollution of soils with
the oils lowered the organoleptic properties of water passing
through them. The oils enhanced the development of N-reducing
bacteria in the soil."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(25):#184188x. 1977]
C-2007-77
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS
Morris, S. C. 1976.
Energy and the Environment: Cost-Benefit Analysis. Proceedings
of a Conference, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, June
23-27, 1975. R. A. Karam, and K. Z. Morgan (eds.). Elms ford,
N.Y., Pergamon Press, 1976. p.330-344.
Fuels, Production, Contaminants, Environmental effects
"A review on pollutants associated with fuels and energy-producing
processes with 38 references."
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#10533m. 1977]
C-2008-77
MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLLUTION OF THE
OCEANS [English summary]
Ricci, G. C. 1975.
Annali di Medicina Navale 80(3-4):289-406.
Hydrocarbons, Contamination, Oceans, Biological effects, Health
hazards, Pollution control
Environmental and medical-biological aspects of ocean contamination
by various pollutants including hdyrocarbons are summarized. The
136
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interaction of pollutants, the physical, biological and chemical
mechanisms of pollution, self-purification of the sea, and anti-
pollution measures are also discussed.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#11172e. 1977]
C-2Q09-77
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF OIL AND THE CHEMICALS USED TO CONTROL
IT ON 2) FISHERIES
Shelton, R. G. T. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.51-56.
Fisheries, *Shellfish, Contamination, Environmental effects
Oil pollution is a potential threat to fish and shellfish
resources because: 1) the pollution may directly kill or
harm the fish or shellfish stocks; 2) oil contaminants on
or in the animals may render them unacceptable for consumption,
and 3) spilled oil may physically interfere with fishing
operations.
C-2010-77
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF OIL AND THE CHEMICALS USED TO CONTROL
IT ON 1) PLANKTON
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Maters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p.47-50.
Oil slicks, Phytoplankton, Environmental effects, Dispersants,
Toxicity, *Light reduction, *Photosynthesis
The environmental effects of oil slicks on plankton are threefold:
the oil layer reduces photosynthesis in phytoplankton by occluding
light; oil interferes with oxygen exchange at the sea surface, and
oil and dispersants exert serious toxic effects on plankton.
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-2011-77
HEALTH EFFECTS OF OIL SHALE PROCESSING
Coomes, R. M. 1976.
Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines 71(4):101-123.
Oil shale, Extraction, Carcinogens, Health hazards, *Benzo(a)pyrene
The benzo(a)pyrene content of crude shale oil was found to be
the same order of magnitude as that of petroleum products and
can be reduced by hydrotreating or upgrading of the shale oil.
Processed shale was enriched in benzo(a)pyrene but contained
less than many natural materials considered to be noncarcinogenic.
Test animals exposed to large quantities of processed shale
during their lifetime developed no skin cancers.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(2):#10803z. 1977]
C-2012-77
FISHING AND NORTH SEA OIL
MacArthur, G.P.S. 1976.
Scottish Fisheries Bulletin 43:27-31.
Fisheries, Oil industry, Offshore development, North Sea, Scotland
This paper describes the current status of the oil exploitation
industry and its cooperative interactions with the fishing
industry of Scotland. Emphasis is given to oil-related debris
and to offshore installations and their future effects, including
pollution.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(7):#7Q7842. 1977]
C-2013-77
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ALASKAN CONTINENTAL SHELF.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS' REPORTS JULY-SEPTEMBER 1976. VOLUME 1:
MARINE MAMMALS, MARINE BIRDS
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1976. 601p.
Offshore development, Environmental effects, Baseline studies,
OCS, Alaska, Mammals, Birds
This volume contains the quarterly reports of baseline studies
on the environmental effects related to petroleum development
on the Alaska Continental Shelf. The multi-year program is
sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06793. 1977]
138
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C-2014-77
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ALASKAN CONTINENTAL SHELF.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS' REPORTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1976.
VOL. 2: FISH, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, LITTORAL
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1976. 535p.
Offshore development, Environmental effects, Baseline studies, DCS,
Fish, Plankton, Benthos, Alaska
This volume contains the quarterly reports of baseline studies on
the environmental effects related to petroleum development on the
Alaskan Continental Shelf. The multi-year program is sponsored
by the Bureau of Land Management.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06825. 1977]
C-2015-77
SHOREBIRD DEPENDENCE ON ARCTIC LITTORAL HABITATS
Risebrough, R. W., and P. G. Connors. 1976.
Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf.
Principal Investigators' Reports for the Year Ending September
1976. Vol. 1, Marine Mammals, Marine Birds, p.404-408.
Birds, Habitat, Shorelines, Arctic, Offshore development,
Environmental effects, Alaska, *Shorebird species
To assess the degree and nature of dependence of each shorebird
species on arctic habitats which may be susceptible to disturbance
from offshore development, 3 major areas must be investigated:
seasonal occurrence of shorebirds by species in several arctic
littoral habitats; foraging habitat preferences within the
littoral zone by species; and diets of shorebirds in the
littoral zone by species. About 500 transect censuses were
completed during this period; results are compared to data
obtained from the 1975 studies.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06811. 1977]
C-2016-77
AVIFAUNAL UTILIZATION OF THE OFFSHORE ISLAND AREA NEAR PRUDHOE
BAY, ALASKA
Schamel, D. 1976.
Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf.
Principal Investigators' Reports for the Year Ending, September
1976. Vol. 1, Marine Mammals, Marine Birds, p.409-447.
Birds, Shorelines, Offshore development, Oil spills, Environmental
effects, Baseline studies, Alaska
Changes in numbers and activity patterns of avifauna over time
and space were documented. Census work was conducted on Egg
139
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Island, a barrier inlet on the Beaufort Sea coast which was
found to have the greatest concentration of nesting Eiders in
the area. The most numerous birds in the area (Common Eiders,
King Eiders, and Oldsquaw) are all highly susceptible to oil
spills. Oil development on these islands could interfere with
nesting of the Common Eiders and, to a lesser extent, the King
Eiders.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06812. 1977]
C-2017-77
EPA RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE FRESHWATER ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND USE
Yount, J. D. 1976.
National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects, arid Control
Technology of Energy Use, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Oil transport, Pipelines, Environmental effects, Freshwater,
Arctic, EPA
Described is the EPA freshwater ecological effects program which
concentrates on coal mining, transport, and energy conversion;
and oil transport by pipeline from arctic oil fields.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(11):#26768. 1977]
2. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-2018-77
TOUGHER WATER STANDARDS SEEN HIKING CONSUMERS' FUEL COSTS (news
brief)
Anon. 1977.
Oil and Gas Journal 77(27):27.
Oil industry, Regulations, U.S., Cost analysis, Water quality,
Pollution prevention
Compliance with the proposed 1983 federal water pollution control
standards will cost the U.S. oil industry an estimated S4.2 billion,
bdt will do little to improve water qualtiy. A recent Battelle
study suggests that a strategy based on preventing new pollution
and not only focusing on cleanup efforts might be a more cost
effective approach.
140
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C-2019-77
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON THE
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY - PHASE II STUDY
Sheppard, W., et al. 1976.
API Report. 357p.
Oil industry, Regulations, Pollution prevention, Economic effects,
Cost analysis
Estimates are presented of the cost to the entire oil industry of
meeting existing and future (up to 1985) environmental regulations.
Annual costs were estimated at $3.2 billion in 1973, and will be
$10.3 billion in 1985. Cumulative capital investments, $7.9
billion in 1973, are estimated to be $28.9 billion in 1985. The
analysis includes environmental protection costs incurred during
exploration and production, transport, refining, distribution,
and marketing. The cost-effectiveness of selected pollution
abatement technologies is assessed.
[from Energy Information Abstracts 2(2):#77-21485. 1977]
3. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-2020-77
EKOFISK BRAVO BLOWOUT - THE MILLION BARREL WARNING
Anon. 1977.
Noroil 5(5):45,47-49.
Ekofisk blowout, Offshore development, North Sea, Environmental
protection, Safety, Regulations
The widely publicized Ekofisk Bravo platform blowout in the
North Sea is expected to have serious repercussions, and
offshore development in the North Sea will undergo intense
and critical scrutiny from both governments and the public.
The long and bitter debate over oil development vs. environ-
mental protection is renewed, and, with certainty, tough new
safety regulations will go into effect.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(28):#235,494. 1977]
141
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C-2021-77
MINERAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
Adams, M. V., C. 3. John, R. F. Kelley, A. E. laPointe, and
R. W. Meurer. 1976.
U.S. Geological Survey, Circ-720. 37p.
Environmental management, OCS, Offshore drilling, Fossil fuels,
Regulations, Pollution control
OCS oil and gas production represents an increasing percentage
of total U.S. production, as onshore production has declined
and offshore production has increased. Improved technology
and enforcement of more stringent regulations have made offshore
operations safer, but it is unrealistic to believe that
completely accident-free operations can ever be achieved.
Management of OCS mineral resources will become an increasingly
significant function.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(15):#N76-76745/8GA. 1977]
C-2022-77
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT
Alaska University,College. Sea Grant Program. 1975.
Study plan report, Sea Grant-75-15, NOAA-76050604; Contract. DI-AA550-
CT6-2. lOOp.
Offshore drilling, Socio-economic effects, OCS, Crude oil, Alaska,
*Sea Grant program, *Energy policy
Physical, economic, social, individual human, and political
effects and interrelations are considered in this report. The
study is organized in geographic units - the state of Alaska,
regions specific to the oil and gas development, and local
communities within the regions.
[from Government Reports Announcements 76(18):#PB-254 669. 1977]
C-2023-77
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SELECTED ENERGY CONSERVING
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OPTIONS: VOLUME IV. PETROLEUM REFINING
INDUSTRY REPORT
Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1976.
Final report, EPA/600/7-76/034dr, Contract EPA-68-03-2198. 193p.
Oil industry, Refining, Environmental effects, Pollution control,
technology assessment
Volume IV assesses the likelihood of new process technology in
the petroleum refining industry and explores the environmental
impact of such changes. Five options are examined in terms of
process economics and environmental energy consequences: 1) direct
combustion of asphalt in process heaters and boilers; 2) hydro-
cracking of vacuum bottoms; 3) flexicoking of vacuum bottoms;
4) internal electrical power generation; and 5) hydrogen
generation by partial oxidation.
142
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C-2024-77
PROPOSED 1976 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS LEASE SALE,
GULF OF MEXICO: DCS SALE 44. FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT. VOLUME 1
Berklund, C. 1976.
Washington, D.C., Bureau of Land Management, 1976. 405p.
Oil-gas leasing, OCS, Environmental effects, EIS, Gulf of
Mexico
Sixty-one tracts of 102,991 ha (254,488 acres) of OCS land
located offshore Texas and Louisiana have been proposed for
leasing action. If implemented, the sale was tentatively
scheduled to be held in November, 1976. All tracts pose some
degree of pollution risk to the environment. Methods used to
evaluate the environmental impacts of the proposed leasing,
exploration, and production are described and alternatives to
the proposed action are considered.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(10)-.#24923. 1977]
C-2025-77
PROPOSED 1976 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS LEASE SALE,
GULF OF MEXICO: OCS SALE 44. FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT. VOLUME 2
Berklund, C. 1976.
Washington, D.C., Bureau of Land Management, 1976.
Oil-gas leasing, OCS, Environmental effects, EIS, Gulf of Mexico
Maps of tracts of 102,991 ha (254,488 acres) proposed for
leasing in the Gulf of Mexico are in the packet. Other
information given includes: lease status, recreation, historic
and archeological resources, geologic and geomorphic features,
and endangered wildlife and natural vegetation.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(10):#24924. 1977]
C-2026-77
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY - A CHALLENGE FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
[English summary]
Boeler, J. B. 1975.
Kjemi 35(7):4-5.
Petrochemicals, Chemical analysis, Wastewater treatment, Pollution
control, Norway
Pollution problems of the Norwegian petrochemical industry are
reviewed.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#192111g. 1977]
143
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C-2027-77
GULF OF ALASKA AND BERING SEA OCS STUDIES - AN OVERVIEW
Bruce, H. E. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976. p.23A-26A.
Offshore exploration, Oil-gas leasing, Environmental effects,
OCS, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea
Activities and results of the first two years of an environmental
assessment program involving the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea
are described. The study includes environmental evaluations of
nine potential petroleum lease areas extending from the Gulf of
Alaska to the Beaufort Sea.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6) :#77-03177. 1977]
C-2028-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. VOL. I, PROPOSED 1975 OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS LEASE SALE OFFSHORE SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA (O.C.S. SALE NO. 35)
Bureau of Land Management. 1975. 709p.
Oil-gas leasing, EIS, Environmental effects, Baseline studies,
Southern California
In Volume I, a description of the proposed lease region is
followed by a description of the environment in this part of
the offshore area of Southern California. The proposed federal
action under consideration is the leasing of 297 tracts in
this region.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05536. 1977]
C-2029-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. VOL. 2, PROPOSED 1975 OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE SALE OFFSHORE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (O.C.S. SALE NO. 35)
Bureau of Land Management. 1975. 767p.
Oil-gas leasing, EIS, Environmental effects, Offshore development,
Baseline studies, Southern California
The general environmental impacts of offshore oil and gas
operations are described. Development and production activity
could result in a variety of impacts on the natural environment,
Channel Island area resources, air and water qualtiy, land use
patterns, the social order, and the economy.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05537. 1977]
144
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C-2030-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. VOL. 3, PROPOSED 1975 OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE SALE OFFSHORE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (O.C.S. SALE NO. 35)
Bureau of Land Management. 1975. 857p.
Oil-gas leasing, EIS, Environmental effects, Baseline studies,
Southern California
Volume 3 contains the documentation dealing with the consultation
and coordination with agencies in the preparation of the draft
EIS. Also included are the records of various public hearings
and the review of the draft EIS leading to the preparation of
the final environmental statement.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05538.
1977]
C-2031-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. VOL. 4, PROPOSED 1975 OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE SALE OFFSHORE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (O.C.S. SALE NO. 35)
Bureau of Land Management. 1975. 886p.
Oil-gas leasing, EIS, Environmental effects, Offshore development,
Baseline studies, Southern California
This volume comprises 27 appendices of details including summary
descriptions of environmental conditions and pollution effects
of oil-gas resource development offshore Southern California.
It also includes a history of oil and gas operations, summary
of regulations concerning hazards to navigation, and a list of
significant felt earthquakes in the region.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05539. 1977]
C-2Q32-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. VOL. 5, PROPOSED 1975 OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE SALE OFFSHORE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (O.C.S. SALE NO. 35)
Bureau of Land Management. 1975. n.p.
Oil-gas leasing, Offshore development, EIS, Environmental
effects, Baseline studies, Southern California
The graphics, maps, and charts illustrating the lease sale
area offshore Southern California are described and include:
potential use conflicts, rare and endangered species, land
use, air basins, winds and vegetation, aesthetics, commercial
fisheries, sport fishing, marine mammals, shoreline types,
geology, tectonics, bottom sediments, and impact potential.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(11):#W77-05540. 1977]
145
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C-2033-77
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT: PROPOSED 1976 OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF OIL AND GAS LEASE SALE, LOWER COOK INLET
Bureau of Land Management. 1976.
Vol. 1-2. 1405p.
Oil-gas leasing, OCS, EIS, Environmental effects, Socio-
economic effects, Alaska
About 360,000 ha (0.9 million acres) of OCS tracts, situated in
35-80 m water depths, are tentatively scheduled for oil-gas
leasing in 1977. The environmental risks from chronic oil
pollution or accidental spills are assessed, and socio-economic
impacts of offshore development are projected. Although some
risks can be mitigated, some impacts are considered unavoidable.
[from Energy Information Abstracts 2(2):#77-21486. 1977]
C-2034-7.7
OIL UNDER ICE (book review)
Casey, S. 1977.
Alternatives 6(4):35.
Offshore exploration, Offshore development, Environmental
effects, Canada, Arctic, Ice, Oil industry
The publication, Oil Unde_r Ice (Pimlott, D. , D. Brown, and
K. Sam. Ottawa, Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, 1976. 161p.),
is reviewed as a serious, well-documented indictment of Canada's
"energy-industry first" exploration policies. The book details
the physical environment of the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Archipelago,
Hudson's Bay, and Lancaster Sound,and critically examines Canada's
environmental assessment programs and offshore exploration and
development policies.
C-2035-77
POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATERS BY OIL AND GAS-WELL
DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS
Collins, A. G. 1975.
Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in Well-drilling Operations,
Houston, 1975. 37p.
Contamination, Groundwater, Drilling, Oil wells, *Drilling
fluids, *Well completion
Chemicals used in the drilling fluids and in well completion
and treatment are listed; several of them are quite capable
of polluting water and land. The compositions of some oilfield
brines and crude oils which can be used to prepare drilling
fluids are listed. Possible ways in which drilling fluids and
146
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well operations may contaminate ground water are outlined, and
methods for rehabilitating a contaminated aquifer are discussed.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(11) :#25906. 1977]
C-2036-77
THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
Falk, M. R. 1976.
Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists Meeting , 17th,
Ottawa, Canada, 1976. p.40-43.
Tar sands, Development, Extraction, Environmental protection,
Canada, *Alberta
"The Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program will
undertake a 10 year, $40 million investigation into the
Athabasca oil sands area to ensure acceptable environmental
quality during and after development. The programs, the
nature of oil sands, and mining and processing methods are
described."
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03006. 1977]
C-2Q37-77
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF MARINE MAMMALS
Fay, F. H. 1976.
Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf.
Principal Investigators' Reports for the Quarter Ending
September, 1976. Vol. 1, Marine Mammals, Marine Birds, p.43-47.
Offshore development, Biological effects, Marine mammals, OCS,
Alaska, *Mortality
In a survey for dead or moribund marine mammals on the coast
of Kotzebue Sound from Bering Strait to Point Hope, a total
of 166 dead mammals were sighted, 92 of which were old weathered
remains of previous years. Findings suggest that 2 pathologic
conditions, dermatomycosis and streptococcosis, occur frequently
and that their rate of occurrence and the potential aggravation
by the stresses of oil development activities merit further
investigation.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07405. 1977]
147
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C-2038-77
MID-ATLANTIC OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF BENCHMARK STUDIES
Jacobson, J. P., and M. P. Lynch. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976. p.!8B-23B.
Baseline studies, OCS, Atlantic coast, Offshore development,
Hydrocarbons, Chemical analysis
A multidisciplinary environmental baseline studies program was
undertaken for the OCS area off the coast of New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland, and Virginia in order to determine pre-drilling
environmental conditions, and to assess possible impacts of
oil-gas development. Hydrocarbon analyses of sediments, benthos,
zooplankton, and suspended matter were conducted, and supportive
physical, chemical, and geological data were gathered.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03175. 1977]
C-2039-77
MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE COAL AND OIL SHALE
INDUSTRIES: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Jones, D. C., W. S. Clark, W. F. Holland, J. C. Lacy, and E. D.
Sethness. 1977.
Final report, EPA/600/7-77/015; Contract EPA-68-02-1319. 207p.
Oil shale, Industries, Environmental effects, Monitoring, *R & D
needs
Presented are recommendations for the monitoring and predictive
technology for the coal and oil shale industries. Information
is based upon a literature survey of the emissions and potential
impacts of these industries.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(15):#PB-266 292/2GA. 1977]
C-2040-77
PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
McCormack, M. M. 1976.
Encyclopedia of Energy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976.
p.49-55.
Production, Fossil fuels, Oil shale, Tar sands, Environmental
effects
The environmental impacts of producing and utilizing fossil and
nuclear fuels are investigated. The effects of producing coal,
oil, natural gas, uranium, oil shale, tar sands, and geothermal
energy are specifically examined.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(32):#236,706. 1977]
148
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C-2041-77
UPTAKE IN MARINE LIFE: CHEMICAL STUDIES OF OFFSHORE OIL PLATFORMS
McDermott-Ehrlich, D., and G. A. Alexander. 1976.
Coastal Water Research Project: Annual Report for the Year Ended
30 June 1976. El Segundo, CA, Southern California Coastal Water
Research Project, 1976. p.129-135.
Offshore drilling, Platforms, Uptake, Marine organisms, Sediments,
Southern California
Levels of copper, zinc, hexane extractable materials, and volatile
solids in sediments around oil platforms were similar to average
coastal background levels and well below levels observed in
sediments contaminated by the largest municipal wastewater discharges
in Southern California. In the sediments, only weathered oils
were detected, indicating no recent spills.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(6):#7Q7516. 1977]
C-2042-77
COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
Manowitz, B. 1975.
Conference on Computer Support of Environmental Science and Analysis,
Albuquerque, 1975.
Offshore drilling, Environmental effects, Contaminants, Coasts, Fish
The impact on coastal zones by offshore nuclear reactors and oil
well drilling related activities, especially to the eggs and
larvae of dominant fish species, is discussed. The transport
and diffusion of potentially released contaminants, particularly
in the near shore zone, are also covered.
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(12):#30858. 1977]
C-2043-77
THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT OCS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PROGRAM -
A DECISION MAKING ORIENTATION
Monastero, F. C. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976. p,18A-20A.
Environmental effects, OCS, BLM, Offshore development
The objectives and the rationale behind the design and
implementation of the title program and related BLM studies
are explained and discussed.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6) :#77-03174. 1977]
149
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C-2044-77
THE IMPACTS OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF DEVELOPMENT ON LAFOURCHE
PARISH
Humphrey, A. J., Jr., F. W. Wagner, G. 0. Carlucci, Jr., M. J.
Landry, and J. C. Miller, Jr. 1976.
NOAA-77021610. 391p.
Oil industry, Offshore drilling, Environmental effects, Economic
effects, OCS, Louisiana
This study deals with the impacts of OCS mining activity on
Lafourche Parish in terms of employment, income, job types,
environmental effects, and supporting facilities and services.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#PB-264 992/9GA. 1977]
C-2045-77
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PLAN. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE
ALASKAN CONTINENTAL SHELF
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1976.
NOAA-77032913. 269p.
Offshore development, Crude oil, OCS, Environmental effects,
Oil-gas leasing, Alaska
This plan was developed by the interdisciplinary staff of the
NOAA Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program
Office with input from the Bureau of Land Management, State of
Alaska, and Users Panel composed of representatives from several
federal and state agencies and private environmental groups.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(15):#PB-266 337/5GA.
1977]
C-2046-77
WHO'S MINDING THE SHORE. A CITIZENS' GUIDE TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT
Natural Resources Defense Council. 1976.
Report to NOAA, Office of Coastal Zone Management. 56p.
Offshore development, Environmental management, Coasts, Guidelines,
*CZM
Coastal zone management is described and a catalog of what people
can do to become actively involved in their state's program is
given. The requirements of an effective program are considered,
and the natural conditions existing in the the coastal ecosystems
and the areas which are vital to their preservation are outlined.
Two of the most serious development pressures in the coastal zone -
offshore oil production and residential subdivisions - are considered
with their problems for the design of a management program.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(14):#W77-06935. 1977]
150
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C-2047-77
COASTAL EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Office of Technology Assessment. 1976.
U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment report. Vol. 1. 306p.
Offshore development, Ports, Atlantic coast, Environmental
deterioration
The construction and operation of offshore energy systems are
analyzed for adverse effects on the Mid-Atlantic U.S. coastal
region. Included in the assessment are floating nuclear power
plants, offshore oil-gas development, and supertanker deepwater
ports. No significant environmental degradation is expected to
result from the presently anticipated magnitude of oil-gas
development and supertanker port construction.
[from Energy Information Abstracts 2(2):#77-21487. 1977]
C-2048-77
WORKING PAPERS, COASTAL EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE ENERGY SYSTEMS, AN
ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS SYSTEMS, DEEPWATER PORTS AND COAST OF
NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE
Office of Technology Assessment. 1976.
U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment report, Vol. 2. 865p.
Offshore development, Ports, Environmental effects, Fisheries,
Atlantic coast, New Jersey, Delaware
Offshore oil-gas development and the siting of deepwater ports and
floating nuclear power plants off the coast of Delaware and New
Jersey are assessed for environmental effects. Biological reper-
cussions of offshore drilling were surveyed. Commercial fishing
was found to be unaffected by the presence of oil rigs, and
ecosystem impacts were relatively minor.
[from Energy Information Abstracts 2(2) .-#77-21488. 1977]
C-2049-77
OUR COASTAL WATERS: AN ENDANGERED ZONE
Pearce, J. B. 1976.
The Science Teacher 43(9). 4p.
Contamination, Coasts, Estuaries, Development, Oil industry
Discussed are the phenomenon of "coastal congestion", brought
about by the development and increased population of the coastal
and estuarine environments, and the threat to these areas caused
by pollution from sewage and sludge, petroleum and power plants,
and by mineral resource development.
151
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C-2050-77
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE: CHAPTER 5.
BASIC PETROCHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Radian Corp. 1977.
Report for August 75-November 76, EPA/600/2-77/023e; Contract
EPA-68-02-1319. 155p.
Oil industry, Petrochemicals, Environmental effects, Refineries
This catalog was developed to aid in defining the environmental
impacts of U.S. industrial activity. Entries for each industry
form separate chapters of the catalog. The petroleum industry
includes companies that treat hydrocarbon streams from the oil
refining industry, as well as natural gas liquids from the oil
and gas production industry. From these raw materials, materials
are produced for the organic chemicals industry.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(15):#PB-266 224/5GA. 1977]
C-2051-77
MINING TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON DEVELOPMENT
Snyder, H. L. 1977.
CIM Bulletin 70(778):62-69.
Offshore development, OCS, Ice, Safety, Labrador Sea, *Mining
technology
Current technology is not adequate for safeguarding offshore
oil-gas production on the Labrador continental shelf, as the
area is infested with icebergs and pack ice. The author believes
that mining beneath the ocean floor, as practiced at Bell Island
and Cape Breton, may utilize the technology which would also
allow for safe, economical, and reliable oil production.
[from The Engineering Index Monthly 15(6):#042590. 1977]
C-2052-77
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL & NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT ON THE COASTAL
ZONE
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1976.
Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. 396p.
Offshore development, OCS, Coasts, Onshore impacts, Environmental
effects, Pollution prevention
This comprehensive government study evaluates the U.S. offshore
oil & gas resources, including projected environmental and socio-
economic effects of onshore and offshore petroleum development.
It also covers current OCS development regulations, congressional
actions for changing regulations, and compensation to the coastal
152
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states. There are chapters concerning environmental impacts
offshore, in the coastal zone, and on the fishing industry,
including blowout and spill prevention technology, probabilities
of oil spills and blowouts, and containment and cleanup technology.
C-2053-77
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN LOUISIANA
Van Lopik, J. R. 1976.
26th Annual Gulf Coast Association Geological Societies Meeting
Transactions 26:349-353. Held at Shreveport, Louisiana, October
13-15, 1976.
Oil industry, Environmental management, Coasts, Louisiana,
Legislation, U.S.
The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 provides incentives
for states to plan and implement management programs to guide the
use of lands and waters in the coastal zone. Several coastal zone
bills have been prepared for consideration by the Louisiana
legislature during the 1976 session. In these guidelines, a
comprehensive assessment of techniques will be required to mitigate
the effects of such activities as brine disposal, pipelaying, spoil
disposal, and the construction and operation of processing plants,
storage facilities, and refineries.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(31):#236,384. 1977]
C-2054-77
OCS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY IN ICE-COVERED WATERS
Weller, G. 1976.
Oceans '76 Conference, Washington D.C., 1976. p.23D-25D.
Offshore development, Arctic, Ice, Environmental effects, *Ice-
covered water, *Research technology
Offshore development-related environmental assessment programs
in the Arctic must deal with ice-infested or ice-covered waters
for nine to ten months each year. This paper describes technological
developments and specially developed methods and equipment which
have made it possible to conduct research in the coastal arctic
marine environment year round.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03179. 1977]
153
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C-2055-77
STATE INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO ONSHORE AND NEARSHORE EFFECTS
OF OCS PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT
Williams, D. C., P. R. Stang, and 8. Hyde. 1977.
Report NOAA-77031402. 191p.
Offshore development, OCS, Coasts, U.S., Environmental effects,
Socio-economic effects, State governments
In response to widespread OCS development along U.S. coasts,
this report identifies the environmental, social, and economic
impacts of oil development and attendant oil pollution, and
discusses state policies, organization and planning approaches,
and major concerns.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(13):#PB-266 001/7GA. 1977]
C-2056-77
FATE OF DRILL CUTTINGS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Zingula, R. P., and D. W. Larson. 1977.
SPE of AIME Offshore Technology Conference, 9th, Houston, 1977.
No. OTC-3040. p.553-556.
Drilling, *Drill cuttings, Fate, Biological effects, Oceans
By use of sidescan sonar, scuba, and underwater photography, studies
have revealed that adverse effects are minimal and short-lived, and
in some instances the accumulation of cuttings from offshore wells
may be beneficial. Modification of normal mud and cuttings discharge
procedures would be needed only in unusual circumstances.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(27):#235,276. 1977]
154
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIODEGRADATION
C-2057-77
ARCTIC HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION
Arhelger, S. D., B. R. Robertson, and D. K. Button. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 270-275. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Biodegradation, Microorganisms, Arctic Ocean, * C-dodecane
oxidation, *Port Valdez
Supplemented sterile seawater was inoculated with raw seawater
samples and examined for oil related microbial activity.
Microbial populations of 10^ to 105/L were indicated. In situ
'4C-dodecane oxidation rates based on 14C02 recovery were: Port
Valdez, 0.7 g/L day; Chukchi Sea, 0.05 g/L day; and Arctic
Ocean, 0.001 g/L day.
C-2058-77
STUDIES ON PETROLEUM BIODEGRADATION IN THE ARCTIC
Atlas, R. M. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 261-269. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Biodegradation, Crude oil, Microorganisms, Arctic, Beaufort Sea
Oil -degrading microorganisms were widely distributed in the
Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, but constituted only a low percentage
of the indigenous microbial populations. Concentrations of
hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were lower in ice than in
water or sediment. Rates of biodegradation were found to be
limited by temperature and available nitrogen and phosphorus.
Biodegradation of all oil component classes apparently proceeded
at similar rates.
C-2059-77
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL,
OF CRUDE FRACTIONS AND OF VARIOUS ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
Azarowicz, E. N. 1977.
French Patent 2,320,912.
Biodegradation, Crude oil, Petroleum products, Bacteria, Patent,
*Nutrient addition
155
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A suitable nutrient is added to the contaminated water along
with at least one of the following microorganisms: Candida
parapsilosis ATCC 20246, C_. tropical is ATCC 20247, C_. utilis
ATCC 20248, C. lipolytica ATCC 20255, 20362, 20363, and 20364,
PeniciIlium sp. 20339, or one of their mutants. After agitation
and aeration of the mixture, it is then fed to a final degra-
dation basin and a new charge of one of the above microorganisms
is added together with a new charge of nutrient.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(30)#235,877. 1977]
C-2060-77
EMULSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS BY BACTERIA FROM FRESHWATER
ECOSYSTEMS
Broderick, L. S., and J. J. Cooney. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New
Orleans, 1977. Paper no. N63. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Bacteria, Emulsification, Fresh-
water, *Kerosene
Bacteria which utilize hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source were
studied for their ability to form stable emulsions of kerosene
and water. All of the organisms which grew on kerosene also
emulsified kerosene. However, there was no correlation between
the observed emulsifying activity and the history of hydrocarbon
pollution of the ecosystems from which the organismswere isolated.
C-2061-77
ENRICHMENT FOR ESTUARINE PETROLEUM-DEGRADING BACTERIA USING
LIQUID AND SOLID MEDIA
Calomiris, J. J., B. Austin, J. D. Walker, and R. R. Colwell.
1977.
Journal of Bacteriology 42:135-144.
Biodegradation, Bacteria, Estuaries, *Enrichment techniques
Bacteria in oil-contaminated and oil-free estuarine water and
sediment were isolated on solid and in liquid petroleum media.
A greater variety of bacteria was noted when direct plating
techniques were employed, compared with liquid enrichment.
Strains isolated by liquid enrichment were found more frequently
to be capable of utilizing model petroleum in vitro, compared
with isolates obtained by direct plating.
156
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C-2062-77
INTERACTIONS OF ARABIAN CRUDE OIL WITH BEACH SEDIMENT BACTERIA
Colwell, R. R., J. D. Walker, B. F. Conrad, and P. A. Seesman.
1977.
Final report, EPA Grant No. 68-01-3284. 78 p.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Bacteria, Sediment, Beaches,
Strait of Magellan, Metula spill
Beach sediment samples collected in the Straits of Magellan
were examined for petroleum hydrocarbons and found to contain
significant amounts of oil, with the concentration of oil
related to degree of exposure to the "Metula" spill. The total
number of viable, aerobic, heterotrophic microorganisms in the
samples was found to decrease with increasing oil concentration.
More rapid glucose uptake and mineralization by microorganisms
were observed in clean sediment samples. Good growth in
Arabian crude oil medium was obtained for most samples; however,
the extent of degradation varied considerably with rate of
removal of the major components of the oil. High concentrations
of oil appeared to affect biodegradation adversely.
C-2063-77
EFFECT OF CHLORINATED AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON HEXADECANE
METABOLISM BY SURFACE SLICK MICROORGANISMS
Crow, S. A., P. I. Bowman, and D. G. Ahearn. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. N92. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Yeasts, Bacteria, Oil slicks,
Aromatic hydrocarbons, *Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were found to constitute less than
1.0% of the total heterotrophic bacteria isolated from estuarine
surface slicks; however, over 90% of hexadecane was utilized
in 48 hr in samples taken. Some chlorinated and aromatic
hydrocarbons, which were found to accumulate from underlying
waters in model hexadecane surface films, reduced hexadecane
utilization by bacteria and yeasts. Observations suggest that
the mode of action of these compounds on hexadecane metabolism
may not be a simple mechanism and may differ from species to
species.
C-2064-77
OPTIMIZATION STUDIES ON OIL SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN SOIL
Dibble, J. T., and R. Bartha. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q84. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Sludge, Soil, Disposal, Haste oil, Refineries
157
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Parameters which affect the biodegradation of oil sludge in
soil were studied in order to optimize this method for disposing
of oil storage and refinery wastes. The greatest positive
effect on the rate and extent of oil sludge degradation resulted
from a combination of a slightly alkaline soil pH, a moderate
loading rate of 10%, and a mesophilic temperature of 28°C.
Using this combination, up to 35% of ether extractable hydro-
carbons were biodegraded in 100 days.
C-2065-77
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL SHALE
Findley, J. E., M. D. Appleman, and T. F. Yen. 1976.
Science and Technology of Oil Shale. T. F. Yen (ed.).
Michigan, Ann Arbor Science, 1976. p. 175-181.
Biodegradation, Oil shale, Bacteria, Hydrocarbons
"The oil shale was treated by bacteria, and the inorganic matrix
was dissolved by the H2$04 produced by the microorganisms. A
40% weight loss of the shale was obtained, and 98% of the
dolomite and calcite were removed. Microorganisms capable of
degrading hydrocarbons did affect the kerogen mols."
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(22) :#158032x. 1977]
C-2066-77
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS; I. TAXONOMIC STUDY
OF THE BACTERIA WHICH ATTACK HYDROCARBONS [English summary]
Frieyro, 0. 1975.
Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Real), Boletin,
Seccion Biologica 72:43-53.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Bacteria, *Taxonomy
Some techniques were developed for isolating hydrocarbon-
metabolizing bacteria and, as a result, 40 bacterial strains
from 9 different genera were isolated. This report is a
systematic study of the bacteria, the types of hydrocarbons
they biodegrade, and their capacity and rate of biodegradation.
C-2067-77
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON MARINE BIODEGRADATION OF OIL; II.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
Gibbs, C. F., K. B. Pugh, and A. R. Andrews. 1975.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 188(1090):83-94.
Biodegradation, Crude oil, Oxidation, Uptake, *Temperature
effects
153
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This paper examines the biodegradation of crude oil residues in
seawater at different temperatures and with low concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphorus. After studying oxygen uptake and
nutrient absorption, it was suggested that the rate of break-
down of a low concentration of oil depends on the rate of oil
and water mixing.
C-2068-77
BIODEGRADATION OF AROMATIC PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
Gibson, D. T. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 36-46. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington,
November 10-12, 1976.
Biodegradation, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Microorganisms, Sources
The following topics are discussed: origin of hydrocarbons in
the environment; degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by
eucaryotic organisms; and degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons
by procaryotic microorganisms.
C-2069-77
DEGRADATION OF MODEL RECALCITRANT HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS
FROM FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Griffin, W. M., and J. J. Cooney. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. RT37. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Bacteria, Fungi, Freshwater,
Sediments
Data are presented from a study examining the degradation of
pristane and 1, 13-tetradecane by 22 bacteria and 15 fungi in
freshwater and sediment cultures.
C-2070-77
CONTINUOUS OPEN FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM AS A MODEL FOR OIL DEGRADA-
TION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN
Horowitz, A., and R. M. Atlas. 1977.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33(3):647-653.
Biodegradation, Oil slicks, Microorganisms, Arctic Ocean,
Continuous flow-through system
The microbial community underlying oil slicks increased and
showed a population shift to a greater percentage of hydro-
carbon-utilizing microorganisms. Microbial populations and
oil biodegradation were increased by nitrogen and phosphorus
addition. Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses showed
159
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that residual oils contained similar percentages of individual
hydrocarbon components, regardless of the amount of degradation,
indicating that most components were being degraded at similar
rates.
C-2071-77
INTERACTIONS OF MICROORGANISMS AND HYDROCARBONS FOLLOWING AN
ACCIDENTAL LEAKAGE OF GASOLINE INTO A FRESHWATER LAKE AT
BARROW, ALASKA
Horowitz, A., and R. M. Atlas. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New
Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q82. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Microorganisms, Gasoline, Lakes,
Sediments, Alaska
After a 190,000 L (50,000 gal) leakage of gasoline into an
arctic lake, changes in microbial communities in surface waters
and sediments were monitored, and their ability to degrade
hydrocarbons was determined in situ. Initially, the hetero-
trophic bacteria decreased in number, then increased to 10 times
their original number. Their physical distribution paralleled
the spread of gasoline contamination in the lake and sediments.
About 99% of the hydrocarbons in the sediments were lost by
natural weathering and biodegradation within 5 weeks.
C-2072-77
RESPONSE OF MICROORGANISMS TO AN ACCIDENTAL GASOLINE SPILLAGE
IN AN ARCTIC FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
Horowitz, A., and R. M. Atlas. 1977.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33(6):1252-1258.
Biodegradation, Gasoline, Biological effects, Microorganisms,
Lakes, Arctic
The effects on microorganisms of a 208,175 L (55,000 gal) spill
of leaded gasoline into an arctic freshwater lake were studied.
"Shifts in microbial populations were detected after the spillage,
reflecting the migration pattern of the gasoline enrichment for
hydrocarbon utilizers, and selection for leaded-gasoline-
tolerant microorganisms... Nutrient addition and bacterial
inoculation resulted in enhanced biodegradative losses,
significantly reducing the amount of residual hydrocarbons."
160
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C-2073-77
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL
Hughes, D. E., and S. Stafford. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd.,
1976. p. 39-46.
Biodegradation, Crude oil, Bacteria, Dispersants
A brief review with 40 references is presented on the microbial
degradation of oil. Discussed are the relative rates of
biodegradation, the types and numbers of microbial species that
utilize oil, the numerous factors governing oil degradation,
the effects of dispersants on bacteria, and results of field
experiments.
C-2074-77
UTILIZATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY STRAINS OF ACINETQBACTER
Kunz, D. A., and P. J. Chapman. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q85. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Bacteria, *Acinetobacter
Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms can be
attributed in part to their ability to elaborate enzymes of the
catechol ortho and meta-fission pathways. Two distinct modes of
substrate degradation which can be correlated with the enzymology
of catabolic pathways used by Acinetobacter are detailed, based
on patterns of hydrocarbon utilization, rates of oxidation by
intact cells, and enzyme assays. Results show that members of
the genus Acinetobacter exhibit varying abilities to elaborate
enzymes of the catechol meta-fission route as is the case in
genus Pseudomonas.
C-2075-77
MICROBIAL CONTRIBUTION TO WASTE OIL DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL IN
AN ARID SITE
McDonald, S., and J. Skujins. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th, New Orleans,
1977. Paper no. Q46. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Waste oil, Soil, Monitoring, Bacteria, Fungi,
*Arid site
Microbial aspects of the degradation of oil under arid conditions
were monitored for 3 years and correlated with biochemical changes
in soil, disappearance of the oil, climate, addition of N, P, and
Ca nutrients, and response in vegetation. Biodegradation was
achieved primarily by greatly enlarged populations of lipolytic
bacteria aided by some fungi; it occirred best under aerobic
161
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conditions, elevated temperatures, and availability of water
and nitrogen. About 80% of the oil was degraded in 3 years,
leaving a humus-like organic fraction in the soil.
C-2076-77
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
INDIGENOUS TO THE ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC
Malins, D. C. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press, 1977. p.
47-49. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle, Washington, November
10-12, 1976.
Biodegradation, Marine organisms, Hydrocarbons, Arctic,
Subarctic regions, Toxicity
A review is given of the recent literature dealing with the
biotransformation of aromatic hydrocarbons in arctic and
subarctic species. Deficiencies in the existing knowledge are
assessed and the need for further studies is addressed.
C-2077-77
USE OF I4C RADIOLABELLED HYDROCARBON SPIKED CRUDE OIL TO
ASSESS OIL BIODEGRADATION POTENTIAL IN THE BEAUFORT SEA
Roubal, G., and R. H. Atlas. 1977.
American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, 77th,
New Orleans, 1977. Paper no. Q83. Abstract.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Crude oil, Ice, Sediments,
Seawater, Beaufort Sea
Ice, water, and sediment samples from the Beaufort Sea were
collected in winter and in summer and incubated with Prudhoe
crude oil spiked with '4C radiolabelled hydrocarbons. Hydro-
carbon biodegradation potentials in summer were found to be an
unexpected 80% lower than biodegradation rates from comparable .
sediment and water samples taken in winter. Surface ice samples
had biodegradation potentials that averaged 75% less than water
and sediment samples.
C-2078-77
BIODEGRADATION OF EKOFISK OIL, AND THE EFFECTS OF WATER-SOLUBLE
METABOLIC PRODUCTS ON THE FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEA
URCHIN EGGS, [in Norwegian, occas. English]
NORDFORSK, Miljoevardssekretariatet, Publikation. (2, Organiska
Miljoegifter i Vatten, Nordiska Symposiet om Vattenforskning,
12th):295-298.
162
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Biodegradation, Crude oil, Toxicity, Echinoderms, *Ekofi& oil
Experiments show that biodegradation is not a suitable method
for decontamination of sea water. Water-soluble toxic compounds
were released and inhibited the fertilization and development of
three species of sea urchins.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#57948r. 1977]
C-2Q79-77
MATERIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
Townsley, P. M. 1976.
Canadian Patent 997,290.
Biodegradation, Oil spills, Patent, *Nutrient addition
Oil spill biodegradation in seawater is fostered by the addition
of nutrient particles which have been treated so that they are
lipophilic, hydrophobic, and float at the oil-water interface.
The nutrient particles are coated with magnesium stearate which
acts to release the nutrients slowly and also serves as a
nutrient. The coated nutrient particles are dispersed over the
oil spill by aerodusting or similar means.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194681s. 1977]
C-2080-77
MODELING OF THE MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF PETROLEUM AND DIESEL FUEL
[in Russian]
Tsuban, A. V., A. N. Zubekina, V. V. IT inskii, S. P. Barinova,
and T. 0. Skakun. 1975.
Materialy Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma "Okeanograficheskie Aspekty
Okhrany Vod ot Khimicheskikh Zagrya znenii," 1st, 1974.
Chernyshov, V. I. (ed.). Moscow, USSR, Akademiya Nauk, SSSR,
Okeanograficheskaya Komissiya, 1975. p. 191-194.
Biodegradation, Fuel oil, Petroleum products, Oxidation,
Bacteria, Caspian Sea
The authors studied separate strains of hydrocarbon-oxidizing
bacteria isolated from open waters of the Caspian Sea and from
the mouth of the Lena River. The bacteria assimilated petroleum
and diesel fuel and oxidized xylene.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(8):#55314g. 1977]
163
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C-2081-77
NUTRIENT LIMITATION OF OIL BIODEGRADATION IN LAKES OF VARYING
WATER QUALITY IN VILAS COUNTY
Ward, D. M., and T. D. Brock. 1976.
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and
Letters No.64:240-249.
Biodegradation, Hydrocarbons, Bacteria, Lakes, Water quality,
Wisconsin, *Nutrient limitation
The hydrocarbon oxidation potential of 25 lakes differing in
nutrient content was studied. Oil-degrading bacteria generally
comprised a small percentage of heterotrophic bacterial
populations except in areas near boat landings where selective
enrichment occurs. Rates of hydrocarbon oxidation were very low
in all lakes but were stimulated by the addition of P and N
nutrients.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(26):#194831r. 1977]
C-2082-77
BIODEGRADABILITY OF NORTHERN CRUDE OILS
Westlake, D. W. S., and F.D . Cook. 1975.
Report ALUR 74-75-81. 21 p.
Biodegradation, Crude oil, Bacteria, Hydrocarbons, Soil,
Canada, *Nutrient addition
Laboratory and field studies were conducted on the biodegradation
of crude oils under northwestern Canadian conditions. Test
plots were oiled and treated with fertilizer and/or oil-degrading
bacteria. Fertilizers aided primarily in the microbial utiliza-
tion of alkanes. The number of Clostridia was found to increase
in the soil and water under oil spills.
[from Chemical Abstracts 87(1):#4621x. 1977]
2. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF OIL
C-2083-77
DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF THE OIL
PARTICLES DISPERSED IN SEAWATER ON THE BASIS OF MULTIFACTOR
EXPERIMENT [English summary]
Akhmetov, A. Sh., V. I. Belyaev, and 0. G. Mironov. 1976.
Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi RSR, Ser. A No.8:705-707.
164
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Distribution, *0il particles, Seawater
"The size distribution function of the oil particles in seawater
is logarithmically normal. In this contribution the parameters
of distribution are determined as linear functions of the water
temperature, time of mixing, energy dissipation and oil viscos-
ity."
[from ERDA Energy Research Abstracts 2(11):#25909. 1977]
C-2084-77
THE STABILITY OF EMULSIFIED CRUDE OILS AS AFFECTED BY SUSPENDED
PARTICLES
Huang, C. P., and H. A. Elliott. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 413-420. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Emulsions, Crude oil, Physical effects, *Suspended solids,
*Stability
The primary objective of this research is to investigate the
effect of various inorganic solids on the stability of crude
oil emulsions. Interfacial reactions between emulsion and solid
are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of both
kinds of particles involved as well as the chemical characteris-
tics of the aqueous phase.
C-2085-77
EVAPORATION AND SOLUTION OF Cz TO Cln HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE
OILS ON THE SEA SURFACE
McAuliffe, C. D. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 363-372. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Oil spills, Fate, Evaporation, Solution,
Weathering
Evaporation and solution of £,£ to c]n hydrocarbons were measured
from 4 ocean spills of 2 crude oils (24° and 39° API gravities).
Experimental data are presented. These studies indicate that
dissolution of hydrocarbons into the water column from crude
oil slicks, followed by evaporation, resulted in immeasurably
low concentrations (<1 yg/L) of dissolved ^ to C10 hydro-
carbons 15 min after each spill.
165
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C-2086-77
SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY IN THE BEAUFORT SEA AND ITS EFFECTS ON OIL
CONTAINMENT
Wadhams, P. 1976.
AIDJEX Bulletin No.33:1-52.
Oil spills, Spreading, Ice, Beaufort Sea, *Under-ice spill
The topography of the Beaufort Sea ice cover was examined by
airborne laser profiling methods and the data analyzed in order
to give a quantitative description of pressure ridge and keel
distributions. The distributions are used as a basis for a
discussion of the extent to which sea ice deformation features
help or hinder the long-term spreading of oil under ice after
an under-ice blowout.
C-2087-77
MODELING OF OIL EVAPORATION IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT.
RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL TRANSFER AND UPSTREAM
REFINERIES ON DELAWARE BAY
Wang, H., W. C. Yang, and C. P. Huang. 1976.
Delaware University, College of Marine Studies report, CMS-
RANN-5-76, NSF/RA-760478; Grant NSF-GI-41896. 49 p.
Oil spills, Models, Weathering, Evaporation, Oil transfer,
Delaware Bay
The weathering of oil during early stages of a spill was
investigated using computerized simulation of the evaporative
changes in oil characteristics, specific gravity, and residues
by weight and volume. The numerical results support laboratory
findings which indicate that the effect of temperature on oil
weathering is most significant at the early stages of
weathering and diminishes with time. Wind speed has a more
uniform effect throughout the time tested.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(13):#PB-264 968/9GA.
1977]
3. CHEMICAL CHANGES OF OIL
C-2088-77
PHOTOOXIDATION OF N-HEXADECANE SENSITIZED BY XANTHONE
Gesser, H. D. 1977.
Environmental Science and Technology 11(6):605-608.
166
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Models, Oil spills, Oxidation, Fate, *n-Hexadecane, *Photo-
oxidation
"The photosensitized oxidation of hexadecane on water is
studied as a model for the solar dissipation of oil spills."
Experimental results are presented and discussed.
[from the UDS Water Quality Control Digest 8(4):III-30, #7F-28.
1977]
C-2089-77
FORMATION OF TOXIC PRODUCTS FROM A #2 FUEL OIL BY PHOTOOXIDATION
Larson, R. A., L. L. Hunt, and D. W. Blankenship. 1977.
Environmental Science and Technology 11(5):492-496.
Fuel oil, Toxicity, Yeasts, Oxidation, *UV irradiation
Simulated environmental levels of UV irradiation of a No. 2
fuel oil resulted in oxygenated compounds that were relatively
soluble in water and toxic to baker's yeast. Maximum toxicity
was reached within 24 hr and appeared to be due primarily to
reactive peroxides. Addition of a mild reducing agent elimi-
nated much of the light-induced toxicity. Continued irradiation
produced other classes of compounds including phenols and
carbonyls.
[from Chemical Abstracts 86(25):#184194w. 1977]
4. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
C-2090-77
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAJOR OIL SPILL OFF THE UNITED STATES
Anon. 1977.
Petroleum Times 81(2049):76.
Argo Merchant spill, Monitoring, Environmental effects, Behavior,
Movement, Sampling
The grounding of the Liberian tanker, "Argo Merchant," presented
an opportunity for scientists to conduct studies on the proper-
ties, behavior, and detailed ecological impact of oil spills.
A coordinated program of monitoring and tracking of the spill
movement and behavior was provided by aircraft, while ground-
based missions collected water, oil, and biological samples.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(28):#235,533. 1977]
167
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C-2091-77
THE FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM A NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILL
IN A SEMINATURAL ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT
Bieri, R. H., and V. C. Stamoudis. 1977,
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 332-344. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Fuel oil, Sediments, Marine organisms, Estuaries,
Virginia
Experimental spills of No. 2 fuel oil were conducted in a York
River, Virginia, estuarine area. The fate of oil components
over time was investigated by repeated sampling of water sedi-
ments, oysters, and clams from the spill area and analysis by
gas chromatography and computerized gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry.
C-2092-77
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE SELF-PURIFICATION OF WATER AMD
BOTTOM DEPOSITS IN A SHALLOW SEA (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SEA OF
AZOV)
Bronfman, A. fl., A. Ya. Aldakimova, G. D. Makarova, and
L. I. Tolokonnikova. 1976.
Oceanology 16(1):48-51.
Petroleum products, Surfactants, Fate, Biodegradation,
Seawater, Sediments, *Self-purification, *Sea of Azov
Spatial and seasonal variations in processes that rid seawater
and bottom sediments of pollutant petroleum products and
detergents are discussed with reference to studies conducted
in the Sea of Azov. In a direction away from the coastal source
of pollution, four distinct zones of self-purification occur,
each with a characteristic assemblage of biological agents.
The processes of self-purification in the pelagic and benthic
zones of the sea are found to be out of phase and less effective
than those of shallow waters; thus assuring a steady accumulation
of toxic substances in bottom sediments.
C-2093-77
OIL SPILL FROM T/T "DRUPA": STUDIES ON THE OIL, WATER AMD FISH
[in Norwegian, occas. English]
Grahl-Nielsen, 0., T. Neppelberg, K. H. Palmork, K. Westrheim,
and S. Wilhelmsen. 1976.
NORDFORSK, Miljoevardssekretariatet Publication (2, Orgariiska
Miljoegilter i Vatten, Nordiska Symposiet om Vattenforskrn'ng,
12th):221-40.
168
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Oil spills, Chemical analysis, Weathering, Biodegradation,
Biological effects, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Fish, Norway, *T/T
"Drupa" spill
Samples of spilled Iranian oil were collected along the
Norwegian coast and analyzed by mass fragmentography. The
authors estimated the effects of dissolution, emulsification,
evaporation, microbial decomposition, and photochemical decay.
Water samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and concen-
trations of aromatic hydrocarbons in fish liver were measured.
[from Chemical Abstract 87(8):#57947g. 1977]
C-2094-77
THE FATE OF OIL IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM
Hagstrbm, A. 1977.
Ambio 6(4):229-231.
Oil spills, Models, Fate, Biodegradation, Distribution, Baltic
Sea, Intertidal zone
A model ecosystem representing the littoral zone of the Baltic
Sea was developed for a simulation of the environmental effects
of oil spills. Three different types of oil were used, namely,
Nigerian crude and medium and light fuel oils. Changes in oil
composition and distribution were monitored for 54 days, and
bacterial degradation rates were measured. A theoretical model
is presented which summarizes the events leading to the
disappearance of oil in the sea.
C-2095-77
ALONG-SHORE COHERENCE OF WINDS ALONG THE NORTH ALASKAN COAST
FOR OIL SPILL ANALYSIS
Hufford, G. L., J. P. Welsh, I. M. Lissauer, and B. D. Thompson.
1977.
Annual SPE of AIME Offshore Technology Conference, 9th, Houston,
1977. No. OTC-2947. p. 529-532.
Oil spills, Movement, *Coastal winds, Alaska
From analysis of available data, there appear to be 3 wind
field regimes along the Alaskan North Slope coast: a western
regime, a central regime, and an eastern regime. These regimes
must be taken into account in the prediction of oil spill move-
ment during normal conditions. During storm conditions, an
existing Coast Guard storm model can be used to predict coastal
winds.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(26) :#235,037. 1977]
169
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C-2096-77
SEA ICE THICKNESS PROFILING AND UNDER-ICE OIL ENTRAPMENT
Kovacs, A. 1977.
Annual SPE of AIME Offshore Technology Conference, 9th, Houston,
1977. No. OTC-2949. p. 547-554.
Oil spills, Fate, Ice, Alaska, *0il-under-ice, *Impulse radar
system
Results obtained with a unique dual-antenna impulse radar system
used to profile first- and muHi-year sea ice near Prudhoe Bay,
Alaska, are discussed. A description of the radar system is
given along with representative field data.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(26):#235,034. 1977]
C-2097-77
FATE AND EFFECTS OF NAPHTHALENES. CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION
EXPERIMENT
Lee, R. F., and J. U. Anderson. 1977.
Bulletin of Marine Science 27(1):127-134.
Fate, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Ecosystem, Sedimentation,
Biodegradation, *Naphthalenes
The amount of naphthalenes which was present in the water of
a controlled ecosystem pollution experiment was reduced by 50%
one day after addition, and the concentrations gradually
decreased to background levels during the following 20 days.
Most of the decrease of naphthalenes was due to adsorption by
sinking phytoplankton and microbial degradation. Microbial
degradation of naphthalene at 5-10 m depth increased from 0.04
ug/L/day at day 0 to 3.3 yg/L/day after 3 days. An immediate
decline in the ctenophore population of the systems was observed
after addition of the naphthalenes.
C-2098-77
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK OF BEAUFORT SEA OIL SPILLS - A MANAGEMENT TOOL
Lissauer, I. M., J. P. Welsh, and G. L. Hufford. 1977.
Marine Technology Society Journal ll(l):22-25.
Oil spills, Movement, Shorelines, *Spill impact probability,
Alaska Coast, Beaufort Sea.
Using available environmental data, this paper develops a
technique for oil spill impact assessment of the north Alaskan
coastline. Fifteen potential drilling sites are studied and a
generalized equation is given for calculating minimum impact
time for a spill to reach the shore. Probability of impact
ranges from 40 to 96 percent.
170
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C-2099-77
DISPERSAL AND ALTERATION OF OIL DISCHARGED ON A WATER SURFACE
McAuliffe, C. D. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in flarine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 19-35. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Oil spills, Fate, Biological effects, Dispersants
The physical, chemical, and biological fate of oil discharged
to a water surface is reviewed briefly, including recent
literature. The only significant adverse effects from crude
oil spills have been to birds and to some species of intertidal
organisms where the oil stranded. Chemical dispersants have
the potential for reducing the known adverse effects. This
remedy is discussed, along with suggested research to evaluate
effects from oil spills.
C-2100-77
ADSORPTION-DESORPTION OF SELECTED HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OIL ON
SOILS
Nathwani, J. S., and C. R. Phillips. 1977.
Chemosphere 6(4):157-162.
Crude oil, Hydrocarbons, Soil, Adsorption, *Desorption,
*0rganic matter content
This study investigated the effects of hydrocarbon concentration,
soil type, and organic matter content on the adsorption and
desorption of selected petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. The
organic matter content of soils is very important in both
adsorption and desorption of crude oil constituents. The oil-
sorbent capacity of soil was found to vary directly with organic
matter content.
C-2101-77
HYDROCARBONS IN THE WATER COLUMN
Shaw, D. G. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Wolfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 8-18. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Fate, Marine organisms, *Molecular
interactions
The molecular basis of the water-hydrocarbon interaction is
reviewed from the perspective of the degree of aggregation of
hydrocarbon molecules in water. Some of the ways in which this
information can be used when considering the design and inter-
pretation of experiments dealing with the fate and effects of
petroleum on marine ecosystems and organisms are presented.
171
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C-2102-77
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF PETROLEUM BY INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS AT
PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA
Shaw, D. 6., L. H. Cheek, and A. J. Paul. 1977.
Estuarine and Coastal Harine Science 5(3):429-436.
Uptake, Release, Hydrocarbons, Sediments, Oil slicks, Inter-
tidal zone, Alaska
Two experiments were conducted which simulated the stranding
of a light oil slick by spreading oil on sediments daily for 5
days. Hydrocarbon content of the top 1.0 cm of the sediments
was monitored for 60 days. In both experiments, the added oil
was no longer detectable on the 60th day. Possible reasons for
the rapid loss of oil by sediments are discussed.
[from Petroleum Abstracts 17(31):#236,390. 1977]
C-2103-77
DETERMINATION OF THE LEEWAY OF OIL SLICKS
Smith, C. L. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems
and Organisms. D. A. Molfe (ed.). New York, Pergamon Press,
1977. p. 351-362. Proceedings of a Symposium, Seattle,
Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
Oil slicks, Movement, *Leeway, *Wind drift
The leeway of oil slicks was determined as a function of wind velo-
city in the range 5-25 kn to enable more precise forecasting of the
trajectory of oil spills, and thus aid in effective containment and
cleanup operations. Calculation of oil spill leeway is explained.
C-2104-77
A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF BASIC TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING THE
BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE OIL SLICKS
Stolzenbach, K. D., 0. S. Madsen, E. E. Adams, A. H. Pollack,
and C. K. Cooper. 1977.
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics,
Report No. 222. 315 p.
Oil slicks, Behavior, Physical effects, Models, *Wind-current
effects
The purpose of the study is to conduct a state-of-the-art review
of the basic techniques and knowledge associated with surface
oil slick behavior. Results of this review are presented in the
following manner : representation and determination of wind
fields; treatment of the advection of oil slicks that is brought
about by the combined action of currents and wind-waves; the
physical phenomena that transform an oil slick as it is being
172
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advected; and a review and evaluation of existing models for oil
slick behavior. A comprehensive bibliography is included at the
end of the report.
C-2105-77
REMOVAL [OF OIL] BY NATURAL CAUSES
Wardley-Smith, J. 1976.
The Control of Oil Pollution on the Sea and Inland Waters.
J. Wardley-Smith (ed.). London, Graham & Trotman Ltd., 1976.
p. 27-38.
Fate, Contamination, Seawater, Spreading, Evaporation, Oxidation,
Solution, Dispersions
Natural processes that remove oil contaminants on and in the
sea are considered. These include spreading on water,
evaporation, photochemical oxidation, and solution and the
formation of dispersions in the water column.
C-2106-77
STUDIES ON THE OIL POLLUTION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE SETO INLAND SEA
Yamada, H., and H. Kayama. 1976.
Bulletin of the Nansei Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory
No. 9:19-31.
Petroleum products, Sediments, Movement, Japan, *Seto Inland Sea
The lipid content of the Seto Inland Sea is related to ignition
loss. Organic compounds accumulate in the sediments of stagnant
areas, and the n-alkanes/pristane and squalene ratio indicates
the contributions from petroleum oil. The authors conclude that
oil stranded at the southern coast of Harima Nada is moving
toward the sediments of the stagnant area.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(7):#7Q8976.
1977]
C-2107-77
ROLE OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE
DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS OF PETROLEUM ORIGIN [in Russian]
Zubakina, A. N., A. V. Tsyban, S. P. Barinova, and
I. M. Mikhalera. 1975.
Materialy Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma "Okeanograficheskie Aspecty
Okhrany Vod Khimicheskikh Zagryaznenii," 1st, Moscow, 1974.
V. I. Chernyshov (ed.). Moscow, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Okeano-
graficheskie Komissiya, 1975. p. 66-72.
Decomposition, Fuel oil, Microorganisms, Biodegradation,
*Physicochemical degradation
173
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Microbial oxidation of fuel oil at -0.6° to 22° during 3-30 days
was studied with special reference to conditions prevailing in
the arctic region of the Pacific Ocean. At -0.3 to -0.6°,
where physical and chemical degradation is greatly reduced, the
bacterial oxidizing activity reduces the hydrocarbon content
38% at a microorganism count in seawater and ice of 10^-10^
colonies/ml. Oxidizing microorganisms degrade the fuel oil at
the rate of 100-180 mg/1 day, consuming 38-62% of the substrate
in 6 days at 22° or 35% in 30 days at 2°. At this low tempera-
ture, only 1% is degraded by physical and chemical oxidation.
174
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F. OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
1. U.S. LEGISLATION
C-2108-77
OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY (HEARINGS ON HR 9294, 10969, 10363,
10756 WHICH PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF LIABILITY FOR
OIL SPILL DAMAGE AND CLEANUP COSTS)
Anon. 1976.
U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation.
Hearings. October 29, November 4, 12, 18; December 2, 4, 16,
1975; January 29, 1976. Serial no. 94-21. 367 p.
Legislation, U.S., Oil spills, Liability, Compensation, Spill
cleanup, *Costs
The proposed bills offer plans for comprehensive coverage for
oil pollution damage, including a system of liability and
compensation for spill damage and removal costs. This legis-
lation proposes to establish a domestic oil pollution liability
fund to provide protection for claimants not otherwise protected
by previous conventions. It will provide for complete protection
against damages to innocent third parties who will have ready
access to compensatory funds.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(13):#W77-06555.
1977]
C-2109-77
THE COAST: WHERE ENERGY MEETS THE ENVIRONMENT
Hildreth, R. G. 1976.
San Diego Law Review 13(2):253-305.
Legislation, U.S., OCS, Offshore development, Refineries,
Environmental effects, Coasts
The adverse impacts of pollution from OCS development, onshore
refineries, and chronic coastal oil pollution are some of the
factors that in the long run could outweigh any short-term gains
from exploitation of continental shelf resources. As coastal
states stand to lose the most from such developments, the
Deepwater Port Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZI1A)
are assessed with the states' interest in mind.
[from Pollution Abstracts 17(29) :#235,721. 1977]
175
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C-2110-77
OIL TANKER SPILLS - WASHINGTON IS WEIGHING VARIOUS PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Scheibla, S. 1977.
Barrens Feb. 28:9.
Legislation, U.S., State governments, Oil spills, Tankers,
Pollution control
Recent tanker-related spills are speeding up the enactment of
state and federal legislation designed to prevent or abate oil
discharges during tanker and ship operations. Laws being
considered by Congress and some states are mentioned, and the
effects of past and upcoming legislation upon Tennaco's Newport
News dry dock and shipyard facility are assessed.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6): #77-03184. 1977]
C-2111-77
REGULATION FOR TANK VESSELS ENGAGED IN THE CARRIAGE OF OIL IN
DOMESTIC TRADE
U.S. Coast Guard. 1975.
Final Environmental Impact Statement, Report no. USCG-M-07-77.
335 p.
Oil transport, Tankers, U.S., Regulations, EIS, Pollution control,
Oil discharges
Assessed is the environmental impact of proposed change to the
pollution regulations in Title 33, Code of Federal Regulation,
by adding conditions governing the design and operation of
certain seagoing U.S. tank ships and barges certified to carry
oil in U.S. domestic trade. The new regulations require segre-
gated ballast on new tankers over 70,000 dwt, contain cargo
tank size limits and improved tank vessel subdivision and
stability, and set stringent discharge standards for both new
and existing vessels requiring load-on-top or retention-on-
board methods to curtail oil discharges to marine waters.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#AD-A036 719/3GA.
1977]
C-2112-77
REGULATIONS FOR U.S. TANK VESSELS CARRYING OIL IN FOREIGN TRADE
AND FOREIGN TANK VESSELS THAT ENTER THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE
UNITED STATES
U.S. Coast Guard. 1976.
Final Environmental Impact Statement, Report no. USCG-M-08-77.
141 p.
Oil transport, Tankers, Segregated ballast, Regulations, U.S.,
EIS, Pollution control, Oil discharges
This statement assesses the environmental impact of changing the
pollution prevention regulations in Title 33, Part 157, Code of
Federal Regulations, to extend requirements for segregated
176
-------
ballast on new tankers over 70,000 dwt and other design equip-
ment and operating requirements to the title groups of vessels.
The purpose of these regulations is to control the discharge
of oily mixtures from tank cleaning and deballasting operations
and to incorporate construction requirements for new vessels
which will reduce the occurrence of oil spills after accidents
and improve the survivability of tankers after damage.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#AD-A036 769/8GA.
1977]
C-2113-77
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
RELATING TO TANK VESSELS CARRYING OIL IN DOMESTIC TRADE
U.S. Coast Guard. 1976.
Federal Register 41(5):1479-1482.
Regulations, Tankers, Segregated ballast, Environmental
protection, USCG
These regulations provide for the placement of ballast tanks on
oil-carrying vessels of over 70,000 dwt in order to minimize
oil loss in the event of an accidental leakage from tankers.
While some believe that the cost of segregated ballast is too
high, the Coast Guard believes that it is needed to improve
the environmental quality of the oceans.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07254.
1977]
C-2114-77
RULES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT RELATING TO
TANK VESSELS CARRYING OIL IN BULK
U.S. Coast Guard. 1976.
Federal Register 41(240):54177-54180.
Regulations, Tankers, Oil discharges, Wastewaters, USCG
Amendments have been added to the oil vessel pollution regula-
tions imposing design, equipment, and operation requirements
for seagoing U.S. flag tank vessels of 150 gross tons or more
and equally heavy foreign flag vessels that enter U.S. waters.
The requirements are delineated in detail. The amendments also
provide the conditions under which clean and segregated ballast
may be discharged; they became effective April 1, 1977.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07251.
1977]
177
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2. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
C-2115-77
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Moore, G. 1976.
Marine Pollution. R. Johnston (ed.). London, Academic Press,
1976. p. 589-697.
International agreements, International conventions, Legislation,
Pollution control, Oceans, UK, U.S.
In the first part of this chapter, customary international law,
and international agreements and conventions concerning marine
pollution, especially oil pollution, are examined. Recent
trends toward comprehensive antipollution programs on the
global and regional scale are discussed. The second part
describes and summarizes national pollution control laws,
programs, and approaches with numerous examples from the United
Kingdom and the United States.
C-2116-77
INTERNATIONAL MARINE POLLUTION CONTROLS
Portmann, J. E. 1977.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(6):126-132.
International conventions, Legislation, Pollution control
"The purpose of this article is to attempt to bring some order
to the international scene, by describing the aims, coverage,
scientific validity and status of the main international
pollution regulations, at least so far as they affect European
marine interests." In the course of the paper, the author
reviews the history of international oil pollution legislation,
but the bulk of the article concerns other pollutants and
conventions.
3. FOREIGN LEGISLATION
C-2117-77
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION - ALBERTA PETROLEUM EFFLUENT GUIDE-
LINES (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(2):5.
Guidelines, Environmental protection, Refineries, Wastewater
treatment, Canada, *Alberta
178
-------
The Alberta Department of Environment and the petroleum refining
industry have developed and reviewed wastewater effluent guide-
lines that will define minimum acceptable levels of wastewater
treatment at refineries, consistent with good operating practices
and environmental protection. Permits and licenses will now be
issued only when these minimal requirements are met.
C-2118-77
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION - QUEBEC REFINERS TO flEET NEW EFFLUENT
LEVELS (news brief)
Anon. 1977.
Water & Pollution Control 115(6):35.
Regulations, Wastewaters, Refineries, Environmental protection,
Economics, Canada, *Quebec
Seven Quebec oil refineries will have to meet tough new effluent
quality regulations by 1980. At present these refineries dump
about 15,400 kg (34,000 Ibs) of contaminants into the
St. Lawrence River per day, of which about 3240 kg (7200 Ibs)
are oil and grease. Implementation of the regulations will cost
the industry about $88 million.
0-2119-77
ENFORCEMENT OF OIL POLLUTION LEGISLATION
Brown, M. A. 1976.
The Modern Law Review 39(2):162-168.
Legislation, Law enforcement, Ships, Oil spills, England, Canada
The British oil pollution law is enforced only when there is
substantial pollution or when the pollution, however minimal,
is caused by substantial negligence. Pollution caused by
foreign owned ships also poses serious legal problems. The
author examines several methods utilized by the shipping
community to pay for oil pollution damages. The Canadian law
governing oil polluting incidents is also discussed.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(13):#W77-06543.
1977]
179
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4. STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
C-2120-77
THE THREAT TO OUR SHORES
Bernstein, P. J. 1977.
Nation 224(3):73-77.
Regulations, Tankers, Ports, Government agencies, USCG,
Safety, Law enforcement
U.S. Government agencies, especially the U.S. Coast Guard, are
criticized for their failure to implement and enforce safety
standards, such as double bottoms for all oil tankers entering
U.S. ports. Unless such safety regulations are required in
domestic and foreign registry tankers, a high number of oil
spills off U.S. coasts are likely to continue.
[from Environment Abstracts 7(5/6):#77-03157. 1977]
C-2121-77
STATUS REPORT ON ABATEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION FROM THE CANADIAN
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY - 1975
Environmental Protection Service, Ottawa (Ontario). Water
Pollution Control Directorate. 1976.
Economic and technical review report, EPS 3-WP-76-11. 54 p.
Regulations, Pollution control, Hastewaters, Contaminants,
Refineries, Canada
"Effluent regulations and guidelines to limit the discharge of
pollutants from the petroleum refining industry were issued
under the Federal Fisheries Act in November 1973. This report
presents an assessment of the progress to the end of 1975 in
meeting the discharge objectives, and provides projections
of the anticipated status through to 1980."
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#W77-07334.
1977]
C-2122-77
MANUAL ON OIL POLLUTION. SECTION 1 (PREVENTION). OCTOBER 1976.
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. 1976.
London, IMCO, 1976. 27 p.
Manuals, Pollution prevention, Guidelines, Tankers, Contingency
planning
Section 1 of the Comprehensive Anti-Pollution Manual details
practical information on means of prevention of oil pollution
in the sea, especially useful to governments of developing
countries. Requirements are given for all ships, with special
180
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details concerning tankers. Other sections of the manual address
contingency planning, salvage, and methods of dealing with oil
spills (published in 1972).
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(7):#7Q9059.
1977]
5. AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS
C-2123-77
AID TO THE BEWILDERED
Anon. 1977.
Ship & Boat International 30(5):35.
International conventions, Pollution prevention, EPA, IMCO,
Sweden, *Baltic Convention
"Sweden has enacted legislation giving effect to the provisions
of the Baltic Convention for the prevention of pollution of the
seas." The Convention may serve as a model for similar action
elsewhere regulating discharges into 'special waters.1 This
document differs slightly from the IMCO 1973 draft conventions,
and both differ from the EPA regulations, as well as from
local restrictions.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(8):7Q10559.
1977]
C-2124-77
NORTH SEA PACT SETS OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY
Anon. 1977.
Chemical and Engineering News 55 (January):15.
International agreements, Liability, Offshore drilling, Oil
transfer, Storage, North Sea
An international agreement has been reached between countries
adjoining the North Sea which assesses liability for pollution
damage resulting from the escape of oil from offshore installa-
tions. The term installation covers any fixed or mobile unit
involved in offshore oil activity, including platforms, pipe-
lines, and oil transfer and storage structures. A liability
of up to $35 million in damages can be assessed against the
operator company, regardless of whether the company is at fault
in a pollution incident or not.
181
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C-2125-77
TOWARD A POLLUTION POLICY
Sandbrook, R. 1977.
Nature 267(5614):745-747.
International conventions, UN, Pollution control, Monitoring,
Biological effects, Mediterranean Sea
The progress of a UNEP-sponsored international convention for
preventing and controlling pollution in the Mediterranean is
discussed. The program involves 16 of the 18 Mediterranean
countries and includes provisions for extensive scientific
research, monitoring, and integrated planning for the region.
Included are regional baseline studies and monitoring of
petroleum hydrocarbons, and studies on the effects of oil on
marine organisms, populations, and marine communities and
coastal ecosystems. Coastal transport of pollutants and
water quality problems are also addressed.
C-2126-77
THE 1973 IMCO CONVENTION: TIGHTENING THE CONTROLS ON OPERA-
TIONAL OIL POLLUTION FROM TANKERS
Skocypec, R. J. 1976.
UCLA-Alaska Law Review 5(2):353-380.
International conventions, IMCO, Oil discharges, Tankers, Law
enforcement
The set of regulations proposed by the convention to control
oil pollution from tankers includes an expanded definition
of oil to cover various forms of petroleum, a strengthening of
discharge standards, a new discharge monitoring and control
system, shoreside treatment facilities, and segregated ballast
tanks for new vessels exceeding 70,000 dwt. The major drawback
of the new regulations is in enforcement.
[from Selected Water Resources Abstracts 10(15):#U77-07244. 1977]
182
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G. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
C-2127-77
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON FRESHWATER FISH
Brungs, W. A., J. H. McCormick, T. W. Neiheisel, R. L. Spehar,
C. E. Stephan, G. N. Stokes. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(6):1425-1493.
Bibliographies, Fish, Freshwater, Biological effects
This bibliographic review covers symposia and reviews, topics on
water quality and various pollutants including pesticides, domestic,
industrial, radioactive, and other pollutants. There are 464
references cited with nine concerning oil pollution.
C-2128-77
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Harrison, E. A. 1977.
Report for 1964-March 1977. 196 p.
Bibliographies, Oil spills, Biological effects, Plants, Animals,
Microorganisms
This bibliography contains 191 abstracts, 49 of which are new entries
to the previous edition, which cover the biological and ecological
effects of oil spills in salt and fresh water. The effects on
microorganisms, plants, and animals are studied, along with research
on the residues and metabolic products of various oil components.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(11):#NTIS/PS-77/0200/4GA.
1977]
C-2129-77
OIL SHALE MINING, PROCESSING, USES,AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
VOLUME 1. 1970-1975 (CITATIONS FROM THE ENGINEERING INDEX DATA
BASE)
Hundemann, A. S. 1977.
Report for 1970-1975. 219 p.
Bibliographies, Oil shale, Development, Extraction, Environmental
effects
Research projects on the mining, extraction, environmental impacts,
and other topics related to oil shale development are covered. The
report contains 212 citations with abstracts.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(14):#NTIS/PS-77/0386/lGA.
1977]
183
-------
C-2130-77
OIL SHALE MINING, PROCESSING, USES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
VOLUME 2. 1976-APRIL 1977 (CITATIONS FROM THE ENGINEERING INDEX
DATA BASE)
Hundemann, A. S. 1977.
Report for 1976-1977. 138 p.
Bibliographies, Oil shale, Development, Extraction, Environmental
effects
Research projects on the mining, extraction, environmental impacts,
and other topics related to oil shale development are covered.
The report contains 131 citations with abstracts, 112 of which are
new entries to the previous edition.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(14):#NTIS/PS-77/0387/9GA.
1977]
C-2131-77
OIL SHALE MINING, PROCESSING, USES,AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
VOLUME 1. 1964-1975. (CITATIONS FROM THE NTIS DATA BASE)
Hundemann, A. S. 1977.
Report for 1964-1975. 200 p.
Bibliographies, Oil shale, Development, Extraction, Environmental
effects, Pollution control
Government-funded studies on oil shale are covered, including topics
on environmental impacts and air and water pollution control. The
report contains 195 citations with abstracts.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(14):#NTIS/PS-77/0384/6GA.
1977]
C-2132-77
OIL SHALE MINING, PROCESSING, USES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
VOLUME 2. 1976-APRIL 1977 (CITATIONS FROM THE NTIS DATA BASE)
Hundemann, A. S. 1977.
Report for 1976-April 1977. 153 p.
Bibliographies, Oil shale, Development, Extraction, Environmental
effects, Pollution control
Government-funded research projects on oil shale are covered,
including reports on environmental impacts and air and water
pollution control. The report contains 148 citations with abstracts
120 of which are new entries to the previous edition.
[from Government Reports Announcements 77(14):#NTIS/PS-77/0385/3GA.
1977]
184
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C-2133-77
MARINE AND ESTUARINE POLLUTION
Reish, D. J., T. J. Kauwling, A. J. Mearns, P. S. Oshida, and S. S.
Rossi. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(6):1316-1340.
Bibliographies, Estuaries, Marine organisms, Environmental effects
This bibliographic review covers residues, sludge, dumping and
dredging, diseases and abnormalities, complex effluents and environ-
ments, oil pollution, microorganisms, and physical and chemical
aspects of marine pollution. There are 312 references in all, with
104 on oil pollution.
C-2134-77
INTERNATIONAL AND MARINE POLLUTION
Smith, J. 0. and J. L. Jackson. 1977.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 49(6):1547-1553.
Bibliographies, Legislation, U.S., Pollution control
The authors review federal and state water pollution control and
litigation, as well as sources of water pollution. Eighty refer-
ences are given, thirty-one of which are court cases, and fourteen
referring to oil pollution.
C-2135-77
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND SENSING (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Smith, M. F.. 1976.
NTIS, Report for 1964-July 1976. 239 p.
Bibliographies, Detection, Sampling, Monitoring, Chemical analysis,
Remote sensing
This updated bibliography contains 58 new entries to the previous
edition, with a total of 234 abstracts. Most of the report deals
with oil spills, although research on oil detection in industrial
wastes and sewage is also cited. Analytical techniques include
chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, light scattering, fluores-
cence, mass spectroscopy, and remote sensing. Oil and hydrocarbon
sampling, monitoring, and instrumentation are covered.
[from ERDA ENergy Research Abstracts 2(14):«3937. 1977]
C-2136-77
SELECTED REGIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MARINE POLLUTION [IOC/FAO/UNEP
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MARINE POLLUTION IN THE CARIBBEAN AND
ADJACENT REGIONS, TRINIDAD, 1976]
Thomas, S. J., and D. S. Moulder. 1976.
Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1976. 59 p.
IOC-FAO-UNEP-IWMPCAR--17.
185
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Bibliographies, Contamination, Caribbean Sea, Marine organisms
The bibliography contains 498 references on pollution in marine
and brackish waters of the Caribbean and adjacent regions. Refer-
ences are arranged in 13 sections, mainly by pollutant.
[from Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 7(6):#7Q7429. 1977]
186
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SECTION II: CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS
Title, contract information and a summary of project objectives are
provided in each entry. Project notices have been obtained from the
Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE). Current status in-
formation and publications resulting from the projects are presented
when such information is available from the principal investigators
or performing organizations. The source of status information is given
at the end of each entry.
Entries are grouped according to subject and then ordered by serial
number within each subject division. The serial number designates
the original issue of OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS in which
the research project is listed:
R-001-74 to R-l65-74 EPA-670/2-75-003
July 74 to October 74
R-269-74 to R-342-74 EPA-600/2-76-129
May 75 to July 75
R-269-75 to R-304-75 EPA-600/2-76-113
August 75 to October 75
R-l24-76 to R-l75-76 EPA-600/2-77-037
August 76 to October 76
R-001-77 to R-022-77 EPA-600/2-77-075
November 76 to January 77
R-076-77 to R-096-77 August 77 to October 77
137
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A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. MONITORING
R-002-77 (renewal)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BORDERLAND - ENVIRONMENTAL
Principal Investigator: Greene, H.G.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey,
345 Middlefield Rd.
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Geologic Division,
No. 9460-01650
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Funds: $142,000
A study is being conducted to identify, map, and report the geologic
hazards and problems that exist in the southern California border-
land, specifically in areas where future development may take
place. Geological hazards consist of faults, submarine landslides
and slumps, hydrocarbon seeps, salt water intrusion sites, con-
taminant pathways, and areas of anomalous high erosion and sedimentation.
Areas to be looked at include the central part of Santa Rosa-Cortes
Ridge, San Diego shelf, western Santa Barbara Channel, and mis-
cellaneous OCS areas that lie in water depths shallower than
750 m.
[SSIE No. ZUA-3979-1]
R-076-77
ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY - TRACE GASES IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Principal Investigators: Swinnerton, J.W., and W.D. Smith
Performing Organizations: U.S. Navy, Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C. 20375
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN620141
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
The objectives of this project are "to develop and utilize ship-
board and in situ methods for measuring the concentrations of gases
and hydrocarbons in ocean and atmosphere in order to better assess
pollution in the marine environment, to minimize underwater corrosion
and to determine the relationships of dissolved gases to marine
biota."
[SSIE No. ZQN-620141-3]
188
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SAMPLING
R-077-77
NEW APPROACHES TO THE PRESERVATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN WATER
SAMPLES
Principal Investigator: Saxena, J.
Syracuse University Res. Corp.,
Merrill Lane, University Heights,
Syracuse, NY 13210
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
No. R80460901
9/76 to 8/77
$32,410
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
This project will test new methods of water sample preservation.
Nitrogen and phosphorus series, oil, grease, and organic carbon
are the sample parameters that will be stabilized. Four
phases of study will encompass the following: 1) evaluation of
the effectiveness of the proposed preservation methods in con-
trolling microorganisms; 2) study of the stability of the con-
taminants in natural waters; 3) study of the effects of storage
and transportation parameters on the preservation methods;
and 4) simplification of the methods for field application,
cost benefit analysis, and comparisons with currently used
methods.
[SSIE No. GMA-3256]
ANALYSIS
R-022-77 (renewal)
COASTAL SEDIMENTOLOGY
Principal Investigator:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
Clifton, H.E.
U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd.,
Menlo Park, CA 94025
U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Geological Division,
No. 9460-00984
10/76 to 9/77
$292,000
Included in the project are facies analysis of estuarine deposits;
a study of sand transport in the estuarine system of Willapa
Bay, Washington; studies of the hydrodynamic effects of waves
on sedimentation and the mechanics of beach sedimentation;
-------
research on the distribution of spilled oil in nearshore systems
and the physical and chemical changes in oil attendant with beach
and nearshore processes; and studies of nearshore sedimentation
of the coast of Alaska and the effect of storm surges. The
results of coastal reconnaisance of the Bering Sea from the previous
year will be analyzed and compiled for publication.
[SSIE No. ZUA-2471-4]
R-078-77
CHEMISTRY OF AQUATIC ORGANIC MATTER
Principal Investigator: Goerlitz, D.F.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey,
345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
No. WR 00-149
Period: 7/75 to 9/76
Funds: $75,037
This investigation will involve: identification of organic sub-
stances brought about by introduction of selected pollutants into
the environment; laboratory determination of the equilibrium and
kinetics of reactions within the aquatic system and those that occur
at the water-mineral interface; and application of the above
relationships to the field behavior of the organics.
[SSIE No. ZUA-4131]
R-079-77
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: CHARACTERISTICS AND STABILITY OF COLLOIDAL
MATERIAL ACCOMMODATING HYDROCARBONS IN THE OPEN OCEAN
Principal Investigator: Zsolnay, A.
Performing Organization: Bermuda Biological Station for Research,
St. Georges, St. Georges West, Bermuda
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN675124, Contract N00014-76-C-0029
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Funds: $39,948
This project will study the contributions of organic compounds to the
characterization of chemical and biological properties of seawater,
their role as an energy source for the benthic community, and
their effect on sediment physicochemical properties. The
mechanism of transport of this material is emphasized. Seawater
samples will be collected from the Sargasso Sea for fractionation
of colloids and subsequent removal and chemical analysis of
sorbed hydrocarbons.
[SSIE No. GQN-675124]
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4. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
R-124-76 (renewal)
LIGHT HYDROCARBONS - DCS
Principal Investigator:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
Cline, J.D.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80302
U.S. Department of Commerce,National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration,Environmental
Research Laboratories, No. R7120841
10/76 to 9/77
$65,000
The current objective is to determine the nature of sedimentary
hydrocarbon sources in the Tarr Bank - Kayak Island region of the
northeast Gulf of Alaska. Seep locations on the Kodiak Shelf
are also being identified. All previous survey work on the dis-
tribution of low molecular weight hydrocarbons on the Alaskan
OCS has been completed and is being compiled for reports.
[SSIE No. GUK-65-2]
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
R-080-77
STRENGTH AND SEAKEEPING ABILITY OF POLLUTION CONTROL BARRIERS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Marine Professional Services,
Cambridge, MA 02138
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation,
Office of the Secretary, No. CG59182,
Contract CG-61, 803-A
Period: 2/76 to 5/76
"The objective is to determine all the commercially available
barriers suitable as candidates for controlling oil in high seas
applications including a sea state three or greater."
[SSIE No. GZO-256]
2. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
R-Q81-77
MODIFICATIONS TO FUEL AND BALLAST SYSTEM, R/V ROBERT D. CONRAD
Principal Investigator: Talwani, M.
Performing Organization: Columbia University, Lament Doherty
Geolog. Observ., Palisades, MY 10964
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences, Mo. OCE76-20520
Period: 1/77 to 12/77
Funds: $129,800
Funds will be used to support modifications on this research vessel
to end the overboard discharging of oily ballast water during re-
fueling operations.
[SSIE No. CM-285]
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3. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
R-082-77
POWDERED CARBON - ACTIVATED SLUDGE - FILTRATION PROCESSES FOR PETROLEUM
REFINERY WASTEWATER
Principal Investigator: Knecht, A.T.
Performing Organization: Atlantic Richfield Company, 400 E. Sibley
Blvd., Harvey, IL 60426
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
No. R804731 01
Period: 1/77 to 12/77
Funds: $200,000
The objective of this project is "to determine if direct addition
of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to activated sludge units and changes
in operating procedures will significantly improve effluent quality
and approach Best Available Technology." The role of adsorbents
in enhancing biological treatment will be studied, as well as the
ultimate fate of sludges disposed by land application.
[SSIE No. GMA-3469]
R-083-77
SORPTION OF RESIDUAL ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN RETORT WATERS BY SPENT
OIL SHALE RESIDUES
Principal Investigator: Leenheer, J.A.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
No. CR 00-181
Period: 7/75 to 9/76
Funds: $79,498
The disposal of waste retort water from oil-shale processes onto
spent oil-shale residues may result in leaching of organic solutes
into ground water or run off into surface water. At present there
are no recommendations concerning the disposal capacity of spent oil
shale organic substances in retort waters. "A preliminary objective
[of this report] will be to develop an organic water quality analytical
program such that background concentrations of dissolved and sediment
organic materials can be determined and characterized for surface
and ground water in regions of oil-shale and coal development. The
overall objective is to determine the capacity of spent oil-shale
residues to adsorb and immobilize residual organic substances in
retort waters."
[SSIE No. BI-76-1]
193
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R-084-77
CHEMICAL DEMULSIFIERS SUITABLE FOR LARGE SCALE USE IN SHORE-BASED
OILY WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS
Principal Investigator: Little, R.C.
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C. 20375
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN580173
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Non-specific chemical agents for breaking emulsions in Navy bilge
waste collection and treatment systems and in the new oily waste
treatment plant facilities are being developed and evaluated. These
agents will be tested and used under practical working conditions.
[SSIE No. ZQN-580173]
Status: The project has been completed.
Reports and Publications
BREAKING EMULSIONS IN NAVY BILGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
Little, R.C., and R.L. Patterson. 1976.
NRL Memorandum Report 3424.
BREAKING EMULSIONS IN NAVY BILGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
Little, R.C., and R.L. Patterson. 1977.
Submitted to Environmental Science and Technology.
EMULSIFIER AND SURFACE EFFECTS OBSERVED IN LABORATORY FILTER
COASLESCER STUDIES OF OIL-WATER SEPARATION
Zakin, J., and R.C. Little. 1977.
Submitted to Environmental Science and Technology.
Information Source: R.C. Little, Surface Chemistry Branch,
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375
194
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4. PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
R-085-77
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
Principal Investigator: Hnat, K.
Performing Organization: Telcom Incorporated, 2300 S. 9th St.,
Arlington, VA 22204
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN575373, Contract N00014-75-C-0988
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Funds: $24,912
This project will develop the information system mentioned in the
title with special emphasis on pollution control guidelines. In-
vestigations will be made of current ship pollution control programs
and will identify revisions to regulatory and funding requirements.
[SSIE No. GQN-575373-1]
195
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-101-74 (renewal)
MARINE PETROLEUM POLLUTION - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
Principal Investigators: Parker, P.L., J.A. Nicol, and C. VanBaalen
Performing Organization: University of Texas, Marine Science
Institution, Port Aransas, TX 78373
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences, No. OCE76-83913
Period: 2/77 to 7/78
Funds: $71,900
"The overall goal of this final year is to evaluate the significance
of demonstrated toxicity by chemically characterized compounds.
This will provide, as a guideline for environmental management, the
levels of petroleum types which might be safe in the ocean for a
variety of marine plants and animals."
[SSIE No. GSN-1146-4]
R-109-74 (renewal)
FATE, SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM DERIVED ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS IN THE OCEAN AND THEIR SUBLETHAL EFFECTS ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Principal Investigator: Sackett, W.M.
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University System,
School of Geosciences, College Station, TX 77843
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences, No. OCE76-81493
Period: 2/77 to 7/78
Funds: $28,200
Environmental concentrations of C5 to C12 hydrocarbons in the Gulf
of Mexico will be established, and the levels of these hydrocarbons
necessary to inhibit primary producers in laboratory experiments
will be confirmed. Prior research in this project has shown that
C5-C12 straight chain hydrocarbons are more toxic to phytoplankton
than aromatics such as benzene and toluene, a result contrary to
previous beliefs.
[SSIE No. GSN-1145-4]
196
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Reports and Publications
THE FLUX OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO VIA
RUNOFF
Brooks, J.M. 1977.
Marine Pollutant Transfer. H.L. Windom, and R.A. Duce (eds.).
Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, 1977.
p. 185-200.
Light gaseous hydrocarbons (methane through pentanes) are
sensitive indicators of petroleum pollution. Natural processes
cannot account for the occurrence of light hydrocarbons in the
Gulf of Mexico, and thus they must enter chiefly from man-
derived sources, river runoff, and/or across the sea/air or
sea/sediment interface. In particular, light hydrocarbons
in the Mississippi River originate predominantly from petroleum
and petrochemical activities. Significant impacts on coastal
waters are evidenced by hydrocarbon anomalies seen from 16-32 km
(10-20 mi) off port and up to 80 km (50 mi) off the Mississippi
River.
GULF UNDERWATER FLARE EXPERIMENT (GUFEX): EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBONS
ON PHYTOPLANKTON
Brooks, J.M., G.A. Fryxell, D.F. Reid, and W.M. Sackett.
Marine Biological Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons.
C.S. Giam (ed.). D.C. Heath and Co. In press.
"Carbon-14 uptake, plant pigments, ATP and POC concentrations,
the ratio of full to empty cells and species of phytoplankters
and standard hydrographic parameters were determined as a
function of hydrocarbon concentrations in the vicinity of
underwater 'flaring', the venting of non-commercial quantities
of natural gases separated from liquid petroleum on offshore
petroleum production platforms. Although there were significant
covariances between hydrocarbon concentrations and several
biomass parameters, the variability was apparently due to up-
welling, induced by the rapidly rising jet of gaseous hydrocarbons."
SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE
WATERS
Brooks, J.M., and W.M. Sackett. 1977.
Proceedings of the 7th International Meeting on Organic
Geochemistry, 1975. ^R. Campos and J. Gon (eds.).
Madrid, Revista Espanola de Micropaleon., 1977. p. 455-468.
Thousands of determinations of dissolved hydrocarbons in surface
water for 5000 miles of cruise tracks in the Gulf of Mexico
have been made using a shipboard "sniffer" system. Surface
water analyses show up to 6 orders of magnitude higher levels
of GI to 05 saturated hydrocarbons than open ocean surface water.
In almost all cases these high concentrations are attributable
197
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to petroleum production operations as many as 10 miles distant,
suggesting that saturated low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
are very sensitive indicators of man-derived petroleum pol-
lution.
Information Source: W.M. Sackett, Texas A & M University,
College of Geosciences, College Station,
TX 77843
R-086-77
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBONS ON SELECTED ECOSYSTEMS AND
ASSOCIATED ORGANISMS
Principal Investigators: Anderson, J.W., and R.M. Bean
Performing Organization: Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, WA 99352
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
Contract EPA-IAG-D6-E681-CF
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Funds: $313,000
The main objective of this project is to determine the effects
of long-term, low-level petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminated
water on the growth and reproduction of two sensitive crustaceans
(amphipods and mysids) exposed for more than one generation.
Research will cover exchange of specific PHCs between oil, sediment,
water, and organisms from laboratory and field experiments;
availability of sediment-sorbed PHCs to deposit-feeding organisms;
and alteration of PHCs in and on oiled sediments and the effect
of this alteration on recruitment of benthic organisms.
[SSIE No. GMA-2990]
Status: This is a large program involving both biology and
analytical chemistry. It is funded through 1978.
Reports and Publications
RESPONSES TO SUBLETHAL LEVELS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS:
ARE THEY SENSITIVE INDICATORS AND DO THEY CORRELATE WITH
TISSUE CONTAMINATION?
Anderson, J.W. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Eco-
systems and Organisms. D.A. Wolfe (ed.). New York,
Pergamon Press, 1977. p. 95-114. Proceedings of a Symposium,
Seattle, Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON THE RATE OF HEART BEAT
AND HATCHING SUCCESS OF ESTUARINE FISH EMBRYOS
Anderson, J.W., D.B. Dixit, G.S. Ward, and R.S. Foster, 1977.
A. Calabrese and F.P. Thurberg (eds.). New York,
Academic Press, 1977. p. 241-258.
198
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BIOAVAILABILITY OF SEDIMENT-SORBED NAPHTHALENES TO THE
SIPUNCULID WORM, PHASCOLOSOMA AGASSIZII
Anderson, J.W., L.J. Moore, J.W. Blaylock, D.L. Woodruff,
and S.I. Kiesser. 1977.
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine
Ecosystems and Organisms. D.A. Wolfe (ed.). New York,
Pergamon Press, 1977. p. 276-285. Proceedings of a
Symposium, Seattle, Washington, November 10-12, 1976.
RECRUITMENT OF BENTHIC ANIMALS AS A FUNCTION OF PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SEDIMENT
Anderson, J.W., R.G. Riley, and R.M. Bean. 1978.
International Symposium on "Recovery of Oiled Northern
Marine Environments", Nova Scotia, October, 1977. In press.
LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBONS ON BENTHIC MARINE INVERTEBRATES
Anderson, J.W., R.G. Riley, R.M. Bean, J.W. Blaylock,
and S.L. Kiesser. 1977.
Proceedings of EPA Workshop on the Interagency Marine
Research Program Associated with Energy Development,
Newport, Rhode Island, March 1-3, 1977. In press.
OIL BIOASSAYS WITH THE AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA
(GMELIN)
Anderson, R.D., and J.W. Anderson. 1976.
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association
65:38-42.
DISTRIBUTION OF NAPHTHALENES WITHIN EXPOSED FUNDULUS SIMILUS
AND CORRELATIONS WITH STRESS BEHAVIOR
Dixit, D., and J.W. Anderson. 1977.
1977 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control,
Cleanup). Washington, D.C., American Petroleum Institute,
1977. p. 633-636. Held in New Orleans, March 8-10, 1977.
EFFECTS OF WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISH FUNDULUS SIMILUS
Ernst, V., J.M. Neff, and J.W. Anderson. 1977.
Environmental Pollution. In press.
FATE AND EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENES: CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM
POLLUTION EXPERIMENT
Lee, R.F., and J.W. Anderson. 1977.
Bulletin of Marine Science 27:127-134.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON SURVIVAL, RESPIRATION AND GROWTH OF
MARINE ANIMALS
Neff, J.M., J.W. Anderson, B.A. Cox, R.B. Laughlin, Jr.,
S.S. Rossi, and H.E. Tatem. 1976.
Sources, Effects and Sinks of Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic
Environment. Arlington, Virginia, American Institute of
Biological Sciences, 1976. p. 515-539. Proceedings of
the Symposium, Washington, D.C., 9-11 August, 1976.
199
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ACCUMULATION AND RELEASE OF PETROLEUM-DERIVED AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS BY FOUR SPECIES OF MARINE ANIMALS
Neff, J.M., B.A. Cox, D. Dixit, and J.W. Anderson. 1976.
Marine Biology 38:279-289.
ACCUMULATION AND RELEASE OF FUEL OIL DERIVED DIAROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS BY THE POLYCHAETE, NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA
(MOORE)
Rossi, S.S., and J.W. Anderson. 1977.
Marine Biology 39:51-55
TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND OIL EFFECTS ON THE INGESTION,
EGESTION AND GROWTH OF NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA (MOORE)
Young, L., and J.W. Anderson. 1976.
American Zoology 16:238. Abstract.
Information Source:
J.W. Anderson, Senior Research Scientist,
Battelle Pacific Northwest Division,
Marine Research Laboratory, Route 5,
Box 100, Sequim, WA 93832
R-087-77
ACUTE FISH BIOASSAY
Principal Investigator:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Slonim, A.R.
U.S. Air Force, Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson A.F.B.
Dayton, OH 45433
U.S. Department of Defense, Air Force,
No. DF320510
10/76 to 9/77
This project will determine the water pollution potential of
aircraft fuels and lubricants, missile propellants and their
exhaust products, and other Air Force materials that could result
in significant environmental damage. The acute toxicity of
hydrazine, UDMH, aerozine-50, and MMH will be determined using
propel 1 ant bioassays with the fathead minnow and other fish species.
The efficacy of various chemicals will be evaluated relative
to reversing or reducing the toxicity to fish life.
'provide a data base upon which environmental
and assessments can be made as they apply to
these chemicals.
[SSIE No. ZQF-320510]
Results will
impact statements
weapon systems using
200
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R-088-77
ECOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL ON
BIROS
Principal Investigator: Stickel, L.F.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Laurel, MD 20811
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Division of Population Reg. Res.;
No. 85-830-9285-000
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Funds: $440,000
The effect of sublethal exposure of birds to oil will be studied
by correlating experimental and ecological studies that relate
toxicological/physiological effects and kinetics of oil in birds
to exposure in the environment. Recommendations will be made
for guidelines to levels of oil in the environment that are
dangerous to the welfare of wild bird populations.
[SSIE No. ZUV-82]
2. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-089-77
STUDY OF OIL SPILLED FROM THE SUPERTANKER METULA
Principal Investigator: Hann, R.W., Jr.
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University System,
Graduate School, College Station, TX 77843
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation,
Office of the Secretary, No. CG59181,
Contract CG-62, 281-A
Period: 12/75 to 12/76
The objectives of this project are threefold: 1) to determine
and photograph periodically the remaining oil on the shores
of the Strait of Magellan; 2) to collect and ship oil samples
to the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center for
oil fingerprinting; 3) to visually observe the recurring damage
and/or resulting recovery in the affected intertidal zone and
estuaries.
[SSIE No. GZO-255]
201
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Status: The project is continuing with another site visit to
Chile in the winter, 1977-78. In conjunction with this project,
the investigators are developing an Oil Spill Technical Assistance
Program and preparing a second generation of courses in oil
spill cleanup. These courses will expand upon those offered at
the Texas A & M Oil Spill Control School in Galveston.
Reports and Publications
OIL POLLUTION FROM THE TANKER "METULA"
Hann, R.W., Jr. 1974.
Texas A & M University Report. 61 p.
The VLCC "Metula" ran aground in the Straits of Magellan
in August, 1974, and lost 51,500 tons of oil. The effects
of this spill on the shore and the organisms, and the
feasibility of cleanup/containment operations are discussed.
This spill taught those involved that spills can happen
even with superships, that present cleanup methods are
for small spills, and that keeping superports offshore
helps provide reaction time.
FOLLOW-UP FIELD SURVEY OF THE OIL POLLUTION FROM THE
TANKER 'METULA1
Hann, R.W. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-166-75, Contract DOT-CG-42444-A.
59 p. AD-A017 100/9GA
Most of the 20,000 tons of oil which came ashore is still
present; the spill will be a longterm source of water
pollution as it leaches and erodes into the water. The
intertidal marine life was substantially affected. Marine
waterfowl are still suffering from unstabilized oil or
mousse at the top of the beach zone and from eating con-
taminated mussels.
Information Source:
H.N. Young, Jr., Texas A & M University,
Civil Engineering Department,
College Station, TX 77843
R-090-77
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOLLOWING ALEXANDRIA BAY OIL SPILL
Principal Investigators: Tyson, W.E., D. Palm, M. Alexander,
D. Behrend, J. Geis, T. Lillesand,
and R. Marler
St. Lawrence E. Ontario Commission,
317 Washington St., Watertown, NY 13601
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
No. R805031 01
11/76 to 10/77
$59,745
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
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This project is concerned with the environmental and economic
impacts of the June 23, 1976 oil spill on the St. Lawrence
River. Evaluations will cover the adequacy of the spill clean-
up, biological effects on small mammals, water fowl, aquatic
and wetland resources, and determination of the levels of
petroleum hydrocarbons within the affected ecosystems to assess
the extent of contamination and bioaccumulation. Results will
provide data for development of policies and procedures dealing
with oil transport and spillage in similar areas.
[SSIE No. GMA-3463]
Status: The first year of the two-year study was completed
September 23, 1977. An interim report entitled, "Fall 1976
Survey of Residual Contaminants," was issued in January, 1977.
No other reports are expected until the end of the granting
period, September, 1978.
Reports and Publications
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT STUDIES FOLLOWING ALEXANDRIA BAY OIL
SPILL: FALL 1976 FIELD SURVEY OF RESIDUAL CONTAMINANTS
St. Lawrence-Eastern Ontario Commission. 1977.
Interim report, EPA Grant No. R80531010. 22 p.
On June 23, 1976, an estimated 1,166,000 L (308,000 gal)
of No. 6 bunker oil were released from a barge after
several tanks ruptured as it struck Comfort Shoal upstream
of Alexandria Bay. Efforts were undertaken to develop
a plan of study to determine the economic and environmental
impacts of oil in a riverine environment. The main ob-
jective of this study was to determine the effects of time
and the elements on residual hydrocarbons. Results are
summarized of the fall 1976 field survey.
Information Source: D.J. Palm, Project Manager, St. Lawrence-
Eastern Ontario Commission, 317 Washinaton St.,
watertown, NY 13601
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
1. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-333-74 (renewal)
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT
Principal Investigator: Mclntyre, W.G.
Performing Organization: Louisiana State University, School
of Arts and Sciences, University Station,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Supporting Agency: Ford Foundation
Period: 7/75 to 9/76
Pollution arising from offshore marine transportation., oil and
gas development, and the movement of populations to coastal
areas endangers coastal wetlands, which constitute one of the
most important support systems for the world's fishery resources.
A study of coastal wetlands management will be conducted com-
paring control policies and programs of the Rhone River in
France, the Rhine in the Netherlands, the Mississippi in the
U.S., and the Thames in England.
[SSIE No. QY-2559-1]
R-091-77
STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF EFFLUENT STANDARDS FOR THE
OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS
Principal Investigators: Shore, R., and J.A. Post
Performing Organization: Energy Resources Company, Inc.,
185 Alewife Brook Parkway,
Cambridge, MA 02138
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
Contract 68-01-4177
Period: 8/76 to 2/77
Funds: $111,309
The impacts of brine discharge on the marine and estuarine en-
vironment will be assessed at 4 sites: a coastal bay in
Louisiana; Cook Inlet, Alaska; near offshore Gulf of Mexico;
and far offshore Gulf of Mexico. A computerized dispersion
model is used to calculate contours of brine concentration levels
around the discharge point. Data in the literature of the toxic
effects of brine constituents (including oil hydrocarbons)
are then used in conjunction with the dispersion model results
to estimate impacted areas at the study sites.
[SSIE No. GMA-3399]
204
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIODEGRADATION
R-092-77
CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT (CEPEX) - ROLE OF
BACTERIA IN POLLUTED MARINE ECOSYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Azam, F.
Performing Organization: University of California, Graduate School
P.O. Box 109, San Diego, CA 92037
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences,
No. OCE76-22716
Period: 11/76 to 12/77
Funds: $48,100
For this research, natural marine communities contained in
large plastic cylinders are subjected to low-level, long-term
exposure to heavy metals and petroleum. One of the five studies
deals with bacterial breakdown of selected 14C-labeled petroleum
hydrocarbons.
[SSIE No. CH-881]
Reports and Publications
EFFECTS OF FOUR OILS ON MARINE BACTERIAL POPULATIONS:
CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT
Hodson, R.E., F. Azam, and R.F. Lee. 1977.
Bulletin of Marine Science 27(1):119-126.
The effects of Louisiana and Kuwait crudes, No. 2, and
Bunker-C fuel oils were examined on heterotrophic uptake
and mineralization of D-glucose by microbial populations
from Saanich Inlet, Canada. All oils inhibited uptake
and mineralization, with the two processed oils being more
toxic than the crude oils. Populations did not acquire
tolerance to oil after one month's exposure.
Information Source: F. Azam, University of California, Graduate
School, P.O. Box 109, San Diego, CA 92037
R-093-77
DEEP OCEAN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF MARINE BACTERIA
Principal Investigator: Colwell, R.R.
Performing Organization: University of Maryland, School of
Agriculture, College Park, MD 20742
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences, No. OCE76-82655
Period: 1/77 to 12/77
Funds: $32,500
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Second-year research is being conducted to determine the interaction
of microorganisms with the deep-ocean environment under in situ
conditions. Rates of utilization will be assessed using seawater
samples enriched with chitin, cellulose, carbohydrates, urea,
and other organic compounds. Biodegradation experiments will
use substrates of petroleum, heavy metals, and pesticides,.
Other studies will cover metabolic activity, genetic experi-
ments concerning geographic distribution, and the ecological
significance of plasmids in the deep sea.
[SSIE No. CM-310]
For a list of publications, see Oil
Reports, May-July 77, p. 271-274.
Spill and Oil Pollution
2. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
R-302-75 (renewal)
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELVES
Principal Investigator: Miller, R.E.
U.S. Department of the Interior;,
Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise
Valley Dr., Herndon, VA 22092
U.S. Department of the Interior,,
Geological Survey, Geologic Division,
No. 9450-01543
10/76 to 9/77
$60,000
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
The principal objectives of this project are to determine
quantitatively the low-level baseline concentrations of naturally
occurring organic substances in surface shelf and slope sediments, and
to distinguish and classify in core sediments those natural
organic substances and organo-metallo complexes that are related
to specific geological and geochemical processes.
[SSIE No. ZUA-3570-2]
R-094-77
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN
Principal Investigator:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Period:
Funds:
THE SEDIMENTS OF THE BERMUDA PLATFORM
Butler, J.N.
Harvard University, School of Arts &
Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138
U.S. National Science Foundation,
Division of Ocean Sciences, No. OCE76-19901
11/76 to 10/77
$22,000
206
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"This research project will sample sediments on the slope of
the Bermuda platform at depths from shallow lagoonal to abyssal,
and characterize the hydrocarbons found in these sediments using
column chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry."
It is speculated that one possible fate of petroleum residues
in the open ocean is accumulation in the sediments.
[SSIE No. CH-875]
R-095-77
EPA/MASS
Principal Investigator: Gait, J.A.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce,
Environmental Research Laboratories,
Boulder, CO 80302
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
No. B7121231
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
Funds: $80,000
"Develop numerical techniques to model and simulate the marine
environment to: 1) aid in the interpretation of observational
data, 2) explain dynamic processes controlling the distribution
of substances within and on the water, and 3) facilitate the
communication and presentation of research results through
the development of computer graphics." Modeling and simulation
studies are being conducted in support of EPA sponsored
pollutant distribution studies.
Status: Initial formulations of oil trajectory models for the
Puget Sound region have been constructed.
[SSIE No. GMA-3297]
R-096-77
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF AIR FORCE CHEMICALS IN AIR, WATER
AND SOIL
Principal Investigator: Inman, R.C.
Performing Organization: U.S. Air Force, Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson A.F.B.,
Dayton, OH 45433
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Air Force,
No. DF320520
Period: 10/76 to 9/77
The degradation of Air Force critical materials introduced
into an aquatic or terrestrial environment and the degradation
rate kinetics will be studied. Data will be used in compiling
environmental impact statements or assessments on weapons systems
using these chemicals.
[SSIE No. ZQF-320520]
207
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SECTION III: CURRENT CONFERENCES
*Additional information not available at time of publication.
Aug. 20- 9th International Seaweed Symposium and meetings of the Inter-
27 national Phycological Society and Phycological Society of
America, University of California, Santa Barbara, California,
1977.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
TOXICITY OF CRUDE OILS AND FUEL OILS PRESENTED DIRECTLY TO
MICROALGAE
Batterton, J. C., K. Winters, and C. Van Baalen
Fuel oils were much more growth-inhibiting than crude oils
for a green alga, a blue-green alga, and a diatom. "Baton
Rouge" and "New Jersey" fuel oil samples were toxic but
were detoxified by heating. Chemical data suggest that the
less water-soluble compounds in the higher boiling aromatic
fraction are the cause of toxicity.
SENSITIVITY OF SOME BROWN ALGAL REPRODUCTIVE STAGES TO
OIL POLLUTION
Steele, R. L.
The author studied two genera of brown algae, Fucus and
Laminaria, to measure oil pollution toxicity in these
bioassay organisms. Four kinds of oil were tested and both
algae were found to be sensitive at less than 100 ppb. Male
reproductive cells were much more sensitive; than eggs or
female gametophytes.
Proceedings of the Ninth International Seaweed Symposium will
be published in 1978 and be available for $25.00 from Science
Press, 8 Brookstone Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540
Aug. 28- PACHEC '77, 2nd Pacific Area Chemical Engineering Conference,
31 Denver, Colorado.
Sponsored by the Interamerican Confederation of Chemical
Engineers, Asian Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering,
and American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
The program included environmental and safety aspects of energy,
petroleum, and petrochemicals production. Sessions 9, 18,
and 27 were entitled Environmental Aspects of Shale Oil Pro-
duction and Processing; Sessions 38 and 47 dealt with Water
Problems Associated with Coal Conversion and Shale Oil Pro-
duction; and Session 45 was entitled Environmental Aspects of
Tar Sands Processing.
Proceedings of the Conference are available for $35,00 from
AIChE Publications Department, 345 East 47th St., New York,
NY 10007
208
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Sept. 12- Meeting of the Water Pollution Control Federation of Germany,
16 Essen, Federal Republic of Germany, 1977.
FFI contact Mr. C. H. Plumer, Abwassertechnische Vereinigung,
Bertha von Sutter Platz 9, Bonn 53, Federal Republic of Germany
Sept. 13- Third Symposium on Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion
16 Technology, Hollywood, Florida, 1977.
Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory/RTP.
FFI contact Franklin A. Ayer, Research Triangle Institute,
P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Sept. 26- 2nd International Symposium on Aquatic Pollutants, Noordwijkerhout
28 (near Amsterdam), The Netherlands, 1977.
Sponsored by the Commission of European Communities, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Netherlands Ministry of Public
Health and Environmental Hygiene,and others.
The conference included 30 papers on transport, transformation,
and biological effects of aquatic pollutants.
FFI contact George L. Baughman, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, College Station Rd., Athens,
GA 30601
Sept. 28- 2nd International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
30 Battelle Columbus Labs, Columbus, Ohio, 1977.
FFI contact Dr. Peter W. .Tones, Battelle Columbus Labs, 505 King
Ave., Columbus, OH 43201
Oct. 3-6 1977 Refining Department Autumn Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 1977.
Sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute.
FFI contact the Conference Department, API Refining Department,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
Oct. 4-5 ASTM Symposium on Chemical Dispersants for the Control of
Oil Spills, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1977.
Sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials,
Committee F-20 on Spill Control Systems.
209
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Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session I
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM AND CHEMISTRY ASPECTS
OF CHEMICAL DISPERSION
Canevari, G. P.
JOINT US/USSR PROGRAM-DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD DISPERSANT
TESTS
Dorrler, J. S., and L. T. McCarthy, Jr.
TOXICITY TESTING PROCEDURES IN THE UK FOR THE EVALUATION OF
OIL SLICK DISPERSANTS
Norton, M. G., F. E. Franklin, and R. A. A. Blackman
A SMALL SCALE LABORATORY DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TEST
Mackay, D., S. Nadeau, and C. Ng
THE ACUTE TOXICITY AND DISPERSING EFFECTIVENESS OF OIL
SPILLS DISPERSANTS-RESULTS OF A CANADIAN DISPERSANT TESTING
PROGRAM (1973-1977)
Doe, D. G., P. G. Wells, and G. W. Harris
THE FEASIBILITY OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF DISPERSANTS IN
THE SOUTHERN BEAUFORT SEA
Ross, C. W.
Session II
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL DISPERSANT SPRAYING SYSTEM
Manolio, V. P., Jr., and L. T. McCarthy, Jr.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF OIL SPILLS AND HAZARDS
Kaufmann, S.
SOME GUIDELINES FOR OIL-SPILL CONTROL IN COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
BASED ON FIELD STUDIES OF THE METULA AND URQUIOLA OIL SPILLS
Hayes, M. 0., E. R. Gundlach, A. E. Blount, C. H. Ruby,
I. A. Fischer, L. G. Ward, and R. Stein
THE ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS OF WHETHER OR NOT TO TREAT OIL SPILLS
Wilson, M. P., Jr.
OIL SPILL CONTROL CHEMICALS - A CURRENT VIEW
Lindblom, G. P.
Session III
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED
OIL SPILLS AT SEA
Johanson, E. E., C. D. McAuliffe, and R. A. Brown
DISPERSANT FIELD TRIALS IN CANADIAN WATER
Gill, S. D.
EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR AERIAL SPRAYING OF OIL DISPERSANT
CHEMICALS
Barker, C. D., G. P. Lindblom, J. C. Jefferies, H. Hawkins,
R. J. Fulleylove, J. Nichols, J. H. Arnold, and S. A. Horn
210
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EVALUATION OF SELECTED SURFACTANTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF
SHORELINES AND SALT MARSHES FROM OIL SPILLS
Foget, C.
EFFECT OF A CHEMICAL DISPERSANT ON MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF
PETROLEUM
Traxler, R. W., and L. S. Bhattacharya
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DISPERSED OIL IN THE WATER COLUMN
Ahmadjian, M.,and P. F. Lynch
Session IV
DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS IN A TREATED OIL-WATER SYSTEM
Jasper, W. L., T. J. Kim, and M. P. Wilson
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF DISPERSANT USAGE
Garnett, M. J., and I. C. White
PROMPT USE OF DISPERSANTS CAN CONTROL OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS
Fitzgerald, D. E.
A SYSTEM FOR THE APPLICATION OF DISPERSANTS TO THE PROBLEMS
OF OIL SPILL CLEANING
Cormack, D.
EFFECTS OF DISPERSANT USE ON SHORE LIFE
Nelson, A.
Discussion Session
THE USE OF CHEMICALS TO CONTROL SPILLS OF OIL
Laroche, G., J. Kirkland, M. J. Garnett, and E. W. Mertens
FFI contact Conference Chairman, ASTM Symposium on Chemical
Dispersants, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103
Oct. 9-12 52nd SPE-AIME. Annual Fall Technology Conference and Exhibition,
Denver, Colorado, 1977.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
SPE 6835
POLYMER USE IN BLOWOUT CONTROL
Arnwine, L. C., and J. W. Ely
SPE 6903
AN OFFSHORE BLOWOUT AND HOW IT WAS KILLED
Barnett, R. D.
FFI contact Ms. K. Lee, Meetings Secretary, SPE of AIME,
6200 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75206
211
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Oct. 11- Long-Term Recovery Potential of Cold-Water Marine Environments
14 after Oil Spills, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth,
Nova Scotia, 1977.
Sponsored by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada
Fisheries and Marine Service, Canada Environmental Protection
Service, Transport Canada, and The Petroleum Association for
the Conservation of the Canadian Environment.
A primary aim of the symposium was to focus on the question of
community recovery over time, especially in cold-water environ-
ments. Central to the symposium are papers dealing with long-
term follow-up studies on four major spills: the 1967 "Torrey
Canyon" in the U.K., the 1969 "Florida" in West Falmouth,
Mass., the 1970 "Arrow" in Chedabucto Bay, Canada, and the 1974
"Metula" spill in Chile.
Symposium Program
Session 1 - "Long-Term Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons after
Spills -- Compositional Changes and Microbial Degradation"
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC CHANGES IN PRUDHOE BAY OIL IN SURFACE
AND UNDER-ICE WATERS IN THE ARCTIC
Atlas, R. M.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY STUDIES OF THE METULA SPILL IN THE STRAITS
OF MAGELLAN
Colwell, R. R.
LONG-TERM FATE OF A HEAVY FUEL OIL IN A SPILL-CONTAMINATED
B.C. COASTAL BAY
Cretnay, W. J.
GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILLS IN BUZZARDS
BAY - 1969 SPILL AND 1974 SPILL
Farrington, J. W.
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE SAND COLUMN OF
A POLLUTED BEACH IN WILHEMSHAVEN
Gassmann, G.
ROLE OF THE BURROWING ANNELID ARENICOLA MARINA IN THE
WEATHERING OF OIL IN INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS
Gordon, D. C., Jr.
ARROW BUNKER C RESIDUES IN SHORE AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF
CHEDABUCTO BAY, NOVA SCOTIA
Keizer, P. D., et al
PEABODY CREEK, PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON - INTERTIDAL SEDIMENT
CONTAMINATION AND APPARENT RECOVERY
MacLeod, W. D., et al
BASE-LINE STUDIES OF THE U.K. AND ANTARCTIC COAST
Mackie, P. R.
212
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PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN TISSUES AND SEDIMENTS FROM STEADILY
WEATHERING OIL SPILLS - SEARSPORT AND CASCO BAY
Mayo, D., and D. Page
RATES OF MECHANICAL DISPERSAL OF OIL STRANDED IN THE LITTORAL
ZONE
Owens, E. H.
HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING BACTERIA FROM SHORELINES AND BOTTOM
SEDIMENTS OF CHEDABUCTO BAY, NOVA SCOTIA - POTENTIAL FOR
SPILL DEGRADATION
Stewart, J.
ANALYSES OF CHANGES IN AROMATICS IN SEVEN YEARS SINCE THE
WEST FALMOUTH OIL SPILLS IN WILD HARBOR MARSH SEDIMENTS:
1969-1976
Teal, J.
EARLY DIAGENETIC CHANGES IN PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS BURIED IN
SEDIMENTS
Van Vleet, E. S.
Session II - "Physiological Stresses and Response in
Chronically Oiled Organisms."
DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF SHORT - TERM NATURAL SELECTION
ON TWO ALLOZYMIC LOCI IN THE OYSTER DRILL UROSALPINX CINEREA
FROM W. FALMOUTH
Cole, T. J.
ALTERATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY, GROWTH, AND POPULATION STRUCTURE
IN THE SOFT-SHELL CLAM MYA ARENARIA FROM CHRONICALLY OILED
SEDIMENTS: ARROW 1970-1976
Gilfillan, E.
UPTAKE AND DEPURATION OF AROMATIC PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN
SEVERAL SPECIES AFTER A 2,000-TON IRANIAN CRUDE SPILL ON THE
WEST COAST OF NORWAY
Grahl-Nielsen, 0.
EFFECTS OF SEAWATER EXTRACTS OF EKOFISK OIL ON THE HATCHING
SUCCESS OF BARENTS SEA CAPELIN
Johannessen, K. I.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE WEST FALMOUTH SPILL ON CRAB POPULATIONS:
1969-1976
Krebs, C. T.
EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION OF
NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON EGGS AND LARVAE OF WINTER FLOUNDER AFTER
EXPOSURE OF THE ADULTS DURING MATURATION
Kuhnhold, W. W.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF FLATFISH TO SEDIMENT CON-
TAMINATED WITH ALASKAN CRUDE OIL
McCain, B. B.
213
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GROWTH AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN A MARINE FISH AFTER
SIX MONTHS EXPOSURE TO PETROLEUM
Payne, J. F.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PETROLEUM UPON THE GROWTH
OF MARINE ORGANISMS
Percy, J.
BIO-AVAILABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS
Roesijadi, G.
THE EFFECTS OF UPTAKE AND DISCHARGE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE SOFT-SHELL CLAM MYA ARENARIA
Stainken, D.
CYTOCHROME P-450 AND HYDROCARBON METABOLISM IN FISH FROM
THE WILD HARBOR MARSH, WEST FALMOUTH
Stegeman, J. J.
TISSUE ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES IN CHRONICALLY
OILED SEDIMENTS FROM CHEDABUCTO BAY, NOVA SCOTIA: ARROW
1970-1976
Vandermeulen, J. H.
Session III - "Long-Term Effects of Oil Spills on Marine
Intertidal Communities."
RECRUITMENT OF BENTHIC ANIMALS AS A FUNCTION OF PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION IN THE SEDIMENT
Anderson, J. W.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON SOME BRITISH INTERTIDAL
COMMUNITIES
Baker, J. M.
OBSERVATIONS OF A COLD-WATER INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY FIVE YEARS
AFTER THE GENERAL M.C. MEIGS SPILL
Clark, R. C., Jr.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE BALTIC SEA
Canning, B., and 0. Linden
EFFECTS OF OIL ON SALT MARSH VEGETATION: A QUANTITATIVE
TWO-YEAR STUDY OF RECRUITMENT AND GROWTH
Hampson, G. R.
RECOVERY OF BENTHIC MACROFAUNA FROM CHRONIC OIL POLLUTION
IN THE SEA AREA OFF A REFINERY PLANT, FINLAND
Leppakoski, E. J.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF OIL ON BENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT
WEST FALMOUTH
Michael, A. D.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON FUCUS AND MACROFAUNA
IN A SMALL BALTIC BAY
Notini, M.
214
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FLORIDA OIL SPILL IMPACT ON THE BUZZARDS BAY BENTHIC FAUNA:
WEST FALMOUTH
Sanders, H. L.
RECOLONIZATION OF ROCKY SHORES IN CORNWALL AFTER USE OF
TOXIC DETERGENTS TO CLEAN UP THE TORREY CANYON SPILL
Southward, A. J.
INTERTIDAL ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE METULA OIL SPILL FOR
TWO AND A HALF YEARS AFTER THE SPILL
Straughan, D. J.
RECOVERY OF INTERTIDAL FAUNA AND FLORA ON CHRONICALLY
OILED SHORES OF CHEDABUCTO BAY: 1970-1977
Thomas, M.
The proceedings of the symposium will be published by the
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada as a
special symposium issue. Inquiries should be directed to:
Scientific Information and Publications Branch, Fisheries and
Marine Service, Department of Fisheries and the Environment,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OE6.
Oct. 12- 9th American Chemical Society Central Regional Meeting,
14 Charleston, West Virginia, 1977.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Biochemical Program
Symposium on Microbial Transformations of Aromatic
Compounds
Paper 16
MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Gibson, D. T., R. H. Dodge, and C. E. Cerniglia
Conference abstracts are available from Dr. J. N. Cawse,
Union Carbide Corporation, P.O. Box 8361, South Charleston,
WV 25303
Oct. 12- 1977 Pacific Conference on Chemistry and Spectroscopy,
14 Anaheim, California, 1977.
Sponsored by the American Chemical Society and the Society
for Applied Spectroscopy.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Symposium on Practical Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy
Paper 71
APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
FOR OIL IDENTIFICATION
Coleman, H. J., and P. L. Grizzle
215
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FFI contact Mr. M. M. Owens, Cochairman, ARCO, 1801 East
Sepulveda Blvd., Carson, CA 90745
Oct. 17- OCEANS '77, Los Angeles, California, 1977.
19 Sponsored by the Marine Technology Society and the Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Council on Oceanic
Engineering.
"An International Conference to discuss and explore developing
technology and its impact on public policy and education with
a focus on the Pacific Rim".
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Public Policy Session 5: The Pacific Basin Community
Paper 5D
Palau: "NATIVE PARADISE" OR PETROLEUM SUPERPORT
Soule, D. F.
Technical Session 13: Port Operations
Paper 13B
THE COAST GUARD'S DEEPWATER PORT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
Jones, R. G.
Paper 13D
PORT PLANNING TO MINIMIZE RISK TO HAZARDOUS MATERIAL VESSEL
MOVEMENT
Lancaster, J. H.
Technical Session 28: Tanker Operations
Paper 28A
TANKERS, THE COAST GUARD AND PUBLIC POLICY
Ide, J. C.
Paper 28B
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR FOR DEBALLASTING APPLICATIONS
Mittleman, J., and M. Jones
Paper 28D
VALDEZ NARROWS TANKER SIMULATIONS
Devlin, W. H.
Technical Session 33: Marine Water Quality
Paper 33D
DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY
Jensen, D. S.
Paper 33E
OIL SPILL RECOVERY WITH MAGNETICALLY RETRIEVABLE SORBENTS
Turbeville, J. E.
216
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Technical Session 40: Environmental Aspects of Offshore
Petroleum Development
Paper 40A
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DRILLING FLUID AND DRILL CUTTINGS
DISPOSAL
Zingula, R.
Paper 40B
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCED WATER DISPOSAL
Weiss, F. T., and B. Koons
Paper 40C
FATE OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ANIMALS
Lee, R.
Paper 40D
WEATHERING OF SPILLED OIL AND METHODS OF ACCELERATING
McAuliffe, C. D.
Paper 40E
IMPACT OF ALASKAN PETROLEUM TRANSPORT ON THE CALIFORNIA
COASTLINE
Stinner, R. J., and S. Wang
Technical Session 43: Safety Aspects of Ship Operations
Paper 43C
TRANS-ALASKA OIL PIPELINE SYSTEM (TAPS) OIL MOVEMENT-
MARINE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS OF MOVEMENT BY SEA
Riedel, W. R.
The OCEANS '77 Conference Record containing the technical
papers will be available from IEEE Single Copy Sales,
445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
Oct. 17- 8th International Conference on Water Pollution Research,
22 Sydney, Australia,
FFI contact H. R. Eisenhauer, Canada Department of the
Environment, Inland Waters Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario
K1A OE7, Canada
Oct. 23- 27th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Calgary, Alberta,
27 1977.
Sponsored by the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering,
Canadian Natural Gas Processing Association, Canadian Natural
Gas Processing Supply Men's Association, Coal Association of
Canada, Petroleum Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy, Chemical Institute of Canada, and Alberta
Sulfur Research Ltd.
217
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Theme of the conference is Energy and Development.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 1: Oil Sands Symposium 1
THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
Pahl, M. G.
The title program, AOSERP, is a multidisciplinary,
intergovernmental applied research effort directed towards
the practical solution of social and environmental problems
associated with the Athabasca oil sands development. The
project, now in its third year, is headed by Alberta En-
vironment and is jointly funded at $4 million per year by
the Alberta and Canadian government. Industry is represented
through the Oil Sands Environmental Study Group. Research
efforts are focused in areas of hydrology, hydrogeology,
meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic fauna,
land use and reclamation, vegetation, and human environment.
Session 4: Environmental and Resource Management 1
AN ENVIRONMENTALIST'S PERCEPTION OF THE CANADIAN OIL INDUSTRY
Gallon, G.
A personal viewpoint is presented on the activities of the
oil industry in Canada from 1970 to present, addressing major
oil company activities including Northern Development,
West Coast Oil Port Development, Refining, and media ad-
vertisement.
Session 8: Oil Sands Symposium II
SOME ASPECTS OF ATHABASCA OIL SANDS PROCESSING
Moschopedis, S. E., and J. G. Speight
The environmental impact of the gigantic Athabasca oil
sands development project has been a cause of some concern,
particularly the water-soluble organic materials and dispersed
clay that exists in the tailings ponds of oil sands
processing plants. The soluble organics are partly aromatic
in nature, contain phenolic, carboxylic and sulphonic functions,
and act as clay dispersants.
Conference proceedings will be available from the CSChE Publications
Department, 906-151 Slater St., Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5H3, Canada.
Oct. 26- SPE-AIME Eastern Regional Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1977.
28
Theme of the conference is "Eastern expectations for energy
development". The primary aim of the meeting is to clarify
what the northeastern U.S. may expect from emerging national
energy policies.
218
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Oil Pollution Related Papers
SPE 6623
REGULATORY DRILLING PRACTICES IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
Dodd, R. L.
The powers and responsibilities of agencies overseeing oil
and gas exploration and drilling activities are reviewed
for Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. State oil develop-
ment policies are compared with state's policies towards
other natural resources, industries, and environmental
and conservation issues.
FFI contact Ms. K. Lee, Meetings Secretary, SPE of AIME,
6200 North Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75206
Nov. 1-3 6th International Pollution Engineering Exposition & Congress,
Atlanta, Georgia, 1977.
Runs concurrently with the Southern Plant Engineering &
Maintenance Show and Conference. Over 300 exhibits by manufac-
turers of plant operating equipment, maintenance and pollution
control products and services are featured, including oil
skimmers, adsorbents, and wastewater sampling instrumentation.
The conference includes topics in industrial wastewater
treatment and disposal, containment of plant spills, and
compliance with environmental regulations and standards.
Conference programs are available from Clapp & Poliak, Inc.,
245 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Nov. 2-4 SREL Symposium on Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic
Systems, Augusta, Georgia, 1977.
The symposium includes topics on contamination from fossil
fuels and byproducts.
FFI contact Dr. James H. Thorp, Savannah River Ecology
Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801
Nov. 4-5 SPE-AIME Trinidad-Tobago Petroleum Exposition and Conference,
Port-of-Spain, 1977.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
SPE 7031
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Hinds, H. C., and R. A. Mends
219
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SPE 7035
SAFETY AND PROPOSED DRILLING REGULATIONS FOR TRINIDAD
Kin, F. L.
FFI contact Ms. K. Lee, Meetings Secretary, SPE of AIME,
6200 North Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75206
Nov. 6-11 4th Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants,
New Orleans, Louisiana, 1977.
Sponsored by the ACS, AIAA, AIChE, AME, EPA, ERDA, IEEE,
Instrument Society of America, NASA, NOAA, U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development, USGS, U.S. Department of
State, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session VI-D: New Analytical Techniques for Environmental
Sensing and Assessment - I
Paper 165
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS USING ION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Long, T. S., and A. L. Reinsvold
Paper 170
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF
REACTIVE HYDROCARBONS
Baskins, L. L.
Session VI-E: Sensing of Water and Land Pollution in the
Coastal Zone
Paper 175
SIGNATURE EXTRACTION OF OCEAN POLLUTANTS BY EIGENVECTOR
TRANSFORMATION OF REMOTE SPECTRA
Crew, G. W.
Paper 176
MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING UTILIZING AN AIRBORNE FRAUNHOFER
LINE DISCRIMINATOR
Watson, R. D., M. E. Henry, A. F. Theisen, T. J. Donovan,
and W. R. Hemphill
Session VII-E: Remote Sensing of Water and Land Pollution
Paper 207
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE LASER FLUOROSENSOR FOR OIL AND
WATER POLLUTION MONITORING
Houston, W. R., W. Morrow, and J. H. Davies
Proceedings are available for $50.00 from Barbara R. Hodsdon,
Conference Manager, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St.,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
220
-------
Nov. 9- SERACS 29 (29th Annual ACS Southeast Regional Meeting), Tampa,
11 Florida, 1977.
Sponsored by the American Chemical Society Florida Section.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Marine Chemistry Symposium
Paper 300
ANALYSIS OF ACCUMULATED PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN TISSUES
OF OIL-EXPOSED MALLARD DUCKS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)
Lawler, G. C., W.-A. Loong, and J. L. Laseter
FFI contact A. T. Winstead, American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
Nov. 10- SNAME 1977 Annual Meeting, New York City, New York, 1977.
12
FFI contact the Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Engineers, One World Trade Center, Ste 1369, New York, NY
10048
Nov. 13- 70th AIChE Annual Meeting, New York City, New York, 1977.
The conference program covers topics on fuels and petrochemicals.
Included are two sessions entitled, "Energy, Environment and
Cost: a Challenge to Refining and Petrochemical Operations,"
and a session on environmental aspects of water, industrial
wastes, runoff, wastewater treatment and disposal, and wastewater
monitoring.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 58: Energy, Environment, and Cost: A Challenge
to Refining and Petrochemical Operations
Paper 58c
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF LOCATING A GRASS ROOTS REFINERY
IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA
Rayford, R., and B. Rubin
Features of refinery design and operation which are necessary
for adequate environmental protection are discussed. The
modification of an existing refinery and the design of a
new facility are described, using case examples. Problems
of siting refineries in environmentally sensitive areas are
considered.
Session 92: Toxic Effluents and Toxic Spills - Safety and
Environmental Aspects. Part I
Paper 92a
EPA REGULATIONS ON TOXIC SPILLS AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Jennings, A.
221
-------
Present and proposed EPA regulations regarding toxic oil
and chemical spills are discussed and their key features
are detailed.
Paper 92b
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY VIEWPOINTS ON TOXIC SPILLS AND TOXIC
POLLUTANTS
Ladd, E. C., and R. L. Pellissier
The chemical industry's perspective on the problem of toxic
oil and chemical spills is presented, and the effects of
present and proposed regulations on plant operation costs
and methods are discussed.
Paper 92c
SAFETY ASPECTS OF TOXIC SPILLS AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Wood, W. S.
The safety aspects of toxic oil and chemical spills are
presented, including the potential of fires, explosions
and hazards to life and property. Safety measures in
the chemical industry are featured.
Paper 92d
MODELING AND MONITORING OF TOXIC SPILLS AND TOXIC EFFLUENTS
Kenson, R. E.
Problems of monitoring and modeling toxic oil and chemical
spills are discussed, and suitable standard methods are
proposed. State-of-the-art techniques are reviewed.
Paper 92e
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TOXIC SPILLS AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Nadeau, R.
The effects of toxic oil and chemical spills on biological
systems are reviewed. Most data available deal with aquatic
organisms, however some data on effects of spills on
terrestrial organisms are recorded.
Paper 92f
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF TOXIC SPILLS/TOXIC POLLUTANTS CLEANUP
Larkman, D. F. G.
Responsibilities of the chemical industry for cleaning up
toxic oil and chemical spills are discussed, and a review
of currently available technology is presented.
Session 101: Land Application Technology For Industrial
Wastes. Part 1
Paper lOlb
BIODEGRADATION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS
BY SOIL AND WATER MICROORGANISMS
Me Kenna, E. J.
222
-------
This study delineated the biodegradability of polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons(PNA)by soil and water organisms,
and determined the persistence of selected PNA components
by measuring residual hydrocarbons in microbial cultures
as a function of time.
Paper lOld
ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF DILUTE EMULSIFIED OILY WASTEWATERS
Weintraub, M. H.
Electrolytic treatment of emulsified oil in dilute oily
wastewater is described, and design and economic considera-
tions for treatment facilities are discussed.
Paper 116d
SOIL DISPOSAL OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS
Brown, K. W., and L. E. Deuel
The feasibility of using land disposal for petrochemical
wastewaters was investigated. The toxicity of the waste-
waters was evaluated for three plant species, and the toxic
effects were reduced by dilution and rinsing after application.
Nitrates in wastes were not found to dissipate into groundwater.
FFI contact W. H. McCarty, Mobil Chemical Co. Research and
Development Laboratories, P.O. Box 240, Edison, NJ 08817
Nov. 14- Annual Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, Houston,
15 Texas, 1977.
FFI contact the Conference Department, American Petroleum
Institute, 2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
223
-------
MASTER LIST OF KEYWORDS
S:
SA:
See
See also
Absorption
Activated sludge
Acute effects
Adriatic Sea
Adsorption
Aegean Sea
Africa
Alabama
Alaska
Alaska coast
Alaska, Gulf of
Algae ... SA: Phytoplankton
Analytical techniques ...
SA: Chemical analysis; Source
identification
Animals
Annelida ... SA: Polychaetes
Antarctica
API
Arabian Sea
Arctic
Arctic Ocean
Argentina
Argo Merchant Spill
Aromatic hydrocarbons ...
SA: Hydrocarbons; PAH
Asia
Atlantic coast
Atlantic Ocean
Australia
Bacteria
Bahamas
Ballast
Baltic Sea
Bantry Bay
Barent Sea
Baseline studies
Beaches
Beaufort Sea
Behavior
Belgium
Bengal, Bay of
Benthos
Bering Sea
Bermuda coast
Bibliographies
Bilges
Biodegradation
Biological effects ... SA:
Toxicity; Acute effects;
Chronic effects
Biomass
Birds
Biscay, Bay of
Black Sea
BLM
Blowout prevention
Blowouts
Booms
Brazil
California
California coast
California, Southern
Canada
Carcinogens ... SA: Health hazards; PAH
Caribbean Sea
Caspian Sea
Chedabucto Bay
Chemical analysis ... SA: Analytical
techniques; Source identification
Chemical effects
Chesapeake Bay
Chile
China
Chromatography
Chronic effects
Coagulation
Coalescence
Coasts
Colorado
Compensation
Connecticut
Conservation
Containment
Contaminants
Contamination
Contingency planning
Coral reefs
Cost analysis
Crankcase oil
Crude oil
Crustaceans
Decomposition
Delaware
224
-------
Delaware Bay
Denmark
Design and engineering
Detection ... SA: Monitoring;
Chemical analysis
Development ... SA: Offshore
development
Dispersants
Dispersions
Disposal ... SA: Waste oil
disposal; Wastewater
disposal
Distillation
Distribution
Drift ... SA: Movement;
Spreading
Drilling ... SA: Offshore
drilling; Oil wells
East China Sea
Echinoderms
Economic effects
Economics
Ecosystems
Ecuador
Effluent treatment ... S:
Wastewater treatment
EIS
Ekofisk blowout
Emulsification
Emulsifiers
Emulsions
Engineering ... S: Design and
engineering
England
English Channel
Environmental deterioration
Environmental effects
Environmental Impact Statement ..
S: EIS
Environmental management
Environmental protection
EPA
ERDA
Europe
Evaporation
Exploration ... SA: Offshore
exploration; Production
Extraction
Fate
FEA
Filtration ... SA: Flocculation
Finland
Fish
Fisheries
Flocculation ... SA: Filtration
Florida
Florida coast
Flotation
Food web
Foreign governments
Fossil fuels
France
Freshwater
Fuel oil
Fuels
Fungi
Gas, liquid chromatography ...
S: Chromatography
Gasoline
Georgia
Germany, East
Germany, West
Gibraltar, Strait of
Government agencies ... SA: U.S.
Government, State governments
Great Lakes
Groundwater
Guidelines ... SA: Manuals
Habitat
Harbors
Health hazards ... SA: Carcinogens
Hydrocarbons ... SA: Aromatic
hydrocarbons; Crude oil, PAH
Ice
IMCO
Incineration
India
Indian Ocean
Indonesia
Industries ... SA: Oil industry
Information systems
Infrared spectroscopy ...
S: Spectroscopy
Inland
Insurance
International agreements
International conventions ...
SA: Regulations; Legislation
Intertidal zone
Invertebrates
Iran
Iraq
225
-------
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Japan, Sea of
Kentucky
Korea
Kuwait
Labrador Sea
Lakes ... SA: Great Lakes
Latin America
Law enforcement
Leakage
Legislation ... SA: Regulations;
International conventions
Liability
Louisiana
Lubricating oil
Magellan, Strait of
Maine
Malaysia
Manuals ... SA: Guidelines
Marine mammals
Marine organisms
Marshes
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mass spectroscopy ...
S: Spectroscopy
Mediterranean Sea
Metabolism
Metula spill
Mexico
Mexico, Gulf of
Michigan
Microorganisms ... SA: Algae;
Bacteria; Fungi; Yeasts
Middle East
Mississippi
Mississippi River
Models
Mollusks
Monitoring ... SA: Detection;
Remote sensing; Sampling
Movement ... SA: Spreading;
Drift
Narraganset Bay
Natural seepage
Netherlands
Neuston
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Niche
North Carolina
North Sea
North Vietnam
Norway
Norwegian Sea
Oceans
DCS
Offshore development
Offshore drilling
Offshore exploration
Offshore pipelines
Offshore production
Ohio
Oil ... S: Crude oil; Fuel oil;
Lubricating oil; Crankcase oil;
Waste oil
Oil discharges
Oil fields ... SA: Production
Oil-gas leasing
Oil industry
Oil shale
Oil slicks
Oil spills
Oil tanks
Oil transfer
Oil transport
Oil-water separation ... SA: Wastewater
treatment
Oil wells ... SA: Drilling; Production;
Offshore drilling; Offshore production
Okhotsk, Sea of
Onshore impacts
Oregon
Oxidation ... SA: Biodegradation;
Weathering
Pacific Ocean
PAH
Patent
Pennsylvania
Personnel training
Petroleum ... S: Crude oil
Petroleum products
Petrochemicals
Petroleum industry ... S: Oil industry
pH control
Philippines
Physical effects
226
-------
Phytoplankton
Pipelines ... SA: Offshore pipelines
Plankton ... SA: Phytoplankton;
Zooplankton
Plants
Platforms
Poland
Pollution control
Pollution prevention ... SA:
Environmental protection;
Contingency planning
Polychaetes
Ports
Portugal
Precipitation
Production ... SA: Offshore
production; Drilling;
Offshore drilling
Prudhoe Bay
Puerto Rico
Puget Sound
Reclamation ... SA: Recycling;
Reuse
Recycling ... SA: Reclamation;
Reuse
Red Sea
Refineries
Refining
Regulations ... SA: Legislation;
International conventions
Release
Remote Sensing ... SA: Monitoring;
Detection
Resource management
Restoration
Reuse ... SA: Reclamation;
Recycling
Rhine River
Rhode Island
Rivers
Ross Sea
Safety
Sampling ... SA: Monitoring;
Detection
San Francisco Bay
Santa Barbara Channel
Sargasso Sea
Saudi Arabia
Scotland
Seawater
Sedimentation
Sediments
Segregated ballast
Ships ... SA: Tankers
Shorelines
Sinking agents
Skimmers
Sludge
Social effects
Socio-economic effects
Soil
Solid wastes
Solubility
Solution
Solvents
Source identification
Sources
South Africa
South Carolina
South China Sea
Spain
Spectrometry
Spectroscopy
Spill cleanup
Spill disposal
Spill recovery
Spreading ... SA: Movement; Drift
St. Lawrence River
Standing Crop
State Governments ... SA: U.S.
Government; Government agencies
Statistical analysis
Statistics
Storage
Streams
Subarctic regions
Superports ... S: Ports
Supertankers ... S: Tankers
Surfactants
Surveillance
Sweden
Syria
Tankers ... SA: Ships
Tar
Tar sands
Texas
Torrey Canyon
Toxicity ... SA: Biological effects
Tropical regions
Turkey
UK
Uptake
U.S.
USCG
227
-------
U.S. Government ... SA: State
governments;
Government agencies
USGS
USSR
Vegetation
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Males
Washington
Waste oil
Waste oil disposal ...
SA: Disposal
Waste oil treatment
Wastewaters
Wastewater disposal ...
SA: Disposal
Wastewater treatment
Water quality
Weathering
Weddell Sea
West Indies
Wildlife
Yeasts
Yugoslavia
Zooplankton
228
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
THE SUBJECT INDEX IS A PERMUTED INDEX THAT LISTS
ALPHABETICALLY THE KEYWORDS AND CORRESPONDING CITATION
NUMBER ASSIGNED TO EACH ABSTRACT IN SECTION I (EACH
INDEX NUMBER APPEARS IN THE FORM C- -77 IN SECTION I).
KEYWORDS ARE SELECTED FROM THE MASTER LIST, P.224.
FREE LANGUAGE TERMS WHICH ARE INCLUDED TO GIVE MORE
SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT AN ENTRY ARE PRECEDED BY
A * SIGN IN THE SUBJECT INDEX.
171 1
1743
1750
1760
1765
1765
1769
1 in
1776
1778
1731
1732
1790
1791
1S53
18o6
1o20
1726
1 ,'59
17/7
1787
1602
1652
1850
1372
2100
1959
1651
165i
1657
1797
1939
1999
2013
2014
201b
2016
2022
2033
20J7
^045
2071
2095
2096
2102
1676
2093
ABSORPTION, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, BEACHES, SPECTROSCOPY,
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, USN, *FOAM CHIPS,
ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, BOOMS, SHIPS,
ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, SPILL CONTAINMENT, *POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
ABSORPTION, CONTAMINANTS, PATENT, "OIL-ABSORBENT COMPOUND,
ABSORPTION, CONTAMINATION, OIL TANKS, PATENT, "CLEANUP ,
ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, COST ANALYSIS, *SORBENTS, 'PERFORMANCE EVALUATION,
ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SOIL, SOURCES, BIODEGRADATION,
OXIDATION,
ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, INCINERATION, PATENT, *ABSORBENT FIBERS,
ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, OCEANS, "POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, SURFACTANTS, »SORBENT WOOD CHIPS,
PATENT,
•GELLING AGENTS,
COASTS, MARSHES, BEACHES, SEAWATER,
ABSORPTION, OIL SLICKS, SPILL RECOVERY,
ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, INCINERATION,
ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS, DISPOSAL
FRESHWATER,
ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SPILL RECOVERY, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
»SORBENT MATERIAL,
ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, "ABSORBENT POLYOLEFIN,
ACTIVATED SLUDGE , WASTEWATER TREATMENT, BIODEGRADATION, REFINERIES,
ADSORPTION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, SURFACTANTS, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS, »ELECTROANALYSIS ,
ADSORPTION, FUEL OIL, CONTAMINATION, FRESHWATER, "ACTIVATED CARBON, "WATER SUPPLY,
ADSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, FUEL OIL, PATENT, "SAWDUST,
ADSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, PATENT,
ADSORPTION, OIL TRANSPORT, GROUNDWATER, "LIME, "CLAY, "SOIL COMPONENTS,
ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OXIDATION, PATENT,
ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EMULSIFIERS, SLUDGE, FLOTATION, PATENT,
ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EMULSIONS, FILTRATION, POLAND, "CELLULOSE,
"DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
ADSORPTION, CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, "DESORPTION, "ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT,
AEGEAN SEA, CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, PHYTOPLANKTON,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, PIPELINES, CRUDE OIL, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, CRUDE OIL, PIPELINES, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, STATISTICS, COASTS,
ALASKA, MONITORING, FATE, CRUDE OIL, MOVEMENT, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS,
CHEMICAL EFFECTS, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, TEXAS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, OIL SPILLS,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, OIL TRANSFER, PORTS, "OIL SPILL
FUND,
ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, VEGETATION, SOIL, MARSHES,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BASELINE STUDIES, OCS, MARINE
MAMMALS, BIRDS,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BASELINE STUDIES, OCS, FISH,
PLANKTON , BENTHOS,
ALASKA, BIRDS, HABITAT, SHORELINES, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, "SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
ALASKA, BIRDS, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
BASELINE STUDIES,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DRILLING, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OCS, CRUDE OIL, "SEA GRANT PROGRAM,
"ENERGY POLICY,
ALASKA, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MARINE MAMMALS, OCS, "MORTALITY,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, CRUDE OIL, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL-GAS LEASING,
ALASKA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, MICROORGANISMS, GASOLINE, LAKES, SEDIMENTS,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, "COASTAL WINDS,
ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, FATE, ICE, "OIL-UNDER-ICE , "IMPULSE RADAR SYSTEM,
ALASKA, UPTAKE, RELEASE, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, OIL SLICKS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
ALASKA COAST, MONITORING, BASELINE STUDIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OCS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, NOAA, BLM,
ALASKA COAST, OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, SHORELINES, "SPILL IMPACT PROBABILITY, BEAUFORT
StA ,
229
-------
1700 ALASKA/GULF OF, SAMPLING, TAR, "PLASTICS, DISTRIBUTION, BERING SEA,
2027 ALASKA/GULF OF, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS,
BERING SEA,
1794 ALGAE, RESTORATION, SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MOLLUSKS, "ROCKY
SHORES, ENGLAND,
1914 ALGAE, TOXICITY, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL,
1955 ALGAE, CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, TOXICITY, BACTERIA,
FRESHWATER, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1969 ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUELS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "GROWTH,
"REPRODUCTION, "FUCUS EDENTATUS DE LA PYL,
1970 ALGAE, TOXICITY, "REPRODUCTION,
1973 ALGAE, TOXICITY, SURFACTANTS, EMULSIFIERS, "SEAWEED, "GROWTH RATES,
1667 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, MONITORING, CONTAMINANTS, SAMPLING,
1701 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DETECTION, PATENT, "OIL-IN-WATER,
"FLUORESCENCE,
1706 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, FOSSIL FUELS ,
1711 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ABSORPTION, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, BEACHES, SPECTROSCOPY,
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
1713 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SAMPLING, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, WASHINGTON,
1716 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEAWATER, "GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS,
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
1720 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, CONTAMINATION, "OPTICAL EMISSION, CASPIAN SEA, "SEA SURFACE,
1724 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, "OIL-GREASE DETERMINATION,
1725 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROSCOPY,
"INTERCALIBRATION,
1727 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
SPECTROSCOPY,
172d ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL SPILLS,
1913 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS, METABOLISM, BEHAVIOR,
"SUBLETHAL LEVELS,
1936 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, "TISSUES,
"MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES,
212b ANIMALS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SPILLS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PLANTS, MICROORGANISMS,
1912 ANNELIDS, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENT, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "PHASCOLOSOMA AGASSIZII,
"NAPHTHALENES,
1987 API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
COST ANALYSIS,
1990 API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS,
EPA,
1391 ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DRILLING, SAFETY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, "ICEBERGS, GREENLAND,
1905 ARCTIC, OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION CONTROL, BEAUFORT SEA, "SPILL COUNTERMEASURES,
1951 ARCTIC, HYDROCARBONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, ECOSYSTEMS, SUBARCTIC
REGIONS,
1980 ARCTIC, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, FRESHWATER, "PRIMARY PRODUCTION,
2015 ARCTIC, ALASKA, BIRDS, HABITAT, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, "SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
2017 ARCTIC, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, FRESHWATER, EPA,
2034 ARCTIC, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CANADA,
ICE, OIL INDUSTRY,
2054 ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, "ICE COVERED WATERS,
"RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY,
2058 ARCTIC, BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, MICROORGANISMS, BEAUFORT SEA,
2072 ARCTIC, BIODEGRADATION, GASOLINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES,
2076 ARCTIC, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, SUBARCTIC REGIONS,
TOXICITY,
163d ARCTIC OCEAN, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CANADA,
2057 ARCTIC OCEAN, BIODEGRADATION, MICROORGANISMS, »14C-DODECANE OXIDATION , "PORT VALDEZ,
2070 ARCTIC OCEAN, BIODEGRADATION, OIL SLICKS, MICROORGANISMS, "CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH
SYSTEM,
1941 ARGENTINA, BIRDS, CONTAMINATION, COASTS, "TIERRA DEL FUEGO, "PENGUINS, "MORTALITY,
1640 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, TANKERS, LIABILITY, SPILL CLEANUP,
1641 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MONITORING, MOVEMENT, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS, USGS,
1663 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MONITORING, CHESAPEAKE BAY,
1922 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, INVERTEBRATES, FISH, FOOD WEB,
2001 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, DISTRIBUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN,
2090 ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, MOVEMENT, SAMPLING,
1707 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEAWATER, "ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ,
1717 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING,
SEDIMENTS, "GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
1915 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CRUSTACEANS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ESTUARIES, "COPEPOD,
1920 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, CRUSTACEANS, "LARVAL DEVELOPMENT, "CANCER
MAGISTER,
2003
20o3
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
MAGISTER,
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
"CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
CRUDE OIL, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, FISHERIES, NORTH SEA,
BIODECRADATION , HYDROCARBONS, YEASTS, BACTERIA, OIL SLICKS,
230
-------
BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, YEASTS, OIL SLICKS,
2068 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , BIODEGRACATION, MICROORGANISMS, SOURCES,
2074 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "ACINETOBACTER,
2093 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OIL SPILLS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WEATHERING, BIODEGRADATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FISH, NORWAY, »T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
1706 ATLANTIC COAST, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROSCOPY,
DETECTION, CANADA,
1967 ATLANTIC COAST, OIL DISCHARGES, HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, PHYTOPLANKTON, OCS,
2038 ATLANTIC COAST, BASELINE STUDIES, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS,
2047 ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, PORTS, ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION,
2048 ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, PORTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, FISHERIES, NEW
JERSEY, DELAWARE,
1648 ATLANTIC OCEAN, TAR, OCEANS, DISTRIBUTION, CANADA, SARGASSO SEA,
1997 ATLANTIC OCEAN, OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, US, »WORLD WAR II,
2001 ATLANTIC OCEAN, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, DISTRIBUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS,
1672 AUSTRALIA, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, DISTRIBUTION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, *MYTILUS
EDULIS, »INDICATOR SPECIES,
1919 BACTERIA, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUNGI, ICE, FRESHWATER, "OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
1955 BACTERIA, ALGAE, CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, TOXICITY,
FRESHWATER, 'PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1957 BACTERIA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIOMASS, SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
2000 BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, LUBRICATING OIL, MOVEMENT, SOIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
2059 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, »NUTRIENT ADDITION,
2060 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, EMULSIFICATION, FRESHWATER, "KEROSENE,
20o1 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, ESTUARIES, "ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES,
2062 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENT, BEACHES, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, METULA
SPILL,
2063 BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
•CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS ,
2065 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, OIL SHALE, HYDROCARBONS,
2066 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, "TAXONOMY,
2069 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, FUNGI, FRESHWATER, SEDIMENTS,
207i BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, DISPERSANTS,
2074 BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , BIODEGRADATION, *ACINETOBACTER,
2075 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, WASTE OIL, SOIL, MONITORING, FUNGI, "ARID SITE,
2030 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, FUEL OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, CASPIAN SEA,
2081 BACTERIA, BIQDEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, LAKES, WATER QUALITY, WISCONSIN, "NUTRIENT
LIMITATION,
2082 BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, CANADA, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
1950 BALTIC SEA, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SPILL CLEANUP,
1982 BALTIC SEA, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
2094 BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, DISTRIBUTION, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
1676 BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA COAST, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OCS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, NOAA, BLM,
1714 BASELINE STUDIES, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTHOSCOPY, DETECTION,
HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
2013 BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS, MARINE
MAMMALS, BIRDS,
2014 BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS, FISH,
PLANKTON , BENTHOS,
2016 BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, BIRDS, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
2028 BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
202V BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
20^0 BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2031 BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
2032 BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
2038 BASELINE STUDIES, ATLANTIC COAST, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS,
1711 BEACHES, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ABSORPTION, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, SPECTROSCOPY,
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
1783 BEACHES, SPILL RECOVERY, DISPERSANTS, SURFACTANTS, PATENT,
1791 BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS, DISPOSAL , COASTS, MARSHES, SEAWATER,
FRESHWATER,
1993 BEACHES, METULA SPILL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SEDIMENTS, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF,
2062 BEACHES, BACTERIA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENT, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, METULA
SPILL,
1905 BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION CONTROL, "SPILL COUNTERMEASURES,
1924 BEAUFORT SEA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE, MARINE MAMMALS,
"RINGED SEAL,
2058 BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, MICROORGANISMS,
2077 BEAUFORT SEA, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, ICE, SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER,
EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
231
-------
2066
2096
1664
1738
1913
2090
2104
1940
1961
2014
1700
2027
1697
2127
2126
2129
21 jO
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
1664
1685
1722
1771
1620
1621
1925
1955
2057
2056
2059
2060
2061
20o2
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
20^9
2060
2081
BEAUFORT SEA, OIL SPILLS, SPREADING, ICE, *UNDER-ICE SPILL,
BEAUFORT SEA, ALASKA COAST, OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, SHORELINES, «SPILL IMPACT
PROBABILITY,
BEHAVIOR, OIL SPILLS, FATE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SPILL CLEANUP, MONITORING, *1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
BEHAVIOR, SPILL CONTAINMENT, BOOMS, OIL SLICKS, »SLICK DROPLET FORMATION, "ENTRAPMENT
FAILURE,
BEHAVIOR, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS, METABOLISM,
"SUBLETHAL LEVELS,
BEHAVIOR, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MOVEMENT, SAMPLING,
BEHAVIOR, OIL SLICKS, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, MODELS, "WIND-CURRENT EFFECTS,
BENTHOS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, PLANKTON , OCS, 'NEW YORK BIGHT, NEW YORK,
BENTHOS, POLLUTION CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, COASTS, "PELAGIC ORGANISMS,
BENTHOS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS,
FISH, PLANKTON ,
BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, SAMPLING, TAR, "PLASTICS, DISTRIBUTION,
BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, OCS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, "RADAR, »SEA SURFACE,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, MOLLUSKS, SURFACTANTS, EMULSIFIERS,
"MUSSELS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, FISH, FRESHWATER, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANIMALS, OIL SPILLS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PLANTS, MICROORGANISMS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, DEVELOPMENT , EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, DEVELOPMENT , EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, DEVELOPMENT , EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, DEVELOPMENT , EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ESTUARIES, MARINE ORGANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, LEGISLATION, US, POLLUTION CONTROL,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, DETECTION, SAMPLING, MONITORING, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CONTAMINATION, CARIBBEAN SEA, MARINE ORGANISMS,
BILGES, MONITORING, SHIPS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, DETECTION,
BILGES, MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION,
BIODEGRADATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, WEATHERING, CHROMATOGRAPHY,
SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
BIODEGRADATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SOIL, SOURCES,
OXIDATION,
BIODEGRADATION, ACTIVATED SLUDGE , WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
BIODEGRADATION, WASTEWATERS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, "H202,
BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, MARSHES,
"SALTMARSH,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ALGAE, CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, TOXICITY,
FRESHWATER, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, MICROORGANISMS, »14C-DODECANE OXIDATION
BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, CRUDE OIL, MICROORGANISMS,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, EMULSIFICATION, FRESHWATER, "KEROSENE,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ESTUARIES, "ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES,
BIODEGRADATION, BEACHES, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENT, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, METULA
SPILL,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
"CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS ,
BIODEGRADATION, SLUDGE, SOIL, DISPOSAL , WASTE OIL,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, OIL SHALE, HYDROCARBONS,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, "TAXONOMY,
BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, OXIDATION, UPTAKE, "TEMPERATURE EFFECTS,
BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , MICROORGANISMS, SOURCES,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, FUNGI, FRESHWATER, SEDIMENTS,
BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, OIL SLICKS, MICROORGANISMS, "CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH
SYSTEM,
SIODEGRADATION, ALASKA, HYDROCARBONS, MICROORGANISMS, GASOLINE, LAKES, SEDIMENTS,
BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, GASOLINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, CRUDp OIL, DISPERSANTS,
BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , "ACINETOBACTER,
BACTERIA, WASTE OIL, SOIL, MONITORING, FUNGI, "ARID SITE,
ARCTIC, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, SUBARCTIC REGIONS,
•'PORT VALDEZ,
HYDROCARBONS, YEASTS, OIL SLICKS,
REFINERIES,
BIODEGRADATION
BIODEGRADATION
BIODEGRADATION
TOXICITY,
BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, ICE, SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER,
BIODEGRADATION, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, ECHINODERMS, "EKOFISK OIL,
3IODEGRADATION, OIL SPILLS, PATENT, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, FUEL OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, CASPIAN SEA,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, LAKES, WATER QUALITY, WISCONSIN, "NUTRIENT
LIMITATION,
232
-------
20d2
2092
2093
209^
209Y
2107
163S
1673
191 1
1915
1917
1913
1919
1922
192J
1921
1925
1927
1923
19J1
1932
193T
1944
1945
1950
1951
1952
)953
195o
1957
195o
I960
1 961
,1966
1969
1971
1973
1975
1962
1933
1964
1986
1993
2000
2000
2008
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, CANADA, 'NUTRIENT ADDITION,
BIODEGRADATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SURFACTANTS, FATE, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS,
"SELF-PURIFICATION, »SEA OF AZOV,
BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OIL SPILLS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WEATHERING,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FISH, NORWAY, »T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
BIODEGRADATION, BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, FATE, DISTRIBUTION, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
BIODEGRADATION, FATE, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, ECOSYSTEM, SEDIMENTATION, "NAPHTHALENES,
BIODEGRADATION, DECOMPOSITION, FUEL OIL, MICROORGANISMS, "PHYSICOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, REGULATIONS, OIL TRANSFER, BIRDS, SCOTLAND,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, MONITORING, FATE, CRUDE OIL, MOVEMENT, MICROORGANISMS,
CHEMICAL EFFECTS, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, RESTORATION, SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, "ROCKY
SHORES, ENGLAND,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, BIRDS, "HATCHABILITY, "MALLARD DUCK EGGS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CRUSTACEANS, ESTUARIES, "COPEPOD,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, "SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS, RESTORATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, "SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS, OIL SLICKS, CHRONIC EFFECTS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, CRUDE OIL, FUNGI, ICE, FRESHWATER, "OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, INVERTEBRATES, FISH, FOOD WEB,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, CANADA, "GEORGIA STRAIT,
"HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL, "PRODUCTIVITY,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BEAUFORT SEA, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE, MARINE MAMMALS,
"RINGED SEAL,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, MICROORGANISMS, MARSHES,
"SALTMARSH,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, BIRDS, SANTA
BARBARA CHANNEL,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MOLLUSKS, "PHENOL, "CYTOLOGY, "MERCENARIA MERCENARIA,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, FISH, "FIN ROT, "MUGIL CEPHALUS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, SURFACTANTS, FISH, TOXICITY,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, FISH, HYDROCARBONS, "TISSUES,
"MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS, BIRDS, MOLLUSKS, CHESAPEAKE
BAY, "MARSH GRASSES,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, OIL SPILLS, CONTAMINATION, MARSHES, CRUSTACEANS,
MASSACHUSETTS, "UCA PUGNAX,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, METABOLISM, CRUSTACEANS, "TEMPERATURE, "SALINITY,
"LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CORAL REEFS, CONTAMINATION, RED SEA, ISRAEL, "SUCCESSION,
"RECOLONIZATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
REGIONS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
ARCTIC, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS, ECOSYSTEMS, SUBARCTIC
OIL SPILLS, FUEL OIL, INVERTEBRATES, FISH, STREAMS, VIRGINIA,
CRUDE OIL, CRUSTACEANS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION, "MOLTING LARVAE,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BALTIC SEA, INTERTIDAL ZONE, SPILL CLEANUP,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, BIOMASS, SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PHYTOPLANKTON, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, "PLANT GROWTH,
"PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, DISPERSIONS, METABOLISM, CRUSTACEANS, "SUBLETHAL
EFFECTS, "ARCTIC AMPHIPOD,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, POLLUTION CONTROL, COASTS, "PELAGIC ORGANISMS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, "INSECTS, CANADA, "CHIRONOMID LARVAE,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUELS, CRUDE OIL, "GROWTH,
"REPRODUCTION, "FUCUS EDENTATUS DE LA PYL,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METULA SPILL, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, MAGELLAN/STRAIT
OF,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, BIRDS, "HATCHABILITY,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS,
"OIL-TREATED SEDIMENT, "MACOMA BALTHICA,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BALTIC SEA, CONTAMINATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, FISH, SPILL CLEANUP, "EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, MAINE, "GONADAL NEOPLASMS, "MYA ARENARIA,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MARINE MAMMALS, CRUDE OIL, "THERMAL CONDUCTANCE, "SEA OTTERS,
"PINNIPEDS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, CONTAMINATION, SHIPS, EXPLORATION , PRODUCTION ,
SEABIRDS, MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINATION, OCEANS, SOURCES, POLLUTION CONTROL, MARINE
ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, LUBRICATING OIL, MOVEMENT, SOIL,
" "" " " HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, OCEANS, HEALTH HAZARDS, POLLUTION
"COMMON EIDER EGGS,
MOLLUSKS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION,
205o
2072
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
CONTROL,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, MARINE MAMMALS, OCS, "MORTALITY,
DRILLING , "DRILL CUTTINGS, FATE, OCEANS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, GASOLINE, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OIL SPILLS, CHEMICAL
233
-------
2099
5125
2127
2126
1957
1639
1660
iyn
1917
1916
1927
1937
1941
1973
2002
2013
201 5
20 io
16/0
2043
1652
16o4
1393
1697
1642
1644
1645
1744
1904
1732
1/33
1735
17j6
1737
1739
1740
1741
1744
1750
1752
1774
1736
1991
1722
1565
2026
2U29
2C30
2031
2032
204'1
1636
1646
1708
1754
1o30
1o34
1923
ANALYSIS, WEATHERING, FISH, NORWAY, "T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, FATE, DI5PERSANTS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, UN, POLLUTION CONTROL, MONITORING,
MEDITERRANEAN SEA,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, FISH, FRESHWATER,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANIMALS, OIL SPILLS, PLANTS, MICROORGANISMS,
BIOMASS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, REGULATIONS, OIL TRANSFER, SCOTLAND,
BIRDS, TANKERS, OLYMPIC GAMES SPILL, SPILL CLEANUP, DELAWARE, "DELAWARE RIVER,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, "HATCHABILITY, "MALLARD DUCK EGGS,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, »SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS, RESTORATION,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, *SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS, OIL SLICKS, CHRONIC EFFECTS,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, SANTA
BARBARA CHANNEL,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS, MOLLUSKS, CHESAPEAKE
BAY, "MARSH GRASSES,
BIRDS, ARGENTINA, CONTAMINATION, COASTS, »TIERRA DEL FUEGO, "PENGUINS, "MORTALITY,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, "HATCHABILITY, "COMMON EIDER EGGS,
BIRDS, OIL SPILLS, REFINERIES, OIL TRANSPORT, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, POLLUTION CONTROL,
TCXICITY, FISHERIES, NORTH SEA,
BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS,
MARINE MAMMALS,
BIRDS, ARCTIC, ALASKA, HABITAT, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL.
EFFECTS, "SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
3L«, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA COAST, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OCS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, NOAA,
3LM, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS,
BLOWOUT PREVENTION, NORTH SEA, NORWAY, "RED ADAIR CO.,
BLOWOUT PREVENTION, PERSONNEL TRAINING, "BLOWOUT SCHOOL,
BLOWOUT PREVENTION, DRILLING , DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT,
BLOWOUT PREVENTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, "SLIP RINGS, "EQUIPMENT,
BLOWOUTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, NORTH SEA, NORWAY, "EMERGENCY VESSEL,
BLOWOUTS, OIL WELLS, LOUISIANA, "GAS-WELLS,
BLOWOUTS, OIL SPILLS, NORWAY, "PREDICTION,
BLOWOUTS, SPILL RECOVERY, BOOMS, NORTH SEA, NORWAY,
BLOWOUTS, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, NORTH SEA,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, HARBORS, INLAND, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
EOCMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "OILFENCE,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT, "CONNECTOR HINGE,
3COMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT,
BOOMS, BEHAVIOR, SPILL CONTAINMENT, OIL SLICKS, "SLICK DROPLET FORMATION, "ENTRAINMENT
FAILURE,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, FRESHWATER, OCEANS,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "SEABOOM,
BOOMS, BLOWOUTS, SPILL RECOVERY, NORTH SEA, NORWAY,
BOOMS, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, SHIPS,
BOOMS, DISPERSANTS, OIL SLICKS, SPILL CLEANUP, "PUMPS,
BOOMS, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
BOOMS, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT,
CALIFORNIA, OIL SPILLS, INLAND, ECONOMICS, SPILL CLEANUP, RESTORATION,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BIODEGRADATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, WEATHERING,
CHROMATOGSAPHY, SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, OIL INDUSTRY, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, EIS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, EIS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, OFFSHORE DRILLING, PLATFORMS, UPTAKE, MARINE ORGANISMS, SEDIMENTS,
CANADA, ARCTIC OCEAN, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CANADA, ATLANTIC OCEAN, TAR, OCEANS, DISTRIBUTION, SARGASSO SEA,
CANADA, ATLANTIC COAST, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTR03COPY,
DETECTION,
CANADA, SPILL CLEANUP, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "EQUIPMENT LOCATER SYSTEM,
CANADA, WASTEflATEH TREATMENT, INDUSTRIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, REFINERIES,
•DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS,
CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, "GEORGIA STRAIT,
234
-------
1959
1966
197?
1992
2034
2036
2062
21 17
21 16
21 19
2121
1699
201 1
2136
1720
20oO
1977"
1o70
Io90
1696
1703
1 704
1705
1707
170o
1709
1710
1712
1714
1715
1717
1715
1719
1721
1722
1723
172b
1846
2004
202o
2036
2093
2135
1673
166o
1937
1677
17C5
170o
1710
"HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL, "PRODUCTIVITY,
CANADA, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, DETECTION, MONITORING, MARINE ORGANISMS, *ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, "INSECTS, *CriIRONOMID LARVAE,
CANADA, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, CHEDA3UCTO BAY,
'MORTALITIES,
CANADA, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
CANADA, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
OIL INDUSTRY,
TAR SANDS, DEVELOPMENT , EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, *ALBERTA,
BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMICS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
ICE,
CANADA,
CANADA,
CANADA, GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
"ALBERTA,
CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
"QUEBEC,
CANADA, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, SHIPS, OIL SPILLS, ENGLAND,
CANADA, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATERS, CONTAMINANTS, REFINERIES,
CARCINOGENS, SAMPLING, PAH, DETECTION, MOLLUSKS, ESTUARIES, OREGON, "BIVALVES,
CARCINOGENS, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, HEALTH HAZARDS, "BENZO(AJPYRENE,
CARIBBEAN SEA, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CONTAMINATION, MARINE ORGANISMS,
CASPIAN SEA, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, CONTAMINATION, "OPTICAL EMISSION, "SEA SURFACE,
CASPIAN SEA, BICDEGRADATION, BACTERIA, FUEL OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION,
CriEDABUCTO BAY, CANADA, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
"MORTALITIES,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, MONITORING, OIL SPILLS, WASTE OIL, »IR ABSORPTION ,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, SPECTROSCOPY,
"COMPUTERIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SAMPLING, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, OIL-GAS LEASING, MEXICO/GULF OF,
"SEASONAL VARIATIONS, "MAFLA LEASE AREA,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, OIL SLICKS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEAWATER, "SORBENTS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEDIMENTS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, VENEZUELA, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, SEAWATER, CHROMATOGRAPHY, "WATER-SOLUBLE
FRACTION,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
DETECTION,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
PROTECTION,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROMETRY, ZOOPLANKTON,
CRUSTACEANS, SEDIMENTS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, CONTAMINATION, FISH, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GREAT LAKES
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROSCOPY, DETECTION,
HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS
SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , CHROMATOGRAPHY, HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING,
SEDIMENTS, "GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, "OIL IN WATER ,
DISPERSANTS, SURFACTANTS,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SOIL,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BIODEGRADATION, NATURAL SEEPAGE, WEATHERING,
SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, OIL SPILLS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ADSORPTION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER,
SURFACTANTS, "ELECTROANALYSIS ,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, EPA, "ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, DETECTION, SPILL CLEANUP,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, NORWAY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, ATLANTIC COAST, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
HYDROCARBONS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OIL
SPILLS, WEATHERING, FISH, NORWAY, "T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, DETECTION, SAMPLING, MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
CHEMICAL EFFECTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, MONITORING, FATE, CRUDE OIL, MOVEMENT,
MICROORGANISMS, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
CHESAPEAKE BAY, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MONITORING,
CHESAPEAKE BAY, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS,
MOLLUSKS, "MARSH GRASSES,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, MONITORING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "INSTRUMENT
SURVEY,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, SEAWATER, "WATER-SOLUBLE
FRACTION,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CANADA, ATLANTIC COAST, HYDROCARBONS, SPECTROSCOPY,
DETECTION,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, SPECTROMETRY, ZOOPLANKTON,
1ROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , SEAWATER, "ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ,
CANADA, ATLANTIC COAST, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROSCOPY,
HYDROCARBONS, SURFACTANTS, DETECTION, CONTAMINANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
235
-------
1711
1714
1715
1717
1722
1725
1672
1918
1936
1939
1949
2005
1314
1sl5
1826
1 6 9
1o41
<;053
HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING,
CRUSTACEANS, SEDIMENTS,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, BEACHES, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ABSORPTION, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER,
SPECTROSCOPE,
CHROMATOGhAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, SPECTROSCOPY, DETECTION,
HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
SEDIMENTS, *GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BIODEGRADATION, NATURAL
SEEPAGE, WEATHERING, SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, SPECTROSCOPY,
*INTERCALIBRATION,
CHRONIC EFFECTS, AUSTRALIA, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, DISTRIBUTION, "MYTILUS
EDULIS, "INDICATOR SPECIES,
CHRONIC EFFECTS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS, OIL SLICKS,
CHRONIC EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, FISH, "TROUT REPRODUCTION,
CHRONIC EFFECTS, AEGEAN SEA, CONTAMINATION, PHYTOPLANKTON,
CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, FISH, FRESHWATER, LUBRICATING OIL, "SYNTHETIC OLL,
... HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, CONTAMINATION,
3IL,
SHIPS, FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, PATENT, "CELLULOSE PULP,
PATENT, "ULTRASONICS,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
REATMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1759
1765
1793
CHRONIC EFFECTS,
OIL SPILLS,
COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EMULSIONS, WASTE
COALESCENCE, OIL-dATER SEPARATION
COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION
COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION
COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "GRAVITY
SEPARATION ,
COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATERS,
COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
COALESCENCE, WASTE OIL, LUBRICATING OIL, RECYCLING, FILTRATION,
COASTS, URwUIQLA SPILL, FATE, POLLUTION CONTROL, SPILL CLEANUP, SPAIN,
COASTS, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, STATISTICS,
COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, DETECTION, MONITORING, NATURAL SEEPAGE, "LANDSAT
DATA,
COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, MOVEMENT, WASTEWATERS, "CURRENT CIRCULATION,
"SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE STUDIES,
COASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS, DISPOSAL , MARSHES, SEAWATER,
FRESHWATER,
COASTS, BIRDS, ARGENTINA, CONTAMINATION, "TIERRA DEL FUEGO, "PENGUINS, "MORTALITY,
COASTo, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, POLLUTION CONTROL, "PELAGIC ORGANISMS,
COASTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, DISTRIBUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
COASTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, FISH,
COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, GUIDELINES, "CZM,
COASTS, CONTAMINATION, ESTUARIES, DEVELOPMENT , OIL INDUSTRY,
COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ONSHORE IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION
PREVENTION,
COASTS, OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, LOUISIANA, LEGISLATION, US,
COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, CCS, US, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
STATE GOVERNMENTS,
COASTS, LEGISLATION, US, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, REFINERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
COMPENSATION, LEGISLATION, NEW JERSEY, SPILL CLEANUP, OIL INDUSTRY, "SPILL FUND,
COMPENSATION, LEGISLATION, LIABILITY, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, OIL INDUSTRY, "SPILL
SUPERFUNDS,
COMPENSATION, LEGISLATION, US, OIL SPILLS, LIA3ILITY, SPILL CLEANUP, "COSTS,
CONTAMINANTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, MONITORING, SAMPLING,
CONTAMINANTS, REMOTE SENSING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MONITORING, OIL SPILLS,
CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, SURFACTANTS, DETECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION,
CONTAMINANTS, ABSORPTION, PATENT, "OIL-ABSORBENT COMPOUND,
CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, EXTRACTION, SOLVENTS,
CONTAMINANTS, CRUDE OIL, INDUSTRIES, DISPOSAL , GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CONTAMINANTS, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, SOLID WASTES, DISPOSAL , INLAND, "WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, "LANDFILLS,
CONTAMINANTS, FUELS, PRODUCTION , ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CONTAMINANTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, FISH,
CONTAMINANTS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
CONTAMINATION, OCEANS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "LASER RADAR, "SEA SURFACE,
CONTAMINATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, FISH, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GREAT LAKES ,
CONTAMINATION, CASPIAN SEA, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, "OPTICAL EMISSION, "SEA SURFACE,
CONTAMINATION, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, GROUNDWATER, OIL WELLS, PRODUCTION .
WASTEWATERS, "BRINE DISPOSAL,
CONTAMINATION, ADSORPTION, FUEL OIL, FRESHWATER, "ACTIVATED CARBON, "WATER SUPPLY,
CONTAMINATION, ABSORPTION, OIL TANKS, PATENT, "CLEANUP ,
CONTAMINATION, RESTORATION, VEGETATION, MARSHES, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, ENGLAND,
236
-------
•SALT MARSH,
1930 CONTAMINATION, PLANTS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, *OLNEY BULRUSH, "MARSHHAY CORDGRASS,
1939 CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AEGEAN SEA, PHYTOPLANKTON,
1941 CONTAMINATION, COASTS, BIRDS, ARGENTINA, »TIERRA DEL FUEGO, "PENGUINS, »MORTALITY,
1944 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, CRUSTACEANS,
MASSACHUSETTS, "UCA PUGNAX,
1950 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CORAL REEFS, RED SEA, ISRAEL, "SUCCESSION,
"RECOLONIZATION,
1954 CONTAMINATION, FISH, CRUDE OIL, ESTUARIES, *FIN ROT, "MULLET,
1967 CONTAMINATION, ATLANTIC COAST, OIL DISCHARGES, HYDROCARBONS, PHYTOPLANKTON, OCS,
1982 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BALTIC SEA,
1993 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, SHIPS, EXPLORATION , PRODUCTION ,
SEABIRDS, MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS,
2000 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OCEANS, SOURCES, POLLUTION CONTROL, MARINE
ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS,
2005 CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
OIL SPILLS,
2003 CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, OCEANS, HEALTH HAZARDS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
2009 CONTAMINATION, FISHERIES, "SHELLFISH , ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
2035 CONTAMINATION, GROUHDWATER, DRILLING , OIL WELLS, "DRILLING FLUIDS, "WELL COMPLETION,
2049 CONTAMINATION, COASTS, ESTUARIES, DEVELOPMENT , OIL INDUSTRY,
2105 CONTAMINATION, FATE, SEAWATER, SPREADING, EVAPORATION, OXIDATION, SOLUTION,
DISPERSIONS,
2136 CONTAMINATION, CARIBBEAN SEA, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, MARINE ORGANISMS,
1638 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CANADA, ARCTIC OCEAN, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
175T CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL RECOVERY, "RESPONSE TEAMS, US,
1683 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TRAINING, OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION CONTROL, "OIL SPILL
CONTROL COURSE,
1885 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, OIL INDUSTRY, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS,
1866 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, USCG, EPA,
1887 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, PERSONNEL TRAINING, UK, US, EUROPE,
1893 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, PUGET SOUND, OIL INDUSTRY, "OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE,
2122 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, MANUALS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, GUIDELINES, TANKERS,
1950 CORAL REEFS,' CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, RED SEA, ISRAEL, "SUCCESSION,
"RECOLONIZATION,
1635 COST ANALYSIS, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, NORWAY,
1769 COST ANALYSIS, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, "SORBENTS, "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION,
1361 COST ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, CRUDE OIL, REFINERIES, ECONOMICS, USSR,
1987 COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
1990 COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL, ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
EPA,
2018 COST ANALYSIS, OIL INDUSTRY, REGULATIONS, US, WATER QUALITY, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
201* COST ANALYSIS, OIL INDUSTRY, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
1634 CRUDE OIL, OIL SPILLS, FATE, EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
1551 CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, PIPELINES, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1653 CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, PIPELINES, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1673 CRUDE OIL, CHEMICAL EFFECTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, MONITORING, FATE, MOVEMENT,
MICROORGANISMS, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
1693 CRUDE OIL, REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, "SEA SURFACE, "RADAR,
W24 CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, FUEL OIL, "OIL-GREASE DETERMINATION,
1727 CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, FUEL OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1795 CRUDE OIL, TANKERS, STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, FEA,
1797 CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, TEXAS, EIS, OIL SPILLS,
1798 CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, "SALT DOMES, OIL TANKS, "STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
1799 CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, "SALT DOMES, "MINES, "STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
1800 CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, LOUISIANA, *BAYOU CHOCTAW SALT DOME,
1813 CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINANTS, INDUSTRIES, DISPOSAL , GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
1324 CRUDE OIL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, PATENT,
1831 CRUDE OIL, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
1852 CRUDE OIL, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
1361 CRUDE OIL, COST ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, ECONOMICS, USSR,
1875 CRUDE OIL, SPILL RECOVERY, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FUELS,
1914 CRUDE OIL, ALGAE, TOXICITY, FUEL OIL,
1919 CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, FUNGI, ICE, FRESHWATER, "OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
1920 CRUDE OIL, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , TOXICITY, CRUSTACEANS, "LARVAL DEVELOPMENT, "CANCER
MAGISTER,
1921 CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, TOXICITY, POLYCHAETES, "REPRODUCTION,
1923 CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, "GEORGIA STRAIT,
"HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL, "PRODUCTIVITY,
1924 CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BEAUFORT SEA, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, MARINE MAMMALS,
237
-------
1926
1929
1930
1931
1936
1940
1946
1953
1954
1955
I960
1962
1963
1964
1 9o5
1966
19o9
i 9/5
1960
1 96o
200 j
2022
2045
-056
2059
2067
2073
2077
2076
2082
2064
2100
1 riO
1915
1*20
1926
1935
1944
1953
1 960
1974
2107
1650
2087
1669
1674
1677
1680
1684
1685
1733
1735
1736
1737
"RINGED SEAL,
CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, CRUSTACEANS, "MISSISSIPPI SOUND, »COPEPODS,
CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE, RELEASE, MOLLUSKS, *NAPHTHALENES, "RANGEA CUNEATA, *PROTOTHACA
STAMINEA,
CRO'DE OIL, CONTAMINATION, PLANTS, TOXICITY, "OLNEY BULRUSH, *MARSHHAY CORDGRASS,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FISH, "FIN ROT, *MUGIL CEPHALUS,
CRUDE OIL, CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, FISH, *TROUT REPRODUCTION,
CRUDE OIL, BENTHOS, TOXICITY, PLANKTON , OCS, "NEW YORK BIGHT, NEW YORK,
CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, ESTUARIES, "KUWAIT CRUDE,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, CRUSTACEANS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION, "MOLTING LARVAE,
CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINATION, FISH, ESTUARIES, "FIN ROT, "MULLET,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, TOXICITY,
FRESHWATER, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
DISPERSIONS, METABOLISM, CRUSTACEANS, "SUBLETHAL
UPTAKE, RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS,
HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, FISH,"RESPIRATION,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
EFFECTS, "ARCTIC AMPHIPOD,
CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, TOXICITY,
CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, TOXICITY,
"ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "COMPARATIVE TOXICITY ,
"BIOASSAY,
CRUDE OIL, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, HYDROCARBONS, TOXICITY, MOLLUSKS, SURFACTANTS, EMULSIFIERS,
"MUSSELS,
CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "INSECTS, "CHISONOMID LARVAE,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUELS, "GROWTH,
"REPRODUCTION, "FUCUS EDENTATUS DE LA PYL,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS, MOLLUSKS, "WATER-SOLUB.E FRACTION,
"OIL-TREATED SEDIMENT, "MACOMA BALTHICA,
CRUDE OIL, ARCTIC, TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, FRESHWATER, "PRIMARY PRODUCTION,
CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MARINE MAMMALS, "THERMAL CONDUCTANCE, "SEA OTTERS,
"PINNIPEDS,
CRUDE OIL,
CRUDE OIL,
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, FISHERIES, NORTH SEA,
ALASKA, OFFSHORE DRILLING, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OCS, "SEA GRANT PROGRAM,
"ENERGY POLICY,
CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL-GAS LEASING,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, MICROORGANISMS,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, OXIDATION, UPTAKE, "TEMPERATURE EFFECTS,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, DI3PERSANTS,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, HYDROCARBONS, ICE, SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, TOXICITY, ECHINODERMS, "EKOFISK OIL,
CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
CRUDE OIL, EMULSIONS, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, "SUSPENDED SOLIDS, "STABILITY,
CRUDE OIL, ADSORPTION, HYDROCARBONS, SOIL, "DESORPTION, "ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT,
CRUSTACEANS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, SPECTROMETRY,
ZOOPLANKTON, SEDIMENTS,
CRUSTACEANS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , ESTUARIES, "COPEPOD,
CRUSTACEANS, CRUDE OIL, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , TOXICITY, "LARVAL DEVELOPMENT, 'CANCER
MAGISTER,
CRUSTACEANS
CRUSTACEANS
CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, "MISSISSIPPI SOUND, "CCPEPODS,
HYDROCARBONS, PLANKTON , UPTAKE, RELEASE, "14C-1-NAPHTHALENE, "COPEPODS,
CRUSTACEANS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES,
MASSACHUSETTS, »UCA PUGNAX,
1945 CRUSTACEANS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FUEL OIL, METABOLISM, "TEMPERATURE, "SALINITY,
"LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS,
CRUSTACEANS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION, "MOLTING LARVAE,
CRUSTACEANS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, DISPERSIONS, METABOLISM, "SUBLETHAL
EFFECTS, "ARCTIC AMPHIPOD,
CRUSTACEANS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, UPTAKE, METABOLISM, "NAPHTHALENES, "HATCHING,
"LARVAL GROWTH, "GRASS SHRIMP,
DECOMPOSITION, BIODEGRADATION, FUEL OIL, MICROORGANISMS, »PHYSICOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION,
DELAWARE, BIRDS, TANKERS, OLYMPIC GAMES SPILL, SPILL CLEANUP, "DELAWARE RIVER,
DELAWARE, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, PORTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
FISHERIES, NEW JERSEY,
DELAWARE SAY, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, WEATHERING, EVAPORATION, OIL TRANSFER,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, MONITORING, POLLUTION CONTROL,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, MONITORING, OIL SPILLS, DETECTION, "BUOYS, "GAS SENSORS,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, MONITORING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, "INSTRUMENT
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
SURVEY,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
MONITORING, OIL DISCHARGES, TANKERS, REGULATIONS, PATENT,
BILGES, MONITORING, SHIPS, DETECTION,
BILGES, MONITORING, "TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "OILFENCE,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, PATENT, "CONNECTOR HINGE,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, SKIMMERS, PATENT,
238
-------
1739
mo
1742
1743
1747
1748
1751
1755
1756
175o
1761
1752
1767
1772
1775
1779
17a5
17d6
1788
179b
1005
1809
1615
1827
1841
1o44
1845
1860
1868
1693
1o95
1901
1674
1oo3
1o64
1686
1690
1091
1693
1694
1699
1701
1709
1 /14
1894
1699
1901
1959
2004
2135
2036
2049
2129
2130
2131
2132
1&50
166fa
*OIL COLLECTION SYSTEMS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, FRESHWATER, OCEANS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, »SEABOOM,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, OIL TRANSPORT, *DRACONE BARGE,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, USN, *FOAM CHIPS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, RECLAMATION,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SKIMMERS, SPILL RECOVERY,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, NORTH SEA,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL CLEANUP, *OIL-SPILL PUMP,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, *SKIMJET,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SKIMMERS, SPILL RECOVERY,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, "SEAWARD INTERNATIONAL,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, *FAST CURRENT OIL RECOVERY ,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, *LOCKHEED DISC-DRUM DEVICE, 'PERFORMANCE,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, DISPERSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS,
OIL SLICKS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
OIL SLICKS, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
BOOMS, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL SLICKS, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, SHIPS, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, STORAGE, TANKERS, PATENT, "OIL STORAGE TANK,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, FLOTATION,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL, PATENT, "COLLECTION RESERVOIR,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SHIPS, FLOTATION, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SLUDGE, GASOLINE, WASTEWATERS, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "GRAVITY
DESIGN-ENGINEERING
DESIGN-ENGINEERING
DESIGN-ENGINEER ING
DESIGN-ENGINEERING
SEPARATION
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
"UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
REFINERIES, FILTRATION, SOLID WASTES, OHIO,
SKIMMERS,
EMULSIONS,
FLOTATION, PATENT,
REFINERIES,
•DRILLING MUDS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTE OIL TREATMENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OFFSHORE DRILLING, EMULSIONS,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BLOWOUT PREVENTION, DRILLING , PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PIPELINES, LEAKAGE, POLLUTION PREVENTION, PATENT,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, LEAKAGE, PIPELINES, DETECTION, PATENT,
DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, MONITORING, OIL SPILLS, "BUOYS, "GAS SENSORS,
DETECTION, MONITORING, DISPERSIONS, PATENT, "OIL SOLUBLE DYE,
DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BILGES, MONITORING, SHIPS,
DETECTION, MONITORING, LEAKAGE, PIPELINES,
DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SPECTROSCOPY,
"COMPUTERIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ,
DETECTION, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, MONITORING, NATURAL SEEPAGE, "LANDSAT
DATA,
DETECTION, CRUDE OIL, REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "SEA SURFACE, "RADAR,
DETECTION, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, SURVEILLANCE, NATURAL SEEPAGE, SANTA BARBARA
CHANNEL, "COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER,
DETECTION, CARCINOGENS, SAMPLING, PAH, MOLLUSKS, ESTUARIES, OREGON, "BIVALVES,
DETECTION, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, "OIL-IN-WATER,
"FLUORESCENCE,
DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CANADA, ATLANTIC COAST, HYDROCARBONS,
SPECTROSCOPY,
DETECTION, CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, SURFACTANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION,
DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, SPRCTROSCOPY,
HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
DETECTION, LEAKAGE, PIPELINES, PATENT,
DETECTION, PRODUCTION , POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, LEAKAGE, PIPELINES,
DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEER ING, LEAKAGE, PIPELINES, PATENT,
DETECTION, CANADA, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM, MONITORING, MARINE ORGANISMS, "ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SPILL CLEANUP,
DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, SAMPLING, MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
DEVELOPMENT , CANADA, TAR SANDS, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, "ALBERTA,
CONTAMINATION, COASTS, ESTUARIES, OIL INDUSTRY,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
EXTRACTION,
EXTRACTION,
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
DISPERSANTS,
DISPERSANTS,
"HONG KONC
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
POLLUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION
SPILL CLEANUP, UK, "OIL SPILL POLICY,
FIoH, TOXICITY, TROPICAL REGIONS, JAPAN,
"WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY,
239
-------
1719
1 746
1752
1770
1773
1779
1753
1791
1907
1916
193-2
19o3
199o
1998
2000
2310
2073
2099
1 Dc3
17, '2
1 960
2105
1791
1(515
Io55
"663
20o4
1 030
164o
1o72
1700
2001
206 j
^035
2056
I3j4
20/0
1 3G4
201 -i
2044
1004
lobl
Io75
1991
2110
1951
1797
1790
DISPERSANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SURFACTANTS,
DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, EMULSIFIERS, SOLUTION, TOXICITY,
DISPERSANTS, BOOMS, OIL SLICKS, SPILL CLEANUP, »PUMPS,
DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, TOXICITY, SINKING AGENTS,
DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, 'MAGNETIC POWDER,
DISPERSANTS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL SLICKS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
DISPERSANTS, BEACHES, SPILL RECOVERY, SURFACTANTS, PATENT,
DISPERSANTS, COASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPOSAL
FRESHWATER,
DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, OIL DISCHARGES, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS,
DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SURFACTANTS, FISH, TOXICITY,
DlSPLnSANTS, TOXICITY, ECHINODERMS, *ESSO COREXIT 9527, "FERTILIZATION,
DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FISH, SPILL CLEANUP, 'EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT,
DISPERSANTS, OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SHORELINES, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
ORGANISMS, TOXICITY,
DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, SHIPS, EXPLORATION ,
PRODUCTION , 3EABIRDS, MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, SPILL CLEANUP,
DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OCEANS, SOURCES, POLLUTION CONTROL,
MARINE ORGANISMS,
DISPERSANTS, Oil. SLICKS, PHYTOPLANKTON, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TOXICITY, "LIGHT
'PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, FATE,
DETECTION, MONITORING, PATENT, 'OIL SOLUBLE DYE,
DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
CRUSTACEANS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METABOLISM, 'SUBLETHAL
•ARCTIC AMPhlPOD,
CONTAMINATION, FATE, SEAWATER, SPREADING, EVAPORATION, OXIDA"ION,
MARSHES, SEAWATER,
MARINE
REDUCTION,
DISPERiANTS,
DISPERSANTS,
DISPERSIONS,
DISPERSIONS,
DISPERSIONS,
EFFECTS,
DISPERSIONS,
SOLUTION,
DISPOSAL , DISPERSANTS,
OOASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, MARSHES, SEAWATER,
1600
2024
2025
FRESHWATER,
DISPOSAL , CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINANTS, INDUSTRIES, GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
DISPOSAL , CONTAMINANTS, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, SOLID WASTES, INLAND, "WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, "LANDFILLS,
DISPOSAL , «ASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, "BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, 'UNDERGROUND WASTE
INJECTION,
DISPOSAL , BIODEGRADATION, SLUDGE, SOIL, WASTE OIL, REFINERIES,
DISTILLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OIL DISCHARGES, USSR,
DISTRIBUTION, CANADA, ATLANTIC OCEAN, TAR, OCEANS, SARGASSO SEA,
DISTRIBUTION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AUSTRALIA, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, 'MYTILUS
EDULI3, 'INDICATOR SPECIES,
DISTRIBUTION, BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, SAMPLING, TAR, 'PLASTICS,
DISTRIBUTION, COASTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
DISTRIBUTION, "OIL PARTICLES, SEAWATER,
DISTRIBUTION, BIODEGRADATION, BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, FATE, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
DRILLING , DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BLOWOUT PREVENTION, PATENT,
DRILLING , CONTAMINATION, GROUNDWATER, OIL WELLS, 'DRILLING FLUIDS, 'WELL COMPLETION,
DRILLING , BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, 'DRILL CUTTINGS, FATE, OCEANS,
ECHINODEXMS, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY, »ESSO COREXIT 9527, 'FERTILIZATION,
ECHINODERMS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, TOXICITY, 'EKOFISK OIL,
ECONOMIC EFFECTS, SLCwOUTS, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NORTH SEA,
ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL,
EPA,
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
LOUISIANA,
ECONOMICS, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, SAFETY, 'LIBERIAN REGISTRY,
ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL DISPOSAL, STORAGE, UK,
ECONOMICS, CRUDE OIL, COST ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, USSR,
ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
ECONOMICS, CALIFORNIA, OIL SPILLS, INLAND, SPILL CLEANUP, RESTORATION,
ECONOMICS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
'QUEBEC,
ECOSYSTEMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS, SUBARCTIC
•REGIONS,
EIS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OIL
EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE,
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
£13, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE,
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, LOUISIANA, *3AYOU CHOCTAW SALT DOME,
EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MEXICO/GULF OF,
EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MEXICO/GULF OF,
CANADA, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
COST ANALYSIS, OIL INDUSTRY, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DRILLING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OCS,
TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, TEXAS, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, 'SALT DOMES, OIL TANKS, 'STRATEGIC
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, 'SALT DOMES, 'MINES, 'STRATEGIC
240
-------
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
21 1 1
21 12
1635
1643
1647
1654
1656
1665
2020
2060
1746
1o50
1965
1973
1768
1784
1605
1o06
1807
1603
1314
1324
1626
1631
1632
1o52
1654
1860
1364
Io69
1o7!
1372
1838
196o
2084
1793
1794
2119
2047
1643
1664
1 o76
1679
1692
1796
H99
1800
Id13
1643
EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
EIS, ALASKA, OIL-GAS LEASIMG, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
EIS, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, US, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL DISCHARGES,
EIS, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, US, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OIL DISCHARGES,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, CRUDE OIL, OIL SPILLS, FATE,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, COST ANALYSIS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, NORWAY,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PRODUCTION , NORTH SEA,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OIL SPILLS, FISH, NORTH SEA,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL, NORTH SEA,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, WILDLIFE, NORTH SEA,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, NORTH SEA, POLLUTION CONTROL,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, SAFETY,
REGULATIONS,
EMULSIFICATION, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, FRESHWATER, 'KEROSENE,
EMULSIFIERS, DI3PERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, SOLUTION, TOXICITY,
EMULSIFIERS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SLUDGE, FLOTATION, PATENT,
EMULSIFIERS, CRUDE OIL, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, HYDROCARBONS, TOXICITY, MOLLUSKS, SURFACTANTS,
»MUSSELS,
EMULSIFIERS, ALGAE, TOXICITY, SURFACTANTS, »SEAWEED, *GROWTH RATES,
EMULSIONS, FILTRATION, EVAPORATION, INCINERATION, *OIL REMOVAL,
EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FLOTATION,
EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION,
EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, *AMINE ADDITION,
EMULSIONS, WASTE OIL TREATMENT, FILTRATION, 'ULTRAFILTRATION ,
EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, INDUSTRIES, FILTRATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
'ULTRAFILTRATIOH ,
EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE.OIL,
EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, 'CELLULOSE PULP,
EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OXIDATION, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION,
PGLYMEHS,
EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTE OIL TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION,
EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION,
'ULTRAFILTRATION ,
EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, FILTRATION, POLAND, 'CELLULOSE,
'DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OFFSHORE DRILLING, 'DRILLING MUDS,
EMULSIONS, FUEL OIL, MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, «MYA ARENARIA L.,
EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, 'SUSPENDED SOLIDS, 'STABILITY,
ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION, RESTORATION, VEGETATION, MARSHES, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
'SALT MARSH,
ENGLAND, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, RESTORATION, SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS,
'ROCKY SHORES,
ENGLAND, CANADA, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, SHIPS, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, PORTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, PRODUCTION , NORTH SEA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, OIL SPILLS, FATE, SPILL CLEANUP, MONITORING, '1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA COAST, MONITORING, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OCS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, NOAA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING, OIL SPILLS,
~'~" " "~ EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, 'SALT DOMES, OIL TANKS, 'STRATEGIC
'ULTRAFILTRATION
PATENT, 'CATIONIC
PATENT,
EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, 'SALT DOMES, 'MINES, 'STRATEGIC
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, LOUISIANA, 'BAYOU CHCCTAW SALT DOME,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPOSAL , CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINANTS, INDUSTRIES, GROUNDWATER,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, WASTEWATERS, OIL DISCHARGES, FUEL OIL, GASOLINE, LUBRICATING
OIL, MONITORING, 'DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
241
-------
190fa
i907
1910
1927
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2001
2005
2007
2009
2010
2013
2014
2015
2017
202^
2024
2025
2027
2026
202^
2051
20.52
2039
2040
2042
2044
2045
2040
2050
2052
2054
2055
2090
2109
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2021
2046
20s J
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, INLAND, SPILL CLEANUP,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS,
BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, SANTA
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
BARBARA CHANNEL,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ECONOMIC EFFECTS, CANADA, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION,
BEACHES, METULA SPILL, SEDIMENTS, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, MALAYSIA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, OIL SPILLS, SHORELINES, INTERTIDAL ZONE, MARINE
ORGANISMS, TOXICITY,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, OIL SPILLS, US, "WORLD WAR II,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, VEGETATION, SOIL, MARSHES,
DISTRIBUTION, COASTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL,
CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
CONTAMINANTS, FUELS, PRODUCTION ,
CONTAMINATION, FISHERIES, "SHELLFISH ,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, OIL SLICKS, PHYTOPLANKTON, TOXICITY, »LIGHT
REDUCTION, »PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
MARINE MAMMALS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
FISH, PLANKTON ,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, ARCTIC, ALASKA, HABITAT,'SHORELINES, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, »SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OIL SPILLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, FRESHWATER, EPA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL INDUSTRY, REFINING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
OIL-GAS LEASING,
OIL-GAS LEASING,
EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF,
EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OIL-GAS
LEASING, OCS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, ALASKA, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CANADA, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
ICE, OIL INDUSTRY,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SHALE, INDUSTRIES, MONITORING, »R & D NEEDS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PRODUCTION , FOSSIL FUELS , OIL SHALE, TAR SANDS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, FISH,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS,
LOUISIANA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, OIL-GAS LEASING,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DELAWARE, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, PORTS,
FISHERIES, NEW JERSEY,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL INDUSTRY, PETROCHEMICALS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
PREVENTION,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
"RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
STATE GOVERNMENTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL
REFINERIES,
OCS, ONSHORE IMPACTS, POLLUTION
ICE, *ICE COVERED WATERS,
OCS, US, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
MONITORING, MOVEMENT, SAMPLING,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, LEGISLATION, US, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, REFINERIES,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, POLLUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ESTUARIES, MARINE ORGANISMS,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, OCS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, FOSSIL FUELS , REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, GUIDELINES, "CZM,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, OIL INDUSTRY, LOUISIANA, LEGISLATION, US,
242
-------
1638
1655
1658
1709
1795
19U4
2020
2036
2113
2117
2116
1846
1886
1990
2017
2123
1699
1900
1915
1916
1954
2049
2061
2091
2133
1663
1887
1768
1803
2065
2087
2105
1996
1316
201 1
2036
2129
2130
2131
2132
1634
1656
1664
1673
2056
2085
2088
2092
2094
2096
2097
2099
2101
2105
1795
1766
1807
1808
1810
1811
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CANADA, ARCTIC OCEAN,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, OIL SPILLS, OIL TRANSFER, TANKERS, SURVEILLANCE, NORTH SEA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, WILDLIFE, NORTH SEA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DETECTION, CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS,
SURFACTANTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CRUDE OIL, TANKERS, STORAGE, FEA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, BLOWOUTS, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, NORTH SEA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, SAFETY,
REGULATIONS,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DEVELOPMENT , CANADA, TAR SANDS, EXTRACTION, "ALBERTA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , USCG,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CANADA, GUIDELINES, REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
•ALBERTA,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMICS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
•QUEBEC,
EPA, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, "ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY,
EPA, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, USCG,
EPA, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, OIL INDUSTRY, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
EPA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, FRESHWATER,
EPA, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, IMCO, SWEDEN, "BALTIC CONVENTION,
ESTUARIES, DETECTION, CARCINOGENS, SAMPLING, PAH, MOLLUSKS, OREGON, "BIVALVES,
ESTUARIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, "CONFERENCE,
ESTUARIES, CRUSTACEANS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , "COPEPOD,
ESTUARIES, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, "KUWAIT CRUDE,
ESTUARIES, CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINATION, FISH, »FIN ROT, "MULLET,
ESTUARIES, DEVELOPMENT , CONTAMINATION, COASTS, OIL INDUSTRY,
ESTUARIES, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES,
ESTUARIES, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, SEDIMENTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, VIRGINIA,
ESTUARIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, MARINE ORGANISMS,
EUROPE, OIL SPILLS, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, SPILL CLEANUP, "CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES ,
EUROPE, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, PERSONNEL TRAINING, UK, US,
EVAPORATION, EMULSIONS, FILTRATION, INCINERATION, "OIL REMOVAL,
EVAPORATION, WASTEHATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, INCINERATION, PATENT, "THERMAL
OXIDATION ,
EVAPORATION, HYDROCARBONS, OIL SPILLS, FATE, SOLUTION, WEATHERING,
EVAPORATION, DELAWARE BAY, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, WEATHERING, OIL TRANSFER,
EVAPORATION, DISPERSIONS, CONTAMINATION, FATE, SEAWATER, SPREADING, OXIDATION,
SOLUTION,
EXPLORATION
DISPERSANTS,
CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, SHIPS,
PRODUCTION , SEABIRDS, MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, SPILL CLEANUP,
EXTRACTION, CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, SOLVENTS,
EXTRACTION, CARCINOGENS, OIL SHALE, HEALTH HAZARDS, *BENZO(A)PYRENE,
EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DEVELOPMENT , CANADA, TAR SANDS, "ALBERTA,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
OIL SHALE,
OIL SHALE,
OIL SHALE,
POLLUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, OIL SHALE, POLLUTION
EXTRACTION,
EXTRACTION,
EXTRACTION,
CONTROL,
EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
FATE, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, CRUDE OIL, OIL SPILLS,
FATE, COASTS, URQUIOLA SPILL, POLLUTION CONTROL, SPILL CLEANUP, SPAIN,
FATE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, MONITORING, "1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
FATE, CRUDE OIL, CHEMICAL EFFECTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, MONITORING, MOVEMENT,
MICROORGANISMS, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
FATE, DRILLING , BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "DRILL CUTTINGS, OCEANS,
FATE, EVAPORATION, HYDROCARBONS, OIL SPILLS, SOLUTION, WEATHERING,
FATE, MODELS, OIL SPILLS, OXIDATION, "N-HEXADECANE, "PHOTOOXIDATION ,
FATE, BIODEGRADATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SURFACTANTS, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS,
"SELF-PURIFICATION, "SEA OF AZOV,
FATE, DISTRIBUTION, BIODEGRADATION, BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
FATE, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, ICE, "OIL-UNDER-ICE , "IMPULSE RADAR SYSTEM,
FATE, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, ECOSYSTEM, SEDIMENTATION, "NAPHTHALENES,
FATE, DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS,
FATE, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, MARINE ORGANISMS, "MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS,
FATE, EVAPORATION, DISPERSIONS, CONTAMINATION, SEAWATER, SPREADING, OXIDATION,
SOLUTION,
FEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CRUDE OIL, TANKERS, STORAGE,
FILTRATION, EVAPORATION, EMULSIONS, INCINERATION, »OIL REMOVAL,
FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTE OIL TREATMENT, "ULTRAFILTRATION ,
FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, INDUSTRIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
"ULTRAFILTRATION ,
FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, "ULTRAFILTRATION ,
243
-------
•WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY,
1813 FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, REFINERIES, PENNSYLVANIA,
•SAND FILTERS,
1622 FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
1834 FILTRATION, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, REFINERIES,
•DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS,
1844 FILTRATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, SOLID WASTES, OHIO,
"UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
1657 FILTRATION, REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER QUALITY, »ONTARIO,
1869 FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
"ULTRAFILTRATION ,
1372 FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLAND, 'CELLULOSE,
•DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
1873 FILTRATION, COALESCENCE, WASTE OIL, LUBRICATING OIL, RECYCLING,
1877 FILTRATION, WASTE OIL, LUBRICATING OIL, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION. FUELS,
•USCG POWER PLANTS,
1647 FISH, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA,
1666 FISH, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY, TROPICAL REGIONS, JAPAN,
•HONG KONG,
1712 FISH, CONTAMINATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GREAT LAKES ,
1922 FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, INVERTEBRATES, FOOD WEB,
1931 FISH, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, «FIN ROT, »MUGIL CEPHALUS,
1932 FISH, DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SURFACTANTS, TOXICITY,
19j3 FISH, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, *COHO AND CHINOOK SALMON, "CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS,
•ENZYME ACTIVITY,
1936 FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS, "TISSUES,
•MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES,
1938 FISH, CRUDE OIL, CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, *TROUT REPRODUCTION,
1942 FISH, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, TOXICITY, METABOLISM, *SPICARA SMARIS, «SOLEA LASCARIS
NASUTA,
1943 FISH, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, TOXICiTY, *HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES,
1949 FISH, CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, FRESHWATER, LUBRICATING OIL, *SYNTHETIC OIL,
1952 FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, FUEL OIL, INVERTEBRATES, STREAMS, VIRGINIA,
1954 FISH, ESTUARIES, CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINATION, »FIN ROT, »MULLET,
1963 FISH, CRUDE OIL, FUEL OIL, TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM,"RESPIRATION,
•ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
1972 FISH, TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, »BENZENE, 'REPRODUCTION, *CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI,
19d3 FISH, DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SPILL CLEANUP, "EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT,
2014 FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
OCS, PLANKTON ,
2042 FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING,
2093 FISH, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ,
OIL SPILLS, WEATHERING, NORWAY, »T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
2127 FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, FRESHWATER,
1993 FISHERIES, EXPLORATION , DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES,
SHIPS, PRODUCTION , SEABIRDS, MARINE ORGANISMS, SPILL CLEANUP,
2002 FISHERIES, BIRDS, OIL SPILLS, REFINERIES, OIL TRANSPORT, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION,
POLLUTION CONTROL, TOXICITY, NORTH SEA,
2003 FISHERIES, CRUDE OIL, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA,
2009 FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINATION, "SHELLFISH ,
2012 FISHERIES, OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, SCOTLAND,
2048 FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DELAWARE, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
PORTS, NEW JERSEY,
SPILL RECOVERY, SEAWATER, RIVERS, SOLVENTS, COAGULATION, PATENT,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, "SOLVENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, "SOLVENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SURFACTANTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1784 FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
1805 FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
1815 FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SHIPS, PATENT,
1335 FLOTATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, "TETRAETHYLEAD REMOVAL,
1345 FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SKIMMERS, PATENT,
1850 FLOTATION, EMULSIFIERS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SLUDGE, PATENT,
1854 FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, PATENT, »CATIONIC
POLYMERS,
1364 FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
1922 FOOD WEB, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, INVERTEBRATES,
1976 FOOD WEB, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, OCEANS, "FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER,
1706 FOSSIL FUELS , ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
2021 FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, OCS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, REGULATIONS,
1730
1623
1340
1o49
1858
1859
1867
1a70
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION
RECOVERY
FLOCCULATION
RECOVERY
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION
244
-------
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2040 FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PRODUCTION , OIL SHALE, TAR SANDS,
1739 FRESHWATER, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, OCEANS,
1759 FRESHWATER, CONTAMINATION, ADSORPTION, FUEL OIL, 'ACTIVATED CARBON, »WATER SUPPLY,
1791 FRESHWATER, DISPOSAL , DISPERSANTS, COASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP,
MARSHES, SEAWATER,
1919 FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, FUNGI, ICE, *OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
1916 FRESHWATER, REFINERIES, TOXICITY, WASTEWATERS, MONITORING, INVERTEBRATES, *DAPHNIA
PULEX, "BIOASSAY,
1949 FRESHWATER, FISH, CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, LUBRICATING OIL, "SYNTHETIC OIL,
1955 FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE,
TOXICITY, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1980 FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, ARCTIC, TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, "PRIMARY PRODUCTION,
2011 FRESHWATER, EPA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES,
2000 FRESHWATER, EMULSIFICATION, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, "KEROSENE,
2069 FRESHWATER, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, FUNGI, SEDIMENTS,
2127 FRESHWATER, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
1705 FUEL OIL, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HYDROCARBONS, SEAWATER, "WATER-SOLUBLE
FRACTION,
1724 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, "OIL-GREASE DETERMINATION,
1727 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1759 FUEL OIL, FRESHWATER, CONTAMINATION, ADSORPTION, "ACTIVATED CARBON, "WATER SUPPLY,
1777 FUEL OIL, ADSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, "SAWDUST,
1787 FUEL OIL, ADSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, GASOLINE, PATENT,
1840 FUEL OIL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, WASTEWATERS, OIL DISCHARGES, GASOLINE, LUBRICATING
OIL, MONITORING, "DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
1911 FUEL OIL, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "HATCHABILITY, "MALLARD DUCK EGGS,
1914 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, ALGAE, TOXICITY,
1921 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, POLYCHAETES, "REPRODUCTION,
1923 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MICROORGANISMS, "GEORGIA STRAIT,
"HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL, "PRODUCTIVITY,
1925 FUEL OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, HYDROCARBONS, MICROORGANISMS, MARSHES,
"SALTMARSri,
1944 FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES,
MASSACHUSETTS, "UCA PUGNAX,
1945 FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METABOLISM, "TEMPERATURE, "SALINITY,
"LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS,
1952 FUEL OIL, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, INVERTEBRATES, STREAMS, VIRGINIA,
1962 FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, UPTAKE, RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS,
1903 FUEL OIL, FISH, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, METABOLISM,"RESPIRATION,
"ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
1968 FUEL OIL, EMULSIONS, MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, *MYA ARENARIA I.,
1973 FUEL OIL, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "HATCHABILITY, "COMMON EIDER EGGS,
1974 FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, METABOLISM, "NAPHTHALENES, "HATCHING,
"LARVAL GROWTH, "GRASS SHRIMP,
2080 FUEL OIL, CASPIAN SEA, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION,
2089 FUEL OIL, TOXICITY, YEASTS, OXIDATION, »UV IRRADIATION,
2091 FUEL OIL, ESTUARIES, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, VIRGINIA,
2107 FUEL OIL, DECOMPOSITION, BIODEGRADATION, MICROORGANISMS, "PHYSICOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION,
1347 FUELS, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, "LAND DISPOSAL, "SPRAY IRRIGATION,
1875 FUELS, CRUDE OIL, SPILL RECOVERY, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
1d77 FUELS, FILTRATION, WASTE OIL, LUBRICATING OIL, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
"USCG POWER PLANTS,
1969 FUELS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "GROWTH,
"REPRODUCTION, "FUCUS EDENTATUS DE LA PYL,
2007 FUELS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, PRODUCTION ,
1919 FUNGI, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, ICE, "OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
2069 FUNGI, FRESHWATER, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS,
2075 FUNGI, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, WASTE OIL, SOIL, MONITORING, "ARID SITE,
1787 GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ADSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
1o27 GASOLINE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SLUDGE, WASTEWATERS, PATENT,
1840 GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, WASTEWATERS, OIL DISCHARGES, LUBRICATING
OIL, MONITORING, "DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
1955 GASOLINE, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ALGAE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
TOXICITY, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
2071 GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, ALASKA, HYDROCARBONS, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES, SEDIMENTS,
2072 GASOLINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES,
1337 GERMANY, EAST, REFINERIES, OIL INDUSTRY, PETROCHEMICALS, WASIEWATER TREATMENT,
2120 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, PORTS, USCG, SAFETY, LAW ENFORCEMENT,
1712 GREAT LAKES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FISH, CONTAMINATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES,
1891 GREENLAND, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DRILLING, SAFETY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, "ICEBERGS,
1729 GROUNDWATER, CONTAMINATION, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL WELLS, PRODUCTION ,
WASTEWATERS, "BRINE DISPOSAL,
1302 GROUNDWATER, ADSORPTION, OIL TRANSPORT, "LIME, "CLAY, "SOIL COMPONENTS,
245
-------
1813 GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPOSAL , CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINANTS, INDUSTRIES,
2035 GROUNDWATER, DRILLING , CONTAMINATION, OIL WELLS, *DRILLING FLUIDS, "WELL COMPLETION,
2046 GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, *CZM,
2117 GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CANADA, REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
'ALBERTA,
2122 GUIDELINES, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, MANUALS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS,
2015 HABITAT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, ARCTIC, ALASKA, SHORELINES, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, »SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
1732 HARBORS, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, INLAND, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
2008 HEALTH HAZARDS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, HYDROCARBONS, OCEANS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
2011 HEALTH HAZARDS, EXTRACTION, CARCINOGENS, OIL SHALE, »BENZO(A)PYRENE,
1671 HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING, SOURCES, PLATFORMS, MEXICO/GULF OF, *GAS VENTING, *BRINE
DISCHARGE,
1672 HYDROCARBONS, DISTRIBUTION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AUSTRALIA, MONITORING, SOURCES, »MYTILUS
EDULIS, "INDICATOR SPECIES,
1o78 HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING, SEDIMENTS, SOURCES, MEXICO/GULF OF, "CONTINENTAL SHELF,
1679 HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, MONITORING, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND,
1693 HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SAMPLING, SEAWATER, OIL-GAS LEASING, MEXICO/GULF OF,
"SEASONAL VARIATIONS, "MAFLA LEASE AREA,
1705 HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEAWATER, "WATER-SOLUBLE
FRACTION,
17C8 HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CANADA, ATLANTIC COAST,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1709 HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DETECTION, CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
SURFACTANTS,
1710 HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SPECTROMETRY,
ZOOPLANKTON, SEDIMENTS,
1711 HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, BEACHES, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ABSORPTION, SEAWATER,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1713 HYDROCARBONS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SAMPLING, SEDIMENTS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, WASHINGTON,
1714 HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES,
SPECTROSCOPY, MARINE ORGANISMS,
1715 HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, MARINE ORGANISMS,
SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY,
1717 HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , MONITORING,
SEDIMENTS, "GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
1725 HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SEDIMENTS, SPECTROSCOPY,
"INTERCALIBRATION,
1726 HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ADSORPTION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEAWATER,
SURFACTANTS, "ELECTROANALYSIS ,
1730 HYDROCARBONS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, SEDIMENTS, LAKES,
1o17 HYDROCARBONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, *SOLVENT EXTRACTION ,
1912 HYDROCARBONS, ANNELIDS, SEDIMENT, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "PHASCOLOSOMA AGASSIZII,
"NAPHTHALENES,
1913 HYDROCARBONS, BEHAVIOR, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS, METABOLISM,
"SUBLETHAL LEVELS,
1924 HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BEAUFORT SEA, UPTAKE, MARINE, MAMMALS,
"RINGED SEAL,
1925 HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, MICROORGANISMS, MARSHES,
"SALTMARSH,
1933 HYDROCARBONS, FISH, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "COHO AND CHINOOK SALMON, "CHLORINATED 3IPHENYLS,
"ENZYME ACTIVITY,
1935 HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, PLANKTON , UPTAKE, RELEASE, * 14C-1-NAPHTHALENE, "COPEPODS,
1936 HYDROCARBONS, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, "TISSUES,
"MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES,
1947 HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, STORAGE, RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS,
1951 HYDROCARBONS, ECOSYSTEMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, MARINE ORGANISMS, SUBARCTIC
REGIONS,
1950 HYDROCARBONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PHYTOPLANKTON, METABOLISM, "PLANT GROW"H,
"PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1959 HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CANADA, METABOLISM, MONITORING, MARINE ORGANISMS, "ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
1963 HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, FISK, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, METABOLISM,"RESPIRATION,
"ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
1965 HYDROCARBONS, EMULSIFIERS, CRUDE OIL, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TOXICITY, MOLLUSKS , SURFACTANTS,
"MUSSELS,
1967 HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, ATLANTIC COAST, OIL DISCHARGES, PHYTOPLANKTON, OCS,
1972 HYDROCARBONS, FISH, TOXICITY, "BENZENE, "REPRODUCTION, "CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI,
1974 HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, UPTAKE, METABOLISM, "NAPHTHALENES, ''HATCHING,
"LARVAL GROWTH, "GRASS SHRIMP,
1976 HYDROCARBONS, FOOD WEB, UPTAKE, RELEASE, OCEANS, "FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER,
2005 HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, MARINE ORGANISMS,
OIL SPILLS,
246
-------
2008
2033
2060
2062
2063
2065
2066
2069
2071
2076
2077
2081
2082
2005
2091
2097
2100
2101
2102
1919
20.>U
2051
2054
2077
2086
2096
2123
2126
1768
1776
1790
1803
1812
1o7o
180o
1818
1030
1o78
2039
1649
1676
1732
1855
1906
1991
1731
2115
2124
1902
2115
21 16
2123
2125
2126
1713
1956
HYDROCARBONS, HEALTH HAZARDS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OCEANS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, ATLANTIC COAST, OCS, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT,
HYDROCARBONS, FRESHWATER, EMULSIFICATION, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "KEROSENE,
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION " "' ' "~ " ~" ~~
SPILL,
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION
BEACHES, BACTERIA, SEDIMENT, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, METULA
BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , YEASTS, OIL SLICKS,
•CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, OIL SHALE,
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, 'TAXONOMY,
HYDROCARBONS, FUNGI, FRESHWATER, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, SEDIMENTS,
HYDROCARBONS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, ALASKA, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES, SEDIMENTS,
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, SUBARCTIC REGIONS,
TOXICITY,
HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, ICE, SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER,
HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, LAKES, WATER QUALITY, WISCONSIN, 'NUTRIENT
LIMITATION,
HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, SOIL, 'NUTRIENT ADDITION,
HYDROCARBONS, FATE, EVAPORATION, OIL SPILLS, SOLUTION, WEATHERING,
HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, ESTUARIES, SEDIMENTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, VIRGINIA,
HYDROCARBONS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, SEAWATER, ECOSYSTEM, SEDIMENTATION, 'NAPHTHALENES,
HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, ADSORPTION, SOIL, 'DESORPTION, 'ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT,
HYDROCARBONS, FATE, SEAWATER, MARINE ORGANISMS, 'MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS,
HYDROCARBONS, ALASKA, UPTAKE, RELEASE, SEDIMENTS, OIL SLICKS, INTERTIDAL ZONE,
ICE, FUNGI, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, 'OIL-UNDER-ICE ,
ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CANADA, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, OIL INDUSTRY,
ICE, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, SAFETY, LABRADOR SEA, 'MINING TECHNOLOGY,
ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, 'ICE COVERED WATERS,
'RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY,
ICE, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER,
ICE, BEAUFORT SEA, OIL SPILLS, SPREADING, 'UNDER-ICE SPILL,
ICE, FATE, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, 'OIL-UNDER-ICE , 'IMPULSE RADAR SYSTEM,
IMCO, EPA, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SWEDEN, 'BALTIC CONVENTION,
IMCO, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, OIL DISCHARGES, TANKERS, LAW ENFORCEMENT,
INCINERATION, FILTRATION, EVAPORATION, EMULSIONS, 'OIL REMOVAL,
INCINERATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, 'ABSORBENT FIBERS,
INCINERATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, "GELLING AGENTS,
INCINERATION, EVAPORATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PATENT, 'THERMAL
OXIDATION ,
INCINERATION, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, SLUDGE, REFINERIES, 'FLUID BEDS,
INDIA, INDUSTRIES, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
INDUSTRIES, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
'ULTRAFILTRATION ,
INDUSTRIES, GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPOSAL , CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINANTS,
INDUSTRIES, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
INDUSTRIES, INDIA, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
INDUSTRIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SHALE, MONITORING, »R 4 D NEEDS,
INFORMATION SYSTEMS, STATISTICS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, 'DATA BANK,
UK,
INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA COAST,
MONITORING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, NOAA,
INLAND, HARBORS, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, 'PRODUCT INFORMATION,
INLAND, DISPOSAL , CONTAMINANTS, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, SOLID WASTES, 'WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, 'LANDFILLS,
INLAND, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, SPILL CLEANUP,
INLAND, ECONOMICS, CALIFORNIA, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, RESTORATION,
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL DISCHARGES, NATURAL SEEPAGE, OIL
SPILLS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, TANKERS,
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, LEGISLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OCEANS, UK, US,
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, LIABILITY, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OIL TRANSFER, STORAGE, NORTH
SEA,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, OIL DISCHARGES, SAFETY, POLLUTION
CONTROL, LIABILITY,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, LEGISLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OCEANS, UK, US,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, LEGISLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, IMCO, EPA, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SWEDEN, 'BALTIC CONVENTION,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, UN, POLLUTION CONTROL, MONITORING,
MEDITERRANEAN SEA,
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, IMCO, OIL DISCHARGES. TANKERS, LAW ENFORCEMENT,
INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SAMPLING, SEDIMENTS, WASHINGTON,
INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BALTIC SEA, SPILL CLEANUP,
247
-------
USCG, SAFETY,
1957 INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOMASS , BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS,
1971 INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METULA SPILL, MARINE ORGANISMS, MAGELLAN/STRAIT
OF,
1977 INTERTIDAL ZONE, CHEDABUCTO BAY, CANADA, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY, MARINE ORGANISMS,
"MORTALITIES,
1996 INTERTIDAL ZONE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, OIL SPILLS, SHORELINES, MARINE
ORGANISMS, TOXICITY,
INTERTIDAL ZONE, FATE, DISTRIBUTION, BIODEGRADATION , BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS, MODELS,
INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ALASKA, UPTAKE, RELEASE, SEDIMENTS, OIL SLICKS,
INVERTEBRATES, FOOD WEB, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL,
INVERTEBRATES, FRESHWATER, REFINERIES, TOXICITY, WASTEWATERS, MONITORING, *DAPHNIA
PULEX, "BIOASSAY,
INVERTEBRATES, FUEL OIL, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, STREAMS, VIRGINIA,
ISRAEL, CORAL REEFS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, RED SEA, "SUCCESSION,
"RECOLONIZATION,
JAPAN, FISH, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY, TROPICAL REGIONS, »WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY,
*HONG KONG,
JAPAN, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEDIMENTS, MOVEMENT, «SETO INLAND SEA,
LABRADOR SEA, ICE, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS , SAFETY, "MINING TECHNOLOGY,
LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, SEDIMENTS,
LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, ALASKA, MICROORGANISMS, SEDIMENTS,
LAKES, GASOLINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, MICROORGANISMS,
LAKEi, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, WATER QUALITY, WISCONSIN, »NUTRIENT
LIMITATION,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, LEGISLATION, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, USCG,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, ENGLAND, CANADA, LEGISLATION, SHIPS, OIL SPILLS,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, PORTS,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, IMCO, OIL DISCHARGES, TANKERS,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, MONITORING, PIPELINES,
LEAKAGE, TANKERS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, »OIL SOLIDIFICATION,
LEAKAGE, SHIPS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, »STERNGEAR SEAL SYSTEM,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PIPELINES, PATENT,
LEAKAGE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PIPELINES, POLLUTION PREVENTION, PATENT,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PRODUCTION , POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, PIPELINES,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PIPELINES, PATENT,
LEAKAGE, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SHIPS, OIL DISCHARGES, OIL SPILLS,
LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, NEW JERSEY, SPILL CLEANUP, OIL INDUSTRY, »SPILL FUND,
LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, USCG,
LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, LIABILITY, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, OIL INDUSTRY, "SPILL
SUPERFUNDS,
LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, CANADA, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS,
LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, OIL INDUSTRY, LOUISIANA, US,
LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, US, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, SPILL CLEANUP, "COSTS,
LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US, OCS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, REFINERIES,
LEGISLATION, US, STATE GOVERNMENTS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OCEANS, UK, US,
LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, ENGLAND, CANADA, SHIPS, OIL SPILLS,
LEGISLATION, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, US, POLLUTION CONTROL,
LIABILITY, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, TANKERS, SPILL CLEANUP,
LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, OIL DISCHARGES, SAFETY,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, OIL INDUSTRY, "SPILL
SUPERFUNDS,
LIABILITY, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, OIL TRANSFER, PORTS, "OIL SPILL
FUND,
LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, US, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, "COSTS,
LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OIL TRANSFER, STORAGE, NORTH
SEA,
LOUISIANA,
LOUISIANA,
LOUISIANA,
OCS,
LOUISIANA, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, OIL INDUSTRY, US,
LUBRICATING OIL, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, WASTEWATERS, OIL
DISCHARGES, MONITORING, "DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
LUBRICATING OIL, FILTRATION, COALESCENCE, WASTE OIL, RECYCLING,
LUBRICATING OIL, RECLAMATION, WASTE OILS, "IFP PROCESS,
LUBRICATING OIL, FUELS, FILTRATION, WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
"USCG POWER PLANTS,
LUBRICATING OIL, FRESHWATER, FISH, CHRONIC EFFECTS, TOXICITY, "SYNTHETIC OIL,
LUBRICATING OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOVEMENT, SOIL,
MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METULA SPILL, MARINE
ORGANISMS,
2102
1922
1946
1952
1950
1666
2106
2051
1730
20/1
2072
2061
190o
2119
2120
2126
1686
1766
1090
1894
1895
1899
1901
1909
1659
1908
1988
1992
2053
210d
2109
2110
2116
2119
21j4
1640
1902
1986
1969
2108
2124
1644
1800
2044
2053
1840
187.5
1874
1877
1949
/006
1971
BLOWOUTS, OIL WELLS, "GAS-WELLS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, "BAYOU CHOCTAW SALT DOME,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DRILLING,
248
-------
1993 MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SEACHES, METULA SPILL, SEDIMENTS,
2062 MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BEACHES, BACTERIA, SEDIMENT, METULA
SPILL,
1984 MAINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, *GONADAL NEOPLASMS, "MYA AREMARIA,
1995 MALAYSIA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS,
2122 MANUALS, GUIDELINES, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS,
2013 MARINE MAMMALS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, DCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE
STUDIES, ALASKA,
1924 MARINE MAMMALS, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BEAUFORT SEA, UPTAKE,
'RINGED SEAL,
1966 MARINE MAMMALS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "THERMAL CONDUCTANCE, *SEA OTTERS,
"PINNIPEDS,
2037 MARINE MAMMALS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, DCS, "MORTALITY,
1714 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE
STUDIES, SPECTROSCOPY,
1715 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES,
SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY,
1910 MARINE ORGANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY,
1913 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, BEHAVIOR, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, TOXICITY, METABOLISM,
"SUBLETHAL LEVELS,
1916 MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, OIL DISCHARGES, TOXICITY,
1927 MARINE ORGANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, SANTA
BARBARA CHANNEL,
1937 MARINE ORGANISMS, CHESAPEAKE BAY, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES,
MOLLUSKS, "MARSH GRASSES,
1947 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, STORAGE, RELEASE,
1951 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, ECOSYSTEMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, SUBARCTIC
REGIONS,
1959 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CANADA, METABOLISM, MONITORING, "ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
1962 MARINE ORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, UPTAKE, RELEASE,
1964 MARINE ORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "COMPARATIVE TOXICITY ,
"BIOASSAY,
1971 MARINE ORGANISMS, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, METULA
SPILL,
1977 MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, CHEDABUCTO BAY, CANADA, OIL SPILLS, TOXICITY,
"MORTALITIES,
1996 MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, OIL SPILLS,
SHORELINES, TOXICITY,
1998 MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, EXPLORATION , DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS, SOURCES, SHIPS, PRODUCTION , SEABIRDS, SPILL CLEANUP,
2000 MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OCEANS, SOURCES,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2005 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS,
OIL SPILLS,
2041 MARINE ORGANISMS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, OFFSHORE DRILLING, PLATFORMS, UPTAKE, SEDIMENTS,
2076 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, METABOLISM, SUBARCTIC REGIONS,
TOXICITY,
2091 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, ESTUARIES, SEDIMENTS, VIRGINIA,
2101 MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, SEAWATER, "MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS,
2133 MARINE ORGANISMS, ESTUARIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
2136 MARINE ORGANISMS, CONTAMINATION, CARIBBEAN SEA, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
1791 MARSHES, FRESHWATER, DISPOSAL , DISPERSANTS, COASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION, SPILL
CLEANUP, SEAWATER,
1793 MARSHES, ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION, RESTORATION, VEGETATION, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
"SALT MARSH,
1925 MARSHES, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, MICROORGANISMS,
"SALTMARSH,
1937 MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS, CHESAPEAKE BAY, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS,
MOLLUSKS, "MARSH GRASSES,
1944 MARSHES, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS,
MASSACHUSETTS, "UCA PUGNAX,
1999 MARSHES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, VEGETATION, SOIL,
1944 MASSACHUSETTS, MARSHES, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL
SPILLS, "UCA PUGNAX,
2125 MEDITERRANEAN SEA, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, UN, POLLUTION
CONTROL, MONITORING,
1913 METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, BEHAVIOR, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, TOXICITY,
"SUBLETHAL LEVELS,
1942 METABOLISM, FISH, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, TOXICITY, "SPICARA SMARIS, "SOLEA LASCARIS
NASUTA,
1945 METABOLISM, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "TEMPERATURE, "SALINITY,
"LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS,
195fa METABOLISM, HYDROCARBONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PHYTOPLANKTON, "PLANT GROWTH,
"PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
249
-------
1959
1960
1963
1974
2076
1971
1993
2062
1671
676
1698
2024
2025
1673
1923
1925
1957
2057
2058
2066
2070
2071
2072
2107
2128
20a7
2063
2094
1699
1/94
1928
1929
1937
1965
196d
1975
1979
1981
.934
1641
1664
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1o75
1676
METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CANADA, MONITORING, "ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
METABOLISM, DISPERSIONS, CRUSTACEANS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, *SUBLETHAL
EFFECTS, "ARCTIC AMPHIPOD,
METABOLISM, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, FISH, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY,"RESPIRATION,
•ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
METABOLISM, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS,
•LARVAL GROWTH, "GRASS SHRIMP,
METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC, SUBARCTIC REGIONS,
TOXICITY,
MARINE ORGANISMS, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL
UPTAKE, "NAPHTHALENES, 'HATCHING,
MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEACHES, SEDIMENTS,
MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BEACHES, BACTERIA,
•BRINE
METULA SPIL
EFFECTS,
METULA SPILL
METULA SPILL
SEDIMENT,
MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING, SOURCES, PLATFORMS, "GAS VENTING,
SCHARGE,
MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, MONITORING, SEDIMENTS, SOURCES, "CONTINENTAL SHELF,
MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SAMPLING, SEAWATER, OIL-GAS LEASING,
"SEASONAL VARIATIONS, "MAFLA LEASE AREA,
MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS,
MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS,
MICROORGANISMS, FATE, CRUDE OIL, CHEMICAL EFFECTS,-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA,
MONITORING, MOVEMENT, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
MICROORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "GEORGIA STRAIT,
"HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL, "PRODUCTIVITY,
MICROORGANISMS, MARSHES, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIO'DEGRADATION,
"SALTMARSH,
MICROORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOMASS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, SEDIMENTS,
MICROORGANISMS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, "14C-DODECANE OXIDATION , »PORT VALDEZ,
MICROORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC,
MICROORGANISMS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , SOURCES,
MICROORGANISMS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, OIL SLICKS, "CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH
YSTEM,
MICROORGANISMS, LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, ALASKA, SEDIMENTS,
MICROORGANISMS, LAKES, GASOLINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC,
MICROORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, DECOMPOSITION, BIODEGRADATION, "PHYSICOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION,
MICROORGANISMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANIMALS, OIL SPILLS, PLANTS,
MODELS, EVAPORATION, DELAWARE BAY, OIL SPILLS, WEATHERING, OIL TRANSFER,
MODELS, FATE, OIL SPILLS, OXIDATION, "N-HEXADECANE, "PHOTOOXIDATION ,
MODELS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, FATE, DISTRIBUTION, BIODEGRADATION, BALTIC SEA, OIL SPILLS,
..ODELS, BEHAVIOR, OIL SLICKS, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, "WIND-CURRENT EFFECTS,
MOLLUSCS, ESTUARIES, DETECTION, CARCINOGENS, SAMPLING, PAH, OREGON, "BIVALVES,
MOLLUSKS, ENGLAND, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, RESTORATION, SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS,
"ROCKY SHORES,
MOLLUSKS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "PHENOL, "CYTOLOGY, "MERCENARIA MERCENARIA,
MOLLUSKS, CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "NAPHTHALENES, "RANGEA CUNEATA, "PROTOTHACA
.MINEA,
MOLLUSKS, MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS, CHESAPEAKE BAY, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL
SPILLS, "MARSH GRASSES,
MOLLUSKS, HYDROCARBONS, EMULSIFIERS, CRUDE OIL, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TOXICITY, SURFACTANTS,
"MUSSELS,
MOLLUSKS, FUEL OIL, EMULSIONS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "MYA ARENARIA L.,
MOLLUSKS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION,
"OIL-TREATED SEDIMENT, "MACOMA BALTHICA,
MOLLUSKS, TOXICITY, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "OIL DROPLETS, "MORTALITY, "CRASSOSTREA GIGAS,
"MYTILUS SPP. ,
MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEAWATER, "WATER PURIFICATION, "MYTILUS EDULIS,
MOLLUSKS, MAINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, OIL SPILLS, "GONADAL NEOPLASMS, »MYA ARENARIA,
MONITORING, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MOVEMENT, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS, USGS,
MONITORING, FATE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, "1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
MONITORING, CONTAMINANTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SAMPLING,
MONITORING, CHESAPEAKE BAY, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL,
MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, POLLUTION CONTROL,
MONITORING, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, OIL SPILLS, WASTE OIL, »IR ABSORPTION ,
MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, PLATFORMS, "GAS VENTING, "BRINE
DISCHARGE,
MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, DISTRIBUTION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AUSTRALIA, SOURCES, "MYTILUS
EDULIS, "INDICATOR SPECIES,
MONITORING, MICROORGANISMS, FATE, CRUDE OIL, CHEMICAL EFFECTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
ALASKA, MOVEMENT, "PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
MONITORING, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL SPILLS, "BUOYS, "GAS SENSORS,
MONITORING, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, SHIPS, "ULTRASONIC MONITOR,
MONITORING, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA
250
-------
COA3T, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, NOAA,
1677 MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, CHROMATOGRAPHY, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, 'INSTRUMENT
SURVEY,
1678 MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, SEDIMENTS, SOURCES, 'CONTINENTAL SHELF,
1679 MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND,
1630 MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, OIL DISCHARGES, TANKERS, REGULATIONS, PATENT,
1681 MONITORING, STREAMS, SEDIMENTS, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, SAMPLING, »HEAVY METALS,
1682 MONITORING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, 3FAWATER, *CHEMILUMINESCENCE,
1683 MONITORING, DISPERSIONS, DETECTION, PATENT, *OIL SOLUBLE DYE,
1654 MONITORING, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BILGES, SHIPS,
I6o5 MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BILGES, *TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION,
1686 MONITORING, LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PIPELINES,
16d8 MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, POLLUTION CONTROL, *LANDSAT,
1691 MONITORING, DETECTION, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, »LANDSAT
DATA,
1692 MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SPILLS,
1717 MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ,
SEDIMENTS, "GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
13«0 MONITORING, LUBRICATING OIL, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, WASTEWATERS,
OIL DISCHARGES, 'DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
1946 MONITORING, INVERTEBRATES, FRESHWATER, REFINERIES, TOXICITY, WASTEWATERS, »DAPHNIA
PULEX, *BIOASSAY,
1959 MONITORING, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CANADA, 'ENZYME
ACTIVITY,
2039 MONITORING, INDUSTRIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, OIL SHALE, »R 4 D NEEDS,
2075 MONITORING, FUNGI, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, WASTE OIL, SOIL, »ARID SITE,
20?0 MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, MOVEMENT, SAMPLING,
2125 MONITORING, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, UN,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2135 MONITORING, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, SAMPLING, REMOTE SENSING,
1641 MOVEMENT, MONITORING, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS, USGS,
1673 MOVEMENT, MONITORING, MICROORGANISMS, FATE, CRUDE OIL, CHEMICAL EFFECTS, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS, ALASKA, 'PERMAFROST TERRAIN,
1695 MOVEMENT, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, WASTEWATERS, 'CURRENT CIRCULATION,
'SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE STUDIES,
2u06 MOVEMENT, LUBRICATING OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SOIL,
2090 MOVEMENT, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, SAMPLING,
2095 MOVEMENT, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, 'COASTAL WINDS,
2090 MOVEMENT, BEAUFORT SEA, ALASKA COAST, OIL SPILLS, SHORELINES, 'SPILL IMPACT
PROBABILITY,
2103 MOVEMENT, OIL SLICKS, 'LEEWAY, 'WIND DRIFT,
2106 MOVEMENT, JAPAN, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEDIMENTS, 'SETO INLAND SEA,
16o7 NATURAL SEEPAGE, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, POLLUTION CONTROL, 'LANDSAT,
1691 NATURAL SEEPAGE, MONITORING, DETECTION, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, 'LANDSAT
DATA,
1694 NATURAL SEEPAGE, DETECTION, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, SURVEILLANCE, SANTA BARBARA
CHANNEL, 'COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER,
1722 NATURAL SEEPAGE, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
BIODEGRADATION, WEATHERING, SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL,
U31 NATURAL SEEPAGE, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL DISCHARGES, OIL
SPILLS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, TANKERS,
1659 NEW JERSEY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, SPILL CLEANUP, OIL INDUSTRY, 'SPILL FUND,
2043 NEW JERSEY, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DELAWARE, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, PORTS,
1940 NEW YORK, CRUDE OIL, BENTHOS, TOXICITY, PLANKTON , OCS, 'NEW YORK BIGHT,
1676 NOAA, MONITORING, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, BASELINE STUDIES,
ALASKA COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
1637 NORTH SEA, OIL SPILLS, STATISTICS, SOURCES, UK,
1042 NORTH SEA, BLOWOUTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, NORWAY, 'EMERGENCY VESSEL,
1643 NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, PRODUCTION ,
1647 NORTH SEA, FISH, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OIL SPILLS,
1652 NORTH SEA, BLOWOUT PREVENTION, NORWAY, 'RED ADAIR CO.,
1654 NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL,
1655 NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, OIL SPILLS, OIL TRANSFER, TANKERS, SURVEILLANCE,
Io58 NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, WILDLIFE,
1665 NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, POLLUTION CONTROL,
1744 NORTH SEA, BOOMS, BLOWOUTS, SPILL RECOVERY, NORWAY,
1751 NORTH SEA, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, 'OIL COLLECTION SYSTEMS,
1904 NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, BLOWOUTS, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS,
2002 NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, BIRDS, OIL SPILLS, REFINERIES, OIL TRANSPORT, OFFSHORE
PRODUCTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, TOXICITY,
2003 NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, CRUDE OIL, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
2012 NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, SCOTLAND,
2020 NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, SAFETY,
251
-------
REGULATIONS,
2124 NORTH SEA, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OIL TRANSFER,
STORAGE,
1635 NORWAY, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, COST ANALYSIS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION,
1642 NORWAY, NORTH SEA, BLOWOUTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, "EMERGENCY VESSEL,
1645 NORWAY, BLOWOUTS, OIL SPILLS, "PREDICTION,
1652 NORWAY, NORTH SEA, BLOWOUT PREVENTION, »RED ADAIR CO.,
1744 NORWAY, NORTH SEA, BOOMS, BLOWOUTS, SPILL RECOVERY,
2026 NORWAY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL,
2093 NORWAY, FISH, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS , OIL SPILLS, WEATHERING, "T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
1648 OCEANS, DISTRIBUTION, CANADA, ATLANTIC OCEAN, TAR, SARGASSO SEA,
1657 OCEANS, COASTS, ALASKA, OIL SPILLS, STATISTICS,
1662 OCEANS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, STATISTICS, "TANKER ACCIDENTS,
1689 OCEANS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, SURVEILLANCE, "DYS/SLICK SEAMARKING DEVICE,
1696 OCEANS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, "WAVE DAMPING, "OIL PROPERTIES,
1697 OCEANS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, "RADAR, "SEA SURFACE,
1702 OCEANS, CONTAMINATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "LASER RADAfi, "SEA SURFACE,
1739 OCEANS, FRESHWATER, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT,
1776 OCEANS, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, "POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
1906 OCEANS, INLAND, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, SPILL CLEANUP,
1976 OCEANS, HYDROCARBONS, FOOD WEB, UPTAKE, RELEASE, "FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER,
2000 OCEANS, MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2003 OCEANS, HYDROCARBONS, HEALTH HAZARDS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
205b OCEANS, FATE, DRILLING , BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "DRILL CUTTINGS,
2115 OCEANS, LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, POLLUTION
CONTROL, UK, US,
1676 OCS, NOAA, MONITORING, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, 8LM, BASELINE
STUDIES, ALASKA COAST, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
I8o5 OCS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, OIL INDUSTRY, OIL-GAS LEASING,
1940 OCS, NEW YORK, CRUDE OIL, BENTHOS, TOXICITY, PLANKTON , "NEW YORK BIGHT,
1967 OCS, HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, ATLANTIC COAST, OIL DISCHARGES, PHYTOPLANKTON,
2013 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
MARINE MAMMALS,
2014 OCS, FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT, PLANKTON ,
2021 OCS, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, OFFSHORE DRILLING, REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2022 OCS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DRILLING, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, "SEA Gl:iANT PROGRAM,
"ENERGY POLICY,
2024 OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2025 OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2027 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OIL-GAS
LEASING,
2033 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, ALASKA, OIL-GAS LEASING, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
2037 OCS, MARINE MAMMALS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, "MORTALITY,
2036 OCS, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, ATLANTIC COAST, OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT,
2043 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT,
2044 OCS, LOUISIANA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE
DRILLING,
2043 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2051 OCS, LABRADOR SEA, ICE, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, SAFETY, "MINING TECHNOLOGY,
2052 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ONSHORE IMPACTS, POLLUTION
PREVENTION,
2055 OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, US, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
STATE GOVERNMENTS,
2109 OCS, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, REFINERIES,
1649 OFFSHOKE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, STATISTICS, POLLUTION CONTROL, "DATA BANK,
UK,
1676 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, NOAA, MONITORING, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, BLM, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA COAST,
1731 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL SEEPAGE, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, SOURCE
IDENTIFICATION, OIL DISCHARGES, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS,
2003. OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, CRUDE OIL, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ,
2012 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, OIL INDUSTRY, SCOTLAND,
2013 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA,
MARINE MAMMALS,
2014 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, CCS, FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, BASELINE STUDIES,
ALASKA, PLANKTON ,
2015 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, HABITAT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, ARCTIC, ALASKA,
SHORELINES, "SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
2016 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES, ALASKA,
252
-------
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE
CANADA, ARCTIC, OFFSHORE
ALASKA, OIL-GAS LEASING,
ATLANTIC
LABRADOR SEA, ICE, SAFETY, "MINING TECHNOLOGY,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, ONSHORE IMPACTS, POLLUTION
SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS,
2020 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, SAFETY,
REGULATIONS,
2029 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE
STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2031 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2032 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
STUDIES, OIL-GAS LEASING,
2034 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
EXPLORATION, OIL INDUSTRY,
2037 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, MARINE MAMMALS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, "MORTALITY,
2038 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES, ATLANTIC
COAST,
2043 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BLM,
2045 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL,
2046 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, "CZM,
2047 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, ATLANTIC COAST, PORTS,
2048 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NEW JERSEY, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DELAWARE,
COAST, PORTS,
2U51 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
2052 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS,
PREVENTION,
2054 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, *ICE COVERED WATERS,
•RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY,
2055 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
STATE GOVERNMENTS,
2109 OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US, REFINERIES,
1635 OFFSHORE DRILLING, NORWAY, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, COST ANALYSIS, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION,
1od6 OFFSHORE DRILLING, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, POLLUTION PREVENTION, "DRILLING MUDS,
1691 OFFSHORE DRILLING, GREENLAND, ARCTIC, SAFETY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, "ICEBERGS,
2021 OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2022 OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, "SEA GRANT PROGRAM,
"ENERGY POLICY,
2041 OFFSHORE DRILLING, MARINE ORGANISMS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, PLATFORMS, UPTAKE, SEDIMENTS,
2042 OFFSHORE DRILLING, FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, COASTS,
2044 OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, LOUISIANA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OIL
INDUSTRY,
2124 OFFSHORE DRILLING, NORTH SEA, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, OIL TRANSFER,
STORAGE,
16j5 OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DRILLING, NORWAY, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, COST ANALYSIS,
2027 OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BERING SEA, ALASKA/GULF OF, OIL-GAS
LEASING,
2034 OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CANADA,
' ARCTIC, OIL INDUSTRY,
1704 OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEDIMENTS, VENEZUELA, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS,
i002 OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, BIRDS, OIL SPILLS, REFINERIES, OIL
TRANSPORT, POLLUTION CONTROL, TOXICITY,
1644 OHIO, FILTRATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, SOLID WASTES,
"UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
1636 OIL DISCHARGES, DISTILLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, USSR,
1660 OIL DISCHARGES, MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, TANKERS, REGULATIONS, PATENT,
1731 OIL DISCHARGES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL SEEPAGE, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS,
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS,
1840 OIL DISCHARGES, MONITORING, LUBRICATING OIL, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, WASTEWATEHS, "DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
1902 OIL DISCHARGES, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, SAFETY,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
1909 OIL DISCHARGES, LEAKAGE, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SHIPS, OIL SPILLS,
lylb OIL DISCHARGES, MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, TOXICITY,
1967 OIL DISCHARGES, OCS, HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, ATLANTIC COAST, PHYTOPLANKTON,
2111 OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, US, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
2112 OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, US,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
2114 OIL DISCHARGES, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, WASTEWATERS, USCG,
2126 OIL DISCHARGES, LAW ENFORCEMENT, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, IMCO,
1698 OIL-GAS LEASING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
"SEASONAL VARIATIONS, "MAFLA LEASE AREA,
1685 OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, OIL INDUSTRY,
2024 OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
2025 OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, MEXICO/GULF OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
2027 OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BERING SEA,
ALASKA/GULF OF,
2026 OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
TANKERS,
SAMPLING, SEAWATER,
253
-------
2029 OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
2030 OIL-GAS LEASING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
2031 OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
2032 OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS,
CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BASELINE STUDIES,
2033 OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, ALASKA, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS,
2045 OIL-GAS LEASING, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA,
1659 OIL INDUSTRY, NEW JERSEY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, SPILL CLEANUP, "SPILL FUND,
1837 OIL INDUSTRY, GERMANY, EAST, REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1865 OIL INDUSTRY, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OXIDATION,
1885 OIL INDUSTRY, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN,
1898 OIL INDUSTRY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, PUGET SOUND, "OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE,
196? OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
1988 OIL INDUSTRY, LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, TANKERS, OIL SPILLS, "SPILL
SUPERFUNDS,
1990 OIL INDUSTRY, EPA, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION
CONTROL,
2012 OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, SCOTLAND,
2018 OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, REGULATIONS, US, WATER QUALITY, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
2019 OIL INDUSTRY, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
2023 OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, REFINING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT,
2034 OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE EXPLORATION, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ICE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
CANADA, ARCTIC,
2044 OIL INDUSTRY, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, LOUISIANA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC
EFFECTS,
204* OIL INDUSTRY, ESTUARIES, DEVELOPMENT , CONTAMINATION, COASTS,
2050 OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PETROCHEMICALS, REFINERIES,
2053 OIL INDUSTRY, LOUISIANA, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, COASTS, US,
2011 OIL SHALE, HEALTH HAZARDS, EXTRACTION, CARCINOGENS, »BENZO(A)PYRENE,
2039 OIL SHALE, MONITORING, INDUSTRIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, *R & D NEEDS,
2040 OIL SHALE, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PRODUCTION , TAR SANDS,
2065 OIL SHALE, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA,
2129 OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
2130 OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
2131 OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
2132 OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL,
1687 OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, REMOTE SENSING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "LANDSAT,
1688 OIL SLICKS, MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "LANDSAT,
1689 OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, REMOTE SENSING, SURVEILLANCE, "DYS/SLICK SEAMARKING DEVICE,
1691 OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, MONITORING, DETECTION, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, "LANDSAT
DATA,
1694 OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, DETECTION, REMOTE SENSING, SURVEILLANCE, SANTA BARBARA
CHANNEL, "COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER,
1695 OIL SLICKS, MOVEMENT, COASTS, REMOTE SENSING, WASTEWATERS, "CURRENT CIRCULATION,
"SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE STUDIES,
1696 OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, REMOTE SENSING, "WAVE DAMPING, "OIL PROPERTIES,
1697 OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, REMOTE SENSING, "RADAR, "SEA SURFACE,
170J OIL SLICKS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEAWATER, "SORBENTS,
1738 OIL SLICKS, 300MS, BEHAVIOR, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "SLICK DROPLET FORMATION, "ENTRAINMEti
FAILURE,
1752 OIL SLICKS, DISPERSANTS, BOOMS, SPILL CLEANUP, "PUMPS,
1779 OIL SLICKS, DISPERSANTS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
1782 OIL SLICKS, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
1785 OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
1768 OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, SHIPS, PATENT,
1918 OIL SLICKS, CHRONIC EFFECTS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SEABIRDS, OIL SPILLS,
1905 OIL SLICKS, "DETERGENTS, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, SEAWATER, "SEA SPRAY FORMATION,
2010 OIL SLICKS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, PHYTOPLANKTON, TOXICITY, "LIGHT
REDUCTION, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
2063 OIL SLICKS, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , YEASTS,
"CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS ,
2070 OIL SLICKS, MICROORGANISMS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, "CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH
SYSTEM,
2102 OIL SLICKS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ALASKA, UPTAKE, RELEASE, SEDIMENTS,
2103 OIL SLICKS, MOVEMENT, "LEEWAY, "WIND DRIFT,
2104 OIL SLICKS, MODELS, BEHAVIOR, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, "WIND-CURRENT EFFECTS,
1634 OIL SPILLS, FATE, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, CRUDE OIL,
1637 OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, STATISTICS, SOURCES, JK,
1639 OIL SPILLS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, REGULATIONS, OIL TRANSFER, SCOTLAND,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, POLLUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, POLLUTION
254
-------
1645 OIL SPILLS, NORWAY, BLOWOUTS, "PREDICTION,
1646 OIL SPILLS, ECONOMICS, TANKERS, SAFETY, "LIBERIAN REGISTRY,
1647 OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, FISH, EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
1651 OIL SPILLS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, PIPELINES, »PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1053 OIL SPILLS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, PIPELINES, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1654 OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL,
1655 OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, OIL TRANSFER, TANKERS, SURVEILLANCE,
1657 OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, COASTS, ALASKA, STATISTICS,
1661 OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, *LIBERIAN REGISTRY, "FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE,
1662 OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, TANKERS, STATISTICS, "TANKER ACCIDENTS,
1663 OIL SPILLS, EUROPE, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, SPILL CLEANUP, "CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES
1664 OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, FATE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, SPILL CLEANUP, "1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
1070 OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WASTE OIL, »IR ABSORPTION ,
1674 OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "BUOYS, "GAS SENSORS,
1692 OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS, REMOTE SENSING,
1723 OIL SPILLS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
1728 OIL SPILLS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
1731 OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL SEEPAGE, INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, TANKERS,
1792 OIL SPILLS, RESTORATION, WILDLIFE, SURFACTANTS, SOLVENTS, TOXICITY,
1794 OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, ENGLAND, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, RESTORATION, SHORELINES,
•ROCKY SHORES,
1797 OIL SPILLS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, TEXAS,
1633 OIL SPILLS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TRAINING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "OIL SPILL
CONTROL COURSE,
Id89 OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS, OIL TANKS, "TIN CAN CONTAINERS,
1692 OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION CONTROL, USCG,
1899 OIL SPILLS, LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PRODUCTION , POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES,
1902 OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, TANKERS, SAFETY,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
1905 OIL SPILLS, BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, POLLUTION CONTROL, "SPILL COUNTERMEASURES,
1906 OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, INLAND, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, SPILL CLEANUP,
1908 OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, POLLUTION PREVENTION, USCG,
1909 OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LEAKAGE, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SHIPS,
1910 OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TOXICITY,
1917 OIL SPILLS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SEABIRDS, RESTORATION,
1913 OIL SPILLS, OIL SLICKS, CHRONIC EFFECTS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SEABIRDS,
1927 OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SANTA
BARBARA CHANNEL,
1937 OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, MARSHES, MARINE ORGANISMS, CHESAPEAKE BAY, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS, "MARSH GRASSES,
1944 OIL SPILLS, MASSACHUSETTS, MARSHES, FUEL OIL, CRUSTACEANS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS, "UCA PUGNAX,
1952 OIL SPILLS, INVERTEBRATES, FUEL OIL, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, STREAMS, VIRGINIA,
1977 OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, CHEDABUCTO BAY, CANADA, TOXICITY,
"MORTALITIES,
1984 OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, MAINE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "GONADAL NEOPLASMS, "MYA ARENARIA,
1988 OIL SPILLS, OIL INDUSTRY, LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, TANKERS, "SPILL
SUPERFUNDS,
1989 OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, ALASKA, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, OIL TRANSFER, PORTS, "OIL SPILL
FUND,
1991 OIL SPILLS, INLAND, ECONOMICS, CALIFORNIA, SPILL CLEANUP, RESTORATION,
1992 OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, CANADA, TANKERS,
1994 OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TANKERS,
1995 OIL SPILLS, MALAYSIA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TANKERS,
1996 OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS,
SHORELINES, TOXICITY,
1997 OIL SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, US, "WORLD WAR II,
1999 OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, OIL TRANSPORT, VEGETATION, SOIL,
2002 OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, BIRDS, REFINERIES, OIL
TRANSPORT, POLLUTION CONTROL, TOXICITY,
2005 OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINATION,
CHRONIC EFFECTS,
2016 OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE STUDIES,
ALASKA, SHORELINES,
2079 OIL SPILLS, BIODEGRADATION, PATENT, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
2065 OIL SPILLS, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, EVAPORATION, SOLUTION, WEATHERING,
2086 OIL SPILLS, ICE, BEAUFORT SEA, SPREADING, "UNDER-ICE SPILL,
20o7 OIL SPILLS, MODELS, EVAPORATION, DELAWARE BAY, WEATHERING, OIL TRANSFER,
20iJ8 OIL SPILLS, MODELS, FATE, OXIDATION, "N-HEXADECANE, "PHOTOOXIDATION ,
2093 OIL SPILLS, NORWAY, FISH, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIODEGRADATION,
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , WEATHERING, "T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
2094 OIL SPILLS, MODELS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, FATE, DISTRIBUTION, BIODEGRADATION, BALTIC SEA,
2095 OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, ALASKA, "COASTAL WINDS,
255
-------
2096
2098
2099
2108
2110
21 19
2128
1745
1765
1798
1889
1639
1655
1989
2087
2124
1663
1679
1742
1797
1801
1302
1999
2002
201 I
21 1 1
21 12
1636
1675
1701
1772
1784
1805
130o
1808
1313
1815
1823
1824
1o25
1326
1827
1326
1829
1830
1831
1632
1833
1634
1830
1839
1341
1343
1345
1848
1849
1852
OIL SPILLS, ICE, FATE, ALASKA, 'OIL-UNDER-ICE , "IMPULSE HADAR SYSTEM,
OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, BEAUFORT SEA, ALASKA COAST, SHORELINES, "SPILL IMPACT
PROBABILITY,
OIL SPILLS, FATE, DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, US, SPILL CLEANUP, »COSTS,
OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, US, STATE GOVERNMENTS, TANKERS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, ENGLAND, CANADA, SHIPS,
OIL SPILLS, MICROORGANISMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANIMALS, PLANTS,
OIL TANKS, CLEANUP, SWEDEN, »TANK CLEANING STATION,
OIL TANKS, CONTAMINATION, ABSORPTION, PATENT, "CLEANUP ,
OIL TANKS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, STORAGE, 'SALT DOMES, 'STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
OIL TANKS, OIL SPILLS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, TANKERS, *TIN CAN CONTAINERS,
OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, REGULATIONS, SCOTLAND,
OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, TANKERS, SURVEILLANCE,
OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, ALASKA, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, PORTS, »OIL SPILL
FUND,
OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, EVAPORATION, DELAWARE BAY, WEATHERING,
OIL TRANSFER, OFFSHORE DRILLING, NORTH SEA, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS,
STORAGE,
GIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, EUROPE, PIPELINES, SPILL CLEANUP, "CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES
OIL TRANSPORT, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PIPELINES, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND,
OIL TRANSPORT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, »DRACONE BARGE,
OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, PIPELINES, TEXAS,
OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, SAFETY, »STANDARDS, 'ACCIDENT PREVENTION,
OIL TRANSPORT, GROUNDWATER, ADSORPTION, 'LIME, 'CLAY, 'SOIL COMPONENTS,
OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, PIPELINES, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SPILL RECOVERY,
OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, VEGETATION, SOIL,
OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, BIRDS,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, TOXICITY,
OIL TRANSPORT, FRESHWATER, EPA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC, PIPELINES,
OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS, US, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL,
OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, US,
POLLUTION CONTROL,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OIL DISCHARGES, DISTILLATION, POLLUTION CONTROL, USSR,
MONITORING, POLLUTION CONTROL, SHIPS, 'ULTRASONIC MONITOR,
DETECTION, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, PATENT, »OIL-IN-W'ATES,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
'FLUORESCENCE,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
DISPERSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT,
FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
EMULSIONS, PATENT, 'AMINE ADDITION,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
'ULTRAFILTRATION ,
OIL-iVATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, PATENT, 'ULTRAFILTRATION ,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PENNSYLVANIA,
'SAND FILTERS,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, SHIPS, PATENT,
FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT,
EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, PATENT,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
REFINERIES,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE, PATENT, 'CELLULOSE PULP,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, GASOLINE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SLUDGE, WASTEWATERS, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, COAGULATION, PATENT, 'PLASTICS POWDER,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTE OIL TREATMENT, SURFACTANTS, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OXIDATION, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, 'POPCORN POLYMER,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
'DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, COALESCENCE, PATENT, 'ULTRASONICS,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, 'GRAVITY
SEPARATION ,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, 'PARALLEL PLATE SEPARATORS,
FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SKIMMERS, PATENT,
FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT,
FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL,
OIL-WATER SEPARATION, ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT,
'SORBENT MATERIAL,
256
-------
1854
1858
1859
1862
1664
1tt67
1869
1671
1875
1877
1644
1729
2035
1660
2052
1699
16o2
1771
1865
2067
2030
2063
2039
2105
1630
1683
1701
1736
1737
1740
1762
17b3
1765
1766
1772
1773
1774
1775
1777
1779
1780
1732
1783
1785
1706
1787
1788
1796
1303
loOo
1309
1
-------
1332
1333
1335
1336
1345
131S
1649
1350
1351
1353
1354
1353
1359
1866
1667
16o9
18*3
1694
1901
2C59
2079
1d13
1362
I3o3
1664
1887
1617
1337
1342
1-10.5
2026
2050
Ioo2
1690
1693
1702
1703
1712
171o
1721
1726
1727
1771
1784
1323
166b
1368
1370
13o1
1942
1943
1955
1964
1969
1981
2006
2059
PATENT, OXIDATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *POPCORN POLYMER,
PATENT, FLOTATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "TETRAETHYLEAD REMOVAL,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, COALESCENCE, "ULTRASONICS,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SKIMMERS,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
PATENT, FLOTATION, EMULSIFIERS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SLUDGE,
PATENT, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, COAGULATION,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SPILL RECOVERY,
•SORBEHT MATERIAL,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *CATIONIC
POLYMERS,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, *SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEHATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, »SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
PATENT, ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "ABSORBENT POLYOLEFIN,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SURFACTANTS,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
"ULTRAFILTRATION ,
PATENT, DRILLING , DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BLOWOUT PREVENTION,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PIPELINES,
LEAKAGE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PIPELINES, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
LEAKAGE, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, PIPELINES,
CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
""" "" ~" " "" "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
PATENT
PATENT
PATENT
PATENT
PATENT, OIL SPILLS, BIODEGRADATION
PENNSYLVANIA, OIL-WATER SEPARATION
"SAND FILTERS,
PERSONNEL TRAINING
PERSONNEL TRAINING
CONTROL COURSE,
PERSONNEL TRAINING
SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL, TEXAS, "OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE,
OIL SPILLS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, POLLUTION CONTROL, "OIL SPILL
BLOWOUT PREVENTION, "BLOWOUT SCHOOL,
PERSONNEL TRAINING, EUROPE, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, UK, US,
PETROCHEMICALS, HYDROCARBONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, "SOLVENT EXTRACTION ,
PETROCHEMICALS, OIL INDUSTRY, GERMANY, EAST, REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
PETROCHEMICALS, REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "BIOLOGICAL DETOXICATION,
PETROCHEMICALS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATERS, WATER QUALITY, RIVERS,
USSR,
PETROCHEMICALS, NORWAY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL,
PETROCHEMICALS, OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, REFINERIES,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, MONITORING, SEAWATER, "CHEMILUMINESCENCE,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING, SPECTROSCOPE,
"COMPUTERIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, CRUDE OIL, REMOTE SENSING, »SEA SURFACE, »R(\DAR,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OCEANS, CONTAMINATION, "LASER RADAR, "SEA SURFACE,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OIL SLICKS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEAWATER, "SORBENTS,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FISH, CONTAMINATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOURCES, GREAT LAKES,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SEAWATER, "GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS,
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SOIL,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ADSORPTION, SEAWATER,
SURFACTANTS, "ELECTROANALYSIS ,
PtTROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
SPECTRCSCOPY,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, BIODEGRADATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP, SOIL,
SOURCES,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, SEAWATER,
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
PATENT, ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "ABSORBENT POLYOLEFIN,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "COAGULATION,
FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, REUSE,
METABOLISM, FISH, TOXICITY, "SPICARA SMARI3, "SOLEA LASCARIS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
NASUTA,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FISH, TOXICITY, "HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ALGAE,
TOXICITY, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, "COMPARATIVE TOXICITY ,
"BIOASSAY,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUELS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, "GROWTH,
•REPRODUCTION, "FUCUS EDENTATUS DE LA PYL,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, SEAWATER, "WATER PURIFICATION, "MYT1LUS EDULIS,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOVEMENT, LUBRICATING OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA, SOIL,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
258
-------
2080 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, FUEL OIL, CASPIAN SEA, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA,
2092 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, SURFACTANTS, SEAWATER, SEDIMENTS,
"SELF-PURIFICATION, "SEA OF AZOV,
2106 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOVEMENT, JAPAN, SEDIMENTS, "SETO INLAND SEA,
1935 PHYSICAL EFFECTS, OIL SLICKS, "DETERGENTS, SEAWATER, "SEA SPRAY FORMATION,
2084 PHYSICAL EFFECTS, EMULSIONS, CRUDE OIL, "SUSPENDED SOLIDS, "STABILITY,
2104 PHYSICAL EFFECTS, OIL SLICKS, MODELS, BEHAVIOR, "WIND-CURRENT EFFECTS,
1939 PHYTOPLANKTON, CONTAMINATION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AEGEAN SEA,
1943 PHYTOPLANKTON, ESTUARIES, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, "KUWAIT CRUDE,
1958 PHYTOPLANKTON, METABOLISM, HYDROCARBONS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "PLANT GROWTH,
"PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1967 PHYTOPLANKTON, OIL DISCHARGES, OCS, HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, ATLANTIC COAST,
1980 PHYTOPLANKTON, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, ARCTIC, TOXICITY, "PRIMARY PRODUCTION,
2010 PHYTOPLANKTON, OIL SLICKS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY, "LIGHT
REDUCTION, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1651 PIPELINES, OIL SPILLS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1653 PIPELINES, OIL SPILLS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, "PUMP STATION ACCIDENT,
1663 PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, EUROPE, SPILL CLEANUP, "CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES ,
1679 PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND,
I6o6 PIPELINES, MONITORING, LEAKAGE, DETECTION,
1797 PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, TEXAS,
1894 PIPELINES, PATENT, LEAKAGE, DETECTION,
1095 PIPELINES, PATENT, LEAKAGE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, POLLUTION PREVENTION,
PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, SPILL RECOVERY,
PIPELINES, OIL SPILLS, LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PRODUCTION , POLLUTION PREVENTION,
PIPELINES, PATENT, LEAKAGE, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, FRESHWATER, EPA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ARCTIC,
PLANKTON , HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, UPTAKE, RELEASE, «14C-1-NAPHTHALENE, "COPEPODS,
PLANKTON , OCS, NEW YORK, CRUDE OIL, BENTHOS, TOXICITY, "NEW YORK BIGHT,
PLANKTON , OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, FISH, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, BASELINE
STUDIES, ALASKA,
PLANTS, CRUDE OIL, CONTAMINATION, TOXICITY, "OLNEY BULRUSH, "MARSHHAY CORDGRASS,
PLANTS, OIL SPILLS, MICROORGANISMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANIMALS,
PLATFORMS, MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, "GAS VENTING, "BRINE
DISCHARGE,
PLATFORMS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, MARINE ORGANISMS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, UPTAKE,
POLAND, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES,
POLAND, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "CELLULOSE,
"DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OIL DISCHARGES, DISTILLATION, USSR,
POLLUTION CONTROL, NORWAY, NORTH SEA, BLOWOUTS, "EMERGENCY VESSEL,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, STATISTICS,
1699
1901
2017
1935
1940
2014
1930
2128
1671
2041
1836
1872
1636
1642
1649
1654
1656
1oo5
1569
1675
1o37
1608
1749
17o9
1819
1882
1<5o3
1892
1d97
1900
1902
1903
1905
1906
1907
1961
1987
1990
2000
2002
SEDIMENTS,
UK,
"DATA BANK,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT, SPILL CLEANUP,
POLLUTION CONTROL, FATE, COASTS, URQUIOLA SPILL, SPILL CLEANUP, SPAIN,
POLLUTION CONTROL, NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, MONITORING, SHIPS, "ULTRASONIC MONITOR,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, REMOTE SENSING, "LANDSAT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SLICKS, MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING, "LANDSAT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, SPILL CLEANUP, "OIL SPILL PUMPS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, USCG, "EQUIPMENT, "FAST SURFACE DELIVERY SYSTEM,
POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, "RADIOTRACER APPLICATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, PERSONNEL TRAINING, SPILL CLEANUP, TEXAS, "OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE,
POLLUTION CONTROL, PERSONNEL TRAINING, OIL SPILLS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, "OIL SPILL
CONTROL COURSE,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, USCG,
POLLUTION CONTROL, BLOWOUT PREVENTION, "SLIP RINGS, "EQUIPMENT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, ESTUARIES, "CONFERENCE,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS,
TANKERS, SAFETY,
POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, WATER QUALITY, RIVERS,
USSR,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, BEAUFORT SEA, ARCTIC, "SPILL COUNTERMEASURES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, INLAND, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, SPILL CLEANUP,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP,
COASTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BENTHOS, "PELAGIC ORGANISMS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, REFINERIES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, EPA, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, API,
REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OCEANS, MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS, SOURCES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, NORTH SEA,
POLLUTION CONTROL
POLLUTION CONTROL
259
-------
2008
2021
2023
2026
21 10
2111
21 12
2115
2116
2121
2125
2131
2132
2134
1641
1825
1883
1833
1590
1891
1895
1396
1899
1908
1909
2018
2052
2122
2123
1921
204 J
2043
2120
1643
1729
1899
1998
2007
2040
1679
1898
1747
1o30
1847
1874
1876
1877
1878
1679
1880
1881
1873
1950
1679
FISHERIES, BIRDS, REFINERIES, TOXICITY,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OCEANS, HYDROCARBONS, HEALTH HAZARDS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,
REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, REFINING, "TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, NORWAY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, US, STATE GOVERNMENTS, TANKERS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS, US, REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST ,
REGULATIONS, US,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OCEANS, LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS, UK, US,
POLLUTION CONTROL, LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTAMINANTS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, MONITORING, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, UN,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT ,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SHALE, EXTRACTION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DEVELOPMENT ,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
POLLUTION CONTROL, LEGISLATION, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, US,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, MOVEMENT, MONITORING, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, TANKERS, USGS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL,
REFINERIES,
POLLUTION PREVENTION
POLLUTION PREVENTION,
OFFSHORE DRILLING, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "DRILLING MUDS,
OIL TANKS, OIL SPILLS, TANKERS, *TIN CAN CONTAINERS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, LEAKAGE, SHIPS, "STERNGEAR SEAL SYSTEM,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OFFSHORE DRILLING, GREENLAND, ARCTIC, SAFETY, "ICEBERGS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES, PATENT, LEAKAGE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, SPILL RECOVERY,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES, OIL SPILLS, LEAKAGE, DETECTION, PRODUCTION ,
POLLUTIO-N PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, USCG,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LEAKAGE, SHIPS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, REGULATIONS, US, WATER QUALITY,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL INDUSTRY, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS, REGULATIONS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, ONSHORE IMPACTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, COASTS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, MANUALS, GUIDELINES, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, TANKERS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, IMCO, EPA, SWEDEN, "BALTIC CONVENTION,
POLYCHAETES, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, "REPRODUCTION,
PJRTS, SPILL CONTAINMENT, TANKERS, SWEDEN, "SPILL BUBBLE BARRIER,
PORTS, OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, ALASKA, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, "OIL SPILL
FUND,
PORTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, ATLANTIC COAST,
PORTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NEW JERSEY, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DELAWARE,
ATLANTIC COAST,
PORTS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, REGULATIONS, TANKERS, USCG, SAFETY,
PRODUCTION , NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
PRODUCTION , OIL WELLS, GROUNDWATER, CONTAMINATION, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
WASTEWATERS, "BRINE DISPOSAL,
PRODUCTION , POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES, OIL SPILLS, LEAKAGE, DETECTION,
PRODUCTION , MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, EXPLORATION , DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, SHIPS, SEABIRDS, SPILL CLEANUP,
PRODUCTION , FUELS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS,
PRODUCTION , OIL SHALE, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, TAR SANDS,
PUGET SOUND, PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, REFINERIES,
PUGET SOUND, OIL INDUSTRY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SPILL CLEANUP, "OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE,
RECLAMATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY,
RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REUSE,
RECLAMATION, FUELS, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, WASTE OIL, "LAND DISPOSAL, "SPRAY IRRIGATION,
RECLAMATION, LUBRICATING OIL, WASTE OILS, "IFP PROCESS,
RECLAMATION, ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL, REUSE,
RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, LUBRICATING OIL, FUELS, FILTRATION, WASTE
OIL, "USCG POWER PLANTS,
RECLAMATION, INDUSTRIES, INDIA, REFINERIES, WASTEWATERS, REUSE,
RECLAMATION, WASTE OIL, "REVIEW,
RECLAMATION, WASTE OIL, "REVIEW,
RECLAMATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, WASTE OIL, REUSE,
RECYCLING, LUBRICATING OIL, FILTRATION, COALESCENCE, WASTE OIL,
RED SEA, ISRAEL, CORAL REEFS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SUCCESSION,
"RECOLONIZATICN,
REFINERIES, PUGET SOUND, PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS,
260
-------
1681
1706
1793
1803
1312
1813
1810
1817
1319
1620
1622
1325
1634
1336
1837
1342
1643
1o44
1646
1355
1856
185C
1860
1861
1863
137S
1946
1937
2002
d050
2064
2109
2117
2113
2121
2023
1639
1680
1987
1989
1990
2018
2019
."Cro
2021
2111
2112
2113
2114
2118
2120
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
REFINERIES, MONITORING, STREAMS, SEDIMENTS, WASTEWATERS, SAMPLING, "HEAVY METALS,
REFINERIES, FOSSIL FUELS , ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, WASTEWATERS,
REFINERIES, MARSHES, ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION, RESTORATION, VEGETATION, WASTEWATERS,
*SALT MARSH,
REFINERIES, PATENT, INCINERATION, EVAPORATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "THERMAL
OXIDATION ,
REFINERIES, INCINERATION, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, SLUDGE, *FLUID BEDS,
REFINERIES, PENNSYLVANIA, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
»SAND FILTERS,
REFINERIES, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS,
REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, HYDROCARBONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "SOLVENT EXTRACTION ,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, WASTEWATERS, "RADIOTRACER APPLICATIONS,
REFINERIES, BIODEGRADATION , ACTIVATED SLUDGE , WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REFINERIES, FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE
OIL,
REFINERIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
•DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS,
REFINERIES, POLAND, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLID WASTES,
REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, OIL INDUSTRY, GERMANY, EAST, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "BIOLOGICAL DETOXICATION ,
REFINERIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "PARALLEL PLATE SEPARATORS,
REFINERIES, OHIO, FILTRATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLID WASTES,
"UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
REFINERIES, EPA, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY,
REFINERIES, INLAND, DISPOSAL , CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATERS, SOLID WASTES, "WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, "LANDFILLS,
REFINERIES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "REVERSE OSMOSIS, "WATER RECOVERY ,
REFINERIES, FILTRATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER QUALITY, "ONTARIO,
REFINERIES, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTE OIL TREATMENT,
REFINERIES, ECONOMICS, CRUDE OIL, COST ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, USSR,
REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, "UNDERGROUND WASTE
INJECTION,
REFINERIES. RECLAMATION, INDUSTRIES, INDIA, WASTEWATERS, REUSE,
REFINERIES; POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATERS, WATER QUALITY, RIVERS,
USSR,
REFINERIES, MONITORING, INVERTEBRATES, FRESHWATER, TOXICITY, WASTEWATERS, "DAPHNIA
PULEX, "BIOASSAY,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, API, REGULATIONS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, NORTH
EA, FISHERIES, BIRDS, TOXICITY,
REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , BIODEGRADATTON , SLUDGE, SOIL, WASTE OIL,
REFINERIES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US,
REFINERIES, GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
"ALBERTA,
REFINERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMICS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS,
"QUEBEC,
REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTAMINANTS, CANADA, REGULATIONS, WASTEWATERS,
REFINING, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, "TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT,
REGULATIONS, OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SCOTLAND,
REGULATIONS, PATENT, OIL DISCHARGES, MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, TANKERS,
REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, API,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REGULATIONS, PORTS, OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, ALASKA, TANKERS, "OIL SPILL
FUND,
REGULATIONS
API,
REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, EPA, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS, US, WATER QUALITY,
POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL INDUSTRY, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, COST ANALYSIS,
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK
BLOWOUT, SAFETY,
REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, FOSSIL FUELS , ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT,
REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS, US,
REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES, EIS, TANKERS,
SEGREGATED BALLAST , US,
REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , USCG,
REGULATIONS, OIL DISCHARGES, TANKERS, WASTEWATERS, USCG,
REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMICS, CANADA, WASTEWATERS,
"QUEBEC,
REGULATIONS, PORTS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, TANKERS, USCG, SAFETY,
261
-------
2121 REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTAMINANTS, CANADA, WASTEWATERS,
1912 RELEASE, HYDROCARBONS, ANNELIDS, SEDIMENT, UPTAKE, *PHASCOLOSOMA AGASSIZII,
•NAPHTHALENES,
1929 RELEASE, MOLLUSKS, CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE, "NAPHTHALENES, "RANGEA CUNEATA, »PROTOTHACA
TAMINEA,
1933 RELEASE, HYDROCARBONS, FISH, UPTAKE, "COHO AND CHINOOK SALMON, "CHLORINATED BIPHENYL3,
•ENZYME ACTIVITY,
1935 RELEASE, PLANKTON , HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, UPTAKE, * 14C-1-NAPHTHALENE, *COPEPODS,
1917 RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE, STORAGE,
1962 RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, TOXICITY, UPTAKE,
903 RELEASE, MOLLUSKS, FUEL OIL, EMULSIONS, UPTAKE, *MYA ARENARIA L.,
1976 RELEASE, OCEANS, HYDROCARBONS, FOOD WEB, UPTAKE, *FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER,
1979 RELEASE, MOLLUSKS, TOXICITY, UPTAKE, *OIL DROPLETS, "MORTALITY, *CRASSOSTR£A GIGAS,
"MYTILUS SPP.,
2102 RELEASE, OIL SLICKS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ALASKA, UPTAKE, SEDIMENTS,
1687 REMOTE SENSING, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, *LANDSAT,
1688 REMOTE SENSING, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SLICKS, MONITORING, "LANDSAT,
1689 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, SURVEILLANCE, *DYS/SLICK SEAMARKING DEVICE,
1690 REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SPECTROSCOPY,
"COMPUTERIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ,
1691 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, MONITORING, DETECTION, COASTS, "LANDSAT
DATA,
1692 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, CONTAMINANTS,
169o REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, CRUDE OIL, "SEA SURFACE, "RADAR,
1694 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, NATURAL SEEPAGE, DETECTION, SURVEILLANCE, SANTA BARBARA
HANNEL, "COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER,
1695 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, MOVEMENT, COASTS, WASTEWATERS, "CURRENT CIRCULATION,
"SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE STUDIES,
1696 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, "WAVE DAMPING, "OIL PROPERTIES,
1697 REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, OCEANS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, "RADAR, "SEA SURFACE,
2135 REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, SAMPLING,
1792 RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, WILDLIFE, SURFACTANTS, SOLVENTS, TOXICITY,
1793 RESTORATION, REFINERIES, MARSHES, ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION, VEGETATION, WASTEWATERS,
"SALT MARSH,
1794 RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, ENGLAND, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE, SHORELINES,
ROCKY SHORES,
1917 RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, BIRDS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "SEABIRDS,
1991 RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, INLAND, ECONOMICS, CALIFORNIA, SPILL CLEANUP,
1830 REUSE, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, CANADA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1676 REUSE, RECLAMATION, ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL,
187o REUSE, REFINERIES, RECLAMATION, INDUSTRIES, INDIA, WASTEWATERS,
1831 REUSE, RECLAMATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, WASTE OIL,
1780 RIVERS, PATENT, FLOCCULATION, SPILL RECOVERY, SEAWATER, SOLVENTS, COAGULATION,
1903 RIVERS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATERS, WATER QUALITY,
USSR,
1646 SAFETY, OIL SPILLS, ECONOMICS, TANKERS, "LIBERIAN REGISTRY,
1301 SAFETY, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS, "STANDARDS, "ACCIDENT PREVENTION,
1391 SAFETY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OFFSHORE DRILLING, GREENLAND, ARCTIC, "ICEBERGS,
1902 SAFETY, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS, TANKERS,
2020 SAFETY, REGULATIONS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
2051 SAFETY, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, LABRADOR SEA, ICE, "MINING TECHNOLOGY,
^120 SAFETY, REGULATIONS, PORTS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, TANKERS, USCG,
1667 SAMPLING, MONITORING, CONTAMINANTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
16
-------
1703 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OIL SLICKS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, »50RBENTS,
1705 SEAWATER, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, "WATER-SOLUBLE
FRACTION,
1707 SEAWATER, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , 'ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ,
1711 SEAWATER, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, BEACHES, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ABSORPTION,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1716 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, "GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS,
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
1726 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ADSORPTION,
SURFACTANTS, *ELECTROANALYSIS ,
1780 SEAWATER, RIVERS, PATENT, FLOCCULATION, SPILL RECOVERY, SOLVENTS, COAGULATION,
1784 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS,
1791 SEAWATER, MARSHES, FRESHWATER, DISPOSAL , DISPERSANTS, COASTS, BEACHES, ABSORPTION,
SPILL CLEANUP,
1975 SEAWATER, MOLLUSKS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SEDIMENTS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION,
•OIL-TREATED SEDIMENT, *MACOMA BALTHICA,
1981 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, «WATER PURIFICATION, "MYTILUS EDULIS,
1985 SEAWATER, PHYSICAL EFFECTS, OIL SLICKS, "DETERGENTS, »SEA SPRAY FORMATION,
2077 SEAWATER, ICE, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA, SEDIMENTS,
2083 SEAWATER, DISTRIBUTION, *OIL PARTICLES,
2092 SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, SURFACTANTS, SEDIMENTS,
"SELF-PURIFICATION, "SEA OF AZOV,
2097 SEAWATER, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, ECOSYSTEM, SEDIMENTATION, 'NAPHTHALENES,
2101 SEAWATER, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, "MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS,
2105 SEAWATER, OXIDATION, FATE, EVAPORATION, DISPERSIONS, CONTAMINATION, SPREADING,
SOLUTION,
2097 SEDIMENTATION, SEAWATER, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, ECOSYSTEM, "NAPHTHALENES,
1678 SEDIMENTS, MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCES, "CONTINENTAL SHELF,
1681 SEDIMENTS, SAMPLING, REFINERIES, MONITORING, STREAMS, WASTEWATERS, "HEAVY METALS,
1704 SEDIMENTS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, VENEZUELA, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS,
1710 SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SPECTROMETRY,
ZOOPLANKTON,
1713 SEDIMENTS, SAMPLING, INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, WASHINGTON,
1717 SEDIMENTS, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS , "GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS,
1725 SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SPECTROSCOPY,
"INTERCALIBRATION,
1730 SEDIMENTS, LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
1957 SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOMASS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA,
1975 SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER, MOLLUSKS, CRUDE OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION,
•OIL-TREATED SEDIMENT, "MACOMA BALTHICA,
1993 SEDIMENTS, METULA SPILL, MAGELLAN/STRAIT OF, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEACHES,
2041 SEDIMENTS, PLATFORMS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, MARINE ORGANISMS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, UPTAKE,
2069 SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, FUNGI, FRESHWATER, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA,
2071 SEDIMENTS, MICROORGANISMS, LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, GASOLINE, BIODEGRADATION, ALASKA,
2077 SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER, ICE, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, BEAUFORT SEA,
2091 SEDIMENTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, ESTUARIES, VIRGINIA,
2092 SEDIMENTS, SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FATE, BIODEGRADATION, SURFACTANTS,
"SELF-PURIFICATION, "SEA OF AZOV,
2102 SEDIMENTS, RELEASE, OIL SLICKS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ALASKA, UPTAKE,
2106 SEDIMENTS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOVEMENT, JAPAN, "SETO INLAND SEA,
2112 SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL DISCHARGES,
EIS, TANKERS, US,
i1!3 SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, TANKERS, USCG,
1675 SHIPS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, MONITORING, "ULTRASONIC MONITOR,
I6o4 SHIPS, MONITORING, DETECTION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BILGES,
1750 SHIPS, BOOMS, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS,
1788 SHIPS, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS,
1815 SHIPS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE,
1890 SHIPS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, LEAKAGE, »STERNGEAR SEAL SYSTEM,
1909 SHIPS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, LEAKAGE,
1998 SHIPS, PRODUCTION , MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, EXPLORATION , DISPERSANTS,
CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SOURCES, SEABIRDS, SPILL CLEANUP,
2119 SHIPS, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, ENGLAND, CANADA,
1/94 SHORELINES, RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, MOLLUSKS, ENGLAND, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ALGAE,
"ROCKY SHORES,
1996 SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY,
2015 SHORELINES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, HABITAT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, ARCTIC,
ALASKA, "SHOREBIRD SPECIES,
2016 SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BIRDS, BASELINE
STUDIES, ALASKA,
2098 SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, MOVEMENT, BEAUFORT SEA, ALASKA COAST, "SPILL IMPACT
PROBABILITY,
17/0 SINKING AGENTS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, TOXICITY,
263
-------
CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATERS, "WASTE
173Y SKIMMERS, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL CONTAINMENT,
Ifld SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY,
1750 SKIMMERS, SHIPS, BOOMS, ABSORPTION, SPILL RECOVERY,
1755 SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, *SKIMJET,
175b SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY,
1756 SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, *SEAWARD INTERNATIONAL,
1761 SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY, *FAST CURRENT OIL RECOVERY ,
1775 SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY,
1766 SKIMMERS, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, SPILL RECOVERY,
1788 SKIMMERS, SHIPS, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, SPILL RECOVERY,
13U5 SKIMMERS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1612 SLUDGE, REFINERIES, INCINERATION, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, "FLUID BEDS,
1627 SLUDGE, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, GASOLINE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWftTERS,
1650 SLUDGE, PATENT, FLOTATION, EMULSIFIERS, ADSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
2064 SLUDGE, REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , BIODEGRADATION, SOIL, WASTE OIL,
2022 SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OFFSHORE DRILLING, OCS, CRUDE OIL, ALASKA, *SEA GR&NT PROGRAM,
•ENERGY POLICY,
2033 SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OIL-GAS LEASING, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, ALASKA,
2055 SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, COASTS, US,
STATE GOVERNMENTS,
1721 SOIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
U71 SOIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, BIODEGRADATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL CLEANUP,
SOURCES,
1999 SOIL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA, VEGETATION,
2C06 SOIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MOVEMENT, LUBRICATING OIL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BACTERIA',
2C64 SOIL, SLUDGE, REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , BIODEGRADATION, WASTE OIL,
2075 SOIL, MONITORING, FUNGI, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, WASTE OIL, »ARID SITE,
2062 SOIL, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, CANADA, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "NUTRIENT ADDITION,
2100 SOIL, HYDROCARBONS, CRUDE OIL, ADSORPTION, "DESORPTION, "ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT,
1336 SOLID PASTES, REFINERIES, POLAND, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1044 SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES, OHIO, FILTRATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
•UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
1o55 SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES, INLAND, DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, "LANDFILLS,
1746 SOLUTION, EMULSIFIERS, DISPERSANTS, SPILL CLEANUP, TOXICITY,
2063 SGLUTIOw, OIL SPILLS, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, EVAPORATION, WEATHERING,
2105 SOLUTION, SEArfrtTER, OXIDATION, FATE, EVAPORATION, DISPERSIONS, CONTAMINATION,
SPREADING,
1780 SOLVENTS, SEAWATER, RIVERS, PATENT, FLOCCULATION, SPILL RECOVERY, COAGULATION,
1792 SOLVENTS, RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, WILDLIFE, SURFACTANTS, TOXICITY,
1616 SOLVENTS, REFINERIES, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINANTS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1856 SOLVENTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
1859 SOLVENTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
1677 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, MONITORING, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
SURVEY,
1723 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL SPILLS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
1727 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
SPECTROSCOPY,
1726 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL SPILLS,
1729 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, PRODUCTION
WASTEWATERS, "BRINE DISPOSAL,
173C SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, SEDIMENTS, LAKES, HYDROCARBONS,
1731 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, OIL SPILLS, OIL DISCHARGES, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL
SEEPAGE, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, TANKERS,
1637 SOURCES, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, STATISTICS, UK,
1671 SOURCES, PLATFORMS, MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, "GAS VENTING, "BRINE
DISCHARGE,
1672 SOURCES, MONITORING, HYDROCARBONS, DISTRIBUTION, CHRONIC EFFECTS, AUSTRALIA, "MYTILUS
EDULIS, "INDICATOR SPECIES,
16/0 SOURCES, SEDIMENTS, MONITORING, MEXICO/GULF OF, HYDROCARBONS, "CONTINENTAL SHELF,
1712 SOURCES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FISH, CONTAMINATION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, GREAT LAKES ,
1715 SOURCES, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
SPECTRGSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY,
1771 SOURCES, SOIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, BIODEGRADATION, ABSORPTION, SPILL
CLEANUP,
1998 SOURCES, SHIPS, PRODUCTION , MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, EXPLORATION , DISPERSANTS,
CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SEABIRDS, SPILL CLEANUP,
2000 SOURCES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OCEANS, MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION,
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
2066 SOURCES, MICROORGANISMS, BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ,
1656 SPAIN, POLLUTION CONTROL, FATE, COASTS, URQUIOLA SPILL, SPILL CLEANUP,
1710 SPECTROMETRY, SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
ZOOPLANKTON,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, "INSTRUMENT
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
, OIL WELLS, GROUNDWATER, CONTAMINATION,
264
-------
1715 SPECTROMETRY, SOURCES, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS, SPECTROSCOPY,
1722 SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL, NATURAL SEEPAGE, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BIODEGRADATION, WEATHERING,
1690 SPECTROSCOPY, REMOTE SENSING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
"COMPUTERIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ,
1703 SPECTROSCOPY, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CANADA,
ATLANTIC COAST,
1/11 SPECTROSCOPY, SEAWATER, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, BEACHES, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
ABSORPTION,
1714 SPECTROSCOPY, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, DETECTION, CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS, BASELINE STUDIES,
1715 SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROMETRY, SOURCES, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
1725 SPECTROSCOPY, SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
"INTERCALIBRATION,
1727 SPECTROSCOPY, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL,
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
1040 SPILL CLEANUP, LIABILITY, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL, TANKERS,
1b50 SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS, UK, "OIL SPILL POLICY,
1654 SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, EKOFISK BLOWOUT,
1656 SPILL CLEANUP, SPAIN, POLLUTION CONTROL, FATE, COASTS, URQUIOLA SPILL,
SPILL CLEANUP, OIL INDUSTRY, NEW JERSEY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, "SPILL FUND,
SPILL CLEANUP, OLYMPIC GAMES SPILL, DELAWARE, BIRDS, TANKERS, "DELAWARE RIVER,
SPILL CLEANUP, PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, EUROPE, "CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES
SPILL CLEANUP, OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, FATE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BEHAVIOR, "1977
OIL SPILL CONFERENCE,
SPILL CLEANUP, SOLUTION, EMULSIFIERS, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY,
SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL, "OIL SPILL PUMPS,
SPILL CLEANUP, OIL SLICKS, DISPERSANTS, BOOMS, "PUMPS,
SPILL CLEANUP, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "OIL-SPILL PUMP,
SPILL CLEANUP, CANADA, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "EQUIPMENT LOCATER SYSTEM,
SPILL CLEANUP, ABSORPTION, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
SPILL CLEANUP, SPILL CONTAINMENT, "TREATMENT METHODS,
SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, LEAKAGE, TANKERS, "OIL SOLIDIFICATION,
SPILL CLEANUP, SINKING AGENTS, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY,
SOURCES, SOIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, OXIDATION, BIODEGRADATION,
1oOO
1663
Ib64
1 JH6
1749
1752
175J
1754
1760
1764
176o
1770
1771
1772
1773
mo
1779
1787
1790
1 39o
1906
I907
1916
1956
19o3
1991
199o
2004
21Ud
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1736
1739
1740
1741
1754
1760
1764
SPILL CLEANUP
ABSORPTION
SPILL CLEANUP
SPILL CLEANUP
SPILL CLEANUP
PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DISPERSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
PATENT, DISPERSANTS, "MAGNETIC POWDER,
OCEANS, ABSORPTION, "POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, DISPERSANTS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, ADSORPTION,
SPILL CLEANUP, INCINERATION, ABSORPTION, "GELLING AGENTS,
SPILL CLEANUP, SEAWATER, MARSHES, FRESHWATER, DISPOSAL , DISPERSANTS, COASTS, BEACHES,
ABSORPTION,
SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, BIODEGRADATION, WASTEWATERS, "H202,
SPILL CLEANUP, POLLUTION CONTROL, PERSONNEL TRAINING, TEXAS, "OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE,
SPILL CLEANUP, EPA, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, USCG,
PERSONNEL TRAINING, EUROPE, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, UK, US,
PUGET SOUND, OIL INDUSTRY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, "OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE,
POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, INLAND, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
POLLUTION CONTROL, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS,
SPILL CLEANUP, OIL DISCHARGES, MARINE ORGANISMS, DISPERSANTS, TOXICITY,
SPILL CLEANUP, INTERTIDAL ZONE, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, BALTIC SEA,
SPILL CLEANUP, FISH, DISPERSANTS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, "EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT,
SPILL CLEANUP, RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, INLAND, ECONOMICS, CALIFORNIA,
SPILL CLEANUP, SOURCES, SHIPS, PRODUCTION , MARINE ORGANISMS, FISHERIES, EXPLORATION ,
DISPERSANTS, CONTAMINATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SEABIRDS,
SPILL CLEANUP, DETECTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
SPILL CLEANUP, OIL SPILLS, LIABILITY, LEGISLATION, COMPENSATION, US, "COSTS,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, INLAND, HARBORS, BOOMS, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, "OILFENCE,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, PORTS, TANKERS, SWEDEN, "SPILL BUBBLE BARRIER,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, "PRODUCT INFORMATION,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, "CONNECTOR HINGE,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, SKIMMERS, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, OIL SLICKS, BOOMS, BEHAVIOR, "SLICK DROPLET FORMATION, "ENTRAIHMENT
FAILURE,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, OCEANS, FRESHWATER, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS, "SEABOOM,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, SPILL CLEANUP, CANADA, "EQUIPMENT LOCATER SYSTEM,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, SPILL CLEANUP, ABSORPTION, "POLYURETHANE FOAMS,
SPILL CONTAINMENT, SPILL CLEANUP, "TREATMENT METHODS,
SPILL CLEANUP
SPILL CLEANUP
SPILL CLEANUP
SPILL CLEANUP
265
-------
1712 SPILL RECOVERY, OIL TRANSPORT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, *DRACONE BARGE,
1743 SPILL RECOVERY, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, ABSORPTION, USN, *FOAM CHIPS,
1744 SPILL RECOVERY, NORWAY, NORTH SEA, BOOHS, BLOWOUTS,
1747 SPILL RECOVERY, RECLAMATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1748 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1750 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, SHIPS, BOOMS, ABSORPTION,
1751 SPILL RECOVERY, NORTH SEA, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, *OIL COLLECTION SYSTEMS,
1755 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, «SKIMJET,
1756 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1757 SPILL RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, 'RESPONSE TEAMS, US,
1758 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "SEAWARD INTERNATIONAL,
1761 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, »FAST CURRENT OIL RECOVERY ,
1762 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1767 SPILL RECOVERY, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, 'LOCKHEED DISC-DRUM DEVICE, 'PERFORMANCE,
1769 SPILL RECOVERY, COST ANALYSIS, ABSORPTION, *SORBENTS, 'PERFORMANCE EVALUATION,
1774 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, BOOMS,
1775 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1776 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, INCINERATION, ABSORPTION, 'ABSORBENT FIBERS,
1777 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, FUEL OIL, ADSORPTION, 'SAWDUST,
1780 SPILL RECOVERY, SOLVENTS, SEAWATER, RIVERS, PATENT, FLOCCULATION, COAGULATION,
Uo1 SPILL RECOVERY, ABSORPTION, SURFACTANTS, 'SORBENT WOOD CHIPS,
1762 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, ABSORPTION,
176i SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, DISPERSANTS, BEACHES, SURFACTANTS,
1765 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1786 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, BOOMS,
1768 SPILL RECOVERY, SKIMMERS, SHIPS, PATENT, OIL SLICKS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
1353 SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, ABSORPTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
'SORBENT MATERIAL,
1875 SPILL RECOVERY, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FUELS, CRUDE OIL, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
1696 SPILL RECOVERY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, PIPELINES, OIL TRANSPORT, TANKERS,
2086 SPREADING, OIL SPILLS, ICE, BEAUFORT SEA, 'UNDER-ICE SPILL,
2105 SPREADING, SOLUTION, SEAWATER, OXIDATION, FATE, EVAPORATION, DISPERSIONS,
CONTAMINATION,
2055 STATE GOVERNMENTS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, OCS, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, COASTS, US,
211U STATE GOVERNMENTS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, US, TANKERS,
1704 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SEDIMENTS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, VENEZUELA,
1904 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, BLOWOUTS,
1o37 STATISTICS, SOURCES, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA, UK,
1649 STATISTICS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, 'DATA BANK,
UK,
1657 STATISTICS, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, COASTS, ALASKA,
1662 STATISTICS, OIL SPILLS, OCEANS, TANKERS, 'TANKER ACCIDENTS,
1795 STORAGE, FEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CRUDE OIL, TANKERS,
1796 STORAGE, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, TANKERS, 'OIL STORAGE TANK,
1796 STORAGE, OIL TANKS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, 'SALT DOMES, 'STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
1799 STORAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, 'SALT DOMES, 'MINES, 'STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE,
1600 STORAGE, LOUISIANA, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, EIS, CRUDE OIL, 'BAYOU CHOCTAW SALT DOME,
1304 STORAGE, ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL DISPOSAL, UK,
1947 STORAGE, RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, UPTAKE,
2124 STORAGE, OIL TRANSFER, OFFSHORE DRILLING, NORTH SEA, LIABILITY, INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS,
1631 STREAMS, SEDIMENTS, SAMPLING, REFINERIES, MONITORING, WASTEWATERS, 'HEAVY METALS,
195*: STREAMS, OIL SPILLS, INVERTEBRATES, FUEL OIL, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, VIRGINIA,
1951 SUBARCTIC REGIONS, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, ECOSYSTEMS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
ARCTIC,
2076 SUBARCTIC REGIONS, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC,
TOXICITY,
1709 SURFACTANTS, HYDROCARBONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DETECTION, CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS,
1719 SURFACTANTS, DISPERSANTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
1726 SURFACTANTS, SEAWATER, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HYDROCARBONS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
ADSORPTION, 'ELECTROANALYSIS ,
1781 SURFACTANTS, SPILL RECOVERY, ABSORPTION, 'SORBENT WOOD CHIPS,
1763 SURFACTANTS, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, DISPERSANTS, BEACHES,
1792 SURFACTANTS, SOLVENTS, RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS, WILDLIFE, TOXICITY,
16
-------
1655
1689
1o94
1734
1745
2123
1640
1641
1646
Io55
1660
1661
1062
1680
1731
1734
1766
1795
1796
1SJ1
1889
1896
1902
1933
1989
1992
1994
1995
-------
1955 TUXICITY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GASOLINE, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADAT10N,
BACTERIA, ALGAE, 'PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
1962 TOXICITY, RELEASE, MARINE ORGANISMS, FUEL OIL, CRUDE OIL, UPTAKE,
1963 TOXICITY, METABOLISM, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, FISH, CRUDE OIL,"RESPIRATION ,
*ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA,
1964 TOXICITY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, CRUDE OIL, "COMPARATIVE TOXICITY ,
»BIOASSAY,
19fc5 TOXICITY, SURFACTANTS, MOLLUSKS, HYDROCARBONS, EMULSIFIERS, CRUDE OIL, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
'MUSSELS,
1970 TOXICITY, ALGAE, "REPRODUCTION,
1972 TOXICITY, HYDROCARBONS, FISH, "BENZENE, "REPRODUCTION, 'CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI,
1977 TOXICITY, OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, CHEDABUCTO BAY, CANADA,
"MORTALITIES,
1976 TOXICITY, SURFACTANTS, EMULSIFIERS, ALGAE, "SEAWEED, "GROWTH RATES,
1979 TOXICITY, RELEASE, MOLLUSKS, UPTAKE, "OIL DROPLETS, "MORTALITY, "CRASSOSTREA GIGAS,
"MYTILUS SPP.,
1930 TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, FRESHWATER, CRUDE OIL, ARCTIC, "PRIMARY PRODUCTION,
1996 TOXICITY, SHORELINES, OIL SPILLS, MARINE ORGANISMS, INTERTIDAL ZONE, ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS,
2002 TOXICITY, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, OFFSHORE
PRODUCTION, NORTH SEA, FISHERIES, BIRDS,
2010 TOXICITY, PHYTOPLANKTON, OIL SLICKS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, DISPERSANTS, "LIGHT
REDUCTION, "PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
207o TOXICITY, SUBARCTIC REGIONS, METABOLISM, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS,
BIODEGRADATION, ARCTIC,
2C7o TOXICITY, ECHINODERMS, CRUDE OIL, BIODEGRADATION, "EKOFISK OIL,
2069 TOXICITY, OXIDATION, FUEL OIL, YEASTS, *UV IRRADIATION,
1666 TROPICAL REGIONS, TOXICITY, JAPAN, FISH, DISPERSANTS, "WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY,
"HONG KONG,
1o37 UK, STATISTICS, SOURCES, OIL SPILLS, NORTH SEA,
164? UK, STATISTICS, POLLUTION CONTROL, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, "DATA
BANK,
1o50 UK, SPILL CLEANUP, DISPERSANTS, "OIL SPILL POLICY,
1o04 JK, STORAGE, ECONOMICS, WASTE OIL DISPOSAL,
1
-------
1789
1886
1892
1908
211J
2114
2120
1641
1743
163t>
1861
1903
1793
1999
1704
1952
2091
1713
1670
1809
1814
1825
1a47
18/3
1676
1877
1879
1830
1831
20b4
2075
1804
1807
182*
1860
1681
1695
1706
1793
1319
1321
1827
1o40
1855
1862
1o73
1903
1946
2114
21 18
2121
1812
1847
1603
1605
1808
1809
1310
1813
USCG, POLLUTION CONTROL, "EQUIPMENT, 'FAST SURFACE DELIVERY SYSTEM,
USCG, SPILL CLEANUP, EPA, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
USCG, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL SPILLS,
USCG, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL SPILLS, LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT,
USCG, TANKERS, SEGREGATED BALLAST , REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
USCG, TANKERS, REGULATIONS, OIL DISCHARGES, WASTEWATERS,
USCG, TANKERS, SAFETY, REGULATIONS, PORTS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
USGS, TANKERS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, MOVEMENT, MONITORING, ARGO MERCHANT SPILL,
USN, SPILL RECOVERY, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, ABSORPTION, "FOAM CHIPS,
USSR, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, OIL DISCHARGES, DISTILLATION,
USSR, REFINERIES, ECONOMICS, CRUDE OIL, COST ANALYSIS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
USSR, RIVERS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, WASTEWATERS, WATER
QUALITY,
VEGETATION, RESTORATION, REFINERIES, MARSHES, ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION, WASTEWATERS,
"SALT MARSH,
VEGETATION, SOIL, OIL TRANSPORT, OIL SPILLS, MARSHES, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ALASKA,
VENEZUELA, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SEDIMENTS, OFFSHORE PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
VIRGINIA, STREAMS, OIL SPILLS, INVERTEBRATES, FUEL OIL, FISH, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
VIRGINIA, SEDIMENTS, MARINE ORGANISMS, HYDROCARBONS, FUEL OIL, ESTUARIES,
WASHINGTON, SEDIMENTS, SAMPLING, INTERTIDAL ZONE, HYDROCARBONS, ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
WASTE OIL, OIL SPILLS, MONITORING, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, *IR ABSORPTION ,
WASTE OIL, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, "COLLECTION RESERVOIR,
WASTE OIL, EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
WASTE OIL, REFINERIES, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, WASTEWATER
TREATMENT,
WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, FUELS, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, »LAND DISPOSAL, *SPRAY IRRIGATION,
WASTE OIL, RECYCLING, LUBRICATING OIL, FILTRATION, COALESCENCE,
WASTE OIL, REUSE, RECLAMATION, ECONOMICS,
WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, LUBRICATING OIL, FUELS,
FILTRATION, »USCG POWER PLANTS,
WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, "REVIEW,
RECLAMATION, "REVIEW,
REUSE, RECLAMATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
SOIL, SLUDGE, REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , BIODEGRADATION,
WASTE OIL, SOIL, MONITORING, FUNGI, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, "ARID SITE,
WASTE OIL DISPOSAL, UK, STORAGE, ECONOMICS,
WASTE OIL TREATMENT, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, "ULTRAFILTRATION ,
WASTE OIL TREATMENT, SURFACTANTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION,
WASTE OIL TREATMENT, REFINERIES, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
WASTEWATERS, STREAMS, SEDIMENTS, SAMPLING, REFINERIES, MONITORING, "HEAVY METALS,
WASTEWATERS, REMOTE SENSING, OIL SLICKS, MOVEMENT, COASTS, "CURRENT CIRCULATION,
"SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE STUDIES,
WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, FOSSIL FUELS , ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
rtASTEWATERi, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, PRODUCTION , OIL WELLS, GROUNDWATER,
CONTAMINATION, "BRINE DISPOSAL,
WASTEWATERS, VEGETATION, RESTORATION, REFINERIES, MARSHES, ENGLAND, CONTAMINATION,
"SALT MARSH,
WASTEWATERS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, "RADIOTRACER APPLICATIONS,
WASTEWATERS, SPILL CLEANUP, PATENT, BIODEGRADATION, "H202,
WASTEWATERS, SLUDGE, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, GASOLINE, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
WASTEWATERS, OIL DISCHARGES, MONITORING, LUBRICATING OIL, GASOLINE, FUEL OIL,
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, "DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
WASTEWATERS, SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES., INLAND, DISPOSAL , CONTAMINANTS, "WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES, "LANDFILLS,
WASTEWATERS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, COALESCENCE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
WASTEWATERS, REUSE, REFINERIES, RECLAMATION, INDUSTRIES, INDIA,
WASTEWATERS, USSR, RIVERS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, WATER
QUALITY,
WASTEWATERS, TOXICITY, REFINERIES, MONITORING, INVERTEBRATES, FRESHWATER, "DAPHNIA
PULEX, "BIOASSAY,
WASTEWATERS, USCG, TANKERS, REGULATIONS, OIL DISCHARGES,
WASTEWATERS, REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ECONOMICS, CANADA,
"QUEBEC,
WASTEWATERS, REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTAMINANTS, CANADA,
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, SLUDGE, REFINERIES, INCINERATION, "FLUID BEDS,
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, WASTE OIL, RECLAMATION, FUELS, "LAND DISPOSAL, "SPRAY IRRIGATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PATENT, INCINERATION, EVAPORATION, "THERMAL
OXIDATION ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS,
"ULTRAFILTRATION ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL, PATENT, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, "COLLECTION RESERVOIR,
..'ASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PENNSYLVANIA, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION,
"SAND FILTERS,
WASTE OIL
WASTE OIL
WASTE OIL
269
-------
1814
1816
1617
1820
1622
132j
1325
1o30
1oj2
1633
1634
1c35
1836
Ib37
1839
1841
1842
1o44
1o4S
1349
1350
1o51
I65j
1e54
165o
Io57
185o
1059
10D1
Io02
1065
1864
1366
1867
166o
1 06 y
1371
1672
1s75
1987
21 17
1357
190j
201o
2081
1 122.
2065
I65o
1792
2053
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL, EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, REFINERIES, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINANTS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, HYDROCARBONS, "SOLVENT EXTRACTION ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, BIODEGRADATION, ACTIVATED SLUDGE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, FILTRATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTE OIL, REFINERIES, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL-WATER
SEPARATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REUSE, RECLAMATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, INDUSTRIES, CANADA,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OXIDATION, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, «POPCORN POLYMER,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, CANADA,
•DUAL-MEDIA FILTERS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, FLOTATION, «TETRAETHYLEAD REMOVAL,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES, POLAND,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, OIL INDUSTRY, GERMANY, EAST,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, •
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING, COALESCENCE, "GRAVITY
SEPARATION ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1710
REFINERIES, PETROCHEMICALS, "BIOLOGICAL DETOXICATION,
REFINERIES, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, "PARALLEL PLATE SEPARATORS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLID WASTES, REFINERIES, OHIO, FILTRATION, DESIGN-ENGINEERING,
"UPFLOW SAND FILTERS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, EPA, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, "ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SLUDGE, PATENT, FLOTATION, EMULSIFIERS, ADSORPTION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, COAGULATION,
WASTEWATLR TREATMENT, SPILL RECOVERY, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, ABSORPTION,
"SCRBENT MATERIAL,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS, "CATIONIC
POLYMERS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, "REVERSE OSMOSIS, "WATER RECOVERY ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, FILTRATION, WATER QUALITY, "ONTARIO,
«ASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, "SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SOLVENTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION, "SOLVENT
RECOVERY ,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, USSR, REFINERIES, ECONOMICS, CRUDE OIL, COST ANALYSIS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTEWATERS, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, COALESCENCE,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, DISPOSAL , "BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, "UNDERGROUND HASTE
INJECTION,
*ASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-'WATER SEPARATION, FLOTATION, EMULSIONS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OXIDATION, OIL INDUSTRY,
WASTEwATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PATENT, ABSORPTION, "ABSORBENT POLYOLEFIN,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SURFACTANTS, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FLOCCULATION,
WASTErtATER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, "COAGULATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PATENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS,
"ULIRAFILTRATION ,
rfASTEntiTER TREATMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, FLOCCULATION,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, EMULSIONS, COALESCENCE,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLAND, FILTRATION, EMULSIONS, ADSORPTION, "CELLULOSE,
"DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SPILL RECOVERY, OIL-WATER SEPARATION, FUELS, CRUDE OIL,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REGULATIONS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, OIL INDUSTRY, COST
ANALYSIS, API,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, PETROCHEMICALS, NORWAY, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CANADA,
"ALBERTA,
,vATER QUALITY, WASTEwATER TREATMENT, REFINERIES, FILTRATION, "ONTARIO,
AATER DUALITY, WASTEWATERS, USSR, RIVERS, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL,
PETROCHEMICALS,
WATER QUALITY, US, REGULATIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, OIL INDUSTRY, COST ANALYSIS,
WATER QUALITY, LAKES, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, WISCONSIN, "NUTRIENT
LIMITATION,
WEATHERING, SPECTROMETRY, SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL, NATURAL SEEPAGE, CHROMATOGRAPHY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CALIFORNIA/SOUTHERN, BIODEGRACATION,
WEATHERING, SOLUTION, OIL SPILLS, HYDROCARBONS, FATE, EVAPORATION,
WEATHERING, OIL TRANSFER, OIL SPILLS, MODELS, EVAPORATION, DELAWARE BAY,
WEATHERING, OIL SPILLS, NORWAY, FISH, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS,
BIODEGRADATION, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , "T/T "DRUPA" SPILL,
wILDLIFE, NORTH SEA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EKOFISK BLO*OUT,
WILDLIFE, TlalCITY, SURFACTANTS, SOLVENTS, RESTORATION, OIL SPILLS,
YEASTS, JIL SLICKS, HYDROCARBONS, BIODEGRADATION, BACTERIA, ARCMATiC HYDROCARBONS
"CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS ,
YEnSTS, TOXICITY, OXIDATION, FUEL OIL, *UV IRRADIATION,
ZOGPLANKTON, SPECTROMETRt, SEDIMENTS, HYDROCARBONS, CRUSTACEANS, CHROMATOGRAPHY,
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
270
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
ABELSON, P.H.
ABRAMOV, O.I.
ADAMS, E.E.
ADAMS, M.V.
A. E55ERS COMPANY
AHEARN, D.G.
AHMADJIAN, M.
AIKEN, S.R.
AKHMETOV, A.SH.
ALASKA UNIVERSITY
ALBERS, P.H.
ALBERS, P.H.
ALBRIGHT, L.J.
ALDAKIMOVA, A.YA.
ALEXANDER, G.A.
ALFEROVA, L.A.
ALIVERDIZADE, K.S.O.
ALLEN, D.H.
AMES, R.K.
ANDERSON, J.W.
ANDERSON, J.W.
ANDERSON, J.«l.
ANDREWS, A.R.
ANUFRIEVA, N.M.
ANUFRIEVA, N.M
ANUFRIEVA, N.M
APPLEMAN, M.D.
ARhELGER, S.D.
ARTHUR D. LITT
ARZUMANOV, S.A
ATLAS, R.M.
ATLAS, R.M.
ATLAS, R.M.
ATLAi, R.M.
ATLAS, R.M.
AUSTIN, B.
AYERS, R.R.
AZAROWICZ, E.N
BAILEY, P. A.
BAILEY, P. A.
BAKER, J.M.
BALLAST NEDAM
BALLAST MEDAM
LE, INC.
GROEP NV
GROEP NV
3ANKOWSKA, J.
BARGER, W.R.
S.P.
S.?.
.D.
.1.
J.r.
BARINOVA,
3ARINOVA,
BARKER, C.
dAfiNES, R.
BARON, V.C.
BARRA, F.J.
BARSZCZ, C.A.
5ARTHA, R.
BATES, C.f.
BATTERTON,
BAUER, D.
BEAN, R.M.
BEAN, R.M.
BEATON,
BECKER,
BELL, A.O.
BELYAEV, V.I.
BERDUGO, V.
BERDUGO, V.
BERGER, H.
BERKLUND, C.
BERKLUND, C.
BERKNER, A.3.
BERNARD, B.B.
BERNSTEIN, P.J
BEZUGLYI, N.F.
N.C.
K.P.
1994
1702
2104
2021
1701
2063
1727
1995
2083
2022
191 1
1973
1923
2092
2041
1823
1893
1759
1806
1912
1913
2097
2067
1703
1760
1778
2065
2057
2023
1893
2058
2070
2071
2072
2077
2061
1761
2059
1807
1808
1996
17&2
1809
1872
1689
2060
2107
1385
17o3
1795
1810
1984
2064
1657
1914
1825
1704
1705
181 1
1812
1796
2033
1915
1935
1670
2024
2025
1792
1671
2120
1335
BIERI, R.H.
BLANKENSHIP,
BLAYLOCK,
BLAYLOCK,
BLAYLOCK,
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
BOCARD, C
BOELER, J
BOELER, J
BOURNE,
D.W.
W.
W.
W.
BOURNE, W
P.
P.
BOURNE, W.R.P.
BOURNE, W.R.P.
BOURNE, W.R.P.
BOWMAN, P.I.
BOYD, B.D.
BOYENS, V.C.
BRACKEN, J.
BREUIL, C.
BRIDIE, A.L.A.M.
BRITISH PETROLEUM CO., LTD.
BROCK, T.D.
BRODERSEN, C.C.
BRODERICK, L.S.
BRODY, M.A.
BRONFMAN, A.M.
BROOKS, J.M.
BROWN, C.W.
BROWN, C.W.
BROWN, D.W.
BROWN, D.W.
BROWN, L.R.
BROWN, M.A.
BRUCE, H.E.
BRUNGS, W.A.
BURNS, K.A.
BURNS, K.A.
BUTTON, O.K.
CALDARONE, E.M.
CALDER, J.A.
CALDWELL, R.S.
CALOMIRIS, J.J.
CAMPBELL, F.J.
CANEVARI, G.P.
CARLUCCI, G.D., JR.
CARR, R.C.
CASEY, S.
CASTELLINI, M.A.
CHABRECK, R.H.
CHADWICK, E.
CHAMBERS, D.B.
CHAPMAN, P.J.
CHEATHAM, D.L.
CHEATHAM, D.L.
CHEEK, L.M.
CHERNYSHOV, v.i.
CHESLER, S.N.
CHESLER, S.N.
CHIEU, J.N.
CHIKAMI, K.
CHIRAC, M.
CHUNG, J.S.
CLARK, B.R.
CLARK, w.s.
CLAYTON, j.w.
2091
2039
1704
1705
1912
1797
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
1916
1728
2026
1654
1655
1917
1918
1997
2063
1657
1894
1717
1919
1802
1895
2081
1962
2060
1813
2092
1671
1690
1727
1679
1713
1931
21 19
2027
2127
1672
1944
2057
1920
1698
1920
2061
1736
1764
2044
1921
2034
1986
1930
1765
1765
2074
1724
1962
2102
1682
1714
1725
1814
1766
1896
1757
1706
2039
1949
271
-------
CLE8E, L.T.
COLLINS, A.
COLLINS, C.
COLWELL, R.R.
COLWELL, R.R.
CONNORS,
CONRAD, B.F.
COOK, D.G.
P.G.
.D.
R.M.
J. J.
J.J.
C.K.
, M.
C.
B.
.B.
COOK, F
COOK, L
COOMES,
COCNEY,
COONEY,
COOPER,
CORDIER,
CORNELL,
CORNER, E.D.S.
COSOVIC, B.
COSOVIC
COft'ELL, E
CROW, J.H.
CRCW, S.A.
CRUSE, H.
DALE, J.
DAHIELIANTS,
DAVIDSON, F.M.
DAVIS, G.
DAVIS, R.W.
DAWE, L.L.
DENEKE, F.
DE PRATER, B
DEUTSCH, M.
DIBBLE, J.T.
DICK, S.
DICKS, B.
DIETZ, A.S.
DONALDSON, E.C.
JOOLITTLE, J.C.
DORRLER, J.S.
EARHART, J.P.
EARHART, J.P.
ELLIOTT, H.A.
ENG, J.
ENGELHARDT, F.R.
EMKE, C.G.
ENVIRON. PROTECTION SERV.
EPA
EPA
EP4
EP4
EHEQITAfllO, J.M.
J.E.
V.I.
A.A.
L.
E.T. ,
, G.D.
, M.R.
, R. J.
F.H.
ESTE3,
EVEMIN,
FAGO,
FAIN,
FALK,
FARM ,
FAY,
FEA
FEA
FEA
FEBEN, J.C.
FEDERLE, T.W.
FINDLEY, J.E.
FCNTANA, M.
FOSTER, M.S.
FRIES, B.A.
FRIES, C.R.
FRIEYRO, 0.
Fl'CIK, K.W.
F'JKUHARA, 0.
GABSCh, X.
GALAYEV, Y.K.
GAPRETT, rt.D.
GASA;JGV, M.V.
JR.
1844
2035
1673
2061
2062
2015
2062
1315
2082
1897
201 1
2060
2069
2104
1854
1922
1935
1707
1726
1998
1999
2063
1355
1708
1893
1704
1695
1986
1719
1673
1346
1691
2064
1674
1793
1923
1863
1398
1399
1816
1317
2084
1331*
1924
1768
2121
1692
1769
1313
1900
1925
1691
1702
1674
1926
2036
1770
2037
1798
1799
1300
1796
1980
2065
1985
1927
1819
1923
2066
1929
1979
1337
1693
1689
1320
GASSMANN, G.
GATELLIER, G.C.
GEBHART, J.L.
GERACI, J.R.
GERAGHTY, J.J.
F.
H.D.
C.F.
GERARD
GESSER
GIBBS,
GIBSON, D.T
GILES, R.C.
GLENN,
GLOVER
GLOYNA,
.B.
0.
M.C.
R.L.
E.F.
GLOYNA, E.F.
GONGAWARE, W.
GOODSON, L.H.
GORDON, D.C., JR.
GORNITSKII, A.
GORNITSKY, A.E
GRAHAM, B.
GRAHAM, D.J.
GRAHL-NIELSEN,
GRANMO, A.
GREENSHIELDS, J.N.
GRIFFIN, rf.M.
GROENEWOUD, W.H.
GRONLUND, W.D.
GROSE, P.L.
GRUGER, E.H., JR.
GRUTSCH, J.F.
GUDASHEVA,
GUMP, B.H.
GUMP, B.H.
GUNDLACH,
GUNKEL, W,
HAGIWARA,
riAGSTROM,
HAGSTROM,
E.R.
M.
A.
B.E.
, J.R.
J.O.
HALE, L
HARRALD
HARRIS,
HARRIS, R.P.
HARRIS, R.P.
HARRISON, E.A.
HAHTMANN, R.
HASLEDON, J
D.
HATER,
HAWKES,
HAWKES,
G.R.
J.W.
J.W.
HAYES, M.O.
HEATH, J.E.
HEIN, M.
HELLMANN
HERSHNER
HERTZ, H.S.
HERTZ, H
HILDRETH,
HIRANO, T.
HIRANO, T.
HIRATA, T.
HOBBS, J.R.
HOCUTT, C.H
HODGINS,
HOKETSU,
HOKETSU,
HOLLAND,
HOLME3, R.W
HOROWITZ, A
HOROWITZ,
HOROWITZ,
HOULIHAN,
HOULIHAN,
HOULIHAN,
HOVIS, W.A.
HUANG, C.P.
H.
C.H.
S.
R.G.
H.O.
H.
H.
W.F.
A.
A.
T.M.
T.M.
T.M.
1821
1916
1930
1924
1729
2000
2038
2067
2068
1931
1o82
1847
1814
1871
1684
1674
1708
1778
1703
1949
1736
2093
1932
1765
2069
1802
1938
200!
1933
1322
1323
1714
1725
1656
1321
1824
2094
1934
1625
1657
1771
1915
1935
2128
1772
1811
1980
1936
1933
1656
1326
1827
1955
1937
1714
1725
2109
1853
1859
1737
1377
1952
1938
1773
1828
2039
1927
2070
2071
2072
1675
1684
1635
1694
2084
272
-------
HUANG, C.p.
HUDSON, M.
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1329
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2122
1737
1774
1866
136o
1878
2134
1674
2038
1659
16bO
1775
1940
1941
1990
1679
1713
1673
2021
1673
1830
1940
1957
2002
2003
2039
1694
1831
1901
1693
1832
1722
1953
1962
1964
1975
1865
2133
1833
1829
1879
1880
2106
1708
2021
1834
1886
1835
1836
1912
1661
1662
1935
1837
1316
1o17
1663
1699
1«20
1824
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1695
1833
1835
1864
1932
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1707
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1709
1776
2074
1693
1772
1948
1695
2039
1865
2044
2021
17&9
2056
2089
17TO
1717
1945
1677
1682
1665
1946
1947
2097
1711
1710
1733
1902
1693
1948
172b
1712
1958
2095
2093
1702
1839
1949
1905
1934
1950
1721
1781
1813
2006
2038
1845
1840
1678
1678
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1679
1713
2104
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-------
MANOiUTZ, B.
MAPCG, INC.
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2062
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WAOHAMS, P.
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1765
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2087
2081
1761
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1906
1907
2010
2105
1953
1
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APPENDIX
Periodicals Reviewed
Alternatives: Perspectives on Society and Environment
Ambio
American Fisheries Society Transactions
Applied Ecology Abstracts
Applied Energy
Applied Microbiology
Applied Science & Technology Index
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts
Audubon
Australian Science Index
Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Komission fuer
Meeresforschung
Biological Abstracts
Bioscience
British Birds
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemical Week
Chemistry in Canada
Chemosphere
Current Contents: Life Sciences
Current Contents: Physical and Chemical Sciences
Deep-Sea Research
Ecolibrium
Ecological Abstracts
Ecological Modelling
Ecology Law Quarterly
Energy Information Abstracts
Energy Review
Environment
Environment Abstracts
Environmental Action
Environmental Conservation
Environmental Geology
Environmental Health and Pollution Control
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Technology and Economics
EPA Reports Bibliography Quarterly
ERDA Energy Research Abstracts
Erdoel und Kohle Erdgas Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstoffchemie
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles
Government Reports Announcements
277
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Hydrocarbon Processing
IMS Newsletter
India Journal of Environmental Health
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin
International Aerospace Abstracts
International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
International Petroleum Abstracts
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Journal of Chromatography
Journal of Environmental Science and Health
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Journal
Marine Biology
Marine Chemistry
Marine Fisheries Review
Marine Geology
Marine Geotechnology
Marine Policy
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Science Contents Tables
Marine Technology Society, Journal
Maritime Research Information Service Abstracts
Massachusetts Audubon
Microbial Ecology
National Fisherman
National Research Council, News Report
National Wildlife
Nature
New Technical Books
Nippon Susan Gakkai Shi. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Industry
Ocean Management
Oceanic Abstracts
Oceanus
Offshore
Oil and Gas Journal
Outdoor California
Pacific Oil World
Petroleum Abstracts
Petroleum Engineer International
Petroleum Today
Pollution Abstracts
Pollution Engineering
Proceedings in Print
278
-------
Resources
Resource Recovery and Conservation
Royal Society of London, Proceedings, Series B, Biological Sciences
Science
Science News
Science of the Total Environment
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Sea Frontiers
Sea Secrets
Sea Technology
Selected References on Environmental Quality
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Technical Book Review
The Ecologist
The Engineering Index
The Sciences
UDS Water Quality Control Digest
Underwater Information Bulletin
Underwater Naturalist
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Water Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal
Water Research
WRC Information
Western Fisheries
279
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-78-005
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
August 1977 - October 1977
5. REPORT DATE
January 1978 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Penelope Melvin, Helmut Ehrenspeck, Elizabeth Sorenson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-805052-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory--Cin., OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
3. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERU
Quarterly, Aug-Oct.,
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
IS
The August 1977 - October 1977 issue of Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports
a quarterly compilation of oil pollution publications and ongoing project
summaries. Presented in the report are: (a) summaries and citations of
published literature and patents; (b) summaries and status of current research
projects; and (c) current oil-related conferences. This report is submitted in
partial fulfilment of EPA Grant No. R-805052-01 by the Marine Science Institute,
University of California, Santa Barbara, under the sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Bibliographies
^Abstracts
*Patents
*Documents
*Research
Oil pollution
Oil spill events
Oil spill research
Oil pollution control
Oil pollution patents
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
291
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
280
U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-757-140/6695 Region No. 5-11
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
We are requesting your assistance upon receiving this report ("Oil
Spill and Oil Pollution Reports, August 1977 - October 1977").
Is the information usable?
Is the format helpful?
We invite your comments and suggestions. Thank you.
0)
Name
Organization_
Address
-------
affix
stamp
Mr. J. S. Dorrler
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, New Jersey 08817
-------
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