United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Corvallis OR 97333
EPA-600/3-84-006
January 1984
Research and Development
Pesticide Orchard
Ecosystem Model
(POEM)
A User's Guide

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                                      EPA-600/3-84-006
                                      January  1984
    PESTICIDE ORCHARD ECOSYSTEM MODEL (POEM)

                 A User's Guide
                       by

Erik D.  Goodman, Matt Zabik, Jeffrey J.  Jenkins,
       Robert M. Kon, and Renate M.  Snider
            Michigan State University
          East Lansing, Michigan 48824

                    CR 805624
     >            Project Officer
                    Jay Gile
      Toxics and Hazardous Materials Branch
        Environmental Research Laboratory
             Corvallis, Oregon 97333
        ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
       OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
      U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             CORVALLIS, OREGON 97333

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                                    NOTICE

     This  document  has  been  reviewed in  accordance  with  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency policy and approved for publication.   Mention of trade names
or commercial  products  does not constitute endorsement  or  recommendation for
use.

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                                   ABSTRACT

     A mathematical model was  developed to predict the  transport  and effects
of  a  pesticide  in  an  orchard  ecosystem.   The  environmental  behavior  of
azinphosmethyl was  studied over a 2-year period in a Michigan apple orchard to
gather data for  the  model  on initial distribution within  the orchard, influ-
ence  of  rainfall  on  vertical  movement,  loss   via  runoff,  and  effects  on
selected  orchard invertebrate  populations.   Following  model  development,  a
third year of  field  data was collected for comparison with model projections.
Mean squared errors  for  the comparison of predicted vs.  observed residue data
indicate  good  predictions  of  azinphosmethyl  fate within the  tree  and grass/
broad!eaves layers.   Prediction of pesticide dynamics within the  litter/moss
and soil layers was much more variable.

     This  report was  submitted in  fulfillment  of EPA  Cooperative  Agreement
number  CR805624  by  Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Science,
Michigan  State University,  under the  sponsorship  of the  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency.   This report covers a period from October 1977 to June 1982
and work was completed as of June 1982.
                                       i i i

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                                   CONTENTS

                                                                          Page

Introduction	1
Running the Model 	  6
Reparameterization	10
Example Run of POEM	24
Producing Graphs	29
Pesticide Graphs	29
Organism Graphs 	 31
File Conventions in POEM Programs	33
Bibliography	36
Addendum	37
                                        iv

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                                 Introduction

     The  festicide  Orchard  [Ecosystem  Model was  constructed  for  two  major
reasons:

(1)  to assist in presenting  the  results of a  study  of  the fate of a partic-
     ular compound under  field  conditions  and its  effects on some significant
     organisms using  laboratory and field data;  and

(2)  to  allow users  to explore the  implications  of  changes  in the  model's
     parameters  on  the model  outcomes (both  fate  and effects),  including
     limited extrapolation to other compounds and/or field conditions.

     The various  submodels included in POEM and the methods used to  parameter-
ize them  are described  in  the main  text  of this  report and in a  series  of
publications  (see Bibliography).   This  guide is intended as a  supplement,  to
aid persons  desiring  to run  the associated computer programs.   No explanation
is  offered   here  of   the  methods   used  to  derive  the parameters included  as
default values,  nor is  there any  presentation of results (see  main  report and
companion computer tape, Goodman et al., 1981a,  b).

     POEM is a modular FORTRAN IV  program,  composed of many subunits which may
be invoked or left idle during any particular run.   In general,  POEM units not
needed should be  "turned off" to minimize computer  costs.  POEM may  be used to
explore the  behavior  of the  fate  model  using "average"  values  independent of
temperature and relative humidity,  or may be instructed to recalculate certain
parameters  daily,  based  on  environmental  conditions.   Many of  POEM's  para-
meters for  azinphosmethyl may  be  altered to incorporate new data or determine
the  effects  of  such  changes   on  pesticide  distribution or  effects  on  the
modeled populations.   Other alterations allow the user to enter information to
simulate  a  different  compound.  Weather data  may  be entered by  the  user,  or
the program may  be used to generate  simulated weather  data.   The  user must
supply pesticide  application information,   unless  the default  regime  used in
our field studies is  desired.

     In  its simplest  use, POEM can  be  used with minimal  input  data  and will
produce predictions  of the pesticide distributions  and populations to be found
in  our  study orchard  under  our measured environmental  conditions  from 1976-
1978.    POEM  produces  output files  suitable for  plotting,  and  two  plotting
programs  are  included   (one  for  pesticide  residues,  one  for  populations).
Alteration  of compound characteristics,  weather  data, or  process-specific
parameters may require the user to enter much larger amounts of data,  although
it  is  relatively  easy and  often  enlightening  to  explore  the effects  of
changing one or a few parameters at a time.

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     The next  few sections describe  the general  nature  of the  units  in the
fate model, followed  by  directions  for and examples of reparameterization.   A
brief description of the organism submodels is included under Organism Graphs;
however, the  automatic alteration of  organism model  parameters  has not yet
been completely  implemented.  See the  relevant sections of  the main text for
more information.

Attenuation of Pesticide

     The attenuation  model  simulates attenuation, other than  penetration,  in
the  various compartments.   Each  compartment has an  attenuation proportion  —
the proportion of pesticide within or entering that compartment during one day
that is  attenuated (see  below)  from that  compartment during a  one-day time
step at  standard conditions.  The  standard conditions approximate the average
of those prevailing during  collection  of the  field  data  used  to  parameterize
this model.  These conditions  are:

     (1)  environmental conditions

               soil pH = 7.0

               % organic matter  of soil = 6%

     (2)  compound properties

               molecular weight  = 317

               vapor pressure  =  10-7 atm.

     Each  compartment's   attenuation  proportion  is  further broken  down into
five  attenuation  processes:  hydrolysis, photolysis,  oxidation, volatiliza-
tion, and  microbial  degradation.   Therefore, each compartment has an attenua-
tion proportion  for  each of  the five attenuation processes.  The  sum  of the
attenuation proportions  for each process of a given  compartment is equal  to
the  overall attenuation proportion for that compartment.

     The user  has the option  of using the overall attenuation proportions for
each compartment directly as  the proportion of pesticide lost each day due to
attenuation.   Or the  user may allow individual attenuation proportions of the
attenuation process to vary with environmental conditions.  Thus,  the  sum of
the  attenuation  proportions of  the five attenuation processes over a compart-
ment, which yields the day's  overall attenuation proportion for  that compart-
ment, will vary  daily with environmental conditions.  In  addition, the user
may  alter  certain  default  parameters  to  represent properties of  a compound
other  than  azinphosmethyl,  the compound  used  in  the  field studies.   The
overall  attenuation   proportions,  whether  constant   or  varied with   daily
conditions,  are  applied  each day and  represent  the proportions  of pesticide
attenuated daily from  each  compartment.

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Non-Rainfall Movement of Pesticide

     Subroutine Nonrain simulates the daily  movement  of pesticide within the
orchard  independent  of  the rainfall during  the period  (i.e.,  it is applied
every  day).   It operates conservatively; that  is,  it moves residues without
any losses, which must  therefore be accounted for elsewhere in the model (see
Attenuation description in previous  section).   It  operates  only on dislodge-
able residues, except that residues  entering  the soil  layers are considered to
be  "penetrated  residues."   Pesticide is assumed  to move only  from  a higher
layer  to lower  layers,  and  pesticide  moving to  the alley region  from the
canopy region may only  come  from the canopy  leaves  compartment.   The order of
layers from highest  layer to  lowest layer  is leaves,  grass, litter-moss, and
soil.   The pesticide is  moved via a  lower triamjlar  matrix "NRMOVE".
                              CANOPY
FROM      ALLEY
£ LEAVES
§ GRASS
5 LITTER-MOSS
SOIL
LEAVES
UJ GRASS
-J LITTER-MOSS
<
SOIL
A
B
C
D

E
F
G
G*^
H
1
J

,
UlTT*
K
L

l-MOS5
SOIL
M

&\

S
0RAS*
N
0
P

i
UTtd
Q
R

•MOSS
SOU-
S


     Each entry in the matrix  represents  a  proportion  of the total amount of
dislodgeable pesticide  residue present on  a given  day  that moves  from  one
compartment  to  another or  (for diagonal  entries)  that  remains in  the  same
compartment.   The latter (diagonal) entries  in  the  matrix  are A,  H, K, M, N,
Q, S.   A single column in  the matrix represents the  movement  from an indi-
vidual compartment over a one-day  time step.   Being proportions of the total
amount of what was in  a  compartment,  all  entries of any column in the matrix
must sum to  one.  Since there  is  only one entry for each  of the  canopy soil
and alley soil  compartments,  entry  M = 1.0 and entry S = 1.0 by the definition
that  the columns  must  sum to one  (implying  that  pesticide undergoes  no
non-rain-induced movement out of soil  layers).
     For example:

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     B is the  proportion  of pesticide moving from  the  canopy leaves compart-
ment  to  the canopy  grass  compartment during  a one-day time step.   H  is the
proportion  of  the canopy  grass  compartment that remains in  the  canopy grass
compartment during a  one-day  time step.   Thus,  the entire amount of dislodge-
able  pesticide  in the  canopy grass on  day t + 1  (excluding attenuation) is
equal to the B times the amount of dislodgeable pesticide in the canopy leaves
on day t plus H times the amount of dislodgeable pesticide in the canopy grass
on day t:


                  CanGr(t + 1) = B • CanLvs(t) + H • Cangr(t)


The  absolute  amount  of pesticide  for  any compartment  of  day t  + 1  can be
represented by  the sum  of each  entry  in that compartment's "TO"  row  of the
matrix,  multiplied  by  the  absolute  amount of  pesticide  on  day  t  in  the
appropriate  compartment  (neglecting  attenuation  and  rainfall-induced  move-
ment).

     It is important that pesticide values be converted from their normal form
of ug/cm2 ground area to an absolute amount (in ug) of pesticide when applying
the matrix.  This  is  because  canopy and alley regions do not necessarily have
the  same  ground areas  and because the canopy leaves may move  pesticide from
the  canopy  region  into the  alley region.   In  order  for  the system  to be
conservative,  the pesticide  values in  ug/cm2 ground  area are  converted to
amount of pesticide  in  ug before  the matrix  is  applied and converted back to
ug/cm2 ground area afterwards.

     The non-rain movement matrix  is applied every day regardless of rainfall.
It  represents  the daily  movement, other  than  by rainfall,  of the pesticide
within the orchard system.

     The default  values of the non-rain movement  matrix are those parameter-
ized  from field data.

      It  is  possible to   change   the  matrix during  reparameterization  in  a
variety  of  ways  as  described under the  Movement Parameters  category  of the
Reparameterization section.

Movement of Pesticide Due  to Rainfall

      Subroutine Rain simulates movement of pesticides within the system due to
rainfall.   There  are  two rainfall matrices that  have the same properties and
are  applied  similarly   to the   non-rain  movement  matrix.   One  of the two
matrices  is  applied  on  each day  of measurable rainfall.  One represents light
rainfall movement; the  other represents heavy rainfall movement.  A heavy  rain
is  classified  as  greater  than or  equal  to 10 mm on a  given day.   Less  than
10 mm rain  is  considered a light rain.  Rainfall movement is defined as addi-
tional movement beyond  the non-rain movement extracted daily.

      It  is  also possible to change  either  or both rainfalI matrices from their
default  conditions.    See  Movement Parameters  under  the  Reparameterization
section  for further details.

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Application of Pesticide

     Subroutine Sprayer simulates the application of pesticide to the orchard.
The  total  amount  of pesticide  (in ng)  that  reaches the  orchard  is  first
calculated.   It is equal to the amount applied (in kg/ha)  multiplied times the
area of  the  orchard (in  ha)  times  a kilogram to  microgram  conversion factor
(10-9) times the  compound formulation  fraction times the  proportion of pesti-
cide that does not drift away from the orchard site.   This yields the absolute
amount  of pesticide (in  micrograms)  that  reached the  orchard  site.   The
proportion of drift  is  calculated based on the wind speed.  Once the absolute
amount of  pesticide  reaching  the orchard  is  known, it  is  divided among the
compartments   using  a   spray  distribution  vector,  "PDIST", where  an  entry
represents the  proportion of  pesticide  going to  a  specific compartment from
the  total  amount  of pesticide reaching  the  orchard.   Thus,  the  sum  of all
entries in the spray distribution vector is equal to one.

     However,  some  of  the  pesticide  that   reaches  a   compartment  becomes
penetrated residue.  The spray distribution only gives the amount of pesticide
that  reaches a  compartment.   The  pesticide   that  reaches  each compartment,
except for soil  layers  (all  pesticide in the  soil  is  assumed penetrated), is
further divided into dislodgeable and penetrated residues.  Finally, units are
converted from  |jg to (jg/cm2  by  dividing the  absolute amount of pesticide in
each layer by the area of its region (canopy or alley).

     The  spray  distribution   vector  may  be  altered  to   a  new  form  in  the
Movement  Parameters   section   of  the  Reparameterization   section.   Likewise,
initial  penetrations of  a   layer  may  also   be changed  in the  Penetration
Parameters section of the Reparameterization section.

Penetrated Residue Attenuation

     Subroutine Penetrat simulates the penetration of dislodgeable residues to
become penetrated  residues  and the  attenuation of penetrated residues.  There
is  a  daily  penetration  rate  representing  the  proportion of dislodgeable
residue  that  penetrates  each  day,  and  a  penetrated   residue  attenuation
proportion representing the proportion of  penetrated  residue  that attenuates
daily.    Each of  the proportions  is  applied daily  regardless  of spraying.
Also, the proportions may be changed in the Penetration Parameters category of
Reparameterization.

Mowing of the Orchard

     Subroutine Mower simulates  mowing of the orchard.  It moves a proportion
of pesticide from the grass layer to the litter-moss layer.  The proportion of
grass  moved,  "PGRASM",  may be changed  to any proportion   (0.0  to  1.0) in the
movement  parameters  category during  reparameterization   of  the  model.   The
default  value  of "PGRASM" for the  field  site is 0.0.  The  proportion of the
grass  layer   moving  to the  litter-moss  layer  is  assumed  linear  with  the
proportion of pesticide moving from the grass layer to the  litter-moss layer
because of mowing.

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     The maximum number  of  mow dates allowed for  any  one season is ten.   The
user may select  any  dates he wishes.  The mow  dates  for a season are entered
just before the beginning of that season.

Leaf Growth of Trees

     Subroutine  Trees  computes  the tree  interception  index  "Til",  a  value
which converts  the ground area  under  the  canopy region  to  tree  surface  area
(including  leaves).   Growth in  surface  area is  driven by  degree  days  until
petal fall  (1100 degree  days,  base 43°F),  and then is  considered linear until
56 days after petal fall, at which time the Til  has reached maximum.

                               Running the  Model

     The user  has  many  options in running POEM  ~  some of these options  call
for  the use of pre-stored files of weather data.  For  example, if the weather
simulator  is not  used,   POEM  will  attach  a  file called  WTHRSTATSNEW,  which
should contain the weather information you  wish  to use  (a file with 3 years of
data  for   Grand  Rapids,  Missouri,  is  included).   Similarly,   if the  soil
moisture model  is  not  used,  POEM will  seek soil  moisture  data from  a  file
called  PWSMOIST2.   (On  non-MSU systems,  subroutine PARMINT  should  be altered
to conform  to  local  procedures for accessing these files.   For more informa-
tion, see section entitled "Attaching Tapes.")

     Output  from POEM  is available in two  forms — printed tables and graphs.
Graphical   output  is provided  by specifying  to   POEM that  graphical output is
desired.  Two types of graphs are available:   pesticide levels versus time and
population  levels versus time.   Pesticide level  graphs  are obtained by turning
on option  (14)  (see below)  and post-processing  using  program  DATAPLT (avail-
able  on  the  MSU  CYBER  as  ORCHARDCALPLOT6 for CALCOMP  plotter  output  or
ORCHARETEKPLOTB  for  Tektronix  terminal   display  via  PLOT-10  subroutines).
Population  graphs  are  produced  from  files  generated whenever  the organism
submodel  (option  1) is  on,  using program ORGPLOT  (again,  available on MSU's
CYBER  in  CALCOMP   and  Tektronix  versions).   For more  information  on  the
plotting programs, see section "Producing Graphs" below.

     Printed  output  to  display  pesticide  levels and/or  the current rates of
pesticide  movement  and  attenuation are available in POEM as described below.
Printed output  from organism models is not  specifically provided for, but is
available by listing the plotting files generated by POEM..

     Options  and  submodels turned on  by  default as  execution  begins  are
listed, followed by a list of other available options.  The user then has the
opportunity to  turn  off any options that  are on by default or turn on any of
the  options that are off by default, in response to queries from the program.
The  submodels that each option represents are:

Option  1    Organism  Submodels.   "1"  for  any   one  or  combination of the  4
            organism  models  provided  (isopod, collembolan,  spider,  or earth-
            worm);  further options will be presented, or "2"  otherwise.

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Option 2   Mower  Submodel.    "1"  for  periodic  mowing  of  the  orchard  each
           season.  The maximum  number  of mows allowed each year  is 10.   The
           mow dates for  a  given year are entered  at  the start of that year.

Option 3   Attenuation Submodel.  "1"  to use attenuation  as a  lumped process
           or to  use any  of the attenuation submodels (microbial degradation,
           hydrolysis,  photolysis,  volatilization,  oxidation);  "2"  to bypass
           pesticide attenuation calculations.

     (Any further reparameterization concerning these attenuation processes is
done in the general category of attenuation parameters, below.)
Option 4
Option 5


Option 6




Option 7



Option 8
Option 9
Option 10
Weather Submodel.   "1" to turn on simulated weather.   To allow true
recorded weather  conditions,  the weather simulator  must  be turned
off.   In that case, the recorded weather must be provided on tape 4
and  must  contain the  following  conditions  for each  day  in  a
required format:

     minimum and maximum air temperature (°F)

     minimum and maximum percent relative humidity

     average wind speed (mi/hr) and total rain (mm)
See Attaching Tapes for more information.

Nonrain  Movement  Submodel.   "1"  to  select  daily  movement
pesticide; "2" suppresses movement except on days with rain.
                                                                 of
Sprayer Submodel.   "1" for  periodic  spraying of  pesticide during
the  season.   The maximum  number  of sprays each year  is  ten.   The
spray dates  and  spray amounts for a given  year  are entered at the
start of  that  year,  unless default dates and  amounts  are desired.
                     "1"  for  additional  pesticide  movement (other
                      movement)  due  to  rainfall   if  rainfall  is
Rainfall  Submodel.
than  daily  non-rain
present; "2" suppresses pesticide movement in response to rainfall.
Penetration Submodel.  "1" for pesticide penetration submodel.  Any
further  reparameterization  concerning penetration  (see  text)  is
found in the general category of penetration parameters.  If option
8  is  off,  the  proportions of daily penetration  are  assumed to be
accounted for by  other attenuation processes, provided option 3 is
turned on.
Soil  Moisture Model.   "1"
amount  of rainfall.   True
provided, but the simulated
If the  soil  moisture model
                            for  simulated  soil  moisture  based  on
                            recorded  soil  moisture  values  may  be
                            soil  moisture model must be turned off.
                            is off, recorded  soil  moisture must be
           provided on tape 9.  See Attaching Tapes for more details.
Tree Growth  Submodel.
degree days.
                        "I"  for daily leaf and tree growth based on

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Option 11
Movement  Matrix Printout.   Provides  daily  printout  of a  matrix
which combines  the non-rain  movement  matrix with  the attenuation
matrix.    This  matrix  captures the net effects  of  the environment-
dependent  processes  acting  on the  pesticide,   under non-rainfall
conditions, as  presented  by  the model.  Beginning and ending dates
for printout  of this  matrix  for a  given year  are  entered  at the
start of  that year.    This  option is provided  to  see movement and
attenuation  that  vary  daily  with  environmental  conditions,  as
influenced by compound properties.
Option 12
Soil Transportation Model.
layer.
"1" selects more detailed model  of soil
Option 13  Pesticide Output.  "1"  selects  printing periodic pesticide values;
           mow, rain, and spray date flags  are also printed.

Option 14  Plotting Output.  "1"  writes  formatted file of pesticide values to
           tape 1,  file  of spray dates to tape  2,  and file of rain dates and
           amounts to tape  3  for plotting  package.  See  Plotting  Package for
           more details.
Option 15
Option 16
Event  Dates.   "1"  allows the  user  to  enter  dates of  events  of
sprays and mows.   If this option is off,  event dates are those from
field data used to parameterize this program.

Variable Attenuation.   "1" allows  daily  attenuation proportions of
the various  attenuation processes  to vary daily with environmental
conditions,  and  to  reflect  compound properties other than those of
azinphosmethyl.    If  option 16 is off, attenuation proportions will
be  identical  each   day,  and  based  on   the  measured  values  for
azinphosmethyl.
     If the user selects the organism model option, he must then select one or
any  combination of  the  four  organism  models  (isopod,  collembolan,  spider,
earthworm).  He  is  asked individually for each organism
or off.
                                              model to be turned on
     If organism models are desired without the effects of pesticide, then the
sprayer (option  6)  should be off.  Therefore,  no  pesticide is sprayed to the
orchard.

     It is  suggested  that if the sprayer option is off, then options 2, 3, 5,
7,  8,  10,  11, 12, 13, and  14  also  be off since all of these submodel options
pertain  to movement  or  output
without  the  sprayer submodel.
and has  no effect unless option
                     of  pesticide
                     Additionally,
                     3 is on.
       and no  pesticide  can be present
       option 16 deals with attenuation
THE  FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE ON BY DEFAULT

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     ORGANISM SUBMODEL
     ATTENUATION SUBMODEL
     NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
     PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL
     RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
     PENETRATION SUBMODEL
     WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE
     VARIABLE ATTENUATION

OTHER AVAILABLE OPTIONS ARE

     MOWER SUBMODEL
     WEATHER SIMULATOR
     SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR
     LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL
     MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT
     SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL
     PESTICIDE PRINTOUT
     NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS,  MOWS,  ETC

DO YOU WISH TO TURN ON OR OFF ANY OPTIONS?
     (1) YES  (2) NO 1

ENTER A VALUE FOR EACH OPTION
     (1) FOR OPTION ON  (2) FOR OPTION OFF
     OPTION  1      ORGANISM SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION  2      MOWER SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  3      ATTENUATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  4      WEATHER SIMULATOR 2
     OPTION  5      NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  6      PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  7      RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  8      PENETRATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  9      SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR 2
     OPTION 10      LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION 11      MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT 1
     OPTION 12      SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION 13      PESTICIDE PRINTOUT 1
     OPTION 14      WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE 2
     OPTION 15      NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC 1
     OPTION 16      VARIABLE ATTENUATION 1

     After  the  correct submodel  choices have been  selected,  other simulation
parameters are entered.

     First,  the  user is asked how  many years to run the  model.   The maximum
number of years is ten, and the model must be  run at least one year.

     Second,  if  the user  has  chosen option  13 of  the  on-off vector,  he is
asked  how  often  in days  he  would like pesticide  value printed to output.
Selecting  pesticide  output (option 13) automatically causes  printing of mow,

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spray, and rain  dates  where  they are appropriate, along with pesticide values
on  spray  dates.   If  the  user  inputs  "10" for  the  pesticide  value  printout
increment, pesticide  values  will  also  be printed to  output  every  ten days.

Example

HOW MANY YEARS DO YOU WISH TO SIMULATE (ONE TO TEN YEARS) 1

HOW OFTEN (IN DAYS)  WOULD YOU LIKE PESTICIDE VALUES PRINTED TO OUTPUT 1

                              Reparameterization

General Categories of Reparameterization

     Reparameterization is divided  into  five  general  categories.   If the user
chooses to  reparameterize,  he  must select one  of these  general  categories.
The five categories  are:

     (1)  physical site characteristics

               basic site characteristics (areas, # trees, % alley, and canopy
               area)

               site characteristics  needed  for soil  moisture model (altitude,
               latitude,  soil moisture, field capacity, etc.)

     (2)  attenuation parameters

               attenuation proportions

               environmental  properties (soil  pH, % organic matter)

               coefficients of equations dependent on environmental conditions

               compound properties

     (3)  penetration parameters

               initial penetration  rates

               daily penetration rates

               penetrated residue attenuation  rates

      (4)  pesticide movement parameters

               spray distribution

               non-rain movement matrix

               rainfall movement matrix

               proportion of grass  mowed

                                       10

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     (5)  organism parameters

               isopod parameters

               collembolan parameters

               spider parameters

               earthworm parameters

     When entering options to  select from,  the user  inputs  the number of the
option he wishes.  When  the  user is asked for more than one input value for a
given  line,  each  of the  values must  be  separated  by  blank(s)  or a  comma.

Example

DO YOU WANT TO REPARAMETERIZE THE MODEL (DEFAULT VALUES ARE BASED ON ESTIMATES
     FOR AZINPHOSMETHYL AS GUTHION 50 W.P.)
          (1) YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE  (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE  (2) ATTENUATION
     PARAMETERS  (3)  PENETRATION PARAMETERS   (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
     (5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 2

     After a general  category  is selected and reparameterization is completed
for that  category,  the  user will  be  asked if he wishes  to continue  repara-
meterization.   If he  selects   "NO",  execution will  begin.   However,  if  he
selects "YES", he may select any general category originally offered including
the one just completed.

     All dates  asked  for should be entered in  a  Julian date format (a number
from 1 to 365 representing which day of the  year it is; i.e., February 1 would
be day 32 because it is the 32nd day of the  year).  Leap years are ignored, so
day 365 is the maximum date for any year.

1.   Physical Characteristics of Orchard Site

     This category first asks  for basic physical  characteristics defining the
site.   Values  for total  area  of  site,  amount of site that is canopy region
(remainder is alley region),  and the number  of trees in the site requested one
at  a  time.  When asking for  one of  these values,  the  model  will list the
default condition.  Default  conditions are  those of  the  field  study site for
which the model was originally parameterized.

     If  the  soil  moisture   submodel  (option  9)  is  on,   additional  physical
characteristics  (initial  percent  soil  moisture,   field capacity  for  soil
moisture, altitude  of site,  latitude  of site,  etc.) necessary  for the  soil
moisture submodel are asked  for in the same manner as the other physical  site
characteristics.
                                       11

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Example

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE  (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE  (2) ATTENUATION
     PARAMETERS  (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS  (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
     (5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 1

HOW MANY HECTARES OF GROUND AREA WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR ORCHARD?
     (CURRENT AREA = 0.0812 HA) 1.0

HOW MUCH (IN HECTARES) OF THE 1.0000 HECTARE ORCHARD WILL BE CANOPY REGION
     (CURRENT CANOPY AREA = 0.0302 HA)
     (THE REMAINDER OF AREA IS CONSIDERED ALLEY REGION) 0.40

HOW MANY TREES ARE IN THIS ORCHARD?
     (CURRENT NUMBER OF TREES = 60) 800

ENTER PERCENT W/W SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AT THE FIRST DAY
     (CURRENT INITIAL SOIL MOISTURE = 30.00 PERCENT W/W) 25

ENTER PERCENT W/W SOIL MOISTURE FIELD CAPACITY
     (CURRENT FIELD CAPACITY = 60.00 PERCENT W/W) 60

ETNTER BULK DENSITY (IN GM/CM**3) OF SOIL
     (CURRENT BULK DENSITY = 1.500 GM./CM**3) 1.4

ENTER ALTITUDE (IN METERS) OF SITE
     (CURRENT ALTITUDE = 200.000 M) 240

ENTER LATITUDE OF SITE
     (CURRENT LATITUDE = 40.00 DEGREES) 40

ENTER DIFFERENCE IN MEAN AIR TEMPERATURES (DEGREES C) BETWEEN WARMEST AND
     COOLEST MONTHS OF THE YEAR
     (CURRENT DIFFERENCE = 27.80 C) 28

ENTER EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FACTOR DUE TO FLORA
     (CURRENT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FACTOR = 1.00) 1.00

ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

2.   Attenuation Parameters

     The  attenuation  parameters  are divided  into  four  basic  groups:   (1)
lumped  attenuation  parameters,  used  only if  option  (16)  is  off,  yielding
constant  daily  rates  of attenuation;  (2) daily  attenuation  proportions for
various  processes  (microbial  degradation, volatilization,  oxidation,  hydro-
lysis,  and photolysis)  for  the various  regions  and  layers;  (3) attenuation
parameters  describing effects of environmental  conditions; and  (4) attenuation
parameters  describing compound  properties  different  from  those of azinphos-
methyl.
                                       12

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     When  the  attenuation  parameters   category  of  reparameterizatlon  is
selected, the current daily attenuation proportions at standard conditions are
displayed.    The  standard  conditions  are approximately  the  average of  the
conditions obtained during the  collection of the field data used to parameter-
ize the model.   These conditions are:

     (1)  environmental conditions

               soil pH = 7.0

               % organic matter of soil = 6%

     (2)  compound properties

               molecular weight = 317

               vapor pressure = 10-7 atm.

     The  daily attenuation  proportion  matrix  represents proportions of  the
amount  of  pesticide  in  each region  and layer that  is attenuated  under  the
above standard conditions during one day.

     If  option (16)  is  off,  and after  the  attenuation  proportion  matrix is
displayed, the user may change any number of  entries in the  matrix  one  at a
time, display the new matrix after some entries have been changed, or exit the
daily  attenuation proportion  matrix  change  mode once  he is  satisfied  with
attenuation proportions at standard conditions.

Example

CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER    SOIL
CANOPY    0.0487    0.0412    0.0412    0.0790
ALLEY     0.0000    0.0670    0.0670    0.0790

WOULD YOU LIKE TO  (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION 'ATTENUATION
     MATRIX  (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
     (3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 1

ENTER REGION   (1) CANOPY  (2) ALLEY
     LAYER  (1) LEAVES  (2) GRASS  (3) LITTER-MOSS  (4) SOIL
     ATTENUATION PROPORTION (VALUE FROM 0.0 TO 1.0) 12 0.050

WOULD YOU LIKE TO  (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION ATTENUATION
     MATRIX  (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
     (3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 2

CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER    SOIL
CANOPY    0.0487    0.0500    0.0412    0.0790
ALLEY     0.0000    0.0670    0.0670    0.0790
                                       13

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WOULD YOU LIKE TO  (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION ATTENUATION
     MATRIX  (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
     (3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 3

ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

     If option  (16)  is  on,  then the above matrix serves only to show standard
condition totals  for daily  attenuation.   The matrix used will  be calculated
daily,  based  on the environmental conditions.  The  daily  attenuation propor-
tion matrix is  further  subdivided,  into 5 components.   Each entry in the new
matrix  represents  one of five attenuation processes (hydrolysis,  photolysis,
oxidation, microbial degradation, volatilization).  This new daily attenuation
proportion matrix, broken down by region, layer, and attenuation processes, is
displayed.  Its entries  represent daily proportions attenuated under standard
conditions, and the daily rates actually used will be these entries multiplied
by environmentally-dependent factors, described below.

     The user then has the option to change this new matrix.   If he decides to
change  the matrix,  he has the option to  change a single entry in the matrix,
the contribution  of  an  entire process  (a  row in  the matrix), or each process
for a  given  region and layer (a  column in the matrix).  After the user makes
any  type of  change  in  either  of  the  two  previous matrices  (overall  daily
attenuation  proportion  matrix  for  a  given  region  and  layer, and  the same
matrix  also divided  by  contributions of different attenuation processes), the
user again has the option to change the matrix in the manner just described or
keep it as it is.

Example

CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER    SOIL
CANOPY    0.0487    0.0412    0.0412    0.0790
ALLEY     0.0000    0.0670    0.0670    0.0790

THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES TO OVERALL  ATTENUATION AT STANDARD
CONDITIONS ARE:

                                         MATRIX AP

                  Cl     C2      C3     C4      Al    A: 2     A3      A4

MICROBIAL DEG.  0.000   0.000    0.010   0.070   0.000  0.000   0.017    0.070
HYDROLYSIS      0.012   0.012    0.015   0.009   0.000  0.019   0.025    0.009
PHOTOLYSIS      0.018   0.006    0.003   0.000   0.000  0.010   0.004    0.000
VOLATILIZATION  0.019   0.024    0.013   0.000   0.000  0.038   0.021    0.000
OXIDATION       0.000   0.000    0.000   0.000   0.000  0.000   0.000    0.000

WOULD  YOU  LIKE  TO  CHANGE THE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS
ALLOCATED TO  DIFFERENT TYPES OF  ATTENUATION   (1)  YES (2)  NO 1

WOULD  YOU  LIKE  TO  CHANGE  (1) A  SINGLE  ENTRY  IN THE  MATRIX AP   (2) A  ROW IN
      THE  MATRIX  (3)  A COLUMN IN THE MATRIX 1


                                        14

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ENTER 4 NUMBERS
FIRST NUMBER — REGION  (1) CANOPY  (2) ALLEY
SECOND NUMBER — LAYER  (1) LEAVES  (2) GRASS  (3) LITTER-MOSS  (4) SOIL
THIRD NUMBER — PROCESS  (1) MICROBIAL DEG.   (2) HYDROLYSIS  (3) PHOTOLYSIS
     (4) VOLATILIZATION  (5) OXIDATION
FOURTH NUMBER ~ ATTENUATION PROPORTION FOR THE REGION, LAYER, PROCESS YOU
     HAVE SELECTED (PROPORTION MUST BE FROM 0.0 TO 1.0) 1 4 1 0.060

CURRENT OVERALL ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER    SOIL
CANOPY    0.0487    0.0412    0.0412    0.0690
ALLEY     0.0000    0.0670    0.0670    0.0790

THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES TO OVERALL ATTENUATION AT STANDARD
CONDITIONS ARE:
                 C 1
C 2
C 3
MATRIX AP

C 4     A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
0.000
0.012
0.018
0.019
0.000
0.000
0.012
0.006
0.024
0.000
0.010
0.015
0.003
0.013
0.000
0.060
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.019
0.010
0.038
0.000
0.017
0.025
0.004
0.021
0.000
0.070
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000
MICROBIAL DEG.
HYDROLYSIS
PHOTOLYSIS
VOLATILIZATION
OXIDATION

WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS
ALLOCATED TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTENUATION  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

     Once the daily standard attenuation proportions are set, the user has the
option to change  environmental  properties of the site or compound properties.
He  is  given standard  conditions  of  necessary  environmental   and  compound
properties  such  as soil pH, % soil  organic matter, vapor  pressure,  etc.  and
asked to input the value of the property.

Example

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OR COMPOUND PROPERTIES
     (1) YES  (2) NO 1

ENTER SOIL PH VALUE (CURRENT PH = 7.000) 6.5

ENTER PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER OF SOIL
     (CURRENT PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER = 6.000) 6.0

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR VOLATILIZATION IS OF THE FORM

     F = (VP * MW**0.5) / (STDVP * STDMW**0.5)

     WHERE    VP = VAPOR PRESSURE OF CURRENT COMPOUND
              MW = MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CURRENT COMPOUND
           STDVP = VAPOR PRESSURE OF STANDARD COMPOUND (AZINPHOSMETHYL)
                 = 0.0000001 ATM.

                                       15

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           STDMW = MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF STANDARD COMPOUND (AZINPHOSMETHYL)
                 = 317

ENTER COMPOUND VAPOR PRESSURE (IN ATM.)
     (STANDARD COMPOUND VAPOR PRESSURE = 0.0000001000 ATM.) 0.0000001

ENTER COMPOUND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (STANDARD COMPOUND MOLECULAR WEIGHT = 317) 317

ENTER COMPOUND FORMULATION (IN PERCENT)
     (STANDARD COMPOUND FORMULATION = 50.00 PERCENT WETTABLE POWDER) 50

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR VOLATILIZATION IS OF THE FORM

     F = (2.303/CONST) * PHI * SIGMA * AQS * DIURN / DEF

     WHERE CONST = CONVERSION CONSTANT = 6.02 * 10**20
             PHI = QUANTUM YIELD
           SIGMA = TOTAL PHOTONS ADSORBED (DIFFERENT FOR EACH COMPARTMENT)
             AQS = A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR TO ALLOW FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING
                   LIGHT ABSORBERS, SENSITIZERS, AND QUENCHERS
           DIURN = DIURNAL CONVERSION FACTOR TO LOSS RATE AT PEAK SUNLIGHT
                   INTENSITY TO DAILY PROPORTIONAL LOSS = 2.52 * 10**4
             DEF = ATTENUATION PROPORTION ENTRY FOR PHOTOLYSIS (DIFFERENT FOR
                   EACH COMPARTMENT)

ENTER QUANTUM YIELD (IN MOLES CONVERTED PER PHOTON ABSORBER)
     (CURRENT QUANTUM YIELD = l.OOOOOE-02 MOLES CONVERTED PER PHOTON ABSORBED)
     0.001

ENTER MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR TO ALLOW FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING LIGHT ABSORBERS,
     QUENCHERS, AND SENSITIZERS (CURRENT AQS MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR = 1.000) 1.0

TOTAL PHOTONS ABSORBED (IN PHOTONS / (MOLE * CM**3 * S) FOR EACH COMPARTMENT
     ARE
          LEAVES         GRASS          LITTER         SOIL
CANOPY    0.1860E+18     0.6220E+17     0.1040E+18     0
ALLEY     0.             0.1040E+18     0.1450E+18     0

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE ANY ENTRIES?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS DUE TO AIR TEMP. IS OF THE FORM

     F = E ** (DELHA/1.986) * (T - TO) / (T * TO) )

     WHERE     E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718
               T = AIR TEMPERATURE (DEGREES K)
              TO = 296 DEGREES K
           DELHA = ACTIVATION ENERGY (CALORIES/MOLE)

ENTER ACTIVATION ENERGY  FOR ABOVE  EQUATION
     (CURRENT ACTIVATION ENERGY =  13500.00 CAL/MOLE) 12500

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS DUE TO SOIL TEMP.  IS OF THE FORM

                                       16

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     F = E ** (SDELHA/1.986) * (T - TO) / (T * TO) )

     WHERE     E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718
               T = SOIL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES K)
              TO = 296 DEGREES K
           DELHA = ACTIVATION ENERGY (CALORIES/MOLE)

ENTER ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR ABOVE EQUATION
     (CURRENT ACTIVATION ENERGY = 13500.00 CAL/MOLE) 12500

     The user is next asked if he wishes to change coefficients of attenuation
equations based on environmental conditions.   If he selects this option, he is
required  to select  a  specific attenuation  process  (microbial  degradation,
photolysis, hydrolysis, volatilization, oxidation).  The appropriate equations
are  displayed  one  at  a  time  and the  user  may enter  new coefficients  if
desired.

Example

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF ATTENUATION EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
     (1) YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
     (1) MICROBIAL DEGRADATION  (2) HYDROLYSIS  (3) OXIDATION 1

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR MICROBIAL DEGRADATION BASED ON PERCENT ORGANIC
MATTER IS OF THE FORM

     F = (1.0 + E**(A * (PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER - B)))**C

     WHERE A =  0.079
           B = -1.850
           C =  1.870
           E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS?  (1) YES  (2)  NO 2

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR MICROBIAL DEGRADATION BASED ON SOIL TEMPERATURE IS
OF THE FORM

     F = A + B * SOILTEMP + C * (SOILTEMP**2)

         FOR 5 (DEG.  C) < SOILTEMP < 52 (DEG. C)
       AND F = 0.0 OTHERWISE
     WHERE A = -0.19520
           B =  0.04480
           C =  0.00080

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS?  (1) YES  (2)  NO 2
                                       17

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DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
     (1) YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
     (1) MICROBIAL DEGRADATION  (2) HYDROLYSIS  (3) OXIDATION 2

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS BASED ON PH VALUE IS OF THE FORM
     F = 1.0       , IF PH < C
     F = A * PH + B, IF PH => C
     WHERE A =  10.490
           B = -76.810
           C =   7.430

ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION?  (1) YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE  (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE  (2) ATTENUATION
     PARAMETERS  (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS  (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
     (5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 3

CURRENT INITIAL PENETRATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER
          0.081     0.240     0.255

WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE INITIAL PENETRATION PROPERTIES OF A SPRAY
     (1) YES  (2) NO 2

CURRENT DAILY PENETRATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER
CANOPY    0.000     0.000     0.126
ALLEY     0.000     0.000     0.156

WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE DAILY PENETRATION PROPORTIONS?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

CURRENT DAILY PENETRATED RESIDUE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER
CANOPY    0.010     0.010     0.010
ALLEY     0.010     0.010     0.010

WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE DAILY PENETRATION ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
     (1) YES  (2) NO 2

3.   Penetration Parameters

     There are three basic penetration parameters  for each  region and layer  in
a matrix form.  They represent:  (1) the  initial penetration rate for a spray;
(2)  the daily  penetration  proportion of  dislodgeable residue  that becomes
penetrated; and (3) the penetrated residue attenuation proportions.

     First,  the  initial  (day  of  spray)  penetration matrix  is  printed.   The
user may change any of the entries one at a time.  When  this is completed, the
new  matrix  is  printed  out.   Second,  the  daily  penetration  rate matrix  is


                                       18

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printed.   The  user  may again change any of  the entries one at  a  time.   When
completed, the  new  matrix will  be printed.   Finally,  the  penetrated residue
attenuation matrix is allowed to be altered in the same manner.

Example

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
     (1)  YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
     (1)  MICROBIAL DEGRADATION  (2) HYDROLYSIS  (3) OXIDATION 3

MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR OXIDATION IS OF THE FORM

     F =  A

     WHERE A = 1.0000

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
     (1)  YES  (2) NO 2


4.   Movement Parameters

     A.   SPRAY DISTRIBUTION

     The   first  movement  parameter the user is  allowed  to change is the spray
distribution.   The  spray distribution represents  the  proportion of pesticide
reaching   the orchard during  spraying  that goes to each  distinct  (region and
layer) compartment.   The  current  spray distribution vector is displayed.  The
user may  use this or enter  a  new spray distribution vector.  If  he  enters a
new spray distribution  vector,  he must enter a proportion  for each layer and
region.   The  sum  of the proportions he enters  must be 1.0.  If it is not, it
is  normalized  to one.   (Note  --  drift losses  are  accounted  for elsewhere in
the model.)   When completed,  the new  spray  distribution  vector  is  printed.

Example

ANY MORE  REPARAMETERIZATION?  (1) YES  (2) NO 1

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE  (2) ATTENUATION
     PARAMETERS (3)  PENETRATION PARAMETERS (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
     (5)  ORGANISM PARAMETERS 4

CURRENT SPRAY DISTRIBUTION IS:
          LEAVES    GRASS     LITTER    SOIL
CANOPY    0.5392    0.1006    0.0387    0.0299
ALLEY     0.0000    0.0942    0.0300    0.1564

                                       19

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DO YOU WANT TO ENTER A NEW SPRAY DISTRIBUTION?  (1) YES  (2) NO 2

     B.    NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX

     After the  spray distribution matrix  is complete, the  non-rain  movement
matrix is printed.   The  non-rain movement matrix represents the daily propor-
tions of pesticides  that  move from one compartment to another (see Subroutine
Non-Rain description for more details about how the matrix is applied).

     The  user has  the option  to:    (1)  re-enter  any single  column  of  the
matrix;  (2) display  the  matrix  after changes have  been made;  (3) increase or
decrease the  daily  proportion of movement of the  entire  matrix by any multi-
plicative factor;  (4) increase  or  decrease  the daily proportion  of  a  single
column by any multiplicative  factor; or (5)  exit the non-rain movement matrix
change mode.   He may make any number of changes (1) through (4) until  he exits
the  change  mode.   Note  -- options  (3) and  (4)  do  not  act directly  on  the
matrix entries.    They cause  the factor entered to be multiplied by the appro-
priate  instantaneous rates  calculated from  the off-diagonal  elements.   The
(multiplied)  rates  are then  reconverted  to   1-day  loss  proportions, and  the
diagonal  elements recomputed  by subtraction.   Thus,  a  factor  of 2 has  the
effect of making  the pesticide  "half as sticky," while 0.5 makes it "twice as
sticky."

Example

CURRENT NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX
                                         FROM
          Cl      C2      C3      C4      Al      A2      A3      A4
    C 1  0.9804
    C 2  0.0003   0.9347
    C 3  0.0088   0.0654   0.9073
    C 4  0.0000   0.0000   0.0927   1.0000
TO  A 1
    A 2  0.0001                                       0.9732
    A 3  0.0094                                       0.0265   0.9962
    A 4  0.0005                                       0.0003   0.0038   1.0000

     WHERE C=CANOPY  REGION, A=ALLEY  REGION
           1=LEAVES,  2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS,  4=SOIL
           AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0

DO YOU WISH   (1)  TO  RE-ENTER  A SINGLE COLUMN  (2)  LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
     MOVEMENT MATRIX  (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
     ENTIRE MOVEMENT  MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (4) CHANGE THE  DAILY
     PROPORTION OF MOEMENT OF A SINGLE  COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4

ENTER REGION  (1)  CANOPY   (2)  ALLEY
     LAYER  (1)  LEAVES  (2) GRASS  (3)  LITTER-MOSS   (4) SOIL
     OF THE COLUMN VECTOR YOU WISH TO CHANGE  1 1

ENTER FACTOR  YOU  WISH TO  INCREASE OR DECREASE THE  RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
     (FACTOR  MUST BE GREATER  THAN ZERO) 2.0

                                        20

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DO YOU WISH  (1) TO RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN  (2) LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
     MOVEMENT MATRIX  (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
     ENTIRE MOVEMENT MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY
     PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 2

CURRENT NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX
                                           FROM
          Cl      C2      C3      C4      Al      A2      A3      A4
    C 1  0.9611
    C 2  0.0006   0.9347
    C 3  0.0175   0.0654   0.9073
    C 4  0.0000   0.0000   0.0927   1.0000
TO  A 1
    A 2  0.0002                                       0.9732
    A 3  0.0186                                       0.0265   0.9962
    A 4  0.0011                                       0.0003   0.0038   1.0000

     WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
           1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
           AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0

DO YOU WISH  (1) TO RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN  (2) LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
     MOVEMENT MATRIX  (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
     ENTIRE MOVEMENT MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY
     PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 5

     C.   RAINFALL MOVEMENT  MATRICES  (see SUBROUTINE RAINFALL for description
          of how matrix is applied)

     The  user  is first  asked which  matrix  to display  (light  or heavy rain-
fall).  The  changes  made to a rainfall matrix are always to the last rainfall
matrix (light or heavy) that was displayed.

     When asked  to  make changes, the user may always display either the light
or heavy rainfall movement matrix.

     Other than this, changes in rainfall movement matrices are the exact same
options  as   those  to  the  non-rain  movement matrix.   In the  heavy rainfall
matrix example  below,  the  movement rate is first doubled, then cut in half to
restore the matrix to its original values.

Example

DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT HEAVY
     RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX  (3) MAKE NO RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX CHANGES 1
                                       21

-------
CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
                                         FROM
TO

C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
C 1
0.9320
0.0296
0.0021
0.0362

0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
C 2

0.7468
0.0708
0.1824




C 3


1.0000
0.0000




                                     C 4
                                    1.0000
   A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
                                                      0.8687
                                                      0.0000
                                                      0.1313
                    1.0000
                    0.0000
                 1.0000
     WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
           1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
           AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0

DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
     HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX  (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
     MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
     THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
     MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4

ENTER FACTOR YOU WISH TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
     (FACTOR MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO) 2.

DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
     HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX  (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
     MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
     THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
     MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 1
CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
TO

C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
C 1
0.8686
0.0572
0.0041
0.0699

0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
C 2

0.5577
0.1237
0.3186




C 3


1.0000
0.0000




                                     C 4
FROM
   A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
                                    1.0000
                                                      0.7546
                                                      0.0000
                                                      0.2454
                    1.0000
                    0.0000
                  1.0000
     WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
           1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
           AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
                                       22

-------
DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
     HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX  (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
     MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
     THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
     MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4

ENTER FACTOR YOU WISH TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
     (FACTOR MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO) 0.5

DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
     HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX  (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
     MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
     THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
     MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 1

CURRENT HEAVY RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
                                           FROM
          C 1      C2      C3      C4      A 1      A2      A3      A4
    C 1  0.8209
    C 2  0.0202   0.6126
    C 3  0.0957   0.0000   1.0000
    C 4  0.0082   0.3784   0.0000   1.0000
TO  A 1
    A 2  0.0270                                       0.2798
    A 3  0.0008                                       0.4465   1.0000
    A 4  0.0272                                       0.2737   0.0000   1.0000

     WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
           1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
           AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0

DO YOU WISH TO  (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX  (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
     HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX  (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
     MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON  (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
     THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
     (5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
     MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR  (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 6

     D.   PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED

     Finally the user is shown the current proportion of grass mowed for a mow
date, and  asked  if he would like  to  enter a new one.   If  so,  the proportion
must be > 0.0 and < 1.0

Example

WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED (CURRENT PROPORTION
     MOWED = 0.0000)  (1) YES  (2) NO 1

ENTER PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED (0.0 to 1.0) 0.40


                                       23

-------
                              Example Run of POEM

     In the following  sample  run,  the user opted to use weather data supplied
on a file,  but  to enter spray dates manually.   The user specified printout of
pesticide residues  at  5-day  intervals,  running of  only the  isopod  (Trache-
oniscus)  model,  and other choices  as  shown.   Files  for plotting  pesticide
residues and isopod populations were also created by the run.

Example

EXEC BEGUN.16.18.58

THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE ON BY DEFAULT

     ORGANISM SUBMODEL
     ATTENUATION SUBMODEL
     NON-RAIN MOVEMENT  SUBMODEL
     PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL
     RAINFALL MOVEMENT  SUBMODEL
     PENETRATION SUBMODEL
     WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE
     VARIABLE ATTENUATION

OTHER AVAILABLE OPTIONS ARE

     MOWER SUBMODEL
     WEATHER SIMULATOR
     SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR
     LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL
     MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT
     SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL
     PESTICIDE PRINTOUT
     NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES -- SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC

DO YOU WISH TO TURN ON OR OFF ANY OPTIONS?
     (1) YES  (2) NO 1

ENTER A VALUE FOR EACH OPTION
     (1) FOR OPTION ON  (2) FOR OPTION OFF
     OPTION  1      ORGANISM SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  2      MOWER SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION  3      ATTENUATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  4      WEATHER SIMULATOR 2
     OPTION  5      NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  6      PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  7      RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  8      PENETRATION SUBMODEL 1
     OPTION  9      SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR 2
     OPTION 10      LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION 11      MOVEMENT MATRIX  DAILY OUTPUT 2
     OPTION 12      SOIL TRANSPORTATION  SUBMODEL 2
     OPTION 13      PESTICIDE  PRINTOUT 1
                                       24

-------
     OPTION 14      WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE 1
     OPTION 15      NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC 1
     OPTION 16      VARIABLE ATTENUATION 1

WHICH ORGANISM SUBMODELS ARE DESIRED  (1) YES  (2) NO
     TRACHEONISCUS? 1
     FOLSOMIA? 2
     SPIDER? 2
     EARTHWORM? 2

HOW MANY YEARS DO YOU WISH TO SIMULATE (ONE TO TEN YEARS) 1

HOW OFTEN (IN DAYS) WOULD YOU LIKE PESTICIDE VALUES PRINTED TO OUTPUT 5

DO YOU WANT TO REPARAMETERIZE THE MODEL (DEFAULT VALUES ARE BASED ON ESTIMATES
     FOR AZINPHOSMETHYL AS GUTHION 50 W.P.)
          (1) YES  (2) NO 2
                                    YEAR 1
ENTER SEASON STARTING DATE 170

ENTER SEASON ENDING DATE 230

HOW MANY SPRAYS DO YOU WISH THIS SEASON (ZERO TO TEN SPRAYS) 2

ENTER DATES CHRONOLOGICALLY
     SPRAY DATE 1? 170
     DOSAGE (IN KG./HA.) FOR SPRAY 1? 2.0
     SPRAY DATE 2? 184
     DOSAGE (IN KG./HA.) FOR SPRAY 2? 2.0

SPRAY DATE, DATE 170, SPRAY RATE = 2.00 KG/HA, PERCENT DRIFT OF SPRAY = 50.8

PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 170

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES                 PENETRATED RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL     LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
CANOPY  6.559   1.012     0.382
ALLEY           0.561     0.175
0.000    0.578   0.320     0.130     0.396
0.000            0.177     0.060     1.226
                                       25

-------
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 170

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  4.697   0.601     0.384     0.000
ALLEY           0.356     0.175     0.000

PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 180

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  3.324   0.353     0.279     0.000
ALLEY           0.221     0.132     0.000
      PENETRATED RESIDUES

LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

0.550   0.304     0.372     0.354
        0.169     0.196     0.717



      PENETRATED RESIDUES

LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

0.523   0.289     0.565     0.314
        0.160     0.307     0.429
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 1982

SPRAY DATE, DAY 184, SPRAY RATE = 2.00 KG/HA, PERCENT DRIFT OF SPRAY = 39.0
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 184

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY 10.220   1.445     0.826     0.000
ALLEY           0.777     0.363     0.000
      PENETRATED RESIDUES

LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

1.219   0.674     0.889     0.912
0.674
0.374
0.889
1.890
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 185

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY   9.563   1.303     0.798     0.000
ALLEY           0.710     0.353     0.000
      PENETRATED RESIDUES

LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

1.206   0.667     0.983     0.888
        0.370     0.518     1.712
                                        26

-------
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 190

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  6.765   0.765     0.582     0.000
ALLEY           0.441     0.267     0.000
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

         0.550
        0.634
        0.352
          1.374
          0.736
          0.719
          0.983
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 195

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  4.765   0.449     0.390     0.000
ALLEY           0.272     0.187     0.000
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
         1.091
        0.603
        0.334
          1.613
          0.876
          0.541
          0.547
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 200

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
CANOPY  3.369   0.265     0.258
ALLEY           0.169     0.130

RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 203
0.000
0.000
      PENETRATED RESIDUES

LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

1.038
0.574
0.318
1.738
0.956
0.388
0.300
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 205

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  1.938   0.140     0.304     0.000
ALLEY           0.064     0.115     0.000

RAIN DATE, LIGHT RAIN DAY 208

RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 210
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
         0.987
        0.545
        0.302
          1.844
          1.010
          0.381
          0.227
                                       27

-------
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 210

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
CANOPY  1.042   0.086     0.259
ALLEY           0.030     0.074

RAIN DATE, LIGHT RAIN DAY 214
0.000
0.000
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL
0.938
0.519
0.288
1.890
1.027
0.370
0.157
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 190

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  0.694   0.060     0.101     0.000
ALLEY           0.017     0.036     0.000

RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 218
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

         0.892   0.493     1.907     0.294
                 0.274     1.018     0.091
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 220

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  0.408   0.031     0.077     0.000
ALLEY           0.011     0.023     0.000
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

         0.849   0.469     1.872     0.220
                 0.260     0.992     0.065
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 225

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY   0.289   0.019     0.031     0.000
ALLEY           0.007     0.012     0.000

RAIN DATE, HEAVY  RAIN DAY 228
               PENETRATED RESIDUES

         LEAVES  GRASS   LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

         0.807
        0.446
        0.247
          1.813
          0.957
          0.142
          0.038
                                        28

-------
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 230

             DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES                 PENETRATED RESIDUES

        LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL     LEAVES  GRASS  LITTER-MOSS  SOIL

CANOPY  0.170   0.011     0.029     0.000    0.767   0.424     1.744     0.100
ALLEY           0.004     0.009     0.000            0.235     0.918     0.027

END ORCHARD
077000 FINAL EXECUTION FL.
5.068 CP SECONDS EXECUTION TIME.

                               Producing Graphs

     The two plotting  programs  described below have been written to allow the
researchers to conveniently  generate  Tektronix (CRT) or CALCOMP (pen-and-ink)
graphs of pesticide  and  population levels as generated by POEM.   Because they
must  utilize  locally-determined  procedures  for  plotting,  they  depend  on
MSU-provided  software which is  not  generally  available.   Thus,  for  other
sites,  more general-purpose  plotting packages should  be used, working from
POEM-generated files  as  input.  These descriptions  are  provided  to  illustrate
an example working environment in which POEM is conveniently utilized.

                               Pesticide Graphs

     Program ORCHARDCALPLOT  allows the  user to plot pesticide  levels  in any
region or layer versus time,  producing either CALCOMP or TEKTRONIX output.  It
has available multiple output formats, depending on the user's needs.  It can
plot the  level  in a single region based on a single poem run, or can plot one
solid and  one dashed line,  based  on  two runs, for  A,  B comparison purposes.
It can also display with vertical bars a set of data (usually measured levels,
at irregular intervals) for comparison with predicted levels.

     The  program  begins   by  asking whether  TEKTRONIX  or CALCOMP plotting  is
desired.  It then presents the user a set of options:

Example

ENTER 1 FOR TEK, 2 FOR CALCOMP...1

PLOTTING OPTIONS—
     (1) MEASURED AVERAGES ONLY
     (2) MEASURED AVERAGES WITH ONE PREDICTED SET
     (3) MEASURED AVERAGES WITH TWO PREDICTED SETS
     (4) ONE PREDICTED SET ONLY (NO MEASURED AVERAGES)
     (5) TWO PREDICTED SETS WITH NO MEASURED AVERAGES 5

WHAT IS THE BEGINNING YEAR (1 TO 4)?1

WHAT IS THE ENDING YEAR (1 TO 4, AND >= TO BEGINNING YEAR)?1
                                       29

-------
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en


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                   30

-------
     The user needs  to  make sure that appropriate files are available for the
option  he  selects.   A  single  file of  predicted residues to be  graphed  in a
solid line  must be  called  TAPE1.   An  (optional) second file to  appear  as a
dashed  line must be  called  TAPE4.   If measured values are to be plotted,  they
must be called  TAPES.   (For plots of outputs of single POEM runs, the correct
file  is automatically  available as  TAPE1.)   In addition,  two  files  which
specify the dates of pesticide spraying and the dates and amounts of rain must
be available  as TAPE2 and  TAPES,  respectively.   If a POEM  run  has  just  been
made, the appropriate TAPE2  and TAPE3 have been created by POEM.

     For information on file handling on the MSU Cyber system, see the section
on Attaching Tapes.

                                Organism Graphs

     Program ORGPLOT allows  the user to plot population levels versus time for
single  life stages  or groups of life stages.   It uses the files generated by
POEM  (called  TAPE11, TAPE12,  TAPE13,  TAPE14, TAPE15).   They are  created  by
POEM as follows:

TAPE11  -- non-breeding  female  ispod populations on each day of the model  run,
arranged as:

                                                                IN ORGPLOT,
                                                              LIFE STAGE INDEX

     Day number (January I year 1 = day 1)
     Daily egg hatch (not number of eggs present)                     1
     Size-class 1 (0.5-1.34  mg)                                       2
     Size-class 2 (1.34-5.0  mg)                                       3
     Size-class 3 (5.01-12.0 mg)                                      4
     Size-class 4 (12.01-30.0 mg)                                     5
     Size-class 5 (30.01-50.0 mg)                                     6
     Size-class 6 50.01-80.0 mg)                                      7
     Size-class 7 (>80.0 mg)                                          8
     Total, classes 1-7 (life stage indices 2-8)                      9

TAPE12  —  breeding  female  isopod  populations on each day  of  the model  run,
arranged as:

     Day number
     Blank field (egg hatch  stored on TAPE11)
     Size-class 1-3 0.0 (no  small breeders)
     Size-class 4 (12.01-30.0 mg)                                     5
     Size-class 5 (30.01-50.0 mg)                 .                   6
     Size-class 6 50.01-80.0 mg)                                      7
     Size-class 7 (>80.0 mg)                                          8
     Total, classes 4-7 (life stage indices 5-8)                      9

(Note that  in  ORGPLOT,  the  populations displayed are the sums of breeding and
non-breeding populations.)
                                       31

-------
TAPE13 --  collembola (also called  Folsomia  in the model, based  on  data from
both Folsomia Candida and  Folsomia  quadrioculata) populations one each day of
the model run, arranged  as:

     Day number
     Egg hatch on current day (not total  eggs present)                I
     Prejuveniles                                                     2
     Juveniles                                                        3
     Adults                                                           4
     Totals (life stage  indices 2-4)                                  5

TAPE14 -- earthworm populations (see earthworm model  for definitions).

TAPE15 -- spider populations on each day of the model  run, arranged as:

     Day number
     Viable eggs (not hatch)                                          1
     Instar 1                                                         2
     Instar 8                                                         9
     Adults                                                          10
     Totals (including eggs)                                         11

     ORGPLOT will expect  to find only those files which the user asks to plot
(i.e.,  for  isopods  --  TAPE11,  TAPE12, for  collembola --  TAPE13,  for earth-
worms, -- TAPE14, for spiders -- TAPE15).   The user is asked for the choice of
organisms, a label  for  the y-axis, and for  scale factor;; for each axis.  The
x-axis will be  scaled at 6 points (with 5 intervals between) and the user may
explicitly enter the starting and ending Julian dates (cumulative — i.e., 370
is day  5  of  year 2), or may enter 0,0 to request auto-seal ing by the program.
A maximum of 1200  days  may be  displayed.   Similarly,  the y-(population) axis
can be  scaled  by specifying an upper limit, or the program will auto-scale it
if a 0 is entered.

     The user  is next asked for a size-class range to plot.  This is given by
specifying the  number of the beginning and  ending  size-classes,  in ascending
order --  i.e.,  for  size classes  2-4,  enter 2,4;  to see  only size class 3,
enter 3,3.

     After a  graph  is  generated,  the user may shoot  a  hard copy (TEKTRONIX)
before  the  program  contaminates  the  screen with any further question.   When
ready to proceed, the user  should type a space and return, to produce the next
question.  He  may  request another graph, or may quit the program.  In CALCOMP
mode, the  program  immediately  prompts for  further  actions, after indicating
that  the  plot  file  has been submitted for  plotting  (an off-line procedure).

Example

ENTER 1 FOR TEK, 2 FOR CALCOMP: 1
                                       32

-------
WHICH ORGANISM DO YOU WISH TO PLOT
     (1) TRACHEONISCUS
     (2) FOLSOMIA
     (3) SPIDER
     (4) EARTHWORM I

ENTER Y-AXIS LABEL FOR GRAPH SAMPLE ISOPODS

ENTER X LOWER, UPPER LIMITS, OR 0,0 FOR AUTOMATIC:  0,0

ENTER Y UPPER LIMIT, OR 0 FOR AUTOMATIC:  0

ENTER LIFESTAGE RANGE TO PLOT:   LOWER,UPPER INDICES: 2,4

Attaching Tapes

     Disk files which  are  to be read or  written during the operation of POEM
and its associated plotting programs on MSU's CYBER are locally referred to as
TAPEs.   This naming is to agree with local file names specified in the PROGRAM
statement at  the beginning of  each  program.   At MSU, there are  two types of
disk files:   local  files  and  permanent  files.   Permanent files  may be read
and/or  written  only  by "attaching"  them  to  (temporary)  local   file  names.
TAPE1,  TAPE2, etc.  are examples of such  local  file names.  Thus, if the user
wants to plot data from permanent files stored after earlier runs (see below),
he  must first  "attach"  the permanent  file to  local  files,  as  shown  below:

     ATTACH,TAPE1.PREDICTEDRUN1.PW = 	.
     This command makes  the permanent file PREDICTEDRUN1 accessible as TAPE1,
assuming  that the  correct  password  was  specified after  "PW =  ".   Similar
commands will retrieve stored weather data.

     In  the simplest  types  of use,  the user  need not concern  himself with
these   file  issues:    POEM   automatically   attaches  the   permanent  file
"WTHRSTATSNEW"  if   the   weather   simulator  is  turned  off,  and  the  file
"PWSMOIST2"  if  the  soil  moisture submodel is  turned  off.   POEM also creates
(if plotting  option  is on) the SPRAYDATES(TAPE2) AND RAINAMOUNTS(TAPE3) files
required  by DATAPLT to  plot the  pesticide  levels generated  by  this run (on
TAPE1).   Thus,  the  user  need not  perform explicit ATTACH  commands  if he is
using data just generated by the model.

     Note -- if POEM is to be run after other programs (or POEM) have been run
in  the  same session, the user  must first release the files  POEM  will  try to
attach:  namly,  type:

     RETURN, TAPE4, TAPE9.

                       File Conventions in POEM Programs

     POEM may read:   TAPE4 — weather data (which it attaches as WTHRSTATSNEW)

                     TAPE9  --  soil  moisture   data   (which   it  attaches  as
                              PWSMOIST2)

                                       33

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               TIME IN DAYS x 10
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                       34

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     POEM creates (depending on options selected)

           TAPE1 — pesticide levels
           TAPE2 -- spray dates
           TAPES -- rain amounts
          TAPE11 -- isopod non-breeding populations
          TAPE12 — isopod breeding populations
          TAPE13 — collembolan populations
          TAPE14 — earthworm populations
          TAPE15 -- spider populations

     DATAPLT (stored on file ORCHARDCALPLOT6)  uses:

           TAPE2 -- spray dates
           TAPES — rain amounts
          (TAPE1 -- predicted pesticide levels, to be plotted as solid line —
                    optional)
          (TAPE4 -- predicted   levels,   to  be  plotted  as  dashed  line  —
                    optional)
          (TAPES -- measured pesticide levels,  to  be plotted  as vertical  bars
                    -- optional)

     ORGPLOT uses:

          TAPES11-15 as shown above.

     Users wishing  to run  these  programs at  other sites  should  replace the
CDC-specific PROGRAM  statements,  which also control file access,  with appro-
priate file  handling statements.    In particular,  in FORTRAN??, the  standard
OPEN statements could instead be used.
                                       35

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                                 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Goodman, E. D.   Modeling Effects of Pesticides  on  Populations of Soil/Litter
     Invertebrates in  an Orchard Ecosystem.   Env. Toxicol.  and Chem. 1:45-60,
     1982.

Goodman, Erik  D.,  Matt  Zabik,  Jeffrey  J.  Jenkins, Robert M.  Kon,  Renate M.
     Snider.   1983a.   Ecosystem  Responses  to  Alternative Pesticides  in the
     Terrestrial Environment:  A  System Approach.  U.S. Environmental Protec-
     tion   Agency,   EPA-600/3-83-079a,  Environmental   Research  Laboratory,
     Corvallis, OR (with Program tape, see Goodman et al., 1983b).

Goodman, Erik  D.,  Matt  Zabik,  Jeffrey  J.  Jenkins, Robert M.  Kon,  Renate M.
     Snider.   1983b.   Ecosystem  Responses  to  Alternative Pesticides  in the
     Terrestrial Environment:  A  System Approach (A Computer Program Magnetic
     Tape).  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-83-079b, Environ-
     mental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.

Goodman, E.  D. , J. J. Jenkins,  and M. J. Zabik.   A  Model  for Azinphosmethyl
     Attenuation and Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem:  II.  Parameter-
     ization  of  a  Field-Based  Model.   Arch.  Environm.  Contam.  Toxicol.
     12:110-119, 1983.

Jenkins, J. J., M. J.  Zabik, R. Kon, and E. D. Goodman.  A Model  for Azinphos-
     methyl  Attenuation   and  Movement  in  a  Michigan  Orchard  Ecosystem:  I.
     Development  and  Presentation  of  the  Experimental   Data  Base.    Arch.
     Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 12:99-110, 1983.
                                                        ®
Snider,  R.  M.   The  Effects of  Azinphosmethyl  (Guthion )  on  a  Population of
     Trachelipus   rathkei  (Isopoda)   in   a   Michigan  Orchard.   Pedobiol.
     19:99-105, 1979.

Snider,  R.  M. , and  J.   W.  Shaddy.   The Ecobiology  of  Trachelipus  rathkei
     (Isopoda).  Pedobiol. 20:394-401, 1980.
                                        36

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                           Addendum to User's Manual

Notice

     Due  to  lack  of  funds  and  consequent  lack  of  computer and  manpower
resources, some features  and  options of POEM  are untested  and/or  undebugged.
While the bulk  of  the code required to  exercise  all  of the options described
here is written, and  all  subroutines have run at various times as  independent
units,  the  linking of  some  routines has not  been  completed.   Known  problems
are listed below:

     (Option 2)     Weather simulation  --  not  operable.  Weather  information
                    must instead be provided in a file (TAPE4).

     (Option 12)    Soil  transportation  model --  not  operable.    Pesticide
                    levels in soil cannot be broken  down by  depth.

     (Option 9)     Soil  moisture  model  --  not  operable.    Soil  moisture
                    information must be provided in  a file (TAPE9).
                                       37

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