United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Corvallis OR 97333
EPA-600/3-84-006
January 1984
Research and Development
Pesticide Orchard
Ecosystem Model
(POEM)
A User's Guide
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EPA-600/3-84-006
January 1984
PESTICIDE ORCHARD ECOSYSTEM MODEL (POEM)
A User's Guide
by
Erik D. Goodman, Matt Zabik, Jeffrey J. Jenkins,
Robert M. Kon, and Renate M. Snider
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48824
CR 805624
> Project Officer
Jay Gile
Toxics and Hazardous Materials Branch
Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97333
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97333
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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ABSTRACT
A mathematical model was developed to predict the transport and effects
of a pesticide in an orchard ecosystem. The environmental behavior of
azinphosmethyl was studied over a 2-year period in a Michigan apple orchard to
gather data for the model on initial distribution within the orchard, influ-
ence of rainfall on vertical movement, loss via runoff, and effects on
selected orchard invertebrate populations. Following model development, a
third year of field data was collected for comparison with model projections.
Mean squared errors for the comparison of predicted vs. observed residue data
indicate good predictions of azinphosmethyl fate within the tree and grass/
broad!eaves layers. Prediction of pesticide dynamics within the litter/moss
and soil layers was much more variable.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA Cooperative Agreement
number CR805624 by Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Science,
Michigan State University, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This report covers a period from October 1977 to June 1982
and work was completed as of June 1982.
i i i
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Running the Model 6
Reparameterization 10
Example Run of POEM 24
Producing Graphs 29
Pesticide Graphs 29
Organism Graphs 31
File Conventions in POEM Programs 33
Bibliography 36
Addendum 37
iv
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Introduction
The festicide Orchard [Ecosystem Model was constructed for two major
reasons:
(1) to assist in presenting the results of a study of the fate of a partic-
ular compound under field conditions and its effects on some significant
organisms using laboratory and field data; and
(2) to allow users to explore the implications of changes in the model's
parameters on the model outcomes (both fate and effects), including
limited extrapolation to other compounds and/or field conditions.
The various submodels included in POEM and the methods used to parameter-
ize them are described in the main text of this report and in a series of
publications (see Bibliography). This guide is intended as a supplement, to
aid persons desiring to run the associated computer programs. No explanation
is offered here of the methods used to derive the parameters included as
default values, nor is there any presentation of results (see main report and
companion computer tape, Goodman et al., 1981a, b).
POEM is a modular FORTRAN IV program, composed of many subunits which may
be invoked or left idle during any particular run. In general, POEM units not
needed should be "turned off" to minimize computer costs. POEM may be used to
explore the behavior of the fate model using "average" values independent of
temperature and relative humidity, or may be instructed to recalculate certain
parameters daily, based on environmental conditions. Many of POEM's para-
meters for azinphosmethyl may be altered to incorporate new data or determine
the effects of such changes on pesticide distribution or effects on the
modeled populations. Other alterations allow the user to enter information to
simulate a different compound. Weather data may be entered by the user, or
the program may be used to generate simulated weather data. The user must
supply pesticide application information, unless the default regime used in
our field studies is desired.
In its simplest use, POEM can be used with minimal input data and will
produce predictions of the pesticide distributions and populations to be found
in our study orchard under our measured environmental conditions from 1976-
1978. POEM produces output files suitable for plotting, and two plotting
programs are included (one for pesticide residues, one for populations).
Alteration of compound characteristics, weather data, or process-specific
parameters may require the user to enter much larger amounts of data, although
it is relatively easy and often enlightening to explore the effects of
changing one or a few parameters at a time.
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The next few sections describe the general nature of the units in the
fate model, followed by directions for and examples of reparameterization. A
brief description of the organism submodels is included under Organism Graphs;
however, the automatic alteration of organism model parameters has not yet
been completely implemented. See the relevant sections of the main text for
more information.
Attenuation of Pesticide
The attenuation model simulates attenuation, other than penetration, in
the various compartments. Each compartment has an attenuation proportion —
the proportion of pesticide within or entering that compartment during one day
that is attenuated (see below) from that compartment during a one-day time
step at standard conditions. The standard conditions approximate the average
of those prevailing during collection of the field data used to parameterize
this model. These conditions are:
(1) environmental conditions
soil pH = 7.0
% organic matter of soil = 6%
(2) compound properties
molecular weight = 317
vapor pressure = 10-7 atm.
Each compartment's attenuation proportion is further broken down into
five attenuation processes: hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation, volatiliza-
tion, and microbial degradation. Therefore, each compartment has an attenua-
tion proportion for each of the five attenuation processes. The sum of the
attenuation proportions for each process of a given compartment is equal to
the overall attenuation proportion for that compartment.
The user has the option of using the overall attenuation proportions for
each compartment directly as the proportion of pesticide lost each day due to
attenuation. Or the user may allow individual attenuation proportions of the
attenuation process to vary with environmental conditions. Thus, the sum of
the attenuation proportions of the five attenuation processes over a compart-
ment, which yields the day's overall attenuation proportion for that compart-
ment, will vary daily with environmental conditions. In addition, the user
may alter certain default parameters to represent properties of a compound
other than azinphosmethyl, the compound used in the field studies. The
overall attenuation proportions, whether constant or varied with daily
conditions, are applied each day and represent the proportions of pesticide
attenuated daily from each compartment.
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Non-Rainfall Movement of Pesticide
Subroutine Nonrain simulates the daily movement of pesticide within the
orchard independent of the rainfall during the period (i.e., it is applied
every day). It operates conservatively; that is, it moves residues without
any losses, which must therefore be accounted for elsewhere in the model (see
Attenuation description in previous section). It operates only on dislodge-
able residues, except that residues entering the soil layers are considered to
be "penetrated residues." Pesticide is assumed to move only from a higher
layer to lower layers, and pesticide moving to the alley region from the
canopy region may only come from the canopy leaves compartment. The order of
layers from highest layer to lowest layer is leaves, grass, litter-moss, and
soil. The pesticide is moved via a lower triamjlar matrix "NRMOVE".
CANOPY
FROM ALLEY
£ LEAVES
§ GRASS
5 LITTER-MOSS
SOIL
LEAVES
UJ GRASS
-J LITTER-MOSS
<
SOIL
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
G*^
H
1
J
,
UlTT*
K
L
l-MOS5
SOIL
M
&\
S
0RAS*
N
0
P
i
UTtd
Q
R
•MOSS
SOU-
S
Each entry in the matrix represents a proportion of the total amount of
dislodgeable pesticide residue present on a given day that moves from one
compartment to another or (for diagonal entries) that remains in the same
compartment. The latter (diagonal) entries in the matrix are A, H, K, M, N,
Q, S. A single column in the matrix represents the movement from an indi-
vidual compartment over a one-day time step. Being proportions of the total
amount of what was in a compartment, all entries of any column in the matrix
must sum to one. Since there is only one entry for each of the canopy soil
and alley soil compartments, entry M = 1.0 and entry S = 1.0 by the definition
that the columns must sum to one (implying that pesticide undergoes no
non-rain-induced movement out of soil layers).
For example:
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B is the proportion of pesticide moving from the canopy leaves compart-
ment to the canopy grass compartment during a one-day time step. H is the
proportion of the canopy grass compartment that remains in the canopy grass
compartment during a one-day time step. Thus, the entire amount of dislodge-
able pesticide in the canopy grass on day t + 1 (excluding attenuation) is
equal to the B times the amount of dislodgeable pesticide in the canopy leaves
on day t plus H times the amount of dislodgeable pesticide in the canopy grass
on day t:
CanGr(t + 1) = B • CanLvs(t) + H • Cangr(t)
The absolute amount of pesticide for any compartment of day t + 1 can be
represented by the sum of each entry in that compartment's "TO" row of the
matrix, multiplied by the absolute amount of pesticide on day t in the
appropriate compartment (neglecting attenuation and rainfall-induced move-
ment).
It is important that pesticide values be converted from their normal form
of ug/cm2 ground area to an absolute amount (in ug) of pesticide when applying
the matrix. This is because canopy and alley regions do not necessarily have
the same ground areas and because the canopy leaves may move pesticide from
the canopy region into the alley region. In order for the system to be
conservative, the pesticide values in ug/cm2 ground area are converted to
amount of pesticide in ug before the matrix is applied and converted back to
ug/cm2 ground area afterwards.
The non-rain movement matrix is applied every day regardless of rainfall.
It represents the daily movement, other than by rainfall, of the pesticide
within the orchard system.
The default values of the non-rain movement matrix are those parameter-
ized from field data.
It is possible to change the matrix during reparameterization in a
variety of ways as described under the Movement Parameters category of the
Reparameterization section.
Movement of Pesticide Due to Rainfall
Subroutine Rain simulates movement of pesticides within the system due to
rainfall. There are two rainfall matrices that have the same properties and
are applied similarly to the non-rain movement matrix. One of the two
matrices is applied on each day of measurable rainfall. One represents light
rainfall movement; the other represents heavy rainfall movement. A heavy rain
is classified as greater than or equal to 10 mm on a given day. Less than
10 mm rain is considered a light rain. Rainfall movement is defined as addi-
tional movement beyond the non-rain movement extracted daily.
It is also possible to change either or both rainfalI matrices from their
default conditions. See Movement Parameters under the Reparameterization
section for further details.
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Application of Pesticide
Subroutine Sprayer simulates the application of pesticide to the orchard.
The total amount of pesticide (in ng) that reaches the orchard is first
calculated. It is equal to the amount applied (in kg/ha) multiplied times the
area of the orchard (in ha) times a kilogram to microgram conversion factor
(10-9) times the compound formulation fraction times the proportion of pesti-
cide that does not drift away from the orchard site. This yields the absolute
amount of pesticide (in micrograms) that reached the orchard site. The
proportion of drift is calculated based on the wind speed. Once the absolute
amount of pesticide reaching the orchard is known, it is divided among the
compartments using a spray distribution vector, "PDIST", where an entry
represents the proportion of pesticide going to a specific compartment from
the total amount of pesticide reaching the orchard. Thus, the sum of all
entries in the spray distribution vector is equal to one.
However, some of the pesticide that reaches a compartment becomes
penetrated residue. The spray distribution only gives the amount of pesticide
that reaches a compartment. The pesticide that reaches each compartment,
except for soil layers (all pesticide in the soil is assumed penetrated), is
further divided into dislodgeable and penetrated residues. Finally, units are
converted from |jg to (jg/cm2 by dividing the absolute amount of pesticide in
each layer by the area of its region (canopy or alley).
The spray distribution vector may be altered to a new form in the
Movement Parameters section of the Reparameterization section. Likewise,
initial penetrations of a layer may also be changed in the Penetration
Parameters section of the Reparameterization section.
Penetrated Residue Attenuation
Subroutine Penetrat simulates the penetration of dislodgeable residues to
become penetrated residues and the attenuation of penetrated residues. There
is a daily penetration rate representing the proportion of dislodgeable
residue that penetrates each day, and a penetrated residue attenuation
proportion representing the proportion of penetrated residue that attenuates
daily. Each of the proportions is applied daily regardless of spraying.
Also, the proportions may be changed in the Penetration Parameters category of
Reparameterization.
Mowing of the Orchard
Subroutine Mower simulates mowing of the orchard. It moves a proportion
of pesticide from the grass layer to the litter-moss layer. The proportion of
grass moved, "PGRASM", may be changed to any proportion (0.0 to 1.0) in the
movement parameters category during reparameterization of the model. The
default value of "PGRASM" for the field site is 0.0. The proportion of the
grass layer moving to the litter-moss layer is assumed linear with the
proportion of pesticide moving from the grass layer to the litter-moss layer
because of mowing.
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The maximum number of mow dates allowed for any one season is ten. The
user may select any dates he wishes. The mow dates for a season are entered
just before the beginning of that season.
Leaf Growth of Trees
Subroutine Trees computes the tree interception index "Til", a value
which converts the ground area under the canopy region to tree surface area
(including leaves). Growth in surface area is driven by degree days until
petal fall (1100 degree days, base 43°F), and then is considered linear until
56 days after petal fall, at which time the Til has reached maximum.
Running the Model
The user has many options in running POEM ~ some of these options call
for the use of pre-stored files of weather data. For example, if the weather
simulator is not used, POEM will attach a file called WTHRSTATSNEW, which
should contain the weather information you wish to use (a file with 3 years of
data for Grand Rapids, Missouri, is included). Similarly, if the soil
moisture model is not used, POEM will seek soil moisture data from a file
called PWSMOIST2. (On non-MSU systems, subroutine PARMINT should be altered
to conform to local procedures for accessing these files. For more informa-
tion, see section entitled "Attaching Tapes.")
Output from POEM is available in two forms — printed tables and graphs.
Graphical output is provided by specifying to POEM that graphical output is
desired. Two types of graphs are available: pesticide levels versus time and
population levels versus time. Pesticide level graphs are obtained by turning
on option (14) (see below) and post-processing using program DATAPLT (avail-
able on the MSU CYBER as ORCHARDCALPLOT6 for CALCOMP plotter output or
ORCHARETEKPLOTB for Tektronix terminal display via PLOT-10 subroutines).
Population graphs are produced from files generated whenever the organism
submodel (option 1) is on, using program ORGPLOT (again, available on MSU's
CYBER in CALCOMP and Tektronix versions). For more information on the
plotting programs, see section "Producing Graphs" below.
Printed output to display pesticide levels and/or the current rates of
pesticide movement and attenuation are available in POEM as described below.
Printed output from organism models is not specifically provided for, but is
available by listing the plotting files generated by POEM..
Options and submodels turned on by default as execution begins are
listed, followed by a list of other available options. The user then has the
opportunity to turn off any options that are on by default or turn on any of
the options that are off by default, in response to queries from the program.
The submodels that each option represents are:
Option 1 Organism Submodels. "1" for any one or combination of the 4
organism models provided (isopod, collembolan, spider, or earth-
worm); further options will be presented, or "2" otherwise.
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Option 2 Mower Submodel. "1" for periodic mowing of the orchard each
season. The maximum number of mows allowed each year is 10. The
mow dates for a given year are entered at the start of that year.
Option 3 Attenuation Submodel. "1" to use attenuation as a lumped process
or to use any of the attenuation submodels (microbial degradation,
hydrolysis, photolysis, volatilization, oxidation); "2" to bypass
pesticide attenuation calculations.
(Any further reparameterization concerning these attenuation processes is
done in the general category of attenuation parameters, below.)
Option 4
Option 5
Option 6
Option 7
Option 8
Option 9
Option 10
Weather Submodel. "1" to turn on simulated weather. To allow true
recorded weather conditions, the weather simulator must be turned
off. In that case, the recorded weather must be provided on tape 4
and must contain the following conditions for each day in a
required format:
minimum and maximum air temperature (°F)
minimum and maximum percent relative humidity
average wind speed (mi/hr) and total rain (mm)
See Attaching Tapes for more information.
Nonrain Movement Submodel. "1" to select daily movement
pesticide; "2" suppresses movement except on days with rain.
of
Sprayer Submodel. "1" for periodic spraying of pesticide during
the season. The maximum number of sprays each year is ten. The
spray dates and spray amounts for a given year are entered at the
start of that year, unless default dates and amounts are desired.
"1" for additional pesticide movement (other
movement) due to rainfall if rainfall is
Rainfall Submodel.
than daily non-rain
present; "2" suppresses pesticide movement in response to rainfall.
Penetration Submodel. "1" for pesticide penetration submodel. Any
further reparameterization concerning penetration (see text) is
found in the general category of penetration parameters. If option
8 is off, the proportions of daily penetration are assumed to be
accounted for by other attenuation processes, provided option 3 is
turned on.
Soil Moisture Model. "1"
amount of rainfall. True
provided, but the simulated
If the soil moisture model
for simulated soil moisture based on
recorded soil moisture values may be
soil moisture model must be turned off.
is off, recorded soil moisture must be
provided on tape 9. See Attaching Tapes for more details.
Tree Growth Submodel.
degree days.
"I" for daily leaf and tree growth based on
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Option 11
Movement Matrix Printout. Provides daily printout of a matrix
which combines the non-rain movement matrix with the attenuation
matrix. This matrix captures the net effects of the environment-
dependent processes acting on the pesticide, under non-rainfall
conditions, as presented by the model. Beginning and ending dates
for printout of this matrix for a given year are entered at the
start of that year. This option is provided to see movement and
attenuation that vary daily with environmental conditions, as
influenced by compound properties.
Option 12
Soil Transportation Model.
layer.
"1" selects more detailed model of soil
Option 13 Pesticide Output. "1" selects printing periodic pesticide values;
mow, rain, and spray date flags are also printed.
Option 14 Plotting Output. "1" writes formatted file of pesticide values to
tape 1, file of spray dates to tape 2, and file of rain dates and
amounts to tape 3 for plotting package. See Plotting Package for
more details.
Option 15
Option 16
Event Dates. "1" allows the user to enter dates of events of
sprays and mows. If this option is off, event dates are those from
field data used to parameterize this program.
Variable Attenuation. "1" allows daily attenuation proportions of
the various attenuation processes to vary daily with environmental
conditions, and to reflect compound properties other than those of
azinphosmethyl. If option 16 is off, attenuation proportions will
be identical each day, and based on the measured values for
azinphosmethyl.
If the user selects the organism model option, he must then select one or
any combination of the four organism models (isopod, collembolan, spider,
earthworm). He is asked individually for each organism
or off.
model to be turned on
If organism models are desired without the effects of pesticide, then the
sprayer (option 6) should be off. Therefore, no pesticide is sprayed to the
orchard.
It is suggested that if the sprayer option is off, then options 2, 3, 5,
7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 also be off since all of these submodel options
pertain to movement or output
without the sprayer submodel.
and has no effect unless option
of pesticide
Additionally,
3 is on.
and no pesticide can be present
option 16 deals with attenuation
THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE ON BY DEFAULT
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ORGANISM SUBMODEL
ATTENUATION SUBMODEL
NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL
RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
PENETRATION SUBMODEL
WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE
VARIABLE ATTENUATION
OTHER AVAILABLE OPTIONS ARE
MOWER SUBMODEL
WEATHER SIMULATOR
SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR
LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL
MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT
SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL
PESTICIDE PRINTOUT
NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC
DO YOU WISH TO TURN ON OR OFF ANY OPTIONS?
(1) YES (2) NO 1
ENTER A VALUE FOR EACH OPTION
(1) FOR OPTION ON (2) FOR OPTION OFF
OPTION 1 ORGANISM SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 2 MOWER SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 3 ATTENUATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 4 WEATHER SIMULATOR 2
OPTION 5 NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 6 PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 7 RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 8 PENETRATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 9 SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR 2
OPTION 10 LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 11 MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT 1
OPTION 12 SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 13 PESTICIDE PRINTOUT 1
OPTION 14 WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE 2
OPTION 15 NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC 1
OPTION 16 VARIABLE ATTENUATION 1
After the correct submodel choices have been selected, other simulation
parameters are entered.
First, the user is asked how many years to run the model. The maximum
number of years is ten, and the model must be run at least one year.
Second, if the user has chosen option 13 of the on-off vector, he is
asked how often in days he would like pesticide value printed to output.
Selecting pesticide output (option 13) automatically causes printing of mow,
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spray, and rain dates where they are appropriate, along with pesticide values
on spray dates. If the user inputs "10" for the pesticide value printout
increment, pesticide values will also be printed to output every ten days.
Example
HOW MANY YEARS DO YOU WISH TO SIMULATE (ONE TO TEN YEARS) 1
HOW OFTEN (IN DAYS) WOULD YOU LIKE PESTICIDE VALUES PRINTED TO OUTPUT 1
Reparameterization
General Categories of Reparameterization
Reparameterization is divided into five general categories. If the user
chooses to reparameterize, he must select one of these general categories.
The five categories are:
(1) physical site characteristics
basic site characteristics (areas, # trees, % alley, and canopy
area)
site characteristics needed for soil moisture model (altitude,
latitude, soil moisture, field capacity, etc.)
(2) attenuation parameters
attenuation proportions
environmental properties (soil pH, % organic matter)
coefficients of equations dependent on environmental conditions
compound properties
(3) penetration parameters
initial penetration rates
daily penetration rates
penetrated residue attenuation rates
(4) pesticide movement parameters
spray distribution
non-rain movement matrix
rainfall movement matrix
proportion of grass mowed
10
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(5) organism parameters
isopod parameters
collembolan parameters
spider parameters
earthworm parameters
When entering options to select from, the user inputs the number of the
option he wishes. When the user is asked for more than one input value for a
given line, each of the values must be separated by blank(s) or a comma.
Example
DO YOU WANT TO REPARAMETERIZE THE MODEL (DEFAULT VALUES ARE BASED ON ESTIMATES
FOR AZINPHOSMETHYL AS GUTHION 50 W.P.)
(1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE (2) ATTENUATION
PARAMETERS (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
(5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 2
After a general category is selected and reparameterization is completed
for that category, the user will be asked if he wishes to continue repara-
meterization. If he selects "NO", execution will begin. However, if he
selects "YES", he may select any general category originally offered including
the one just completed.
All dates asked for should be entered in a Julian date format (a number
from 1 to 365 representing which day of the year it is; i.e., February 1 would
be day 32 because it is the 32nd day of the year). Leap years are ignored, so
day 365 is the maximum date for any year.
1. Physical Characteristics of Orchard Site
This category first asks for basic physical characteristics defining the
site. Values for total area of site, amount of site that is canopy region
(remainder is alley region), and the number of trees in the site requested one
at a time. When asking for one of these values, the model will list the
default condition. Default conditions are those of the field study site for
which the model was originally parameterized.
If the soil moisture submodel (option 9) is on, additional physical
characteristics (initial percent soil moisture, field capacity for soil
moisture, altitude of site, latitude of site, etc.) necessary for the soil
moisture submodel are asked for in the same manner as the other physical site
characteristics.
11
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Example
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE (2) ATTENUATION
PARAMETERS (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
(5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 1
HOW MANY HECTARES OF GROUND AREA WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR ORCHARD?
(CURRENT AREA = 0.0812 HA) 1.0
HOW MUCH (IN HECTARES) OF THE 1.0000 HECTARE ORCHARD WILL BE CANOPY REGION
(CURRENT CANOPY AREA = 0.0302 HA)
(THE REMAINDER OF AREA IS CONSIDERED ALLEY REGION) 0.40
HOW MANY TREES ARE IN THIS ORCHARD?
(CURRENT NUMBER OF TREES = 60) 800
ENTER PERCENT W/W SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AT THE FIRST DAY
(CURRENT INITIAL SOIL MOISTURE = 30.00 PERCENT W/W) 25
ENTER PERCENT W/W SOIL MOISTURE FIELD CAPACITY
(CURRENT FIELD CAPACITY = 60.00 PERCENT W/W) 60
ETNTER BULK DENSITY (IN GM/CM**3) OF SOIL
(CURRENT BULK DENSITY = 1.500 GM./CM**3) 1.4
ENTER ALTITUDE (IN METERS) OF SITE
(CURRENT ALTITUDE = 200.000 M) 240
ENTER LATITUDE OF SITE
(CURRENT LATITUDE = 40.00 DEGREES) 40
ENTER DIFFERENCE IN MEAN AIR TEMPERATURES (DEGREES C) BETWEEN WARMEST AND
COOLEST MONTHS OF THE YEAR
(CURRENT DIFFERENCE = 27.80 C) 28
ENTER EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FACTOR DUE TO FLORA
(CURRENT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FACTOR = 1.00) 1.00
ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION? (1) YES (2) NO 2
2. Attenuation Parameters
The attenuation parameters are divided into four basic groups: (1)
lumped attenuation parameters, used only if option (16) is off, yielding
constant daily rates of attenuation; (2) daily attenuation proportions for
various processes (microbial degradation, volatilization, oxidation, hydro-
lysis, and photolysis) for the various regions and layers; (3) attenuation
parameters describing effects of environmental conditions; and (4) attenuation
parameters describing compound properties different from those of azinphos-
methyl.
12
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When the attenuation parameters category of reparameterizatlon is
selected, the current daily attenuation proportions at standard conditions are
displayed. The standard conditions are approximately the average of the
conditions obtained during the collection of the field data used to parameter-
ize the model. These conditions are:
(1) environmental conditions
soil pH = 7.0
% organic matter of soil = 6%
(2) compound properties
molecular weight = 317
vapor pressure = 10-7 atm.
The daily attenuation proportion matrix represents proportions of the
amount of pesticide in each region and layer that is attenuated under the
above standard conditions during one day.
If option (16) is off, and after the attenuation proportion matrix is
displayed, the user may change any number of entries in the matrix one at a
time, display the new matrix after some entries have been changed, or exit the
daily attenuation proportion matrix change mode once he is satisfied with
attenuation proportions at standard conditions.
Example
CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.0487 0.0412 0.0412 0.0790
ALLEY 0.0000 0.0670 0.0670 0.0790
WOULD YOU LIKE TO (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION 'ATTENUATION
MATRIX (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
(3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 1
ENTER REGION (1) CANOPY (2) ALLEY
LAYER (1) LEAVES (2) GRASS (3) LITTER-MOSS (4) SOIL
ATTENUATION PROPORTION (VALUE FROM 0.0 TO 1.0) 12 0.050
WOULD YOU LIKE TO (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION ATTENUATION
MATRIX (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
(3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 2
CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.0487 0.0500 0.0412 0.0790
ALLEY 0.0000 0.0670 0.0670 0.0790
13
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WOULD YOU LIKE TO (1) CHANGE AN ENTRY IN THE STANDARD CONDITION ATTENUATION
MATRIX (2) SEE CURRENT DAILY ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
(3) EXIT ATTENUATION PROPORTION CHANGE MODE 3
ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION? (1) YES (2) NO 2
If option (16) is on, then the above matrix serves only to show standard
condition totals for daily attenuation. The matrix used will be calculated
daily, based on the environmental conditions. The daily attenuation propor-
tion matrix is further subdivided, into 5 components. Each entry in the new
matrix represents one of five attenuation processes (hydrolysis, photolysis,
oxidation, microbial degradation, volatilization). This new daily attenuation
proportion matrix, broken down by region, layer, and attenuation processes, is
displayed. Its entries represent daily proportions attenuated under standard
conditions, and the daily rates actually used will be these entries multiplied
by environmentally-dependent factors, described below.
The user then has the option to change this new matrix. If he decides to
change the matrix, he has the option to change a single entry in the matrix,
the contribution of an entire process (a row in the matrix), or each process
for a given region and layer (a column in the matrix). After the user makes
any type of change in either of the two previous matrices (overall daily
attenuation proportion matrix for a given region and layer, and the same
matrix also divided by contributions of different attenuation processes), the
user again has the option to change the matrix in the manner just described or
keep it as it is.
Example
CURRENT ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.0487 0.0412 0.0412 0.0790
ALLEY 0.0000 0.0670 0.0670 0.0790
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES TO OVERALL ATTENUATION AT STANDARD
CONDITIONS ARE:
MATRIX AP
Cl C2 C3 C4 Al A: 2 A3 A4
MICROBIAL DEG. 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.070 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.070
HYDROLYSIS 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.009 0.000 0.019 0.025 0.009
PHOTOLYSIS 0.018 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.004 0.000
VOLATILIZATION 0.019 0.024 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.021 0.000
OXIDATION 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS
ALLOCATED TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTENUATION (1) YES (2) NO 1
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE (1) A SINGLE ENTRY IN THE MATRIX AP (2) A ROW IN
THE MATRIX (3) A COLUMN IN THE MATRIX 1
14
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ENTER 4 NUMBERS
FIRST NUMBER — REGION (1) CANOPY (2) ALLEY
SECOND NUMBER — LAYER (1) LEAVES (2) GRASS (3) LITTER-MOSS (4) SOIL
THIRD NUMBER — PROCESS (1) MICROBIAL DEG. (2) HYDROLYSIS (3) PHOTOLYSIS
(4) VOLATILIZATION (5) OXIDATION
FOURTH NUMBER ~ ATTENUATION PROPORTION FOR THE REGION, LAYER, PROCESS YOU
HAVE SELECTED (PROPORTION MUST BE FROM 0.0 TO 1.0) 1 4 1 0.060
CURRENT OVERALL ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.0487 0.0412 0.0412 0.0690
ALLEY 0.0000 0.0670 0.0670 0.0790
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES TO OVERALL ATTENUATION AT STANDARD
CONDITIONS ARE:
C 1
C 2
C 3
MATRIX AP
C 4 A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
0.000
0.012
0.018
0.019
0.000
0.000
0.012
0.006
0.024
0.000
0.010
0.015
0.003
0.013
0.000
0.060
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.019
0.010
0.038
0.000
0.017
0.025
0.004
0.021
0.000
0.070
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000
MICROBIAL DEG.
HYDROLYSIS
PHOTOLYSIS
VOLATILIZATION
OXIDATION
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS AT STANDARD CONDITIONS
ALLOCATED TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTENUATION (1) YES (2) NO 2
Once the daily standard attenuation proportions are set, the user has the
option to change environmental properties of the site or compound properties.
He is given standard conditions of necessary environmental and compound
properties such as soil pH, % soil organic matter, vapor pressure, etc. and
asked to input the value of the property.
Example
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OR COMPOUND PROPERTIES
(1) YES (2) NO 1
ENTER SOIL PH VALUE (CURRENT PH = 7.000) 6.5
ENTER PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER OF SOIL
(CURRENT PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER = 6.000) 6.0
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR VOLATILIZATION IS OF THE FORM
F = (VP * MW**0.5) / (STDVP * STDMW**0.5)
WHERE VP = VAPOR PRESSURE OF CURRENT COMPOUND
MW = MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CURRENT COMPOUND
STDVP = VAPOR PRESSURE OF STANDARD COMPOUND (AZINPHOSMETHYL)
= 0.0000001 ATM.
15
-------
STDMW = MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF STANDARD COMPOUND (AZINPHOSMETHYL)
= 317
ENTER COMPOUND VAPOR PRESSURE (IN ATM.)
(STANDARD COMPOUND VAPOR PRESSURE = 0.0000001000 ATM.) 0.0000001
ENTER COMPOUND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (STANDARD COMPOUND MOLECULAR WEIGHT = 317) 317
ENTER COMPOUND FORMULATION (IN PERCENT)
(STANDARD COMPOUND FORMULATION = 50.00 PERCENT WETTABLE POWDER) 50
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR VOLATILIZATION IS OF THE FORM
F = (2.303/CONST) * PHI * SIGMA * AQS * DIURN / DEF
WHERE CONST = CONVERSION CONSTANT = 6.02 * 10**20
PHI = QUANTUM YIELD
SIGMA = TOTAL PHOTONS ADSORBED (DIFFERENT FOR EACH COMPARTMENT)
AQS = A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR TO ALLOW FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING
LIGHT ABSORBERS, SENSITIZERS, AND QUENCHERS
DIURN = DIURNAL CONVERSION FACTOR TO LOSS RATE AT PEAK SUNLIGHT
INTENSITY TO DAILY PROPORTIONAL LOSS = 2.52 * 10**4
DEF = ATTENUATION PROPORTION ENTRY FOR PHOTOLYSIS (DIFFERENT FOR
EACH COMPARTMENT)
ENTER QUANTUM YIELD (IN MOLES CONVERTED PER PHOTON ABSORBER)
(CURRENT QUANTUM YIELD = l.OOOOOE-02 MOLES CONVERTED PER PHOTON ABSORBED)
0.001
ENTER MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR TO ALLOW FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING LIGHT ABSORBERS,
QUENCHERS, AND SENSITIZERS (CURRENT AQS MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR = 1.000) 1.0
TOTAL PHOTONS ABSORBED (IN PHOTONS / (MOLE * CM**3 * S) FOR EACH COMPARTMENT
ARE
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.1860E+18 0.6220E+17 0.1040E+18 0
ALLEY 0. 0.1040E+18 0.1450E+18 0
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE ANY ENTRIES? (1) YES (2) NO 2
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS DUE TO AIR TEMP. IS OF THE FORM
F = E ** (DELHA/1.986) * (T - TO) / (T * TO) )
WHERE E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718
T = AIR TEMPERATURE (DEGREES K)
TO = 296 DEGREES K
DELHA = ACTIVATION ENERGY (CALORIES/MOLE)
ENTER ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR ABOVE EQUATION
(CURRENT ACTIVATION ENERGY = 13500.00 CAL/MOLE) 12500
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS DUE TO SOIL TEMP. IS OF THE FORM
16
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F = E ** (SDELHA/1.986) * (T - TO) / (T * TO) )
WHERE E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718
T = SOIL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES K)
TO = 296 DEGREES K
DELHA = ACTIVATION ENERGY (CALORIES/MOLE)
ENTER ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR ABOVE EQUATION
(CURRENT ACTIVATION ENERGY = 13500.00 CAL/MOLE) 12500
The user is next asked if he wishes to change coefficients of attenuation
equations based on environmental conditions. If he selects this option, he is
required to select a specific attenuation process (microbial degradation,
photolysis, hydrolysis, volatilization, oxidation). The appropriate equations
are displayed one at a time and the user may enter new coefficients if
desired.
Example
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF ATTENUATION EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
(1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
(1) MICROBIAL DEGRADATION (2) HYDROLYSIS (3) OXIDATION 1
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR MICROBIAL DEGRADATION BASED ON PERCENT ORGANIC
MATTER IS OF THE FORM
F = (1.0 + E**(A * (PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER - B)))**C
WHERE A = 0.079
B = -1.850
C = 1.870
E = NATURAL LOG BASE = 2.718
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS? (1) YES (2) NO 2
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR MICROBIAL DEGRADATION BASED ON SOIL TEMPERATURE IS
OF THE FORM
F = A + B * SOILTEMP + C * (SOILTEMP**2)
FOR 5 (DEG. C) < SOILTEMP < 52 (DEG. C)
AND F = 0.0 OTHERWISE
WHERE A = -0.19520
B = 0.04480
C = 0.00080
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS? (1) YES (2) NO 2
17
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DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
(1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
(1) MICROBIAL DEGRADATION (2) HYDROLYSIS (3) OXIDATION 2
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR HYDROLYSIS BASED ON PH VALUE IS OF THE FORM
F = 1.0 , IF PH < C
F = A * PH + B, IF PH => C
WHERE A = 10.490
B = -76.810
C = 7.430
ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION? (1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE (2) ATTENUATION
PARAMETERS (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
(5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 3
CURRENT INITIAL PENETRATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER
0.081 0.240 0.255
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE INITIAL PENETRATION PROPERTIES OF A SPRAY
(1) YES (2) NO 2
CURRENT DAILY PENETRATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER
CANOPY 0.000 0.000 0.126
ALLEY 0.000 0.000 0.156
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE DAILY PENETRATION PROPORTIONS? (1) YES (2) NO 2
CURRENT DAILY PENETRATED RESIDUE ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS ARE:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER
CANOPY 0.010 0.010 0.010
ALLEY 0.010 0.010 0.010
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE DAILY PENETRATION ATTENUATION PROPORTIONS
(1) YES (2) NO 2
3. Penetration Parameters
There are three basic penetration parameters for each region and layer in
a matrix form. They represent: (1) the initial penetration rate for a spray;
(2) the daily penetration proportion of dislodgeable residue that becomes
penetrated; and (3) the penetrated residue attenuation proportions.
First, the initial (day of spray) penetration matrix is printed. The
user may change any of the entries one at a time. When this is completed, the
new matrix is printed out. Second, the daily penetration rate matrix is
18
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printed. The user may again change any of the entries one at a time. When
completed, the new matrix will be printed. Finally, the penetrated residue
attenuation matrix is allowed to be altered in the same manner.
Example
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS? (1) YES (2) NO 2
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
(1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE COEFFICIENTS OF EQUATIONS DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR
(1) MICROBIAL DEGRADATION (2) HYDROLYSIS (3) OXIDATION 3
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR FOR OXIDATION IS OF THE FORM
F = A
WHERE A = 1.0000
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THESE COEFFICIENTS? (1) YES (2) NO 2
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE OTHER COEFFICIENTS TO ATTENUATION EQUATIONS?
(1) YES (2) NO 2
4. Movement Parameters
A. SPRAY DISTRIBUTION
The first movement parameter the user is allowed to change is the spray
distribution. The spray distribution represents the proportion of pesticide
reaching the orchard during spraying that goes to each distinct (region and
layer) compartment. The current spray distribution vector is displayed. The
user may use this or enter a new spray distribution vector. If he enters a
new spray distribution vector, he must enter a proportion for each layer and
region. The sum of the proportions he enters must be 1.0. If it is not, it
is normalized to one. (Note -- drift losses are accounted for elsewhere in
the model.) When completed, the new spray distribution vector is printed.
Example
ANY MORE REPARAMETERIZATION? (1) YES (2) NO 1
DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE (2) ATTENUATION
PARAMETERS (3) PENETRATION PARAMETERS (4) MOVEMENT PARAMETERS
(5) ORGANISM PARAMETERS 4
CURRENT SPRAY DISTRIBUTION IS:
LEAVES GRASS LITTER SOIL
CANOPY 0.5392 0.1006 0.0387 0.0299
ALLEY 0.0000 0.0942 0.0300 0.1564
19
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DO YOU WANT TO ENTER A NEW SPRAY DISTRIBUTION? (1) YES (2) NO 2
B. NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX
After the spray distribution matrix is complete, the non-rain movement
matrix is printed. The non-rain movement matrix represents the daily propor-
tions of pesticides that move from one compartment to another (see Subroutine
Non-Rain description for more details about how the matrix is applied).
The user has the option to: (1) re-enter any single column of the
matrix; (2) display the matrix after changes have been made; (3) increase or
decrease the daily proportion of movement of the entire matrix by any multi-
plicative factor; (4) increase or decrease the daily proportion of a single
column by any multiplicative factor; or (5) exit the non-rain movement matrix
change mode. He may make any number of changes (1) through (4) until he exits
the change mode. Note -- options (3) and (4) do not act directly on the
matrix entries. They cause the factor entered to be multiplied by the appro-
priate instantaneous rates calculated from the off-diagonal elements. The
(multiplied) rates are then reconverted to 1-day loss proportions, and the
diagonal elements recomputed by subtraction. Thus, a factor of 2 has the
effect of making the pesticide "half as sticky," while 0.5 makes it "twice as
sticky."
Example
CURRENT NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX
FROM
Cl C2 C3 C4 Al A2 A3 A4
C 1 0.9804
C 2 0.0003 0.9347
C 3 0.0088 0.0654 0.9073
C 4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0927 1.0000
TO A 1
A 2 0.0001 0.9732
A 3 0.0094 0.0265 0.9962
A 4 0.0005 0.0003 0.0038 1.0000
WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
DO YOU WISH (1) TO RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN (2) LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
MOVEMENT MATRIX (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
ENTIRE MOVEMENT MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (4) CHANGE THE DAILY
PROPORTION OF MOEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4
ENTER REGION (1) CANOPY (2) ALLEY
LAYER (1) LEAVES (2) GRASS (3) LITTER-MOSS (4) SOIL
OF THE COLUMN VECTOR YOU WISH TO CHANGE 1 1
ENTER FACTOR YOU WISH TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
(FACTOR MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO) 2.0
20
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DO YOU WISH (1) TO RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN (2) LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
MOVEMENT MATRIX (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
ENTIRE MOVEMENT MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (4) CHANGE THE DAILY
PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 2
CURRENT NON-RAIN MOVEMENT MATRIX
FROM
Cl C2 C3 C4 Al A2 A3 A4
C 1 0.9611
C 2 0.0006 0.9347
C 3 0.0175 0.0654 0.9073
C 4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0927 1.0000
TO A 1
A 2 0.0002 0.9732
A 3 0.0186 0.0265 0.9962
A 4 0.0011 0.0003 0.0038 1.0000
WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
DO YOU WISH (1) TO RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN (2) LOOK AT THE CURRENT NON-RAIN
MOVEMENT MATRIX (3) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE
ENTIRE MOVEMENT MATRIX BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (4) CHANGE THE DAILY
PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) EXIT NON-RAIN MATRIX CHANGE MODE 5
C. RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRICES (see SUBROUTINE RAINFALL for description
of how matrix is applied)
The user is first asked which matrix to display (light or heavy rain-
fall). The changes made to a rainfall matrix are always to the last rainfall
matrix (light or heavy) that was displayed.
When asked to make changes, the user may always display either the light
or heavy rainfall movement matrix.
Other than this, changes in rainfall movement matrices are the exact same
options as those to the non-rain movement matrix. In the heavy rainfall
matrix example below, the movement rate is first doubled, then cut in half to
restore the matrix to its original values.
Example
DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX (2) LOOK AT HEAVY
RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX (3) MAKE NO RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX CHANGES 1
21
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CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
FROM
TO
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
C 1
0.9320
0.0296
0.0021
0.0362
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
C 2
0.7468
0.0708
0.1824
C 3
1.0000
0.0000
C 4
1.0000
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
0.8687
0.0000
0.1313
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4
ENTER FACTOR YOU WISH TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
(FACTOR MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO) 2.
DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 1
CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
TO
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
C 1
0.8686
0.0572
0.0041
0.0699
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
C 2
0.5577
0.1237
0.3186
C 3
1.0000
0.0000
C 4
FROM
A 1
A 2
A 3
A 4
1.0000
0.7546
0.0000
0.2454
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
22
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DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 4
ENTER FACTOR YOU WISH TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE RATE OF MOVEMENT BY
(FACTOR MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO) 0.5
DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 1
CURRENT HEAVY RAINFALL MOVEMENT MATRIX
FROM
C 1 C2 C3 C4 A 1 A2 A3 A4
C 1 0.8209
C 2 0.0202 0.6126
C 3 0.0957 0.0000 1.0000
C 4 0.0082 0.3784 0.0000 1.0000
TO A 1
A 2 0.0270 0.2798
A 3 0.0008 0.4465 1.0000
A 4 0.0272 0.2737 0.0000 1.0000
WHERE C=CANOPY REGION, A=ALLEY REGION
1=LEAVES, 2=GRASS, 3=LITTER-MOSS, 4=SOIL
AND COLUMNS MUST SUM TO 1.0
DO YOU WISH TO (1) LOOK AT CURRENT LIGHT RAINFALL MATRIX (2) LOOK AT CURRENT
HEAVY RAINFALL MATRIX (3) RE-ENTER A SINGLE COLUMN OF THE RAINFALL
MATRIX YOU ARE WORKING ON (4) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF
THE ENTIRE CURRENT MOVEMENT MATRIX BY ANY MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR
(5) CHANGE THE DAILY PROPORTION OF MOVEMENT OF A SINGLE COLUMN BY A
MULTIPLICATIVE FACTOR (6) EXIT RAINFALL MATRIX CHANGE MODE 6
D. PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED
Finally the user is shown the current proportion of grass mowed for a mow
date, and asked if he would like to enter a new one. If so, the proportion
must be > 0.0 and < 1.0
Example
WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE THE PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED (CURRENT PROPORTION
MOWED = 0.0000) (1) YES (2) NO 1
ENTER PROPORTION OF GRASS MOWED (0.0 to 1.0) 0.40
23
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Example Run of POEM
In the following sample run, the user opted to use weather data supplied
on a file, but to enter spray dates manually. The user specified printout of
pesticide residues at 5-day intervals, running of only the isopod (Trache-
oniscus) model, and other choices as shown. Files for plotting pesticide
residues and isopod populations were also created by the run.
Example
EXEC BEGUN.16.18.58
THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE ON BY DEFAULT
ORGANISM SUBMODEL
ATTENUATION SUBMODEL
NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL
RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL
PENETRATION SUBMODEL
WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE
VARIABLE ATTENUATION
OTHER AVAILABLE OPTIONS ARE
MOWER SUBMODEL
WEATHER SIMULATOR
SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR
LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL
MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT
SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL
PESTICIDE PRINTOUT
NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES -- SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC
DO YOU WISH TO TURN ON OR OFF ANY OPTIONS?
(1) YES (2) NO 1
ENTER A VALUE FOR EACH OPTION
(1) FOR OPTION ON (2) FOR OPTION OFF
OPTION 1 ORGANISM SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 2 MOWER SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 3 ATTENUATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 4 WEATHER SIMULATOR 2
OPTION 5 NON-RAIN MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 6 PESTICIDE APPLICATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 7 RAINFALL MOVEMENT SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 8 PENETRATION SUBMODEL 1
OPTION 9 SOIL MOISTURE SIMULATOR 2
OPTION 10 LEAF GROWTH SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 11 MOVEMENT MATRIX DAILY OUTPUT 2
OPTION 12 SOIL TRANSPORTATION SUBMODEL 2
OPTION 13 PESTICIDE PRINTOUT 1
24
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OPTION 14 WRITE FILES FOR PLOTTING PACKAGE 1
OPTION 15 NON-DEFAULT EVENT DATES — SPRAYS, MOWS, ETC 1
OPTION 16 VARIABLE ATTENUATION 1
WHICH ORGANISM SUBMODELS ARE DESIRED (1) YES (2) NO
TRACHEONISCUS? 1
FOLSOMIA? 2
SPIDER? 2
EARTHWORM? 2
HOW MANY YEARS DO YOU WISH TO SIMULATE (ONE TO TEN YEARS) 1
HOW OFTEN (IN DAYS) WOULD YOU LIKE PESTICIDE VALUES PRINTED TO OUTPUT 5
DO YOU WANT TO REPARAMETERIZE THE MODEL (DEFAULT VALUES ARE BASED ON ESTIMATES
FOR AZINPHOSMETHYL AS GUTHION 50 W.P.)
(1) YES (2) NO 2
YEAR 1
ENTER SEASON STARTING DATE 170
ENTER SEASON ENDING DATE 230
HOW MANY SPRAYS DO YOU WISH THIS SEASON (ZERO TO TEN SPRAYS) 2
ENTER DATES CHRONOLOGICALLY
SPRAY DATE 1? 170
DOSAGE (IN KG./HA.) FOR SPRAY 1? 2.0
SPRAY DATE 2? 184
DOSAGE (IN KG./HA.) FOR SPRAY 2? 2.0
SPRAY DATE, DATE 170, SPRAY RATE = 2.00 KG/HA, PERCENT DRIFT OF SPRAY = 50.8
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 170
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 6.559 1.012 0.382
ALLEY 0.561 0.175
0.000 0.578 0.320 0.130 0.396
0.000 0.177 0.060 1.226
25
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PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 170
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 4.697 0.601 0.384 0.000
ALLEY 0.356 0.175 0.000
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 180
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 3.324 0.353 0.279 0.000
ALLEY 0.221 0.132 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.550 0.304 0.372 0.354
0.169 0.196 0.717
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.523 0.289 0.565 0.314
0.160 0.307 0.429
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 1982
SPRAY DATE, DAY 184, SPRAY RATE = 2.00 KG/HA, PERCENT DRIFT OF SPRAY = 39.0
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 184
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 10.220 1.445 0.826 0.000
ALLEY 0.777 0.363 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
1.219 0.674 0.889 0.912
0.674
0.374
0.889
1.890
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 185
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 9.563 1.303 0.798 0.000
ALLEY 0.710 0.353 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
1.206 0.667 0.983 0.888
0.370 0.518 1.712
26
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PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 190
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 6.765 0.765 0.582 0.000
ALLEY 0.441 0.267 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.550
0.634
0.352
1.374
0.736
0.719
0.983
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 195
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 4.765 0.449 0.390 0.000
ALLEY 0.272 0.187 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
1.091
0.603
0.334
1.613
0.876
0.541
0.547
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 200
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 3.369 0.265 0.258
ALLEY 0.169 0.130
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 203
0.000
0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
1.038
0.574
0.318
1.738
0.956
0.388
0.300
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 205
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 1.938 0.140 0.304 0.000
ALLEY 0.064 0.115 0.000
RAIN DATE, LIGHT RAIN DAY 208
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 210
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.987
0.545
0.302
1.844
1.010
0.381
0.227
27
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PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 210
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 1.042 0.086 0.259
ALLEY 0.030 0.074
RAIN DATE, LIGHT RAIN DAY 214
0.000
0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.938
0.519
0.288
1.890
1.027
0.370
0.157
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 190
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 0.694 0.060 0.101 0.000
ALLEY 0.017 0.036 0.000
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 218
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.892 0.493 1.907 0.294
0.274 1.018 0.091
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 220
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 0.408 0.031 0.077 0.000
ALLEY 0.011 0.023 0.000
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.849 0.469 1.872 0.220
0.260 0.992 0.065
PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 225
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 0.289 0.019 0.031 0.000
ALLEY 0.007 0.012 0.000
RAIN DATE, HEAVY RAIN DAY 228
PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
0.807
0.446
0.247
1.813
0.957
0.142
0.038
28
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PREDICTED PESTICIDE LEVELS FOR DAY 230
DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES PENETRATED RESIDUES
LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL LEAVES GRASS LITTER-MOSS SOIL
CANOPY 0.170 0.011 0.029 0.000 0.767 0.424 1.744 0.100
ALLEY 0.004 0.009 0.000 0.235 0.918 0.027
END ORCHARD
077000 FINAL EXECUTION FL.
5.068 CP SECONDS EXECUTION TIME.
Producing Graphs
The two plotting programs described below have been written to allow the
researchers to conveniently generate Tektronix (CRT) or CALCOMP (pen-and-ink)
graphs of pesticide and population levels as generated by POEM. Because they
must utilize locally-determined procedures for plotting, they depend on
MSU-provided software which is not generally available. Thus, for other
sites, more general-purpose plotting packages should be used, working from
POEM-generated files as input. These descriptions are provided to illustrate
an example working environment in which POEM is conveniently utilized.
Pesticide Graphs
Program ORCHARDCALPLOT allows the user to plot pesticide levels in any
region or layer versus time, producing either CALCOMP or TEKTRONIX output. It
has available multiple output formats, depending on the user's needs. It can
plot the level in a single region based on a single poem run, or can plot one
solid and one dashed line, based on two runs, for A, B comparison purposes.
It can also display with vertical bars a set of data (usually measured levels,
at irregular intervals) for comparison with predicted levels.
The program begins by asking whether TEKTRONIX or CALCOMP plotting is
desired. It then presents the user a set of options:
Example
ENTER 1 FOR TEK, 2 FOR CALCOMP...1
PLOTTING OPTIONS—
(1) MEASURED AVERAGES ONLY
(2) MEASURED AVERAGES WITH ONE PREDICTED SET
(3) MEASURED AVERAGES WITH TWO PREDICTED SETS
(4) ONE PREDICTED SET ONLY (NO MEASURED AVERAGES)
(5) TWO PREDICTED SETS WITH NO MEASURED AVERAGES 5
WHAT IS THE BEGINNING YEAR (1 TO 4)?1
WHAT IS THE ENDING YEAR (1 TO 4, AND >= TO BEGINNING YEAR)?1
29
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30
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The user needs to make sure that appropriate files are available for the
option he selects. A single file of predicted residues to be graphed in a
solid line must be called TAPE1. An (optional) second file to appear as a
dashed line must be called TAPE4. If measured values are to be plotted, they
must be called TAPES. (For plots of outputs of single POEM runs, the correct
file is automatically available as TAPE1.) In addition, two files which
specify the dates of pesticide spraying and the dates and amounts of rain must
be available as TAPE2 and TAPES, respectively. If a POEM run has just been
made, the appropriate TAPE2 and TAPE3 have been created by POEM.
For information on file handling on the MSU Cyber system, see the section
on Attaching Tapes.
Organism Graphs
Program ORGPLOT allows the user to plot population levels versus time for
single life stages or groups of life stages. It uses the files generated by
POEM (called TAPE11, TAPE12, TAPE13, TAPE14, TAPE15). They are created by
POEM as follows:
TAPE11 -- non-breeding female ispod populations on each day of the model run,
arranged as:
IN ORGPLOT,
LIFE STAGE INDEX
Day number (January I year 1 = day 1)
Daily egg hatch (not number of eggs present) 1
Size-class 1 (0.5-1.34 mg) 2
Size-class 2 (1.34-5.0 mg) 3
Size-class 3 (5.01-12.0 mg) 4
Size-class 4 (12.01-30.0 mg) 5
Size-class 5 (30.01-50.0 mg) 6
Size-class 6 50.01-80.0 mg) 7
Size-class 7 (>80.0 mg) 8
Total, classes 1-7 (life stage indices 2-8) 9
TAPE12 — breeding female isopod populations on each day of the model run,
arranged as:
Day number
Blank field (egg hatch stored on TAPE11)
Size-class 1-3 0.0 (no small breeders)
Size-class 4 (12.01-30.0 mg) 5
Size-class 5 (30.01-50.0 mg) . 6
Size-class 6 50.01-80.0 mg) 7
Size-class 7 (>80.0 mg) 8
Total, classes 4-7 (life stage indices 5-8) 9
(Note that in ORGPLOT, the populations displayed are the sums of breeding and
non-breeding populations.)
31
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TAPE13 -- collembola (also called Folsomia in the model, based on data from
both Folsomia Candida and Folsomia quadrioculata) populations one each day of
the model run, arranged as:
Day number
Egg hatch on current day (not total eggs present) I
Prejuveniles 2
Juveniles 3
Adults 4
Totals (life stage indices 2-4) 5
TAPE14 -- earthworm populations (see earthworm model for definitions).
TAPE15 -- spider populations on each day of the model run, arranged as:
Day number
Viable eggs (not hatch) 1
Instar 1 2
Instar 8 9
Adults 10
Totals (including eggs) 11
ORGPLOT will expect to find only those files which the user asks to plot
(i.e., for isopods -- TAPE11, TAPE12, for collembola -- TAPE13, for earth-
worms, -- TAPE14, for spiders -- TAPE15). The user is asked for the choice of
organisms, a label for the y-axis, and for scale factor;; for each axis. The
x-axis will be scaled at 6 points (with 5 intervals between) and the user may
explicitly enter the starting and ending Julian dates (cumulative — i.e., 370
is day 5 of year 2), or may enter 0,0 to request auto-seal ing by the program.
A maximum of 1200 days may be displayed. Similarly, the y-(population) axis
can be scaled by specifying an upper limit, or the program will auto-scale it
if a 0 is entered.
The user is next asked for a size-class range to plot. This is given by
specifying the number of the beginning and ending size-classes, in ascending
order -- i.e., for size classes 2-4, enter 2,4; to see only size class 3,
enter 3,3.
After a graph is generated, the user may shoot a hard copy (TEKTRONIX)
before the program contaminates the screen with any further question. When
ready to proceed, the user should type a space and return, to produce the next
question. He may request another graph, or may quit the program. In CALCOMP
mode, the program immediately prompts for further actions, after indicating
that the plot file has been submitted for plotting (an off-line procedure).
Example
ENTER 1 FOR TEK, 2 FOR CALCOMP: 1
32
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WHICH ORGANISM DO YOU WISH TO PLOT
(1) TRACHEONISCUS
(2) FOLSOMIA
(3) SPIDER
(4) EARTHWORM I
ENTER Y-AXIS LABEL FOR GRAPH SAMPLE ISOPODS
ENTER X LOWER, UPPER LIMITS, OR 0,0 FOR AUTOMATIC: 0,0
ENTER Y UPPER LIMIT, OR 0 FOR AUTOMATIC: 0
ENTER LIFESTAGE RANGE TO PLOT: LOWER,UPPER INDICES: 2,4
Attaching Tapes
Disk files which are to be read or written during the operation of POEM
and its associated plotting programs on MSU's CYBER are locally referred to as
TAPEs. This naming is to agree with local file names specified in the PROGRAM
statement at the beginning of each program. At MSU, there are two types of
disk files: local files and permanent files. Permanent files may be read
and/or written only by "attaching" them to (temporary) local file names.
TAPE1, TAPE2, etc. are examples of such local file names. Thus, if the user
wants to plot data from permanent files stored after earlier runs (see below),
he must first "attach" the permanent file to local files, as shown below:
ATTACH,TAPE1.PREDICTEDRUN1.PW = .
This command makes the permanent file PREDICTEDRUN1 accessible as TAPE1,
assuming that the correct password was specified after "PW = ". Similar
commands will retrieve stored weather data.
In the simplest types of use, the user need not concern himself with
these file issues: POEM automatically attaches the permanent file
"WTHRSTATSNEW" if the weather simulator is turned off, and the file
"PWSMOIST2" if the soil moisture submodel is turned off. POEM also creates
(if plotting option is on) the SPRAYDATES(TAPE2) AND RAINAMOUNTS(TAPE3) files
required by DATAPLT to plot the pesticide levels generated by this run (on
TAPE1). Thus, the user need not perform explicit ATTACH commands if he is
using data just generated by the model.
Note -- if POEM is to be run after other programs (or POEM) have been run
in the same session, the user must first release the files POEM will try to
attach: namly, type:
RETURN, TAPE4, TAPE9.
File Conventions in POEM Programs
POEM may read: TAPE4 — weather data (which it attaches as WTHRSTATSNEW)
TAPE9 -- soil moisture data (which it attaches as
PWSMOIST2)
33
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125
100
CD
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o 75
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V
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O
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TIME IN DAYS x 10
1
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96
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34
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POEM creates (depending on options selected)
TAPE1 — pesticide levels
TAPE2 -- spray dates
TAPES -- rain amounts
TAPE11 -- isopod non-breeding populations
TAPE12 — isopod breeding populations
TAPE13 — collembolan populations
TAPE14 — earthworm populations
TAPE15 -- spider populations
DATAPLT (stored on file ORCHARDCALPLOT6) uses:
TAPE2 -- spray dates
TAPES — rain amounts
(TAPE1 -- predicted pesticide levels, to be plotted as solid line —
optional)
(TAPE4 -- predicted levels, to be plotted as dashed line —
optional)
(TAPES -- measured pesticide levels, to be plotted as vertical bars
-- optional)
ORGPLOT uses:
TAPES11-15 as shown above.
Users wishing to run these programs at other sites should replace the
CDC-specific PROGRAM statements, which also control file access, with appro-
priate file handling statements. In particular, in FORTRAN??, the standard
OPEN statements could instead be used.
35
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Goodman, E. D. Modeling Effects of Pesticides on Populations of Soil/Litter
Invertebrates in an Orchard Ecosystem. Env. Toxicol. and Chem. 1:45-60,
1982.
Goodman, Erik D., Matt Zabik, Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Robert M. Kon, Renate M.
Snider. 1983a. Ecosystem Responses to Alternative Pesticides in the
Terrestrial Environment: A System Approach. U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, EPA-600/3-83-079a, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, OR (with Program tape, see Goodman et al., 1983b).
Goodman, Erik D., Matt Zabik, Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Robert M. Kon, Renate M.
Snider. 1983b. Ecosystem Responses to Alternative Pesticides in the
Terrestrial Environment: A System Approach (A Computer Program Magnetic
Tape). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-83-079b, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
Goodman, E. D. , J. J. Jenkins, and M. J. Zabik. A Model for Azinphosmethyl
Attenuation and Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem: II. Parameter-
ization of a Field-Based Model. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol.
12:110-119, 1983.
Jenkins, J. J., M. J. Zabik, R. Kon, and E. D. Goodman. A Model for Azinphos-
methyl Attenuation and Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem: I.
Development and Presentation of the Experimental Data Base. Arch.
Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 12:99-110, 1983.
®
Snider, R. M. The Effects of Azinphosmethyl (Guthion ) on a Population of
Trachelipus rathkei (Isopoda) in a Michigan Orchard. Pedobiol.
19:99-105, 1979.
Snider, R. M. , and J. W. Shaddy. The Ecobiology of Trachelipus rathkei
(Isopoda). Pedobiol. 20:394-401, 1980.
36
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Addendum to User's Manual
Notice
Due to lack of funds and consequent lack of computer and manpower
resources, some features and options of POEM are untested and/or undebugged.
While the bulk of the code required to exercise all of the options described
here is written, and all subroutines have run at various times as independent
units, the linking of some routines has not been completed. Known problems
are listed below:
(Option 2) Weather simulation -- not operable. Weather information
must instead be provided in a file (TAPE4).
(Option 12) Soil transportation model -- not operable. Pesticide
levels in soil cannot be broken down by depth.
(Option 9) Soil moisture model -- not operable. Soil moisture
information must be provided in a file (TAPE9).
37
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