EPA-450/4-74-009
September 1974
(OAQPS No. 1.2-027)
GUIDELINES FOR AIR QUALITY
MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND ANALYSIS
VOLUME 8 : COMPUTER
ASSISTED AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
GRIDDING PROCEDURE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Ouality Planninij and Standards
KeM'ar<>h Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/4-74-009
(OAQPS No. 1.2-027)
GUIDELINES EOR AIR QUALITY
MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND ANALYSIS
VOLUME 8 : COMPUTER -
ASSISTED AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
GRIDDING PROCEDURE
Prepared by
Research Triangle Institute
in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1014
Program Element No. 2AH137
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
September 1974
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OAQPS GUIDELINE SERIES
The guideline series of reports is being issued by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (OAQPS) to provide information to state and local
air pollution control agencies; for example, to provide guidance on the
acquisition and processing of air quality data and on the planning and
analysis requisite for the maintenance of air quality. Reports published in
this series will be available - as supplies permit - from the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a nominal fee, from the National Technical Information Ser-
vice, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by the
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N, C. , in fulfillment
of Contract Number 68-02-1014. Prior to final preparation, the report underwent
extensive review and editing by the Environmental Protection Agency and
other concerned organizations. The contents reflect current Agency thinking
and are subject to clarification, procedural change, and other minor modi-
fication prior to condensation for inclusion in Requirements for Preparation ,
Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans (40 CFR Part 51) .
Publication No. EPA-450/4-74-009
(OAQPS Guideline No. 1.2-027)
11
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FOREWORD
This document is the eighth in a series comprising Guidelines for Air
Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis. The intent of the series is to
provide State and local agencies with information and guidance for the prepa-
ration of Air Quality Maintenance Plans required under 40 CFR 51. The volumes
in this series are:
Volume 1j_ Designation of Air QuaHj.^ Maintenance Areas
Volume 2^ Plan Preparation
Volume 3j_ Control Strategies
Volume 4: Land Use and Transportation Consideration
Volume 5j_ Case Studies [n_ Plan Development
Volume 6: Overview of Air Quality Maintenance Area Analysis
Volume 7j_ Projecting County Emissions
Volume 8: Computer-Assisted Area Source Emissions Gridding
Procedure
Volume 9^ Evaluating Indirect Sources
Volume 10: Reviewing New Stationary Sources
Volume II: Air Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis
Volume 12: Applying Atmospheric Simulation Models U) Air Quality
Maintenance Areas
Additional volumes may be issued.
Ail references to 40 CFR K;ri
jrnendco through July 1974.
in thii> doL'jrnent are to the regulation
in
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PREFACE
Volume 7 has presented guidance for estimating emissions of various
pollutants on a county-wide basis. Allocation of the projected emissions
within the county is seen as the next essential step leading to the goal
of estimating future air quality levels within the county. Volume 8
describes a semi-automated procedure which might serve as one means for
allocating area source emissions within a county. The Computer-Assisted
Area Source Emissions Gridding Procedure (CAASE), developed under contract
for EPA, distributes area source emissions on the basis of census tract
data. There are two obvious deficiencies in relying solely on such a
procedure for allocating projected future county-wide emissions. First,
it is assumed that present population and housing patterns will persist.
Second, emissions from certain types of sources (e.g., aircraft emissions)
may not be closely related to population distribution. Consequently, the
CAASE procedure allows the user to employ "weighting factors" to the area
source emissions which are initially allocated to each grid location within
the county. These factors enable one to override the emission distribution
projections based solely on census tract data. Rationales for applying
override factors in CAASE would include the existence of an enforceable
land use plan for the county and/or other pertinent socio-economic projec-
tions. Volume 13 in the Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis
Guideline series discusses ways in which such data might be related to
area source emissions. Such information could then be used as a direct
means for allocating area source emissions, or could be used in deriving
appropriate weighting factors in the CAASE procedure. The application
of socio-economic data as a means for allocating future county-wide emis-
sion projections is illustrated in Volume 13. It is likely that the
weighting factors in CAASE will become increasingly important as one
projects further and further into the future. However, the technique of
using present census data with override factors has the advantage of
Research Triangle Institute; "Computer Assisted Area Source Emissions
Gridding Procedure (CAASE) User's Manual"; Prepared for EPA, OAQPS under
Contract No. 68-02-1014; (January 1974).
iv
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enabling the user to project from a present distribution of area source
emissions which is likely to represent current area source emission
patterns quite well.
The problem of projecting the nature and location of new point source
emissions is not addressed in CAASE. It may be possible to resolve, in
part, the difficulties in making such projections by employing the third
level of analysis described in Volume 7. Volume 13 also addresses the
problem of projecting the emissions and location of future point sources
to the extent possible. Such projections may frequently be, at best,
tenuous. Therefore, when concrete proposals for large new point sources
are made, it will be necessary to use the guidance contained in Volume 10
of the Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis Guidelines to
Devaluate the impact of the proposed source on air quality.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
FOREWORD iii
PREFACE iv
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES si
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 General Background 1
1.3 The CAASE Method 4
2.0 CAASE1 PROGRAM ] 1
2.1 Program Description 11
2.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 11
2.3 Input Information , 12
2.4 Output Information 12
3.0 CAASE2 PROGRAM 2L
3.1 Program Description 21
3.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 22
3.3 Input Information 22
3.4 Output Information 23
4.0 CAASE3 PROGRAM 29
4.1 Program Description 29
4.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 29
4.3 Input Information 29
4.4 Output Information 30
5.0 CAASE4 PROGRAM 37
5.1 Program Description 37
5.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 39
5.3 Input Information 40
5.4 Output Information 40
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
6.0 CAASE5 PROGRAM 49
6.1 Program Description 49
6.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 53
6.3 Input Information 53
6.4 Output Information 54
7.0 SUBROUTINE PROGRAMS 69
7.1 CED009 Subroutine 69
7.1.1 Subroutine Description 69
7.1.2 Inputs to Subroutine 70
7.1.3 Outputs from Subroutine 70
7.1.4 Other Subroutines Used 70
7.2 GTGR Subroutine 71
7.2.1 Subroutine Description 71
7.2.2 Inputs to Subroutine 72
7.2.3 Outputs from Subroutine 72
7.2.4 Other Subroutines Used 72
7.3 POPMAP Subroutine 72
7.3.1 Subroutine Description 72
7.3.2 Inputs to Subroutine 73
7.3.3 Outputs from Subroutine 73
7.3.4 Other Subroutines Used 74
7.4 POPBOX Subroutine 76
7.4.1 Subroutine Description 76
7.4.2 Inputs to Subroutine 76
7.4.3 Outputs from Subroutine 77
7.4.4 Other Subroutines Used 77
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
7.5 READ1 Subroutine 77
7.5.1 Subroutine Description 77
7.5.2 Inputs to Subroutine 77
7.5.3 Outputs from Subroutine 77
7.5.4 Other Subroutines Used 78
7.6 OUTPT1 Subroutine 78
7.6.1 Subroutine Description 78
7.6.2 Inputs to Subroutine 78
7.6.3 Outputs from Subroutine 78
7.6.4 Other Subroutines Used 78
7.7 OUTPT2 Subroutine 79
7.7.1 Subroutine Description 79
7.7.2 Inputs to Subroutine 79
7.7.3 Outputs from Subroutine 79
7.7.4 Other Subroutines Used 79
7.8 OUTPT3 Subroutine 80
7.8.1 Subroutine Description 80
7.8.2 Inputs to Subroutine 80
7.8.3 Outputs from Subroutine 80
7.8.4 Other Subroutines Used 80
7.9 CIRCLE Subroutine 80
7.9.1 Subroutine Description 80
7.9.2 Inputs to Subroutine 81
7.9.3 Outputs from Subroutine 81
7.9.4 Other Subroutines Used 81
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
8.0 OFF-LINE GRIDDING PROCEDURE 83
8.1 Objective 83
8.2 Required Data 83
8.3 Procedure 83
9.0 OBJECTIVE APPORTIONING FACTORS AND SUBJECTIVE OVERRIDING 89
WEIGHTING FACTORS
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Page Number
1 Flowchart of CAASE System 9
2 Example of Deck Configuration for the CAASE
Programs 14
3 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE1 15
4 Example of a Printout from CAASE1 19
5 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE2 24
6 Example of a Printout from CAASE2 27
7 Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE2 28
8 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE3 31
9 Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE3 34
10 Example of a Printer Output from CAASE3 35
11 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE4 42
12 Example of a Printout from CAASE4 47
13 Plot of Core Storage Requirements Vs. the Number
of Grid Squares in a County 51
14 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE5 56
15 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 1, Apportioned
Fuels 60
16 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 2, Apportioned
Fuels 61
17 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 3, Apportioned
Fuels 62
18 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 4, Apportioned
Fuels 63
19 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 5, Apportioned
Fuels 64
20 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 1, Apportioned
Emissions, Particulates 65
21 Contribution of Each Source-Category-Pollutant
Combination to the County Total 66
22 Example of CAASE5 IPP Card Output 67
23 Example of a Completed County Grid, Washington
County, Ohio 88
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Page Number
1 Table of Input Variables, CAASE1 17
2 Input Card Layout, CAASE1 18
3 Table of Input Variables, CAASE2 25
4 Input Card Layout, CAASE2 26
5 Table of Input Variables, CAASE3 32
6 Input Card Layout, CAASE3 33
7 Area Source Emissions Category Numbers ...... 38
8 Table of Input Variables, CAASE4 45
9 Input Card Layout, CAASE4 46
10 Table of Input Variables, CAASE5 58
11 Input Card Layout, CAASE5 59
12 Area Source Emissions Category Numbers and
Objective Apportioning Factor . . 90
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
The National Air Data Branch of EPA has the responsibility for developing an
accurate emissions inventory for all designated pollutants for the entire United
States. The emissions inventory data must be in a format suitable for use as input
to existing computer programs for displaying air quality, or for evaluating State
Implementation Plans. Key computer programs which require emissions inventory data
are the Air Quality Display Model (AQDM) and the Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
Point Sources of emissions present no difficulties with regard to the formatting
of data for use with AQDM or IPP. Area source emission data, however, present
problems. Usually, the smallest geographic unit for which accurate primary data
(e.g. annual residential fuel consumption) are available is the county. These data
must be disaggregated and appropriately allocated (as emissions) to smaller areas to
provide an adequately detailed input for AQDM or IPP.
The CAASE programs (CAASEl through CAASE5) with associated subroutines and off-
line procedures provide an objective method for allocating county-level data to grid
squares selected on the basis of demographic features and sized to give appropriate
detail for input to air quality modeling programs. CAASE is an acronym made up of
the first letters of Computer Assisted Area Sipurce Emissions gridding.
1.2 General Background
The attainment of acceptable air quality within an Air Quality Control Region
requires the implementation of appropriate strategies for the control of emissions
of pollutants from individual sources or classes of sources. The probable success of
candidate control strategies can be evaluated through the use of computer simulation
models. These models manipulate the characteristics of the many sources, e.g.
location, annual emissions, height and temperature of emissions, and meteorological
conditions, e.g. wind direction and speed distribution with associated thermal
stability conditions, to produce a distribution of ambient air pollutant concentrations
over the region being considered.
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Simulation models frequently used are based on Gaussian plume formations and
accept as inputs either point sources, or area sources (which are converted to virtual
point sources). Point sources are those individually identifiable boiler stacks,
process vents, etc., emitting more than some arbitrarily specified mass of pollutant
each year. Area sources, however, include the more ubiquitous, individually small
sources which cannot be specifically located.
The objective of the CAASE method is the improvement of the characterization
of area sources. Basic data for the determination of area source emissions seldom,
if ever, are available for geographic or political units or areas smaller than the
county, or in some cases, the large city which functions politically independently
of the surrounding county. These basic data are in the form of, for example, annual
fuel consumption, by fuel type, for residential, for commercial and institutional,
and for industrial heating; acreage burned by forest fires; landing-takeoff cycles
for military, for commercial and for civil aircraft; gasoline or diesel fuel
consumed by light, heavy and off-highway vehicles, or vehicle miles traveled by road
classification; etc. These data can be converted to pollutant emissions by the
application of appropriate emission factors.
The geographic size of a county, however, is too large for practical use in
simulation models for AQCR's. Logical procedures are required for distributing
the county totals basic data or derived emissions data to smaller areas. Further
constraints imposed by the simulation models require that these small areas be squares,
although they need not be of uniform size. Various criteria have been proposed as.
bases for selecting the sizes and distribution of the emission area squares.
Urbanization, land use, housing counts, and population have all been used subjectively
to grid AQCR's into emission area squares (hereafter called grid squares) and
subsequently to apportion county totals of pollutant emissions into each grid square.
In general, the philosophy followed has required that urbanized or industrialized
portions of the county or AQCR be gridded into small squares to provide for detailed
representation of concentration of pollution sources. Conversely, rural areas with
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few pollution sources are adequately represented by large grid squares. Essentially,
application of this philosophy results in apportioning county total emissions to grid
squares according to subjective estimates of the distribution of population. Since
air pollution derives from human activity this procedure provides a reasonable approach
to developing area source emission distributions.
The development of the CAASE programs began as an effort to reduce the subjec-
tivity inherent in distributing population into pre-selected grid squares. Success
in this effort would concurrently reduce the time and effort required to complete the
area source emission distribution.
The Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce has prepared a
modified Master Enumeration District List (MEDList) which includes, in addition
Co the district identification, population count, housing count, etc., the
geographic coordinates of the center of area of each of the enumeration districts. A
computer plot of these population centers, coded to graphically represent population
count used in conjunction with U.S. Geological Survey maps providing topographic and
terrain features, furnishes a relatively detailed information base for constructing a
county grid square system.
The procedures described in this manual have evolved from a feasibility study
(Contract CPA 70-147) in which three AQCR's, 145 (Lancaster, Gage, and Jefferson
Counties, Nebraska), 99 (South Central Kansas), and 130 (Metropolitan Fargo-Moorehead)
were gridded. In this study the ambient air quality indicated by the AQDM simulation
model, based on a previously prepared (by another EPA contractor) area source
emissions grid and a corresponding simulation based on the CAASE grid were
compared. Because smaller grid squares were used by the CAASE method for central urban
areas where the plotted population data showed concentrations of people higher
peak values of ambient pollutant concentrations were shown for the cities, and sharper
gradients of pollutant concentrations appeared in the urban to rural transition zone.
In rural areas ambient pollutant concentrations did not differ with the change in the
grid system.
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Subsequent to the demonstration of feasibility of the CAASE method, fifteen
AQCR's have been gridded and area source emissions have been determined for each grid
square (Contract 68-02-1014). From this experience, the CAASE method as described in
this manual has evolved.
1.3 The CAASE Method
CAASE has five computer programs associated with it and various subroutines
called by these programs. Off-line gridding is done in the procedure steps between
the execution of the second and third programs. For convenience the programs have
been numbered CAASE 1 through CAASE 5 and they perform the following functions:
*
CAASE1 strips the MED-X census tape files for all of the enumeration district
population entries for all counties in the Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) being
processed. CAASE1 also converts the coordinates of the center of each enumeration
district from latitude and longitude (in degrees) to Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) coordinates which are used in dispersion modeling programs. CAASE1 also writes
tape files to be used as input to the CAASE2 and the CAASE4 programs.
The CAASE2 program, using edited tape files written by CAASE1 and a line-drawing
plotter (in this application a CALCOMP plotter), plots circles with their radii
proportional to the population counts. A circle is plotted for each enumeration
district with its center at the geographical center of the enumeration district. This
plotted output can then be overlayed onto the standard USGS map(s). The maps and
scaling used have been the USGS 1:250,000 with a 1-inch radius representing 4,000
people. CAASE2 plots a separate chart (map) for each county in the AQCR. This
procedure is used because the primary purpose of the gridding is to select grid
squares within a county so that total emissions (or total fuels) for the county can
be apportioned into these grid squares. When all counties for a particular AQCR have
been processed through CAASE1 and CAASE2, a grid for the entire AQCR must be determined
using partly subjective means (see Section 8). In order to make this determination a
Master Enumeration District Listing extended with geographic coordinates (MED-X).
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light-table is used and the population plots are overlayed onto a USGS map(s) contain-
ing all counties for the AQCR. A grid is selected for the entire AQCR with each grid
square having a side length which can range from 1 km to 30 km. Any size could be
selected, but it is generally agreed that this is the range which will best depict the
area source inputs for dispersion modeling, i.e. it provides enough resolution, but
does not generate more resolution than the models warrant (which would result in a
waste of computer time when dispersion modeling programs are run). Because determining
the sizes of the grid squares and where they should be placed is partially subjective,
the technical personnel performing this step should have had some experience in gridding
area source emissions using other techniques or should have been trained to use this
technique. That is to say, the CAASE1 and CAASE2 programs have simply produced, in
graphical form, a representation of where the people are located within the counties.
After all grid squares have been constructed for the entire AQCR being processed,
a card deck is prepared describing this grid for input to the CAASE3 program.
Specifically, the grid squares are numbered in some orderly way, preferably sequentially
by county. A load sheet is then prepared for keypunching a card associated with each
grid square. On this load sheet the grid identification number (ID), the UTM coordinates
of the lower left-hand corner of the grid square, and the side length of the square are
entered. The county, state, and AQCR are also entered for identification purposes. It
is very easy, during this step, to introduce clerical errors in the recording of
coordinates and side lengths. However, the CAASE3 program offers an opportunity to
find keypunch errors not discovered while verifying.
The CAASE3 program uses the input grid description cards and draws, to scale, a
map of the entire AQCR. The map drawn by CAASE3 portrays the grid, and it is helpful
in isolating any errors which may have been introduced when preparing the load sheets
or in keypunching and verifying the cards. All grid elements must be square and errors
of omission or the incorrect recording of a coordinate(s) are quite obvious when this
map is visually checked. A symbol, in this application an "X," is optionally plotted
at the center of each grid square to help in the location of errors.
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After the grid description cards have been corrected, if necessary, for any
errors found by using the CAASE3 program, the next step in the procedure is to use the
CAASE4 program which assigns apportioning values to each of the grid squares. For e'ach
area source emission category included on the area source input form (EPA (DUR) 219
3/72), an apportioning factor has been assigned using objective data when possible.
Bureau of the Census MED-X data tapes contain a population count, a housing count,
and a rural/urban classification for each enumeration district. Each grid description
card includes the side length of the grid square from which the area is calculated.
County totals for most of the area source emissions categories can be objectively
apportioned using population, housing, area, or a combination of these three measurements.
One obvious exception is the apportioning of emissions from aircraft operations which
would require a knowledge of airport locations and, if more than one airport was
located within a county, their relative operations activity.
The CAASE4 program logic has been written to permit the user to subjectively
override any of the objective apportioning factors. The actual apportioning factor
for each source category used within the program, is the product of a weighting
factor and the assigned objective factor. This allows the user to override the
programmed (or objective) apportioning factor within any particular county (or
counties) if information to do so is available. The output of the CAASE4 program
includes binary tape files which are used as input files to the CAASE5 program.
CAASE4 output files contain, for each grid square and source category combination for
each county, a number which can be used to apportion a fraction of the county total
into each grid square within the county. Each county within the AQCR is processed
separately through the CAASE4 program using the grid squares associated with the
county, the MED-X census data and any overriding weighting factors provided as
additional input data.
The CAASE5 program, using "fuel" totals for each of the emission source categories
for area sources, apportions these "fuels" into the individual grid squares. CAASE5
uses the same methods as those used in the EPA program NE03 to calculate the emissions
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using fuel totals and emission factors for each of the source emissions categories.
The term "SMEAR" has generally been used when describing the process of apportioning
the total emissions for a county into the grid squares within a county. The CAASE5
program does the "SMEARING" by using apportioning factors assigned by CAASE4. CAASE5
first "SMEARS" the "fuel" for each of the categories into each of the grid squares and
outputs (prints) a tabular listing (and writes a binary magnetic tape) for all grid
squares within the county for each emissions source category. For each area source
emissions category, each grid square receives a fraction of the county total that
fraction being the number associated with that particular grid square and "fuel"
category divided by the sum of all apportioning numbers for that "fuel" category
within the county. For any area source category, the apportioning fractions summed
over all grid squares for that county equals unity.
Procedurely, the pollutant emissions are calculated for the county totals and
then "SMEARED." This procedure is used, rather than calculating emissions for each
grid square using "SMEARED" fuels, because the calculations for "SMEARING" do not
require as much computer time as the calculations of the emissions. For each source
category, emissions are calculated for the five pollutants: suspended particles
(SP), sulfur dioxide (SCL), oxides of nitrogen (NO ), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon
monoxide (CO). As emissions of each pollutant are calculated and "SMEARED," a tabular
listing is output (printed) of the "SMEARED" emissions for each pollutant as was done
with the fuels. The county totals for each emissions source category are output to
indicate the contribution of each of them to the total emissions for each pollutant.
For each grid square the "SMEARED" emissions from all source categories are summed
for each pollutant for output in the Implementation Planning Program (IPP) expanded
card format for area source inputs. A binary magnetic tape is also written containing
all data items in the tabular listings and card decks. The output from CAASE5, then,
includes tables of "SMEARED" fuel totals and "SMEARED" emissions for each of the five
pollutants of interest, where for each grid square a separate value is printed for
each source category. Also, a card deck is punched in the IPP format, containing, for
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each grid square, the total suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions "SMEARED" into each grid square for all
source categories. At the request of EPA the IPP input card format was expanded to
include all five pollutants and the state and county code numbers. The county totals
for each of the five pollutants are also printed and were used during the development
and application of the CAASE method to compare CAASE program outputs with the total
emissions for each county which were calculated by the EPA program NE03. A detailed
description of each of these five main CAASE programs, their subroutines, the off-
line gridding procedure, and the use of overriding apportioning factors, are contained
in other sections of this manual.
Figure 1 is a flow chart of the overall CAASE system.
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CAASE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
AND IDENTIFY
OUTPUT
PROGRAM CAASE1
STRIPS CENSUS FILES AND
CONVERTS COORDS. FROM
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
TO UTM
PROGRAM CAASE2
PLOTS POPULATION DATA
TO SCALE, ONE COUNTY
PER PLOT PICTURE
INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL
PROGRAM AND
IDENTIFY OUTPUT
INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
ATID IDENTIFY
OUTPUT
GRID
SQUARE
IDENTIFIERS
PROGRAM CAASE3
DRAWS AREA" SOURCE
GRID SQUARES FOR
ENTIRE AQCR
ERROR MESSAGES
EXPEDITE
CORRECTION
Oi ANY ERKOXEOUS/
-RID COORDS.
/"IVPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
IDENTIFY OUTPUT &
DATA FOR OVERRIDING
OBJ.APPORTIONING
FACTORS
PROGRAM
ASSIGNS APPORTIONING
VALUES TO EACH OF
THE GRID SQUARES
IMPLEMENTATION
PLANNING PROGRAM
CARD DECK
PRINTOUT OP TABLES
OF APPORTIONED FUELS'
AND EMISSIONS
FILES
IMCL'1 SMEARED
FUELS TOTALS
"SMEARED"
EMISSIONS,
(, IPP CAW)
IMAGES
PROGRAM CAASE5
APPORTIONS "FUELS" AND
EMISSIONS INTO THE
INDIVIDUAL GRID
SQUARES
FILE OF
APPORTIONING
FACTORS FOR
EACH GRID
SQUARE IN
AQCR
ERROR MESSAGES
AND INPUT INFO.
NECESSARY FOR
PROGRAM CAASE5
"FUELS"
TOTALS FROM
STRIPPED NEDS
FILES ASEA
SOURCE CATEGORY
EPA(DUR) 219 3/72
I INPUT VARIABLES TO
CONTROL PRUC1AM AND
IDENTIFY OUTPUT
Figure 1. Flowchart of CAASE System
9
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2.0 CAASE1 PROGRAM
2.1 Program Description
This program performs several functions which include the editing, conversion
of coordinates (from geographic latitude and longitude to the universal transverse
mercator (UTM) system), flags those counties which cross (straddle) two UTM zones,
and calculates the length of the X and Y axes necessary for the subsequent plot-
ting of the population at enumeration district centers. The program will process
one or several counties contained in one or more states making up an Air Quality
Control Region. Because the counties are dealt with in later programs as separate
entities, CAASE1 generates a separate file for each county. The program uses two
types of input data, (1) the Bureau of the Census MED-X data tape (MEDLlst with
latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates added), and (2) punched cards to specify
the values of variables for the county (or counties) being processed. Outputs include
an edited, or stripped, file for each county, diagnostic messages, error messages
when necessary, and information to aid in the execution of the next program in the
series. In addition to systems subprograms, the subroutine CED009, described in
Section 7.1 is used for converting coordinates.
2.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. Using the
Parkersburg-Marletta AQCR as an example, the associated JCL and input data cards are
illustrated in Figure 3. The JCL cards illustrated assume the following:
11
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a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in
the input job stream.
c. The MED-X census data are on magnetic tape.
d. The number of counties to be processed is nine and are located
in two states (Ohio and West Virginia).
e. The output of census data is on magnetic tape with a separate
file created for each county.
2.3 Input Information
A description of the punched card input variables appears in Table 1. It
includes the scaling factor, the name of the selected Air Quality Control Region,
the number of states in the AQCR, the name of each state, the number of counties
in each state, the Federal county code number, and the name of each county. The
scaling factor, which has the same value as one which will be used in the plotting
of the population centers in CAASE2, is used with the differences between the
minimum and maximum UTM coordinates of the easting and northing for UTM zone(s)
associated with the county being processed to calculate the size of the plot
"picture" needed. The scaling factor, although variable, has been calculated for
a scale of 1:250,000 for all processing done in the applications thus far
using the CAASE method. The input card layout is described in Table 2.
2.4 Output Information
Printed output from the program includes the Air Quality Control Region,
state(s), and county(ies) being processed. Also output for each UTM zone in the
county (most counties include only one zone), is the zone number, the minimum and
maximum easting and northing UTM coordinate, and the minimum X axis and Y axis
(in inches, using the scale factor (SCALEX) that was read in), necessary to portray
all population centers on a computer drawn map. When all records for a county of
interest have been processed, the county name, its number, and the number of
12
-------
records written on the output tape are printed. A magnetic tape is written with
a separate file created for each county processed. Once the county of interest is
found on the MED-X tape, a record is written for each input record except for the
population data summary. The summarization of enumeration district population counts
can be recognized by the program because the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates
are zero. Error messages are printed and, if they are fatal, the program operation
is terminated. The census data record written by CAASE1 is essentially the same as
the MED-X input record with the UTM zone number and the easting and northing UTM
coordinates for each population center appended. Figure 4 is an example of a
printout from CAASE1.
13
-------
END OF DATA SET CARD
-« INPUT DATA SET
JCL CARDS FOR DATA SET DEFINITION
END CARD FOR OBJECT MODULE
PROGRAM OBJECT DECK
JCL CARDS FOR LOAD
AND EXECUTE
Figure 2. Example of Deck Configuration for the CAASE Programs
14
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TABLE 1. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE1
VARIABLE NAME
SCALEX
NSTAT
AQCR
NCNTY
STATE
ICNTY
CNTY
DEFINITION
Scaling factor used to convert the
distance in kilometers to plotter
inches.
Number of states in AQCR
Name of selected Air Quality Control
Region
Number of counties in state
Name of selected state
Federal county code number for
selected county
Name of selected county
17
-------
TABLE 2. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE1
CARD TYPE
1
2
COLUMNS
1-12
1-4
5-24
1-4
5-24
1-4
5-24
FORMAT
F12.0
14
5A4
14
5A4
14
5A4
VARIABLE NAME
SCALEX
NSTAT
AQCR
NCNTY
STATE
ICNTY
CNTY
CARD TYPE 3 is repeated after the set of CARD 4's if the AQCR contains more than one
state, and is followed by the necessary CARD 4's.
CARD TYPE 4 is repeated depending on the number of counties in the state.
18
-------
T
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3.0 CAASE2 PROGRAM
3.1 Program Description
The purpose of this program in the CAASE system is to graphically portray the
population centers within the county, both as to location and to number of people in
each of the enumeration districts. The program is also used to resolve the problem
presented when an Air Quality Control Region straddles a UTM zone boundary. Because
the gridding of an AQCR requires a common reference point, when more than one UTM zone
lies within the AQCR, one of the zones must be declared the primary zone. The primary
zone may be either the westernmost or the easternmost of the two; an input variable is
used to indicate which. In most applications thus far, when an AQCR straddled a zone
boundary, the western zone has been declared the primary zone and the points falling
in the eastern zone have been converted using the subroutine GTGR obtained from EPA.
In some cases, to declare the eastern zone the primary zone could yield negative
easting coordinates which, at the time of this application, were unacceptable to the
Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
Several counties may be processed during a single computer run with this program
but the processing is done in series with a separate plotter output picture (map) for
each county. A standard picture size of 10.5 inches for the south to north axis and
14.0 inches for the west to east axis usually will be sufficient for plotting a county
using a map scale of 1:250,000. Provisions are made in the program to use overriding
input variables to produce a picture with a south to north axis up to 29.5 inches.
The west to east axis may be of any practical length because the plotter paper is on
a continuous roll. When these overriding picture size options are used an "operator
message" is issued to enable the operator to change paper on the plotter. Prudence
would suggest not mixing standard size plots with "special case" (wide paper) plots.
In addition to the subroutine GTGR, which converts coordinates from one UTM zone to
another, CAASE2 uses the subroutine POPMAP which places a small triangle in the center
of each enumeration district and draws a circle, with radius proportional to the
21
-------
population, around the triangle. The subroutine POPMAP is described in Section 7.3.
The CAASE2 program uses two types of input data, (1) the edited MED-X data tape output
from CAASE1, and (2) punched cards to specify the values of variables including
scaling factors, optional picture size, and labeling information for the county (or
counties) being processed. Outputs include a plotted map depicting the location and
population of each enumeration district in a county. This map is drawn to the scale
of the map which will be used when selecting the grid for the AQCR being processed,
Also output from this program are diagnostic messages, error messages when necessary,
and a summary of records plotted for each county processed. Subroutine GTGR IS
described in Section 7.2.
3.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of the deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example to plot Washington County, Ohio, in the Parkersburg-
Marietta AQCR, are illustrated in Figure 5. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes
the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the job
input stream.
c. The population data are on magnetic tape, and were output from
CAASE1 on reel number RED087 as file number four.
d. The number of counties to be processed is one and can be plotted
using the standard 10.5 inches by 14.0 inches plotting picture.
e. The tables used by the GTGR subroutine are on a disk (not needed
for this AQCR, but JCL cards are included in the example).
3.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 3. They include the number of
counties to be plotted for the AQCR during this computer run, the total number of
22
-------
counties in the AQCR, the AQCR name, the primary UTM zone, the east-west direction
to convert coordinates to the primary zone when the AQCR straddles a UTM zone boundary,
the scaling factors to convert population to the radius of a circle (in plotter space
inches), and the spacing between axes tick-marks. Also input for each county to be
plotted are cards containing the UTM coordinates for an appropriate origin, the county
code, county name, state code and state name, and an axes flag to indicate whether the
standard axes lengths will be used. For a county requiring longer axes than standard,
input cards are necessary specifying the length (in inches of plotter space) of the X
and Y axes and the number of tick-marks required. The input card layout is described
in Table 4.
3.4 Output Information
Output from CAASE2 includes the printing of the AQCR name, total number of counties
in the AQCR, and the number of counties plotted. Also output on the printer are the
distance and population scaling factors, and any error messages returned from sub-
routines POPMAP and GTGR. At the end of the processing of all counties for any
computer run, the county names, their numbers, and the number of records plotted for
each county are also printed. See Figure 6 for an example of the printed output for
Washington County, Ohio and Figure 7 for the plotter output.
23
-------
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TABLE 3. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE2
VARIABLE NAME
NCNTY
ITOT
AQCR
IZONE
EW
SCALEX
SCALEP
TICINC
XXZERO
YYZERO
ICNTY
XCNTY
IAXES
ISTAT
XSTAT
XLONG
YLONG
XTIC
me
DEFINITION
Number of counties to be plotted
Number of counties in the AQCR
Name of Air Quality Control Region
Primary UTM zone
Direction of coordinate point
conversion for primary zone when
AQCR straddles UTM zones
Scaling factor to convert distances
in kilometers to plotter inches
Scaling factor to convert population
to circle radius in inches
Distance between axes tick-marks in
inches
Lower left-hand X coordinate of the
selected county
Lower left-hand Y coordinate of the
selected county
Federal county code for selected county
Name of selected county
Axes flag signifying whether the
standard axes will be used
Federal state code number for selected state
Name of selected state
Length of X axis if standard X axis
is too short
Length of Y axis if standard Y axis
is too short
Number of tick-marks on lengthened X
axis
Number of tick-marks on lengthened Y
axis
25
-------
TABLE 4. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE2
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-4 14 NCNTY
5-8 14 ITOT
9-28 5A4 AQCR
31-35 15 IZONE
36-40 F5.0 EW
2 1-12 F12.0 SCALEX
13-24 F12.0 SCALEP
25-36 F12.0 TICINC
3* 1-10 F10.0 XXZERO
11-20 F10.0 YYZERO
21-24 14 ICNTY
25-48 6A4 XCNTY
51-52 12 IAXES
4 1-4 14 ISTAT
5-16 3A4 XSTAT
5f 1-10 F10.0 XLONG
11-20 F10.0 YLONG
21-25 15 XTIC
26-30 15 YTIC
CARD TYPES 3 and 4 are repeated depending on number of counties to be plotted.
CARD TYPE 5 is used ONLY if the county requires longer axes.
26
-------
AIR QUALITY CONTRf'L * Ki MN IS PARKCP. SHUi ,
01
0.739172H Ql 0. 664999fc-0l
XMFW, YMuWtPOPNCW =
0.3885011: 01
0.6902031: 01 0. 63 7/t99Lr -Ul
s"v|Ew,Y^LW,PP(5NFW = ':.JC77i3r ')! 0.37:-Vi6t 01
00
'L-W> POPNE:W = 0.31U550L 01 0.301365ir O1
0.246250E 00
XNEW t YNEWt POP Mi" W =
0.-i?t,7bO'r 01
^ 01
0.247500L: 00
XNfc'W,
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01 0.306250F: 00
XNL"«',YMf-W|P(JPNLW =
0.15H36" 01
0.2530001- 00
XNrW,YNi-W,POPNlFW = r'.3910?u;" Oi 0.1-+-237'" Oi 0.653750V 00
-MAM JtTTA
COUNTY NAMf
conr-' NO.
NO. OF DISTKICTS PLOTTED
1.67
GOO'[J">fNISH~
I
Figure 6. Example of a Printout from CAASE2
27
-------
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4.0 CAASE3 PROGRAM
4.1 Program Description
The CAASE3 program is designed to draw area source grid squares for any given
AQCR. It uses a set of data cards that define, for each grid square within the AQCR,
the coordinates of the lower left-hand corner and the side length. The program is
useful for identifying clerical errors or keypunching errors and for describing the
locations and sizes of each of the grid squares within an AQCR. A scaling factor
appropriate for the map with which the grid will be used may be input; the only
restriction is the physical limitations of the plotter paper width. CAASE3 calls the
subroutine POPBOX and provides to it the necessary information to drive the plotter
to draw the AQCR grid. Subroutine POPBOX is described in Section 7.4. Because most
AQCR's contain several counties, the 30-inch-wide paper probably will be necessary
for CAASE3 plotting and an "operator message" requesting the wide paper is issued by
the program in all cases.
4.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example for the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR are illustrated in
Figure 8. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the
job input stream.
c. The punched cards describing the grid squares and their locations
are in the job input stream.
d. Only one Air Quality Control Region (AQcR) is to be plotted.
4.3 Input Information
All input to the CAASE3 program is through punched cards in the input stream.
The punched card input variables appear in Table 5. Input variables define the
29
-------
scaling factor, the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner of the entire AQCR,
the AQCR name, the length in plotter space inches of both the X and Y axes, the number
of tick-marks wanted on both the X and Y axes, the spacing of the tick-marks, and a
card for each grid square in the AQCR which contains the identification number of the
grid square, the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner, and the side length
of the grid square. The input card layout is described in Table 6.
4.4 Output Information
In addition to a computer driven plotter output of all grid squares (see Figure
9 for an example) within the AQCR drawn to scale, error messages, when necessary, and
a listing of input data are printed. Figure 10 is an example of the printed output.
30
-------
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3 333333 3 3333 333333333 333 333 33 33 333 33333333333333
t 4444444 44 44444 4444444 4 ' 4 4 4444444444444444444444444444444
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5EEE6 56 66666666 6 6 666 66 6 6 fi 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 E u 8 6 6 EEEEEE 6666666666666666
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338 388 88 8888 8888888888S8 88888989 3 888 8 8 8 8 S 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 '
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i n M n n :3 « x x n a a so 31 35 33 34 35 36 n 11 3« 40 « « 43 u 45 'S 47 « « M si s.' 53 51 :s ss s: ;s 59 so 6' 52 63 54 ss si S7 si 69 ra 71 rz 73 74 75 re 77 n 73 n y
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31
-------
TABLE 5. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE3
VARIABLE NAME
SCALEX
TICINC
XZERO
YZERO
AQCR
XLONG
YLONG
IXTIC
IYTIC
IBOX
XPT
YPT
S
CNTY
DEFINITION
Scaling factor to convert distances
in kilometers to plotter inches
Distance between axes tick-marks
in inches
Lower left-hand X coordinate for
entire AQCR
Lower left-hand Y coordinate for
entire AQCR
Name of selected Air Quality Control
Region
Length of X axis
Length of Y axis
Number of tick-marks on X axis
Number of tick-marks on Y axis
Area source grid square number
Lower left-hand X coordinate for
the grid square
Lower left-hand Y coordinate for
the grid square
Length of the side of the grid square
Name of county to which grid square
belongs
32
-------
TABLE 6. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE3
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-12 F12.0 SCALEX
13-24 F12.0 TICINC
2 1-10 F10.0 XZERO
11-20 F10.0 YZERO
21-40 5A4 AQCR
3 1-10 F10.0 XLONG
11-20 F10.0 YLONG
21-25 15 IXTIC
26-30 15 IYTIC
4* 1-10 110 IBOX
11-20 F10.0 XPT
21-30 F10.0 YPT
31-40 F10.0 S
71-78 2A4 CNTY
5 A blank card indicating no more grid squares for this AQCR.
6 A blank card indicating no more AQCR's to be gridded.
*
CARD TYPE 4 is repeated for each grid square in the AQCR.
33
-------
(ONIHiUON) MX
Figure 9. Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE3
(Figure Optically Reduced)
34
-------
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5.0 CAASE4 PROGRAM
5.1 Description of Program
The CAASE4 apportioning factor program uses the edited MED-X data files, with
UTM coordinates (output from CAASE1) and cards describing the lower left-hand corner
and side length of each area source grid square and processes the census data to sum
all of the population and housing counts for all enumeration districts with centers
falling within each individual grid square. The area of each grid square is also
calculated. Because the MED-X data locates the geographical center of the enumera-
tion district, the basic question is whether the center falls within the geographic
outline of the grid square. These population summations, housing summations, and
areas for each grid square are objective factors used in the apportioning of total
county emissions, for each of the source emissions categories, into grid squares of
unequal size which have been subjectively located using graphical outputs from CAASE2.
Because there are source categories, e.g. airports, which do not lend themselves to
objective apportioning based on population, housing, or area, provisions are made in
the CAASE4 program to input, as overriding weighting factors, any information known
to the technical personnel gridding the county (or counties) within the AQCR and
apportioning the county total emissions. These weighting factors override the
objective apportioning factors. A detailed discussion of the objective apportioning
factors and the overriding apportioning weighting factors, their rationale, and how
to apply them, are included in Section 9.0 of this manual.
For convenience, the several fields of "fuel" data on the Area Source Input Form
EPA (DUR) 219 3/72 have been sequentially numbered for category number, major
classification (residential fuel, industrial fuel, etc.), and minor classification
(anthracite coal, bituminous coal, distillate oil, etc.). Table 7 relates the
category number to its major and minor classifications, and the method of introducing
overriding apportioning factors is discussed in Section 5.3, Input Data.
The CAASE4 program also relates all locations to a common origin, i.e., in using
the CAASE1 output tape of census data, more than one UTM zone may be encountered;
37
-------
TABLE 7. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS CATEGORY NUMBERS
INSTITUTIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
CATEGORY MAJOR
NUMBER CLASSIFICATION
1 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
2 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
3 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
5 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
6 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
7 COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
8 COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
9 COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
10 COMMERCIAL &
11 COMMERCIAL &
12 COMMERCIAL &
13 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
14 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
15 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
16 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
17 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
18 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
19 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
20 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
21 ON-SITE INCINERATION
22 ON-SITE INCINERATION
23 ON-SITE INCINERATION
24 OPEN BURNING
25 OPEN BURNING
26 OPEN BURNING
27 GASOLINE FUEL
28 GASOLINE FUEL
29 GASOLINE FUEL
30 DIESEL FUEL
31 DIESEL FUEL
32 DIESEL FUEL
33 AIRCRAFT
34 AIRCRAFT
35 AIRCRAFT
36 VESSELS
37 VESSELS
38 VESSELS
39 VESSELS
40 EVAPORATION
41 EVAPORATION
42 MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
43 MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
44 MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
45 MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
46 DIRT ROADS TRAVELED
47 DIRT AIRSTRIPS
48 CONSTRUCTION LAND AREA
49 ROCK HANDLING & STORING
50 FOREST FIRES*
51 SLASH BURNING*
52 FROST CONTROL51
53 STRUCTURE FIRES
54 COAL REFUSE BURNING'
. **
***
**
MINOR
CLASSIFICATION
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
WOOD
FUEL ANTHRACITE COAL
FUEL BITUMINOUS COAL
FUEL DISTILLATE OIL
FUEL RESIDUAL OIL
FUEL NATURAL GAS
FUEL WOOD
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
COKE
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
WOOD
PROCESS GAS
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
LIGHT VEHICLE
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF-HIGHWAY
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF-HIGHWAY
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
MILITARY
CIVIL
COMMERCIAL
ANTHRACITE COAL
DIESEL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
GASOLINE
SOLVENT PURCHASED
GASOLINE MARKETED
LIMITED ACCESS ROADS
RURAL ROADS
SUBURBAN ROADS
URBAN ROADS
AREA-ACRES
AREA-ACRES
ORCHARD HEATERS
NUMBER PER YEAR
SIZE OF BANK
***
k ** ***
Tons/acre also reported; Days/yr. fired also reported; Number/yr. also reported.
38
-------
therefore, a primary zone is declared on an input card and those points falling
outside the primary zone have their UTM coordinates converted to the primary zone.
The conversion is made using subroutine GTGR which is described in Section 7.2.
In the CAASE4 program objective apportioning factors have been assigned for all area
source emission categories, even though emission factors have not yet been determined
for some. CAASE4 will not require modification (except to change the coefficient from
zero) when these emission factors are determined. The tons per acre coefficients
reported on the Area Source Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72 for forest fires and slash
burning is used to calculate total county "fuels" for those source categories and are
therefore not subject to apportioning; their numeric value is included in CAASE4
outputs for use by CAASE5. The number of days orchard heaters are fired for frost
control and the number of burns/year of coal refuse banks are also output without
change for use by CAASE5.
5.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example for the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR are illustrated
in Figure 11. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the
job input stream.
c. Population data, output from CAASE1, are on magnetic tape as
files 1 through 9 on reel number RED087.
d. The number of counties to be processed is nine.
e. The tables used by the GTGR subroutine are on disk volume
"RTIEES" with data set name (DSN) of "GRDTB66."
f. No overriding apportioning weighting factors are input.
g. Output of apportioning factors is on binary tape as files 1
through 9 on reel number RED141 (for later use by CAASE5).
39
-------
5.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 8. They include the county,
region, political subdivision, county name, primary UTM zone number, a print switch
option variable, and a direction variable to convert coordinates when an AQCR
straddles UTM zone boundaries. The same grid square identification cards which were
used as input to the CAASE3 program are used as input to CAASE4; that is, a card is
input for each grid square containing its sequential identification number, UTM
coordinates of the lower left-hand corner, and its side length in kilometers.
Overriding weighting factor cards are read in until a blank card is encountered.
Each weighting factor card includes the identification number of a grid square, a
source category number, and the weighting value to be assigned. A card is necessary
for each grid square and source category combination for which an overriding weighting
factor is to be input. The edited MED-X tape, output from CAASEl, is read by the
program a record at a time, and the housing counts and population counts are summed
into the grid square into which each enumeration district center falls. If a decision
is made at processing time to assign equal weighting factors to some normally overridden
source category, such as railroads, then it is suggested that the FORTRAN source
language statement be inserted near the end of the weighting factor initialization
loop to set the coefficient (weighting factor) to 1.0 instead of 0. This will preclude
the necessity of inputting a large volume of cards. The description of the input card
layout appears in Table 9.
5.4 Output Information
Error messages, diagnostic messages, information necessary to control the CAASE5
program, and a magnetic tape with grid square descriptors and their weighted apportion-
ing factors are output. The county, region, political subdivision, and county name from
the input information are printed. For each county, the grid square number, category
number, and weighting factor number for each overriding weighting factor read in are
printed; the total count of overriding weighting factors is also printed. The total
40
-------
number of grid squares for each county is printed. Error and diagnostic messages (and
suggested responses) include: the number of grid squares for a county exceeds the
program dimensions (increase the dimensions and rerun); & category number on an
overriding weighting factor input card is out of range (correct it); the grid square
number on an overriding weighting factor card does not match any of the set
for the county being processed (correct the set or the card); a message when the
county number on the tape input file and the one on the input card do not match (JCL
or input card error, correct it); any error messages from grid-to-grid coordinate
conversion routine GTGR (see Section 7.2.3); and an optional print of census data and
UTM coordinates. If an enumeration district's coordinates are not located inside any
grid square uniquely assigned to the county being processed, its county number, UTM
coordinates, population, and housing counts are printed. The coordinates should be
checked on the total AQCR grid against the following possibilities: 1) the coordinates
are not located within the county and are therefore incorrect on the census record,
2) the grid square in which the coordinates are located was either assigned to the
wrong county, was not included in the deck, or was keypunched wrong, 3) it was not
possible to draw a grid square at the county border without including an enumeration
district from an adjacent county and a compromise was made. The apportioning factor
computed for each grid square can also be optionally printed. Figure 12 is an example
of the printout from the processing of the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR.
41
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TABLE 8. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE4
VARIABLE NAME
ICNTY
IREGN
IPOLT
CNTY1
KZON
ITEST
EW
ID
X
SIDE
IDNUM
ICAT
WEIGHT
DEFINITION
Federal county code number for selected
county
Code number of selected AQCR
Code number of political subdivision
of AQCR
Name of selected county
Primary UTM zone number
Print switch option
Direction to convert coordinates when
AQCR straddles two UTM zone boundaries
Area source grid square number
Lower left-hand X coordinate of the
grid square
Lower left-hand Y coordinate of the
grid square
Length of the side of the grid square
Area source grid square number for
overriding weighting factor
Source category number for overriding
weighting factor (see Table 7)
Overriding weighting factor for
selected grid square-source category
45
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TABLE 9. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE4
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-10 110 ICNTY
12-14 A3 IREGN
16-20 15 IPOLT
22-25 A4 CNTY1
26-30 15 KZON
31-35 15 ITEST
36-40 F5.0 EW
2f 1-10 110 ID
11-20 F10.0 X
21-30 F10.0 Y
31-40 F10.0 SIDE
3 A blank card signifying no more grids for this county.
4§ 1-10 110 IDNUM
11-20 110 ICAT
21-30 F10.0 WEIGHT
5 A blank card signifying no more overriding weighting
factors for this county.
CARD TYPE 1 is repeated for each county in the AQCR and follows CARD TYPE 5.
CARD TYPE 2 is repeated for each grid square in the county.
"CARD TYPE 4 is repeated for each overriding weighting factor for the county's grid
squares.
A blank card follows CARD TYPE 5 when there are no more counties in the AQCR.
46
-------
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-------
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6.0 CAASE5 PROGRAM
6.1 Program Description
The CAASE5 emissions calculation and apportioning program uses the apportioning
factors output from CAASE4, the "fuels" totals from the NEDS file for each county,
and the emissions factors for each emissions source category. It calculates the
total emissions for the county, and then apportions ("SMEARS") them into the grid
squares within the county according to the apportioning factors output from CAASE4.
If so little is known about an emission source category that the associated emission
factor has not been determined, that emission factor is set as zero in the CAASE5
program. If in the future an emission factor is determined for the source category,
the zero is easily replaced by the new factor. The CAASE5 program calculates the
same total emissions for a county as does the NE03 program. The program uses
subroutines READ1, OUTPT1, OUTPT2, and OUTPT3 which are described in other sections
of this manual. Emissions factors, by source category and by pollutants are defined
in FORTRAN DATA statements. In the FORTRAN source language code, the DATA statement
named "EFHV" defines the emissions jractors for highway vehicles, and the DATA
statements "EMFAC1," "EMFAC2," "EMFAC3," "EMFAC4," and "EMFAC5" define the emission
factors, scaled for units of fuel, that are used in calculating the emissions.
Because some of the fuels are reported in tens of tons, hundreds of tons, thousands
of gallons, etc., the emission factors include these scaling factors. For example,
if 20 Ibs. of suspended particles are produced by the burning of a ton of fuel, and
the fuels totals are reported in tens of tons, then the emission factor would be
multiplied by ten but, because the output is in tons of pollutant, the resulting
number would then be divided by 2,000 which would yield a coefficient of .10,
indicating that for every ten tons of fuel burned, .1 tons of particulates would be
produced. If the units for reporting the fuel totals are ever changed, then the
change would have to be reflected in these scaled emission factors.
-------
When the CAASE5 program and its I/O subroutines were first written, the assump-
tion had been made that 200 grid squares would adequately apportion emissions in any
county being processed and that most counties could be adequately described with less
than 100 grid squares. The total computer core storage requirements for a "^ob" was
one of the terms included in the algorithm for computing computer charges on the
system used to develop and apply the CAASE system; priority, volume of input/output,
and the class of peripherals used were other terms. In early applications, the
dimension terms in the storage arrays that were a function of the number of grid
squares in a county were modified in the source language deck if any county being
processed required more than 100 grid squares. The CAASE5 program was later modified,
to its present form, whereby a five-statement "driving" program is used to set the
dimensions for CAASE5 and its subroutines. CAASE5 is then, technically, a subroutine
to the dimension setting "main" (driving) program; the main program has been compiled
for each computer run using the variable "NDIM" as the maximum number of grid squares
in any county being processed. In the processing of several AQCR's with a wide range
of the number of grid squares within each county, a linear relationship was plotted
of the actual core storage used by the load module (in thousands of bytes) and the
maximum number of grid squares (denoted by the variable "NDIM") in any county being
processed during a particular computer run; the regression line plotted in Figure 13
has been successfully used to estimate core storage requirements. As can be seen by
inspecting Figure 13 the approximate core storage requirements, in K bytes, equals
0.45 times NDIM +60, i.e. a slope of 0.45 and an intercept of 60K bytes. Figure 14
is an example of a run where the county being processed (Washington County, Ohio)
contained 92 grid squares; the driving program dimensions which were a function of the
number of grid squares were set to 100 and the variable NDIM passed these adjustable
dimensions to CAASE5 and its subroutines through the "call argument lists."
The sequence of steps performed by the CAASE5 program is repeated for each county
being processed and is described as follows: First, identification information for
50
-------
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the state, county, AQCR, and the number of grid squares In the county are read in
from cards. Cards with labeling information are then read in and the subroutine
READl, which is described in Section 7.5, is called to read the "fuels" totals for
the county from magnetic tape. If READl does not return an error condition, process-
sing continues. The weighted apportioning factors are then read from a magnetic tape
which was output from the CAASE4 program. The apportioning factor sums are then
developed and become the denominators for apportioning each of the source categories.
The program iterates ("loops") through the number of grid squares for the county being
processed and through all of the "fuel" categories. For each fuel category, the
number in each grid square is used as the numerator and the sum of all apportioning
values, for all grid squares, for that category is used as the denominator. This
fractional portion of the total "fuel" within the county is later apportioned to Che
grid square. For example, if there are 50 grid squares within the county being
processed, the first fuel category (residential fuel-anthracite coal) is apportioned
into the 50 grid squares based on the fractional apportioning value assigned to each
grid square as explained in Sections 1.3, 5.1, and 9.0. A summation of these fractions,
for all grid squares, for each category, yields unity, i.e., summing all of the
numbers for each grid square within the county for "Fuel Category 1" will equal the
first denominator. After the fuels have been apportioned for all categories, the
subroutine OUTPT1 is called which causes the printing of tables; OUTPT1 is described
in Section 7.6. The CAASE5 program then calculates total emissions for each of the
five pollutants of interest (SP, S0», NO , HC, and CO) for each of the fuel categories.
The mobile source categories are dealt with in the same way that the EPA NE03 program
calculates them measured vehicle miles by speed categories are used, if available,
and the ratios for vehicle classes are calculated using estimates of miles per gallon
of fuel used for each of the different vehicle classes. The emissions are then
apportioned one pollutant at a time to limit the core storage requirements. The total
emissions for all fuel categories, for the county, is summed and printed for comparison
/
with the total emissions recorded on the NEDS USER'S file. The five emissions for
52
-------
all fuel categories are summed for each grid square and saved for the IPP cards which
will be output later using the OUTPT3 subroutine described in Section 7.8 of this
manual. The apportioned emissions are printed in tabular form using the subroutine
OUTPT2 which is described in Section 7.7 of this manual. After apportioned emissions
are output for all five pollutants the IPP cards are produced by calling the OUTPT3
subroutine. A binary tape is written containing all table entries.
6.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of the deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with the example are illustrated in Figure 14. The JCL configuration
illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form except for the dimension
setting driving program.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the input variables
are in the job input stream.
c. Apportioning factor data are on magnetic tape, reel number
RED141, output from CAASE4 as file number four.
d. The fuels totals for the county being processed are on
magnetic tape, reel number ADC519, and represent a stripped
file from the NEDS emissions data base.
e. Output of apportioned emissions and fuels are output on the
printer file and are written on magnetic tape, reel number
RED143, as file number four.
6.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 10. The state, county, and
AQCR numbers are input. The number of grid squares for the county being processed,
the county name, and the EPA county number are also input. The EPA assignment of
county numbers is not the same as the Federal county's assignment on the census
53
-------
tapes; therefore, when referring to the county number, the Federal county code number
is used for census data, and the EPA county number is used when searching the "fuels"
total tape.
The end of processing for a particular computer run is signaled by a "0" in
the input card field specifying the number of grid squares within a county (the
variable "NAREAS"). The subroutine READ1 is used for reading the "fuels" totals
tape. The grid square identification, the county, the apportioning factor for each
grid square-source category combination (a 54 by N array where N is the number of
grid squares within the county), the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner
of each grid square, and its side length, are input from a binary tape created in
CAASE4. The input card layout is described in Table 11.
6.4 Output Information
Output from the CAASE5 program includes diagnostic messages, error messages,
tables of apportioned fuels, tables of apportioned emissions for each of the five
pollutants of interest, an IPP card deck, and a binary tape containing the arrays
used in outputting the tables. As explained in Sections 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8 the
apportioned emissions and the apportioned fuels are output as tables where OUTPT1
output tables are for apportioned fuels, OUTPT2 tables are apportioned emissions
(and separate tables are produced for each of the five pollutants). OUTPT3 also
produces the card images in the IPP input format for the five pollutants. A binary
tape is produced of the apportioned fuels, emissions, and IPP card variables so that
they are available for any additional computer applications which may arise. Figures
15 through 19 are examples of tables of apportioned fuels for Washington County, Ohio;
five tables are always necessary to output apportioned fuels for all source categories.
Apportioned emissions tables are output in a format similar to the apportioned fuels
tables, and Figure 20 is an example of the first page of the first table for part Leu-
late emissions for Washington County, Ohio. Figure 21 is an example of the table
printed by the CAASE5 program to depict the contribution of each source category to
54
-------
the county total for each pollutant; pollutants numbered 1 through 5 represent SP,
SO , NO , HC, and CO, respectively, and each table is read row-wise for the 54
categories; the last line in the figure appears in the output on a separate page
(it was placed in the figure to conserve space) and represents the total particulate
emissions for the county for all area source categories and was compared with the total
area source emissions from the NEDS USER'S file computed by the EPA NE03 program
during the application of the CAASE system. The county total for each pollutant is
output just prior to the output of the apportioned emissions tables for that pollutant.
Five tables for apportioned "fuels" are output with a maximum of 45 grid squares on
each page, and five tables are output for each of the five pollutants with a maximum
of 45 grid squares on each page. Information output on IPP cards is also printed;
see Figure 22 for an example.
55
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TABLE 10. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE5
VARIABLE NAME
XSTATE
ICNTY
XAQCR
NAREAS
CNTY
KOUNTY
IPOLIT
IREGN
HDG
DEFINITION
EPA state code of selected state
Federal county code of selected county
Code number of selected Air Quality
Control Region
Number of grid squares in selected
county
Name of selected county
EPA county code of selected county
Political subdivision of selected Air
Quality Control Region
Code number of selected Air Quality
Control Region
Page heading including name of county
and state of interest
58
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TABLE 11. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE5
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1* 1-10 F10.0 XSTATE
11-20 110 ICNTY
21-30 F10.0 XAQCR
31-40 110 NAREAS
47-50 A4 CNTY
51-60 110 KOUNTY
70 Al IPOLIT
78-80 A3 IREGN
2* 1-80 20A4 HDG
3 A blank card used only when there are no more counties
in the AQCR to be processed during the computer run.
CARD TYPES 1 and 2 make a set which is repeated for each county in the AQCR.
59
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:,' v;n:'j'~':rKi CTIV:Y, OMI-I (p/inKiJi-sjiiG-MAr-viai'TA AwJfij RPPOHTIONED fum*. IAI>LS 1, PAGE i
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-------
-------
7.0 SUBROUTINE DESCRIPTIONS
7.1 CED009 Subroutine
7.1.1 Subroutine Description
The CED009 routine is used for the conversion of coordinates expressed in
latitude and longitude to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates and was
obtained from the Mathematics and Computation Laboratory, National Resource Evaluation
Center; it is described in NREC Technical Manual No. 187, dated July 1966. The program
will convert coordinates worldwide. CED009, as originally received, used five
spheroid models which wane (1) International; (2) Clarke, 1866; (3) Clarke, 1880;
(4) Everest; and (5) Bessel. Tables of coefficients necessary for the conversion
equations are contained in a FORTRAN BLOCK DATA Subroutine. In order to conserve
computer core storage requirements, and because the standard spheroid used in the
United States for dispersion modeling is the Clarke 1866, the routine has been
modified to deal only with the Clarke 1866 spheroid. The BLOCK DATA Subroutine was
modified to remove all tables of coefficients which were not related to the Clarke
1866 spheroid. The routine will convert geodetic latitudes from 80° south of the
Equator to 80° north of the Equator, with those south of the Equator being considered
negative. The routine will convert any longitude from 180° west to 180° east of
Greenwich, with those west of Greenwich being considered negative; therefore, the
CAASE calling program, CAASE1, sets the longitudes from the MED-X census data tapes
to a negative value because all of the AQCR's lying within the contiguous United
States have west longitudes. Input variables to this subroutine are communicated
through the arguments in the "calling list" except for the tables of coefficients which
are communicated through FORTRAN labeled COMMON and are set in the BLOCK DATA Subroutine.
All output is through the. subroutine "call argument list." The routine, as received was
coded in FORTRAN for the Control Data CDC 3600 as single precision; however, because
the CDC 3600 uses a computer word containing 60 binary bits and because the routine
I
was to be run on an IBM 370/165 system, where a single precision FORTRAN word
69
-------
contains 32 binary bits, all calculations involving numbers with more than six
significant decimal digits were modified to use double precision, thereby yielding a
FORTRAN word of 64 binary bits. The coefficients for the conversion equations in the
BLOCK DATA Subroutine were also converted to double precision for the IBM 370 version.
CED009 permits the entry of the geodetic location in radians or seconds with two
different scaling factors for each. For consistency, the calling program, CAASE1,
calls CED009 with latitude and longitude in seconds scaled by 10 .
7.1.2 Inputs to Subroutine
Inputs through the "call argument list" include longitude, latitude, and
an indicator of longitude and latitude units. Latitudes are expressed as positive
north of the Equator and longitudes are expressed as negative west of Greenwich and
east of 180° longitude.
7.1.3 Outputs from Subroutine
All outputs from the subroutine are passed through the "call argument list"
and include an integer UTM zone number from 1 to 60 corresponding directly to succes-
sive 6° intervals of longitude moving eastward from 180° longitude. The UTM
parameters for "northing" and for "easting," in meters, corresponding to the 500,000
meters values assigned to the Central Meridian of each zone, are returned to the
calling program. An error condition indication is returned to the calling program
where a value of 0 denotes "no error" and values of 1 or 2 represent errors in the
range of latitude or longitude; 3 indicates an error in units.
7.1.4 Other Subroutines Used
A BLOCK DATA Subroutine is used to initialize the variables in the FORTRAN
labeled COMMON "CORD," which are in FORTRAN DOUBLE PRECISION, and are a table of
coefficients used in the equations to convert from coordinates expressed as latitude
and longitude to UTM coordinates. It contains the FORTRAN statements: EQUIVALENCE,
DATA, DOUBLE PRECISION, and COMMON.
70
-------
7.2 GTGR Subroutine
7.2.1 Subroutine Description
This grid to grid conversion routine, obtained from EPA, is used when an
Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) straddles a UTM zone boundary. It is necessary, in
order to construct a grid made up of contiguous squares of unequal size, for a
common origin to be established for the entire AQCR; that is, to establish a lower
left-hand corner for the entire grid, then to relate all grid squares for the AQCR to
this common origin. The mathematical formulae to convert coordinates from one UTM
zone to another are those contained in the Department of the Army Technical Manual
TM-5-241-8, entitled "Universal Transverse Mercator Grid" (July 1958), Chapter 5,
Section 31. Tables used in the GTGR subroutine are from the Department of the Army
Technical Manual TM 5-241-2. Calculations are carried out in FORTRAN DOUBLE
PRECISION arithmetic and the tables for making the conversion are in a FORTRAN DEFINE
FILE statement and reside on disk; only a portion of the tables are read in to central
core, depending on where the point to be converted is geographically located. The
subroutine permits the grid to grid conversion from east to west, or from west to east;
that is, one can express the coordinates in the eastern zone as points relative to the
western zone, or conversely, can express the points in the western zone as coordinates
relative to the eastern zone. The CAASE system will permit either UTM zone to be
declared the "primary zone" but the user is cautioned that when selecting the eastern
zone as the primary zone it is possible to generate negative east-west UTM coordinates
which, at this time, are unacceptable to the Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
For the CAASE applications thus far, the western zone has been declared the "primary"
zone with one exception. However, because a distortion error is introduced when
converting from one zone to another, and is directly proportional to the distance the
point is located outside of the primary zone, the user should be aware that if most
of an AQCR lies in the eastern zone, but if a small portion of it extends into the
western zone, less distortion will be introduced by making the eastern zone the
"primary" zone. The introduction of negative easting coordinates must still be
avoided.
71
-------
7.2.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs to subroutine GTGR are passed through the "call argument list,"
or read from a disk file. Inputs through the "call argument list" are the UTM
"northing" coordinate, the UTM "easting" coordinate, and a variable indicating whether
to convert east-to-west or west-to-east. The input UTM coordinates are modified and
therefore are changed from their input values.
7.2.3 Outputs from Subroutine
All outputs from subroutine GTGR are passed to the calling program through
the "call argument list" and are modified input values for the "easting" and "northing"
UTM coordinates, and represent their position relative to the new (primary) zone. An
error flag is set if the point to be converted lies outside the range of the tables.
7.2.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.3 POPMAP Subroutine
7.3.1 Subroutine Description
POPMAP is a population map plotting routine and is called by CAASE2 to draw
a map depicting centers of population and their relative population. The routine "opens"
(starts) a plotter picture of the specified size, draws X and Y axes, places tick-marks
along these axes, and labels the map, in addition to plotting the population data.
Using scaling factors passed to the subroutine through a FORTRAN COMMON statement, a
map of any practical scale can be produced. For the CAASE applications thus far, a
scale of 1:250,000 has been used. For demonstrational purposes, other scales were
tested. The first POPMAP subroutine call for each county causes the axes and labeling
information to be produced. For each call to the routine, a triangle (it could be any
of several symbols) is plotted at the center of the enumeration district, and a circle
is drawn around it with its radius proportional to the population of the enumeration
district. The scale used in this application was 1 inch of radius for each 4,000
people. Subroutine CIRCLE is described in Section 7.9.
72
-------
7.3.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "SCALES." The inputs
include the name of the state, the name of the county, the UTM coordinates of the lower
left-hand corner of the county, the scale factor for the radius of each circle, the
value of the scale factor for the map, the UTM coordinates of the point to be plotted,
the population to be depicted at the point, the length of the X and Y axes in inches,
the FORTRAN I/O unit number for the printer, the number of X and Y tick-marks wanted on
the axes, and the incremental distance in inches between tick-marks. Also, an indicator
is passed denoting whether it is the first call to the routine for that county; that
is, must the map axes and labels be drawn. An input variable also determines whether
the standard sized picture (a Y axis of 10.5 inches and an X axis of 14.0 inches) can
be used. The "default" paper size on the CALCOMP plotter used in this application was
11 inches wide. Therefore, if the standard picture did not provide sufficient space
there were two options: (1) that a 10.5 inch Y axis was sufficient, but that the X axis
length must be increased (which did not require operator action), and (2) that the
operator needed to change to the 30-inch wide paper on the plotter which made a Y axis
up to 29.5 inches possible and in which case an operator message had to be issued by the
POPMAP routine. In using the CAASE system and a scale of 1:250,000, most counties
could be plotted with a 10.5-inch south-to-north and a 14-inch west-to-east plotter
picture. Mixing the requirements for 30-inch and 11-inch wide plotter paper on the
same computer run is not recommended.
7.3.3 Outputs from Subroutine
POPMAP outputs a map, drawn to scale, with axes and labeling and with a
triangle representing each enumeration district center and a circle with radius
proportional to its population. Error and diagnostic messages are output if necessary.
As explained above, an operator message is issued when non-standard width plotter paper
is needed.
73
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7.3.4 Other Subroutines Used
Subroutines used include systems plotter routines which, although
performing standard line-drawing plotter functions, may have modifications and aliases
which are unique to the system that CAASE was developed on. The Triangle Universities
Computer Center (TUCC), located in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, is the
computer complex used in the development of CAASE. Plotter routines, their names, the
functions they perform, and their "call argument list" requirements are briefly
described as follows:
a. PICSIZ PICSIZ is used to open a picture on the plotter and has
"call list arguments" to specify the dimensions of the picture in inches along the
X axis and the Y axis, respectively. A call to the PICSIZ subroutine with the
arguments (0.0, 0.0) is necessary to close the plotter file at the end of each
computer run.
b. PENMSG The PENMSG subroutine is used to generate, on the plotter
file, a computer console message to the operator at. the plotter terminal. Its use
in this system has been to inform the operator to place 30-inch wide paper on the
plotter.
c. ORIGIN The ORIGIN routine is used to redefine the origin in
plotter space, and is commonly used when moving the origin from the lower left-hand
corner of the "picture" to an internal point to draw axes and tic-marks, etc. ORIGIN
can either be progressive, i.e. cumulative, or the new origin can be relative to the
corner of the total picture, which has been the application used in the CAASE system.
d. PLOT The PLOT program moves the plotter pen from one location
within the plotter picture to another location and does it in one of the following ways:
with the pen up, or with the pen down. The "call list arguments" of PLOT are an X
coordinate or an array of X coordinates, followed by a Y coordinate or an array of Y
coordinates, followed by an indicator to ;ither move to the location with the pen up
(if the third argument has the value 1), or denotes the size of the arrays if the
i
third argument is greater than 1. The coordinates are expressed as floating point
numbers, and represent inches in plotter space. For example, if the pen was at the
74
-------
origin, i.e the picture had just been opened, and the pen was to be moved to the
location 4.0 in the X direction and 5.0 in the Y direction in an up position, the
subroutine call would be "CALL PLOT (4.0, 5.0, 1)." However, if a line from the
origin to 4.0 in X and 5.0 in Y was desired, arrays for X and Y are necessary, where
X(l) = 0.0, X(2) = 4.0, Y(l) = 0.0, Y(2) = 5.0, N = 2, the call then is "CALL PLOT
(X,Y,N)." Arrays of any reasonable size are possible, the only limitations being
available core storage and the required plotting time.
e. SYMBOL This routine draws letters or other symbolic characters
on the plotting paper. Any character available on an IBM 029 keypunch can be plotted;
additionally, many special characters are available (for example, the Greek alphabet).
Any character string can be plotted, provided it ends with an "underscore" symbol which
is found on the upper case "W" on an IBM 029 keypunch, and also provided the character
string is enclosed in quotes.
f. WHERE This routine is used to find the current location of the
plotter pen, its "call list arguments" return to the calling program the present
location of the pen in X and Y coordinates in plotter space inches. It has been used
in the CAASE application to insert variable information in labeling a plotter chart
after a string of standard characters has been drawn.
g. NUMBER This routine's "call list arguments" include an X coordinate,
a Y coordinate, a character height expressed in inches, the name of a variable
containing a floating point number, the angular displacement in degrees from the X axis,
and the number of significant digits desired to the right of the decimal point. It is
used to convert a floating point number to EBCDIC characters and to then draw it on
the plotter it uses "SYMBOL" after the conversion.
h. MARK This routine is used to plot a special character or symbol
with its center at the current pen location. Its "call list arguments" include the
symbol number (from a table), and the desired height of the symbol in inches. Its use
in CAASE lias been to draw a triangle at the center of each enumeration district, and
optionally, to draw an "X" at the center of each grid square.
75
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i. CIRCLE This routine was obtained from the North Carolina State
University Computer Center, and is described in Section 7.9 of this manual.
7.4 POPBOX Subroutine
7.4.1 Subroutine Description
This grid drawing subroutine is called by the CAASE3 program and is used
to create the plotter file for drawing a map, to scale, for the entire AQCR, once the
grid has been selected off-line using outputs from the CAASE2 program. Communication
with the subroutine is through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "BOXES." The program causes
a message to be issued to the operator to replace the standard 11-inch wide plotter
paper with 30-inch wide paper. POPBOX is given the coordinates of the lower left-
hand corner of each grid square, and its side length and it calculates the other three
corners. It then causes a line to be drawn through the five points (the lower left-
hand corner being both the starting and ending point). Optionally, an "X" can be
drawn at the center of the grid square to aid in error checking. The axes and reference
tick-marks are drawn and labeled. A map can be drawn to any scale, the only limitation
being the physical size of the available plotter space. In the CAASE applications,
thus far, the scale 1:250,000 has been used but, for demonstration purposes, a subset
of the grid of an AQCR (ST. LOUIS) was drawn on a scale of 1:24,000. The scale
factor is an input variable to the calling routine.
7.4.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are passed through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "BOXES," and
include the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner of the AQCR, the name of
the AQCR, the side length of each grid square, the length of the X and Y axes, the
number of tick-marks on each axis (the tick-mark increment spacing has been set fo::
5 km and is developed by using the scale of the map to calculate the distances in
plotter space), the total number of grid squares in the AQCR, and an indicator
selecting the option to draw an "X" at the center of each grid square if desired.
76.
-------
7,4.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Outputs from the subroutine include a labeled map, drawn to scale, outlining
all grid squares within the Air Quality Control Region being processed, diagnostic
messages, and operator messages.
7.4.4 Other Subroutines Used
The plotter systems subroutines PICSIZ, PENMSG, ORIGIN, PLOT, SYMBOL, NUMBER,
and WHERE are used, and are briefly described in Section 7.3.4 above.
7.5 READ1 Subroutine
7.5.1 Subroutine Description
This routine reads the "fuel" totals tape for the county being processed.
All communication with the routine is through FORTRAN labeled COMMON. A "fuel's
total" record from an edited NEDS Area Source file is read for the state, county, and
AQCR of interest. The FORTRAN labeled COMMON "WHICH" is used for identification
variables, the labeled COMMON "FUELS" is used to pass to the routine the variables read
from the "fuels record," and the labeled COMMON "IOUNIT" is used to pass to the routine
the I/O unit number assignments. This subroutine is called by the CAASE5 program.
7.5.2 Inputs to Subroutine
Although three FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements are provided, not all of
the variables in these labeled COMMON'S are used by READl. The tape I/O unit number,
state, county, and AQCR numbers are used. From the "fuels" tape this routine reads all
of the variables appearing on the Area Source Form EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. These variables
include identification information and "fuels" totals for all of the source categories
currently defined.
7.5.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Outputs from this routine are passed through FORTRAN labeled COMMON and
include the "fuels total record," an error indication if an "END OF FILE" condition
is encountered on the tape without finding the county o£ interest, and an error message
on the printer if the county is not found.
77
-------
7.5.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.6 OUTPT1 Subroutine
7.6.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, formats and prints a tabular
listing of the apportioned ("SMEARED") county fuel totals for all source categories
on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. All communication with the calling routine is through
FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements. Five tables are produced, and apportioned fuels
for up to 45 grid squares are printed on each output page. A binary tape record is
written for each grid square.
7.6.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are through FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements and include the
apportioned fuel totals, grid square identifications, labeling information, and I/O
unit assignment numbers.
7.6.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Apportioned fuel totals, with identification and labeling information, are
printed in tabular form. Five tables are produced and data for up to 45 grid squares
are printed on each page. Table 1 contains identification information, apportioned
fuels, and the first of six sou.rce categories, Table 2 contains abbreviated identification
information and apportioned fuels for source categories 7-20, Table 3 contains
abbreviated identification information and apportioned fuels for source categories 21-32.
Table 4 contains abbreviated identification information and apportioned fuels for source
categories 33-45, Table 5 contains abbreviated identification information and apportioned
fuels for source categories 46-54. A binary tape record is written for each grid
square-source category combination and includes the identification data.
7.6.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
78
-------
7.7 OUTPT2 Subroutine
7.7.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, formats and prints the
apportioned emissions for each source category on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. It
is called by CAASE5 five times during the processing of each county and outputs the
apportioned ("SMEARED") emissions for one of the five pollutants each time it is
called. The only communication with the routine that is not passed through FORTRAN
labeled COMMON is a variable indicating which of the five pollutants the emissions
array contains. This variable is also used to control the labeling of the tables. With
the exception of formatting and labeling, OUTPT2 is very similar to OUTPT1. The routine
is called by the CAASE5 program as each pollutant's emissions are calculated and
"SMEARED;" this technique is used so that a larger storage array is not required, i.e.
one containing all five pollutants.
7.7.2 Inputs to Subroutine
With but one exception, inputs are through FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements
which provide I/O unit assignment numbers, identification information, and an array
containing emissions for each source category-grid square combination. A pointer is
passed through the "call argument list" to indicate which of the five pollutants the
emissions array contains.
7.7.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Tabular listings of emissions, by source category-grid square combinations,
are output from this routine. Up to 45 grid squares are printed on each page and, in
order to deal with all source categories on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72, five tables
are produced each time the routine is called. The table numbers and the source categories
contained therein are the same as those described in Section 7.6.3 (OUTPT1 outputs) but
the table entries are apportioned emissions instead of apportioned fuels.
7.7.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
79
-------
7.8 OUTPT3 Subroutine
7.8.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, converts the total emissions
apportioned to each grid square, from all source categories, from tons/year to tons/day
for each of the five pollutants being processed. The routine outputs a printer lins
and a punched card in the Implementation Planning Program (IPP) format which was
expanded to include additional data as described in Section 7.8.3 below.
7.8.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All communication with the subroutine is through FORTRAN labeled COMMON
statements which contain location and labeling information, I/O unit assignment numbers,
total sulfur dioxide, suspended particles, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and
carbon monoxide emissions for each grid square.
7.8.3 Outputs from Subroutine
A card is punched for each grid square in the expanded IPP format for area
sources, the card image is printed on the line printer, and the data elements are
written on binary tape as a separate record for each grid square.
7.8.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.9 CIRCLE Subroutine
7.9.1 Subroutine Description
This routine is used for drawing circles with the plotter and was obtained
from the North Carolina State University Computer Center; the exact origin of the routine
is unknown. All communications with the routine are through the "call argument list."
The routine has been modified tu prevent the pen from leaving the plotter picture when
working near the edge. CIRCLE is called by the POPMAP routine and is used to draw a
circle proportional to the populatio-- count with its center at the center of an enumera-
district. It is possible for the center of an enumeration district, represented by the
coordinates from the edited MED-X census tapes, to be within the plotter picture and
80
-------
yet have a circle developed which would leave the picture, i.e., part of the arc along
the circumference of the circle would be outside the picture. To keep this from
happening, because it generates error messages from the computer's "operating system,"
the routine has been modified to test for the condition and the arc of the circle is
truncated at the edge of the picture. This procedure still provides the user a
graphical representation of the relative population because at least 180° of the arc
depicting the radius of the circle would be drawn.
7.9.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All arguments in the call list are input variables. They include the X
and Y coordinates of the center of the circle to be drawn, the beginning angular
displacement from the positive X axis, the final displacement angle from the X axis,
the beginning radius, the ending radius, the maximum plotter distance on the X axis,
the maximum plotter distance on the Y axis, and a. variable used for controlling the
drawing of either solid lines or dashed lines. For the CAASE application, the
beginning and ending radius were equal, and the beginning and ending angular displace-
ments from the X axis were 0° and 360°, respectively.
7.9.3 Outputs from Subroutine
The subroutine writes plotter records to draw a circle.
7.9.4 Other Subroutines Used
The subroutine PLOT is used; it is described in Section 7.3.4 of this
manual.
81
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-------
8.0 OFF-LINE GRIDDING PROCEDURE
8.1 Objective
The objective of the off-line gridding is to provide a logically determined set
of grid squares to which area source emissions can be allocated on the basis of
characteristics of the grid square or on the basis of subjectively, or objectively
determined weighting factors. Pertinent grid square characteristics are: contained
population (or its inverse), area side length, contained housing units, and housing
per unit area (or its inverse). These characteristics and the introductory discussion
in Section 1.0, above, indicate the dominance of population as a basis for the
distribution of area source emissions.
8.2 Required Data
The gridding procedure requires, as a primary input, the plotted charts of
population centers graphically showing the location and population of each enumeration
district in each county of the subject AQCR. These charts are produced as output
from the CAASE2 program, and are scaled to match an appropriate base map which
presents topographic features, terrain characteristics, and political boundaries.
The U.S. Geological Survey, 1:250,000 scale, maps have been very satisfactory as base
maps for the gridding.
8.3 Procedure
While several approaches can be taken in preparing a grid for a multi-county AQCR,
the following sequence has proved to be satisfactory. Alternative methods or explanatory
information is given as appropriate.
a. Select appropriate Geological Survey 1:250,000 scale maps to
cover all counties of the AQCR. Outline each county using a
felt-tipped pen of contrasting color (blue has been satisfac-
tory). On the edges of each map where they will adjoin other
83
-------
map sections, extend the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate
*
tick-marks into the map area (to preserve their location when the
border is trimmed or unfolded).
b. Orient, align, and join the maps required on a working surface of
**
suitable size. Position maps for convenient use of a drafting
machine or continuously parallel ruler. When orientation has
been established with regard to the UTM coordinate system, secure
the maps against further movement.
c. Using the UTM grid system, draw and label gridlines on each
separate map. One horizontal (east-west) and one vertical
(north-south) gridline on each map should be sufficient. These
gridlines are used to orient the county plots of population
centers, and to serve as guides for properly joining adjacent
maps. Accordingly, the same UTM coordinate gridline should
extend from one map to another. Where an AQCR includes more than
one UTM zone, the practice has been established within the CAASE
programs of relating all coordinates to the westernmost ^one. Thus,
the UTM grid system of the western portion of the AQCR is extrapolated
with straight lines over the eastern portion of the AQCR; UTM tick-
marks on maps of the eastern portion of the AQCR are ignored. An
exception to this practice occurs if most: of the area of the AQCR
lies in the eastern UTM zone and a significantly smaller portion of
the AQCR area is in the western UTM zone.
d. Overlay the Geological Survey maps with tracing paper on which
the grid square system will be drawn. Fasten down the tracing
paper in a manner which will allow county population charts to be
Indicated by blue tick-marks at 10,000-meter intervals on the four edges of each U.S,
Geological Survey 1:250,000 scale map.
A light-table, preferably with an illuminated area of approximate.ly 3x3 feet, Ls
considered essential as a working surface.
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inserted and aligned between the maps and the tracing paper. Trace
the UTM grid lines constructed under c, above, onto the tracing
paper as guides to proper register as work continues.
e. Using the UTM grid, draw lightly a system of 10 km x 10 km
coordinates over the entire AQCR. These will be used as guides
to the construction of the detailed grid.
f. Arbitrarily select an initial county and trace its border onto
the tracing paper (blue pencil). Insert, orient, and temporarily
affix the appropriate county population chart between the map and
the tracing paper.
g. Examine the relationship between the 10 km square grid drawn in
e, above, and the county boundaries and the population centers.
Visualize the 10 km grid displaced 5 km north, 5 km east, or both.
Select the actual or visualized grid that will (1) most closely
approximate the county boundary and (2) permit the largest number
of rural population centers to be located near the center of a
10 km x 10 km grid square. If a displaced grid appears most
appropriate for the county, construct it, again lightly in
pencil, but retain the original 10 km x 10 km grid.
h. Proceed to draw grid squares, using the 5 km, or 10 km square
grid and the 5 km ticks plotted on the margins of the population
chart as guides. Grid squares with sides less than 5 km long are
constructed by direct measurement from an existing gridline. On
the 1:250,000 scale map 4 mm equals 1 km.
Considerable judgement must be exercised in selecting the
size grid squares to be used. Topography, urbanization, foresta-
tion, transportation systems and similar features depicted on the
Geological Survey maps all influence the determination of the grid
square system. Some isolated population centers can readily be
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"framed" by squares with 10, 15, 20, 25, or even 30 km sides,
without including other centers in the square. Whenever
possible, these large grid squares should be used to keep the
number of squares designated as small as possible. This saves
both clerical time and computer requirements in later steps
in the CAASE system. It is not essential that only one popula-
tion center be enclosed in a grid square. Two or more population
centers can fall into one grid square, provided that the map
features (or more direct knowledge of the area being gridded)
suggest that population distribution throughout the grid square
is relatively uniform.
In gridding urban areas containing many enumeration districts,
small size grid squares are used to provide a resolution compatible
with the data points available. Small size squares are also used
where necessary to provide a close approximation of the county
boundary. However, even when the smallest practicable grid square,
i.e. 1 km by 1 km, is used, occasional inclusion of population
centers from the adjacent county occur, as do exclusion of
population centers from the county being gridded. This is not
considered serious since only small fractions of a percent of
the total county population are involved.
Other occurrences of population centers falling outside
the county boundaries occur as a result of errors in the location
coordinates assigned to the center. Although these misplaced
centers are immediately apparent when the population center
chart is placed under the overlay on which the county borders
have been traced, determination of the source of error usually
is not feasible. If the misplaced center is not far from the
county border, and is not superimposed on a population center(s)
of the adjacent county the grid system being constructed possibly
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may be expanded to include the misplaced center. In at least one
instance, all centers within a county were obviously displaced
those near the county borders by greater distances than those near
the center of the county area. This situation suggested an error
in a factor related to distance from the county center and a
proportional correction factor was determined and applied to all
coordinates. Ad hoc decisions must be made for each location
error situation occurring in the plotted population charts since
the position coordinates cannot be readily traced to primary
source data.
i. When the grid square system for one county has been completed, a
contiguous county population chart is selected and the process is
repeated. No particular pattern of county selection seems
preferable. Gridding of an AQCR can be done with equal facility
starting with a central county, or an eastern, western, southern,
or northern border county.
Figure 23 is an example of a completed county grid.
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TABLE 12. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS CATEGORY NUMBERS
AND THEIR OBJECTIVE APPORTIONING FACTOR
CATEGORY MAJOR
NUMBER CLASSIFICATION
1 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
2 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
3 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
5 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
6 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
7 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
8 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
9 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
10 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
11 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
12 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
13 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
14 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
15 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
16 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
17 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
18 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
19 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
20 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
21 ON-SITE INCINERATION
22 ON-SITE INCINERATION
23 ON-SITE INCINERATION
24 OPEN BURNING
25 OPEN BURNING
26 OPEN BURNING
27 GASOLINE FUEL
28 GASOLINE FUEL
29 GASOLINE FUEL
30 DIESEL FUEL
31 DIESEL FUEL
32 DIESEL FUEL
33 AIRCRAFT
34 AIRCRAFT
35 AIRCRAFT
36 VESSELS
37 VESSELS
38 VESSELS
39 VESSELS
40 EVAPORATION
41 EVAPORATION
42 MEASURED VEH MILES
43 MEASURED VEH MILES
44 MEASURED VEH MILES
45 MEASURED VEH MILES
46 DIRT RDS TRAVELED
47 DIRT AIRSTRIPS
48 CONSTRUCT LAND AREA
49 ROCK HANDLG t* STORAGE
50 FOREST FIRES
51 SLASH BURNING
52 FROST CONTROL
53 STRUCTURE FIR'iS
54 COAL REFUSE BURNING
MINOR
CLASSIFICATION
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
COKE
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
PROCESS GAS
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMM'L 5. INSTITL
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMM'L & INSTITL
LIGHT VEHICLE
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF HIGHWAY
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF HIGHWAY
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
MILITARY
CIVIL
COMMERCIAL
ANTH. COAL
DIESEL OIL
RESID. OIL
GASOLINE
SOLVENT PURCHASED
GAS MARKETED
LIMITED ACCESS RDS
RURAL ROADS
SUBURBAN RDS
URBAN ROADS
AREA-ACRES
AREA-ACRES
ORCHARD HEATERS
NO. YEAR
SIZE OF BANK
OBJECTIVE
APPORTIONING FACTOR*
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
1/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
1/POPWATTON DENSITY
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
AREA
AREA
AREA
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. STDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. STDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. SIDF, LENGTH
POPULATION
POPULATION
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
POPULATION
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
AREA
AREA
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
AREA
*Each of the above apportioning factors is multiplied by a weighting factor where some
are initialized as zero for all grid squares and some are initialized as 1.0 for all
grid squares. These initial weighting factors can be overridden with input data if
desired.
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square in the county(les) being processed. The most extreme use of this option would
be to subjectively determine the fraction of the "fuels" for each and every area
source emission category, for each and every grid square being processed, and thus
override all the objective terms (apportioning factors) in CAASE4; the grid used
could even be one developed independently of the CAASE system CAASE4 would simply
perform some calculations for the user and provide compatible inputs to CAASE5 which
would then calculate emissions and apportion them with the apportioning factors
output from CAASE4.
An attempt has been made to assign an objective apportioning factor to each area
source emissions category reported on EPA form number (DUR) 219 3/72. Candidate
*
objective apportioning factors available on the Bureau of the Census MED-X tapes,
include population, housing counts, and an urban-rural classification. After the grid
is established, each grid square area and side length is also available. During the
attempt to assign objective apportioning factors to all source categories, the
conclusion was reached that some categories, e.g. apportioning of the residential
heating source categories by housing counts, were quite amenable to objective methods,
while others, e.g. airport operations, were not amenable to objective apportioning
and should be subjectively determined and "overridden" (provided off-line as inputs)
in all cases.
Although the CAASE system permits subjective weighting factors to be assigned
for any source category, from a practical standpoint they should be limited to those
categories where acceptable objective data, in a computer processable form, are not
available. A large number of technical personnel man-hours could be expended to
"better" apportion a source category which may contribute only one or two percent of
the total area source emissions and as little as one-tenth of one percent of the
AQCR's total emissions (when point sources are included). To apportion emissions
*
Master Enumeration District Listing (MEDList) extended to include geographic
coordinates.
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from airport operations as a function directly proportional to the area of each grid
square introduces a small error; however, one can quickly determine which grid squares
in a county contain airports, or appear to be affected by them. On the other hand, a
large amount of time could be spent in preparing overriding weighting factors for
railroad operations in an urban county containing a large number of grid squares and
heavy railroad activity (e.g. St. Clair County, Illinois, in the Metropolitan St.
Louif. AQCR) where an objective apportioning factor may yield comparable results to
apportion railroad activity as a function of grid square size may introduce
Insignificant and therefore acceptable percentage errors.
An important point to keep Jn mind when assigning overriding apportioning factors
is that the factor is developed by dividing the weight assigned to the particular grid
square (for a particular source category) by the sum of the weights assigned to all
grid squares in the county. There-fore, whether the total refers to housing counts,
area, population, or a combination of these and/or other factors will in no way
modify the total emissions in the - < >mty which arc to be apportioned to the individual
grid squares. For each source category, t:n>. apportioning value represents each grid
square's proportional share of the county total. This apportioning value is used as a
numerator for the fraction of total fuels or total emissions which will be apportioned
to that particular grid square for that particular source category. To sum all of the
fractions lor
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grid squares are initially assigned the value zero. This zero weighting factors
assignment means that no emissions associated with aircraft operations will be
apportioned to a grid square unless the technical personnel processing the county
through the CAASE system assigns a non-zero weighting factor to a grid square(s).
For aircraft operations the objective apportioning factor used is area which is then
multiplied by the weighting factor (generally zero for most grid squares) to apportion
the "fuels" and emissions into the grid squares where, in the user's opinion, aircraft
operations contribute to pollution. Therefore, a grid square which has a large area
would be apportioned more emissions than a grid square which has a smaller area (but
both would have the same emissions per unit area), providing they both had equal
weighting factor coefficients. The technical personnel dealing with emissions from
aircraft operations could, for example, assign a 1.0 weighting factor to any grid
square being affected by aircraft operations and leave the zero weighting factor
in all other grid squares; the CAASE4 program would then apportion fuels and emissions
strictly as a function of area; that is, a grid square of one square kilometer area
would be apportioned only one twenty-fifth (l/25th) of the emissions apportioned to
a five-by-five kilometer grid square representing 25 square kilometers. Or, the user
could assign a value, e.g., 3.0, to the grid squares nearest an airport, 2.0 to the
adjacent grid squares, and 1.0 to the furthermost grid squares being affected by
aircraft operations, and leave zeroes in the remaining grid squares. This would
cause both the area of the grid squares and their proximity to the airport (and
aircraft operations areas) to be determining factors as to where these categories of
source emissions should be apportioned within the county. It is possible, of course,
to change the initialization value (in the CAASE4 program deck) for source categories
33, 34, and 35, and to simply assign a "default" weighting factor of 1.0. This would
have the effect of apportioning the emissions and fuels from aircraft operations
equally (emissions per unit area) throughout the county whereby grid squares with
large areas would be apportioned proportionally laiger portions of the emissions. It
would, in effect, be analogous to an additional background concentration factor when
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used in a dispersion model. It is suggested that emissions from these types of
activities be apportioned to grid squares which they affect where information and
technical man-hours are available. The method of introducing overriding apportioning
weighting factors is discussed in Section 5.3, Input Data CAASE4.
Source emissions categories, which can be described as linear, i.e. with only
length considered, are objectively apportioned as being directly proportional functions
of grid square side lengths. Emissions from railroad locomotives and waterborne
vessels, especially in non-urban areas, should be apportioned based on the linear
variable "grid square side length" rather than the second degree variable, area.
Using railroad tracks as an example (with no consideration of the relative traffic
activity), if a track(s) spans a grid square then, for source emissions apportioning
purposes, the basic consideration is the length of the track(s) lying within the
grid square being considered. Any objectively assigned apportioning, or subjectively
determined weighting, factor will be used for the later determination of the grid
square's fractional contribution to the county total source emissions for railroad
locomotive categories. With these goals in mind, the largest distance across a grid
square is the diagonal distance through the opposite corners (e.g. northwest corner
to southeast corner), and mathematically is the square root of twice the square of
V2 2
x 4- y where x and y are equal and for which the
distance becomes d = \2x or V-2 x. The constant V2 appears for each grid square in
any summation for all non-zero apportioned grid squares and can therefore be dropped
when weighing each grid square's contribution to the county total. If railroads are
to be assigned subjectively determined (or alternative objective) overriding weighting
factors when processing a county, then the following approaches are suggested: A
scale of zero to ten (or any convenient scale) can be established whereby, for each
grid square, the overriding subjectively determined weighting factor is a combination
of the number of tracks crossing the grid square and what fraction of the maximum
possible distance across the grid square each track represents. A single railroad
track crossing the grid square coincident with one of the maximum possible distances
could then, for example, be assigned the overriding apportioning factor of 1.0; two
-------
parallel tracks crossing there could then be assigned the value 2.0. One track
crossing a grid square along a path one-half the distance of the maximum possible
distance could be assigned the overriding factor 0.5 and if two tracks were being
considered, then they could be assigned twice this value, i.e. 1.0.
As explained in other sections of this manual, a great deal of resolution
(sophistication) can be introduced in the assignment of subjectively determined
(or alternative objective) overriding weighting factors, but the CAASE system's
user should weigh the anticipated benefits in resolution and accuracy versus the
gross assumptions of annual averaging of total emissions, meteorological conditions,
and the source category's percentage contributions to the total emissions; an
unwarranted amount of technical-personnel time could be expended to obtain fractional
percentages of change in the total air quality modeling outputs as functions of the
apportioned area source inputs.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA 450/4-74-009
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and
volume 8 - Computer-Assisted Area Source Emissions
5. REPORT DATE
September 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Gn'drlinq Procedure
7 AUTHORIST
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
OAQPS Guideline No. 1.2-027
9 PERFORMING OR~ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
National Air Data Branch
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, OAQPS, EPA
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
2AH137
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1014
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A semi-automatic method for distributing area source emissions on a sub-county basis
is presented. Demographic information for census tracts within the county is used
as the basis for the distribution of the emissions. The capability exists for
inserting override factors for each designated sub-area within the county. This
capability enables the user to redistribute portions of county-wide area source
emissions if there is a better basis for doing so. The methodology may be used to
estimate present emission distributions in the air quality maintenance analysis
procedure. The override feature enables the methodology to be extended so that it
may be applied to estimate future distributions of area source emissions more
reliably.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Airborne Wastes
Land Use
Urban Development
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Quality Maintenance
Emission Inventory
Distribution of Area SouHces
Projection of Emission
Distributions
13/02
?.. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
95
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
None
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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