United States Office of EPA-570/9-79-018
Environmental Protection Drinking Water
Agency
Water
oEPA Methods of Preventing,
Detecting and Dealing
With Surface Spills
of Contaminants
Which May Degrade
Underground Water Sources
For Public Water Systems
July 1979
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METHODS OF PREVENTING, DETECTING AND DEALING WITH SURFACE SPILLS
OF ODNTAMINANTS WHICH MAY DEGRADE UNDERGROUND
WATER SOURCES FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
Project Officer
Jentai T. Yang, Ph.D., P.E.
William E. Bye
Ground Water Protection Branch
Office of Drinking Water (WH-550)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Drinking Water of
the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
In recent decades ground water pumped from walls has begun to
play a wore significant role in water supply. More than one half of the
Nation's population is now depending on ground water for its drinking
water supply. The widespread availability of ground water and general
consistent temperature and chemical quality have let to the present
day expansion of waterwell systems in the Nation.
Management and protection of the ground water resources are of
the upmost importance. Pollution of surface water supplies generally
is readily detected and often can be corrected, whereas pollution of
ground water is often not detected until a considerable part of an
aquifer system has been adversely affected.
Accidental spills of contaminants (including, but not limited to,
liquid wastes, toxic fluids, and hydrocarbons) occur in every region.
If allcved to stand, these spills are accompanied by the risk, that the
contaminant can penetrate the soils and rocks in the vicinity of the
spill and contaminate ground water quality with subsequent degradation
of a water supply. Spills can occur at industrial sites, storage and
distribution areas along highway and railroad rights of way, along
pipelines and at airports during storing, handling, processing, or
transporting contaminants.
Hie purpose of this study is to prepare GUIDELINES and TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTS that can be utilized by industry, Federal, State, and local
governmental agencies to assist in eliminating or minimizing -the efforts
of spills of contaminants that might adversely affect underground water
which supplies, or can reasonable be expected to supply, any public
water system.
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Finally, this report and guidance fulfill that mandate contained
in the Safe Drinking Water Act (P.L. 93-523) Section 1442 (a) (6) requiring
that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency " ... carry
out a study of methods of preventing, detecting, and dealing with surface
spills of contaminants which may degrade underground water sources for
public water systems."
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CONTENTS
Preface ii
Figures v
Tables v
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions and Recommendations 3
3. Discussion of Results 6
Task 1 - Inventory of land spills 6
Task 2 - Identification of potential contaminants
of underground water sources from land
spills 7
Task 3 - Evaluation of current spill clean-up
Techniques 9
Task 4 - Evaluation of current Federal, State
and local ground-water protection
regulations 14
Task 5 - Development of ground-water contamina-
tion susceptibility criteria 22
Task 6 - Development of guidance document ... 29
4. Bibliography 33
Appendices
A. Land spill inventory data 36
B. List of 918 hazardous substances and their
solubility and toxicity ratings 65
C. Spill incident reporting from 109
IV
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FIGURES
Nunber Page
1 Section of an illustration showing pipelines along the
Gulf Coast area 30
TABLES
Number Page
1 State Laws Pertaining to Ground-Water Protection 18
2 Guidance Document Table of Contents 31
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Accidental land spills of hazardous materials including some
hydrocarbons occur regularly in every region of the United States. The
causes are varied and include tank car accidents, train derailments,
pipeline ruptures, bulk and underground storage leaks. Regulations have
been established to protect the nation's streams, lakes, ocean waters
and air from man-induced contamination. However, the same degree of
concern has been lacking when spills have affected the quality of
ground water. Local contamination of the ground-water resources
resulting from spills is a significant problem and has only recently
received attention by State, Federal and industrial authorities.
Approximately 48 percent of the United States population depends on
ground water for drinking purposes. Of the total population, 29 percent
obtains water through public ground-water supplies and 19 percent
through rural cluster well systems and individual domestic wells.
In 1970, the total quantity of water withdrawn for public supplies was
estimated as 27 billion gallons per day (102 million cubic meters per day).
Included in this quantity was water for domestic use, water for commercial
and industrial use, water lost in the distribution systems and water supplied
for carrying out public services such as firefighting, street washing, etc.
Of the total, ground water supplied approximately 34 percent and was the
major source of water to over 59 million persons served by public water
supplies. Water utilities, supplied by surface-water sources, furnish almost
twice the volume of water, but are relatively few in number compared to the
number of utilities using ground-water resources.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been given the responsibil-
ity for studying the methods of preventing, detecting and dealing with surface
spills of contaminants which may degrade underground water sources for public
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water systems. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to:
develop procedural guidelines for preventing, reporting,, evalua-
ting, investigating and abating various types, sources and
materials of land spills which could threaten underground public
supplies;
document, review and analyze the major and consequential incidents
of such contamination;
evaluate the regulatory controls as to the degree that they protect
ground-water resources from contamination by land spills;
outline the on-scene technical and economic advantages of implementing
various preventive, control, investigative and remedial strategies
and measures.
This report presents the results of the following tasks as condensed
from the scope of work:
Task 1 - Identify major and consequential land spills that have con-
taminated underground water which supplies, or can reasonably
be expected to supply, any public water system.
Task 2 - Identify the materials that may cause damage to underground
water sources.
Task 3 - Evaluate the on-scene removal or mitigating actions taken in
spills identified in Task 1.
Task 4 - Evaluate current Federal, state and local regulations for
applicability to protect underground water sources from spills.
Task 5 - Develop criteria to determine areas which are not susceptible
to contamination of underground drinking water sources from
land spills.
Task 6 - Develop a guidance document to provide industry and government
agencies the information needed to prevent underground water
contamination if and when a land spill occurs.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RBCOyMENDATICNS
The following are conclusions based on the results of this study:
Spills and leaks of oil and hazardous materials on and below the
land surface are numerous and threaten the quality of U.S. ground-
water resources.
Petroleum products, in transport or storage, are the most frequently
spilled or leaked. Failure of underground tanks,such as those used
by service stations,is the most frequent cause of these incidents.
The practices of effective inventory control, monitoring, corrosion
protection and other spill prevention techniques were found to be
used less frequently than needed for adequate protection of ground-
water resources throughout the U.S.
More research is needed regarding attenuation, leachability, sorption
and other factors affecting the migration of hazardous substances
in soil Abater systems.
Little emphasis has been placed on ground-water protection during
land spill clean-up activities and, in most cases, concern about
ground water occurs after the ground water has been contaminated.
Research and technology for the containment and detoxification of
oil and hazardous materials in soil/water systems is needed.
Existing Federal and state programs address many of the sources of
potential contamination, but they do not provide comprehensive pro-
tection of ground'-water resources.
Most state laws give broad authority to protect all waters of the
state, including ground water. Such language, plus deficiencies in
budget and staffing, force state and local agencies to act on cases
of ground'jwater contamination only after the fact.
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Because clean-up of contaminated ground-water is rarely economically
or technically feasible, action by the states has been toward con-
demning the affected water supply.
Individuals, private organizations and public agencies seldom have
the resources and technical capability to structure and prove their
case of ground -water contamination when suing a major corporation
responsible for the spill that caused the contamination.
There is insufficient documentation on spill incidents that have
contaminated ground water to determine whether or not effective actions
were taken at the time.
Data are lacking concerning the susceptibility of aquifers to contami-
nation from land spills.
Fran the foregoing conclusions, the following reconroendations are
offered:
The most effective way to protect ground water from spills is to con-
trol and monitor the potential source of the spill so that if one
occurs, effective action can be taken immediately.
New and existing potential sources of contamination should be evalu-
ated on a case-by-case basis.
A comprehensive Federal program for ground-'water spill management
should be developed.
State laws should provide the authority to protect ground water from
spills as well as other sources of contamination.
The Federal EPA should fund more projects to improve detection, abate-
ment and prevention techniques to reduce the occurrence of ground-
water contamination from spills.
State and Federal spill coordinators should have effective reporting
and documentation procedures for spills that may affect ground water.
Research and development programs should be implemented on soil
attenuation of spilled materials, leachability and other factors
that determine oil or other hazardous material migration in a
variety of soil/water systems.
Geohydrologioal investigations should be done to determine the sus-
ceptibility or non-susceptibility of major underground drinking water
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sources to potential contamination.
The Federal Spill Prevention Control and Counterxneasure (SPCC) plan
should be revised to include facilities with less than 159,000 liters
(42,000 gallons) underground storage, such as service stations.
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SECTION 3
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
TASK 1 - INVENTORY OF LAND SPILLS
The objective of this task was to identify major and consequential
land spills that have contaminated underground water which supplies, or can
reasonably be expected to supply, any public water system. The land spills
of prime interest to this effort were those of oil or any hazardous substance
that occurred accidentally as opposed to deliberate disposal.
Reports of over 4,600 land spill incidents were collected after a
computer search at EPA Oil and Special Materials Control Division, visiting
5 EPA Regional Offices (I, II, III, IV and VTII), 20 states and contacting
7 others. Of these reports, 168 had sufficient information to ascertain that
they had affected or were threatening to affect ground water. Tables listing
information about the 168 spill incidents appear in Appendix A of this report.
The data are summarized as follows:
Type - hydrocarbon 135 80%
chemical 33 20%
Major Sources - service station related 47 28%
storage above ground 40 24%
storage below ground 12 7%
pipelines 17 10%
Distribution -
CA18 MA2 NJ1 RI1
CT 2 MI 5 NY 24 TX 15
ID4 MN19 NC2 VA9
IL 9 MO 6 OH 12 WA 3
MD 4 NH 2 PA 28 WI 2
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Causes - Leaks 81 48%
Spills 71 42%
Unknown 16 10%
During the retrieval of this information, it became obvious that very
few states or the Federal EPA had adequate documentation on land spills
relating to their contamination of ground water. Hydrogeological data were
lacking fron most reports. Federal spill coordinators were not required to
address the problem of ground-water protection and most states had inadequate
laws and regulations governing the protection of ground water from spills of
contaminants. Some of the states with regulations of this type could not
afford a full-time hydrogeologist with their limited budgets.
It is suggested that the data form, devised for use in Task 3 of this
program, be used as an example of the type of information required for a
spill incident to adequately evaluate the spill's effect on ground water.
TASK 2 - IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF UNDERGROUND WATER
SOURCES FROM LAND SPILLS
The objective of Task 2 was to identify and categorize those substances
which may cause ground-water contamination when introduced into a ground-
water environment. Over 900 chemicals have been compiled fron the Coast
Guard hazardous chemical list and the EPA hazardous substances and priority
pollutants lists. These chemicals have been categorized in seventeen
functional groups and appear in Appendix B, together with toxicity and
solubility ratings. The toxicity and solubility information will help guide
one's actions when confronted with a spill and will provide industry and
government agencies the sense of urgency needed to prevent ground-vater
contamination.
Solubility information was gathered from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 52nd Edition, 1971-1972 and from EPA's Office of Hazardous
Materials Technical Assistance Data Base System (OHMTADS) conputer dialog
system.
The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics rates the chemicals qualita-
tively from insoluble to infinitely soluble using six degrees of solubility.
This scale was used directly with the following numerical range scale to
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simplify it. Numerical ranges for the solubility ratings were determined by
oonparison with those substances which were rated both quantitatively and
qualitatively in the reference sources. These numerical ranges were then
used to determine the qualitative rating for those chemicals which had only
quantitative values.
Range, ppm (gm/100 cc) Solubility Rating
£ 10.0 (£ 0.001) 0 = insoluble
10.0 - 10,000 (0.001 - 1) 1 = slightly soluble
10,000-1,000,000 (1-100) 2 = soluble
1,000,000-5,000,000 (100-500) 3 = very soluble
>, 5,000,000 (>500) 4 = infinitely soluble
5 = decomposes
Nb solubility value for a substance indicates that solubility data were not
found.
Ibxicity data were obtained from Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials. An explanation of the rating system used is given in Appendix B.
A qualitative scale ranging from 0 = No toxicity to 3 = Severe toxicity, was
used to characterize the toxicology of the various chemicals, Die letter "U"
indicates toxicity data were not available or detailed in the referenced text.
However, "U" followed by a number indicates an estimate from the text, by the
author, of the compound's toxicity based on the data available. The major
toxicity ratings were further categorized in the Sax text according to the
following: acute local (epidermal exposure); acute systemic (inhalation,
ingestion or absorption through skin); chronic local; and chronic systemic.
Since we are concerned with contamination of potential underground drinking
water sources and keeping the rating system simple, the most severe toxicolog-
ical rating for ingestion has been used.
While these ratings are based on acute oral toxicity levels for pure
chemicals, the true hazard of these substances as components entering soil
ecosystems and eventually reaching ground water may differ entirely from
their apparent toxicities. This can be caused by varying degress of atten-
uation of materials traveling through soil systems, degree of aerobic and
anaerobic biological degradation, chemical reactions, solubility, synergis-
tic reactions with existing materials as well as flow, dilution effects, and
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mixing capabilities of the ground water system. However, such extensive
and complete data exist on only a few materials such as PCBs, pesticides and
specific heavy metals which have posed imminent health and environmental
hazards. Much more work is needed to characterize the remaining materials
in such detail.
The solubility and toxicity ratings used and explained in this report
are to give a fundamental and rapid idea of the nature of a material being
handled in a spill incident. Further information is needed for a detailed
evaluation of the severity and imminence of the environmental hazard posed in
such an incident. This includes such details as flatnmability, explosiveness/
potential for air pollution, chemical, physical, biological and detailed
toxicological properties, the nature of hydrogeological system, and recom-
mended procedures for safe handling and clean-up.
TASK 3 - EVALUATION OF CURRENT SPILL CLEAN-UP TECHNIQUES
Oil and other hazardous materials play a vital role in the economic
structure of the nation. However, in the course of production, transporta-
tion, storage and processing of the materials, numerous unintentional spills
occur. Reported spills range in size from a few ounces to several million
gallons. The damage to a ground-water regime results from inadequate
response, containment and recovery. Emphasis should be placed on the
handling of spills during and immediately after they have taken place.
It has been found for example, that in many tank truck accidents, liquids
spilled on roadways have been flushed from the road surface to contaminate
adjacent soil covering a shallow aquifer so that traffic will flow better.
The threat to life, property and the environment as a result of oils or
hazardous material spills dictates that corrective action be immediate and
effective. The technology for handling such occurrences is advancing
rapidly as a result of the experience gained and documented in recent years.
However, when hazardous fluids enter the sub-surface as a result of un-
detected spills or underground leaks, the problem takes on broader ramifi-
cations. In this situation, time and cost of remedial measures are
increased. Each situation is site specific and depends upon the local
geologic and hydrologic conditions.
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This section is designed to evaluate current practices in the areas of
response and clean-up of oil and hazardous material spills throughout the
U.S. The following is a discussion of specific areas of response and clean-
up with an evaluation and recarinendation for each.
Reporting and Documenting of Spill Incidents
Standardized methods for reporting and documenting spill incidents
affecting ground water are not practiced in most areas of the U.S. A few
states such as Pennsylvania, California, Minnesota and New York have adequate
reporting and response programs. The report form used by Versar to inventory
and evaluate the spill incidents is presented in Appendix C. This form can
be utilized by state or local spill response teams for reporting and evalu-
ating the immediate and future action needed to mitigate the effects of the
spill on a soil-water system.
«
Monitoring
The monitoring required and practiced for the detection of leaks is pro-
portional to the quantity of a product handled. Regular checking of pipelines
and tanks is accomplished by monitoring, periodic inspection and periodic
pressure testing. Emphasis has been on the hazards involved and on economics.
If the leak is so small or so located that it constitutes no hazard (as
defined by the Office of Pipeline Safety), and the costs of repairing the
leaks are greater than the loss incurred by the leakage, no attempt will be
made to detect, locate or repair the leak. In small installations such as
the household fuel storage tank, gasoline station tank and local collection
or distribution, monitoring is usually not practiced. Local governments
which regulate such operations do so by ordinances and codes specifying
the materials and methods of installation. Commonly, monitoring for such
leaks is initiated only after an owner discovers his water well is contami-
nated. Another example is when an operator determines that the product is
leaving the tank faster than he is using it.
Monitoring procedures have been developed and implemented by inter-
state carriers, but also can be applied to any underground tank or pipeline.
These procedures are under the control of the Office of Pipeline Safety.
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To assure that interstate carrier monitoring and pipeline operations are being
done satisfactorily, the Office of Pipeline Safety requires a report for any
leakage in excess of 8,000 liters (ca. 2,100 gal) of a commodity from the
initiation of the leak to the time of cessation. Unfortunately, many cases
of ground-water contamination result from leaks of less than 8,000 liters.
Underground transportation and storage evaluation
In the United States, underground storage and transmission of a wide
variety of fuels and chemicals are practiced for a variety of commercial,
industrial and individual uses. Industrial use is predominantly for fuels,
but a wide range of other chemicals is also stored in tanks. The largest
use of underground tanks and pipes is in the petroleum industry. Their use
has expanded with the industry to the point where pipelines are now the major
mode of transportation for liquids and gases within the continental United
States. The present and increasing emphasis on the aesthetic value of bury-
ing utilities and other commercial or industrial structures has increased the
number of underground tanks and pipes. Because pipelines are economical,
there is an increasing trend toward developing methods for pipelining
slurried solids such as coal or ores. Pipes and tanks are subject to failures
from a wide variety of causes and the subsequent leakage then becomes a
source of contamination to local ground waters.
This section describes the nature and occurrence of tank and pipeline
leakage problems in the United States and summarizes the practices which
have been found effective in the control and abatement of ground-water pollu-
tion. Emphasis in this section is on petroleum products because they con-
stitute the majority of materials stored or transmitted underground.
Leakage of petroleum and petroleum products from underground pipelines and
tanks is much more pervasive than generally realized. This is particu-
larly true for small installations such as home fuel oil tanks and gasoline
stations, where installation, inspection and maintenance standards are low.
In Pennsylvania, where standardized investigative procedures have been
adopted, some 150 instances of ground~water pollution were reported in a
single year from gasoline stations.
Commercial businesses and individual homeowners use underground storage
almost exclusively for fuel. The most numerous underground storage tanks are
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those used by gasoline stations and for fuel oil at residences. These small
tanks are usually coated with a protective paint or corrosion resistant
material, but they are frequently subject to corrosion-induced leakage. The
primary problem associated with such tanks is the fact that their installa-
tion and use are not usually well regulated. If any regulation exists con-
cerning such tanks, in most cases it is a local regulation requiring that
tank construction and installation be satisfactory, but it is rare that any
follow-up or periodic checks are required to determine whether or not leaks
have developed. Because such tanks are small and comparatively inexpensive,
cathodic protection is not required even when the tanks are burled in clay
soils, which are known to promote galvanic action.
The only pipelines for which any program of leak prevention and any
requirements for decontamination exist are the transportation pipelines,
and these are not all covered. All interstate transportation pipelines
and some intrastate pipelines are regulated; on collection and distribution
pipelines there is no regulation other than that of the initial installation.
The purpose and intent of the regulations which exist are for preventing the
escape of combustible, explosive or toxic chemicals. Prevention of ground
water pollution has not been a consideration. Because interstate pipelines
are a major means of transportation, they are regulated by Federal govern-
ment agencies in the Department of Transportation. Since leaks of petroleum
products can produce a fire or explosion hazard, these regulated pipelines
are required to report leaks and spills for these hazards only.
Examination of spill data indicates that the major cause of leakage is
corrosive substances which attack the lines both externally and internally.
The second greatest cause can be found by aggregating those causes related
to pipeline component, equipment, personnel failure or malfunction. The
third cause is line rupture as the result of accidents caused by earth-
itDving equipment. The remaining few causes include vandalism, severe
weather, lightning, floods, earthquakes and forest fires.
Most of the research and development on methods for controlling and
abating the contamination of ground water by leakage from tanks and pipe-
lines in the sub-surface has been concerned with reducing fire, explosion
and toxicity hazards. Although it would appear that this work is not often
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aimed toward abating pollution of ground water, it has been applicable when
judiciously applied. In pipelines, containment is accomplished by use of
automatic shutoff valves inserted in the pipe at intervals. These valves
are designed to close off any section of pipe where a significant drop in
line pressure occurs. This method, like containment devices for tanks,
tends to limit the spread and the volume of the leak and thereby permit
easier clean-up. At the present time, this form of protection is required
on interstate pipelines, but not on most small collection and distribution
systems.
The abatement methods currently used are soil removal, biodegradation,
pumping and ditching. If a leak is discovered and is accessible soon after
it occurs, the method widely used for preventing ground-water contamination
is removal of the contaminated soil. After the soil has been removed, the
problem has been how to dispose of it. The most suitable method for han-
dling biodegradable materials, such as oil, and many agricultural chemicals
such as ammonia, is to spread the contaminated soil in a thin layer, 20 centi-
meters or less in thickness, and permit the natural aerobic soil bacteria to
degrade it. This is usually accomplished within six months. If the liquid
is not biodegradable, the soil must be removed to an appropriate industrial
waste treatment plant and processed as an industrial waste.
Earth removal can be an extensive operation requiring more than simply
digging a hole with a bulldozer and hauling the soil away in a truck. In
at least one case in an urban area, such earth removal involved the
demolishing of buildings and excavation of an area of approximately the
size of a city block.
In cases where the pollutant has reached the water table but has not
yet moved a significant distance from the leakage site, a removal well is
most widely used. This method works best for water-soluble chemicals and
for materials that float on the water table. With respect to soluble chemi-
cals, the effect of pumping will be to reverse the normal direction of water
movement away from the site of the leak. The drawdown cone that the well
produces will trap the product. In. the case of oil, two pumping locations
are often used - a deep pump inlet to maintain the drawdown cone and a
skimming pump with its inlet floating on the surface to remove the oil.
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If the pollutant has moved far enough downgradient that recapture by
use of a drawdown cone is infeasible, a ditch placed across a shallow
contaminated plume is widely used to capture the contaminant.
When the water table is far below the surface of the ground, a row
of pumping wells is usually required. Placed across the contaminated plume,
their drawdown cones will merge, producing a trench in the water table. The
contaminant cannot escape from the depression and with time will gradually
be removed by the wells. After the contaminated water is removed, it can be
processed as an industrial wastewater before disposal. Another method
currently under research is that of sub-surface biodegradation. Many chemi-
cals such as ammonia and petroleum products are biodegradable by aerobic
bacteria, but below the surface air transfer is slow and the aerobic
bacteria tend to consume the oxygen. At the present time research is being
conducted to identify anaerobic bacteria which would also be capable of such
biodegradation. Further research is needed in the areas of detection and
abatement of spills affecting ground water. In addition, response teams
equipped with the best available technologies should be deployed in those
areas where ground water is relied on for water supplies. This could be
done at both the Federal and industrial levels.
TASK 4 - EVALUATION OF CURRENT FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GROUND-WATER
PROTECTION REGULATIONS
The objective of this task was to evaluate the applicability of current
Federal, state and local regulations to protect underground water sources
from spills. Government regulations provide the legal framework through
which official agencies operate to protect the integrity of ground water
resources.
A literature search revealed an excellent source of information on the
adequacy of Federal legislation with regard to the protection of ground water.
This document is entitled, "The Report to Congress - Waste Disposal Practices
and their Effects on Ground Water," January 1977, by the Office of Water
Supply and the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, EPA. Section XVI,
Existing Federal Legislation, of this report, discusses the following Federal
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laws and their applicability to ground water protection:
Refuse Act
Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
Public Law 92-500
Section 208
Section 304(e)
Section 402
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
Amendments of 1970
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (PL 91-190)
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (PL 93-523)
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (Reorganization Plan No. 3)
The following observations were made regarding the adequacy of existing
(at that time) Federal legislative programs within EPA's authority for pro-
tection of ground water:
1. PL 92-500 primarily focuses on navigable waters rather than
ground water or "public waters," meaning both navigable and
ground waters.
2. Section 208 of PL 92-500, at least on paper, provides strong
language for ground water protection. However, no mechanism
exists for EPA to insure the implementation of ground water
protection plans developed pursuant to the 208 process.
3. The coverage under NPDES (Section 402 of PL 92-500) is extremely
limited as regards ground water protection both because of the
language in Section 402 and the narrow definition of "pollutant"
in Section 502.
4. Under PL 93-523, the Safe Drinking Water Act, several definition
problems have led to interpretations which limit the coverage of
the Act. Some of the major polluting activities may not be subject
to the requirements of PL 93-523.
5. Ihe Solid Waste Disposal Act has not proved an effective vehicle
to protect ground water. It has expired.
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6. NEPA, through the EIS process, is a significant vehicle for
reviewing and evaluating the ground-water impact of Federal actions.
7. Radioactive wastes present a significant potential contamination
threat to ground water. Federal authorities appear adequate for
protection of public health; however, implementation has not always
been adequate. Limitation by Federal legislation of releases of
radioactive contaminants to ground water from other than those
emanating from "source, special and by-product materials" may be
inadequate. No known limits exist on medical radionuclides given
to patients and then excreted into local sewage systems.
8. The Federal power over sub-surface waters is less clear than over
surface waters and its exercise may raise Federal-state constitu-
tional questions.
The more recent Public Law 94-580, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976, also provides EPA with teeth to protect ground water from
spills of hazardous materials. However, as in PL 92-500, no mechanism exists
for EPA to insure the implementation of ground-^water protection plans devel-
oped pursuant to PL 94-580.
The efforts on this task consisted of contacting, in person or by
telephone, the various state personnel cognizant of their state's laws and
regulations regarding the protection of ground water. In addition, the
literature search revealed a study1 performed by the National Water Well
Association for the EPA during 1976. This document points out that statutes
and regulations which protect ground water reflect the difficult and complex
nature of ground-water pollution control. They cite the following ten
"control points" as follows:
1. Surface water standards
2. Land use regulations
3. Control of waste disposal sites
4. Management of water levels and pumping rates
1 A Manual of Laws, Regulations, and Institutions for Control of Ground
Water Pollution, NTIS PB-257 808, June 1976.
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5, Control of well construction and operation
6. Air quality standards
7, Control of land spreading of potential pollutants
8. Control of storage areas
9. Control of mining and quarrying
10, Control of transportation and handling of fluids
All the above "control points" can effect the protection of ground
water, but most are not primarily designed to do so. Also, most "control
points" pertain to intentional activities. This program was concerned
with provisions for accidental activities such as spills, underground tank
leakage, etc.
Table 1 summarizes the results of the state-by-state survey to deter-
mine state laws and/or regulations that protect ground water. The provi-
sions referred to in Table 1, and explained below, were established by
Versar, Inc., as those that impart effectiveness to a ground-water pro-
tection regulation. Only three states, Alaska, California and Wyoming,
have ground-water protection laws that contain all provisions. Florida,
Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey and Pennsylvania ground-
water protection regulations contain almost all of these provisions. It
is, therefore, concluded that only about 20 percent of the states have
adequate ground-^ater protection regulations.
Qround~Water Protection Provisions in Table 1
1. Any person owning or having control over oil or hazardous materials
that is spilled such that there is a substantial likelihood it
will enter underground public waters shall:
(a) Immediately stop the spilling;
(b) Immediately collect and remove the spilled oil or hazardous
material unless not feasible, in which case the person shall
take all practicable actions to contain, treat, and disperse
the same in a manner acceptable to the state in coordination
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and in accordance
with Annex X of the National Contingency Plan;
(c) Immediately proceed to correct the cause of the spill;
17
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TABLE 1. STATE LAWS PERTAINING TO GROUTSD-VJATER PROTECTION
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
TITHE, PERTINENT SECTIONS
N/A
Alaska Oil Discharge Pollution and
Control Act
Arizona Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Section A
Water & Air Pollution Control Act
Porter-Cologne Act
Colorado Water Quality Control Act
Part 6
Water Pollution I^iws
Delaware Environmental Protection Act
Section 6028
Florida Statutes 403
CH 17 Fla. Rules of Administrative
Procedure, Section 3, 4
Georgia Water Quality Control Act
Department of Health Regulations
Chapter 37-A
Water Quality Standards and Wastewater
Treatment Requirements
Section X G
Illinois Pollution Control Board Rules
And Regulations, Chapter 6 Public
Water Supplies, 313-C
PROVISIONS
N/A
1+6
Id, 2, 4, 5
Ka+d) 2, 3, 4
1*6
Id
l(a-*?), 2, 3
Id
l(a-»e), 2, 4, 5, 6
l(a^e), 2, 3, 4, 5
l(a-*e), 2, 3, 4, 5
la, b, d
la, b, c, d, e
2, 3, 6
(continued)
18
-------
TKBLE 1. (continued)
STATE
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
TITLE, PERTINENT SECTIONS
Indiana Board of Health Regulations
Iowa House File 490
Kansas State Board of Health Regulations
28-16-27. Pollution Spills and By-
Passes
Water Quality Regulations
Department of Conservation Memorandum
Oil Conveyance Law, MRSA Title 38,
Chap. 3, Oil Discharge Prevention &
Pollution Controls
Maryland Natural Resources Law For
Hazardous Substance
General Laws of Massachusetts
Michigan Spills Contingency Plan
Laws Relating to the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Chapter 116,
Section 116.061
Mississippi Code Of 1972, Section 49,
17.1 - 17.31
Rules of Department of Natural Resources
Division 20 - Clean Water Conmissior.
Chapter 5 - Hazardous Materials
10 CSR 20-5.010
N/A
PROVISIONS
l(a-*e), 2, 4, 6
l(a-e), 2, 3, 5
Id, e
l(a-*e), 2, 3, 4
l(a-*e), 2, 4
l(a-»e), 2, 3, 5, 6
(oil only)
l(a-*e), 2, 3, 5
l(a-*d), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
l(a-e), 2
la, b, c, d
l(a-Ki), 2, 3, 5
la, d, 2
N/A
(continued)
19
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TftBIE 1. (continued)
STATE
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North
Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
TITLE, PERTINENT SECTIONS
Ground-water Standards
State of Nevada Water Pollution Controls
New Hampshire Revised Statutes
Chapter 146-A
Spill Contingency & Control Act
Amended Water Quality Control Conmission
Regulations 1-203 Notification of
Discharge
Policies and Procedures Manual
Title 1800 - Emergency Operations
New York State Department of Environ-
mental Conservation (Memorandum)
N/A
Spill Contingency Plan
Ohio Water Pollution Controls
Oklahoma Statute 52
Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality, Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Subdivision 7, 47-105 Notice, Control
and CLean-up of Oil Spills Required
Title 25 Rules and Regulations Part I.
Department of Environmental Resources
Subpart C Protection of Natural Resources
Article II. Water Resources 101.2
PROVISIONS
l(a-x=), 2, 4
l(a-*e), 2, 3, 4, 5
Ka-xJ), 2, 3, 4
l(a^e), 2, 3, 4, 5
la, b, d
Id, 4
6
N/A
l(a-»e), 2, 3, 4
2
l(a-d), 2, 3
la, b, c, d, e, 2, 3
l(a-»d), 2, 3, 4, 5
(continued)
20
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TABLE 1. (continued)
ST3OE
Rhode island
South
Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TTTI£, PERTINENT SBCTICMS
General Lows of Rhode Island
Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
PL-92-500
South Dakota Hater Pollution Standards
Tennessee Code Annotated
State of Texas Oil and Hazardous
Pollution Contingency Plan
Section VI
State of Utah Oil and Hazardous Spills
Directory
Vermont Statutes Annotated, Chapter 47
Section 12
State Water Control law Article 8
Laws and Oil sfrM.1 Qnergency Procedures
Code of West Virginia Chap. 20,
Article 5A
Wisconsin Proposed Bill 880
Wyoming Water Quality Rules and
Regulations Chapter IV
PROVISIONS
l(a-*c), 4
l(a-e), 2, 3, 4
la, b, d, e, 3
l(a->d), 2, 3
Id, 2, 3, 4
la, b, d
l(a-d), 2, 3, 4
3
la, b, d, 3
l(a-»e), 2, 3, 4
la, b, c, d
l->6
21
-------
(d) Immediately notify the state of the type, quantity and location
of the spill, corrective and clean-up actions taken and proposed
to be taken; and
(e) Within short duration following a spill, submit a conplete
written report to the state describing all aspects of the spill
and steps taken to prevent a recurrence.
2. Clean-up of oil or hazardous material spills shall proceed in a
timely and diligent manner until official notice is obtained from
the state that satisfactory clean-up has been achieved.
3. State compliance with state abatement requirements does not relieve
the owner or person responsible fron liabilities, damages or penal-
ties resulting from spill and clean-up of such oil or hazardous
materials.
4. Notification of the state does not relieve the owner or responsible
person from the liabilities of the mandatory reporting requirements
to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
5. State clean-up fund for mystery spill.
6. State underground pipeline and storage tank corrosion requirements.
TASK 5 - DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION SUSCEPTIBILITY CRITERIA
This section presents the criteria to determine areas which are sus-
ceptible or non-susceptible to contamination of underground drinking water
sources from land spills. The criteria take into account the interaction of
geology, hydrology, physiography and frequency and type of spill. The sus-
ceptibility of an aquifer to contamination fron a leak or spill is determined
by the hydrogeological factors of the area, and the amount, distribution and
type of pollutants within the hydrologic province.
The hydrogeology of a given area determines the occurrence and movement
of ground water and therefore determines what happens to a contaminant that
may enter the ground-water regime.
Generally, a contaminant will percolate downward through a zone of
aeration to a saturated zone and then laterally to points of discharge. The
natural direction and rate of migration are dependent upon the geology,
22
-------
although artificial controls can alter the rate and direction.
Surface and sub-surface conditions which have created large catchments
for underground water can just as easily create catchments for contaminants.
Contaminants can enter an aquifer by percolation through the zone of aera-
tion, by infiltration and migration in the zone of saturation, or by direct
injection.
The important hydrcgeologic factors in determining aquifer susceptibility
to contamination are given below:
Distance to Point of Water Use
The chance of significant ground-water contamination decreases as the
distance between the source of contamination and a point of ground-water
use increases. Some reasons include:
a. Dilution tends to increase with distance;
b. Sorption is more complete with increased distance;
c. Time of contaminant exposure to soil increases with distance,
resulting in an opportunity for more complete decay or degradation;
and
d. Sometimes the water table gradient decreases with distance, and
therefore, the velocity of flow decreases with the distance from
the contamination site.
Depth to Water Table
The water table is a determinable but fluctuating boundary between the
unsaturated zone and the underlying zone of saturation. The thickness and
nature of the unsaturated zone are important considerations in the manage-
ment of spills affecting ground water. In most places, loose granular
materials occupy at least part of the unsaturated zone, and contaminants
tend to be stationary except when leached or carried downward by precipita-
tion or by seepage. The great reliance on the unsaturated zone for natural
contamination control stems chiefly from the biological and chemical degrada-
tion and the sorption of contaminants.
Water Table Gradient
The direction of flow and flow rate of ground water are important con-
23
-------
siderations in evaluating the possibilities of contamination at a specific
site. Measurements of water levels in wells and the preparation of a
water table map are major steps in solving or avoiding the more serious
contamination problems. If a water table map is not available or the cost
of making one is not justified, a hypothetical water table map may be con-
structed to visualize the general gradient of the water table and thus the
general direction of water movement. Of course, it is important to know
whether a contaminant is moving toward or away from a water supply.
Permeability - Sorption
Because there is a tendency for many contaminants to be retained on
earth materials by chemical and physical sorption, an evaluation of the per-
meability-sorptive capacity of the site should be made. Determining the
presence of cracks, fractures and other openings is important because they
can provide easy access for a contaminant to the saturated zone of an
aquifer.
Spill Site Evaluation
In conducting the Surface Impoundment Assessment program, the Office
of Drinking Water has developed a rating system for rapid evaluation of the
hydrogeological parameters discussed in the previous section. This rating
system determines the aquifer sensitivity of an area where at a minimum
cost a surface impoundment is located. It can be used to determine quickly
the probability of ground-water contamination potential caused by an
accidental spill.
Ihe system examines contamination potential in the upper ground-water
system which usually is a water-table aquifer. In a few areas of the country,
the first aquifer to be encountered may be an artesian aquifer in which case
this rating would also apply. Five basic factors are scored in this system:
(1) the hydrogeology of the unsaturated zone above the aquifer
(thickness of unsaturated zone, permeability and general
attenuating characteristics of the material, whether con-
solidated or unconsolidated);
(2) the aquifer transmissivity;
24
-------
(3) the ground-water quality;
(4) the physical and chemical character of the spilled material such
as toxicity, concentration, volume, etc.
(5) the potential for contamination of existing ground and surface
water supplies by considering distance and direction of con-
taminated ground-water movement .\
When conducting this assessment, the following steps are taken:
Step 1. Rating the Unsaturated Zone
The hydrogeologic properties of the material underlying the spill
site in the unsaturated zone above the aquifer are rated to determine the
potential for contaminants to reach the water table. The permeability and
sorption characteristics of the earth materials (either consolidated or
unconsolidated) may decrease the rate of waste movement and attenuate the
waste concentrations to a certain degree. Finer grained unconsolidated
material and impermeable consolidated rock inhibit the movement of fluids
to the ground water. Additionally, the finer grained earth materials (clays)
tend to retard the waste movement by attenuation mechanisms (ion exchange,
adsorption and absorption), depending upon waste type and the chemical milieu
of the underlying unsaturated zone. The thickness of the unsaturated zone
also affects the attenuating capability of the spill site by providing
greater contact time of the spilled material with the earth materials and
by providing the opportunity for other processes (oxidation, precipitation,
biological degradation and filtration) to help attenuate the spilled material.
Although it is acknowledged that contaminated ground water is subject
to varying degrees of attenuation as it flows through the aquifer, this
rating system focuses primarily on the potential for ground-water pollution.
This occurs when contaminants reach the ground water. For this reason, the
hydrogeologic factors being rated in this step are those of the material
above the aquifer in the unsaturated zone.
Step 2. Rating the Ground-Water Availability
In determining the ground-water pollution potential of the spill site,
the overall aquifer property of transmissivity, is important. Transmissivity
25
-------
is the ability of the aquifer to transmit ground water and is related to the
hydraulic conductivity and saturated thickness of the aquifer.
Step 3. Rating the Ground-Water Quality
Ground-water quality is a determinant of the ultimate usefulness of
the ground water. Consideration of ground-water quality is intended to
indicate the background water quality of the aquifer. Ground water presently
used for drinking water or having fewer than 500 mg/1 total dissolved solids
(IDS) is rated highest, and water of more than 10,000 mg/1 IDS is rated
the lowest quality.
Step 4. Rating of the Physical and Chemical Character of the Spilled
Material
The rating of the potential health hazard of the spilled material to
drinking water supplies involves the physical and chemical character
including toxicity and the volume of the spill. The rating of the toxicity
of the spilled material will be characterized according to the waste
characteristics identified in the SIC code.
Step 5. Scoring of the Site's Ground-Water Contamination Potential
Upon completion of the first four steps rating the hydrogeologic
factors, the aquifer, and the potential waste character, a final score
will be determined for that spill site indicating its overall relative
ground-water contamination potential.
Step 6. Determination of the Potential Health Hazard to Present Drinking
Water Supplies
In order to allow further prioritization of the spill sites by their
potential threat to drinking water sources, the distance to present under-
ground and surface drinking water supplies will be rated in conjunction with
the determination of the direction of movement of the waste plume (i.e.,
towards or away fran the water supply).
Step 7. Rating the Degree of Confidence
This step allows the spill investigator to indicate his/her confidence
in the data used to arrive at the Step 1 through 6 scores. High confidence
is given to site specific data sources, and low confidence is given to
assumptions based on general knowledge.
26
-------
Step 8. Miscellaneous Identifiers
This step allows the evaluator to identify special conditions that
would not be evident from the numerical scores. For example, the letter
A can be added to the score to indicate that the spill site is in an alluvial
valley.
Step 9. Recording of Final Score
In this step the evaluator will record the values determined
in Step 6 through 8, along with those recorded in Step 5. Upon completion
of this step all values for Steps 1-8 will have been recorded and the
rating of the ground-water contamination potential will be completed.
The following table shows the general ranges for ground-water contamination
and incumbent risks or probability of aquifer contamination. This table can
be used as a general guide to determine the degree and urgency of action
needed in response to a spill according to the probability of aquifer
contamination.
To explain this system in detail, the "Manual for Evaluating Contamination
Potential of Surface Impoundments" (EPA 570/9-78-003) is reprinted in
Appendix E in the "Guidance Document."
It must be emphasized that the use of the above system is intended as
only a standardized methodology for recording the hydrogeologic parameters at
a spill site and obtaining a first approximation of the potential for ground-
water contamination. The rating system should be utilized to get a quick
overview of the spill's threat to ground water and the degree and quickness
of the response to the spill required.
To assist in the hydrogeological evaluation of pollution hazards, the
following information should also be made available.
direction and amount of surface runoff
amount of evaporation and transpiration
natural and extent of artificial controls exerted on the aquifer,
i.e., pumping wells, recharge and discharge areas
soil attenuation properties
27
-------
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The retrieval of such information can be made from existing hydrogeological
surveys, pumping test analysis, borehole logging information, geophysical
surveys, rainfall and evapotranspiration details and river flow records.
Given this information, the hydrogeologist should be able to determine ground-
water movement and flow patterns, with the aim of assessing whether or
not a given aquifer system affords adequate protection against sources
of contamination.
After the determination of aquifer sensitivity is completed, a second
stage of susceptibility evaluation is required. This involves an evaluation
of the sources of contamination in the vicinity.
The following are some major factors to be considered:
Type of contaminants
Volume in the surrounding area
Storage types
Transportation amounts, type and routes
Preventive techniques used in the area
Figure 1 illustrates the concentration of imderground transportation of
petroleum products by pipeline in the Gulf Coast area. Pipeline transporta-
tion and storage facilities with an overlay of the critical ground-water
sensitivity areas can provide a comprehensive planning mechanism for the
protection of an area's ground-jwater resource.
TASK 6 - DEVELOPMENT OF A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
A separate guidance document entitled "Protection of Ground-Water
Resources from the Effect of Accidental Spills of Hydrocarbon and Other
Hazardous Substances," was developed.
The purpose of the dccunent is to assist state, regional and industrial
personnel by providing guidance on spill prevention and clean-up methods as
they relate to ground-water contamination. The document is divided into
several sections, each with a specific purpose. The Table of Contents of
this document appears as Table 2.
The following is a general description of each of these sections:
29
-------
Figure 1. Section of an illustration showing pipelines along
the Gulf Coast area.
30
-------
TABLE 2. GUIDANCE DOCUMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE CF CCNTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRCCUCTTCN ................... .... 1
2 HJCDHOGEQLOG3EAL INPQFMATICN ................ 3
1. Wiat is Ground Water? ................. 3
2. Ground raster Movement ................. 3
3. The Susceptibility of Aquifers to Contamination from
apniH ......................... 3
4. Ground Water Hydrology Relative to Spills ....... 4
5. Important Hydrogeological Factors Needed to Evaluate
the Course of Action Required in the Event of a
Spill ......................... 7
6. Spill Site Evaluation - A Numerical Bating System ... 9
3 SPILL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES ............ 15
1. Monitoring Wells .................... 15
2. Surface Mater Measurements ............... 1~
3. Aftrinl Photography ................... 18
4. Geophysical Well Logging ................ 19
4 SPILL CLEAN-UP TECHNIQUES ................. 21
1. Soil Renewal ...................... 21
2. Trenching and Skimming ................. 21
3. Recovery Hells ..................... 24
4. Biodegradation of Petroleum and Chemical Spills .... 25
5. In-Place Detoxification ................ 32
6. Roams ......................... 32
7. Gelling Agents ..................... 32
5 IAIC SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES ....... 34
1. Prevention Techniques ................. 34
2. Control Techniques ................... 38
6 BXELTOGRAPHY ....................... 43
APPENDIX A - General Descriptions of the 24 Ground Water Provinces
in the United States ..... ........... .. A 1
APPENDIX B - State Laws ....................... B-l
APPENDIX C - State and Federal Spill Response Telephone Numbers . . . c-1
APPENDIX D - List of State Geologists to Call for Further
Carfitjrji rmi jhfonnation ............ ..... D1
APPENDIX E - A Manual for Evaluating Contamination Potential of
Surface Inpoundments ................. E-l
31
-------
Hydrogeological Information - This section describes ground water and
those hydrogeological factors which are important for the assessment and
evaluation of a spill.
Spill Damage Assessment Itechniques - The information in this section
describes the basic state-of-the-art in sub-surface spill damage assessment.
Land Spill Prevention and Control Techniques - This section describes
several prevention and control techniques used to minimize ground-water
contamination.
Bibliography - This section contains those references used in the
preparation of this document and others for the reader's further specific
investigation or knowledge in the areas of spill abatement and prevention.
Appendices - The appendices contain details regarding the following
areas:
A - Description of U.S. aquifer systems
B - State laws applicable to ground-water contamination
C - State and Federal spill response telephone numbers
D - State geologist to call for specific hydrogeological information
in each state.
32
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SECTION 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Analytical Instrumentation". W. L. Budde and D. Craig Shew. Presented
to the Office of Research and Development, EPA, ADP Workshop, Bethany,
West Virginia, October 2-4, 1974.
2. "Application of Ground Water Flow Theory to a Sub-surface Oil Spill".
Holzer. Ground Water, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1976.
3. "Applied Hydrology". Ray K. Linsley, Jr., Max A. Kohler and Joseph L. H.
Paulhus. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1949.
4. "Aspects of Aquifer Management". Leslie G. McMillion and Diane Olsson.
The Cross Section, Vol. 18, No. 3, March 1972.
5. "Bacterial Degradation of Motor Oil". J. D. Walker, R. R. Golviell and
L. Petrakis. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 47(8):
2058-2066.
6. "Biodegradation of High-Octane Gasoline in Ground Water". Raymond,
Jamison and Hadson. Development in Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 16, 1975.
7. "Control of Hazardous Material Spills". Proceedings of 1973-78 National
Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills.
8. "Corrosion Control for Buried Service Station Tanks". Paper #52, John
Fitzgerald. Presented at the International Corrosion Forum devoted
exclusively to the Protection and Performance of Materials, April 14-18,
1975, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
9. "Elements of Applied Hydrology". Don Johnstone and William P. Cross.
Ronald Press Co., New York, 1949.
10. "Feasibility of Plastic Foam Plugs for Sealing leaking Chemical Con-
tainers". R. C. Mitchell et al, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
R2-73-251, May 1973.
11. "Gasoline in Ground Water". McKee, laverty, Hertel- JWPCF, Vol. 44,
No. 2, 1972.
12. "General Principles of Artificial Ground-Water Recharge". O.E. Meinzer.
Econ. Geol. 41;191-201, 1946.
13. "Ground Water". C. F. Toyman. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1937.
14. "Ground Water Hydrology". David Keith Todd. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1959.
33
-------
15. "Ground Water Monitoring to Verify Water Quality Objectives'1. Leslie
G. McMillion. Presented to Conference on Land Disposal of Wastewaters,
East Lansing, Michigan, Decenber 6-7, 1972.
16. "Ground Water Pollution in the South Central States". Marion R. Scalf,
Jack W. Kaeley and C. J. LaFevers. EPA-R2-73-268, June 1973.
17. "Ground Water Problems Associated with Well Drilling Additives".
D. Craig Shew and Jack W. Kseley. Presented to EPA's Office of Toxic
Substances Conference on Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in
Well Drilling Operations, Houston, Texas, May 20-22, 1975,.
18. "Ground Water Reclamation by Selective Pumping". Leslie G. McMillion.
Transactions of Society of Mining Engineers, AIME, Vol. 250, March 1971.
19. "Guidelines for Interception of Ground Water Contamination near
Buildings". Department of Environmental Conservation, New York.
20. "Hydrology11. C. 0. Wisler and E. F. Brater. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1949.
21. "Hydrology". Edited by Oscar E. Meinzer under auspices of National
Research Council. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1949.
22. "Nutrient, Bacterial, and Virus Control as Related to Ground Water
Contamination". Sub-surface Environmental Branch^ Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center, EPA. Prepared for Region IV, EPA, Atlanta, Georgia.
December 1974.
23. "Occurrence of Ground Water in the United States, with a Discussion of
Principles". O. E.Meinzer. U.S. Geological Survey, W.S.P. 489, 1923.
24. "Oil Pollution Prevention, Non-Transportation Related Onshore and
Offshore Facilities". Federal Register, Vol. 38, No. 237, p. 34164-
34170.
25. "Outline of Ground Water Hydrology". O.E. Meinzer. U.S. Geological
Survey W.S.P. 494, 1923.
26. "Outline of Methods for Estimating Ground Water Supplies". 0. E.
Meinzer. U.S. Geological Survey, W.S.P. 638-C, 1932.
27. "Polluted Ground Water". David Keith Todd, Daniel E. Grren McNulty.
Water Information Center, Inc., New York, 1976.
28. "Practical Handbook of Water Supply". Frank Dixey. Murby, London,
1931.
29. "Present Status of our Knowledge Regarding the Hydraulics of Ground
Water". 0. E. Meinzer and L. K, Wenzel. Econ. Geol. 35:915-941,
1940.
34
-------
30. "Proceedings of the Second National Ground Water Quality Symposium".
National Water Well Association and Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, NERC, EPA. Symposium held in Denver, Colorado,
September 25-27, 1974.
31. "Regulatory and Legal Aspects of Aquifer Management". Leslie G.
McMillion and Diane L. Olsson. Presented to American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, February 22, 1972.
32. "Sampling Equipment for Ground Water Investigations". Leslie G. McMillion
and Jack W. Keeley. Ground Water, Vol. 6, No. 2, March-April 1968.
33. "Significance and Nature of the Gone of Depression in Ground Water
Bodies". C.V. Iheis. Econ. Geol. 33:889-902, 1938.
34. "Sub-surface Biological Activity in Relation to Ground Water Pollution".
James F. McNabb and William J. Dunlap. Proceedings of the Second
National Ground Water Quality Symposium, Paper presented to Symposium
in Denver, Colorado, September 25-27, 1974.
35. "Technology for Managing Spills on Land and Water". D. B. Dahm and
R. J. Pilie. Environmental Science arid Technology, Vol. 8, No. 13,
1974.
36. "The Migration of Petroleum Products in Soil and Ground Water - Prin-
ciples and Countermeasures". American Petroleum Institute, Publication
No. 4149, 1972.
37. "The National Ground Water Quality Symposium". Environmental Protection
Agency and National Water Well Association 16060 GRB 08/71.
38. "The Role of Geosciences in Ground Water Development and Protection".
Jay H. Lehr and Jack W. Keeley. Presented to Geosciences and Man
Committee, International Union of Geological Sciences, Bad Hamburg,
Germany, July 1974.
39. "The Iheory of Ground Water Motion". M. K. Hubbert. Jour. Geol. 48;
785-944. Nov-Dec 1940 (Jan. 1941).
40. "Underground Leakage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids". 1972.
NFPA No. 329, National Fire Protection Association.
35
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APPENDIX A
IAND SPILL INVENTORY DATA
36
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64
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APPENDIX B
LIST CF 918 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND THEIR
SOIIJBILITY AND TCKICITY RATINGS
65
-------
TOXICOLOGY1
TOXICITY DEFINED
Toxicity is the ability of a chemical molecule or compund to
produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in or on the body.
Toxicity hazard is the probability that injury may be caused by the manner
in which the substance is used.
Acute
This term will be used in the medical sense to mean "of short duration."
As applied to materials which are inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it
refers to a single exposure of a duration measured in seconds, minutes or
hours. As applied to materials which are ingested, it refers generally to
a single quantity or dose.
Chronic
This term will be used in contrast to "acute" and means "of long dura-
tion. " As applied to materials which are inhaled or absorbed through the
skin, it refers to prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured
in days, months or years. As applied to materials which are ingested, it
refers to repeated doses over a period of days, months, or years. The
term "chronic" will not refer to severity of symptoms but will carry the
implication of exposures or doses which would be relatively harmless unless
extended or repeated over long periods of time (days, months or years).
In this book the term "chronic" includes exposures which might also be
called "subacute," i.e., somewhere between "acute" and "chronic."
Local
This term refers to the site of action of an agent and means that the
action takes place at the point or area of contact. The site nay be skin,
mucous maribrances of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, or anywhere along the
respiratory or gastrointestinal system. Absorption does not necessarily
occur.
1 Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials N.I. Sax.
66
-------
Systemic
This term refers to a site of action other than the point of contact
and presupposes that absorption has taken place. It is possible, however,
for toxic agents to be absorbed through a channel (skin, lungs or intestinal
canal) and produce later manifestations on one of these channels which are
not a result of the original direct contact. Thus it is possible for some
agents to produce harmful effects on a single organ or tissue as a result
of both "local" and "systemic" actions.
Absorption
A material is said to have been absorbed only when it has gained entry
into the blood stream and consequently may be carried to all parts of the
body. Absorption requires that a substance pass through the skin, a mucous
membrane, or the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It may also be produced
by means of a needle (subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.) but this is not of
importance in industrial toxicology.
TQXICnY RATINGS
An explanation of the toxicity ratings is given in the following
paragraphs:
U = Unknown
This designation is given to substances which fall into one of the
following categories:
(a) No toxicity information could be found in the literature and none
was known to the authors.
(b) Limited information based on anaimal experiments was available but
in the opinion of the authors this information could not be applied to human
exposures. In some cases this information is mentioned so that the reader
may know that some experimental work has been done.
(c) Published toxicity data were felt by the authors to be of question-
able validity.
0 = No toxicity
This designation is given to materials which fall into one of the
following categories:
67
-------
(a) Materials which cause no harm under any conditions of use.
(b) Materials which produce toxic effects on humans only under the
most unusual conditions or by overwhelming dosage.
1 = Slight toxicity
(a) Acute local. Materials which on single exposures lasting seconds,
minutes or hours cause only slight effects on the skin or mucous membranes
regardless of the extent of the exposure.
(b) Acute Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body
by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which produce only slight
effects following single exposures lasting seconds, minutes, or hours, or
following ingestion of a single dose, regardless of the quantity absorbed
or the extent of exposure.
(c) Chronic Local. Materials which on continuous or repeated exposures
extending over periods of days, months, or years cause only slight harm to
the skin or mucous membranes. The extent of exposure may be great or small.
(d) Chronic Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body
by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which produce only slight
effects following continuous or repeated exposures extending over days,
months, or years. The extent of the exposure may be great or small.
In general, those substances classified as having "slight toxicity"
produce changes in the human body which are readily reversible and which
will disappear following termination of exposure, either with or without
medical treatment.
2 = Moderate toxicity
(a) Acute Local. Materials which on single exposure lasting seconds,
minutes or hours cause moderate effects on the skin or mucous membranes.
These effects may be the result of intense exposure for a matter of seconds
or moderate exposure for a matter of hours.
(b) Acute Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body by
inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which produce moderate effects
following single exposures lasting seconds, minutes or hours, or following
ingestion of a single dose.
68
-------
(c) Chronic Local. Materials which on continuous or repeated
exposures extending over periods of days, months or years cause moderate
harm to the skin or mucous membranes.
(d) Chronic Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body
by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which produce moderate
effects following continuous or repeated exposures extending over periods
of days, months or years.
Ohose substances classified as having "moderate toxicity" may produce
irreversible as well as reversible changes in the human body. These changes
are not of such severity as to threaten life or produce serious permanent
physical impairment.
3 = Severe toxicity
(a) Acute local. Materials which on single exposures lasting seconds
or minutes cause injury to skin or mucous membranes of sufficient severity
to threaten life or to cause permanent physical impairment or disfigurement.
(b) Acute Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body by
inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which can cause injury of
sufficient severity to threaten life following a single exposure lasting
seconds, minutes or hours, or following ingestion of a single dose.
(c) Chronic Local. Materials which on continuous or repeated
exposures extending over periods of days, months or years can cause injury
to skin or mucous membranes of sufficient severity to threaten life or to
cause permanent impairment, disfigurement or irreversible change.
(d) Chronic Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body
by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which can cause death or
serious physical impairment following continuous or repeated exposures to
small amounts extending over periods of days, months or years.
69
-------
918 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
I. Metals and Inorganics (265)
Solubility
Toxicity
aluminum chloride
aluminum fluoride
aluminum nitrate
aluminum sulf ate
ammonia, anhydrous
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bifluoride
ammonium carbonate
annonium chloride
ammonium dichromate
ammonium fluoride
ammonium hydroxide (28% aoueous)
ammonium iodide
ammonium molybdate
ammonium nitrate - carbonate mix
ammonium nitrate - phosphate mix
ammonium nitrate - sulf ate mix
ammonium oxalate
ammonium pentaborate
ammonium perchlorate
ammonium persulf ate
ammonium phosphate
ammonium silioofluoride
ammonium sulfamate
ammonium sulf ate
ammonium sulf ide
ammonium sulf ite
2 *
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
d
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
food
U additive
3
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
U
3
1
1
3
2
* with violence
70
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
boric acid
boron trichloride
boron tribromide
bromine
bromine pentafluoride
bromine trif luoride
cadmium
cadmium bromide
cadmium chloride
cadmium fluoborate
cadmium nitrate
cadmium oxide
cadmium sulfate
calcium
calcium arsenate
calcium carbide
calcium chlorate
calcium chloride
calcium chromate
calcium cyanide
calcium fluoride
calcium hydroxide
calcium hypochlorite
calcium nitrate
calcium oxide
calcium peroxide
calcium phosphate
calcium phosphide
carbon dioxide
1
d
2
d
d *
0
2
3
3
0
2
d
1
d
2
2
2
d
1
2
2
3
d
1
2
d
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
1
3
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
food
U additive
3
1
* with violence
71
-------
."*
^Solubility
Toxicity
carbon disulf ids
carbon monoxide
carbon tetrachloride
chlorine
chlorine trif luoride
chlorosulfonic acid
chronic anhydride
chi.ULiQ.URl
chronyl chloride
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous nitrate
cobaltous sulfate
copper
cupric arsenite
cupric bromide
cupric chloride
cupric fluoborate
cupric nitrate
cupric oxalate
cupric sulfate
cuprous cyanide
cuprous iodide
cyanide
cyanogen
cyanogen bromide
cyanogen chloride
decaborane
1
1
0
2
d
d
2
0
2
3
2
0
0
1
d
1
d
0
0
0
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
72
-------
Solubility
Ttncicity
difluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous
ferric antnonium oxalate
ferric chloride
ferric nitrate
ferric sulfate
ferrous aranonium sulfate
ferrous chloride
ferrous f luoborate
ferrous oxalate
ferrous sulfate
fluorine
fluosilicic acid
f luosulfonic acid
gallic acid
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
hydrogen, liquid
hydrogen bromide
hydrogen cyanide
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen sulf ide
hydroxyl amine sulfate
lead
lead arsenate
lead f luoborate
lead fluoride
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
d
2
2
1
2
4
2
3
4
4
2
2
0
1
d
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
U
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
73
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
lead iodide
lead nitrate
lead thiocyanate
litharge
lithium
lithium aluminum hydride
lithium hydride
magnesium
magnesium per chlorate
mercuric anroonium chloride
mercuric chloride
mercuric cyanide
mercuric iodide
mercuric nitrate
mercuric oxide
mercuric sulf ide
mercurous chloride
rrercurous nitrate
mercury
molybdic trioxide
nickel
nickel aitmcnium sulfate
nickel bromide
nickel carbonyl
nickel chloride
nickel cyanide
nickel f luoborate
nickel nitrate
nickel sulfate
nitric acid
2
0
d
d
d
0
2
0
2
1
d
0
0
2
3
0
1
0
2
3
1
2
0
3
2
4
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
74
-------
Toxicity
. r
nitric oxide
nitrogen, liquid
nitrogen tetroxLde
nitrosyl chloride
nitrous oxide
oxygen, liouid
pentaborane
perchloric acid
phosgene
phosphoric acid
phosphorous, red
phosphorous, white
phosphorous oxychloride
phosphorous pentasulfide
phosphorous tribromide
phosphorous trichloride
polyphosphoric acid
potassium
potassium arsenate
potassium binoxalate
potassium chlorate
potassium chronate
potassium cyanide
potassium dichromate
potassium hydroxide
2
d
1
d
4
0
d
1
0
d
0
d
d
3
0
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
I
d 3
2 3
3
2 2
2 3
2 3
2
3
3 , 3
potassium iodide 3
potassium oxalate
potassium permanganate
2
2
3
3
75
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
potassium peroxide
selenium
selenium dioxide
selenium trioxide
silicon tetrachloride
silver
silver carbonate
silver fluoride
silver icdate
silver nitrate
silver oxide
silver sulf ate
sodium
sodium amide
sodium arsenate
sodium arsenite
sodium azide
sodium bisulfite
sodium borate
sodium borohydride
sodium chlorate
sodium chronate
sodium cyanide
sodium dichronate
sodium ferrocyanide
sodium fluoride
sodium hydride
sodium hydrosulf ide solution
0
2
3
d
0
1
3
1
3
1
1
d
d
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
d
3
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
76
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
sodium hydroxide
sodium hypochlorite
sodium nitrate
sodium oxalate
sodium phosphate
sodium silicate
sodium silicof luoride
sodium sulf ide
sodium sulf ite
sodium thiocyanate
sulfur, liquid
sulfur dioxide
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid, spent
sulfur ncnochloride
sulfuryl chloride
thallium
thiophosgene
thorium nitrate
titanium tetrachloride
trichlorosilane
uranyl nitrate
uranyl sulf ate
vanadium oxytrichloride
vanadium pentoxide
vanadyl sulfate
zinc
zinc anmonium chloride
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
3
0
2
4
4
d
d
0
0
3
2
d
2
2
1
3
0
3
2
2
3
U
1
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
U
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
0
1
77
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
zinc arsenate
zinc berate
zinc bromide
zinc chloride
zinc chronate
zinc f luoborate
zinc nitrate
zinc phosphide
zinc silicofluoride
zinc sulfate
zirconium nitrate
zirconium oxychloride
zirconium sulfate
0
2
3
3
3
d
2
3
2
3
2
2
1
J.
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
1
3
78
-------
II. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (145)
Solubility
Ttoxicity
A. Unsubstituted (48)
acetylene
anthracene
butadiene inhibited
butane
butylene
canphene
carene
cyclohexane
cyclopentane
cyclopropane
1-decene
dextrose solution
dicyclopentadiene
diisobutylene
dipentene
1-dodecene
ethane
ethylene
heptane
1-heptene
hexane
1-hejsene
isobutane
isobutvlene
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
2
2
U
2
, 2
2
2
U
2
U-3
U
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
U
79
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
isohexane
iscpentane
isoprene
maleic anhydride
methane
mathyl aaetylene-propadiene irixture
methyl cyclooentane
neohexane
nonane
1-nonene
octane
1-octene
pentane
1-pentene
polybutene
polypropylene
prooane
propylene
propylene-butylene polvner
sulfolane
1-tetradecene
tetrahydrofuran
1-tridecene
1-undecene
0
0
2
0
0
,_ 0
1
0
2
3
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
1
U
u
U
2
*)
3
1
2
food
U additive
1
2
U
3
U
80
-------
B. Halogenated (54)
Solubility
Toxicitv
allyl bromide
allyl chloride
allvl trichlorosilane
amyl chloride (N-)
amyl trichlorosilane (N-)
butyl trichlorosilane
chloro rh' bromo-methane
chloroform
cyclohexanyltrichlcrosilane
dichlorobronotethane
dichlorobutene
dichlorodifluoronethane
1 , 2-
-------
Solubility
Toadcity
athvlane dichloride
tiiyltrichlorosilane
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopantadiane
hexachloroethflne
mthallyl chloride
mthoxychlor
methyl brotdde
methyl chloride
methyl dichlorosilane
methyl phosphcnothioic dichloride anhydrous
methyl trichlorosilare
nmochlorodifluorcrethane
perchloraiethyl mercaptan
tetrachloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloronethane
testxaf luoroethylene inhibited
tribroracnethane
1,1, 1-trichloroethane
1,1, 2-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
trichlorofluDrctne thane
trifluorochloroethylene
triraetiiylchlorosilane
vinyl fluoride inhibited
vinylidene chloride inhibited
vinyltrichlorosilane
1
d
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
U
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
U
2
3
82
-------
C. Substituted (other) (43)
Solubility
Ttoxicity
diethyl carbonate
diethyl zinc
dimethyl hexane dihydroperoxide
dimethyl polysiloxane
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfoxide
dimethyl zinc
ethylene oxide
ethylidenenorborene
ethyl mercaptan
ethyl nitrite
ethyl phosphonothioic dichloride, anhydrous
ethyl pnosphorodichloride
ethyl silicate
qlycidyl methacrylate
hexadecylinmethvlamroonium chloride
isopropyl mercaptan
isopropyl percarbonate
lauzoyl peroxide
lauryl mercaptan
malathion
methylcyclopentadienylmanganese bicarbcnyl
nethyl mercaptan
methyl parathion
nickel acetate
nitroethane
nitrome thane
d
0
2
d
2
1
d
1
0
1
T
J.
2
2
2
1
3
U-3
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
U
3
3
2
U
3
3
2
2
3
83
-------
Solubility
TbxLcitv
2-nieroorroane
orcDvlsne oxide
atcoyler-e tatraEer
>t-orcnvl "aercantan
sodium aUcvl sulfates
sodion cacodvlats
sodium hexaciecvi sulf are
sucrose
tstrae-chvl cli-chiocvrochcschata
zetraethvl lead
tstraartr/l ovroohoschats
1
4
i
t
2
2
2
3
3
2 0
0
3
3
3
tetraraethvl laad
triethvlalutdnun
Tziisobutvl alutrinun
2inc diaLc/ldithicchoschats
3 1 1
I 3
3
*with violence
84
-------
III. Alcohols (56)
Solubility
Toxicity,
allyl alochol
amyl alcohol (N-)
benzyl alcohol
1,4-butanediol
1,4-butenediol
butyl alcohol (N-)
butyl alcohol (sec-)
butyl alcohol (tert-)
1,4-butynediol
catechol
B ohloroethyl alcohol
chlorohydrin
oollodion
cyanoethyl alcohol
decyl alcohol
diaoetone alcohol
diethylene glycol
diisobutyl carbinol
dipropylene glycol
dodecanol
ethoxylated dodecanol
ettioxylated penadecar.ol
ethoxylated tetradecanol
ethoxylated tridecanol
ethoxy triglyool
ethyl alcohol
ethyl butanol
ethylene glycol
2
2
4
2
2
3
4
3
2
0
2
2
2
4
0
4
2
3
2
1
2
U
2
2
2
3
3
3
U-3
1
U-3
0-1
2
2
U-l
2
0-1
2
1
2
2
85
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
ethyl hexanol, (2-)
furfuryl aloohol
glycerine
heptanol
hexanol
hexylene glyool
isoanyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol
isodecyl alcohol
isooctyl alcohol
0
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
0
isopropyl alcohol 1
!
linear alcohols (12-15 carbons) 2
methyl alcohol 2
methyl arnyl alcohol j
octanol
pentadecanol
pentaerythritol
poypropylene glyool
Dropyl alcohol (N-)
propylene glycol
sorbitol
tallow fatty alcohol
tetradecanol
tetraethylene glycol
tridecanol
triethylene glyool
tripropylene glycol
undecanol
0
2
4
4
3
0
0
4
0
1
U-2
1
2
1
2
2
3
U
2
3
3
U
2
Food
U Additive
U
U
2
U-l
2
2
U
86
-------
IV. AldahydM
Solubility
Toxicitt
acataldehyda
benzaldahyde
butyraldahyeto (N-)
butyraldahyde (iao-)
crotonaldehyde
decaldehyda
ethylhaxaldehyde
2-ethyl-3 propylacrolein
fbimaldehyde solution
furfural
glutaraldehyde solution
glyoxal, 40 (solution)
haxaldehyde (N-)
iscdecaldehyde
isooctaldehyde
isovaler aldehyde
methyl fonnal
paraformaldehyde
propinaldehyde
valeraldehyde
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
1
3
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
87
-------
V. Ketones (19)
Solubility
Toxicity
acetone
acetone cyanohydrin
aoetcphenone
aoetylacetone
amyl methyl ketone (N-)
benzophenone
chloroacetophenone
cyclohexanone
cyclohexanone peroxide
di-n-butvl ketone
diisobutyl ketone
isophorcne
mesityl oxide
nethyl-n-butyl ketone
roethyethyl ketone
methyl isobutyl ketone
methyl isopropenyl ketone (inhibited)
methyl vinyl ketone
B-oropiolacetone
4
0
3
0
2
0
0
2
3
1
2
3
U-l
2
0
0
2
U-2
U-2
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
88
-------
VI. Organic Acids (27)
Solubility
Toxicity
acetic acid
acetyl peroxide solution
acrylic acid
adipic acid
butyric acid (N-)
cacodylic acid
caprolactam (solution)
citric acid
cyanoacetic acid
di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
formic acid
fumaric acid
isobutyric acid
isophthalic acid
lactic acid
maleic acid
ncnochloroacetic acid
oleic acid
oxalic acid
peracetic acid
propionic acid
pyrogallic,acia |
salicilic acid j
4
4
1
1
3
3
2
4
1
3
1
3
3
0
2
4
4
3
1
sodium methanearsenate
stearic acid
tannic acid
0
2
3
2
3
0-1
1
3
0
3
U-2
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
2
3
1
2
89
-------
VII. Esters (65)
Solubility
Itoxicity
acetic anhydride
acetyl bromide
acetyl chloride
allyl chloroformate
anmonium acetate
amncnium citrate
anroonium formate
anrcnium gluconate
arntenium lactate
anncniumlauryl sulfate
ammonium nitrate urea solution
antnonium oleate
amnonium stearate
amnonium tartrate
amyl acetate (N-)
antimony potassium tartrate
calcium resinate
cadmium acetate
chloracetyl chloride
cobaltous acetate
cupric acetate
cupric acetoarsenite
2
d
d
2
*
4
5
2
2
1
3
2
1
2 , 4-dichlorcphenoxyacetic acid esters 0
dioctyl adipate
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
dodecyl sulfate, magnesium salt
3
3
3
3
U-3
1
U-3
3
U
3
1
3
3
2
0-1
1
90
-------
Solubility
Toxicity
dodecy sulfate, sodium salt
dodecyl trichlorosilane
ethyl acetate
ethyl aoetoacetate
ethyl acrylate
ethyl butyrate
ethyl chloroacetate
ethyl chloroformate
ethyl chlorosilane
ethyl f ornate
ethylene glycol diacetate
2-ethylhexyl acrylate (inhibited)
ethyl lactate
ethyl methylacrylate
ferric ammonium citrate
ferric glycerophosphate
glycidyl methacrylate
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (inhibited)
hydroxylpropyl acrylate
hydro^lpropyl methacrylate
isobutyl acetate
isodecyl acrylate (inhibited)
isopropyl acetate
lead acetate
lead tetraacetate
mercuric acetate
2
1
1
0
d
2
4
1
2
1
2
2
U-3
2
2
3
food
U additive
3
3
3
2
0-2
U-l
U
U-2
U
2
2
3
3
3
91
-------
Solubility
Tenacity
methyl acetate
methyl acrylate
methyl amylacetate
methyl chloroformate
methyl methacrylate
potassium oleiate
propicnic anhydride
N-prcpyl acetate
silver acetate
sodium oleiate
uranyl acetate
vinyl acetate
zinc acetate
3
d
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
1
0-1
2
1
1
3
1
1
92
-------
VIII. Ethers (26)
Solubility
bis-2-chloroethoxy methane
bis-chloromethyl ether
bis-2-chloroethyl ether
bis-2-chloroisopropyl ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
cresyl glycidyl ether
di-n-butyl ether
diethylene glyool dimethyl ether
diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
diethylene glyool monobutyl ether acetate
diethylene glyool nonoethyl ether
diethylene glyool moromethyl ether
dimethyl ether
1,4-dioxane
ethylene glyool diethyl ether
ethylene glyool dimethyl ether
ethylene glyool monobutyl ether
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
ethylene glyool monomethyl ether
ethyl ether
isopropyl ether
polypropylene glycol mathyl ether
propylene glycol methyl ether
vinyl methyl ether (inhibited)
4
2
4
4
2
0
2
2
4
2
1
1
3
3
U
2
1
2
3
3
3
2
3
U-2
U-2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
U
93
-------
DC. Monocyclic Aroroatics (excluding phenols, cresols, phthalates) (47)
Solubility Ibxicity
aDcylbenzene sulfonic acids
ammonium benzoate
benzene
benzene isopropyl hydroperoxide
benzene phosphorus dichloride
benzene phosphorus trichloride
benzoic acid
benzoyl chloride
benzyl chlorofonnate
benzyl dimethyl octa-decyl ammonium chloride
benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
bromobenzene
calcium dodecylbenzene sulfate
p-chloroaminobenzene
4 chloroaminotoluene
chlorobenzene
n-decyl benzene
dibenzoyl peroxide
4 , 4-diciiloro-alpha-trichlorcrnethyl-benzhydrol
1 , 2-dichlorobenzene
di-p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide
diethylbenzene
2 , 4-diisocy5motoluene
diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
2 , 4-dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-dinitrotoluene
2
1
3
0
0
o
0
2
U-2
2
2
1
2
2
0
1
2
U
2
2
U
U-2
3
U-2
3
94
-------
Solubility
Ibxicity
dodecylbenzene
ethylbenzene
hexadilorobenzene
isopropyl benzene (curene)
isopropylamLne dodecylbenzenesulfcnate
isopropyraethyl benzene (cymene)
methyl styrene (alpha)
nitro benzene
styrene
sodium alkylbenzenesulfbnates
tctra decyl benzene
toluene
j>-toluenesulfonic acid
o-toluidene
1,2, 4-trichlorctoenzene
triethanolaminectodficylbenzenesuLfaiate
triethyl benzene
vinyl toluene
m-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
U-2
2
1
3
2
3
2
2
t>-2
3
U-2
l>-3
0-2
1
1
1
95
-------
X. Phenols, Cresols and Xylenol (33)
Solubility
Toxicity
bisphenol A
bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
4-broncphenyl phenyl ether
p-tertrbutyl phenol
carbolic oil
p-chloro-ra-cresol
2-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
creosote, coal tar
dibutyl phenol
2 , 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-
-------
Solubility
Tbxicity
polynethylene polynhenyl isocyanate
2,4, 6-trichlorophenol
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid
tricresyl phosphate
xylenol
1
0
1
3
3
3
3
97
-------
g. Ehtfaalate Esters (12)
Solubility
Tttdcity
bis (2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate
butyl benzylphthalate
captan
di-n-anyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate
diheptyl phthalate
dilsodecyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl terephthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
phthalic anhydride
0
1
2
1
1
U
0
U-2
2
2
2
I
98
-------
XII. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (25)
Soldaility
Tbxicity
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
benzo (a) anthracene
benzo (b) f luoranthene
benzo 00 fluoranthene
benzo (g,h,i) pervlene
benzo (a)pyrene
chrysene
cupric napthenate
ooumaphos
decahydronapthalene
dibenzo (a,h) anthracene
ethoxydihydropyran
fluoranthene
fluorene
indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
nanhtha: coal tar
naphtha: solvent
naDhtha-stoddard solvent
naphtha: VM + P (75% naphtha)
naphthalene
naphthenic acid
phenanthrene
pyrene
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
u
2
1
U-2
0-2
0 i 0
0
0
0
0
,
3
3
2
3
2
U-2
1
3
99
-------
XIII. Nitrosamines and other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds (73)
Toxicity
acrylonitrile
aniline
anisoyl chloride
benzidine
brucine
carbaryl
ctpriethylenediamine
cyclohexylamine
diazinon
2,3,5,6-dibenzo pyridine
di-n-butylainine
3,4-didiloro benzidine
diethanolamine
diethylamine
diethYlenetrianiine
diisopropanolamine
diisopropylamine
dimethyl acetamide
dimethylamine
diitethyl formamide
1,1-dirathyl hydrazine
dimethyl nitrosamine
2 , 4-dinitroaniline
M-dinitrobenzene
diphenylamine
1 , 2-diphenylhydrazine
2
2
1
1
2 ;
i
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
!
! 3
1
S
! x
3 ! 3
4
3
1 ? 3
! «
3
4
3
2
0
0
1 2
3
3
0-3
3
3
3
100
-------
Solubility
Twdcity
diphenylnitxosamine
di-n-propylamine
di-n-prcpylnitrosaroine
ethylaroine
ethylenediainine
hexairethylenfidiamine
hexamethyleneimine
hexarethylenetetraroine
hydrazine
isobutylamine
isobutyronitrile
isopropylamine
maleic hydrazide
methyl amine
N-methylanaline
nnethyl ethyl pyridine
methyl hydrazine
1-methyl pyrrolidine
ncnoethanolamine
nraioisopropanol amine
itorphaline
nabazn
1-naphthyl amine
nicotine
nicotine sulfate
nitraline
1
3
3
4
1
3
2
2
tf-3
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
0-3
3
U
3
2
3
0
2
U
2
2
3
3
3
101
-------
Solubility
Ttoxicity
nitrilotriacetates
nitrilotriaoetic acid
2-nitroaniline
4-nitnvmal ine
phenylhydrazine hydrochloride
piperazene
potassium dichloro-s-triazinetrione
propyleneimine (inhibited)
pyridine
quinoline
sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione
tetraethylenepentancLne
thiram
trichloro-s-triazinetrione
triethanolamine
triethyl amine
triethylene tetratnine
trinEthyl amine
tris-aziridinyl-phosohine oxide
urea
urea peroxide
1
0
3
2
4
^
4
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
3
u
2
1
3
3
C
3
0
2
102
-------
XIV. PCBs and Related Cotpounds (7)
Solubility
Ttaxicity
PCB-1016 (Aroclor 1016)
PCB-1221 (Aroclor 1221)
PCB-1232 (Aroclor 1232)
PCB-1248 (Aroclor 1248)
PCB-1254 (Aroclor 1254)
PCB-1260 (Aroclor 1260)
2-chloronaphthalene
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
103
-------
Pesticides (25)
Solubility
Tenacity
.0 lei n
irin
3HC (alpha)
3HC (beta)
BHC (Lindane) (gaitma)
BHC (delta)
lordane
SD
3E
DT
arnetcn
, 3-didilorobenzene
, 4-dichlorobenzene
lieldrin
i-endosulfan (alpha)
3-endosulfan svilfate (beta)
jndosulfan sulfate
andrin
aidrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
isophorrxie
parathion
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)
toxaphene
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
104
-------
XVI. Petroleum and Other Fuel Related Confounds (60) Solubility
Toxicity
gas oil: cracked
gasoline: automotive (4.23 g Pb/gal)
gasoline: aviation (4.86 g Pb/gal)
gasoline: casinghead
gasoline: polymer
gasoline straight run
gasoline blending stocks: alkylates
gasoline blending stocks: reformates
boiler compound - liquid
jet fuel: JP-1 (kerosene)
jet fuel JP-3
jet fuel JP-4
jet fuel JP-5 (kerosene, heavy)
kerosene
liquid natural gas
liquid petroleum gas
tallow (mixture of hydrocarbons)
motor fuel anti-knock compounds
octyl epoxy tallate
oil: clarified
oil: crude
oil: diesel
oil fuel: no. 1 (kerosene)
oil fuel: no. 1-D
oil fuel: no. 2
oil fuel: no. 2-D
oil fuel: no. 4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
1
1
1
3
2
2
^
+)
t
0 2
o 1
o 1 u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
3
2
2
2
U
105
-------
Solubility
TbJdcity
oil £u*l: no. 5
oil fuel: no. 6
oil, misc: absorption
oil, misc: coal tar
oil) inisc: uiuLuu
oil, mi*c: linseed
oil, misc: lubricating
oil, misc.- mineral
oil, misc: mineral seal
oil, misc: motor
oil, misc. neatafcot
oil, misc: penetrating
oil, misc: range
oil, misc: resin
oil, misc: road
oil, misc: rosin
oil, misc: sperm
oil, misc: spindle
-oil, misc: spray
oil, misc: tall
oil, misc: tanners
oil, misc: transformer
oil, misc: turbine
petroleum naphtha
petrolatum (vaseline)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
u
3
3
1
1
0
t>-2
U
0 (
0
0
0
0
0
U
U-l
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
u
2
U
106
-------
Solubility
Toocicity
turpentine
wax: carnauba
wax paraffin
asphalt
asphalt blending stocks: roofers flux
asphalt blending stocks: straight run residue
charcoal
ethylhexvl tallate
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
U-2
U-2
U-2
0
107
-------
XVII. Edible Organic Compounds (13)
Solubility
Toxicity
corn syrup
oil, edible: castor
oil, edible: coconut
oil, edible: cottonseed
oil, edible: fish
oil, edible: lard
oil, edible: olive
oil, edible: palm
oil, edible: peanut
oil, edible: saf flower
oil, edible: soya bean
oil, edible: tucum
oil, edible: vegetable
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108
-------
APPENDIX C
SPILL INCIDENT REPORTING FQFM
109
-------
SPILL INCIDENT
EPA Region Spill ID
State
Hazardous Chemical (specific)
Petroleum (specific)
location (specific)
Date
Source of Spill
Cause of Spill
Quantity or Volume Spilled
Degree of Contamination
Response to Spill State Time lapse (days) between spill and
Federal response
Other
Clean-up or Abatement Activity Yes No
If yes, what type
Monitoring Wells Yes No
If yes, what type and how many
Recovery Techniques
Type and degree of success
Amount of Contaminant Recovered
Other Data Related to Abatement Activity
110
-------
NUMBER AND TYPES OF WELLS AFFECTED
Public Dart-ttic Ccrm_rcial
Ihdvurtrial Irrigation _____ Other
Distance from Spillj to Will* ___________________________________
Construction Characteristic!
Stream Affected Yea No Nam
Degree of Contamination
Topography
Soil Type _
Vegetation
Average Annual Rainfall _____________ Imnediate Rainfall
111
-------
HXDROGEOLOGY
AQUIFER TCTE AQUIFER CONDITICNS
I. Granular Confined Artesian
II. Carbonate Unconfined Water Table
III. Fractural Rock Combination
IV. Corobination I & II Ground Water Region
V. Combination I & III
VI. Combination II & III
Geologic Formation
Lithology
Structure
Trend of Fracture tracer, linaments, faults
Depth to Bedrock Depth to Water Table
Ground-Water Gradient (Direction and Magnitude)
KEMARKS
REFERENCES
112
, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-299-067/ 500
------- |