EPA-600/2-77-107n
December 1977 c->
Environmental Protection Technology Series
ESSMENT
Hot Mix
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are.
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3 Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion-Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-77-107n
December 1977
SOURCE ASSESSMENT:
ASPHALT HOT MIX
by
Z. S. Khan and T. W. Hughes
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road
Dayton, Ohio 45407
Contract No. 68-02-1874
Project Officer
Ronald J. Turner
Industrial Pollution Conrol Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
il
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, pro-
cessed, converted, and used, the related pollutional impacts
on our environment and even on our health often require that
new and increasingly more efficient pollution control methods
be used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory -
Cincinnati (IERL-CI) assists in developing and demonstrating
new and improved methodologies that will meet these needs
both efficiently and economically.
This report contains an assessment of air emissions from
the asphalt hot mix industry. This study was conducted to
provide EPA with sufficient information to decide whether addi-
tional control technology needs to be developed for this
emission source. Further information on this subject may be
obtained from the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, 45268.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
iii
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PREFACE
The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory (IERL) of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the respon-
sibility for insuring that pollution control technology is
available for stationary sources to meet the requirements of
the Clean Air Act, the Water Act and solid waste legislation.
If control technology is unavailable, inadequate, uneconomi-
cal, or socially unacceptable, then financial support is
provided for the development of the needed control techniques
for industrial and extractive process industries. Approaches
considered include: process modifications, feedstock modifi-
cations, add-on control devices, and complete process substi-
tution. The scale of the control technology programs ranges
from bench- to full-scale demonstration plants.
IERL has the responsibility for developing control technology
for a large number (>500) of operations in the chemical and
related industries. As in any technical program, the first
step is to identify the unsolved problems. Each of the in-
dustries is to be examined in detail to determine if there
is sufficient potential environmental risk to justify the
development of control technology by IERL. This report
contains the data necessary to make that decision for asphalt
hot mix manufacture.
Monsanto Research Corporation has contracted with EPA to in-
vestigate the environmental impact of various industries that
represent sources of emissions in accordance with EPA's re-
sponsibility, as outlined above. Dr. Robert C. Binning serves
as Program Manager in this overall program, entitled "Source
Assessment," which includes the investigation of sources in
each of four categories: combustion, organic materials,
inorganic materials, and open sources. Dr. Dale A. Denny of
the Industrial Processes Division at Research Triangle Park
serves as EPA Project Officer for this series. This study
of asphalt hot mix plants was initiated by lERL-Research
Triangle Park in August 1974; Mr. Kenneth Baker served as
EPA Project Leader. The project was transferred to the
Industrial Pollution Control Division, lERL-Cincinnati, in
October 1975; Mr. Ronald J. Turner served as EPA Project
Leader from that time through completion of the study.
iv
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ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the assessment of air emissions from
asphalt hot mix manufacture. The study was completed to
provide EPA with sufficient information to determine whether
additional control technology needs to be developed for this
emission source.
Asphalt hot mix is produced by mixing hot dry aggregate with
hot liquid asphalt cement in a batch process or continuous
process. Some asphalt hot mix is produced using a dryer drum
process in which wet aggregate is dried and mixed with hot
liquid asphalt cement simultaneously in a dryer. Major emis-
sion points within a plant are the stack and the mixer.
To assess the severity of emissions from this industry, a
representative plant was defined based on the results of an
industrial survey. This plant utilized the batch process
with specific mean values for various plant parameters.
Source severity was defined as the ratio of the maximum
time-averaged ground level concentration of a pollutant to
the primary ambient air quality standard for criteria pollu-
tants or to a reduced threshold limit value for noncriteria
pollutants. For a representative plant, source severities
for particulate, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons,
and carbon monoxide are 4.02, 1.83, 0.67, 0.96, and 0.01,
respectively.
v
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A decrease in particulate emissions from this industry, in
the range of 42% to 60%, is expected over the period 1973 to
1978. The asphalt hot mix industry contributes to the
national emissions for particulate, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide in the amounts
of 0.35%, 0.05%, 0.03%, 0.024%, and 0.009%, respectively.
Primary collectors, used for control of dust >10 ym, include
settling chambers, centrifugal dry collectors, and multi-
cyclones. Secondary collectors, used for micron and sub-
micron particles, include gravity spray towers, cyclone
scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, orifice scrubbers, and fabric
filters.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-1874 by Monsanto Research Corporation under the
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
This report covers the period August 1974 to April 1977,
and the work was completed as of July 1977.
VI
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Preface iv
Abstract v
Figures ix
Tables xi
Abbreviations and Symbols xv
Conversion Factors and Metric Prefixes xviii
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary 2
3. Source Description 7
A. Process Description 9
B. Materials Flow 34
C. Geographical Distribution 34
4. Emissions 39
A. Locations and Descriptions 39
B. Emission Factors 44
C. Definition of a Representative Source 52
D. Environmental Effects 54
5. Control Technology 69
A. Primary Collectors 72
B. Secondary Collectors 75
6. Growth and Nature of the Industry 89
A. Present Technology 89
B. Industry Production Trends 90
C. Outlook 94
vii
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Appendices 95
A. Industry Survey - Summary of Results 95
B. Results from Representative Plant Sampled
by MRC 98
C. Data Used to Determine Particulate Source
Severity Distribution 114
D. Derivation of Source Severity Equations
(T. R. Blackwood and E. C. Eimutis) 134
E. Data Used to Calculate Affected Population 147
F. Calculation of Emission Factors Based on
MRC Sampling Data 149
G. Asphalt Hot Mix Dryer Drum Industry 153
H. Statement of the National Asphalt Pavement
Association 160
Glossary 165
References 168
viii
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Asphalt hot mix industry 8
2 Petroleum asphalt flow chart 11
3 Liquid asphaltic products 13
4 Aggregate gradation chart showing specifica-
tion limits and the job-mix formula 18
5 Asphalt hot mix batch plant 20
6 Block flow diagram of batch process for
asphalt hot mix 22
7 Section through a rotary dryer 27
8 Block flow diagram of asphalt hot mix -
continuous process 31
9 Block flow diagram of asphalt hot mix -
dryer drum process 33
10 Material balance for asphalt hot mix -
batch process 35
11 State distribution of asphalt hot mix plants 36
12 Asphalt hot mix emission rate 48
13 Asphalt hot mix source severity 60
14 Asphalt hot mix industry particulate
emissions 62
15 Historical and extrapolated emission factors 64
16 Relative particle size and collection
efficiency of control equipment 71
17 Variation of collection efficiency with
particle size 71
18 Settling chamber 72
19 Centrifugal dry collector 75
20 Multicyclone 76
21 Collector element 76
IX
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
22 Gravity spray tower 79
23 Cyclonic spray scrubber 79
24 Centrifugal fan wet scrubber 81
25 Sectional view of venturi scrubber 82
26 Venturi scrubber 83
27 Orifice scrubber 84
28 Low energy-type baghouse 86
29 High energy-type baghouse 87
30 Asphalt hot mix production, 1965-1985 90
31 Asphalt hot mix, average price 91
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Typical Uses of Asphalt 14
2 Typical Paving Mixes 17
3 Air Requirements and Exhaust Gas Volumes for
Various Fuels 23
4a Balance Between Air Flow and Available Heat 25
Using 120ฐC Exhaust Temperature at Fan 25
4b Balance Between Air Flow and Available Heat 26
Using 175ฐC Exhaust Temperature at Fan 26
5 Existing Asphalt Hot Mix Plants in the U.S.
and State Distribution (January 1974) 37
6 Concentration of Material Emitted from Stack 41
7 Concentration of Material Emitted from Mixer 42
8 Fugitive Emissions from an Asphalt Hot Mix
Plant 43
9 Particulate Emission Factors for Control
Equipment Used in an Asphalt Hot Mix Plant 46
10 Asphalt Hot Mix Industry Survey -
Particulate Emission Rate 47
11 Emission Factors for Selected Materials
Emitted from Stack 50
12 Emission Factors for Polycyclic Organic
Material Emitted from Stack 51
13 Emission Factors for Aldehydes Emitted from
Stack 51
14 Emission Factors for Material Emitted from
the Mixer 52
15 Summary of Data for a Representative Asphalt
Hot Mix Plant 53
16 Summary of Data for a Typical Existing
Asphalt Hot Mix Plant That Was Selected
for Sampling as a Representative Plant 53
XI
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TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
17 Source Severity of Emissions from the Stack 56
18 Source Severity of Polycyclic Organic
Material Emitted from Stack 57
19 Source Severity of Aldehydes Emitted from
the Stack 58
20 Source Severity of Emissions from the Mixer 58
21 Asphalt Hot Mix Industry Survey -
Particulate Source Severity 59
22 Particulate Emission Factor Trends for
Asphalt Hot Mix Industry 63
23 Contribution of Asphalt Hot Mix Industry
to State Particulate Emissions 65
24 Contribution of Asphalt Hot Mix Industry to
National Emissions of Criteria Pollutants 67
25 Affected Area and Affected Population for
Source Severity Greater than or Equal
to 1.0 68
26 Particle Size Distribution Before and After
Primary Collection 69
27 Primary and Secondary Control Devices Used
in the Asphalt Hot Mix Industry 70
28 Asphalt Hot Mix - Markets 92
29 Asphalt Hot Mix by Type of Construction 92
30 Asphalt Hot Mix by End Uses 92
A-l Summary of Asphalt Hot Mix Industry Survey
Data 96
B-l POM Analysis Data, Inlet Run No. 1 98
B-2 POM Analysis Data, Inlet Run No. 2 98
B-3 POM Analysis Data, Mixer Duct Run No. 1 99
B-4 POM Analysis Data, Mixer Duct Run No. 2 99
B-5 POM Analysis Data, Mixer Duct Run No. 3 100
B-6 POM Analysis Data, Outlet Run No. 1 100
B-7 POM Analysis Data, Outlet Run No. 2 101
B-8 POM Analysis Data, Outlet Run No. 3 101
B-9 POM Sampling Input Data for Run II 102
Xll
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TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
B-10 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 21 103
B-ll POM Sampling Input Data for Run 1M 104
B-12 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 2M 105
B-13 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 3M 106
B-14 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 10 107
B-15 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 20 108
B-16 POM Sampling Input Data for Run 30 109
B-17a POM Sampling Data Summary (metric units) 110
B-17b POM Sampling Data Summary (English units) 110
B-18a POM Sampling Data Summary (metric units) 111
B-18b POM Sampling Data Summary (English units) 111
B-19 Mixer Duct POM Emission Rate
B-20 Outlet POM Emission Rate
B-21 Inlet POM Emission Rate
B-22 Aldehyde Concentration in Impinger Liquor
B-23 Aldehydes Detected in Samples Collected 2.13
at Outlet
B-24 Total Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide
Analysis
C-l Raw Data (Asphalt Survey Calculations -
Primary Collectors Only) 114
C-2 Raw Data (Asphalt Survey Calculations -
Primary and Secondary Collectors) 122
C-3 Emission Rate for Primary Collectors
(Uncontrolled Emissions) 130
C-4 Emission Rate for Primary and Secondary
Collectors (Controlled Emissions) 131
C-5 Severity for Primary Collectors
(Uncontrolled Emissions) 132
C-6 Severity for Primary and Secondary
Collectors (Controlled Emissions) 133
D-l Pollutant Severity Equations for Elevated
Sources 134
D-2 Values of a for the Computation of a 136
xiii
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TABLES (Continued^
Number
D-3 Values of the Constants Used to Estimate
Vertical Dispersion 137
D-4 Summary of National Ambient Air Quality
Standards 141
G-l Summary of Dryer Drum Asphalt Hot Mix
Industry Survey Data 154
G-2 Dryer Drum Asphalt PlantsControl
Equipment and Operating Conditions 156
G-3 Efficiency of Dryer Drum Pollution Control
Equipment 157
G-4 Source Severity for Particulate Emissions
from Dryer Drum Asphalt Plants 158
G-5 Contribution to National Emissions (1975) 159
xiv
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
A
AAQS
a,b,c,d,f
AR
AS
BR
CAN
CAO
CAT
CAU
CAW
CAX
CO
C02
CP
DELH
. DELP
DN
Dp
DS
dscf
dscm
exp
F
Area containing the affected population
Ambient air quality standard
Coefficients in Equation D-2 and D-3
Factor defined as Q/aciru
Stack area
Factor defined as -H2/2c2
Front particulate (g/dry normal m3)
Total particulate (g/dry normal m3)
Front particulate (g/actual m3)
Total particulate (g/actual m3)
Front particulate (kg/hr)
Total particulate (kg/hr)
Percent CO
Percent C02
Pitot coefficient
Average orifice pressure drop
Average stack velocity head
Probe tip diameter
Affected population density
Stack diameter
Dry standard cubic feet
Dry standard cubic meter
Natural logarithm base (e = 2.72)
Primary ambient air quality standard for
criteria pollutants; corrected TLV (i.e.,
TLV-8/24-1/100) for noncriteria pollutants
xv
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (Continued)
H Effective emission height
MC Medium curing
MD Mole fraction of dry gas
MF Front particulate (mg)
MT Total particulate (mg)
MW Molecular weight of stack gas
MWD Molecular weight of dry gas
N2 Percent N2
O2 Percent O2
P Total affected population
PB Barometric pressure
PCNTM Volumetric percent moisture
PCTI Percent isokinetic
PM Stack static pressure
POM Polycyclic organic material
ppm Parts per million
PS Stack absolute pressure
Q Mass emission rate
QA Stack flow rate at actual conditions
QS Stack flow rate at dry standard conditions
RC Rapid curing
S Source severity
SC Slow curing
t Averaging time
TLV Threshold limit value
TM1 Average gas meter temperature
TM2 Average gas meter temperature
TS Stack temperature
TT Time duration of run
to Short-term averaging time
u Wind speed
XVI
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (Continued)
u
VM
VMSTD
VS
VW
VWG
x
TV
a
max
max
Average wind speed
Volume of dry gas at meter conditions
Volume of dry gas at standard conditions
Average stack gas velocity
Total H2O collected
Volume water vapor at standard conditions
Downwind dispersion distance from source of
emission release
Horizontal distance from centerline of
dispersion
3.14
Standard deviation of horizontal dispersion
Standard deviation of vertical dispersion
Ground level concentration of pollutant
Maximum ground level concentration of
pollutant
Time average maximum ground level concentration
of pollutant
xvii
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CONVERSION FACTORS AND METRIC PREFIXES
CONVERSION FACTORS
To convert from
degree Celsius (Cฐ)
gram (g)
joule (J)
kilogram (kg)
kilometer (km)
kilometer2 (km2)
meter (m)
meter3 (m3)
meter3 (m3)
meter3 (m3)
metric ton
metric ton
pascal (Pa)
second
tons
To
degree Fahrenheit
pound-mass (Ib mass
avoirdupois)
British thermal unit
pound-mass
mile
mile2
foot
foot3
gallon (U.S. liquid)
liter
pound-mass
ton (short, 2,000 Ib mass)
inch of water (60ฐF)
minute
pound-mass
Multiply by
tฐ = 1.8 tฐ + 32
2.205 x 10~3
9.479 x lO"4
2.205
6.214 x 10"1
3.860 x 10"1
3.281
3.531 x 101
2.642 x 102
1.000 x 103
2.205 x 103
1.102
4.019 x 10~3
1.667 x 10- 3
2.000 x 103
METRIC PREFIXES
Prefix
kilo
milli
micro
nano
Symbol
k
m
P
n
Multiplication
factor
103
io-3
10~6
io-9
Example
1 kJ =
1 mg =
1 ym =
1 ng =
1 x IO3 joules
1 x 10~3 gram
1 x 10~6 meter
1 x 10~9 gram
Metric Practice Guide. American Society for Testing and Materials.
Philadelphia. ASTM Designation: E 380-74. November 1974. 34 p.
XVlll
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The asphalt hot mix industry is economically among the
leading U.S. industries. Asphalt hot mix is produced by one
of three processes: batch, continuous, or dryer drum process.
In the batch and continuous processes, aggregate is dried,
then mixed with hot asphalt cement. In the dryer drum proc-
ess, aggregate is dried and mixed with hot asphalt cement
simultaneously. Emissions from an asphalt hot mix plant
include particulate, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, hydrogen sulfide, ozone,
polycyclic organic material, and trace metals.
This document presents a detailed study of the asphalt hot
mix industry from an environmental standpoint. It defines a
representative asphalt hot mix plant, presents the emission
factors determined for all species emitted to the atmosphere,
and identifies emission points and heights of emission using
the best available control technology for the representative
plant. These data are then used to calculate source severity,
industry contribution to state and national emissions, and
affected population. These criteria are used to assess the
environmental hazard potential of the asphalt hot mix industry,
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY
The term asphalt hot mix defines a mixture of properly graded
aggregate, hot and dry, and asphalt cement in a molten state.
Asphalt hot mix is used for surfacing roads, airport runways,
parking lots and driveways. It has other, smaller uses such
as liners in sanitary landfills, extruded curbs, and impound-
ment liners. Over the past 5 years, highway and street
paving has accounted for 67% of the market, commercial paving
for 28%, and airport and private paving for the remainder.
The asphalt hot mix industry is economically a U.S. indus-
trial leader. In 1975, an estimated 4,300 plants produced
2.99 x 108 metric tons3 (3.29 x 108 tons) of hot mix.
Asphalt hot mix is produced by one of three major processes:
batch process, continuous process, and dryer drum process,
which account for 90.8%, 6.6%, and 2.6% of the total produc-
tion, respectively.
Asphalt hot mix is produced by mixing hot, dry aggregate
with hot liquid asphalt cement in the batch and continuous
processes. In the dryer drum process, wet aggregate is
a, c
1 metric ton = 10b grams = 2,205 pounds = 1.1 short tons
(short tons are designated "tons" in this document); other
conversion factors and metric system prefixes are presented
in the prefatory pages.
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dried and mixed with hot liquid asphalt cement simultaneously
in the dryer.
The production of asphalt hot mix results in the emission of
particulate, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, polycyclic organic material, hydro-
gen sulfide, and trace metals. The two major points of
emission within an asphalt plant are the stack and the
mixer. Other emission sources include fugitive emissions
(from transfer points, handling and storage of asphalt, oil
coated truck beds, the settling pond and miscellaneous
points) and open source emissions (from aggregate stockpiles,
loading operations, cold storage bins, cold aggregate con-
veyor and truck traffic within the plant).
To assess the severity of emissions from the asphalt hot
mix industry, a representative plant was defined from the
results of an industrial survey as a stationary plant using
the batch process and having the following mean values for
various plant parameters:
Average production rate 160 metric tons (176.4 tons/hr)
Average mixer capacity 2.9 metric tons (3.2 tons)
Average stack height 10.3 m (33.8 ft)
Average particulate emission
rate 21.9 kg/hr (48.3 Ib/hr)
Average hours of operation... 666 hrs/yr
Primary collector Cyclone
Secondary collector Wet scrubber
Fuel for dryer burner Oil
Release agent Fuel oil
The impact of the asphalt hot mix industry on the environment
was assessed by the calculation of source severity; by the
determination of growth factor, of state burdens for
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particulate emissions, and of the national burden for
criteria pollutants; and by estimation of the population
affected by pollutants having a source severity greater than
or equal to one.
Source severity is defined as the maximum time-averaged
ground level concentration divided by a hazard potential.
The maximum time-averaged ground level concentration is
determined by using Gaussian plume methodology. The hazard
potential for criteria pollutants is defined as the primary
ambient air quality standard; for noncriteria pollutants it
is defined as a reduced threshold limit value (TLVฎ). For a
representative asphalt hot mix plant, source severities for
particulate, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide are 4.02, 1.83, 0.67, 0.96 and 0.01,
respectively. Source severities for polycyclic organic
material (with a TLV of 2 x I0~k g/m3) and aldehydes (with a
TLV of 0.18 g/m3) are 0.14 and 0.13, respectively.
The growth factor is determined from the ratio of known emis-
sions in 1973 to projected emissions in 1978. Asphalt hot
mix production in 1973 amounted to 3.31 x 108 metric tons
(3.64 x 108 tons), and 1.23 x 105 metric tons (1.35 x 105
tons) of particulate were emitted to the atmosphere. In 1975,
production decreased to 2.99 x 108 metric tons (3.29 x 108
tons), and particulate emissions were reduced to 6.3 x 104
metric tons (6.95 x lO1* tons). By predicting a 4% increase
in production and emissions from 1975 through 1978, produc-
tion would increase to 3.37 x 108 metric tons (3.71 x 108
tons), whereas emissions would increase to 7.09 x 104 metric
tons (7.81 x 101* tons) assuming the worst-case condition.
By plotting the decline in emission factor since 1970
through 1975 and extrapolating to 1978, the emission factor
for 1978 was estimated to be 0.145 g/kg. Using this best-
case approach, the total emissions for 1978 were estimated to
-------
be 4.90 x I0k metric tons (5.40 x 104 tons). Therefore, the
particulate emission growth factor should range between 0.40
and 0.58, and the decrease in particulate emissions from
asphalt hot mix manufacture will be in the range of 42%
to 60% over that period.
Particulate emissions from asphalt hot mix plants comprise
from 1.0% to 3.5% of each state's total particulate emissions
in Alaska, Connecticut, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Vermont. For all
other states particulate emissions are less than 1% of the
state totals.
The total mass of criteria pollutants emitted nationwide by
asphalt plants is estimated to be 6.30 x 10"4 metric tons/yr
(6.95 x 104 tons/yr) particulate, 1.37 x 10^ metric tons/yr
(1.51 x 10^ tons/yr) sulfur oxides, 7.7 x 103 metric tons/yr
(8.5 x 103 tons/yr) nitrogen oxides, 6.0 x 103 metric tons/yr
(9.0 x 103 tons/yr) total hydrocarbons and 8.2 x 103 metric
tons/yr (6.6 x 103 tons/yr) carbon monoxide. The percent
contribution to national emissions for particulate, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide are 0.35%, 0.05%, 0.03%, 0.024% and 0.009%, respec-
tively.
Asphalt hot mix plants, though concentrated in populated
areas, are also located in rural areas and even in desert
areas. The population density of the county within which the
representative plant was located, 379.5 persons/km2 (983
persons/mi2), was used as the representative population
density. The areas surrounding the representative plant for
which the source severities for particulate and nitrogen
oxides are greater than or equal to 1.0 were calculated to be
0.453 km2 (1.17 mi2) and 0.108 km2 (0.28 mi2), respectively.
The affected populations are thus 180 persons and 43 persons
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for particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions, respectively,
for the representative plant.
Pollution control technology within the asphalt plant consists
of two stages - primary and secondary control equipment.
Primary collectors are designed to recover dust greater than
10 ym with approximately 70% efficiency. They prevent dust
nuisance, protect downstream equipment from wear due to the
impact of dust particles, and are considered a sound invest-
ment since the recovered aggregate can be recycled. Primary
collectors used include settling or expansion chambers,
centrifugal dry collectors, and multicyclones. Secondary
collectors have a higher collection efficiency than primary
collectors and are able to remove particles in the micron
and submicron sizes. Secondary collectors are of two types -
wet and dry. Wet collectors include gravity spray towers,
cyclone scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, and orifice scrubbers.
Dry collectors include fabric filters or baghouses.
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SECTION 3
SOURCE DESCRIPTION
The asphalt hot mix industry is economically among the
leading U.S. industries.1 The estimated 4,300 plants2 operat-
ing in the U.S. in 1975 produced 2.99 x 108 metric tons
(3.29 x 108 tons) of hot mix asphalt.3
Asphalt hot mix is produced by one of three major processes:
batch process (which accounts for 90.8% of capacity), continu-
ous process (6.6%) and dryer drum process (2.6%). Figure 1
shows the breakdown of the asphalt industry based on process
type, plant mobility, fuel type and emission control device
used. Asphalt hot mix production consists of mixing a
combination of aggregates with liquid asphalt.4 The asphalt
plant is used to heat, mix and combine the aggregate and
asphalt in measured quantities to produce the required
paving mix.^
faster, L. L. Atmospheric Emissions from the Asphalt
Industry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development. Research Triangle Park. Report
No. EPA-650/2-73-046 (PB 227 372). December 1973. 36 p.
2Private correspondence. Fred Kloiber, National Asphalt
Pavement Association, to Monsanto Research Corporation.
October 7, 1975.
3Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1973-74.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 56. 31 p.
Pollution Engineering Manual, Second Edition.
Danielson, J. A. (ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park. Publication No. AP-40.
May 1973. 987 p.
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INDUSTRY
PROCESS TYPE
PLANT MOBILITY
. MOBTI F (1.3%)
FUEL TYPE EMISSION CONTROL TYPE
BAGHOUSE (OK)
GAS (OK)
OIL (1.3%)
DRYER DRUM PROCESS (2.6%)
0% INDICATES NO INDUSTRY RESPONSE.
SUMMARY
PLANT MOBILITY FUEL TYPE
PERMANENT PLANTS (80%) GAS (34%)
MOBILE PLANTS (20%) OIL (66%)
WET r.ni i FETOR (n%)
BAGHOUSE (0%)
WET COLLECTOR (1.3%)
ASPHALT HOT
MIX PLANTS
CONTINUOUS PROCESS (6.6%)
BATCH PROCESS (90.8%)
% OF TOTAL INDUSTRY.
PERMANENT (1.3%)
MORII F (4.3%)
PERMANENT (2.3%)
MOBILE (14.3%)
PERMANENT. (76. 5%)
GAS (0.9%)
OIL (0.4%)
GAS (1.2%)
OIL (3.1%)
GAS (1.3%)
OIL (1.0%)
GAS (0.9%)
OIL (13.4%)
GAS (29.8%)
nil lie, 7t)
BAGHOUSE (0.1%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.8%)
BAGHOUSE (0.1%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.3%)
BAGHOUSE (0.7%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.5%)
BAGHOUSE (1.7%)
WET COLLECTOR (1.4%)
BAGHOUSE (0.6%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.7%)
BAGHOUSE (0.4%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.6%)
BAGHOUSE (0.3%)
WET COLLECTOR (0.6%)
BAGHOUSE (4.2%)
WET COLLECTOR (9.2%)
BAGHOUSE (12.5%)
WET COLLECTOR (17.3%)
BAGHOUSE 09.6%)
WET COLLECTOR (27.1%)
EMISSION CONTROL TYPE
BAGHOUSE (40%)
WET COLLECTOR (60%)
Figure 1. Asphalt hot mix industry
8
-------
The batch process for producing asphalt hot mix is described
in detail in this document. The other two processes are
briefly considered from the standpoint of their variations
from the batch process.
A. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1. Raw Material
a. Asphalt - Asphalt is a dark brown to black cementitious
material composed principally of bitumens which come from
natural or petroleum sources.5'6
Chemically, asphalt is a hydrocarbon consisting of three
phases: asphaltenes, resins and oils. Asphaltenes are small
particles surrounded by a resin coating. The oil serves as
a medium in which the asphaltene resin can exist. The three
phases affect the properties of asphalt independently:
asphaltenes contribute to body; resins furnish the adhesive
and ductile properties; and oil influences the viscosity and
flow characteristics of the asphalt.7
The use of petroleum asphalt has grown steadily and currently
90% of all asphalt used in the U.S. is recovered from crude
oil. 6
5Asphalt as a Material. The Asphalt Institute. College Park.
Information Series No. 93 (IS-93). Revised June 1973. 16 p.
6Jones, H. R. Pollution Control in the Petroleum Industry.
Pollution Technology Review No. 4. Park Ridge, Noyes Data
Corporation, 1973. 349 p.
7Larson, T. D. Portland Cement and Asphalt Concretes. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1963. 282 p.
-------
Figure 2 is a flow chart for petroleum asphalt and the types
of products produced by refining crude petroleum.5'7"10
Crude petroleum is distilled in a fractionating tower. The
volatile components vaporize and are removed for further
refining into naphtha, gasoline, kerosene and various other
petroleum products.5"7 The residue called "topped crude" is
processed further into one of several standard grades of
asphalt.5
Asphalt cement is produced commercially by two methods:
partial vacuum distillation or solvent extraction.5'6 Asphalt
cements upgrade aggregates of substandard quality, making them
suitable for base courses in pavement structures. Such
cements are used in asphalt concrete and many other hot mix
pavements, and in surface treatment and penetration macadam
courses.5
Asphalt cement is a highly viscous material available in many
standard grades. Penetration tests were originally used to
specify grades, but more recently viscosity is used to specify
the desired grades.5'8'9 Specifications for viscosity graded
asphalt cement are based on viscosity ranges at 60ฐC (140ฐF).
A minimum viscosity at 135ฐC (275ฐF) is also specified. These
temperatures were chosen because 60ฐC (140ฐF) approximates the
maximum temperature of asphalt pavement surfaces in the United
States while 135ฐC (275ฐF) approximates mixing and laydown
temperatures for hot asphalt pavements.5'8'9
8A Brief Introduction to Asphalt and Some of Its Uses,
Seventh Edition. Manual Series No. 5 (MS-5). College Park,
The Asphalt Institute, September 1974. 74 p.
9Specifications for Paving and Industrial Asphalts, 1974-1975
Edition. Specification Series No. 2 (SS-2). College Park,
The Asphalt Institute, issued September 1974. 50 p.
10The Asphalt Handbook. Manual Series No. 4 (MS-4). College
Park, The Asphalt Institute, March 1966. p. 129-134.
10
-------
OIL WELL
PROCESSING
LIGHT DISTILLATE
MEDIUM
DISTILLAT
'HEAVY
DISTILLAT
TOWER
DISTILLATION
J CONDENSERS
TUBE Ir ^ AND
HEATER
PROCESS
UNIT
STILL* BLOWN
- ' ASPHALT
SAND AND WATER
GASOLINE
LIGHT SOLVENTS
KEROSENE
LIGHT BURNER OIL
DIESEL OIL
LUBRICATING OILS
ASPHALT CEMENTS
SLOW CUR ING
LIQUID ASPHALTS
AND ROAD OILS
(MAY ALSO BE
PREPARED BY DIRECT
DISTILLATION)
MEDIUM CURING
LIQUID ASPHALTS
RAPID CURING
LIQUID ASPHALTS
EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
Figure 2. Petroleum asphalt flow chart5,7-io
11
-------
Other test methods used in specifications for asphalt cements
include the penetration test, flash point, thin film oven
test, ductility test and solubility test.5'7"10
Rapid-curing (RC) and medium-curing (MC) cutback asphalts are
blends of asphalt cement and light petroleum fractions,
called diluents.5'7/8'10 Low boiling diluents, boiling in
the range of naphtha or gasoline, are used to prepare rapid-
curing liquid asphalts. Medium-curing liquid asphalts are
prepared by using diluents such as kerosene. Slow-curing
liquid asphalts are prepared by blending asphalt cement with
an oily diluent.5'7'8'10
Emulsified asphalts are dispersions of colloidal size globules
of asphalt in water that are prepared using high speed mixers
or colloid mills. Small quantities of surface active agents
or emulsifiers are added to the asphalt to aid dispersion.
Anionic and cationic emulsified asphalts are two commercially
available asphalt emulsions.5'7"10
A modified asphalt emulsion called inverted emulsion, indicat-
ing that water is dispersed in the asphalt phase rather than
asphalt in the water phase, may be produced using rapid-curing,
medium-curing or slow-curing liquid asphalts.5/7'8'10 Types
of liquid asphaltic products are illustrated in Figure 3, and
Table 1 lists typical uses of the different asphalt cements
and liquid asphalts.8'10
b. Aggregate - Asphalt paving mixes are produced by combin-
ing mineral aggregates and asphalt cement. Aggregates con-
stitute over 90% of the hot mix.6'7 Mix characteristics,
aside from the amount and grade of asphalt used, are
12
-------
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Table 1. TYPICAL USES OF ASPHALT8
TYPE v
CONSTRUCTION
ASPHALT -AGGREGATE MIXTURES
ASPHALT CONCRETE AND
HOT LAID PLANT MIX
PAVEMENT DA8E AND SURFACES
HI8HWAYS
AIRPORTS
PARKINS AREAS
DRIVEWAYS
CURBS
INDUSTRIAL FLOORS
BLOCKS
GROINS
DAM FACIN0S
CANAL AND RESERVOIR LININ4S
COLD -LAID PLANT MIX
PAVEMENT BASE AND SURFACES
WELL-9RADEO AGGREGATE
PATCHING , STOCKPILE
MIXED-IN- PLACE ( ROAD MIX )
PAVEMENT BASE AND SURFACES
OPEN - GRADED AGGREGATE
VELL -GRADED AGGREGATE
SAND
SANDY SOIL
ASPHALT- AGGREGATE APPLICATIONS
SURFACE TREATMENTS
SINGLE SURFACE TREATMENT
MULTIPLE SURFACE TREATMENT
AGGREGATE SEAL
SAND SEAL
SLURRY SEAL
PENETRATION MACADAM
PAVEMENT BASES
LARGE VOIDS
SMALL VOIDS
ASPHALT APPLICATIONS
SURFACE TREATMENT
FOG SEAL
PRIME COAT , OPEN SURFACES
PRIME COAT , TIGHT SURFACES
TACK COAT
DUST LAYING
MULCH
MEMBRANE
CANAL AND RESERVOIR LININGS
EMBANKMENT ENVELOPES
CRACK FILLING
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
ASPHALT CEMENTS
ISCOSITY GRAOEolviSCOSITY GRADEC
-ORIGINAL -RESIDUE
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X
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X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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For use in bases only in cold climates.
2
'Rubber asphalt compounds.
14
-------
Table 1 (continued). TYPICAL USES OF ASPHALT8
TYPE
OF "
CONSTRUCTION
ASPHALT -AGGREGATE MIXTURES
ASPHALT CONCRETE AND
HOT LAID PLANT MIX
PAVEMENT BASE AND SURFACES
HIGHWAYS
AIRPORTS
PARKING AREAS
DRIVEWAYS
CURBS
INDUSTRIAL FLOORS
BLOCKS
GROINS
DAM FACINGS
CANAL AND RESERVOIR LININ4S
COLD -LAID PLANT MIX
PAVEMENT BASE AND SURFACES
OPEN-GRADED AGGREGATE
WELL -GRADED AGGREGATE
PATCHING , IMMEDIATE USE
PATCHING , STOCKPILE
MIXED- IN- PLACE (ROAD MIX )
PAVEMENT BASE AND SURFACES
OPEN -GRADED AGGREGATE
WELL -GRADED AGGREGATE
SAND
SANDY SOIL
PATCHING , IMMEDIATE USE
PATCHING , STOCKPILE
ASPHALT -AGGREGATE APPLICATIONS
SURFACE TREATMENTS
SINGLE SURFACE TREATMENT
MULTIPLE SURFACE TREATMENT
AGGREGATE SEAL
SAND SEAL
SLURRY SEAL
PENETRATION MACADAM
PAVEMENT BASES
LARGE VOIDS
SMALL VOIDS
ASPHALT APPLICATIONS
SURFACE TREATMENT
FOG SEAL
PRIME COAT , OPEN SURFACES
PRIME COAT , TIGHT SURFACES
TACK COAT
OUST LAYING
MULCH
MEMBRANE
CANAL AND RESERVOIR LININGS
EMBANKMENT ENVELOPES
CRACK FILLING
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT*^
LIQUID ASPHALTS
RAPID CURING
(RC)
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15
-------
determined by the relative amounts and types of aggregate
used.1,7,8,10,11
Aggregate must be clean, hard, tough, strong, durable and
properly graded. Tests commonly used to determine aggregate
quality include: sieve analysis, sand equivalent test,
abrasion (wear) test, soundness test, specific gravity, unit
weight and moisture content.7'8'10
Aggregate is generally sized into three separate groups:
coarse aggregate (material retained on a 2.38-mm [No. 8 mesh]
sieve and up to 0.06 m in diameter), fine aggregate (material
passing a 2.38-mm [No. 8 mesh] sieve), and mineral dust
(material passing through a 74-ym [No. 200 mesh] sieve).1'12
Coarse aggregate can consist of crushed stone, crushed lime-
stone, crushed gravel, crushed slag from steel mills, crushed
glass, oyster shells and material such as decomposed granite
(or other material occurring naturally in a fractured condi-
tion) , or highly angular material with a pitted or rough
surface texture. Fine aggregate consists of natural sand
with crushed limestone, slag or gravel. Mineral filler or
mineral dust consists of crushed rock, limestone, hydrated
lime, portland cement or other nonplastic mineral matter. A
minimum of 65% of this material must pass through a 74-pm
sieve. All aggregate must be free from coatings of clay and
silt.1'4'12'13 Table 2 lists sieve analysis specifications
for two typical pavinj irdxes.1
J. A., and W. D. Snowden. Asphaltic Concrete Plants
Atmospheric Emissions Study. Valentine, Fisher & Tomlinson,
EPA Contract 68-02-0076. Seattle. November 1971. 101 p.
12Friedrich, H. E. Air Pollution Control Practices. Hot-Mix
Asphalt Paving Batch Plants. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association, 1^:924-928, December 1969.
13Patankar, 'J. 1: -: <. .".lor Manual for Enforcement of Mew
Performance Stand;. ?ds Asphalt Concrete Plants. JACA Corp.,
EPA Contract 68--OJ -1356, Task 2. Fort Washington. June
1975. 79 p.
16
-------
Table 2. TYPICAL PAVING MIXES1
Paving
type
Description
Maximum size aggregate normally used
Surface and
leveling mixes
Base, binder and
leveling mixes
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Macadam
Open graded
Coarse graded
Dense graded
Fine graded
Stone sheet
Sand sheet
Fine sheet
9.5 to 19.1 mm
12.7 to 19.1 mm
12.7 to 25.4 mm
12.7 to 19.1 mm
12.7 to 19.1 mm
9 . 5 mm
No. 4
63.5 mm
19.1 to 38.1 mm
19.1 to 38.1 mm
25.4 to 38.1 mm
19.1 mm
19.1 mm
9. 5 mm
No. 4
Generally, a single natural source cannot provide the required
gradation; hence, mechanical combination of two or more
different aggregates is necessary. Aggregates are also
blended because of limited supplies, for economic reasons,
7,11
and to control particulate emissions. Blending tech-
niques used include trial and error, mathematical and graph-
ical blending methods.
State transportation departments are responsible for specifi-
cations dictating the percent of each aggregate size in the
mix. State and local specifications account for aggregate
properties required for a sound mix including local variations
1 3
in available supplies. A typical aggregate gradation chart
showing the specification limits and the job-mix formula is
shown in Figure 4.
2.
Batch Process
a. Aggregate Storage - Excavation, crushing and screening
of the aggregate occur at the gravel pit or quarry. Of the
asphalt companies surveyed in 1974, 52% owned a gravel pit
17
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3
or quarry. The crushed and screened aggregate is trans-
ported to the asphalt plant site by truck or barge and
1 [| 7 in ] -7
stockpiled according to size as shown in Figure 5 ' ' '
(A and B). Figure 6 is a block flow diagram of the batch
1,4,7,10-17
process. The moisture content of the stockpiled
aggregate is normally between 3% and 5% moisture by weight.
Mineral fines are often stored separately (Q). The aggregate
is mechanically loaded (from the stockpiles) into storage
bins, C, which are equipped with a hopper to discharge the
bin contents onto a conveyor, D, feeding the dryer. The
aggregate could also be transported directly to the dryer
from the stockpiles by an underground tunnel belt fed by
1 8
special gates.
b. Rotary Dryer and Burner - The cold moist aggregate is
fed into the rotary dryer (stream 1), E. The rotary dryer (or
kiln) is the most important component of an asphalt hot mix
^Background Information for Proposed New Source Performance
Standards: Asphalt Concrete Plants, Petroleum Refineries,
Storage Vessels, Secondary Lead Smelters and Refineries,
Brass or Bronze Ingot Production Plants, Iron and Steel
Plants, and Sewage Treatment Plants. Volume 1, Main Text.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Water Programs. Research Triangle Park. Report No.
APTD-1352a (PB 221 736). June 1973. 61 p.
15Private correspondence. James F. Denton, Warren Brothers
Company, to Monsanto Research Corporation. May 7, 1975.
16Asphalt Industry Survey. Monsanto Research Corporation.
Dayton. Conducted through the National Asphalt Pavement
Association. November 23, 1975. 24 p.
1'Primary and Secondary Collection Systems for Environmental
Control (Proceedings from NAPA's 15th Annual Midyear
Meeting, July 30 - August 1, 1971, and the 17th Annual
Convention, January 4-14, 1972). National Asphalt Pave-
ment Association. Riverdale. Information Series 38.
18Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition. Perry, J. H.,
and C. H. Chilton (eds.). New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1973.
19
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LEGEND FOR FIGURE 5
ITEM
A. COARSE AGGREGATE STORAGE PILE
B. FINE AGGREGATE STORAGE PILE
C. COLD AGGREGATE STORAGE BINS
D. COLD AGGREGATE CONVEYOR
E. ROTARY DRYER
F. FUEL BURNER
G. HOT AGGREGATE ELEVATOR
H. VIBRATING SCREENS
I. HOT AGGREGATE STORAGE BINS
J. WEIGH HOPPER
K. ASPHALT BUCKET
L. MIXER
M. PRIMARY COLLECTOR
N. SECONDARY COLLECTOR
0. DRAFT FAN
P. STACK
Q. MINERAL FINES STORAGE BIN
R. VENT FOR ASPHALT EMISSIONS
S. ASPHALT STORAGE TANKS
T. TRUCK TO TRANSPORT HOT MIX
U. HOT MIX STORAGE FACILITIES
V. FEEDERS
STREAM
1. CONTROLLED COLD AGGREGATE FEED TO ROTARY DRYER
2. EXHAUST GASES FROM DRYER
3. HEATED AGGREGATE TO HOT ELEVATOR
4. DUST FROM PRIMARY COLLECTOR RETURNED
TO HEATED AGGREGATE
5. HEATED AGGREGATE TO HOT AGGREGATE ELEVATOR
5a. HOT AGGREGATE TO VIBRATING SCREENS
6. DUST LADEN GASES TO SECONDARY COLLECTOR
7a. EMISSIONS FROM MIXER
7b. EMISSIONS FROM WEIGH HOPPER
7c. EMISSIONS FROM HOT AGGREGATE STORAGE BINS
7d. EMISSIONS FROM HOT AGGREGATE ELEVATOR
7e. EMISSIONS TO SECONDARY COLLECTOR
8. METERED MINERAL FINES TO MIXER
9. HOT ASPHALT TO ASPHALT BUCKET
10. HOT MIX TO TRUCKS
lOa. HOT MIX TO STORAGE SILOS
11. DUST LADEN GASES TO SECONDARY COLLECTOR
12. DUST, RECYCLED OR DISCARDED
13. EMISSIONS TO DRAFT FAN
14. EMISSIONS TO STACK
15. EMISSIONS TO ATMOSPHERE
16. PARTICULATE EMITTED FROM COARSE AGGREGATE PILE
17. PARTICULATE EMITTED FROM FINE AGGREGATE PILE
18. PARTICULATF EMITTED FROM COLD AGGREGATE STORAGE
BINS
19. PARTICULATE EMITTED FROM COLD AGGREGATE CONVEYOR
20. EMISSIONS FROM MIXER DURING TRUCK LOADING
21. EMISSIONS FROM OIL COATED TRUCK BEDS
22. EMISSIONS FROM HEATED ASPHALT
23. PARTICULATE DUE TO TRUCK TRAFFIC
24. OVERFLOW AND REJECTED AGGREGATE
21
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plant.19'20 Asphalt hot mix plants generally employ direct
fired rotary dryers that utilize oil or gas for fuel. A
rotary dryer consists of an inclined rotating cylinder.
Aggregate is fed at the elevated end and discharged at the
lower end. Heated air or combustion gases flow counter-
current to the aggregate.4
Flames contacting the aggregate are developed with burners,
F, located at the lower end of the dryer. Varying amounts of
air are required for combustion of different fuels. Table 3
shows typical air volumes needed for various fuels.20 When
air needed for burning is furnished to the burners by the
pressure blower, the burner is called a forced draft burner.
If an exhaust fan pulls the required air, the burner is called
an induced draft burner. Asphalt hot mix plants use hybrid
burners in which part of the air (30%) is forced through the
burner and the remainder (70%) is induced.20
Table 3. AIR REQUIREMENTS AND EXHAUST GAS VOLUMES
FOR VARIOUS FUELS20
Fuel
#2 Fuel oil
#3 Fuel oil
#5 Fuel oil
#6 Fuel oil
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas
(Pennsylvania)
(Georgia)
(California)
(Kansas)
kg of Air
required per
per m3 of fuel
1.25 x 10*
1.28 x 10*
1.32 x 10*
1.37 x 10*
11.53
12.98
12.82
11.21
Standard m3
of fuel gases
per unit of fuel
1.04 x 10*
1.07 x 10*
1.10 x 10*
1.14 x 10*
10.5
11.7
11.6
10.2
19Dickson, P. F. Heating and Drying of Aggregate. National
Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale. May 1971. 50 p.
20The Operation of Exhaust Systems in the Hot Mix Plant -
Efficiency and Emission Control. National Asphalt Pavement
Association. Riverdale. Information Series 52. 1975.
51 p.
2.3
-------
The rotary dryer serves two purposes: heating and removing
moisture from the aggregate. When fuel is burned, heat is
produced and transferred to the aggregate by a combination
of radiation, convection and conduction.19 Removing moisture
from the aggregate requires heating particle surfaces above
the vaporization temperature. This evaporated water then
diffuses back into the gas stream. Additional heat is trans-
ferred to within the aggregate particles to raise the temper-
ature high enough to vaporize the internal moisture, which is
then diffused back to the gas stream through the aggregate
pore structure.19
The exhaust fan handles the water vapor (steam) created from
the drying process, dust entrained in the gas stream, products
of combustion and air. It is the controlling device in the
drying operation. Table 4 shows the balance that exists
between air flow and heat available for two different exhaust
air temperatures and 25% excess air.20
A dryer exhaust temperature between 95ฐC (200ฐF) and 120ฐC
(250ฐF) is ideal. Lower temperatures cause aggregate caking
and higher temperatures waste fuel. When dryer exhaust
temperatures exceed 120ฐC, flights should be used.20 Flights
lift the aggregate and shower it uniformly across the cross
section of the rotary cylinder, exposing as much of the
aggregate surface area as possible to the flame.k11'l2
Figure 7 shows a section through a rotary dryer.
The factors influencing dryer performance include production
rate, moisture content of the aggregate, air flow through
the dryer, burner capacity, and flight design.u'20 If the
settling velocity (velocity at which a particle will settle
in still air) of an aggregate particle within the dryer is
less than or equal to the gas velocity through the dryer,
the particle will be swept out of the dryer. Therefore,
24
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FLIGHTS DESIGNED TO
DISTRIBUTE PARTICLES ACROSS
ENTIRE CROSS SECTION
TYPICAL FLIGHT
ALIGNMENT
ROTATION
Figure 7. Section through a rotary dryer4'11'20
controlling the percent of mineral dust, aggregate that can
pass a 74-ym (200-mesh) screen, entering the dryer is impor-
tant for pollution control. The exhaust gas with entrained
dust is vented (stream 2) to the primary control device.
The heat and dried aggregate (stream 3) exit the opposite
end.
c. Hot Aggregate Elevator, Vibrating Screens, Storage Bins
and Weigh Hopper - The hot aggregate from the dryer
(stream 3) combined with aggregate recycled from the primary
collector (stream 4) is hauled by a bucket elevator (G) to
the vibrating screens (H). The screens separate the aggre-
gate into predetermined uniform grades and drop it into one
or more (up to five) storage bins (I). Oversized aggregate,
aggregate from overfilled bins and mineral fines are rejected
10-13,21
(stream 8a).
2 Background Information for Establishment of National
Standards of Performance for New Sources. Asphalt Batch
Plants. Environmental Engineering, Inc. Gainesville.
EPA Contract CPA 70-142, Task Order No. 2. 15 March 1971,
27
-------
The hot aggregate bins provide surge capacity for the dryer
system. From the storage bins each grade of aggregate is
dropped in turn into the weigh hopper (J) until the mix
specification is met. At this point a filler or mineral
fines may be added to the weigh hopper by means of a separate
feed. After all the aggregate is weighed the mixture is
dropped into the mixer (L).10"13'21
Atmospheric emissions occur from the hot aggregate elevator
(stream 7d), storage bins (stream 7c), weigh hopper (stream
7b) and mixer (stream 7a), which are all vented (stream 7e)
to the secondary control device (N).
d. Asphalt Storage - Asphalt used for preparing the hot mix
is transported from the refineries to the asphalt plant by
tanker truck or railroad tank car and stored in the asphalt
storage tank (S) in a liquid state. Heat is provided to
maintain asphalt in the liquid state, usually using electricity
or hot oil. Hydrocarbon emissions from the hot asphalt are
partially removed by cooling in fluted air cooled vent pipes(R).
Hot asphalt is pumped (stream 9) to an asphalt bucket (K),
through a fluidometer and the amount of asphalt required to
1 5
meet mix specification is weighed by the bucket scales or
metered by the fluidometer.
e. Batch Mixer - After weighing, the aggregate is dropped
into a mixer (L) and dry mixed for a few seconds.13'15 The
mixer is identical to an egg beater except that the paddles
are mounted horizontally instead of vertically, and rotate
slowly.11'15 Mixer capacities range from 0.5 metric ton
(0.55 ton) to 9.1 metric tons (10 tons) with an average mixer
size of 2.9 metric tons (3.2 tons),16
At the end of the dry mix period asphalt from the asphalt
bucket is introduced into the mixer and the materials are
28
-------
blended for less than a minute before being discharged to
waiting trucks.
Beds of asphalt trucks are sprayed to prevent the hot mix
from adhering to them.16 Materials used in the truck spraying
operation are either kerosene (5%), chemical release agent
(38%) or fuel oil (55%). A typical release agent sprayed onto
a truck bed consists of 20% silicone solids in 80% naphtha.
The naphtha evaporates, and the silicone serves to prevent
adhesion of the asphalt to the bed. Approximately 1% of the
asphalt plants do not use the truck spraying operation.
f. Storage Silos - In some plants, hot mix from the mixer is
conveyed to a storage silo from which the trucks are loaded.
Before the advent of hot mix storage, the time required to
load trucks was directly dependent upon the production capaci-
ty of the plant. The capacity of the plant is now dictated by
the number of tons of asphalt that can be laid rather than the
amount that can be hauled away.11 The number of asphalt plants
using storage facilities has been increasing.3
g. Automation - There is a general trend in the asphalt in-
dustry toward some degree of automation. Automation stabilizes
process conditions and minimizes plant shutdowns. This is
desirable from both an economic and emissions standpoint.3
Some plants are so automated that all plant operations except
loading the cold aggregate into the cold storage bins _are
controlled from a control center by manual pushbuttons or
digital card controlled sequences.13
h. Primary and Secondary Pollution Control Devices - All
asphalt plants have some form of dust control equipment as
an integral part of the process. Pollution control equipment
is required to protect process equipment downstream from the
-------
dryer from the impact of dust particles, to economize by
preventing loss of fine aggregate and mineral filler, and to
control atmospheric emissions.17 Air pollution control
regulations have made emission control the overriding consid-
eration in an asphalt plant system design.11'17
The air pollution control system at an asphalt plant consists
of primary and secondary collectors of two categories: wet
and dry. Primary pollution control equipment used includes
settling chambers (4%), cyclones (58%) and multicyclones (35%).
Secondary control devices include gravity spray towers (8%),
cyclone scrubbers (24%), venturi scrubbers (16%), orifice
scrubbers (8%) and baghouses (40%). Eight percent of the
plants surveyed reported using tertiary collectors.16 Dust
particles entrained in the gas stream and the products of
combustion from the rotary dryer (stream 2) are vented to
the primary collector (M). The average efficiency of the
primary collector is 88.5%. 16 Dust removed by the primary
control device from the gas stream is recycled (stream 4) to
the hot aggregate elevator by a screw conveyor. The remaining
gases (stream 6) are vented to the secondary control device
(N), along with gases collected in the scavenger duct system
(stream 7e).
The secondary control device (N), which has an average effi-
ciency of 96.5%, further removes pollutants from the gas
stream before discharging to the atmosphere (stream 13)
1 G
through the stack (P).
Material removed from the gas stream by the secondary collector
is either discarded or reused. Approximately 53% of the
plants surveyed reported recycling, and 61% reported the use
of a settling pond for removal of sblid material.16
30
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3. Continuous Process
The continuous process operations, shown in Figure 8, are
very similar to batch process operations, except in the
method of feed to the mixer, and in the mixer itself.13 The
hot aggregate storage bins in this process are smaller than
those used in a batch plant and hence do not provide a large
surge capacity.11'13 From the hot aggregate storage bins
aggregate is metered through a set of feeder conveyor? to
another bucket elevator and into the mixer.11 Asphalt is
simultaneously metered to the inlet end of the mixer; the
aggregate and asphalt feeder systems are mechanically inter-
connected to insure proper proportions in the mix.13 The
mixture is conveyed by the mixing paddles to the outlet end
of the pugmill to be discharged continually into a loading
hopper. Retention time and some surge capacity are controlled
by an adjustable dam at the end of the mixer.11'13
4. Dryer Drum Process
A recently revitalized process for manufacturing asphalt
hot mix, known as the dryer drum process, is now used by
2.6% of the asphalt plants in the United States.16 This
process simplifies the conventional processes by replacing
hot aggregate storage bins, vibrating screens and the mixer
22
with proportioning feed controls.
Figure 9 is a block flow diagram of the dryer drum process.
Both aggregate and asphalt are introduced near the flame end
of the revolving drum in this process. A variable flow
asphalt pump is electronically linked to the aggregate belt
22Terrel, R. L., et al. Asphalt Paving Mixtures Produced by
the Dryer-Drum Process. Prepared for Federal Highway
Administration, Olympia, by University of Washington,
Seattle, and Federal Highway Administration, Vancouver.
Final Report (PB 212 854). August 1972. 134 p.
31
-------
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-------
scales to control mix specifications. Dryer drum plants use
parallel flow design for hot burner gases and aggregate flow.
Parallel flow has the advantage of giving the mixture a
longer time to coat and collect dust in the mix, thereby
reducing particulate emissions to the atmosphere. Particu-
late generated within the dryer for the dryer drum process
(0.10 g/kg ฑ 35%) is lower than than generated within con-
ventional dryers (22.5 g/kg). But as asphalt is being heated
to high temperatures for a long period of time, hydrocarbon
emissions from dryer drum dryers are greater. Studies are
currently being conducted to arrive at a suitable compromise
between hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. Asphalt
is being introduced into different sections of the dryer to
reduce residence time in the dryer, thereby reducing hydro-
carbon emissions. However, the shorter residence time in-
creases particulate emissions.
The mix is discharged from the revolving dryer drum into
surge bins or storage silos.
B. MATERIALS FLOW
A simplified material balance for the asphalt hot mix
batch process for a representative plant with a production
rate of 160 metric tons/hr and an emission rate of 22 kg/hr
is shown in Figure 10. (Stream numbers correspond to those
in Figure 5.)
C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Asphalt hot mix plants are located in residential
communities, industrial areas, rural areas, and even in arid
desert areas. Most permanently installed plants are located
in urban areas where there is a continuous market for new
paving and resurfacing work. Portable plants are usually
34
-------
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35
-------
involved in highway construction projects since they can be
disassembled and relocated to shorten hauling distances as
highway construction proceeds.11
In January 1974, there were 3,989 operating plants in the
U.S. Figure 11 provides a map showing the state distribution
of asphalt plants.2 Table 5 lists the existing asphalt hot mix
plants in the U.S. and shows their percent state distribution.
PERCENT OF TOTAL
PLANTS PER STATE
0 - 1.0 %
1.1-2.5%
2.6 - 4.9 %
5.00 % AND OVER
Figure 11. State distribution of asphalt hot mix plants:
36
-------
Table 5. EXISTING ASPHALT HOT MIX PLANTS IN THE U.S
AND STATE DISTRIBUTION (JANUARY 1974)2
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Number
of plants
82
30
12
38
228
38
50
8
4
115
83
10
27
202
130
68
61
128
66
28
66
50
147
114
91
153
31
37
8
20
Percent
of total
2.1
0.8
0.3
1.0
5.7
1.0
1.3
0.2
0.1
2.9
2.1
0.3
0.7
5.1
3.3
1.7
1.5
3.2
1.7
0.7
1.7
1.3
3.7
2.9
2.3
3.8
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.5
37
-------
Table 5 (continued). EXISTING ASPHALT HOT MIX PLANTS IN THE
U.S. AND STATE DISTRIBUTION (JANUARY 1974)2
State
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
Number
of plants
117
31
212
116
19
287
57
55
258
12
58
31
105
96
18
12
106
71
44
135
24
3,989
Percent
of total
2.9
0.8
5.3
2.9
0.5
7.2
1.4
1.4
6.5
0.3
1.5
0.8
2.6
2.4
0.5
0.3
2.7
1.8
1.1
3.4
0.6
100
38
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SECTION 4
EMISSIONS
A. LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
At an asphalt hot mix plant, atmospheric emission sources can
be grouped according to four categories: stack emissions,
mixer emissions, fugitive emissions, and open source emis-
sions. These are discussed in detail below.
1. Stack Emissions
Materials emitted from various sources within an asphalt
hot mix plant are vented either through the dryer vent or
the scavenger vent. The dryer vent stream is controlled by
the primary and secondary collectors, while the scavenger vent
stream is controlled only by the secondary collector before
being released through the stack.
Sources connected to the scavenger vent within an asphalt hot
mix plant are the hot aggregate elevator, vibrating screens,
hot aggregate storage bins, weigh hopper and mixer. The
dryer vent carries emissions only from the dryer.
Material emitted from the hot aggregate elevator, vibrating
screens, hot aggregate bins and weigh hopper is particulate that
is 85.3% to 98.9% below 50 ym in size that becomes airborne
within the gas stream flowing through the plant ductwork.12
39
-------
Emissions from the mixer are intermittent, occurring when
the load of asphalt hot mix is dumped into trucks. These
emissions consist of particulate, hydrocarbons, SO , NO ,
X X
CO, aldehydes, and polycyclic organic material.
Emissions generated within the dryer consists of particulate
and other gaseous substances. Particulates include dust part-
icles, fly ash, soot and unburned droplets of fuel oil.
As the dryer rotates, the aggregate it contains is raised by
flights and cascaded across the cross section of the revolving
cyclinder, while hot combustion gases flow countercurrent to
the aggregate, causing particulates to be carried out with the
gas stream. The velocity of the gas stream at which particu-
late will be come airborne depends on particle size, weight am
l i
shape, and is called terminal velocity.
Fly ash results from fuel oil impurities, which form solid
rather than gaseous combustion products, and is proportional
to the ash content of the fuel. Soot consists of unburned
carbon particles formed during combustion control problems
such as a malfunctioning burner, lack of air, or insufficient
heating of fuel oil cause emission of unburned oil droplets.
Gaseous combustion products formed within the rotary dryer
include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, a
variety of partially burned hydrocarbons and polycyclic
organic material.
Carbon monoxide is formed when inadequate oxygen is available.
Deficiency of oxygen can be caused by insufficient air for the
total combustion reaction, by poor mixing, or by quenching in
2 3
the burner flame. Sulfur oxides are produced when fuel
23Schreter, R.E. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Formation in Aggregate
Dryers. Hauck Manufacturing Company. July 21, 1973. 13 p,
40
-------
containing sulfur is combusted. Nitrogen oxides are formed
when air (composed of 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen) is heated
by high temperature flames to 815ฐC or more.24
Table 6 lists the materials emitted through the stack and
their concentrations in the gas stream.
Table 6. CONCENTRATION OF MATERIAL EMITTED FROM STACK
Material emitted
Particulate
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons (as methane
equivalents)
Carbon monoxide
Polycyclic organic material
Aldehydes
Concentration
400.0 mg/m3 ฑ 2 0 %
30.6 ppm
<29 ppm
42.3 ppm
32.2 ppm ฑ 18%
36.4 pg/m3 ฑ 38%
14.8 ppm ฑ 33%
2.
Mixer Emissions
To produce the hot mix, asphalt in a liquid state comes in
contact with hot aggregate in the mixer, and the mixture is
discharged into trucks or conveyed to an asphalt hot mix
storage silo by means of a skip hoist.
Particulate and gaseous emissions are emitted during the mix-
ing operation. Some of these emissions are vented through
the scavenger system to the secondary control device while
the rest of the material emitted is released to the atmo-
sphere during discharge of hot mix from the mixer into the
skip hoist or the asphalt truck.
^Environmental Pollution Control at Hot Mix Asphalt Plants,
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 27. 23 p.
41
-------
Atmospheric emissions from the mixer were studied by The
Asphalt Institute25'26 and the results are summarized in
Table 7. (Estimates and approximations made are discussed in
Appendix F.)
Table 7. CONCENTRATION OF MATERIAL EMITTED FROM MIXER25/26
Material emitted
Particulate
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Polycyclic organic material
Trace metals
Hydrogen sulfide
Ozone
Concentration
7.2 mg/m3
<2 ppm
< 0.1 ppm
<3.5 ppm
6 ppm
0.36 yg/m3
0.24 yg/m3
1. 5 ppm
< 0.1 ppm
3. Fugitive Emissions
Sources of emissions considered in this category include par-
ticulate emissions from transfer points, hydrocarbon and POM
emissions from handling and storage of raw liquid asphalt,
hydrocarbon emissions from oil-coated truck beds, miscel-
laneous emissions within the plant due to plant breakdown,
disposal of mineral fines rejected from the vibration screens
and emissions from the settling pond.
25Asphalt Hot-Mix Emission Study. The Asphalt Institute.
College Park. Research Report 75-1 (RR-75-1). March 1975.
103 p.
26Puzinauskas, V. P., and L. W. Corbett. Report on Emissions
from Asphalt Hot Mixes. The Asphalt Institute. (Presented
at the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc. American
Chemical Society meeting. Chicago. August 1975.) 20 p.
42
-------
These emissions vary and can be reduced through proper house-
keeping and equipment maintenance. Table 8 lists fugitive
emission points for an asphalt hot mix plant site.
Table 8. FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM AN ASPHALT HOT MIX PLANT
Emission source
Material emitted
Asphalt loading and handling
Settling pond
Oil-coated trucks
Transfer points
Polycyclic organic materials
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Particulate
4. Open Source Emissions
Particulate emissions considered under the open source
category within an asphalt hot mix plant include emissions
from fine aggregate stockpiles, loading operations,
cold storage bins, cold aggregate conveyor, and truck
traffic. These emissions are caused by natural elements,
poor housekeeping, exposed aggregate stockpiles and storage
bins, and uncontrolled traffic conditions.
Open source emissions will not be covered in this document
since they are considered in detail in publications on
crushed granite,27 crushed limestone,28 crushed sandstone,
27Chalekode, P. K., J. A. Peters, and T. R. Blackwood.
Source Assessment: Crushed Granite. Monsanto Research
Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Preliminary
document submitted to the EPA, July 1975. 62 p.
28Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assessment:
Crushed Limestone. Monsanto Research Corporation, EPA Con-
tract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Preliminary document submitted
to the EPA, February 1976. 59 p.
43
-------
quartz and quartzite,29 crushed stone,30 and transport of
sand and gravel.31
B. EMISSION FACTORS
State air pollution regulations affecting the asphalt
hot mix industry vary considerably from state to state but
in general these cover particulate emission rates, visible
emissions, fugitive dust, and odor.32 Dual standards exist
based on plant age. The standards for existing plants are
less stringent than those for new plants.
Particulate emission standards are expressed as ratio of
emission weight to production weight, or emission weight per
dry standard cubic foot of stack gas or emission weight per
thousand pounds of discharge gas.
Visible emission standards are expressed in either Ringelmann
numbers or opacity. Exceptions to opacity standards are
allowed for startup and special maintenance.32
29Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assessment:
Crushed Sandstone, Quartz, and Quartzite. Monsanto
Research Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton.
Preliminary document submitted to the EPA, August 1975.
59 p.
30Blackwood, T. R., P. K. Chalekode, and R. A. Wachter.
Source Assessment: Crushed Stone. Monsanto Research Cor-
poration. Dayton. Report No. MRC-DA-536. Preliminary
document submitted to the EPA, February 1976. 108 p.
31Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assessment:
Transport of Sand and Gravel. Monsanto Research Corpora-
tion, EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Preliminary docu-
ment submitted to the EPA, December 1974. 86 p.
32Air Pollution Regulations Study. National Asphalt Pavement
Association. Riverdale. Information Series 49. 1973.
44
-------
Fugitive dust regulations require that reasonable measures
be taken to prevent particulate matter from becoming airborne.
Only New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kansas, and Hawaii
quantify the amount of allowable fugitive dust.32
Similarly, odor regulations are generally nonspecific. Odors
which "cause a nuisance or interfere with reasonable enjoyment
of life or property" are restricted.
New source performance standards and effluent limitations
guidelines for new or modified asphalt concrete plants were
proposed in June 1973, and the final standards were published
34
in March 1974 and are currently under judicial review. These
standards state that no owner or operator shall discharge into
the atmosphere any gases which: (a) contain particulate
matter in excess of 90 mg/dscma (0.04 grains/dscf); and/or
(b) exhibit >20% opacity.
The concentration standard applies to emission of particulate
from the control device, while opacity regulations cover all
1 3
emission sources, not just stack emissions.
1. Stack Emissions
a. Particulate Emissions - Emission rates for particulates
were determined using data acquired through an industrial
survey.16
dscm = dry standard cubic meters; dscf = dry standard cubic
feet.
33New Source Performance Standards for New or Modified
Asphalt Concrete Plants. Federal Register. 38:15407,
June 11, 1973.
3UNew Source Performance Standards for New or Modified
Asphalt Concrete Plants. Federal Register. 39:9314,
March 8, 1974.
45
-------
Total particulate generated within a typical dryer is reported
to be 22.5 kg/metric ton (45 lb/ton)35 and emission factors
for different types of control equipment are shown in Table
9.35
Table 9. PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS FOR CONTROL
EQUIPMENT USED IN AN ASPHALT HOT MIX PLANT35
Type of control
Settling chamber
Cyclone
Multicyclone
Gravity spray tower
Cyclone scrubber
Venturi or orifice scrubber
Baghouse
Uncontrolled particulate
generated in dryer
Efficiency,
percent
66.67
96.22
99.33
99.11
99.33
99.91
99.98
--
Emission
eg/metric ton
of asphalt
produced
7.50
0.85
0.15
0.20
0.15
0.02
0.005
22.5
factors
(lb/ton of
asphalt
produced)
(15.0)
(1.7)
(0.3)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(45.0)
Based on production rate, hours of operation and type of
primary and secondary control equipment used by each reporting
plant, the individual emission rates were calculated and
grouped into classes as shown in Table 10. Class limits for
emission rates were set and class frequency and cumulative
frequency were determined.
Data from Table 10 were used to plot Figure 12, a plot of
emission rate vs. cumulative percent of plants having an
emission rate equal to or less than the indicated value.
3 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park,
Publication No. AP-42. April 1973. p. 8.1-8.4.
46
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10,000
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY COLLECTOR
SAMPLE SIZE
MIN VALUE
MAX VALUE
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION =
LOWER LIMIT
UPPER LIMIT
PRNWARYCOLLECJOR
SAMPLE SIZE
WIN VALUE
MAX VALUE
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
LOWER LIMIT
UPPER LIMIT
400
0 066 (0 52)
ป 3 (637 51
(4834)
(9641
(39 31
6 09
12 15
7 22
1 51
2,551 5
123 88
320 1
ซ4 0
153 8
(5731
112 01
(20,250)
(983 21
12,542 31
(745 91
(1,22051
UNITS ARE g/s (IB/hr) EXCEPT FOR SAMPLE SIZE
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY COLLECTOR
(CONTROLLED EMISSIONS!
CURVE 1 SHOWS EMISSION RATE VS
CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF PLANTS HAVING
AN EMISSION RATE LESS THAN OR EOUAL
TO INDICATED VALUE FOR EXISTING PLANTS
ASSUMING ONLY PRIMARY COLLECTOR IS
BEING JSET
CURVE 2 SHOWS EMISSION RATE VS
CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF PLAMS HAVING
AN EMISSION RATE LESS THAN OR EOUAL
TO INDICATED VAIUE FOR EXISTING PLANTS
USING BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CO! LECTORS
79,366
79 3
Figure 12. Asphalt hot mix emission rate
48
-------
From Figure 12 the mean emission rate for controlled par-
ticulate emissions from an asphalt hot mix plant is 6.09 g/s
(48.34 Ib/hr) , and 76% of the operating plants have emission
rates equal to or less than the mean.
Figure 12 also shows that 70% of asphalt hot mix plants have
a controlled particulate emission rate of less than or equal
to 1.39 g/s (11.0 Ib/hr) . Assuming a representative flow
from the stack to be 916 dscm/min (32,350 dscf/min) , the
^ . , .,_ .. ^ /5.0 kgW min V hr
Particulate emission rate = I =- )( m r j - M - :
V hr A916 dscm/\60 mm
(916M60)
= 9.1 x 10~5 kg/dscm
=91 mg/dscm
Approximately 70% of the asphalt hot mix plants have emissions
less than or equal to 90 mg/dscm (0.04 grains/dscf) using
emission factors given in Table 9.35
b. Sulfur Oxides - The industrial survey showed that over 66%
of operating asphalt hot mix plants used fuel oil for combustion
Possible SO emissions from the stack were calculated assuming
X
all sulfur in the fuel oil is oxidized to SO . (See Appendix
iC
F for calculations.) The amount actually released through
the stack may be attenuated by water scrubbers or by aggregate
itself where limestone is being dried.21
c. Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide -
Concentrations of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide detected in the stack gas as a result of sampling
conducted at a representative asphalt hot mix plant were used
to calculate emission rates (see Appendix F) .
49
-------
d. Polycyclic Organic Material and Aldehydes Field
sampling was carried out at a representative asphalt hot mix
plant to determine total aldehydes and polycyclic organic
material present in the stack exhaust. Results of the
sampling effort are presented in Appendix B.
Table 11 gives the emission factors for material emitted from
the stack. Tables 12 and 13 give emission factors for the
various polycyclic organic materials and the various alde-
hydes emitted from the stack.
Table 11. EMISSION FACTORS FOR SELECTED
MATERIALS EMITTED FROM STACK
Material emitted
Particulate
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons (as methane equivalents)
Carbon monoxide
Polycyclic organic material
Aldehydes
Emission factor,
g/metric ton of
asphalt hot mix
produced
137 ฑ 20%
a
32
18
14
19 ฑ 18%
b
0.013 ฑ 38%
C
10 ฑ 33%
b
Calculated from mean value of 6.09 g/s in Figure 12 and
mean average production rate of 160 metric tons/hr in
Table A-l.
Calculations described in Appendix F.
GCalculation shown in Table B-20, Appendix B.
2. Mixer Emissions
Materials emitted from the mixer and the concentrations of
these emissions were determined by The Asphalt Institute.25'26
These data were used to estimate maximum possible emissions
from the mixer and are presented in Appendix F. Table 14
gives the estimated emission factors for materials emitted
from the mixer.
50
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Table 12. EMISSION FACTORS FOR POLYCYCLIC
ORGANIC MATERIAL EMITTED FROM STACK
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c) phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7 , 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a) pyrene/benzo (e) pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a,h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-c ,d) pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c ,g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a,i)pyrene
Emission factor,
mg/metric ton of
asphalt hot mix
produced
2.1 ฑ 76%
2.5 ฑ 15%
4.7 ฑ 7%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.43 ฑ 146%
0^70 ฑ 173%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.18 ฑ 24%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.34 ฑ 144%
0.19 ฑ 10%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.16 ฑ 71%
0.19 ฑ 6%
0.16 ฑ 71%
Table 13. EMISSION FACTORS FOR
ALDEHYDES EMITTED FROM STACK
Aldehydes
emitted
Formaldehyde
Isobutanal
Butanal
Isopentanal
Emission factor,
g/metric ton of
asphalt hot mix
produced
0.077 ฑ 26s
0.63 ฑ 350!
1.2 ฑ 12<
8.3 ฑ 30!
Calculated from production rate and
emission rate shown in Table B-23.
51
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Table 14. EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MATERIAL EMITTED FROM THE MIXER
Material emitted
Maximum estimated
emission factor,
mg/metric ton of asphalt
hot mix produced
Particulate
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Polycyclic organic material
Trace metals
Hydrogen sulfide
Ozone
<320
<260
<9.3
<340
<0.016
<100
<9.9
Described in Appendix F.
C.
DEFINITION OF A REPRESENTATIVE SOURCE
A representative asphalt hot mix plant was defined for the pur-
pose of assessing the environmental impact of the asphalt hot
mix industry. An industrial survey was conducted to obtain
plant parameter data for the asphalt hot mix industry.16 The
parameters used to define a representative plant included
plant type, plant production rate, capacity of mixer, types
of primary and secondary control equipment, type of fuel
combusted, type of release agent used, stack height and
emission factors for pollutants emitted. Average values of
these parameters were used to define the representative
source in the asphalt hot mix industry.
Appendix A contains the summary of survey data that were
used to determine a representative plant. Table 15 summarizes
the data for a representative plant. Table 16 summarizes data
for a typical asphalt hot mix plant that was sampled to obtain
52
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Table 15. SUMMARY OF DATA FOR A REPRESENTATIVE
ASPHALT HOT MIX PLANT
Parameter
Plant type
Rate of production,
metric tons/hr (tons/hr)
Capacity of mixer,
metric tons (tons)
Primary collector
Secondary collector
Fuel type
Release agent type
Stack height, m (ft)
Particulate emission rate,
kg/hr (Ib/hr)
Representative plant
Percent of
industry
represented
76
100
100
58
60
66
55
100
100
Representative
data
Permanent batch
plant
160 ฑ 4%
(177 ฑ 4%)
2.9 ฑ4%
(3.2 ฑ 4%)
Cyclone
Wet scrubber
Oil
Fuel oil
10.3 ฑ 3%
(33.8 ฑ 3%)
21.93 +20%
(48.34 ฑ20%)
Table 16. SUMMARY OF DATA FOR A TYPICAL EXISTING ASPHALT
HOT MIX PLANT THAT WAS SELECTED FOR SAMPLING
AS A REPRESENTATIVE PLANT
Parameter
Plant sampled
Plant type
Rate of production,
metric tons/hr (tons/hr)
Capacity of mixer,
metric tons (tons)
Primary collector
Secondary collector
Fuel type
Release agent type
Stack height, m (ft)
Particulate emission rate,
kg/hr (Ib/hr)
Permanent batch plant
160.3 ฑ 16% (177 ฑ 16%)
3.6 (4.0)
Cyclone
Wet scrubber(Venturi;
Oil
Fuel oil
15.85 (52)
7.7 ฑ 48% (17.0 + 48%)
53
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further information on polycyclic organic materials emitted
during asphalt hot mix production.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
1 . Determination of Severity
a. Maximum Ground Level Concentration - The maximum ground
level concentration, x / fฐr each material emitted from
max
asphalt hot mix manufacturing was estimated by Gaussian
plume dispersion theory. The maximum ground level concentra
tion, x (i-n g/m3)f was calculated using the equation:
max
x
max
rH2
eu
where Q = mass emission rate, g/s
H = effective emission height, m
e = 2.72
ir = 3.14
u = average wind speed, m/s (= 4.47 m/s)
b. Time-Averaged Maximum Ground Level Concentration - x /
- - - - max
the maximum ground level concentration averaged over a given
period of time, is calculated from x The averaging time
max
is 24 hr for noncriteria pollutants (chemical substances) .
For criteria pollutants, averaging times are the same as
those used in the primary ambient air quality standards (e.g.,
3 hr for hydrocarbons and 24 hr for particulates) . The
relationship between x an<3 x is expressed as:
max max
xmax = xmax
0.17
where to - short-term averaging time or 3 min
t - averaging time, min
54
-------
c. Source Severity - To obtain a quantitative measure of
the hazard potential of the emission source, the source
severity, S, is defined as:
xmax
where x is the maximum time-averaged ground level
max
concentration of each pollutant, and F is defined as the
primary ambient air quality standard for criteria pollutants
(particulates, SO , NO , CO and hydrocarbons). For non-
J\. ^C
criteria pollutants:
F = TLV 8/24 0.01 (4)
The factor 8/24 adjusts the TLV to a continuous rather than
workday exposure, and the factor of 0.01 accounts for the
fact that the general population is a higher risk group than
healthy workers. Thus, x /F represents the ratio of the
rricix
maximum mean ground level concentration to the concentration
constituting an incipient hazard potential.
Tables 17, 18, 19 and 20 contain emission rates, maximum
ground level concentrations, time-averaged ground level
concentrations and source severities of materials emitted
from the stack, polycyclic organic material emitted from
the stack, aldehydes emitted from the stack, and materials
emitted from the mixer, respectively. Appendix D contains
the derivation of source severity equations.
Industry survey data were used to calculate source severities
for all reporting plants; the severities were grouped into
classes. Table 21 gives class limits for the source sever-
ities, and class frequencies and cumulative frequencies.
Data from Table 21 were used to plot Figure 13, a graph of
55
-------
Table 17. SOURCE SEVERITY OF EMISSIONS FROM THE STACK
Material
emitted
Particulate
NO
X
SO2
Hydrocarbons
(methane
equivalent)
POM(Benzene
soluble)
Carbon
monoxide
Aldehydes
TLV,
mg/m3
10
9
13
67
0.2
55
180
Emission
rate ,
g/s
6.09
ฑ 20%
0.78
1.42
0.63
0.00056
ฑ 38%
0.83
ฑ 18%
0.45
ฑ 33%
xmax'
mg/m3
3.01
0.38
0.7
0.31
0.00028
0.41
0.22
xmax'
mg/m3
1.05
0.18
0.25
0.16
0.000097
0.25
0.078
Source
severity
4.02
1.83
0.67
0.96
0.14
0.01
0.13
source severity plotted against cumulative percent of plants
having source severity less than or equal to the indicated
value. Figure 13 shows that the mean source severity for
the asphalt industry is 5.59 and 56% of all operating asphalt
plants have a source severity less than or equal to 1.0.
2.
Contribution to Total Air Emissions
The average emission rate of 21.93 kg/hr for particulate
emissions, the average hours of operation for the asphalt hot
mix industry of 666 hr/yr ฑ 5.1% and the total number of oper-
ating plants, 3,989, extrapolated to 1975 assuming a 4% in-
crease were used to calculate the total mass of particulate
emitted by the asphalt hot mix industry. The 1975 mass of
particulate emissions from asphalt hot mix plants was 63,000
metric tons.
56
-------
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57
-------
Table 19. SOURCE SEVERITY OF ALDEHYDES EMITTED FROM THE STACK
Aldehyde
emitted
Formaldehyde
Isobutanal
Butanal
Isopentanal
Total
aldehydes
TLV,
mg/m3
3
180b
ISO5
180
180b
Emission
height,
m
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
Emission
rate ,
mg/s
3.4
ฑ 26%
28
ฑ 350%
53
ฑ 12%
370
ฑ 30%
450
ฑ 33%
Xmax'
yg/m3
1.7
14
26
180
224
Xmax'
yg/m3
0.59
4.8
9.2
64
78
Source
severity
0.059
0.0081
0.015
0.11
0.13
Source severity = 5.5(emission rate)/TLV(emission height)2.
Using TLV for acetaldehyde.
Table 20. SOURCE SEVERITY OF EMISSIONS FROM THE MIXER
Material emitted
Particulate
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Polycyclic organic
material
Trace metals
Hydrogen sulfide
Ozone
TLV,
mg/m3
10
13
9
67
55
0.2
0.5
15
0.2
Emission
rate,
mg/s
<14
<12
<0.41
<4.9
<15
<0. 00071
<0. 00049
<4.4
<0.44
Xmax'
yg/m3
<35
<30
<1.0
<12
<38
<0.0018
<0.0012
<11
<1.1
Xmax'
yg/m3
<12
<11
<0.53
<6.1
<23
<0. 00062
<0. 00043
<3.9
<0.39
Source
severity
<0.047
<0.029
<0.0053
<0.038
<0. 00056
<0. 00093
<0. 00026
<0.077
<0.58
58
-------
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PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY COLLECTOB
SAMPLE SIZE
MIN VALUE
MAX VALUE
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
LOWER LIMIT
UPPER LIMIT
SAMPLE SIZE
MIN VALUE
MAX VALUE
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
LOWER LIMIT
UPPER LIMIT
PRIMARY COLLECTOR
(UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS!
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY COLLECTOR
ICONTROLLED EMISSIONS)
CURVE 1 SHOWS SOURCE SEVERITY VS
CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF PLANTS HAVING
A SOURCE SEVERITY LESS THAN OR EOUAL
TO INDICATED VALUE FOR EXISTING PLANTS
ASSUMING ONLY PRIMARY COLLECTOR IS
BEING USED
CURVE 2 SHOWS SOURCE SEVERITY VS
CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF PLANTS HAVING
A SOURCE SEVERITY LESS THAN OR EOUAL
TO INDICATED VALUE FOR EXISTING PLANTS
USING BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
COLLECTORS
0 01 01 0512 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99 8 99 9 99 99
CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF PLANTS HAVING A SOURCE SEVERITY LESS THAN OR EOUAL TO INDICATED VALUE
Figure 13. Asphalt hot mix source severity
60
-------
The total masses of particulate emitted by the asphalt hot
mix industry for the years 1967 through 1975 are presented in
Figure 14.16,37-39
The projected contribution of particulate emissions to total
air emissions can be estimated by two methods: (a) worst
case and (b) best case. Each of these methods is described
briefly below.
a. Worst Case Analysis - Particulate emissions from the
asphalt hot mix industry for 1978, for a worst case analysis,
were estimated by assuming that the hours of operation and
the emission rate will remain constant, and the number of
plants was assumed to increase to 4,850 at an annual rate of
4% per year. Therefore, the mass of particulate emissions
from the asphalt hot mix industry for 1978 was estimated to
be 70,850 metric tons. As shown in Figure 14, particulate
emissions for 1973 were 123,000 metric tons.
According to these estimates, the mass of particulate emis-
sions from the asphalt hot mix industry in 1978 for worst
case analysis will be 58% of the amount for 1973:
Emissions in 1978 _ 70,850 metric tons/yr _ _
Emissions in 1973" 123,000 metric tons/yr
37
Private correspondence. Asphalt Paving Hot Mix Industry
response to Environmental Protection Agency comment. 17 p.
38Cavender, J. H., et al. Nationwide Air Pollutant Emission
Trends 1940-1970. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Air and Water Programs. Research Triangle Park.
publication No. AP-115. January 1973. 52 p.
39Vandegrift, A. E., et al. Particulate Pollutant System
Study. Volume III - Handbook of Emission Properties.
Midwest Research Institute, EPA Contract CPA 22-69-104
Kansas City. May 1971. 607 p.
-------
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62
-------
b. Best Case Analysis - Particulate emissions from the
asphalt industry for 1978, for a best case analysis, were
calculated by using emission factors determined from available
data for 1970, 1971, 1973, and 1975 as shown in Table 22.
These emission factors were plotted in Figure 15 and extrapo-
lated to determine the emission factor for 1978, assuming con-
trol trends continue to be 0.145 g/kg. Assuming a 4%
increase in production through 1978, production was estimated
to be 337 x 106 metric tons per year. Therefore, the mass of
particulate emissions from the asphalt hot mix industry for
1978 were estimated to be 49,000 metric tons.
The mass of particulate emissions from the asphalt hot mix
industry in 1978 for best case analysis will be 40% of the
amount for 1973:
Emissions in 1978 _ 49,000 metric tons/yr _ ._
Emissions in 1973 123,000 metric tons/yr
Table 22. PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTOR
TRENDS FOR ASPHALT HOT MIX INDUSTRY
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
a
Total production
106 metric tons
280
288
295
330
319
299
(106 tons)
(309)
(317)
(325)
(362)
(352)
(329)
b
Total emissions
metric tons
476,300
181,400
Not estimated
123,000
Not estimated
63,000
(tons)
(525,000)
(200,000)
(Not estimated)
(135,600)
(Not estimated)
(70,000)
Estimated
emission
factor
g/kg
1.70
0.63
0.37
0.21
(Ib/ton)
(3.40)
(1.26)
( )
(0.74)
(--)
(0.42)
Production values from Section VLB.
Emissions from Figure 14.
The contribution of asphalt hot mix manufacturing to state-
wide and nationwide emissions is shown in Tables 23 and 24.
The mass emissions of criteria pollutants resulting from
63
-------
EXTRAPOLATED EMISSION FACTOR 0.145 a/kg
1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
0.15 -
0.1
Figure 15. Historical and extrapolated emission factors
64
-------
Table 23. CONTRIBUTION OF ASPHALT - HOT MIX
INDUSTRY TO STATE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
State particulate
emissions,
10 metric tons/yr
1,179
14
73
138
1,006
201
40
37
19
226
405
62
55
1,143
748
216
348
546
381
49
495
96
706
266
168
202
273
95
94
Asphalt hot mix
industry emissions
Metric tons/yr
1,295
473
190
600
3,601
600
789
126
63
1,816
1,311
158
427
3,191
2,053
1,074
963
2,022
1,042
442
1,042
789
2,321
1,801
1,437
2,417
490
584
126
Percent
contribution
0.1
3.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
2.0
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
65
-------
Table 23 (continued). CONTRIBUTION OF ASPHALT
HOT MIX INDUSTRY TO STATE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
State particulate
emissions,
103 metric tons/yr
15
152
103
160
481
79
1,766
94
169
1,811
13
199
52
410
549
72
15
477
162
214
412
75
Asphalt hot mix
industry emissions
Metric tons/yr
316
1,847
490
3,348
1,833
300
4,533
900
869
4,076
190
916
490
1,659
1,517
284
190
1,674
1,122
695
2,132
379
Percent
contribution
2.1
1.2
0.5
2.1
0.4
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.2
1.5
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.4
1.3
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.5
66
-------
Table 24. CONTRIBUTION OF ASPHALT HOT MIX INDUSTRY
TO NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
Criteria
pollutant
Particul ates
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
(as methane
equivalent)
Carbon monoxide
National
emissions,
10 metric tons/yr
17.87
29.95
22.25
25.05
96.87
Emissions from
asphalt paving
hot mix plants,
10 3 metric tons/yr
63.00
13.71
7.65
6.03
8.22
Percent
contribution
0.35
0.05
0.034
0.024
0.0085
asphalt hot mix manufacture were calculated by multiplying
the average emission rate by the average number of hours
each plant operates per year and the number of plants in
each state. The mass of emissions for all states is shown
in Table 23 along with the percent contribution of asphalt
hot mix manufacture to the total state emissions. Table 24
gives the contribution of criteria pollutant emissions from
asphalt hot mix manufacture to the total emissions of
criteria pollutants on a nationwide basis.
3. Affected Population
The population affected by emissions from a typical asphalt
hot mix plant was obtained by determining the area exposed
to the time-averaged ground level concentration, v , for
_ max
which x/F > 1-0. The number of persons within the exposed
area was then calculated using the average population den-
sity around the typical plant. Table 25 shows the affected
area and affected population for a representative asphalt
hot mix plant.
67
-------
Table 25. AFFECTED AREA AND AFFECTED POPULATION
FOR SOURCE SEVERITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1.0
Parameter for a representative plant
Criteria pollutant
Particulate
Population density, persons/km2
Emission height, m
Emission rate, g/s
Primary ambient air quality standard,
mg/m3
Affected area, km2
Affected population, persons
397.5
10. 3
6.09
0.26
0.453
180
397.5
10.3
0.78
0.1
0.108
43
68
-------
SECTION 5
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Pollution control technology in the asphalt hot mix
industry consists of two stages: primary and secondary
pollution control devices.
The purpose of the primary collector is to recover the larger
particulate emissions from the kiln. Table 26 shows particle
sizes of material entering and leaving the primary collector.
Well designed primary collectors can recover dust greater
than 10 yin with approximately 70% efficiency.17
Table 26. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
BEFORE AND AFTER PRIMARY COLLECTION13
Size,
pm
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent less than size shown
To primary collector
19.5
30.5
38.2
45.1
50.1
55.5
60.0
64.0
67.5
From primary collector
78.00
96.40
97.50
97.80
97.90
98.03
98.20
98.28
98.40
69
-------
The primary collectors were initially used to prevent dust
nuisance and protect the exhaust fan blades and equipment
downstream from the dryer from wear.17 The primary collector
soon proved to be a sound investment as the aggregate it
recovered could be recycled. The primary collector cannot
meet current particulate emission regulations but consider-
ably eases the load on the secondary collector.
Secondary collectors are used to control emissions to the
atmosphere. These collectors are more efficient than primary
collectors and are able to remove particles in micron and
submicron sizes. Material recovered from the secondary
collector may be recycled or discarded depending on economic
feasibility. Secondary collectors may be further subdivided
into wet and dry types.
An individual survey of the asphalt hot mix industry indi-
cates that primary collectors used are usually dry collectors
Table 27 shows types of primary and secondary collectors
used and percent of industry usage.
Table 27. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONTROL DEVICES
USED IN THE ASPHALT HOT MIX INDUSTRY
Type of control equipment
Percent of industry
Primary collectors
Settling or expansion chambers
Centrifugal dry collectors
Multicyclones
Other
Secondary collectors
Gravity spray tower
Cyclone scrubber
Venturi scrubber
Orifice scrubber
Baghouse
Other
4
58
35
3
8
24
16
8
40
3
70
-------
Figure 16 shows the relative particle size and collection
efficiency of different types of control equipment. 20 Figure
17 graphically depicts the variation of collection efficiency
of pollution control equipment with particle size. 4
10 urn Q-
5pm O-
1 pm o-
0.5 pm o-
0.3 pm ~
CYCLONE (LOW RESISTANCE) 80-96%
CYCLONE 50-60%
MULT I CONE 80-95%
MULTICONE 40-50%
WET COLLECTOR 90-96%
WET COLLECTOR 50-60%
WET FAN 95-98% } BAG HOUSE 95-98%
HIGH PRESSURE VENTURI 95-98%
HIGH PRESSURE VENTURI
SMOKE
Figure 16. Relative particle size and collection
efficiency of control equipment20
ULTRAMICROSCOPIC SIZES
I I bd
MACROSCOPIC RANGE OF SIZES
4 10 20
PARTICLE SIZE, //m
100
200
Figure 17. Variation of collection
efficiency with particle size4
71
400
-------
A.
PRIMARY COLLECTORS
1. Settling Chambers
The simplest type of primary collector is the settling chamber.
Simple in design and operation, as seen in Figure 18, it lowers
the velocity of the exhaust gas by expanding the ductwork to
a point where it allows airborne particles to reach a terminal
settling velocity and settle by gravity.24'40 Typical veloc-
ities within the chamber are between 0.3 m/s and 1.5 m/s.11
The particles removed from the gas stream are discharged
through a valve at the bottom of the chamber to the hot
aggregate elevator.
BAFFLE TO IMPROVE PARTICLE COLLECTION
VALVE
Figure 18. Settling chamber11'24'40
Major disadvantages of settling chambers are low collection
efficiency for smaller particles and large space requirements,
Collection efficiency for a settling chamber is directly
proportional to the settling velocity of airborne particles
40Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington.
Publication No. AP-51 (PB 190 253). January 1969. 215 p.
72
-------
and the length of the chamber, and inversely proportional to
the height of the chamber and the velocity of exhaust gas.11
Higher efficiency may be achieved if baffles or shelves are
installed in the chambers.
2. Centrifugal Dry Collectors
Centrifugal dry collectors remove particulate from the gas
stream by centrifugal force that is created by imparting a
spinning motion to the gas stream through use of a tangential
gas inlet, vanes or a fan.40 Particulate that is denser than
the carrier gas is forced against the walls of the cone in a
spinning motion. The smaller the cone diameter becomes, the
faster the particulate travels. The particulate thus becomes
increasingly heavy through centrifugal force as it travels
downward in a spiraling path to the bottom of the collector
cone. 24
The forces that act on each particle and determine the path
of the particle and the efficiency of the collector during
the separation process are gravitational, centrifugal and
frictional.40
The gravitational force, which causes the particle to settle,
is the product of particle mass and acceleration due to
gravity. The centrifugal force, which causes separation of
the particle in the cyclone, is due to a uniform change in
linear velocity because of rotation and is equal to the
product of particle mass and centrifugal acceleration.40
The ratio of centrifugal force to gravitational force is
called the separation factor, and it varies from 5 for large
diameter, low resistance cyclones to 2,500 for small diameter,
high resistance cyclones.40
73
-------
The frictional drag is due to the relative motion of the
particle and gas stream and opposes the centrifugal force on
the particle. The frictional drag is directly proportional
to the product of drag coefficient, the projected cross-
sectional area of the particle density, and the square of
the particle velocity relative to the gas stream, and inversely
proportional to the acceleration due to gravity.4 ฐ
Collection efficiency of a dry centrifugal collector increases
with increasing particle size, particle density, inlet gas
velocity, cyclone body length, number of gas revolutions and
smoothness of cyclone walls. The collection efficiency
decreases with increases in gas viscosity, cyclone diameter,
gas outlet duct size and diameter of gas inlet area.40
When higher collection efficiency is desired, long body, small
diameter, high efficiency cyclones are used. Both long body
and small diameter act to increase retention time in the
cyclone and exert greater centrifugal force on the particle,
resulting in greater separation.4
A given cyclone design can fall into more than one class
depending on the mode of operation and the particle size being
collected.40
A typical centrifugal dry collector, a conventional reverse
flow tangential inlet cyclone, is shown in Figure 19.
3. Multicyclone
A multicyclone consists of a number of small diameter cyclones
operating in parallel. All the cyclones have a common gas
inlet and are mounted within a common hopper with one common
gate at the hopper bottom to discharge the collected
particulate.24
74
-------
VALVE
Figure 19. Centrifugal dry collector24
The gas stream in the multicyclone, unlike that in the con-
ventional cyclone, enters at the top of the collecting tube
and has a swirling action imparted to it by a stationary vane
located in its path.4 Figure 20 shows a multicyclone, and
Figure 21 shows an enlargement of the collector element. The
collector elements range from 0.05 m to 0.3 m in diameter.
Well designed multicyclones have collection efficiencies up
to 90% for particles in the 5 ym to 10 ym range.4
B.
SECONDARY COLLECTORS
1.
Wet Scrubbers
Wet scrubbers use a liquid (e.g., water) either to remove
particulate matter directly from the gas stream by contact
or to improve collection efficiency by preventing reentrain-
ment. In the first of two mechanisms for particle removal
fine particles are conditioned to increase their effective
75
-------
GAS IN
SEE FIGURE 20
FOR COLLECTOR
ELEMENT
Figure 20. Multicyclone
OUTLET TUBE
SPIN VANES
INLET TUBE
Figure 21. Collector element24
76
-------
size, enabling them to be collected more easily; in the
second, the collected particles are trapped in a liquid film
and washed away, reducing reentrainment.4ฐ
The effective particle size may be increased in two ways.
First, fine particles can act as condensation nuclei when
the vapor passes through its dew point. Condensation can
remove only a relatively small amount of dust, since the
amount of condensation required to remove high concentrations
is usually prohibitive. Second, particles can be trapped on
liquid droplets by impact using inertial forces. The follow-
ing six mechanisms bring particulate matter into contact with
liquid droplets:40
Interception occurs when particles are carried by a
gas in streamlines around an obstacle at distances
which are less than the radius of the particles.
Gravitational force causes a particle, as it passes
an obstacle, to fall from the streamline and settle
on the surface of the obstacle.
Impingement occurs when an object placed in the path
of a particle-containing gas stream causes the gas to
flow around it. The larger particles tend to continue
in a straight path because of inertia and may impinge
on the obstacle and be collected.
Diffusion results from molecular collisions and, hence,
plays little part in the separation of particles from
a gas stream.
Electrostatic forces occur when particles and liquid
droplets become electrically charged.
Thermal gradients are important to the removal of
matter from a particle-containing gas stream because
particulate matter will move from a hot area to a
cold area. This motion is caused by unequal gas
molecular collision energy on the hot and cold sur-
faces of the particles and is directly proportional
to the temperature gradient.
Wet scrubber efficiencies are compared on the bases of
contacting power and transfer units. Contacting power is
the useful energy expended in pro-racing contact of the
77
-------
particulate matter with the scrubbing liquid, and represents
pressure head loss across the scrubber, head loss of the
scrubbing liquid, sonic energy or energy supplied by a
mechanical rotor. The transfer unit (the numerical value of
the natural logarithm of the reciprocal of the fraction of
the dust passing through the scrubber) is a measure of the
difficulty of separation of the particulate matter.40
a. Gravity Spray Tower - The simplest type of wet scrubber
used in the asphalt hot mix industry is the gravity
spray tower. Liquid droplets, produced by either spray
nozzles or atomizers, fall downward through a countercurrent
gas stream containing particulate matter. To avoid droplet
entrainment, the terminal settling velocity of the droplets
must be greater than the velocity of the gas stream. Collec-
tion efficiency increases with decreasing droplet size and
with increasing relative velocity between the droplets and
air stream. Since these two conditions are mutually exclusive,
the optimum droplet size for maximum efficiency is from
500 ym to 1,000 ym.40
The chief disadvantages of gravity spray towers are low
scrubbing efficiencies for dust particles in the 1-ym to 2-ym
range and large space requirements. Figure 22 shows a typical
spray tower.1*0
Exhaust gas entering at the base of the spray tower rises
through inlet conditioning sprays, through a distributor
plate, through one or more banks of spray nozzles and through
a mist eliminator. The mist eliminator is used if gas
velocities exceed 2 m/s.40
b. Cyclonic Scrubbers - An improvement on the gravity spray
tower is the centrifugal spray scrubber (Figure 23). This
type of wet scrubber increases the relative velocity between
78
-------
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the droplets and gas stream by using the centrifugal force
of a spinning gas stream. The spinning motion may be imparted
by tangential entry of either the liquid or gas stream or by
the use of fixed vanes and impellers.40
These collectors are generally 90% to 96% efficient in the
5-ym to 10-ym size, but drop to 50% to 60% efficiency in the
1-ym to 5-ym range. Pressure drop obtained in the centrifugal
scrubber is 0.5 kPa to 1.5 kPa, gas velocity into the collector
should be more than 0.5 m/s (100 fpm), and water usage is
2.41 x 10~2 to 8.02 x 10~2 m3 of water per m3/s of gas (3 to
10 gal of water/1,000 cfm).20
c. Centrifugal Fan Wet Scrubber - This type of scrubber
(Figure 24) consists of a multiblade centrifugal blower. Its
advantages are low space requirements, moderate power require-
ments, low water consumption, and a relatively high scrubbing
efficiency. '4 ฐ
The design pressure drop is about 1.62 kPa with a maximum
pressure drop of 2.24 kPa. Water requirements range from
0.60 x 10~2 to 1.2 x 10~2 m3 of water per m3/s (0.75 to
1.5 gal of water/1,000 cfm).40
d. Venturi Scrubber - The venturi scrubber consists of a
convergent section (throat) and a divergent section. Figure
25 is a sectional view of a venturi showing the throat.
Dust laden gases enter the convergent section and are accel-
erated to a high velocity (61 m/s to 183 m/s)40 at the throat.
Water introduced either :, nto the throat or into the top of
the venturi is atomized
-------
DIRT AND WATER
DISCHARGED AT
BLADE TIPS
CLEAN GAS
OUTLET
DIRTY GAS
INLET
WATER AND
SLUDGE OUTLET
3890-1
Figure 24. Centrifugal fan wet scrubber
40
81
-------
CONTAMINATED
GAS
CONVERGENT SECTION
VENTURI
THROAT
AGGLOMERATION
SCRUBBING
LIQUID
DIVERGENT SECTION
Figure 25.
TO \
SEPARATOR
Sectional view of venturi scrubber20
Collision between dust particles and water droplets causes
dust to be entrapped in the water. Further collision occurs
between the water droplets, creating agglomerated droplets
of large size.20
In the divergent section the gas and dust particles are
slowed due to enlarging of the duct, which creates a new
velocity differential with additional agglomeration. A
change of the gas flow direction in the elbow connecting the
venturi and the separator causes further impaction and
agglomeration.2 ฐ
The gas and liquid enter the separator, usually a cyclone,
and the clean gas leaves the collector through the upper
portion of the separator.20
Figure 26 shows a typical venturi. Based on 4.98 kPa drop
and 1.07 x 10~3 m3/s of water per m3/s of gas (8 gpm of water
per 1,000 cfm), the venturi has 95% to 98% efficiency for
1-ym to 5-ym range particles and 50% efficiency for 0.5-ym to
82
-------
Figure 26. Venturi scrubber40
1-ym range particles.20 Higher efficiencies can be achieved
using more water, more power and other design modifications.20
e. Orifice Scrubber - In an orifice scrubber (Figure 27)
gas is forced through the orifice together with the scrubbing
liquid. The turbulence and high gas velocities atomize the
droplets, increasing the probability of collision and entrap-
ment of dust particles in water droplets.24
Gas and dust laden liquid enter the separator tank where the
liquid drains to the bottom while the clean gas exits through
the top of the tank.24
2. Baghouses (Fabric Filters)
Exhaust gases from the dryer, consisting of air, products of
combustion, dust particles and water vapor, are drawn through
the baghouse. Particulate is retained on the dirty gas side
83
-------
TO ATMOSPHERE
O=> WATER
INLET
SPRAY HEADER OR
SINGLE NOZZLE
ORIFICE PLATE
VELOCITY
ACCESS DOOR
Figure 27. Orifice scrubber24
of the filtering medium, the fabric, while the gases pass
through the fabric into the clean gas chamber. The "bags"
are made of glass, polyesters, Dacron, or Nomex type nylon;
they are cylindrical or flat and may be fitted over wire
forms called "cages" for support, depending on the direction
of gas flow through the bags.24
Baghouses can effectively remove particles as small as 0.5 ym
and will also remove a substantial quantity of particles in
the O.Ol-ym range, but, since the space between fabric fibers
may be 100 um or larger, it is obvious that the filtering
process is not simple fabric sieving.40 As the exhaust gases
pass through the baghouse, small particles are initially
captured and retained on the fabric fiber by direct intercep-
tion, inertial impact, diffusion, electrostatic attraction
and gravitational settling.11'40 As time passes and more
dust particles are deposited, a mat or cake is formed on the
fabric, which serves as a supporting structure. Further
84
-------
removal of dust particles from the exhaust gas is achieved
by mat or cake sieving as well as by the above mechanisms.
When the mat or cake resistance begins to hinder the air
flow required to properly ventilate the dryer, the fabric
filter is cleaned by removing the dust cake, which is allowed
to fall into the hopper.2ฐ2k 4ฐ
Baghouses fall into two general types - low energy and high
energy - depending on construction and type of cleaning
procedure used.
a. Low Energy Type Baghouses - Low energy type baghouses
are usually compartmented units, wherein the group of bags
to be cleaned is isolated from the rest of the baghouse.
Each compartment has its own inlet, outlet, hopper and
bag housing. One compartment at a time is removed for
cleaning. Low energy units generally use a mechanical shaker
or reverse air flow for cleaning.20'40 Figure 28 shows a
typical low energy type baghouse.
Exhaust gases pass through the inside of the bags, where the
dust is filtered out, as clean gas passes through the bag
and out of the system. This structure does not require cages
and the bags are self supporting. Generally the bags are
made of woven fabrics, although felt fabrics have been used.
The air-to-cloth ratio for low enercry baghouses is low,
ranging from 5.08 x 10~3 m3/s per m2 to 2.03 x 10~2 m3/s per
m2 (1:1 to 4:1 cfm of air/ft2 of cloth).20 Only older
asphalt plants use low energy baghouses.
b. High Energy Type Baghouses - Since they conserve energy
and space and have high collection efficiencies, high energy
type baghouses are widely used. Exhaust gases enter through
the hopper and flow upwards around the outside of these bags,
passing through the fabric from the outside in. Dust
85
-------
CLEAN AIR
OUTLET
DIRTY AIR
INLET
CLEAN AIR
SIDE
FILTER
BAGS
CELL PLATE
Figure 28. Low energy type baghouse
86
40
-------
particles deposit on the outer surface of the bags and clean
air moves upwards through the inside and out an open end of
the baghouse to an exhaust manifold. In this type of con-
struction cages must support the bags from within to prevent
their collapse.20'24 Figure 29 shows a typical high energy
type baghouse.
.REVERSE AIR JETS
CLEANED GAS OUTLET
DUSTY GAS INLET
REVERSE AIR
CLEANING
FRAME BAG
SUPPORT
-DUST HOPPER
VALVE- -
Figure 29. High energy-type baghouse24
Bag cleaning is accomplished by using compressed air to
sharply reverse the air flow; the shock thus applied disen-
gages the dust cake from the surface of the fabric. High
energy baghouses require a sturdy fabric such as felt because
of the large energy utilization in cleaning the bags, which
repeatedly move on and off the supporting cages. High energy
baghouses use a relatively higher air-to-cloth ratio ranging
from 2.03 x 10~2 m3/s per m2 to 3.56 x 10~2 m3/s per m2 (4:1
to 7:1 cfm of air/ft2 of
The success of both types of baghouses depends upon the fabric
and fiber from which the bags are made. New fabrics continue
to improve performance of baghouses. Fabrics used currently
within the asphalt hot mix industry include: glass yarns
treated with lubricants such as silicone to prevent fibers
from breaking due to self abrasion during flexing (good for
87
-------
continuous operation up to 260ฐC), polyesters (maximum temper-
ature of 132ฐC), and Nomex type nylon (good for temperatures
up to 234ฐC).2lt A special fabric, glass/Nomex web on a Nomex
scrim, has had to be developed for use within the asphalt
industry, to meet federal codes.41
For optimum operation and long bag life temperature control
within the baghouse is essential. High temperature protec-
tion devices are required in the exhaust duct entering the
baghouse to protect the bags from damage if exhaust gas
temperature rises over the operating limit of the bag material,
The sensor activates shutoff valves in the burner fuel supply
when a preset temperature is reached. Cold air from outside
can be pulled in to dilute hot exhaust gases by opening a
door in the inlet duct. However, this is avoided as it upsets
the combustion process within the dryer, causing fuel and/or
soot to deposit on the bags.20'42
Exhaust gases from the dryer contain large quantities of
water vapor within the 121ฐC to 177ฐC temperature range. As
long as the exhaust gas temperature within the baghouse
remains above dew point (82ฐC to 100ฐC), water vapor will not
condense. If the temperature of the exhaust gases falls
below the dew point, water vapor will condense, mix with the
dust and cause plugging of the bags. Therefore, the baghouse
should be kept well insulated, and an auxiliary heater should
be provided to raise the temperature of the exhaust gases if
necessary.4 2
4 Status Summary of Different Industries - Asphalt Plants.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.
24_:1190-1191, December 1974.
42Reigel, S. A., et al. Baghouses - What to Know Before You
Buy. Pollution Engineering. May 1973. p. 32-34.
-------
SECTION 6
GROWTH AND NATURE OF THE INDUSTRY
A. PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
Asphalt hot mix production consists of combining dried, heated
aggregate with an even coat of hot liquid asphalt cement.
This process has remained virtually unchanged for decades.4 3
Industry modifications of the process include automation of
plant operations, installation of storage silos for hot mix,
spraying truck bodies with chemical release agents, and
installation of primary and secondary control devices to meet
federal emission codes. The industry has progressed during
the past 5 years by educating plant personnel to efficient
operation of equipment, thereby lowering atmospheric emissions
and conserving fuel.44'45 From a simple mixing operation the
asphalt industry is transforming into an organized, responsi-
ble, technically oriented industry.
43Abraham, H. Asphalts and Allied Substances, Fifth Edition,
Volume I. New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.,
January 1945. 887 p.
44Good Housekeeping - Your Responsibility. National Asphalt
Pavement Association. Riverdale. Information Series 43.
24 p.
45Foster, C. R., and F. Kloiber. Fuel Conservation.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale. 7 p.
89
-------
B.
INDUSTRY PRODUCTION TRENDS
Asphalt hot mix is used primarily for paving roads, streets
and other areas that carry vehicular traffic.1*6 Increasing
population requires transportation and housing development,
construction of new roads and maintenance of old roads. This
has resulted in a large demand for asphalt hot mix; con-
sequently, production increased steadily from 1965 through
1973 (see Figure 30) as it had for the past several decades.46
Asphalt hot mix production declined in 1974, and a further
decrease in production is anticipated for 1975. The decrease
is a result of sharp price increases for asphalt cements
and a slowdown in the home building and construction industry.^6
400
300
200
160
1965
1970
1975
YEAR
1980
1985
Figure 30. Asphalt hot mix production,
The price of asphalt hot mix increased gradually over the
years, but in 1974 (see Figure 31) there was a sharp
46Foster, C. R. The Future for Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. (Presented at
the 1976 International Public Works Congress of the
American Public Works Association. New Orleans.
September 1975.) 4 p.
90
-------
1965
Figure 31. Asphalt hot mix, average price46
increase due to the increase in the price of asphalt cement
and the inability to obtain quotations for future delivery
of asphalt cement.46 From 1965 through 1970 the average
price of asphalt cement was $24.25/metric ton. It averaged
$30.86/metric ton between 1971 and 1973. In 1974 it reached
$71.65/metric ton and in 1975 it was $76.06/metric ton.46
Over the past 5 years highway paving has accounted for an aver-
age of 67% of the asphalt hot mix market, parking lot paving
for another 28%, and airport and private paving made up the
remainder (see Table 28).3'47~49 New construction has accounted
47Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1970.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 35. 24 p.
48Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1972.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 46. 32 p.
4 Background Information for New Source Performance Standards
Asphalt Concrete Plants, Petroleum Refineries, Storage
Vessels, Secondary Lead Smelters and Refineries, Brass and
Bronze Ingot Production Plants, Iron and Steel Plants and
Sewage Treatment Plants. Volume 3, Promulgated Standards.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
Park. Report No. EPA-450/2-74-003 (PB 231 601). February
1974. 150 p.
91
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Table 28. ASPHALT HOT MIX - MARKETS
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Percent of market
Interstate
highways
13
14
16
12
11
State
highways
33
31
30
27
30
Municipal and
county roads
24
24
21
25
25
Private and
commercial
24
25
28
32
29
Airports
4
2
3
2
3
Others
2
4
2
2
2
for 53% of the work load while resurfacing accounted for the
remainder (see Table 29). An average of 69% of asphalt hot
mix is used as surface binder, 26% as hot mix base, 4% for
patching and 2% for other purposes (see Table 30) . 3'47~k9
Table 29. ASPHALT HOT MIX BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION3'k7~k9
Percent
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
New
construction
51
54
55
53
54
Resurfacing
and maintenance
49
46
45
47
46
Table 30. ASPHALT HOT MIX BY END USES3'^7~49
Percent
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Surface
and binder
72
70
67
67
67
Hot mix
base
23
24
28
27
28
Patching
3
4
4
4
4
Other
2
2
1
2
1
92
-------
1. Industry Status
In 1975 there were estimated to be 4,300 asphalt plants in the
United States. The asphalt hot mix industry is characterized
by its large number of small companies; 38% of the companies
operated a single plant while 89% operated five or fewer plants.16
About 80% of the operating plants are stationary while the
remainder are mobile. Stationary plants are located in urban
areas where there is a continuing market for paving and re-
surfacing work. Mobile plants are usually involved in highway
projects since they can be disassembled and relocated to
shorten hauling distances.49'50
The average production rate reported was 160 metric tons/hr
(176.4 tons/hr) at an average mixer capacity of 2.9 metric tons
(3.2 tons/hr).16 Asphalt hot mix plants usually shut down
during the winter months for maintenance and repair. They
operate an average of 8.6 months per year and 666 hr/yr.16
Variable weather conditions, inefficient truck scheduling and
the fact that the industry operates on a project basis are
factors that contribute to the low operating ratio of this
industry. ** 9
Approximately 34% of the industry uses gas for fuel while 66%
uses oil. No. 2 fuel oil is used by 63% of the oil users in
the industry, and 13% of them report using No. 4 oil.16
5ฐComprehensJve Study of Specified Air Pollution Sources to
Assess the Economic Impact of Air Quality Standards, Volume
I. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
Park. Report No. FR 41U-649 (PB 222 857). August 1972.
377 p.
93
-------
2. Competitive Products
The only alternative product to asphalt hot mix currently
is portland cement46/50 which is costlier than asphalt hot
mix, based on the quantity required to produce a given volume
of pavement. Portland cement accounts for only 10% of all
highway mileage constructed but it has been used extensively
in the interstate highway system (60% of the mileage). If
it becomes necessary for the portland cement industry to
provide the service now provided by asphalt hot mix, con-
siderable expansion will be required.50
C. OUTLOOK
Asphalt hot mix will be needed in the future for new con-
struction as well as to maintain the 6.1 x 106 km of existing
road network. Another 2.1 x 106 km of gravel and stone sur-
face highways need paving, and many existing highways and
streets need widening and upgrading.46
The population is projected to increase for several years and
the current slowdown in housing and transportation development
is only a postponement due to economic conditions. The demand
will have to be made up in the future.46
Barring any oil embargo, asphalt cement supplies for the next
several years should be available. An increase in the price
of asphalt cement is predicted as it competes with fuel oil
for a larger share of the energy barrel.46
94
-------
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. INDUSTRY SURVEY - SUMMARY OF RESULTS
95
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97
-------
APPENDIX B. RESULTS FROM REPRESENTATIVE PLANT SAMPLED BY MRC
Table B-l.
POM ANALYSIS DATA, INLET RUN NO. 1
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c) phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(e)pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a,h) anthracene
Indeno { 1 , 2 , 3-c , d) pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c , g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a, i) pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
9,700
19,900
12,000
13,900
9,800
6,500
800
3,200
<2,000
1,400
600
6,300
<500
<500
<500
<500
<88,100
Back
half
sample
<100
630
1,010
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<3,040
Total
POM
present
<9,800
20,530
13,010
<14,000
<9,900
<6,600
:900
<3,300
<2,100
<1,500
<:700
<6,400
<600
<=600
<600
-------
Table B-3.
POM ANALYSIS DATA, MIXER DUCT RUN NO.
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c)phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7 , 12-Diznethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a) pyrene/benzo (e) pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a,h) anthracene
Indeno (1 , 2 , 3-c , d) pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c , g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a, i) pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
492,500
560,000
293,500
<1,000
4,600
10,500
<1,000
28,200
<1,000
1,900
1,900
<1,000
<1,000
<1,000
<1,000
<1,000
<1, 401, 100
Back
half
sample
20,600
25,760
31,440
<1,000
2,000
1,930
<100
210
<100
<100
130
<100
<100
170
<100
<100
<83,940
Total
POM
present
513,100
585,760
324,940
<2,000
6,600
12,430
<1,100
28,410
<1,100
<2,000
2,030
<1,100
<1,100
<1,170
<1,100
<1,100
<1, 485, 040
Table B-4,
POM ANALYSIS DATA, MIXER DUCT RUN NO. 2
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c)phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7 , 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a) pyrene/benzo (e) pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a,h)anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-c, d) pyrene
7H-Dlbenzo (c , g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a,i)pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
354,200
330,300
<184,600
<2,400
7,100
<8,400
<10,000
<14,600
<2,000
<3,400
<2,000
<2,000
<2,000
<2,000
<2,000
<2,000
<929,000
Back
half
sample
49,300
40,400
39,300
<500
1,900
2,500
<500
<500
<500
1,000
<500
<500
<500
<500
<500
<500
<139,400
Total
POM
present
403,500
370,700
<223,900
<2,900
9,000
<10,900
<10,500
<15,100
<2,500
<4,400
<2,500
<2,500
<2,500
<2,500
<2,500
<2,500
<1, 068, 400
99
-------
Table B-5.
POM ANALYSIS DATA, MIXER DUCT RUN NO. 3
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c)phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a ) anthracene
7 , 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a)pyrene/benzo (ejpyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a, h) anthracene
Indeno (1 , 2 , 3-c , d) pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c,g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a,i)pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
582,900
575,800
367,000
<1,000
7,100
11,800
<1,000
22,500
<1,000
3,200
<1,300
<1,200
<1,000
<1,000
<1,000
<1,000
<1, 579, 800
Back
half
sample
3,540
6,420
20,630
<1,000
550
640
<100
110
<100
<100
120
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<33,810
Total
POM
present
586,440
582,220
387,630
<2,000
7,650
12,440
<1,100
22,610
<1,100
<3,300
<1,420
<1,300
<1,100
<1,100
<1,100
<1,100
<1, 613, 610
Table B-6.
POM ANALYSIS DATA, OUTLET RUN NO. 1
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo ( c ) phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7 , 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a ) pyrene/benzo (e } pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a , h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-c, d) pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c , g) carbazole
Dibenzo(a,h & a, i) pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
10,900
9,500
16,000
1,700
1,600
900
<500
2,400
<500
<500
<500
600
<500
<500
<500
<500
<47,600
Back
half
sample
1,550
2,180
1,950
<100
<100
160
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<7,040
Total
POM
present
12,450
11,680
17,950
<1,800
<1,700
1,060
<600
<2,500
<600
<600
<600
<700
<600
<600
<600
<600
<54,640
100
-------
Table B-7.
POM ANALYSIS DATA, OUTLET RUN NO. 2
(nanograms)
POM component
Dibenzothiophene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Methylanthracenes/phenanthrenes
9-Methylanthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (c)phenanthrene
Chrysene/benz (a) anthracene
7 , 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (a)pyrene/benzo(e)pyrene/perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Dibenz (a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2, 3-c,d)pyrene
7H-Dibenzo (c ,g)carbazole
Dibenzo{a,h s a,i)pyrene
TOTAL
Front
half
sample
'J.SOO
8,900
17,400
--500
800
900
'500
<500
"-00
'500
<500
<500
-500
<500
'500
<500
<43,000
Back
half
sample
<250
1,200
1,400
<250
300
700
<250
<250
'250
1,300
<250
<250
<250
-------
Table B-9. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN II
TT lOt. 3
CO? 3.(j
H JO
1.1,1
iป^u
??ii (
V C
tlu
till
iป7C
5 0 1
51.
55.
66.
6t.
63.
76.
7*4.
75.
71*.
78.
79.
78,
75.
76.
77.
7fe.
7ซ.
79.
79.
7B.
a? .
bti .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C,
0
p
50
52
6"ป
65
6"4
71
71
75
75
77
78
80
77
77
77
77
75
76
76
76
77
77
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. o
.('
.0
. o
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 0
.0
14t.
11*1*.
169.
156.
157.
162.
195.
168.
188.
156.
167.
158.
151*.
178.
17<*.
176.
157.
160.
166.
169.
200.
195.
Q
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
fj
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
550
51*0
770
800
800
760
000
850
950
800
800
100
850
850
850
880
930
850
870
ซ50
900
970
TT = Time duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H20
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
02 = Percent O2
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, "C
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H20
102
-------
Table B-10. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 21
1 T 115.0
C02 3.4
n[< 0.204
PP -6.0u()
Pb ?9,99 VP* 63.270
02 16.3 N2 80.3
KF 0.16 MT 0.17
CP O.HbO
VW 14.7
CO 0.0
DS 52.5
C'ELH
TM1
T"I2
TS
DEL.P
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.260
.2M)
,2?u
,3tU
,23b
. S^fi
. 3 ^ 0
.51-, H
,2ir
,5eb
,5Bb
.5(il
.310
.31 LI
,31u
.371,
.42L
.390
.330
.3ซr
.3-U
. 3-C
.3 "
46
48
47
50
52
53
,,53
54
56
57
59
60
63
67
66
66
73
74
75
79
61
{7
81'
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 0
tt
45
47
ta
t9
50
52
53
b5
55
58
59
60
65
6h
67
70
72
73
77
79
84
85
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 0
.0
.0
.0
. 0
. 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
195.
210.
178.
186.
164.
160.
Ifal.
189.
184.
185.
188.
171.
165.
164.
176.
178.
197.
213.
217.
180.
213.
214.
221.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.780
.780
.750
.820
.750
.850
.850
.9tO
.750
.950
.950
.950
.800
.800
.800
.830
.870
.850
.820
.BtO
,8tO
.840
.820
TT = Time duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm K^O
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent 02
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m3
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, "c
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H2O
103
-------
Table B-ll,
POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 1M
PB
02
MF-
CH
Tlปl
6U. 0
b5.0
66. 0
66.0
67.0
67.0
65. 0
66.0
66.0
67. C
67.0
hb.O
68.0
69. 0
70.0
71 .0
72.0
73.0
73.0
73.0
7i(.P
7H . 0
75.0
72.0
29.95
29.7
i.to
0.850
TI12
62.0
63.0
63.0
63.0
bt.O
65.0
6t.O
65.0
614,0
65.0
6t.O
66.0
67.0
65.0
68. 0
69.0
fcfl.O
69.0
68.0
69.0
71. 0
69.0
74. 0
73.0
u" St .090
N2 80,3
MT I.'
TS
175.7
175.7
175.7
175.7
175.7
175.0
175.7
166.0
175.7
175.7
173.0
175.7
175.7
162.0
175.7
175.7
190.0
175.7
175.7
175.7
175.7
188.0
17b.7
175.7
OELP
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
2.110
TT = fime duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = stack pressure (static), cm H2O
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent O2
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP'= Average stack velocity heau, cm H2O
104
-------
Table B-12. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 2M
1T 13n.p
C U V- u . (i
PB 29.60
02 29.7
"If l.OS
CP 0.650
VM b9.310
IM2 80.3
f i T 1.21
VW -5.4
CO 0.0
DS 8.0
[tELh
TM1
TH2
TS
DELP
l).58b
l/.5bu
b.53u
O.SHO
b.5ซL
U.SHU
0 . SHO
u .69o
0 . btU
O.bt^u
b . 6 ซ b
0 . 6 b i,
0 ,4b!
0 , <+ 7 v
(- .4 ho
0 . 7 ,-> b
U.fa'Ui
b . b c C
0 . 6 S b
b . f. 4 b
fi . fcf.b
0 . 6 b b
C . 6^b
D.6-H
C .61G
? . 6ii'
0 . 6 3 0
O.bil
65.0
67.0
67.0
66.0
bfc. 0
66.0
67.0
66.0
66.0
67.0
66.0
66.0
71.0
72.0
72.0
75.0
77.0
79.0
77.0
79.0
79.0
80.0
81.0
83.0
83.0
62.0
8?.0
8?.(i
59.0
60.0
61.0
6"4. 0
64.0
65.0
64.0
63.0
64.0
65.0
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
74.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
77,0
77.0
74,0
79,0
80.0
81.0
rtl.n
hl.u
Ml. 0
144.0
152.8
132.0
152.6
152.8
152.8
152.8
172.0
152.8
152.8
152.fi
152.6
168.0
152.8
152.8
152.8
152.8
152.8
152.8
143.0
152.8
152.8
143.0
15?. 8
157,0
152.0
160. b
157. b
1.500
1.900
2.000
1,900
2.000
2.300
2.500
2.200
2.300
2.200
2.000
2.200
2.000
2.000
1.900
1.300
1.500
1.500
1.400
1.450
1.700
1.600
1.500
1.600
1.600
2.800
2.900
2.900
TT = Time duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CC>2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H2O
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent 02
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m3
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H20 collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, "C
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H20
105
-------
Table B-13. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 3M
I1LLH
1.300
1.2UG
1. 2 0 I,
1.2011
1.201
1.20u
1 .200
1 .200
1 . V. U I'
1.200
1.20 C
1.200
1.3UI
1 . 2', C
1.2.'I.
1 . 2 u J
1.200
1 . 2 u l:
i ,?on
1.200
TNI
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
fe4.o
64.0
65.0
67.0
fa6. o
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
faB.O
68.0
70. P
71.0
72.0
72.0
71.0
Pb 29.74
(V 29.7
f'H 1.58
CH1 (1.850
T12
59.0
60.0
60.0
61.0
61. U
62.0
62.0
63.0
64.0
64.0
64. 0
65.0
65.0
66.0
6fa.O
67.0
66. 0
69. 0
69. 0
'0.0
TS
80.0
129.0
131.0
140.0
155.0
137.0
14B.O
152.0
153.0
16?.0
3 64.0
157.0
166.0
160.0
142.0
156.0
158.0
150.0
150.0
160.0
1.700
1.900
1.900
1.900
2.000
2.600
2,100
2.000
.800
,900
2.700
000
100
700
000
.600
2.200
3.100
3.200
3.200
TT = Time duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H2O
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent 02
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m3
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH =- Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H20
106
-------
Table B-14. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 10
H'Ji -C . lub
53.0
53.0
56.0
56.0
57.0
57.0
58.0
tf.,0
67.0
fcfi.O
69.0
69.0
70.0
7n.O
71.0
7?.0
75.0
7h. 0
77.0
7b.O
76.0
Pb
02
f"h
LP
29. 92
16.3
0.05
0.850
TM2
53.0
53.0
55.0
56.0
b7.0
56.0
57.0
66. 0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
72.0
73.0
75. 0
75.0
75. U
76.0
TS
112.0
119.0
118.0
116.0
117.0
115.0
llfl.O
105.0
99.0
95.0
97.0
91.0
96.0
103.0
102.U
102.0
98.0
100.0
103.0
113.0
106.0
DELP
0.120
0.120
0.080
0.080
0.880
0.880
0.580
0.060
0.060
0.200
0.050
0.060
0.120
0.880
0 .200
0.180
0.180
0.180
0.180
0.180
0.180
TT = Time duration of run, min
CO2 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H2O
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent 02
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m3
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H20
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H2O
107
-------
Table B-15. POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 20
IT 11U.G
LO? 3.4
Pb 29'" VM 67.090
ฐ* 16'3 N2 60.3
MF 'J-U1* MT o.05
Ch> 0.850
VU 131.1
CO 0.0
OS 69.0
i ELH
1.900
1.900
1.900
1 .900
1 .boo
l.bOd
1 .500
1 . 4 G ,-.
1 . 4 C u
1 . 5 0 i,
1 . fel'd
1.301,
1 . 2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H20
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent O2
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM = Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H20
108
-------
Table B-16.
POM SAMPLING INPUT DATA FOR RUN 30
L.LH
? . C J i
U . Ml U
0.57U
0 .6 .'i,
U . b U C
PB
(V
Hh
Cl-1
Tf'l
66. 0
67.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
71 .0
71 .U
72.0
7t.O
7S.O
7<*.0
73.0
75.0
T- .0
76.0
77.0
76.0
79. 0
nil . U
M; . n
7^.0
C3 i1 . 0
hl.O
t ?.o
29.95
16.3
0.01
0 . ft 5 0
TM2
66.
67.
70.
70 .
70.
71.
71.
71.
73.
72.
71.
73.
74.
7<4.
76.
77.
77.
76.
BO.
80.
!-> .
80.
ai.
82.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
r
0
0
0
0
0
il
0
TS
117.
115.
lib.
111.
113.0
112.
112,
105.0
111.
115.
117.
121.
128.
123.
119.
111.0
110.0
llt.O
113.0
118.0
121.0
119.0
120.0
126.0
DELP
0.160
0.180
0.160
0.170
0.170
0.160
0.170
0.170
0.180
0.160
0.160
0.160
0.160
0.160
0.150
O.lbU
0.150
0.150
0.130
O.ltO
0.140
0.130
0.140
0,120
TT = Time duration of run, min
C02 = Percent CO2
DN = Probe tip diameter, cm
PM = Stack pressure (static), cm H20
PB = Barometric pressure, cm Hg
O2 = Percent O2
MF = Particulate (front), mg
CP = Pitot coefficient
VM - Volume of dry gas (meter conditions), dry m3
N2 = Percent N2
MT = Particulate (total), mg
VW = Total H2O collected, ml
CO = Percent CO
DS = Stack diameter, cm
DELH = Average orifice pressure drop, cm H2O
TM1 = Average gas meter temperature, "C
TM2 = Average gas meter temperature, ฐC
TS = Stack temperature, ฐC
DELP = Average stack velocity head, cm H2O
109
-------
Table B-17a. POM SAMPLING DATA SUMMARY (metric units)
i tsckip r 101,
UNITS
11
21
TT
PS
[TLH
I,1
T"
V '- b T r
Vf.
\/wr.
PCNTlv'
I'D
CO?
0?
N2
1*1 WD
lv,U
DLLP
CP
TS
Pf'i
PS
vs
OS
AS
I)1
(j/\
w
PC 1 I
Mi
MT
CAP-
CAO
CAT
CAU
C Al<
CAX
LUF-ATIOf'1 OF RUL<
FAf-OMETHK F'RESoilhf
A'v> ORIF IC( PKLftS ( hOF
VOL DRY C-AS(hETEh CUM
AVR GAS ซLTLh TLPF-
VOL [}H1 GAS (STu CONDI
TOTAL H20 COLLECTED
VUL H2C VAPORfSTO CO'')
I FuCliT P-OISTL.RE PY VOL
POLL PRACTICE OKY GAS
PERCENT C02
PERCENT 0?
PERCENT N2
f'UL WT OF DRY GAS
fiUL WT OF STACF GAS
AVG STACK VELOCITY HEAD
PI IUT COEFF ICH.JT
STACK TEPPFHATL'l'F
STACK PRESSUPf(STATIC)
STACK PRESSURE (AHS)
AVG STACK GAS VELOCITY
STACK UIAMLTEK
STACK AREA
STACK PLOW RTICRY STD)
STACK FLOW RTIACTuALI
f-RO'iL IIP pIAllLTEK
PCKCEfiT ISUKiHLTlr
1 Al TICULATL (FhUNT )
PARTICLILATE (TOTAL)
PAfxTICULA fc (FRi. I SLUI Tlur, d,i
UNITS
il
21
T I
f h
Df LH
VH
T'
\l?' $T:
Vu
\f**<"
PC' T
f.p
Cl'f
0?
PELF
CP
TS
PM
PS
VS
OS
AS
C-'S
uA
r,u
PI TI
r.r
r T
CA'
Cป.
CAI
C( u
DL.RATH'f' OF RUT
hAR^l'iElRIC PRFSSUhF
uVG ORlFICt Pt-L.S DROP
IOL DRY GAMMLILR CON)
AVb GAS ^FTLR ^L^^
Viil bfY GAS (STu COI'jn)
TOTAL M20 COLLtCTtfi
VOI- H20 \/APOK(Slr' COM)
PE.PCNT P-.OISTUKL bi VOL
hOLE FRACTION LKY GoS
PERCENT C02
PERCEUT 02
PERCENT N2
MOL WT OF L'RY GAS
I'OL feT CF STACK GAS
AVb STACK VELOCITY HEAD
PITCT cotFF icit ,JT
STACK TEMPI RATliHE
STACK PRESSUHL(bTATIC)
STACK PRESSURE (AbS)
AVG STACK GAS VtLOCITY
STACK DIAMETER
STACK AREA
STACK FLOW RTIL1RY STD)
STACK FLOW RT(ACTUAL)
TIP (jlA"UTER
UT ISUKINLTIC
(FKO^^^ )
PUOfiE
PERCEi
F'AI',1 ICULATE
I ARTICl'LATE
I ;\M KULATE
F ARTICULATE
F,iM ICULATf
PARTICuLATE
PARTILULATF
FARTICULATE
(TC.T/-L I
(Fj,jf T )
(TuTALI
(f h OfT )
( T 0 r A L )
( FROM )
(TOTAL)
MINUTES
IN HG
IN H20
DCF
DEG F
DSLF
ML
SCF
IN H20
DEG ^
IN HiO
IM HG
FPh
INCHES
SQ IN
DSCFh
ACFM
INCHES
KG
ClG
GR/DSCF
bR/DSCh
GR/ACF
C-.R/ACF
LtVHH
LR/H(,
104.3
29.92
1.338
6U.410
7^.8
60.07
14,4
0.633
1.12
0.989
3.4
16.3
60.3
29.2
29.1
0.842
O.S50
168.
-6.00
29.48
3416.
52.50
2164.8
42221.
51340.
0.204
90.7
0.09
0 . 09
O.OCOO
O.OUOO
0. IIUJO
O.OUOO
O.COB
0,00ซ
115.0
29.99
1.372
63.270
62.4
64.33
14.7
0.697
1.07
0.969
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
29.1
0.836
0.850
187.
-6.00
29.55
3458.
52.50
2164.8
41574.
51972.
0.204
89.4
0.16
0.17
0,0000
0.0000
n.oooo
o,oouo
0.014
0.014
110
-------
Table B-18a. POM SAMPLING DATA SUMMARY (metric units)
ABE f
TT
PH
nil i'
Vt-
T v
V'XSTE'
v/;
I f '
PC T
H
CO?
02
r.2
lvi U !
hw
DELE
CP
TP
PK
PS
VS
DS
AS
OS
QA
DM
PCTI
MF
MT
CAN
CAG
CAT
CAU
CA\
CAX
LiESCRIPT 10;. (.20 DEC, C)
DURATION OF RUN
PAKUMCIRJT PFFSMIRF
/.V( ORIFICE PKE is E'nOT'
VOL L'RY GAS(PETLh CO!.)
AVb GAS '-'ETEH TEH
VuL DRY GAS (blu LOi.Cj)
TOTAL I'2CI COLLE CUD
VLL H2U VAPOP I ! 1 " LUI )
CERCiJT ^-OISTURt L'Y VOL
MOLE FRACTION L'KY GAS
PEKCENT C02
PLE-CENT 02
PERCENT N2
POL WT OF DRY GAS
I".OL WT OF STACK b/'S
AVb STACK VELOCITY HEAE)
PITOT COEFFICIENT
STACK TEMPERATURE
STACK PPESSURE(STATIC)
STACK PRESSURE (AbS)
AVG STACK C.AS VELOCITY
STACK DIAMETER
STACK AREA
STACK FLOW KT(EjKY STD)
STACK FLOW RT(l.CTUAL)
PROBE TIP lHAMETFh
PERCENT ISOKlNE flC
FARTICULATE (Ff-UM)
PARTICULATE ( TCTAl )
PARTICULATF I FROM )
PARTICULATE (TOTAL)
F ARTICULATE (E HUM I
PARTICULATE (TOTAL)
PARTICULATF (FRONT )
PARTICULATE ( 1 C'TAL )
UMTS
MINUTES
CM HG
CM H^O
DCI'l
UEG C
ONCM
ML
NCM
CM Hid
UEG C
CM H20
CM Hb
MPfi
CM
SQ CM.
ONCMPM
ACMPM
CM
MG
<"iG
G/DNCM
b/DNCM
b/ACM
G/ACf
KG/Hh
KG/Hh
If'
1 1 B . 0
7t . 07
2.400
1.015
1 9 . 9
1.B2
-b.fe
-0, ElOb
-0.41
1.004
0-0
29.7
80.3
32.0
32.0
5.359
0.650
60.
-15.24
7<,.95
1563.
20.32
3?4. A
42.
51.
0.51ft
51 .2
1.40
1 .48
u. nn Cs
0 . Ci C 0 8
0.0106
0.0007
0.002
0.002
?_M
135.0
75.t>9
1 ,5fa3
1.660
22.2
1.66
-5.4
-n. 007
0.44
1 .004
0.0
29.7
80.3
32.0
32.0
4.958
0.850
67.
-15.24
74.57
1489.
20.32
324.3
41.
4u.
p.bia
4fa.2
l.oa
l .fci
0 . 0 0 0 (,
0.0007
0. POOS
0 . 0 0 b fa
n.OG2
n.002
3M
100.0
75.64
3.073
1.749
18.6
1.75
-5.7
-0.008
-0.44
1.004
0.0
29.7
60.3
32.0
32.0
5.918
o.esa
64.
-15.24
74.42
1624.
20.32
324.3
45.
53.
0.510
59.9
l.Sfl
1.61
o.COOg
o.no09
O.OOOb
0.0008
0.002
0.002
10
108.2
76.00
1.78?
1.290
16.9
1.30
89.0
0.119
8.43
0.916
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.659
0.850
41.
-0.25
75.98
497.
175.26
24125.8
1027.
1198.
0.622
92.9
0.05
0.05
0.0000
0.0000
0 . 0000
o . r, o o o
0.002
0.003
20
110.0
76.17
3.574
1.900
14.7
1.95
131.1
0.176
8.29
0.917
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.457
0.850
42.
-0.25
76.16
461.
175.26
24125.8
955.
1113.
0.622
147.4
0.04
0.05
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.001
0.001
30
120.0
76.07
1.492
1.716
23.6
1.70
116.4
0,156
8.42
0.916
3.1.'
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.394
0.850
47.
-0.25
76.05
431.
175.26
24125.8
877.
1040.
0.945
55.8
0.04
0.05
0.0000
0.0000
0 .0000
0.0000
0.001
0.002
Table 13-b. POM SAMPLING DATA SUMMARY (English units)
DESCRIPTION (o); OLG F)
UMTS
3H
10
20
30
TT
E-P
DELE.
VM
TM
VMST'
VW
VWb
PCM v
f"D
C02
0?
N2
MWD
hw
DELP
CP
TS
PM
PS
VS
DS
AS
as
QA
UN
PC 1 I
MF
MT
CAI-
CAO
CAT
Cnu
CAW
CAX
DURATION OF RUN
E'AROMETRIC PRESSURE
AVG ORIFICE PRESS E>ROP
VOL DRY GASIMULR CON)
AVG GAS METER TEMP
VGL DRY GAS (STU CONDI
TOTAL H20 COLLECTED
VOL H20 VAPORlSTD CON)
FEKCNT MOISTURE PY VOL
POLE FRACTION LiRY GAS
PERCENT C02
PERCENT 02
PERCENT N2
MOL WT OF DRY GAS
HOL WT OF STAGE- GAS
AVG STACK VELOCITY HEAD
PITOT COEFFICIENT
STACK TEMPERATURE
STACK PRESSURE! STATIC)
STACK PRESSURE (AbS)
AVG STACK GAS VELOCITY
STACK DIAMETER
STACK AREA
STACK FLOW RT(DRY STD)
STACK FLOW RT(ACTuAL)
f KO;;E TIP DIAMETER
PERCENT 1SOK1NETIC
PAPTICULATE (FROM)
PARTICULATE (TCTAL)
PAKTICULATE (FRONT)
PARTICULATE (TOTAL)
PARTICULATE (FROfJT)
PARTICULATE (TOTAL)
PARTICULATE (FRUNT)
FARTICULATE ( 101 AD
MINUTES
IN HG
IN H20
DCF
DEG F
DSCF
ML
SCF
IN H20
DEb F
IN H20
IN HG
FPM
INCHES
so u
DSCFf'
ACFM
INCHES
MG
MG
GR/DSCF
GH/DSCF
GR/ACF
GR/ACF
LB/HR
LB/HR
116.0
29.95
0.945
64.090
67.8
64.33
-5.6
-0.265
-0.41
1.004
0,0
29.7
80.3
32.0
32.0
2.110
0.850
176.
-6.00
29.51
5192.
8.00
50.3
1496.
1812.
0.204
56.2
1.40
1.48
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.004
0.005
135.0
29.60
0.615
59.310
71.9
58.74
-5.4
-0.256
-0.44
1.004
0.0
29.7
80.3
32.0
32.0
1.952
0.850
153.
-6.00
29.36
4886.
8.00
50.3
1453.
1705.
0.204
46.2
1.08
1.21
0 . 0 0 0 3
0.0003
o. noo?
0. 0003
0.004
o. 004
100.0
29.74
1.210
61.770
65.4
61.89
-5.7
-0.270
-0.44
1. 004
0.0
29.7
80.3
32.0
32.0
2.330
0.850
147.
.6.00
29.30
5328.
8.00
50.3
1596.
i860.
0.204
59.9
1.58
1.61
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.005
0.005
108.2
29.92
0,701
45.560
66.0
45.82
89.0
4.219
8,43
0.916
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.260
0.850
106,
-0.10
29.91
1630.
69.00
3739.3
36269,
42311,
0,245
92.9
D,05
0.05
0.0000
o.oooo
n. oooo
0.0000
0.005
0.006
110.0
29.99
1.407
67.090
58.4
68.74
131.1
6.214
8.29
0.917
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.180
0.850
107.
-0.10
29.98
1513.
69.00
3739,3
33736.
39287.
0.245
147.4
0.04
0.05
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.003
0.003
120.0
29.95
0.567
60.610
7H.5
60.03
116.4
5.517
8,42
0.916
3.4
16.3
80.3
29.2
28.3
0.155
0.850
116.
-0.10
29.94
1415.
69.00
3739.3
30963.
36729.
0.372
55.8
0.04
0,05
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000-
0.0000
0.003
0.004
111
-------
Table B-19. MIXER DUCT POM EMISSION RATE
Run
No.
1
2
3
Emission rate,
kg/hr (Ib/hr)
0.0023 (0.005)
0.0018 (0.004)
0.0023 (0.005)
Production rate,
metric tons/hr (tons/hr)
139.2 (153.4)
131.6 (145,1)
205.0 (226.0)
Emission factor,
kg/metric ton (Ib/ton)
1.7 x 10~5 (3.3 x 10~5)
1.4 x 10~5 (2.8 x 10"5)
1.1 x 10~5 (2.2 x 10~5)
Mean emission factor = 1.37 x 10 > ฑ 35.2% kg/metric ton
(2.74 x 10~5 ฑ 35.2% Ib/ton)
Table B-20. OUTLET POM EMISSION RATE
Run
No.
i a
_i
2
3
Emission rate,
kg/hr (Ib/hr)
0.0027 (0.006)
0.0014 (0.003)
0.0018 (0.004)
Production rate,
metric tons/hr (tons/hr)
57.0 (62.8)
119.3 (131.5)
133.1 (146.7)
Emission factor,
kg/metric ton (Ib/ton)
4.8 x 10~5 (9.6 x 10~5)
1.2 x 10~5 (2.3 x 10~5)
1.4 x 10~5 (2.8 x 10~5)
Mean emission factor = 1.25 x 10 -" ฑ 38.2% kg/metric ton
(2.5 x 10~5 ฑ 38.2% Ib/ton)
Not included during averaging because of difficulties during sampling.
Table B-21. INLET POM EMISSION RATE
Run
No.
1
2
Emission rate,
kg/hr (Ib/hr)
0.0036 (0.008)
0.0063 (0.014)
Production rate,
netric tons/hr (tons/hr)
58.3 (64.2)
.1 18.3 (130.4)
Emission factor,
kg/metric ton (Ib/ton)
0.63 x 1Q-I+ (1.25 x lO"4)
0.54 x 10~4 (1.07 x 10~4)
Mean emission factor = 0.3o x 10
(1.16 x 10
ฑ 33.4% kg/metric ton
t 33.4% Ib/ton)
Table B-22 ALDEHYDE CONCENTRATION IN IMPINGER LIQUOR
Out Let
run
1
2
i
ro^/,1,1
Isobatanal
0.003
^0.0002
Foti.id i d< hyde
' ; 1 , ' ) \ ""i s
0 , 000 i 1
Butanal
C.003
0.002
i i
>
0.03 | (' . '' ;2 j 0. J07
Isopentanal
0.02
ซ0.0001
0.02
Total
volume of
sample , ml
51,5
92.7
6o.5
112
-------
Table B-23. ALDEHYDES DETECTED IN SAMPLES COLLECTED AT OUTLET
Run
no.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Aldehyde
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Isobutanal
Isobutanal
Isobutanal
Butanal
Butanal
Butanal
Isopentanal
Isopentanal
Isopentanal
Concentration
ug/ml
0.2
0.11
0.2
3
<0.2
30
3
2
7
20
ซ0.1
20
pg/m3
215
187
247
3,213
<339
37,076
3,213
<3,390
8,828
21,540
ซ177
24,718
Emission rate
g/hr
12.3
10.7
14.2
184
19.4
2,130a
184.2
194.3
506a
1,230
10. la
1,420
Mean mg/s
3.4 ฑ 26%
28 ฑ 350%
53 ฑ 12%
370 ฑ 30%
Not averaged.
?able B-24. TOTAL HYDROCARBON AND CARBON MONOXIDE ANALYSIS
Relative concentration, ppm by weight
Outlet run
1
2
2 (duplicate)
Total hydrocarbon
16
130
124
Carbon monoxide
3.6
33
34
Value reported as methane equivalent,
113
-------
APPENDIX C
DATA USED TO DETERMINE PARTICULATE
SOURCE SEVERITY DISTRIBUTION
Table C-l. RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
ASPHALT SUKVtY CALCULATIONS--PH1MARY COLLECTORS U|\,LY
PRODUCTION
RATt
( TOt"S/YH )
85UOO.
60000.
175000.
30000.
45000.
100000.
50000.
6bOOO.
laoooo.
75000.
10000U.
60000.
160000.
300000.
70000.
125000.
100000.
40000.
50000.
75000.
50000.
50000.
75UOO.
47000.
73000.
37000.
250000.
140000.
65000.
120000.
120000.
90000.
120000.
80000.
70000.
90000.
220000.
60000.
130000.
130000.
1UOOOO.
50000.
280000.
40000.
150000.
50000.
270UOO.
100000.
100000.
1UOOOO.
HOURS oi-
OPERA1 IOU
(HRS/YK)
447.37
b U 0 . 0 U
875. OU
166.67
300.00
66b.67
533.33
6bO.OU
1200.00
bOO.OO
1000.00
bUO .00
900. OU
15UO.OO
166.67
961.54
500.00
266.67
2UO.OU
300.00
250.00
333.33
6UO.OO
bOb.36
5UO ,OU
402.17
1041.67
700.00
433.33
12UO.OU
euo.oo
450 .00
6UO.OO
533.33
b83.33
600.00
10UO.OO
470.59
1300.00
b2U . 00
3b7.14
227.27
3111.11
320.00
12UO.OU
416.67
16UO.OU
833.33
1111.11
333.33
EMISSION
PRIMARY
(LB/I ON)
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
15.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
4b.O
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
4b.O
1.7
1.7
1.7
FACTORS
SECONDARY
(Lb/TON)
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.04
45.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0,40
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
LMISSION
RAIL
(Lb/HK)
57.00
36.00
340.00
306.00
255.00
6749.99
25b.UO
3U.OO
45.00
45.00
17U.OO
170.00
340.00
60.00
45.00
39.00
60.00
255.00
75.00
425.00
60.00
45.00
1875.00
27.90
43.80
27.60
408. OU
34U.OO
255.00
17U.OO
255.00
8999.99
34U.OO
255.00
204.00
225U.OO
374.00
7649.99
170.00
75.00
84.00
66.00
153.00
212.50
212. 5U
36.00
6749.99
204.00
153.00
51U.OO
t. "1ISSION
RATL ^
(G/StC) (
7.18
4.54
42.84
38.56
32.13
850. 5U
32.13
3.76
5.67
5.67
21.42
21.42
42.84
7.56
5.67
4.91
7.56
32.13
9.45
53.55
7.56
5.67
236.25
3.52
5.52
3.48
51.41
42.84
32.13
21.42
32.13
1134.00
42.64
32.13
25.70
263.50
47.12
963. 9U
21.42
9.45
10.58
8.32
19.28
26.77
26.77
4.54
850.50
25.70
19.28
64.26
9TACK
1FIGHT
fFTLRS)
9.1
13.7
lb.2
15.2
9.1
3.0
10.7
13.7
10.7
9.1
13.7
6.1
10.7
9.1
9.1
4.3
15.2
9.1
12.2
12.2
10.7
10.7
12.2
18.3
18.3
18.3
10.4
15.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
10.7
12.2
6.1
7.6
12.2
10.7
9.1
12.2
12.2
10.4
13.4
10.7
18.3
10.7
9.1
16.3
7.6
7.6
9.1
SEVERIT'
6.0127
1.6878
12.9115
11.6203
26.8989
6408.2676
19.7625
1.4065
3.4875
4.7469
7.9700
40.3484
26.3499
6.3292
4.7469
18.8906
2.2785
26.8989
4.4502
25.2177
4.6500
3.4875
111.2546
0.7358
1.1551
0.7279
33.5073
12.9115
15.1306
10.0871
15.1306
697.4985
20.1742
60.5225
30.9875
133.5056
28.9849
606.9670
10.0871
4.4502
6.8986
3.2365
11.8575
5.6039
16.4687
3.7975
178.0074
30.9875
23.2407
53.7978
114
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PRODUCTION
RATE
(TOIYS/YR)
2 0 0 U 0 0 .
75000.
75000.
50000.
90000.
150000.
50000.
40000.
60000.
50UOO.
300000.
10000U.
36000.
60000.
50000.
123000.
56000.
50000.
71000.
80000.
50000.
70000.
70000.
100000.
20000.
21769.
138194.
58000.
79000.
65000,
15000.
110UOO.
130000,
260000.
55000.
45000,
100000.
250000.
60000.
75000,
190000.
100000.
90000.
65000.
1 0 1> 0 0 .
80000.
60000.
50000.
125000.
60000.
hOUKS OF
OPERATION
(HKS/YK )
1333.33
500.00
600.00
333.33
5 U 0 . 0 0
faOO.OO
500. 00
4UO.OU
t.UO.00
500. 00
1000.00
bOO.OO
400.00
800. OU
333.33
492.00
466.67
416.67
591.67
615.38
384.62
700. OU
7UO.OU
571.43
400.00
362.82
1105.55
483.33
526.67
433.33
250.00
611.11
812.50
1040.00
4b8.33
1265.71
454. 55
555.56
460.00
394.74
844.44
714.29
600. 00
653.85
111.11
615.38
bfl.43
454.55
625.00
333.33
emission FACTORS
PRIMARY SECONDARY
(LB/TOM) (Lb/TON)
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
15.0
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
15.0
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.70
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.30
1.70
EMISSION
KAIL
(L8/HK)
255.00
255.00
212.50
255.00
6099.99
425.00
30.00
170.00
3U.OO
30.00
13499.96
34U.OO
27. UO
22.50
45.00
425.00
36.00
204.00
204.00
39.00
39.00
30.00
170.00
297. 50
85.00
102.00
37.50
204. OU
2250.00
6749.99
102.00
54.00
46.00
75.00
204.00
59.50
374.00
6749.99
1875.00
323.00
382.50
42.00
45.00
221.00
27.00
221.00
42.00
33.00
6U.OO
306.00
EMISSION STACK SEVERIT'
RATL HEIbHT
(b/SEC) (DETERS)
32.13
32.13
26.77
32.13
1020. 6U
53.55
3.78
21.42
3.78
3.76
1701. OU
42.84
3.40
2.83
5.67
53.55
4.54
25.70
25.70
4.91
4.91
3.78
21.42
37.48
10.71
12.85
4.72
25.70
283.50
850.50
12.85
6.80
6.05
9.45
25.70
7.50
47.12
850.50
236.25
40.70
48.19
5.29
5.67
27.65
3.40
27.85
5.29
4.16
7.56
38.56
7.6
7.3
12.2
7.6
9.8
b.l
9.1
15.2
12.2
15.2
9.1
8.5
6.5
7.3
9.8
12.8
12.5
10.4
7.3
9.1
9.1
7.6
12.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
12,2
14.6
12.2
8.1
12.2
16.8
12.5
23.8
12.8
10.1
9.1
7.6
6.1
6.1
13.7
12.2
14.6
6.1
18.3
t.3
13.7
18.3
9.1
9.1
38.7344
42.0295
12.6089
38,7344
750.9689
100,8709
3.1646
6.4557
1.7801
1.1392
1424.0596
41.1718
3.2695
3.7085
4.1720
22.8732
2.0332
16.7536
33.6236
4.1139
4.1139
4.5570
10.0871
31.3821
8.9663
10.7596
2.2251
8.4059
133.5056
912.5337
6.0523
1.6947
2.7109
1.1703
10.9791
5.1871
39.4517
1025.3226
445.0186
76.6619
17.9326
2.4921
1.8542
52.4529
0.7120
107.0466
1.9691
0.8703
6.3292
32.2787
115
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PRODUCTION
naie
( TONS/YK)
120000.
100000 .
80000.
90000.
15000.
20000.
80000.
20000.
75UOO.
75000.
145000.
100000.
50000."
1UOUOO.
30000.
100000.
150000.
2UOOOO.
150000.
80UOO.
150000.
80000.
150000.
75000.
150000.
100000.
125000.
50000.
20000U.
150000.
350000.
65000.
120000.
50000.
150000.
80000.
225000.'
70000.
185000.
125000.
75000.
35UOO.
100000.
85000.
100000.
130000.
175000. .
200000.
20000.
20000.
hODKS OH
OPtHA 1 lUf,
(HKb/YK )
6b6.67
353.35
400.00
i 7 b . 0 0
125.00
333.35
1428.57
1428.57
1442.31
1442.31
1450.00
1449.28
1426.57
555.56
3UO.OU
666.67
789.47
1353.53
5UO.OU
533.35
750.00
666.67
5UO.OO
312. 5U
789.47
625. 00
761. 2b
277.78
16UO.OU
5UU.OU
10UU. 00
607.14
1000.00
4D4.5S
600. OU
8UO.OU
1022.73
7UO. OU
640.91
10UO. OU
357.14
291.67
4UO.OU
8bO. 00
555.56
1181.62
1060.61
666.67
666.67
250.00
EMISSION
PRIMARY
(LB/TUIM)
D.3
0.3
4S.O
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
45.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
45.0
FACTORS
SECONDARY
(Lb/TON)
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.30
0.04
0.04
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
45.00
45.00
0.01
0.01
0.30
U.01
0.30
1.70
LMISSION
KAlt
(LB/HK)
54.00
9U.OO
8999.99
72.00
204.00
18.00
95.20
23.80
88.40
88.40
1500.00
20,70
59.50
306. OU
150U.OO
255.00
323.00
6719.99
9U.UO
25b,00
34U.OO
36.00
510,00
406.00
323.00
7199.99
272.00
306.00
212.50
9U.OO
105. OU
42.00
2U4.0U
35.00
425.00
3U.OO
66.00
170.00
9899.99
37.50
65,00
36.00
7b.uO
17U.OO
54.00
1 8 7 . 0 U
260.50
13499.98
51.00
3600.00
t. MISSION
KATL
(b/Stt)
6.80
11.34
1134.00
9.07
25.70
2.27
12.00
3.00
11.14
11.14
169.00
2.61
7.50
38.56
169.00
32.13
40.70
650.50
11.34
52.15
42.84
4.54
64.26
51.41
40.70
907.20
34.27
38.56
26.77
11.34
13.23
5.29
25.70
4.16
53.55
3.78
8.32
21.42
1247.40
4.72
7.94
4.54
9.45
21.42
6.80
23.56
35.34
1701.00
6.45
453.60
STACK Sf.VLRITY
HEIOMT
(MflTLRS)
9.1
3.0
9.1
3.0
fa.l
9.1
18.0
12.2
11.3
11.3
9.1
24.4
lfa.2
11.0
11.6
8.5
3.0
13.7
18.3
1.6
18.3
9.1
7.6
9.1
12.2
15.2
7.6
7.6
3.7
18,3
7.6
6.1
19.8
15.2
12.2
9.1
9.1
7,6
9.1
11.9
9.1
10.7
10.1
12.2
16.8
53.5
9.1
9.1
7.3
9.1
5.6962
85.1136
949.3730
68.3549
48.4180
1.6987
2.5964
1.4122
6.1301
6.1301
158.2288
0.3071
2.0110
22.1158
98.6191
30.8788
306.6175
316.1576
2.3734
107.5956
8.9663
3.7975
77.4688
43.0382
19.1655
273.4194
41.3167
46.4813
140.0984
2.3734
15,9495
9.9684
4.5840
1.2532
25.2177
3.1646
6. 9621
25.8229
1014,3103
2.3107
6. 6456
2.7900
6. 5384
10.U871
1.6947
1 . 4672
29.5888
1424.0596
8.4059
379.7492
116
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PROUUtTlUtM
KATE
(TOMS/YH )
250000.
200000.
150000.
5 0 0 0 n .
2bOOOO.
boooo .
70000.
75000 .
90000.
160000.
100000.
40000.
175000.
100000.
75000.
265000.
50000.
65000.
300000.
100000.
150000.
75000.
65000.
65000.
65000.
100000.
50000.
80000.
150000.
150000.
100000.
200000.
200000.
130000.
100000.
180000.
50000.
100000.
70000.
90000.
170000.
80000.
160000.
48000.
90000.
10000U.
40000.
150000.
30000.
1 ^0000.
(JOUKS Ot-
CPtKATIUrj
714
1666
750
5UO
1250
500
388
535
720
842
500
4UO
7UO
666
625
883
625
696
1000
666
750
3 ?5
866
666
433
500
625
BBS
1500
12UO
5UO
1052
853
650
555
720
333
600
400
642
680
290
533
600
9UO
1333
571
833
250
650
.29
.67
.00
.00
.00
.00
.89
.71
.00
.11
.00
.00
.00
.67
.00
.33
.00
.72
.OU
.67
.00
.00
.67
.67
.33
.00
.00
.69
.00
.OU
.00
.63
.33
.OU
.56
,00
.33
.00
.00
.86
.00
.91
.33
.OU
.OU
.33
.43
.33
.00
.00
EMISSION FACTORS
PKIMAKY SECONDARY
(LB/TON) (Lb/TON)
1.7
45.0
4b.O
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
0.3
15.0
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
45.0
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
45,0
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
U
1
0
.04
.30
.01
.30
.01
.30
.04
.04
.70
.70
.04
.04
,01
.04
.04
.01
.70
.01
.01
.01
.01
.04
.04
.04
.01
.01
.04
.04
.70
.01
.70
.01
.30
.01
.70
.01
.04
.30
.70
.30
.01
,7i)
.01
.01
.04
.01
.30
.04
. 7C
.04
RAl t
(Lb/HK)
b9b
5399
6999
170
60
170
54
236
5 f
3S3
340
170
3750
25b
20^
4499
13fa
36
4499
6749
34 0
fcl,
22
22
67U9
34U
?'*
Ibi
17U
212
340
323
7 d
340
30fc
4ฃtJ
4~
37
29 I
236
423
62
1.V99
24
J 7U
12 t
21
30 fa
204
60
. Oti
.99
.99
.00
.DO
.00
.00
.00
,50
.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.99
.00
.60
.99
.99
.00
, 0 0
.50
.50
.99
.00
.00
.00
. uo
.bn
.00
.00
.00
,00
.on
.00
.00
,50
.bO
.00
.00
.5!)
.99
. 00
,00
.bO
.00
. OU
.00
. 00
LrtlSS
KAIL
(b/SLC
/4.
660.
1134.
21.
7.
21 .
6.
29.
4.
40.
42.
21.
472.
32.
25,
567.
17.
4.
567.
850.
42.
1 .
2.
2.
850.
42.
3.
19.
21.
26.
42.
40.
9.
42.
38.
53,
5.
4.
37.
29.
53.
10.
1701.
3.
21.
16.
2.
38.
25.
7.
I Oh STACK
HFIbHT
) (KFTLRS)
9?
40
00
42
56
42
80
99
72
70
84
42
50
13
70
00
14
61
00
50
84
56
83
83
50
84
02
26
42
77
84
70
07
84
56
55
67
72
46
99
bt>
39
OU
02
42
06
65
56
70
56
12.2
7.6
1^.2
12.2
b.l
li.2
9.1
4.9
9.1
lb.2
4.6
4,6
4.6
10.7
7.6
2.4
9.1
9.1
7.9
6.1
6.1
12.8
9.1
9.1
9.6
9.1
9.1
9.1
6.1
6.1
11.6
4.6
12.2
18.3
9.1
17.7
19.8
9.1
15.2
10.7
12.2
lb.2
9.1
li.7
13.7
6.1
10.7
12.2
9.8
9.1
St VLKir
1
35.3046
820.258?
534.0223
10.0671
14.24Qb
10.0871
5.6962
88.2620
3.9557
12.2659
143.4608
71.7304
1582.2883
19.7625
30.9875
6675.2793
14.3461
3.8608
631.9790
1602.0669
80.6967
3.2292
2.3734
2.3734
625.8074
35.8652
2.5317
16.1393
40.3484
50.4354
22.3537
136.2878
4.2722
8.9&ib3
32.2787
11,9942
1.0112
3,9557
11.2975
18,4450
25.2177
3.1329
1424.0597
1 .1252
7.9700
30.2613
1.6275
18. 1568
18,9133
6.3?9P
117
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PRODUCTION
KATE
( TONS/YU)
125000.
125UOO.
f) 0 U 0 0 .
35000.
152000.
211COO.
144029.
1BOUOO.
150000.
92000.
176000 .
210000.
200000.
150000 .
1UOOOO.
1CJOOOO.
45000.
2UOOOO.
50000.
50000.
275000.
100000.
1UOOOO.
90000.
bOOOO.
135000.
50000.
255000.
100000.
80000.
1UOOOO.
80000.
40000.
40000.
2bOOO.
10000.
60000.
30000.
20000.
30000.
20000.
20000.
30000.
30000.
50000.
225000.
6000C.
50000.
330000.
95000.
HOUKS OH
OPERATION
( HKS/YK )
694.44
735.29
10UO.OO
466. dl
6,75.56
496.47
756. Ob
720.00
666.67
406.89
702.22
840. 00
909.09
7bO.OO
666.67
666.67
450.00
1250.00
5UO.OU
555.56
763.89
666.67
666.67
692.31
500.00
13bO. 00
333. 33
1378.38
bbb.56
800.00
666.67
533.33
571.43
444.44
208.33
166.67
5UO.OO
2bO.OO
266.67
166.67
333.33
2UO. 00
333.33
bUO.OO
10UO. OU
9UU.OO
400. OU
2&0.00
1320. 00
633.33
EMISSION FACTORS
PRIMARY SFCOIXiDARY
(LB/FON) (LE'/TON)
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
45.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
45.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.04
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.04
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
LM1SS.10W
KAIt
(LB/HK)
54.00
289.00
85.00
127.50
382. bO
722.50
323.00
425.00
382. bO
362.50
362. bO
11249.99
66.00
8999.99
255.00
255.00
170.00
272.00
30.00
153.00
612.00
25b.OO
255.00
221.00
170.00
1500.00
45.00
55.50
306.00
3U.OO
255.00
45.00
21.00
405U.OO
36.00
18.00
36.00
36.00
22.50
54.00
18.00
3U.OO
27.00
102.00
15.00
425.00
25S.OO
340,00
425.00
255.00
LMlSblON STACK SEVF.RIT'
RATt HFIbHT
(ti/bLC) ("ETE.RS)
6.80
36.41
10.71
16.06
46.19
91.03
40.70
53.55
48.19
4B.19
48.19
1417.50
8.32
1134.00
32.13
32.13
21.42
34.27
3.78
19.28
77.11
32.13
32.13
27.85
21.42
189.00
5.67
6.99
38.56
3.78
32.13
5.67
2.65
510.30
4.54
2.27
4.54
4.54
2.83
6.80
2.27
3.78
3.40
12.85
1.89
53.55
32.13
42.64
53.5-5
32.13
19.1
5.5
10.7
b.l
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
6.7
3.0
8.5
6.5
9.1
9.1
4.6
6.1
9.1
6.1
6.1
9.1
6.1
4.6
13.7
4.9
6.1
10.7
10.7
6.1
12.2
12.2
9.1
9.1
3.0
3.0
9.1
9.1
9.1
3.0
9.1
9.1
7.6
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
lb.2
1.3124
84.6817
6.5875
30.2613
29.6437
55.9936
25.0324
32.9374
29.6437
29.6437
29.6437
6fl.8731
43.5129
8544.3564
30.8788
30.8788
17.9326
28.6922
12.6583
36.3135
64.5574
60.5225
60.5225
23.3124
40.3484
632.9153
2.1097
20.5821
72.6270
2.3250
19.7625
10.6804
1.2461
240.3100
3.7975
1.8907
34.1774
34.1774
2.3734
5.6962
1.8987
28.4612
2.8481
10.7596
2.2785
16.1393
9.6836
12.9115
16.1393
9.6836
118
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PRODUCTION
PAU.
( TOWS/YR )
150000.
320000.
140001).
IbOOOO.
200000.
60000.
50000U.
120000.
300000.
60000.
130000.
100000.
50000.
200000.
40000.
120COO.
200000.
50000.
125000.
100000.
80000.
100000.
60000.
450000.
60000.
100000.
75000.
150000.
75000.
40000.
150000.
70000.
50000.
140000.
140000.
60000.
75000.
100000.
150000.
100000.
50000.
100000.
IbOOOO.
130000.
100000.
bSOOO.
200000.
70000.
2UOOOO.
IbOOOO.
hOUKS OF-
OPEKA nor,,
(HRS/YK)
352.94
1200.00
700. 00
750.00
533.33
240.00
952.38
320.00
600.00
666.67
401.40
625.00
500.00
1000.00
266.67
600.00
625.00
416.67
694.44
666.67
333.33
555.56
480. 00
1590.11
1000.00
666.67
1071.43
1000.00
300.00
200.00
681.82
411.76
568.24
933.33
777.78
592.59
625.00
1111.11
1000.00
1000.00
333.33
666.67
666.67
biy.Ob
666.67
220. OU
666.67
700.00
666.67
010.01
EMISSION
PRIMARY
(LB/TON)
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
1.7
45.0
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
FACTORS
SfCOfviQARY
(Lb/TON)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
1.70
0.04
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
0,30
0.30
0.30
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.30
0.30
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
45.00
0.01
0.01
LMISSIOK
RAIL
(LB/HK)
127.50
425.00
340.00
340.00
112,50
425.00
157.50
637.50
637.50
204.00
459.00
48.00
30.00
340.00
255.00
340.00
96.00
36.00
54.00
45.00
72.00
54.00
212.50
84.90
102.00
255.00
119.00
45.00
425.00
34U.OO
374.00
51.00
144.50
255.00
54.00
40.50
36.00
153.00
45.00
170.00
255.00
255.00
10124.99
63.00
255.00
11249.99
510.00
170.00
90.00
314.50
1 LMISSION
RATL
(G/SE.C)
16.06
53. bb
42.84
42.84
14.17
53. 5b
19.84
00.32
80.32
i:5.70
57.83
6.05
3.78
42.84
32.13
42.84
12.10
4.54
6.80
5.67
9.07
6.80
26.77
10.70
12.85
32.13
14.99
5.67
53.55
42.84
47.12
6.43
18.21
32.13
6.80
5.10
4,54
19.28
5.67
21.42
32.13
32.13
1275.75
7.94
32.13
1417.50
64.26
21.42
11.34
39.63
STACK
HEIfaHT
( "IFILRS)
15.2
lb.2
Ib. ?
lb.2
15.2
lb.2
lb.2
15.2
lb.2
lb,2
12.2
15.8
9.1
9.1
4.6
15.2
1.2
18.3
14.3
12.2
16.8
7.6
9.1
10.4
8.8
6.1
9.1
7.6
16.5
18.3
19.8
10.7
9.1
12.2
12.2
18.3
12 2
*.ฃ-*ฃ-
7.3
10.7
15 2
fc sJ 9 C.
9 1
* ป *
7.6
15.2
9. 1
9.1
11.7
12.2
10.3
12.2
10.7
SEVERITY
4.8418
16 . 1393
12 . 9115
12.9115
4.2722
16.1393
5.9810
24.2090
24.2090
7.7469
27.2351
1.6853
3.1646
35.8652
107.5956
12.9115
569.6238
09444
9 S~J'
2.3208
2.6701
2.2597
6.2026
22.4158
6.9725
11.5144
60.5225
12.5528
6,8355
13.8369
6.9663
8. 4039
3.9525
15.2427
15.1306
3.2041
1 , 0680
21 ^A 1
Jl JO i
25.2177
3.4875
c. u"iซ;7
D . ^ vJ .J 1
26 . 8989
38 . 7344
384.4961
6 . 6456
26 . 8989
720.5563
30.2613
14.1271
5.3402
24.3737
119
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PROMUCTIUN
KATE
( TOMS/Yf )
40000.
60000.
150000.
350000.
1UOOOU.
1UOUOO.
1UUOOU.
60UOO.
400000.
208000.
63000.
B3000.
96UOO.
95000 .
10000.
&0000.
60000.
150000.
100000.
80000.
80000.
200000.
120000.
400000.
200000.
100000.
65000.
110000.
100UOO.
30000.
200000.
125UOO.
50000.
195000.
100000.
95000.
75000.
115000.
105000.
10000U.
150000.
250UOO.
200000.
135000.
90000.
160000.
50000.
100000.
100000.
100000.
HOURS OF
OPERATION
(HKS/YK)
400.00
600.00
657.14
17bO.OO
444.44
666.67
666.67
333.33
1000. DO
1263. 9b
1276.92
1276.9k!
1297.30
1263.78
400.00
3b2.94
400.00
7bO.OO
666.67
800. OU
666.89
666.67
460.00
1200. 00
571.43
285.71
203.13
647. 06
625. 00
500.00
088.69
500.00
111.11
9/5. 00
625.00
475.00
750.00
llbO.OO
1050.00
384.62
937.50
835.33
800.00
900. 00
7bU.OO
533.33
333. 33
400.00
625.00
714.29
EMISSION FACTORS
PRIMARY SECONDARY
(LB/TUN) (LR/TON)
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0.3
0.3
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
45.0
1.7
15.0
1.7
45.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
15.0
15.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.40
0.04
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.01
45.00
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.40
0.01
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.30
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.30
0.04
0.04
0.04
LMISisION
RAlt
(LB/HR)
17U.OO
170.00
297.50
3000.00
6/.50
4b.OO
253.00
6099.99
68U.OO
48.60
19.50
19. bO
22.20
125.80
42.50
51.00
25b.OO
340.00
4S.OO
170.00
27.00
510.00
429.00
7S.OO
105.00
103.00
96.00
bl.OO
7199.99
102. OU
337b.OO
42b.OO
20249.98
60.00
48.00
60.00
17U.OO
30.00
30.00
78.00
272.00
510.00
375U.OO
2250.00
204.00
510.00
255.00
7b.OO
48.00
338.00
EMISSION STACK SEVERIT1
RATL HEIGHT
(Ci/SEC) ("IETERS1
21.42
21.42
37.48
378. OU
8.50
5.67
32.13
1020.60
85.68
6.12
2.46
2.46
2.80
15.85
5.35
6.43
32.13
42. 8<*
5.67
21.42
3.40
64.26
53. 5b
9.45
13.23
13.23
12.10
6.43
9U7.20
12.85
425.25
53.55
2551.50
7.5fc
6.05
7.56
21.42
3.78
3.78
9.83
34.27
64.26
472.50
263.50
25.70
64.26
32.13
9.45
6.05
29.99
12.2
9.1
9.1
7.6
10.4
9.8
17.7
9.1
11.0
7.6
15.2
15.8
12.5
12.2
9.1
22.9
12.2
10.7
10.7
12.2
10.7
7.6
7.6
10.7
6.1
15.2
6.1
6.1
12.2
6.1
7.0
10.7
6.1
6.1
12.2
4.3
12.5
7.6
14.3
11.6
10.7
6.1
7.6
6.7
15.2
9.1
9.1
7.6
5.5
9.1
10.0871
17.9326
31.3820
455.6990
5.5435
4.1720
7.1965
854.4357
49.8128
7.3823
0.7405
0.6846
1.2538
7.4644
4.4832
0.8608
15.1306
26.3499
3.4875
10.0871
2.0925
77.4688
64.5574
5.8125
24.9210
3.9874
22.7849
12.1045
427.2178
24.2090
605.6965
32.9374
4806.2007
14.2406
2.8481
29.0624
9.6010
4.5570
1.2893
5.1282
21.0800
121.0451
569.6238
441.3406
7.7469
53.7978
26.8989
11,3925
14,0648
25.1056
120
-------
Table C-l (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY COLLECTORS ONLY)
PROUUCTIOfJ
HATE
( TON.S/YK )
30UOO.
IbOOOO.
300000.
100000.
40000.
60000.
200000.
12000.
f-0000.
40000.
198000.
90000.
50000.
80000.
25000.
95000.
50000.
100000.
26000.
56000.
102000.
15000.
100000.
200000.
100000.
30000.
50000.
40000.
250000.
100000.
50000.
IbOOOO.
40000.
e o o o o .
29000.
28000.
68000.
150000.
bOOOO.
50000.
75000.
140000.
110UOO.
b 0 0 0 0 .
1UOUOO.
1UUUOO.
f^bUOU.
200000.
1UOUOO.
200000.
HOUKS Oh
OPEKATIOM
(HKS/YH )
214
600
1200
444
320
320
952
300
500
384
634
606
200
666
1250
237
416
571
146
466
453
120
526
500
526
272
384
200
735
333
277
500
571
727
376
333
764
500
250
285
750
1400
733
600
800
444
459
66b
400
1333
.29
.00
.00
.44
.00
.00
.38
.00
.00
.62
.62
.11
.00
.67
.00
.50
.67
.43
.57
.67
.33
.00
.32
.00
.32
.73
.62
.00
.29
.33
.78
.00
.43
.27
.62
.33
.04
.00
.00
.71
.00
.00
.33
,ou
. 00
.44
.46
.67
.00
.30
EMISSION FACTORS
PKIMAKY SECONDARY
(LB/TON) (Lb/TON)
0.
0.
45.
1.
1.
15.
1.
0.
45.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
15.
15.
15.
15.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
45.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
15.
1.
1.
4b.
0.
3
3
0
7
7
0
7
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
7
7
7
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
0
7
3
7
3
3
3
3
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
7
7
3
3
0
7
7
0
3
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.40
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
45. OU
45.00
0.01
0.04
LMISi>ION
RATE
(LB/HK)
42
75
11249
382
212
3750
35?
12
5399
31
93
44
75
36
34
660
204
52
297
204
382
1875
2650
5999
2850
187
39
340
102
90
54
90
119
33
23
25
2fa
90
60
7874
30
170
255
30
3?
3375
314
510
11249
45
.00
.00
.99
.50
.50
.00
.00
.00
.99
.20
.60
.40
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
.00
.50
.00
.00
.99
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
10
.20
.70
.00
.00
.99
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.00
.50
.00
.99
.00
tinissiui\, STACK SEVEKJT
KATE HEIGHT
(ti/SLC) (DETERS)
5
9
1417
48
26
472
44
1
660
3
11
5
9
4
4
85
25
6
37
25
46
236
359
756
359
23
4
42
12
11
6
11
14
ป
z
3
3
11
7
992
3
21
32
3
4
425
39
64
1417
5
.29
.45
.50
.19
.77
.50
.98
.51
.40
.93
.79
.59
.45
.54
.28
.68
.70
.61
.48
.70
.19
.25
.10
.00
.10
.56
.91
.84
.85
.34
.80
.34
.99
.16
ป5U
*f8
.36
.34
.56
.25
.78
.42
V>
.78
.72
.25
.63
.26
.50
.67
12.2
f.b
7.6
4.6
12.2
10.4
10.3
9.1
3.0
18.3
18.3
18,3
12.2
9.1
4.6
9.1
7.3
9.1
10.7
12.2
9.4
3.0
3.0
9.1
9.1
9.8
16.3
9.1
9.1
9.1
3.0
13.4
4.3
4.6
15.2
15.2
18.3
9.1
10.4
5.5
12.8
9.8
9.1
fa.l
19.8
14.3
10.7
4.6
10.7
12.2
2.4921
11.3925
1708.8713
161.3934
12.6089
307.9714
29.6669
1 .2658
5126.6138
0.8228
2.4684
1.1709
4.4502
3.7975
14.3461
71.7304
33.6236
5.5380
23.0562
12.1045
37.7672
1780.0742
2705.7131
632.9153
300.6348
17.3372
1.0265
35.6652
10.7596
9.4937
51.2661
4.4134
57.6405
13.9241
0.8772
0.9570
0.7041
9.4937
4.9275
2307.5037
1.6146
15.7611
26.8989
7.1203
0.8426
145.0491
24.3737
215.1912
871.8731
2.6701
121
-------
Table C-2. RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS--PKIMARY & SECONDARY COLLECTORS
PKODLK'TION
RATE
(TOl-JS/YR)
BbUOO.
feooon.
175000.
30000.
45000.
100000.
bOOOO.
65000.
180000.
75000.
100000.
60000.
180000.
300000.
70000.
125000.
100000.
>40000.
50000.
75000.
50UOO.
50000.
75000.
47000.
73000.
37000.
250000.
140000.
65000.
120000.
120000.
90000.
120000.
80000.
70000.
90000.
220000.
80000.
130000.
130000.
100UOO.
50000.
260000.
40000.
150000.
50000.
270000.
100000.
1UOOOO.
1UOUOO.
HOURS OF
OPERATION
(HKS/YR)
447.37
500.00
875.00
166.67
300.00
666.67
333.33
6bO.OO
12UO.OU
5UO.OO
1UOO.UO
600.00
900.00
IbOO.OO
466.67
961.54
500.00
266.67
200.00
300.00
250.00
333.33
600.00
505.30
500.00
402.17
1041.67
700.00
433.33
1200.00
800. OU
450.00
600.00
533.33
583.33
600.00
10UO.OO
470.59
13UO.OU
520.00
357.14
227.27
3111.11
320.00
1200.00
416.67
1800.00
833.33
1111.11
333.33
EMISSION
PRIMARY i
(LB/TOIM) 1
U.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0,3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
15.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
45.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
FACTORS
SECONDARY
1LB/TON)
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.04
45.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.40
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
EMISSION
RATL
(LB/HK) |
1.90
36.00
6U.OO
7.20
255.00
1.50
1.50
4.00
b.OO
6.00
40.00
1.00
2.00
60.00
4b.OO
1.30
e.oo
25&.00
75.00
425.00
60.00
4b.OO
37.50
27.90
1.46
27.60
2.40
8.00
6.00
170.00
25S.OO
2.00
2.00
255.00
1.20
1.50
2.20
1.70
17U.OO
75.00
84.00
66.00
153.00
5,00
212.50
36.00
1.50
4.80
3.60
3.00
EMISSION
RATE Y
[G/SEO 1
O.E4
4.54
7.56
0.91
32.13
0.19
0.19
0.50
0.76
0,76
5.04
0.13
0.25
7.56
5.67
0.16
1.01
32.13
9.45
53.55
7.56
5.67
4.72
3.52
0.16
3.48
0.30
1.01
0.76
21.42
32.13
0.25
0.25
32.13
0.15
0.19
0.28
0.21
21.42
9.45
10.58
8.32
19,28
0,63
26.77
4.54
0.19
0.60
0.45
0.38
STACK
HEIGHT
[METERS)
9.1
13.7
15.2
15.2
9.1
3.0
10.7
13.7
10.7
9.1
13.7
6.1
10.7
9.1
9.1
<*.3
15.2
9.1
12.2
12.2
10.7
10.7
12.2
18.3
18.3
18.3
10.4
15.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
10.7
12.2
6.1
7.6
12.2
10.7
9.1
12.2
12.2
10.4
13.4
10.7
18.3
10.7
9.1
18.3
7.6
7.6
9.1
SEVERIT'
0.2004
1.6B78
2.2765
0.2734
26,8989
1.4241
0.1162
0.1875
0.4650
0.6329
1.8753
0.2373
0.1550
6.3292
4.7469
0.6297
0.3038
26.8989
4.4502
25.2177
4.6500
3.4875
2.2251
0.7358
0.0365
0.7279
0.1971
0.3038
0.3560
10.0871
15.1306
0,1550
0.1187
60.5225
0.1823
0.0890
0.1705
0.1793
10.0871
4.4502
6.8986
3.2365
11.8575
0.1319
16.4687
3.7975
0.0396
0.7291
0.5468
0.3165
122
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
RftlE
(TONS/YR)
2 U 0 0 0 U .
7bOOO.
7bUOO.
bUUOO.
90000.
150000.
50000.
40000.
60000.
50000.
30000U.
100000.
36000.
60000.
50000.
123000.
56000.
50000.
71000.
80000.
50000.
70000.
70000.
10000U.
20000.
21769.
138194.
58000.
79000.
6bOOO.
1500U.
110000.
130000.
260UOO.
bbOOO.
45000.
100000.
2bOOOO.
60000.
75000.
190000.
100000.
90000.
85000.
1 0 0 0 U .
BOOOO.
80000.
50000.
125000.
6 0 0 0 0 .
HOUKS OF-
OPLKATIOh,
(HKS/YK)
1333.33
bOO.OU
600.00
666.66
5UO.OO
60U.OO
500.00
400.00
600. OU
5UO.OU
10UO.OU
500.00
40U.OO
8UO.OU
666.66
492.00
466.67
416.67
591.67
615.36
34)4.62
700.00
7UO.OO
571.43
4UO.OU
362.62
1105.55
463.33
526.67
433.33
2bU. 00
611.11
612.50
1040.00
4b8.33
126b.71
4b4.5b
bbb.b6
480.00
394.74
844.44
714.29
600.00
6b3.db
111.11
61b.3B
571.43
454. 5b
62b.OO
333.33
EMISSION
PRIMARY S
(LB/TON) (
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
4b.O
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
4b.O
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
15.0
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
lb.0
lb.0
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
FACTORS
SFCONDARY
Lb/TOM)
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.70
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.30
1.7U
LMISSiON
RATL
(LB/HK)
1.50
1.50
b.oo
fa. 00
1.80
2.50
30.00
40.00
30.00
30.00
3.00
34U.OO
3.60
22.50
fa. 00
10.00
36.00
204.00
204.00
39.00
39.00
30.00
170.00
1.75
65.00
102.00
37.50
204.00
45.00
1.50
2.40
1.60
1.60
2.50
1.20
59.50
6.80
4.50
1.25
1.90
2.25
42.00
b.OO
1.30
2 / . 0 0
1.30
42.00
+.40
60.00
306.00
LI", i ssi UN
RAIL
(G/SLC)
0.19
0.19
0.63
0.7fa
0.23
0.31
3.78
5.04
3.78
3.78
0.38
42.84
0.45
2.83
0.76
1.26
4.54
25.70
25.70
4.91
4.91
3.78
21.42
0.22
10.71
12.85
4. 72
25.70
5.67
0.19
0.30
0.23
0.20
U.31
O.lb
7.50
1.11
0.57
0.16
0.24
0.26
5.29
0.76
0.16
3.40
0.16
b.29
0.55
7.56
38.56
STACK
HEIGHT
(METERS)
' 7.6
7.3
12.2
7. fa
9.8
b.l
9.1
15.2
12.2
15.2
9.1
6.5
8.5
7.3
9.8
12.8
12.5
10.4
7.3
9.1
9.1
7.6
12.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
12.2
14.6
12.2
6.1
12.2
16.3
12.5
23.8
12.8
10.1
9.1
7.6
6.1
b.l
13.7
12.2
14.6
6.1
ia.3
4.3
13.7
18.3
9.1
9.1
SEVERITY
0.2278
0.2472
0.2967
0.9114
0.1669
0.5934
3.1646
1.5190
1.7801
1.1392
0.3165
41.1718
0.4359
3.7085
0.5563
0.5382
2.0332
16.7536
33.6236
4.1139
4.1139
4.5570
10.0671
0.1846
8.9663
10.7596
2.2251
8.4059
2.6701
0.2028
0.1424
0.0565
0.0904
0.0390
0.0646
5.1871
0.9283
0.6835
0.2967
0.4510
0.1055
2.4921
0.2472
0.3085
0.7120
0.6297
1.9691
0.1160
6.3292
32.2787
123
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
RATE
(TONS/YR)
120000.
100000.
80000.
90000.
15000.
20000.
80UOO.
20000.
75000.
75UOO.
145000.
1UOOOO.
50000.
100000.
30000.
100000.
150000.
2UOOOO.
150000.
80000.
150000.
80000.
150000.
75000.
150000.
100000.
125000.
50000.
200000.
150000.
350000.
85COO.
120000.
50000.
150000.
80000.
225000.
70000.
lebuoo.
125000.
75000.
35000.
100000.
85000.
100000.
1401)00.
17500U.
200000.
20000.
20000.
HOUKS OK
OPERATION
(HRS/YR)
666.67
536.56
400.00
375.00
125.00
333.33
1428.57
1426.57
1442.31
1442.31
1450.00
1449.28
1428.57
555.56
300.00
666.67
789.47
1333.33
500.00
533.33
750. OU
666. b7
500. OU
312.50
789.47
625.00
761.25
277.78
160U. 00
500.00
1000.00
607.14
1000.00
454.55
600. OU
800.00
1022.73
700.00
840.91
1000.00
357.14
291.67
400. OU
85U.UU
5S5.56
1181.82
1060.61
666.67
666.67
250.00
EMISSION
PRIMARY a
(LB/TON) (
0.3
0.3
45.0
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
45.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
45. 0
1.7
45.0
FACTORS
.EC01MDARY
LI.VTON)
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.30
0.04
J.04
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
45.00
45.00
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.01
0.30
1.70
LH I SSI ON
RAlt
(LB/HR) (
7.20
3.00
2.00
2.40
204,00
2.40
95.20
23.80
0,52
0.52
l.OU
2.76
59.50
1,80
4.00
1.50
1.90
1.50
lid. 00
255.00
2.00
4.80
3.00
2.40
1.90
1.60
1.60
1.80
1.25
12.00
3.50
5.60
4.80
4.40
75.00
4.00
8.80
30.00
2.20
5.00
8.40
4.80
75.00
170.00
1.80
1.10
49.50
3.00
9.00
136.00
EMISSION
RATE \-
B/SLC) (
0.91
0.38
0.25
0.30
25.70
0.30
12.00
3.0U
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.35
7.50
0.23
0.50
0.19
0.24
0.19
1.51
32.13
0.25
0.60
0.38
0.30
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.23
0.16
1.51
0.44
0.71
0,60
0.55
9.45
0.50
1.11
3.76
0.28
0.63
1.06
0.60
9.45
21.42
0.23
0.14
6.24
0.38
1.13
17.14
STACK
(EIGHT
ITTERS)
9.1
3.0
9.1
3.0
6.1
9.1
18.0
12.2
11.3
11.3
9.1
24.4
16.2
11.0
11.6
8.5
3.0
13.7
18.3
4.6
18.3
9.1
7.6
9.1
12.2
15.2
7.6
7.6
3.7
18.3
7.6
6.1
19.8
15.2
12.2
9.1
9.1
7.6
9.1
11.9
9.1
10.7
10.1
12.2
16.8
33.5
9.1
9.1
7.3
9.1
SEVERIT'
0.7595
2.8481
0.2110
2.2785
48.4180
0.2532
2.5964
1.4122
0.0361
0.0361
0.1055
0.0409
2.0110
0.1319
0.2630
0.1816
1.8038
0.0703
0.3165
107.5956
0.0527
0.5063
0.4557
0.2532
0.1127
0.0608
0.2H30
0.2734
0.8241
0.3165
0.5316
1.3291
0.1079
0.1671
4.4502
0.4219
0.9283
4.5570
0.2321
0.3121
0.8861
0.3720
6.5384
10.0871
0.0565
0.0086
5.2216
0.3165
1.4834
14.3461
124
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
RATE
( TOIMS/YK )
250000.
2C10UOO.
150000.
50000.
250000.
50000.
70000.
75000.
90000.
160000.
1UOUOO.
40000.
175000.
1UOOOO.
75000.
265000.
50UOO.
85000.
3UOOOO.
1 U 0 0 0 0 .
150UOO.
75000.
651)00.
65000.
65000.
100000.
50000.
80000.
150000.
IbOOOO.
100000.
2UOOOO.
2UOOOO.
130000.
100000.
160000.
50000.
1UOOOO .
70UOO.
90000,
1 71)000 .
60000 .
1 b U C 0 U .
4 8 0 0 U .
3 0 U 0 0 .
i o o u o o .
4 U G 0 0 .
loOOOO.
i 0 I1 0 0 .
133000.
HOURS OH
OPEKA F IOI\,
(HKS/YK)
714.29
1666.67
750.00
500.00
1250.00
5UO.OO
388.89
535.71
720.00
842.11
500.00
400.00
7UO.OO
666.67
625.00
883.33
625.00
696.72
1000.00
666.67
750. OU
375.00
866.67
866.67
433. 33
500. OU
625. 00
BBH.89
1500.00
12UO.OU
500. 00
1052.63
833.33
650. 00
555.56
720.00
333.33
600.00
4UO. OU
fe42. 86
6 e o . o u
290.91
533. 33
600 . 00
900.00
1333.33
571.43
633. 35
2 5 0 . 0 U
6 b 0 . U 0
EMISSION
PRIMARY
(LB/TOIM) i
1.7
45.0
45.0
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
0.3
15.0
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
45.0
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
45.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
FACTORS
SECONDARY
ILB/TON)
0.04
0.30
0.01
0.30
0.01
0.30
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.30
1.70
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.30
0. 04
1.7t>
0.04
EMISSION
KATL
(LB/HK)
14.00
36.00
2.00
30.00
2.00
30,00
r .20
5.60
37. 50
323.00
6.00
4.00
2.50
6.00
4.80
3.00
136.00
1.22
3.00
1.50
2.00
6.00
3.00
3.00
1.50
2.00
3.20
3.60
170.00
1.25
340.00
1.90
72.00
2.00
306.00
2.50
6.00
37.50
297.50
42. UO
2.50
62.50
3.00
0.80
4.00
0.7b
21.00
f .20
204.00
tt.UU
EMISSION
RATE
(b/SEC)
1.76
4.54
0.25
3.78
0.25
3.78
0.91
0.71
4.72
40.70
1.01
0.50
0.31
0.76
0.60
0.38
17.14
0.15
0.38
0.19
0.25
1.01
0.36
0.36
0.19
0.25
0.40
0.45
21.42
0.16
42.84
0.24
9.07
0.25
38.56
0.31
0.76
4.72
37.48
5.29
0.31
10.39
0.3b
0.10
0.50
0.09
2.6b
0.91
25.70
1.01
STACK
HEIGHT
(METERS)
12.2
7.6
12.2
12.2
6.1
12.2
9.1
4.9
9.1
15.2
4.6
4.6
4.6
10.7
7.6
2.4
9.1
9.1
7.9
6.1
6.1
12.8
9.1
9.1
9.6
9.1
9.1
9.1
6 1
w *
6.1
11.6
4.6
12.2
16.3
9.1
17.7
19.8
9.1
15.2
10.7
12,2
15.2
9. 1
13.7
13.7
fa.l
10,7
12,2
9. Q
9.1
SEVERITY
0.8307
5.4684
0.1187
1.7801
0.4747
1.7601
0.7595
2. 0766
3.9557
12.2659
3.3755
1.6876
1. 0549
0 .4650
0.7291
4.4502
14.3461
0.1287
0.4213
0.3560
0.4747
0.4306
0.3165
0 . 3165
0.1391
0. 2110
0.3376
0 . 3797
4n ^4AU
~ U . ij ^ O~
0.2967
22.3537
0.8017
4.2722
0 . 0527
32.2787
0. 0706
0 . 1348
3. 9557
11.2975
3. 2550
0 . 1483
3.1329
0 . 3165
0.0375
0.1875
0 . 1780
1.6275
0 . 4272
16.9133
0.6439
125
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
RATE
( TOMS/YR)
12bUOO.
125000.
5 0 0 0 0 .
35000.
152000.
211000.
144029.
180UOU.
150UOU.
92000.
176000.
210000.
20000U.
150000.
100000,
100000.
45000.
200000.
50UOO.
50000.
275000.
100000.
100000.
90000.
50000.
135000.
50000.
255000.
100000.
80000.
100000.
60000.
40000.
40000.
25000.
10000.
60000.
30000.
20000.
30000.
20000.
20000.
30000.
30000.
5000U.
22500U.
60000.
bOOOO.
330000.
95UOO.
HOURS Oh
OPERATION
(HKS/YK)
694.44
735.29
1000.00
466.67
675.56
496.47
758. Ob
720.00
666.67
406.69
782.22
840.00
909.09
750.00
666.67
666.67
450.00
1250.00
5UO.OU
555.56
763.89
666.67
666.67
692.31
500.00
1350.00
333,33
1378.38
555.56
8UO.OO
666.67
533.33
571.43
444.44
208.33
166.67
5UU.OO
2bO.OO
266.67
166.67
333.33
200.00
333.33
500. 00
1000.00
900.00
400.00
250. 00
1320.00
633.33
EMISSION FACTORS
PRIMARY SECONDARY
(LB/TON) (LB/TON)
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
45.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0,3
0.3
1.7
0,3
1.7
0.3
0.3
45.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.04
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.04
1.70
0,01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.01
0.04
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
EMISSION EMISSION ^TACK SEVERIT
RAIt- RATE HEIGHT
(LB/HK) (fa/SLC) (METERS)
/.20
1.70
lb.00
0.75
382.50
4.25
1.90
2.50
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.50
2.20
2.00
45.00
4b.OO
1.00
1.60
1.00
0.90
3.60
45.00
45.00
5.20
17U.OO
1.00
43.00
1.85
1.80
4.00
6.00
6.00
2.80
0.90
4.60
2. 40
4.80
1.20
22.50
r .20
IS. 00
1.00
3.60
102.00
15.00
2.50
1.50
340.00
42b.OO
2bb.UO
0.91
0.21
1.89
0.09
48.19
0.54
0.24
0.31
0.28
0.28
0.26
0.31
0.28
0.25
5,67
5.67
0.13
0.2U
0.13
0.11
0.45
5.67
5.67
0.66
21.42
0.13
5.67
0.23
0.23
0.50
0.76
0.76
0.35
0.11
0.6U
0.3U
0.60
O.lb
2.83
0.91
2.27
0.13
0.45
12.85
1,89
0.31
0.19
42.84
53. bb
32.13
19.1
5.5
10,7
6.1
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
3.7
3.0
6.5
8.5
9.1
9.1
4.6
b.l
9.1
6.1
6.1
9.1
6.1
4.6
13.7
4.9
6.1
10.7
10.7
6.1
12.2
12.2
9.1
9.1
3.0
3.0
9.1
9.1
9.1
3.0
9.1
9.1
7.6
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
lb.2
0.1750
0.4981
1.1625
0.1780
29.6437
0.3294
0.1472
0.1937
0.1744
0.1744
0,1744
0.1937
1.4504
1.8987
5.4492
5.4492
0,1055
0.1688
0.4219
0.2136
0.3797
10.6804
10.6804
0.5485
40.3484
0.4219
2.1097
0.6861
0.4272
0.3100
0.4650
1.4241
0.1661
0.0534
0.5063
0.2532
4.5570
1.1392
2.3734
0.7595
1.8987
0.9494
0.3797
10.7596
2.2785
0.0949
0.0570
12.9115
16.1393
9.6836
126
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
RATE
(TOMS/YH)
IbOOOO.
620000.
140000.
150000.
200000.
60000.
50000U.
120000.
3UOOOO.
80000.
130000.
100000.
50000.
200000.
40000.
120000.
200000.
50000.
125000.
100000.
eoooo.
100000.
60000.
450000.
60000.
100000.
75000.
150000.
75000.
40000.
150000.
70000.
50000.
140000.
140000.
80000.
75000.
100000.
150000.
100000.
50000.
100000.
IbOOOO.
130000.
100000.
55000.
2UOOOU.
70000.
200000.
150000.
HOURS 01-
OPERATION
(HKS/YK)
352.94
1260.00
700.00
750.00
553. 33
240.00
952.38
320.00
SOU. 00
666.67
4B1.4B
625.00
500.00
1UOO.OO
266.67
600.00
625.00
416.67
694.44
666.67
333.33
bbb.b6
480.01)
1590.11
1000.00
666.67
1071.43
1000.00
300.00
200.00
681.82
411.76
568.24
933.33
777.78
592.59
625.00
1111.11
1000. UO
1000.00
333.33
666.67
666.67
619.05
666.67
22U.OO
666.67
7UO.OO
666.67
810. Bl
EMISSION
PRIMARY i
(LB/TON) 1
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
1.7
4b.O
1.7
1.7
U .3
1.7
FACTOHS
iECONDARY
ILb/TOM)
0.01
O.U1
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
1.70
0.04
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.30
0.30
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
45. 00
0.01
0.01
EMISSION
RATL
(LB/HK) i
4.25
2.50
2.00
2.00
3.75
42b.OO
b.25
3.75
63f ,50
1.20
459.00
6.40
1.00
34U.OO
1.50
a. oo
12.80
4.60
7.20
4b.OO
9.60
7.20
212.50
11.32
102.00
25b.OO
119.00
6.00
75.00
60.00
66.00
51.00
0.85
1.50
1 ,20
40.50
36.00
153.00
4b.OO
4.00
l.bO
45.00
2.25
63.00
1.50
2.50
3,00
17U.OO
3.00
1.85
EMISSION
RATL t
[G/SEO (
0.54
0.31
0.25
0.2b
0.47
53. 5b
0.66
0.4f
60.32
O.lb
57.83
0.81
0.13
42.84
0.19
1.01
1.61
0.60
0.91
5.67
1.21
0.91
26.77
1.43
12.85
32.13
14.99
0.7b
9.4b
7.56
8.32
6.43
0.11
0.19
0.91
5.10
4.54
19.28
5.67
0.50
0.19
5.67
0.2fl
7.94
0.19
0.31
o.sa
21.42
0.30
0.23
STACK
HEIGHT
(METERS)
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
lb.2
15.2
12.2
15.8
9.1
9.1
4.6
15.2
1.2
18.3
14.3
12.2
16.6
7.6
9.1
10.4
8.8
6.1
9.1
7.6
16.5
18.3
19.8
10.7
9.1
12.2
12.2
18.3
12.2
7.3
10.7
15.2
9.1
7.6
15.2
9.1
9.1
11.7
12.2
10.3
12.2
10.7
SEVERIT'
0.1614
0.0949
0.0759
0.0759
0.1424
16.1393
0.1994
0.1424
24.2090
0.0456
27.2351
0.2247
0.1055
35.6652
0.6329
0.3038
75.9498
0.1266
0.3094
2.6701
0.3013
1.0937
22.4158
0.9297
11 .5144
60.5225
12.5528
0.9114
2.4418
1.5823
1.4830
3.9525
0.0897
0.0890
0.4272
1.0680
2.1361
25.2177
3.4875
0.1519
0.1582
6.6355
0.0854
6.6456
0.1582
0.1601
0,1780
14.1271
0.1780
0.1434
127
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PPOUUt T I UN
RATE
( TONS/YR )
4 U D 0 0 .
bOUOO .
150000.
350000.
100000.
1 0 0 V 0 0 .
100000.
60000.
100000.
206000.
83000.
63000.
96000.
95000.
10000.
bOOOO.
60000.
150000.
1UOOOO.
80000.
80000.
200000.
120000.
300000.
200000.
100000.
65000.
110000.
1UOOOO.
30000.
2 U 0 0 0 0 .
125000.
bOOOO.
195000.
100000.
95000.
75000.
115000.
105000.
100000.
150000.
2bOOOO.
200000.
135000.
90000.
160000.
50000.
100000.
100000.
100000.
HOURS OF EMISSION FACTORS
OPERATION PRIMARY bECOhiUARY
(HRS/YR) (LB/10N) (Lb/TON)
100.00
600.00
857.lt
1750.00
444.44
666.67
b66,67
663. 66
1000.00
1263.95
1276.92
1276.92
1297.30
1263.76
400.00
352,91
100,00
7bO.OO
666.67
600.00
868.69
666, fa7
180.00
1200,00
571.13
285.71
20-4.13
617.06
625.00
500.00
886,69
5UU.OO
111.11
975.00
62b.OO
475.00
750.00
1150.00
1050.00
381.62
937.50
833.33
600.00
900.00
750.00
533.33
333.33
100.00
62b.OO
711.29
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
0.3
0.3
1.7
45.0
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
15.0
1.7
15.0
1.7
15.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
15.0
lb.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
0,3
1.7
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.01
15.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.40
0.01
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.30
0.01
0.04
0.04
EMISSION EMISSION STALK
RA'L RATt HEIbMT
(LB/HK) (G/SEC) (f'ETERS)
1.00
1.00
1.75
2.00
2.25
6.00
255.00
1.80
4.00
1.62
19.50
2.bO
22.20
29.60
7.50
6.80
b.OO
2.00
4b.OO
170.00
27,00
3.00
425.00
10.00
3.50
3.50
3.20
51.00
1.60
18,00
2.25
10.00
1.50
60.00
18.00
6.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.10
18.00
12.00
2.50
1.50
1.20
12.00
15.00
10.00
b.10
b.60
0.13
0.13
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.76
32.13
0.23
0.50
0.20
2.46
0.33
2.60
3.73
0.91
0.86
0.76
0.25
5.67
21.42
3.40
0.36
53.55
1.26
0.44
0.44
0.40
6.43
0.20
2.27
0.28
1.26
0.57
7.56
6.05
1.01
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.31
6.05
1.51
0.31
0.19
0.15
1.51
5.67
1.2fa
0.81
0.71
12.2
9.1
9.1
7.6
10.4
9.8
17.7
9.1
11.0
7.6
15.2
15,8
12.5
12.2
9.1
22.9
12.2
10.7
10.7
12.2
10.7
7.6
7.6
10.7
6.1
15.2
6.1
6.1
12.2
6.1
7.0
10.7
b.l
b.l
12.2
4.3
12.5
7.6
14.3
11.6
10.7
6.1
7.6
fa. 7
15.2
9.1
9.1
7.6
5.5
9.1
SEVERIT1
0.0593
0.1055
0.1646
0.3038
0.1846
0.5563
7.1965
0.1899
0.2930
0.2461
0.7405
0.0913
1.2538
1.7563
0.7911
0.1148
0.3560
0.1550
3.4875
10.0871
2.0925
0.4557
64.5574
0.7750
0.8307
0.1329
0.7595
12.1045
0,0949
4.2722
0.4038
0.7750
1.0680
14,2406
2.8481
3.8750
0.2259
0.6076
0.1719
0.6838
3.7200
2.8481
0.3797
0.2942
0.0456
1,2658
1.7169
1.5190
1.8753
0.5907
128
-------
Table C-2 (continued). RAW DATA
(ASPHALT SURVEY CALCULATIONS - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY COLLECTORS)
PRODUCTION
KATE
(TONS/YR )
30000.
150UOU.
300000.
100000.
40000.
80000.
2 U U U 0 0 .
12000.
foOUOO.
40000.
198UOO.
90000.
bOOOO.
60000.
2bOOO.
95000.
50000.
100000.
26000,
56000.
102000.
15000.
10000U.
200000.
1UOOOO.
30000.
50000,
40000.
250000.
1UOOOO.
50000.
150000.
40000.
80000.
29000.
28000.
66000.
150000.
50000.
50000.
75000.
If 0000.
110000.
60000.
1UOOOO.
100000.
85000.
200000.
1UOOOU.
20000U.
hOUKS Oh
OPERATION
(HKS/YK)
214.29
600.00
12UO.OU
444.44
320.00
320.00
9b2.38
3UO.OO
5UO.OO
364.62
634.62
608. 11
200.00
666.67
1250.00
237.50
416.67
571.43
148.57
466.67
453.33
120.00
526.32
500.00
526.32
272.73
384.62
200.00
73b.29
333.33
277.78
5UO.OU
571.43
727.27
376.62
333.33
764.04
500.00
2bO.OO
285.71
750.00
1400.00
733.33
6UO.OU
800.00
444.44
4b9.4b
666.67
400.00
1333.33
EMISSION
PRIMARY i
(LB/TON) 1
0.3
0.3
4b.O
1.7
1.7
15.0
1.7
0.3
4b.O
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
45.0
0.3
1.7
1.7
0.3
0.3
15.0
1.7
1.7
45.0
0.3
FACTORS
SECONDARY
;LB/TON>
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.30
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.01
1.70
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.04
1.70
0.40
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
1.70
1.70
1.70
0.04
0.04
0.01
1.70
0.04
1.70
1.70
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
45.00
45.00
0.01
0.04
LMISbiON
KAIt
(LB/HR) 1
42.00
10.00
2.50
382.50
37. bO
2.bO
35f .00
1.60
1.20
31.20
3.12
44.40
75.00
4,80
34.00
16.00
204.00
7.00
297.50
4B.OO
2.25
1.25
1.90
16.00
7.60
187,00
39.00
340,00
13.60
12.00
1.80
90.00
2.80
33.00
23.10
2b,20
26.70
90.00
2.00
1.75
1.00
4.00
1.50
4.00
1.25
9.00
314,50
510.00
2.50
6.00
LMlSSIOfJ
RAIL h
[S/SEO 1
5.29
1.26
0.31
48.19
4.72
0.31
44.98
0.20
O.lb
3.93
0.39
5.59
9.45
0.60
4.28
2.02
25.70
o.ea
37.46
6.05
0.28
0.16
0.24
2.02
0.96
23.56
4.91
42.64
1.7X
1.51
0.23
11.34
0.3b
4.16
2,91
3.18
3.36
11.34
0.25
0.22
0.13
0.50
0.19
0.50
0.16
1.13
39,63
64. 26
0.31
0.76
STACK
IflbHT
:ซETt.RS)
12,2
7.6
7.6
4.6
12.2
10.4
10.3
9.1
3.0
18.3
18.3
18.3
12.2
9.1
4.6
9.1
7.3
9.1
10.7
12.2
9.4
3.0
3.0
9.1
9.1
9.8
18.3
9.1
9.1
9.1
3.0
13.4
t.3
4.6
lb.2
15.2
18.3
9.1
10.4
5.5
12.8
9.8
9.1
6.1
19.8
14.3
10.7
<+.6
10.7
12.2
SE.VE.Kir
2.4921
1.519U
0.3797
161,3934
2.2251
0.2053
29.6669
0.1688
1.1392
0.8228
0.0823
1.1709
4.4502
0.5063
14.3461
1.6878
33.6236
0.7384
23.0562
2.8481
0.2223
1.1867
1.8038
1.6878
0.8017
17,3372
1.0285
35.8652
1.4346
1.2658
1.7089
4.4134
1,3562
13.9241
0.8772
0.9570
0.7041
9.4937
0.1643
0.5128
0.0538
0.3708
0.1582
0.9494
0,0281
0.3868
24.3737
215.1912
0.1937
0.3560
129
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-------
APPENDIX D. DERIVATION OF SOURCE SEVERITY EQUATIONS
(T. R. Blackwood and E. C. Eimutis)
1.
SUMMARY OF SOURCE SEVERITY EQUATIONS
The source severity of pollutants may be calculated using the
mass emission rate, Q, the height of the emissions, H, and the
ambient air quality standard, AAQS. The equations summarized
in Table D-l are developed in detail in this appendix.
Table D-l. POLLUTANT SEVERITY EQUATIONS FOR ELEVATED SOURCES
Pollutant
Particulate
SO
x
NO
X
Hydrocarbons
CO
Severity equation
S =
S =
o
S =
70 Q
H2
50 Q
H2
315 Q
H2'1
162 Q
H2
0.78 Q
H2
2. DERIVATION OF x FOR USE WITH U.S. AVERAGE CONDITIONS
in 9.x
The most widely accepted formula for predicting downwind
ground level concentrations from a point source is:51
51Turner, D. B. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Cincinnati. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-26,
May 1970. 84 p.
-------
X =
Q
Tra a u
y z
exp
(D-l)
where x = downwind ground level concentration at reference
coordinate x and y with emission height of H, g/m3
Q = mass emission rate, g/s
a = standard deviation of horizontal dispersion, m
a = standard deviation of vertical dispersion, m
^
u = wind speed, m/s
y = horizontal distance from centerline of dispersion, m
H = height of emission release, m
x = downwind dispersion distance from source of
emission release, m
TT = 3.14
We assume that Y occurs when xป0 and y = 0. For a given
max J J
stability class, standard deviations of horizontal and verti-
cal dispersion have often been expressed as a function of
downwind distance by power law relationships as follows:52
ay = ax
(D-2)
a = ex" + f
z
(D-3)
Values for a, b, c, d and f are given in Tables D-2 and D-3.
Substituting these general equations into Equation D-l yields
X =
Q
b+d . f b
acirux + airufx
exp
2(cx
f)
(D-4)
52Martin, D. O., and J. A. Tikvart. A General Atmospheric
Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects of Air Quality
of One or More Sources. (Presented at 61st Annual Meeting
of the Air Pollution Control Association. St. Paul.
June 23-27, 1968.) 18 p.
135
-------
Table D-2. VALUES OF a FOR THE COMPUTATION OF a a'53
Y
Stability class
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3658
2751
2089
1471
1046
0722
For Equation D-2: a = ax
where x = downwind distance
b = 0.9031
Assuming that x 1V occurs at x < 100 m or the stability class
max
is C, then f = 0 and Equation D-4 becomes:
X =
Q
acirux
b+d
exp
-H2
2c2x2d
(D-5)
For convenience, let:
D = - and B0
R aciru R
2c2
so that Equation H-5 reduces to:
X - ARx
-(b+d)
exp
B
X
J*
2d
(D-6)
53Tadmor, J. and Y. Gur. Analytical Expressions for the
Vertical and Lateral Dispersion Coefficients in Atmospheric
Diffusion. Atmospheric Environment, 3:688-689, 1969.
136
-------
Table D-3. VALUES OF THE CONSTANTS USED TO
ESTIMATE VERTICAL DISPERSION3'52
Usable range
>1,000 ra
100-1,000 m
<100 m
Stability
class
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
Coefficient
Cl
0.00024
0.055
0.113
1.26
6.73
18.05
C2
0.0015
0.028
0.113
0.222
0.211
0.086
C3
0.192
0.156
0.116
0.079
0.063
0.053
dl
2.094
1.098
0.911
0.516
0.305
0.18
d2
1.941
1.149
0.911
0.725
0.678
0.74
d3
0.936
0.922
0.905
0.881
0.871
0.814
fl
-9.6
2.0
0.0
-13
-34
-48.6
f2
9.27
3.3
0.0
-1.7
-1.3
-0.35
ฃ3
0
0
0
0
0
0
For Equation D-3:
= ex
137
-------
Taking the first derivative of Equation D-6 yields
"* A
dx AR
+ exp B x~ (-b-d) x b d > (D 7)
and setting this equal to zero (to determine the roots which
give the minimum and maximum conditions of x with respect
to x) yields:
l (exp[B0x-2dl ) (-
\LRJ/\
= 0 = ADx-b-d-l (expB0x-2d ) -2dB_,x-2d -b-d) (D-8)
dx R RR
Since we define that x ^ 0 or ฐฐ at x .,> the following
max
expression must be equal to 0:
-2dBTDx~2d -d-b = 0 (D-9)
Therefore (b+d)x2^ = -2dBR (D-10
2d "R 2d H2 d H2 m nl.
or xza = - = - = - (D-ll)
b+d 2c2(b+d) c2(b+d)
Hence x =[ d R2 Vd at xซ_, (D-12)
\ c2 (b+d) /
Thus Equations D-2 and D-3 (at f = 0) become:
= a
c2(d+b)
c2 (b+d) / V b+d
138
-------
The maximum will be determined for U.S. average conditions
of stability. According to Gifford,5t+ this is when a a .
Since b = 0.9031, and upon inspection of Table D-2 under
U.S. average conditions, a = a , it can be seen that
0.881 <_ d ฃ 0.905 (class C stability3). Thus, it can be
assumed that b is nearly equal to d in Equations D-13 and
D-14 or:
a - -^ (D-15)
2 /2
and a = - (D-16)
y c /2
Under U.S. average conditions, a = a and a - c if b - d
and f = 0 (between class C and D, but closer to belonging
in class C).
Then a = (D-17)
Y "
Substituting for a from Equation D-17 and for a from
Equation D-15 into Equation D-l and letting y = 0:
2~i
2 Q i - , ">- i (D-18)
or xmax
max
The values given in Table D-3 are mean values for stability
class. Class C stability describes these coefficients and
exponents, only within about a factor of two.
51tGifford, F. A., Jr. An Outline of Theories of Diffusion
in the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. In: Meteorology
and Atomic Energy 1968, Chapter 3. Slade, D. A. (ed.).
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Technical Information
Center. Oak Ridge. Publication No. TID-24190. July
1968. p. 113.
139
-------
3. DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCE SEVERITY EQUATIONS
Source severity, S, has been defined as:
_ xmax
S ~ AAQS (I
where x ~ average maximum ground level concentration
max
AAQS = ambient air quality standard
Values of x are found from the following equation:
max
t,
iO . 1 7
*max = *max
where to is the "instantaneous" (i.e., 3-minute) averaging
time and t is the averaging time used for the ambient air
quality standard as shown in Table D-4.
a. CO Severity
The primary standard for CO is reported for a 1-hr averaging
time. Therefore, t = 60 minutes. Hence, from Equation D-21
3\ฐ-17
xmax =
Substituting for X^^ from Equation D-19 yields
2 Q / 3\ฐ-17
^max ,T? \60
2 Q
(3.14) (2.72) (4.5)H2
ฐ'ฐ52
(D-23)
(0.6) (D-24)
H2
(0.6)
140
-------
Table D-4.
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY STANDARDS55
Pollutant
Particulate
matter
Sulfur oxides
Carbon
monoxide
Nitrogen
dioxide
Photochemical
oxidants
Hydrocarbons
(nonme thane)
Averaging
time
Annual
(geometric mean)
24 hrb
Annual
(arithmetic mean)
24 hrb
, . b
3 hr
8 hrb
i u b
1 hr
Annual
(arithmetic mean)
1 hrb
3 hr
(6 to 9 a.m.)
Primary
standards
75 y g/m 3
260 yg/m3
80 yg/m3
(0.03 ppm)
365 yg/m3
(0.14 ppm)
none
10,000 yg/m3
(9 ppm)
40,000 yg/m3
(35 ppm)
100 yg/m3
(0.05 ppm)
160 yg/m3
(0.08 ppm)
160 yg/m3
(0.24 ppm)
Secondary
standards
60a yg/m3
150 yg/m3
60 yg/m3
(0.02 ppm)
260C yg/m3
(0.1 ppm)
1,300 yg/m3
(0.5 ppm)
none
(Same as
primary)
(Same as
primary)
(Same as
primary)
(Same as
primary)
The secondary annual standard (60 yg/m3) is a guide for
assessing implementation plans to achieve the 24-hr
secondary standard.
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
The secondary annual standard (260 yg/m3) is a guide for
assessing implementation plans to achieve the annual
standard.
55Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42 - Public Health,
Chapter IV - Environmental Protection Agency, Part 410 -
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards, April 28, 1971. 16 p.
141
-------
7 = 3'12 X 10"2 Q (D-25)
*
Substituting the primary standard for CO (0.04 g/m3) and the
/alue for x from Equatio:
max
(Equation D-20) then gives:
value for x from Equation D-25 into the equation for S
max
S = Xmax _ 3.12 x 10~2 Q (D-26)
AAQS 0.04 H2
s_0 - ^ (D_27)
CO
b. Hydrocarbon Severity
The primary standard for hydrocarbon is reported for a 3-hr
averaging time. Therefore, t = 180 minutes. Hence, from
Equation D-21:
= *max = ฐ-5* (D~28)
Substituting for x from Equation D-19 yields:
(0.5) (0.052) Q = 0.026 Q (D-29)
xmax 2 2
For hydrocarbons, AAQS = 1.6 x 10-lt g/m3. Therefore
or S
HC
s = ^ = _ ฐ'026 Q _ (D-30)
AAQS 1.6 x I0~k H2
162.5 Q ,.
-
142
-------
c. Particulate Severity
The primary standard for particulate is reported for a 24-hr
averaging time. Therefore, t = 1,440 minutes. Hence, for
Equation D-21:
/ 3 \0.17
xmax ~ xmax I 1,440 (D-32)
Substituting for x from Equation D-19 yields:
- = 0.052 Q = 0.0182 Q
H2 H2
For particulates, AAQS = 2.6 x 10~4 g/m3 . Therefore
S = = 0.0182 Q _ (D_34)
AAQS 2.6 x 10~4 H2
Sp = _Q (D_35)
P H2
d. SOX Severity
The primary standard for SO is reported for a 24-hr
averaging time. Therefore, t = 1,440 minutes. Hence,
proceeding as before:
- _ 0.0182 Q
xmax ~2 (D~36)
n
For SO , AAQS = 3.65 x 10~4 g/m3. Therefore
S = -^ = ฐ-0182 Q (D-37)
AAQS 3.65 x I0~k H2
S_ = ^^ (D-38)
x H
143
2
-------
e. NOX Severity
Since NO has a primary standard with a 1-yr averaging time,
the x correction equation (Equation D-21) cannot be used.
max
Alternatively, the following equation is used:
_ 2.03 Q ,, i _ -^ / j^_ \ (D-39)
A - ~ 6XP - 0" I
a ux ^ 2 la,
ฃj I \ '
A difficulty arises, however, because a distance x, from
emission point to receptor, is included in Equation D-39.
Hence, the following rationale is used: Equation D-19 is
valid for neutral conditions or when a - a . This maximum
z y
occurs when
H = /2a
z
and since, under these conditions,
b
a = ax
then the distance x where the maximum concentration
max
occurs is:
x = - (D-40)
max /2a/
For class C conditions, a = 0.113 and b = 0.911. Substituting
these values into Equation D-40 yields:
x = H ' = 7.5 H1-098 (D-41)
max 0.16
Since a = 0.113 x 0.911
z max
and u = 4.5 m/s
144
-------
and letting x = x , Equation D-39 becomes:
max
4 Q
max
r i/ H
L *fc
(D-42)
In Equation D-42, the factor:
4 Q
4 Q
x 1.911 (7 5 Hl.098\1.911
max ' '
Therefore,
max
0.085 Q
H2.1
exp
2 a
(D-43)
As noted above,
a = 0.113 x0-911
z
Substituting for x from Equation D-41 into the above equation
yields:
a = 0.113 (7.5 H1-1)0'911 = 0.71 H
(D-44)
Substituting for a from Equation D-44 into Equation D-42
Z
yields:
0.085 Q
exp - j
H2-1 I "AO.71 H
H
(D-45)
H
2.1
(0.371) = 3'15 X 10"2 Q
H2-1
(D-46)
Since the NO standard is 1.0 x 10 4 g/m3, the NO severity
X X
equation is:
NO
*max _ 3.15 x IP"2 Q
x AAQS 1 x 10"^ H2-l
(D-47)
or
NO
315 Q
x H
2 . 1
(D-48)
145
-------
4.
AFFECTED POPULATION CALCULATION
Another form of the plume dispersion equation is needed to
calculate the affected population since the population is
assumed to be distributed uniformly around the source. If
the wind directions are taken to 16 points and it is assumed
that the wind directions within each sector are distributed
randomly over a period of a month or a season, it can be
assumed that the effluent is uniformly distributed in the
horizontal within the sector. The appropriate equation for
average concentration, x/ i-n g/m3 is then:51
- 2.03 Q
a ux
z
exp
_H\2
Z
(D-49)
To find the distances at which %/AAQS - 1.0, roots are
determined for the following equation:
2.03 Q
(AAQS) a ux
exp
_
2 a
= 1.0
(D-50)
keeping in mind that:
a = ax
z
+ c
where a, b, and c are functions of atmospheric stability
and are assumed to be selected for stability Class C. Since
Equation D-50 is a transcendental equation, the roots are
found by an iterative technique using the computer.
For a specified emission from a typical source, x/AAQs as
a function of distance might look as follows:
146
-------
DISTANCE FROM SOURCE
The affected population is contained in the area
A = IT (x2
2 _ Y, 2
(D-51)
If the affected population density is D , the total affected
population, P, is
P = DA (persons)
(D-52)
147
-------
2
O
H
EH
_^
-j>
-
t
2
O
i i
CO
CO
l-l
E.
U,
to
o
+
L.
C
IT
r>
^
K)
O
II
*
2.
LJ
Cj
n C/N
O i-l
a. >n
*
in
00
o
1
UJ
0 II
o
IO >-
0 1-
r-l ปH
X*
0 LJ
0 >
0 LJ
II (/)
ซ-l
X
^
5-
c
tot-
o
1 _J
LJ <
0 Xl
O O
O LJ
^D
CM 21
O
O
2
- (T.
O K-
^ h- 1
0 X
vD UJ
>
0 LJ II
CO
X
u ce <
O ฃ
O Lu X
CO
o
\0
d-
CM
O
co
rH
in
jj
CM
o
ro
OL Q.
LJ UJ
K ป- II
CO CO
<5
t- t- LJ
> H- LJ
2 2 O U.
O O O Lu
0 U OC <
o ro
+ o
LJ +
C3 LjJ
o c
o ^
in ^
^ Q^
* ro
O .
CD
I- "
2 II
ft Q
_) LJ
CL LJ ^
ฐ- LJ
x to 0
>- 4
ฃ Q
^ CL. CO
I- ^ 0 -0
O -* CL CO
X .
^_(
1
(JD fo
2 0
> uJ
ซa CD u
Q. o
10 >-
ป- 0 t-
1 _J . _.
_J ซ~i r 1
ซi a.
X 0 LJ
a. o ^.
CO CD UJ
< II . CTj
,_(
X
^
ฃ-
o
0 t-
CD
1 _J
LJ ec
o ~
CD C'
0 LJ
C
-1 2i
ป o
o
x z:
0 d
2 II X
Lu
CC
LJ
h-
C/) 0 LJ CM
i-t o a; fO
* >JD
LU! u HT
a. o >- en
>- 0 H-
t o i
X) 2:
2 r- LJ
o ~>
HH 0 LJ II
V} tr.
t/J X
-4 II LT
CL
O
Q.
O
LJ
t
II LJ
LJ
O U.
3 Lu
^_
O
X
tn
in
r^
o
r-*
OJ
r~-
in
0
\0 7^ o
a ex
LJ LJ
K H- II
CO (/)
> H- LiJ
2 2! O Lu
O O O Lu
u o cc ซa
148
-------
APPENDIX F. CALCULATION OF EMISSION FACTORS BASED ON
MRC SAMPLING DATA
1. CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
a. Concentration of carbon monoxide in stack gas
= 32.2 ppm ฑ 17.6% by volume
b. Gas flow rate through stack = 32,350 ft3/min
c. Density of carbon monoxide18 = 0.0781 lb/ft3
d. Production rate during sampling = 130 tons/hr
e. 106 ft3 of stack gas contain 32.2 ft3 of CO
.'.32,350 ft3 of stack gas contain 32.2/106 x 32,350 ft3 CO
= 1.04 ft3 CO
f. 1 ft3 CO weighs 0.0781 Ib
.'.1.04 ft3 CO weighs 0.0781 lb/ft3 x 1.04 ft3 = 0.081 Ib
g. In 1 minute, the CO flowing through the stack is 0.081 Ib
.'.In 60 minutes, the CO flowing through the stack is
4.87 Ib
h. 130 tons of asphalt produced per hr emit 4.807 Ib CO
.'.1 ton of asphalt produced per hr emits 0.0375 Ib CO
.'.Emission factor is 0.0375 Ib CO/ton or 0.0188 kg CO
per metric ton asphalt produced
2. NITROGEN DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
a. Concentration of nitrogen dioxide detected in stack gas
is <29 ppm by volume
149
-------
b. Gas flow rate through stack - 27,487 ft3/min
c. Density of nitrogen dioxide18 = 0.1287 lb/ft3
d. Production rate during sampling = 176.4 tons/hr
e. 106 ft3 of stack gas contain 29 ft3 of NO
.'.27,487 ft3
= 0.80 ft3 NO
x
.'.27,487 ft3 of stack gas contain 29/106 x 27,487 ft3 NO
x
f. 1 ft3 NO weighs 0.1287 Ib
.'.0.80 ft3 NO weighs 0.1287 lb/ft3 x 0.80 ft3 = 0.10 Ib
g. In 1 minute, 0.10 Ib NO flows through the stack
5C
.'.In 60 minutes, 6.16 Ib NO flow through the stack
h. 176.4 tons of asphalt produced per hr emit 6.16 Ib NO
5C
.'.1 ton of asphalt produced emits 0.035 Ib NO
.'.Emission factor is 0.035 Ib NO /ton or 0.0176 kg NO
X X
per metric ton asphalt produced
3. SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
a. 40% of the asphalt industry uses #2 fuel oil16
b. Average sulfur contents of #2 fuel oil = 0.22%18
c. An average of 2 gallons of #2 fuel oil is consumed to
dry and heat aggregate for one ton of hot mix45
d. Density of #2 fuel oil = 7.31 lb/gal18
e. S + O2 - * S02
(32) (32) (64)
.'. Ib of fuel oil consumed to dry 1 ton hot mix
= 2 x 7.31 - 14.62 Ib
150
-------
f. 100 Ib of fuel oil contain 0.22 Ib sulfur
.'.14.62 Ib of fuel oil contain 0.032 Ib sulfur
g. 32 Ib sulfur burn to form 64 Ib S02
.'.0.032 Ib sulfur burns to form 64/32 x 0.032 Ib SO2
= 0.064 Ib SO2
.'.Emission factor is 0.064 Ib SO2/ton or 0.032 kg S02
per metric ton asphalt produced
4. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
a. Concentration of hydrocarbon (HC) in stack gas = 42.3 ppm
b. Gas flow rate through the stack = 32,350 ฑ 5,133 ft3/min
c. Density of hydrocarbons emitted18 ^ 0.0448 lb/ft3
d. Production rate during sampling = 130 tons/hr
e. 106 ft3 of stack gas contain 42.3 ft3 HC
.'.32,350 ft3 of stack gas contain 42.3/106 x 32,350 ft3 HC
= 1.37 ft3 HC
f. 1 ft3 of HC weighs 0.0448 Ib
.-.1.37 ft3 HC weigh 0.0448 lb/ft3 x 1.37 ft3 = 0.061 Ib
g. In 1 minute, 0.061 Ib HC flows through the stack
.'.In 60 minutes, 3.68 Ib HC flow through the stack
h. 130 tons of asphalt produced per hr emit 3.68 Ib HC
.-.1 ton of asphalt produced emits 0.028 Ib HC
/.Emission factor is 0.028 Ib EC/ton or 0.014 kg HC per
metric ton asphalt produced
151
-------
5. ALDEHYDES
a. Concentration of aldehydes in stack gas = 14.8 ppm ฑ 33%
b. Gas flow rate through stack = 32,350 ft3/min
c. Density of acetaldehyde18 = 0.1235 lb/ft3
d. Production rate during sampling = 130 tons/hr
e. 106 ft3 of stack gas contain 14.8 ft3 aldehydes
.'.32,350 ft3 stack gas contain 14.8/106 x 32,350 ft3
aldehydes = 0.48 ft3 aldehydes
f. 1 ft3 aldehyde weighs 0.1235 Ib
.'.0.48 ft3 aldehyde weighs 0.059 Ib
g. In 1 minute, 0.059 Ib aldehyde flows through the stack
.'.In 60 minutes, 3.55 Ib aldehyde flow through the stack
h. 176.4 tons of asphalt produced per hr emit 3.55 Ib aldehyde
.'.1 ton of asphalt produced emits 0.020 Ib aldehydes
.'.Emission factor is 0.020 Ib aldehydes/ton or 0.0101 kg
aldehydes/metric ton asphalt produced
6. EMISSIONS FROM THE MIXER
To calculate emission factors for materials emitted from the
mixer, it is essential to determine the volume of gas leaving
the mixer every time hot mix is dumped. No data are available,
but we can safely assume that gases leaving the mixer will be
less than the gases leaving the stack. By using the gas flow
rate through the stack and the concentrations determined by
The Asphalt Institute, we can calculate maximum emission rates
of materials.
152
-------
We learned from field sampling that the average dumping time
is 8 seconds.
Stack flow rate per minute <916 dscm/min
/.Mixer flow rate <916/60 x 8 dscm/min
.-.Mixer flow rate is <^120 dscm/min
APPENDIX G. ASPHALT HOT MIX DRYER DRUM INDUSTRY
Sixteen dryer drum asphalt hot mix plants responded to an
asphalt industry survey. Table G-l is a summary of Questions
Numbers 1 through 28 on the survey form for dryer drum
asphalt hot mix plants.
Table G-2 shows the production rate, hours of operation, and
types of control equipment used by the reporting companies.
These data were used to calculate emission rate in pounds per
ton. The emission rate was calculated in three groups of
conditions:
a. Using no control equipment
b. Using only the primary collector
c. Using both primary and secondary collectors
Table G-3 lists the type of control equipment, its efficiency,
and the emission factor when such equipment is used. Table
G-4 lists the above mentioned three groups of emission rates
and reported stack heights. These data were used to cal-
culate the source severity for the operating plants for
group a, b, and c conditions.
The average particulate emission rate for dryer drum asphalt
plants has been calculated to be 0 to 12 pounds per hour.
The average hours of operation for dryer drum plants is
907 ฑ 330 hours per year. Dryer drum plants represent
2.6% of the asphalt industry. There were an estimated 4,300
asphalt plants in operation in the United States in 1975.
153
-------
Table G-l. SUMMARY OP DRYER DRUM ASPHALT
HOT MIX INDUSTRY SURVEY DATA
Question
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6a
6b
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Information requested
Use by process type
Plant mobility
Shut down operations for the
Winter
Percent of plants automated
Average capacity of mixer,
metric tons (tons)
Average production rats,
metric tons/hr (tons/hr)
Average production rate,
103 metric tons/yr (103 tons/yr)
Number of months the plant
operates per year
Average stack height, m (ft)
Aggregate composition
Gravel
Sand
Stone
Limestone
Slag
Other
Grades of asphalt used
AC-3
AC-5
AC- 6
AC-8
AC-10
AC-20
AC-40
AC-120
AC-250
AC-2000
60-70
70-85
85-100
120-150
Others
Type of fuel used
Gas
Oil
Grades of fuel oil used
No. 2 oil
No. 3 oil
No. 4 oil
No. 5 oil
No. 6 oil
Other
Type of release agent used
Kerosene
Fuel Oil
Chemical
None
Dryer drum process
Permanent
2.
1.3%
50.0%
100%
3.0 ฑ 1.30
(3.33 ฑ 1.43)
240 ฑ 102
(264 ฑ 112.4)
200 ฑ 120
(222 ฑ 132.3
8.6 ฑ 2.1
11.3 ฑ 4.5
(37.1 ฑ 14.6)
29%
29%
-
42%
-
-
-
-
-
-
25%
38%
-
-
-
-
13%
-
25%
-
-
71%
29%
67%
-
-
33%
-
-
-
75%
25%
Mobile
6%
1.3%
75.0%
100,%
7.3
(8)
190 ฑ 85.6
(296 ฑ 94.4)
130 ฑ 77
(145 ฑ 84.9)
7.4 ฑ 2.0
6.1 ฑ 1.4
(20.1 ฑ 4.7)
50%
25%
13%
13%
-
-
-
-
-
-
11%
11%
-
-
-
-
-
-
22%
11%
44%
0%
100%
29%
-
14%
14%
14%
29%
14%
43%
29%
14%
1 SA
-------
Table G-l (continued). SUMMARY OF DRYER DRUM
ASPHALT HOT MIX INDUSTRY SURVEY DATA
Question
No.
Information requested
Dryer drum process
Permanent
Mobile
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
_a
28
Percent having storage
facilities for hot mix
Average capacity of storage
facility,'Mg (tons)
Percent using a primary
collector
Type of primary collector
Settling chamber
Cyclone
Multicyclone
Other
Percent using secondary
collector
Type of secondary collector
Gravity spray tower
Cyclone scrubber
Venturi scrubber
Orifice scrubber
Baghouse
Other
Percent using tertiary
collector
Percent using settling pond
Percent recycling water
Percent recycling fines
collected from secondary
collector
Percant covering hot mix with
tarpaulin during haul
Percent controlling emissions
from the asphalt storage tanks
Percent using recycled
crankcase oil as fuel
Additional control devices
Paved/sprinkled yards
Waste dust bins
Fugitive fan (for dust)
Blue smoke system
Two stage multicyclone
Bag collector
Baghouse
Wet fan
Wet wash (prewash)
Stockpile sprinklers
Spray tubes
Mist eliminator
Spray tower
Cyclone scrubber
Double scrubber
Wet scrubber
Venturi scrubber
Dynamic precipitator
Mixed gas incinerator
75%
220 ฑ 153 96 + 63
(246 ฑ 168.3) (106 ฑ 69.5)
635
17%
50%
17%
17%
75%
14%
14%
43%
14%
14%
50%
63%
57%
43%
57%
0%
13%
50%
40%
40%
20%
75%
60%
40%
0%
63%
50%
29%
43%
0%
38%
12.5%
12.5%
12.5%
Question No. 27 is not applicable.
155
-------
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Table G-3. EFFICIENCY OF DRYER DRUM
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Type of
control
Uncontrolled
Settling
chamber
Cyclone
Mult icy clone
Gravity
spray tower
Cyclone
scrubber
Venturi or
orifice
scrubber
Baghouse
Efficiency
%
-
66.7
96.2
99.3
99.1
99.3
99.9
99.98
Emission factors
g/kg
0.10
0.033
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8.89 x I0~k
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8.9 x 10~5
2.2 x 10~5
Ib/ton
0.198
0.066
7.48 x 10~3
1.33 x 10~3
1.76 x 10~3
1.33 x 10~3
1.76 x 10~4
4.36 x 10~5
Therefore, the total number of dryer drum plants has been
estimated to be 119. These data were used to calculate total
mass particulate emissions from the dryer drum asphalt
industry. The result is an emission rate of 230 tons per
year, which corresponds to 0.001% of the total mass particulate
in the United States.
Assuming use of no control equipment, use of only primary
collectors, and use of reported primary and secondary control
equipment, the total mass and percent contribution to parti-
culate emissions from all stationary sources in the United
States by dryer drum plants were summarized as shown in
Table G-5.
157
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-------
APPENDIX H. STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL ASPHALT PAVEMENT
ASSOCIATION ON SOURCE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT
FOR ASPHALT HOT MIX
The National Asphalt Pavement Association and its Environmental Control
Committee are indebted to the Monsanto Research Corporation, and especially
to Mr. T. W. Hughes and Mr. Z. S. Khan, for the opportunity to comment on
this report. We especially thank the project leaders for consulting with
us during the inception and preparation of this report in several meetings.
We are pleased by the fact that the report reflects an understanding and
the consideration of the special characteristics of the hot-mix industry.
We also thank Dr. Denny, Mr. Baker and Mr. Turner who gave us the oppor-
tunity to provide assistance and data for this document.
The general description of the industry has been covered extremely
well in general terms and in sufficient depth for the purpose of this report.
The evaluation of the Plant Survey shows that the asphalt hot-mix
industry reduced emissions from a high of 525,000 tons in 1970 to 70,000
tons in 1975 (Fig. 14, page 62). This amounts to a reduction by a factor
of over 7, while production increased during most of this time. This
decrease is not a result of legislation and regulation alone, but to a
major extent voluntary efforts in emission reduction by this industry.
The projection of the further development of particulate control is
shown on best case and worst case basis (Fig. 14, page 62). The representatives
of this industry feel that even further reduction can be achieved as the
asphalt hot-mix industry upgrades its existing facilities even while ex-
panding its production.
The raw survey data (Ref. Table C-2) less the three questionable
emission rates (ib./hr.) were grouped into three categories.
Group 1 consisted of 52 plants with emission rates from 102 Ib./hr.
to 510 Ib./hr. The majority of plants in this group had either uncontrolled
emissions or cyclones as control devices. It is felt that these plants are
probably pre-EPA and should be considered for early retirement.
Group 2 consisted of 87 plants with emission rates from 20 Ib./hr. to
101.99 Ib./hr. By looking at the type of control devices, the hours of
operation and the tonnage per year, it was felt that this group represented
the average emission group for pre-EPA plants.
Group 3 consisted of 259 plants with emission rates from .52 Ib./hr.
to 19-99 Ib./hr. The majority of plants in this group have a baghouse or
a venturi scrubber as a control device. Based on tonnage and hours operated,
the remainder of this group exhibited low emissions. It was felt that this
group represented the plants sold after EPA guidelines were issued.
160
-------
New mean emission rates and hours of operation were calculated for
each group:
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
MEAN EMISSION
LB/HR
252.2
46.6
4.1
MEAN HOURS OPERATION
663
641
670
It was assumed that the plant industry would experience a new sales
growth rate of k%%. Of that 4i%, 3% would be real fleet growth, while \ฑ%
would be replacement plant sales. Both types of sales would be of plants
that meet EPA standards thus decreasing the population of Group 1 and in-
creasing the population of Group 3- Group 2's population would probably
experience upgrading and modernization which would decrease the emission
rate but the population would remain stable. We did not attempt to account
for this emission decrease.
By applying the above growth assumptions to the 1975 estimate of plants,
we see the following totals for 1978:
3989 @ 4i% New Sales Growth = 4552
3989 @ 3% New Sales Growth = 4359
Decrease in Group 1
193
We can then proportion the survey population to Monsanto's 1975 asphalt
plant population, apply the growth rates and run through the equation to
arrive at estimated 1978 emissions. It was assumed that emission rates and
hours of operation would remain the same as 1975-
SURVEY POP.
GROUP
GROUP
GROUP
1
2
3
52
87
259
1975 ASPH.
PLANTS
521
872
2,596
1978 ASPH.
PLANTS
328
872
3,159
EMISSION
RATE LB/HR
252.2
46.6
4.1
HRS. TONS OF
OPER. = EMISSIONS
663 27,422
641 13,024
670 44,785
This results in 44,785 tons or 40,640 metric tons of emissions as compared
to Monsanto's worst case analysis of 73,000 metric tons. This is a 44% decrease.
In addition to the above, the industry's trend toward the utilization of
drum mixers will further reduce emissions (Table G-2, page 159, Table 9, page 46)
At this time, the estimated percentages in regard to new plant sales favors the
drum mixer process by as much as 85%, compared to 15% of the sale of the more
161
-------
conventional hot-mix batch plant. Substantial efforts are underway at this time
to make possible the utilization of baghouses on drum mixers.
Great caution should be exercised in using the emission rates contained
in Table 23 (page 6) since these values are based on emissions from a "typical
plant" (Table 15, page 53)- For instance: In Maryland, the State enforces an
emission rate of 0.03 gr./scfd (70 mg. per m3) under the State Implementation
Plan or approximately maximum 11 Ibs. per hour for representative plant, while
the report uses 48 Ibs./hr. for the calculation for statewide hot-mix emissions.
A most recent survey of hot-mix asphalt plants commissioned by EPA shows
that over 4,500 plants share in the production of the 310,000,000 tons of
asphalt pavement mixtures so that the average facility will produce 68,900 tons
of mix per year. This would result in 460 hrs. per year of production at a
rate of 150 tons/hr. The average operating times of hot-mix asphalt plants
in this report are averaged at 666 hr./yr. Recently EPA's operating times
for such facilities have been claimed to average at 4,200 hr./yr. which is quite
doubtful in the light of NAPA and Monsanto findings.
Although one might find the particulate emission factors valid within
the scope of this report and on the basis of the returns from the questionnaire,
the TLV' s proposed in this report do not reflect reasonable judgment. At this
time, there are two TLV's in existence for application in this document:
1. TLV for asphalt fumes which is 5 mgr/m ,
2. TLV for coal tar pitch volatiles (Benzene, soluble fraction of 0.2 mgr/m .
The results from the tests of asphalt fume emissions from asphalt hot-mix
plants prove that the chemical constituents of coal tar pitch volatiles are
entirely different and much more hazardous than those of asphalt fumes. There-
fore, the 5 mgr/m-5 asphalt fume TLV should apply which already contain a safety
factor. In setting the source severity factors in this report, the 0.2 coal
tar pitch TLV was applied.
In addition, the TLV for suspected carcinogens was reduced again to 1
microgram/m3. In researching the background, such a TLV could not be found.
The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, which is
considered the sole source for developing and setting TLV's, trademarked this
term. Therefore, the term "TLV" should not be used, since it can lead to the
assumption that such a TLV was arrived at and supported through thorough testing
by the ACGIH.
In essence, the safety factor for source severity has been calculated to
be 5,000 times stricter than the initial TLV set by ACGIH.
The effect on humans has not been established since there are no valid
data, such as precondition time of exposure and contributing factors. One
single complaint on asphalt fumes in more than 11,000 man hours cannot be
considered to be supportive of such a prohibitively stringent standard. One
state reports 14 cases of dermatitis resulting from contact with asphalt; yet
162
-------
three large roofing companies report no evidence of ill health attributable
to asphalt, although roofers experience a much more close contact with
asphalt than for instance asphalt pavers. As a matter of fact, "old timers"
even today determine the quality of a paving asphalt by chewing it. Doctors
Baylor and Weaver concluded that ... "petroleum asphalt cannot rationally
be considered a hazardous substance."
The attached table serves to highlight these factors.
CONCLUSION:
The basis on which the source assessment document has been prepared is in
its entirety a most valuable report and guide for the control of emissions
from asphalt hot-mix plants.
The status of the particulate control is in general terms similar to the
expectations of the industry. These emission factors will have to be updated
from time to time to verify the predictions contained within this report.
Where we disagree with the source assessment document is the severity
factor for polycyclic organic materials. There is neither a substantiation nor
reasoning contained in this report which would explain a safety factor of 5,000
times more severe than that of the American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygienists which has been globally recognized as the standard setting
agency for such materials. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health is studying asphalt fumes presently and there is no indication that
a proposed standard in excess of that of the ACGIH is contemplated.
We are aware of the fact that the general public is more susceptible to
POM's than the American worker; however, it must be recognized that a safety
factor of 5,000 is beyond any reasonable precaution to protect the health of
the publi c.
We, therefore, propose that a safety factor of 100 as shown in Table I8~a
be adopted.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment on this essentially fine document.
Milton F. Masters, Chairman of the NAPA Environmental Control Committee
James R. Tillman, Member of the NAPA Environmental Control Committee
W. Dean Cherry, Member of the NAPA Environmental Control Committee
W. Con Proctor, Member of the NAPA Environmental Control Committee
Paul R. Langston, Member of the NAPA Environmental Control Committee
Fred Kloiber, NAPA Director of Engineering & Operations
June 2k, 1977
FK/pmd
163
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164
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GLOSSARY'
AGGREGATE - Any hard, inert, mineral material used for mixing
in graduated fragments. It includes sand, gravel, crushed
stone, and slag.
ASPHALT - A dark brown to black cementitious material in
which the predominating constituents are bitumens which occur
in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing.
ASPHALT BASE COURSE - A foundation course consisting of
mineral aggregate, bound together with asphaltic material.
ASPHALT CEMENT - Asphalt that is refined to meet specifica-
tions for paving, industrial, and special purposes. Its
penetration is usually between 40 and 300. The term is often
abbreviated A.C.
ASPHALT CONCRETE - High quality, thoroughly controlled hot
mixture of asphalt cement and well-graded, high quality
aggregate, thoroughly compacted into a uniform dense mass.
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS - Pavements consisting of a surface course
of mineral aggregate coated and cemented together with
asphalt cement on supporting courses such as asphalt bases;
crushed stone, slag, or gravel; or on portland cement concrete,
brick, or block pavement.
ASPHALT SURFACE COURSE - The top course of an asphalt pave-
ment, sometimes called asphalt wearing course.
BASE COURSE - The layer of material immediately beneath the
surface or intermediate course. It may be composed of crushed
stone, crushed slag, crushed or uncrushed gravel and sand,
or combinations of these materials. It also may be bound
with asphalt.
BITUMEN - A mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous
origin, or a combination of both; frequently accompanied by
nonmetallic derivatives which may be gaseous, liquid, semi-
solid, or solid; and which are completely soluble in carbon
disulfide.
165
-------
COARSE AGGREGATE - That retained on the No. 8 sieve.
COARSE-GRADED AGGREGATE - One having a continuous grading in
sizes of particles from coarse through fine with a predomi-
nance of coarse sizes.
FINE AGGREGATE - That passing the No. 8 sieve.
FINE-GRADED AGGREGATE - One having a continuous grading in
sizes of particles from coarse through fine with a predomi-
nance of fine sizes.
LIQUID ASPHALT - An asphaltic material having a soft or fluid
consistency that is beyond the range of measurement by the
normal penetration test, the limit of which is 300 maximum.
Liquid asphalts include cutback asphalts and emulsified
asphalts.
Cutback Asphalt - Asphalt cement which has been liquefied
by blending with petroleum solvents (also called diluents),
as for the RC and MC liquid asphalts (see a and b below).
Upon exposure to atmospheric conditions the diluents
evaporate, leaving the asphalt cement to perform its
function.
a. Rapid-Curing (RC) Asphalt - Liquid asphalt composed
of asphalt cement and a naphtha or gasoline-type diluent
of high volatility.
b. Medium-Curing (MC) Asphalt - Liquid asphalt composed
of asphalt cement and a kerosene-type diluent of medium
volatility.
c. Slow-Curing (SC) Asphalt - Liquid asphalt composed
of asphalt cement and oils of low volatility.
d. Road-Oil - A heavy petroleum oil, usually one of
the Slow-Curing (SC) grades of liquid asphalt.
Emulsified Asphalt - An emulsion of asphalt cement and
water which contains a small amount of an emulsifying agent,
a heterogeneous system containing two normally immiscible
phases (asphalt and water) in which the water forms the
continuous phase of the emulsion, and minute globules of
asphalt form the discontinuous phase. Emulsified asphalts
may be of either the anionic, electro-negatively charged
asphalt globules, or cationic, electro-positively charged
asphalt globule types, depending upon the emulsifying agent.
An emulsified asphalt in which the continuous phase is
asphalt, usually an RC or MC liquid asphalt, and the dis-
continuous phase is minute globules of water in relatively
small quantities is called an inverted emulsified asphalt.
This type emulsion may also be either anionic or cationic.
166
-------
MACADAM AGGREGATE - A coarse aggregate of uniform size usually
of crushed stone, slag, or gravel.
MINERAL DUST - The portion of the fine aggregate passing the
No. 200 sieve.
MINERAL FILLER - A finely divided mineral product at least
70 percent of which will pass a No. 200 sieve. Pulverized
limestone is the most commonly manufactured filler, although
other stone dust, hydrated lime, portland cement, and certain
natural deposits of finely divided mineral matter are also
used.
NATURAL (NATIVE) ASPHALT - Asphalt occurring in nature which
has been derived from petroleum by natural processes of
evaporation of volatile fractions leaving the asphalt
fractions. The native asphalts of most importance are found
in the Trinidad and Bermudez Lake deposits. Asphalt from
these sources often is called Lake Asphalt.
OPEN-GRADED AGGREGATE - One containing little or no mineral
filler or in which the void spaces in the compacted aggregate
are relatively large.
PETROLEUM ASPHALT - Asphalt refined from crude petroleum.
SUBBASE - The course in the asphalt pavement structure
immediately below the base course is called the subbase
course. If the subgrade soil is of adequate quality it may
serve as the subbase.
SUBGRADE - The soil prepared to support a structure or a
pavement system. It is the foundation for the pavement
structure. The subgrade soil sometimes is called "basement
soil" or "foundation soil."
WELL-GRADED AGGREGATE - Aggregate that is graded from the
maximum size down to filler with the object of obtaining an
asphalt mix with a controlled void content and high stability.
167
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REFERENCES
1. Laster, L. L. Atmospheric Emissions from the Asphalt
Industry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development. Research Triangle Park.
Report No. EPA-650/2-73-046 (PB 227 372). December
1973. 36 p.
2. Private correspondence. Fred Kloiber, National Asphalt
Pavement Association, to Monsanto Research Corporation.
October 7, 1975.
3. Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1973-74.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 56. 31 p.
4. Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Second Edition.
Danielson, J. A. (ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park. Publication No. AP-40,
May 1973. 987 p.
5. Asphalt as a Material. The Asphalt Institute. College
Park. Information Series No. 93 (IS-93). Revised
June 1973. 16 p.
6. Jones, H. R. Pollution Control in the Petroleum
Industry. Pollution Technology Review No. 4. Park
Ridge, Noyes Data Corporation, 1973. 349 p.
7. Larson, T. D. Portland Cement and Asphalt Concretes.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1963. 282 p.
8. A Brief Introduction to Asphalt and Some of Its Uses,
Seventh Edition. Manual Series No. 5 (MS-5). College
Park, The Asphalt Institute, September 1974. 74 p.
9. Specifications for Paving and Industrial Asphalts,
1974-1975 Edition. Specification Series No. 2 (SS-2).
College Park, The Asphalt Institute, issued September
1974. 50 p.
168
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10. The Asphalt Handbook. Manual Series No. 4 (MS-4).
College Park, The Asphalt Institute, March 1966.
p. 129-134.
11. Crim, J. A., and W. D. Snowden. Asphaltic Concrete
Plants Atmospheric Emissions Study. Valentine, Fisher
& Tomlinson, EPA Contract 68-02-0076. Seattle.
November 1971. 101 p.
12. Friedrich, H. E. Air Pollution Control Practices.
Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Batch Plants. Journal of the
Air Pollution Control Association. 19:924-928,
December 1969.
13. Patankar, U. Inspection Manual for Enforcement of New
Performance Standards: Asphalt Concrete Plants. JACA
Corp., EPA Contract 68-02-1356, Task 2. Fort
Washington. June 1975. 79 p.
14. Background Information for Proposed New Source
Performance Standards: Asphalt Concrete Plants,
Petroleum Refineries, Storage Vessels, Secondary Lead
Smelters and Refineries, Brass or Bronze Ingot
Production Plants, Iron and Steel Plants, and Sewage
Treatment Plants. Volume 1, Main Text. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water
Programs. Research Triangle Park. Report No. APTD-1352a
(PB 221 736). June 1973. 61 p.
15. Private correspondence. James F. Denton, Warren Brothers
Company, to Monsanto Research Corporation. May 7, 1975.
16. Asphalt Industry Survey. Monsanto Research Corporation.
Dayton. Conducted through the National Asphalt Pavement
Association. November 12, 1975. 24 p.
17. Primary and Secondary Collection Systems for Environ-
mental Control (Proceedings from NAPA's 15th Annual
Midyear Meeting, July 30 - August 1, 1971, and the 17th
Annual Convention, January 4-14, 1972). National
Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale. Information
Series 38.
18. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition. Perry,
J. H., and C. H. Chilton (eds.). New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1973.
19. Dickson, P. F. Heating and Drying of Aggregate.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
May 1971. 50 p.
-------
20. The Operation of Exhaust Systems in the Hot Mix Plant -
Efficiency and Emission Control. National Asphalt
Pavement Association. Riverdale. Information Series
52. 1975. 51 p.
21. Background Information for Establishment of National
Standards of Performance for New Sources. Asphalt
Batch Plants. Environmental Engineering, Inc.
Gainesville. EPA Contract CPA 70-142, Task Order No. 2.
15 March 1971.
22. Terrel, R. L., et al. Asphalt Paving Mixtures Produced
by the Dryer-Drum Process. Prepared for Federal Highway
Administration, Olympia, by University of Washington,
Seattle, and Federal Highway Administration, Vancouver.
Final Report (PB 212 854). August 1972. 134 p.
23. Schreter, R. E. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Formation in
Aggregate Dryers. Hauck Manufacturing Company. July
21, 1973. 13 p.
24. Environmental Pollution Control at Hot Mix Asphalt
Plants. National Asphalt Pavement Association.
Riverdale. Information Series 27. 23 p.
25. Asphalt Hot-Mix Emission Study. The Asphalt Institute.
College Park. Research Report 75-1 (RR-75-1). March
1975. 103 p.
26. Puzinauskas, V. P., and L. W. Corbett. Report on
Emissions from Asphalt Hot Mixes. The Asphalt Institute.
(Presented at the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc.
American Chemical Society meeting. Chicago. August
1975.) 20 p.
27. Chalekode, P. K., J. A. Peters, and T. R. Blackwood.
Source Assessment: Crushed Granite. Monsanto Research
Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Prelimi-
nary document submitted to the EPA, July 1975. 62 p.
28. Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assess-
ment: Crushed Limestone. Monsanto Research Corporation,
EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Preliminary document
submitted to the EPA, February 1976. 59 p.
29. Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assess-
ment: Crushed Sandstone, Quartz, and Quartzite.
Monsanto Research Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1874.
Dayton. Preliminary document submitted to the EPA,
August 1975. 59 p.
170
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30. Blackwood, T. R., P. K. Chalekode, and R. A. Wachter.
Source Assessment: Crushed Stone. Monsanto Research
Corporation. Dayton. Report No. MRC-DA-536. Prelimi-
nary document submitted to the EPA, February 1976.
108 p.
31. Chalekode, P. K., and T. R. Blackwood. Source Assess-
ment: Transport of Sand and Gravel. Monsanto Research
Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1874. Dayton. Prelimi-
nary document submitted to the EPA, December 1974.
86 p.
32. Air Pollution Regulations Study. National Asphalt
Pavement Association. Riverdale. Information Series 49.
1973.
33. New Source Performance Standards for New or Modified
Asphalt Concrete Plants. Federal Register. 38:15407,
June 11, 1973.
34. New Source Performance Standards for New or Modified
Asphalt Concrete Plants. Federal Register. 39:9314,
March 8, 1974.
35. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
Park. Publication No. AP-42. April 1973. p. 8.1-8.4.
36. Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter - Biologic Effects
of Atmospheric Pollutants. Washington, National Academy
of Sciences, 1972. p. 6-12.
37. Private correspondence. Asphalt Paving Hot Mix Industry
response to Environmental Protection Agency comment.
17 p.
38. Cavender, J. H., et al. Nationwide Air Pollutant
Emission Trends 1940-1970. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs. Research
Triangle Park. Publication No. AP-115. January 1973.
52 p.
39. Vandegrift, A. E., et al. Particulate Pollutant System
Study. Volume III - Handbook of Emission Properties.
Midwest Research Institute, EPA Contract CPA 22-69-104.
Kansas City. May 1971. 607 p.
40. Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington.
Publication No. AP-51 (PB 190 253). January 1969. 215 p.
171
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41. Status Summary of Different Industries - Asphalt Plants.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.
24_:1190-1191, December 1974.
42. Reigel, S. A., et al. Baghouses - What to Know Before
You Buy. Pollution Engineering. May 1973. p. 32-34.
43. Abraham, H. Asphalts and Allied Substances, Fifth
Edition. Volume I. New York, D. Van Nostrand Company,
Inc., January 1945. 887 p.
44. Good Housekeeping - Your Responsibility. National
Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale. Information
Series 43. 24 p.
45. Foster, C. R., and F. Kloiber. Fuel Conservation.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale. 7 p.
46. Foster, C. R. The Future for Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. (Presented at
the 1976 International Public Works Congress of the
American Public Works Association. New Orleans.
September 1975.) 4 p.
47. Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1970.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 35. 24 p.
48. Hot Mix Asphalt - Plant and Production Facts, 1972.
National Asphalt Pavement Association. Riverdale.
Information Series 46. 32 p.
49. Background Information for New Source Performance
Standards: Asphalt Concrete Plants, Petroleum Refineries,
Storage Vessels, Secondary Lead Smelters and Refineries,
Brass and Bronze Ingot Production Plants, Iron and Steel
Plants and Sewage Treatment Plants. Volume 3, Promul-
gated Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park. Report No. EPA-450/2-74-003
(PB 231 601). February 1974. 150 p.
50. Comprehensive Study of Specified Air Pollution Sources
to Assess the Economic Impact of Air Quality Standards,
Volume I. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park. Report No. FR 41U-649
(PB 222 857). August 1972. 377 p.
51. Turner, D. B. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion
Estimates. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. Cincinnati. Public Health Service Publication
No. 999-AP-26. May 1970. 84 p.
172
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52. Martin, D. O., and J. A. Tikvart. A General Atmospheric
Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects of Air Quality
of One or More Sources. (Presented at 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. St.
Paul. June 23-27, 1968.) 18 p.
53. Tadmor, J., and Y. Gur. Analytical Expressions for the
Vertical and Lateral Dispersion Coefficients in
Atmospheric Diffusion. Atmospheric Environment.
3_:688-689, 1969.
54. Gifford, F. A., Jr. An Outline of Theories of Diffusion
in the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. In: Meteorology
and Atomic Energy 1968, Chapter 3. Slade, D. A. (ed.).
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Technical Information
Center. Oak Ridge. Publication No. TID-24190. July
1968. p. 113.
55. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42 - Public Health,
Chapter IV - Environmental Protection Agency, Part 410 -
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards, April 28, 1971. 16 p.
56. Metric Practice Guide. American Society for Testing and
Materials. Philadelphia. ASTM Designation: E 380-74.
November 1974, 34 p.
173
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-107n
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO,
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SOURCE ASSESSMENT: Asphalt Hot Mix
6 REPORT DATE
December 1977 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Z. S. Khan and T. W. Hughes
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
MRC-DA-542
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road
Dayton, Ohio 45407
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO
68-02-1874
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Lab,
)ffice of Research and Development
J.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Cincinnati, OH
3. TYPE Or REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final 8/74-7/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
600/12
JPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IERL-Ci project leader for this report is Ronald J. Turner,
513-684-4481.
16. ABSTRACT
This report summarizes data on air emissions from the asphalt hot mix
industry. A representative asphalt hot mix plant was defined, based on
the results of an industrial survey, to assess the severity 'of emissions
from this industry. Source severity was defined as the ratio of the
maximum time-averaged ground level concentration of an emission to the
primary ambient air quality standard for criteria pollutants or to a
modified threshold limit value for noncriteria pollutants. For a rep-
resentative plant, source severities for particulate, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are 4.02, 1.83, 0.67,
0.96, and 0.01, respectively. Source severities for POM's and aldehydes
are 0.14 and 0.13, respectively. The report describes the manufacture
of asphalt hot mix, emissions produced, sources of emissions, the
growth and nature of the industry and the status of pollution control
technology.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Assessments
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Air Pollution Control
Source Assessment
Source Severity
COSATI Field/Group
68 A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS (This Krportj
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
2O SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
192
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (1-73)
174
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