-------
Section 9 indicates that the Secretary of Natural  Resources can
request a waste oil recovery program, and that costs for the
program "shall be borne by the person against whom...the order was
issued...and that the Service shall determine...the costs, rental
charges or other fees to be paid by the person to the Service."

MES would use these funds to pay the collectors directly for all
waste oils delivered to the State facility.  It would replace the
fee the collector charges each source for pickup.   This mode of
operation will induce the collector to pick up all oil sources and
deliver these oils to the State facility.  Care must be exercised
to include specifications for waste oil quality and source
identification lest the collector mix incompatible sources or add
unwanted volumes to increase the volumes delivered.
  3.   To implement a continuing management function —

The activities, services and facilities which must be provided in a
total Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse Program include:

                a)  Collection
                b)  Receiving
                c)  Intermediate storage
                d)  Central storage
                e)  Processing
                f)  Product marketing
                g)  Non-recoverable waste oil
                    handling and disposal
                h)  Disposal of reprocessing
                    plant bottoms
                i)  Off-site process residue
                    disposal
                j)  Wastewater treatment
                k)  Dispatching
                1)  Analytical services
                m)  Computer operation for -
                    billing, processing, and
                    compliance


Management alternatives are presented in Table 28.

Each alternative for most of the cost centers that include private
participation requires monitoring.  For example,  if the collectors
get paid per gallon of waste oil, the product they deliver must be
analyzed and matched against specifications, or the original  waste
oil may be diluted with water or incompatible additives.
                                88

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At intermediate storage facilities, an appropriate sampling program
would have to be developed to ensure proper billing to sources and
reimbursement to collectors for delivered oil.

Each facet of the program must be analyzed from the special viewpoint
of ensuring receipt of the highest quality product possible within
the limits of the variability of the waste oils generated.

The two key areas that require further development are the analytical
techniques and computer programs.

Analytical Techniques

In all likelihood the range of quality of waste oil fron each source
would remain within reasonable limits.  However, it would be-, necessary
for the collector or processor and MES to be able to document this as
the program advances due to the direct impact on reimbursement, proces-
sing parameters, products produced, volumes incinerated and the actual
billing for each source.

Each collector should utilize a field sampling kit to obtain and
analyze samples from each source for comparison with specifications
and previous pickups.  This would provide a basis for expectations
for reimbursement, verification of reimbursement and focusing for
subsequent remedial or compliance actions by the source or by MES.

Sampling  and/or analytical facilities are required at each storage
site for  the above mentioned needs.

Each source identification and respective analysis should be logged
for subsequent comparison or reference.  This can be accomplished
with the  judicious use of a computer.


Computer  Uses

Dispatching collectors, compliance record keeping, billing, waste
oil segregation records keeping and assessment, data processing
and plant operations, non-recoverable waste oil operating conditions,
environmental data logging, economic analyses, sensitivity analyses  and
accounting are all functions which can be readily computerized.


 It is necessary to be able to utilize the computer in a real time
mode  such as for dispatching collectors for waste oil pickups in the
most  economical sequence or time frame.   It will also be  invaluable
for billing purposes and for process forecasting.  The judicious
use of a  computer program, and systems, will minimize program costs
and personnel  required for operations.
                                   91

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4.    All  waste oils are reprocessed or disposed of in an
     en vironmentally-acceptab 1 e manner —

     a)  Use as road oil.

     Tests performed by the Environmental  Protection Agency
     (EPA-R2-72-054, 1972) indicate that the use of waste
     oils for road  oiling  results in a significant potential
     for degradation of surface waters.  The characteristics
     of lube oils and the  modifications of various additives
     included in virgin lube oils are the antithesis of a
     good road oil.  Conclusions from the report indicate:

         1)  Although the  road  was oiled in excess of
             12 years, only the top one inch of soil
             had any oil  penetration;

         2)  From on-site  and lab investigations,
             approximately 75 percent of the applied
             oil soon leaves the road by flotation,
             following precipitation; and

         3)  High concentrations of lead were found
             in the runoff which detrimentally
             affected receiving waters.

 According to the Asphalt Institute, road oiling should be by the
 application of:

       "...heavy petroleum oil,  usually a slow-curing asphalt, to
       an earthen surface.   Under favorable conditions, three or
       more years of oiling treatments will change an earthen road
       into a stable, oiled road.  Repeated treatments reduce
       water absorption in the subgrade to a depth sufficient to
       develop a thickness of road structure that will carry
       light highway traffic throughout the year..."

       "The objective in all road oiling work is a firm,dustless
       wearing course mat and a strong  subgrade  layer which will
       not  become saturated with water."   (EPA-R2-72-054.1972).
  The economics associated with road oiling indicate that it is to
  the advantage of the users not to use waste oils.   Since oiling
  with waste oils has little if any stabilizing effect on the un-
  paved road, oiling must be continued indefinitely  and the roads
  must be regraded often.  The heavy use of this physically inferior
  product and the associated labor results in more expense to the
  user than using an asphaltic base oil designed for road oiling.
                                    92

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In addition to the above, the surface water and ground water
quality may be adversely affected by unnecessary contamination by
runoff.

In conclusion, Section VII.C of Water Resources Regulation 4.02,
Prevention of Oil  Pollution, should be revised to remove waste
oils "as a binder for unpaved roads".
                                   93

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                              SECTION  IX

                          IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
INTRODUCTION
This section proposes alternatives by which the State of Maryland may
proceed with a phased implementation of a waste oil  recovery system to
collect, reclaim, reprocess, dispose, and market re-refined oils and by-
products.  To the extent that it is practical, this  system provides for
restoration of used lubricants and other oils to their original  product
specifications, if this is desirable.  These re-refined oils would be
distributed within the State for use both by State,  county, and other-
public facilities and by private citizens, corporations, and commercial
operators.

A preliminary plan and schedule for implementation of such an oil recovery
program is included here.

The five basic alternatives shown in Figure  1  imply the setting of policy
by the State and definition by the State of those factors and parameters
of greatest significance.  Briefly, those factors requiring decisions by
the State are:

     1.   The extent of the program,

     2.   Transportation (State and/or private),

     3.   Disposal to land, incineration or other (process residues
          and/or oily wastes),

     4.   Road oiling with waste oils (control of composition and
          physical properties),

     5.   Raw materials -- waste oils (Shall waste oils froir, out-
          side the State be accepted at the MES Facility?  Shall
          the State cause all waste oil to be brought to the MES
          Facility?),

     6.   Products (e.g., fuels vs. lubes),

     7.   Distribution (Shall products be used only by State
          facilities?  Shall they be marketed within the State
          and/or externally?),

     8.   Marketing  (Shall the MES market the products?  Shall
          the MES create a marketing organization?  Shall the
          MES put products out for bid sales?  Shall the private
          firms market the products?),
                                   94

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     9.   Operation and Management,

    10.   Financing, and

    11.   Site location.


GENERAL PROGRAM OPTIONS

Five basic options exist for implementation and they are represented by
the diagrams in Figure 1.

Option I consists of disposal of waste oils without reprocessing.  The
exercise of this option requires no reprocessing facility for recovery
of fuel or lube oil base stocks.  On the other hand, the fraction of
this material which is potentially recoverable is lost to reuse.  This
option does require the construction of disposal facilities, e.g., for
incineration or land disposal, or management of the wastes not currently
picked up by existing haulers, e.g., burning at existing disposal sites.
Program management and partial collection and storage facets are also
required.

The Option II alternative includes all collection and management aspects
and export out of the State to existing re-refiners.  It is possible to
expect revenues from the sale of waste oil to the re-refining operators.
A partial marketing program is required, and disposal along the lines
indicated for Option I is a necessity for those oils not marketable to
existing re-refiners.

Option III is the burning cf waste oil as a fuel, e.g., at existing power
plants, and the incineration or alternate disposal  of waste oils.  This
option preserves partial reuse of waste oil for recovery of heat value
which Option I does not.  Evaluation of effects on  burner equipment and
air quality standards should be given further consideration.  A marketing
program to find uses for unprocessed oils is also a requirement, as well
as one of the basic Phase I needs.

Option IV, for the most part, includes the construction and operation of
processing and blending facilities ard supply of fuel oil.  It appears
certain, as has been developed in Section IV, that  a market exists for
use of all fuel oil products to Maryland State Government users, exclusively.
A marketing program is required.  Option IV preserves the ability to
recover Ihe maximum available waste oil reuse potential and to produce
higher products, such as lube oil base stocks at a  later date.  A signif-
icant marketing effort will be required to dispose  of higher products.
Implementation of this option will require the highest capital investment
of all the Options.

Option V requires a marketing effort directed to the major oil companies.
A disposal program is required in addition, such as that described in
Option I.
                                   95

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PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

A choice among the options is not required before implementation of the
program is begun.  All options presented have the collection, storage,
and program management needs in common.  This suggests that this portion
of the program could be pursued immediately while later phases of a poten-
tial program are being designed.  As such, a collection system operation
schematic is presented in Figure  5.  The compliance aspects of the
program include changes to regulations, a modified permit program, and a
logging system to maintain the required program data and information in
retrievable form.  The monitoring and surveillance include analytical
activities for storage sites and collectors and the waste oil quality
verification which will determine the fate of each load collected for
any of the options.  The collection system utilizes existing haulers
through a bidding process and with the use '/f the permit mechanism.  The
storage system uses existing tank storage capacity on a lease basis ^fter
evaluating the current needs for storage and determining the existing
capability of tank farms to meet environmental and safety standards.

A possible implementation plan based specifically on the chemical-
physical plant design is presented in Figure  6.  The plant storage
and processing facilities may proceed in three steps as indicated on the
figure.  Table 28 shows plant capacity data for the various phases shown
in Figure  6.
WORRP PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES

Table 30 lists 22 alternative approaches for disposal of waste oils.  These
alternatives include the four basic options previously discussed.  These
alternatives can be rated during evaluation of alternatives to develop a
program suitable for the State of Maryland, or any other state.  Primary
advantages and disadvantages have been listed for each.

Coupled with such an evaluation, the range of products which might be
produced from a reprocessing facility (shown in Table 31) should be con-
sidered.
                                  96

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           Figure 5.  WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE  PROGRAMS

                OPERATIONAL CHART FOR COLLECTION  SYSTEM
                   Waste Oil Source requires pickup
                                   4-
                Phones MES State-wide number for  pickup
                                   4-
            MES operator acknowledges and  logs  in computer
                                   4-
            MES informs collector of pickups on future date
                                   4-
              Collector picks up waste oil  from source
                                   4-
          Collector takes sample at source  while  pumping  out
                                   4-
           Both types of sample and total  volume  are  verified
                        by source and collector
                                   I
           Source sends his completed program cards  to MES
                 Waste Oil Division for computer  log
                                   4-
                 Collector repeats at each  new  pickup
                                   4-
            Collector delivers load to MES  storage facility
                   with his completed program card
                                   4-
           MES samples truck contents and  verifies receipt
                             of contents
                                   4-
                       Samples sent for analysis
                                   4-
                         MES analyzes samples
                                   4-
              Compares sample with processing needs  and
                    general source characteristics
                                   4-
                  •*- <-•«-•«-•«- *-«-•«- < » >- ->->-»._».->_>-»._,.

MES determines need for compliance 4-  MES  sends data  to processing for
         or investigation          •*•    storage and  processing  needs
                                   4-                        ;
                 MES sends data to fiscal  for payment
                  to collector and fees from sources
                                  97

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             Figure 6.   PROPOSED MES WASTE OIL RECOVERY PLANT

                          IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
oo
£   40,000


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5   20,000
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    10,000
     8,500-
                                                       Phase III Completed
    60,000  T
    50,000  -
    30,000  --
                              Additional
                            Storage Capacity
                            Added to Increase
                         Capacity, if required
                       Phase II-
                 Max.  Capacity
                   Phase I
                                          Phase I  handles  all  crankcase
                                          oil  collections, some industrial
                                          wastes plus  disposal  needs.
           1974
                        1975         1976

                                 Calendar Year
1977
1978
                                  98

-------
                Table  29.  PLANT CAPACITY
PHASE I:
Basis:  Sequential Production, 8-Hour Day, 5-1/2 days/week
        Throughput ^  8,500 gpd
        Expansion of tank farm will permit increased
        capacity and operating time.
        Estimated maximum daily capacity  r-1  22,000 gpd;
        requires 80 percent increase in tankage.
PHASE II:
Basis:  Parallel Production, 8-Hour Day, 5-1/2 days/week
        90 percent stream factor
        Throughput r1  22,000 gpd
        Capacity  ^  36,500 gpd

PHASE III:
Basis:  Same as Phase II, except augmented storage capacity
        90 percent stream factor  -  continuous operation
        Capacity  -  maximum of  /->  60,000 gpd.
                            99

-------
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-------
Table 31.  MES WASTE OIL DISPOSAL FACILITY
           - PRODUCT SPECTRUM -
    1.  Fuel Oils
    2.  Pre-treated Lube Oil Stocks
    3.  Pre-treated Diesel Oil Stocks
    4.  Re-refined Lube Oils
    5.  Re-refined Transformer Oils
    6.  Pre-treated Hydraulic Oil Stocks
    7.  Sterile, Non-toxic Ash
    8.  Carbon Dioxide & Water Vapor
    9.  Pre-treated Gear Oil Stocks
   10.  Pre-treated Turbine Oil Stocks
   11.  Re-refined Hydraulic Oils
   12.  Re-refined Cutting Oils
   13.  Re-refined Quench Oils
   14.  Process Fuels
   15.  CaS04, CaCl2, Heavy Metal Ash
   16.  Solvents
   17.  Soap Stocks
   18.  Feed Additives
   19.  Process Feed For Others
   20.  Pre-treated Fatty Oil Stocks
                    103

-------
                              SECTION  X

                              REFERENCES

Ackerman, A.  W., "The Properties  and Classification of Metal-Working
Fluids", Lubrication Engineers (July 1969).

Association of Petroleum Re-Refiners, Letter Report (Feb.  11,  1970).

ASTM_Sp.ecja!  Publication 315, American Society for Testing Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bernard, H.,  "Embroiled in Oil",  Proceedings of Prevention & Control of
Oil Spills, Washington, D.C. (June 15-17, 1971).

Beychok, M. R., "Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical  Plants",
Wiley (1967).

Bondi, A., "Physical Chemistry of Lubricating Oils", Rheinhold Publishing
Co. (1955).

Booth, G. T., "The Oil Company's  Partner in Proper Service Station Waste
Oil Disposal  - The Collector and Prerefiner", Pape r No._FEL-72-46,
National Petroleum Refiners Association, Washington, D.C.

Chansky, S. H.  and B.  C. McCoy, "Study of the Use of Waste Crankr^p Oil
to  Improve the Municipal Incinerator Combustion Process", EPA Contract
No. 68-01-0186  (August 1972).

Chemical  Engineering,  CE Cost  File,  Vol. XI, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (Jan-Dec.1969)

Cleveland, D. M., "Reclamation of Industrial Petroleum Products",
Lubrication Engineering  (October 1950).

"Conversion of  Crankcase Waste Oil  Into  Useful  Products", National Oil
Recovery  Corp.,  EPA  Report No. 15080DBO, Bayonne, N.J., (March 1971).

Edie, L.C.,  "Traffic  Delays  at Tool  Booths", Journal of the Operations
Research  Society of America, 2, No.  2  (May  1954~T

Final Report  of the Task Force on Waste  Oil  Disposal , American Petroleum
Institute, New  York,  N.Y.

Gruse,  W.  A.,  "Motor  Oils,  Performance  & Evaluation", Rheinhold  Co.,
New York  (1967).

Hartung,  H. A.,  "Economic  Recovery  of Waste  Lubricating Oils", 30th Inter-
national  Water  Conference  of Engineers  Society  of Western Pennsylvania,
Pittsburgh,  Pa.  (Dec.  28-30,  1969).
                                     104

-------
Hoxley, L.  P., "An Overview of Planned and Current R&D on  Oil  Spill  Cleanup
Capability",  3rd Joint Meeting,  Inst. Inq.  Quim.  de P.R.  & AICHE (May  1970).

Kalichevsky, V.A., "Modern Methods of Refining Lubrication Oils", Rhein-
hold Publishing Co., N.Y.  (1938).

"Know Your Motor Oil", API No. 1507 (April 1971).

Lambrix, J. R., et al_, "The Implications of Heavy  Oil Cracking",  Chemical
Eng. Prog., 65 (Oct. 1969).

Lowther, H. V., "Lube Effects With Unleaded Gasolines", API Proceedings,
San Francisco (May 12-14,  1971).

"Lubricant Service Designations for Automotive Manual Transmission", Ameri-
can Petroleum Institute Publication (1960).

Mallatt, R. C., J. F. Brutsch and H. E. Simons, "Incinerate Sludge and
Caustic", Hydrocarbon Processing (May 1970).

Maryland Environmental Service Act of 1970, Annotated Code of Maryland,
Article 33B.

Maryland State Department of Natural Resources, Rules and Regulations,  No.
08.05.04.02.

"Oil Purification, Filtration and Reclamation", Lubrication (1947).

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill (1963).

Petrochemical Plant Effluent Treatment Practices,  FVJPCA Report No. 12020,
(Feb.  1970).

"Petroleum Facts and Figures 1971", American Petroleum Institute.

Peters, M. S. and K. D. Timmerhaus, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, McGraw-Hill (1969).

Product Data Sheets DG-2J4 and DG-2P2, Humble Oil  & Refining Co.

"Recovery and Reuse of Oil Extracted From Industrial Waste Water", Ford
Motor  Co., 23rd  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University (1968).

"Refining of Motor Oils", Lubrication  (1946).

Rek, L., "Combustion of Oil or Gas in Fluidized Beds", Proceedings, 2nd
International Conference on Fluidized Bed Comb us ti on , Publ... No.  AP-109  , EPA.

"Runoff of Oils  From Rural Roads Treated to Suppress Dust", Environmental
Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-R2-72-054, Cincinnati, Ohio (Oct. 1972).

Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1593, 1600; 29 USC 655,657).
                                     105

-------
"Sales of Lubricating Oils and Industrial  Oils  and Greases  (1969)",  U.S.
Dept. of Commerce MA-29C(69)-1 (Jan.  1971) MH-29C(71)-1  (Oct.  1972).

Schilling, A., "Motor Oils and Engine Lubrication", 2nd  Ed.,  England,
Scientific Publication Ltd.  (1968).

"Separation and Characterization of Acid Sludge",  Armour Research  Founda-
tion, Report No.  ARF 38593,  Chicago,  Illinois (May 15,  1962).

Skallerup, R. M., "Industrial  Oily Waste Control", API,  ASLE.

Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972,  Executive  Office  of the
President, OMB, Supt. of Documents,  Washington, D.C.

State of Maryland, General Services  Administration, Scheduled Procurement
Listings (1972).

"Study of Waste Oil Disposal Practices in Massachusetts", A.  D.  Little,
Inc., Report No.  C-70698.

Swain, J. W., "Disposal of Spent Industrial Lubricants", National  Petroleum
Refiners Association, Pape r No. FL-72-4T.

Tromp, F. , "Activated Carbon for Regenerating Oil",-J.  Chem. Met. Mining
Soc., S. Africa 45 (1944).

Villanova University, Water Pollution Control Demonstration,  Grant No.
WPD-174-01-67.

Waste Oil Recovery Practices.  State-of-the-Art. prepared by Environmental
Quality Systems,  Inc. for the Maryland Environmental  Service  and the
Environmental Protection Agency (1972).

Waste Oil Reprocessing, Project No.  72-5, ESSO Research & Engineering Co.,
(Jan. 1973).

Whisman, M.  L., "Waste Oil Recycling Project B.4 Report", Bart!esvilie
Energy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, USDI (March 13, 1972).

Wood, W. J.,  "Petroleum Refining With Fuller's Earth", 1962 Convention,
Association  of Petroleum Rerefiners, Miami, Florida.

Worrell, S.  F., "Rejuvenating Turbine Oils", P owe r En g i n e e r i n g (Oct. 1969).

Zuidema, "The Performance of  Lubricating Oils", Rheinhold Publishing Co.,
New  York  (1959).
                                  106

-------
                       SECTION  XI

                        APPENDICES

                                                           Page
APPENDIX  A:
     Standard Industrial Classification Categories
       Receiving Questionnaire 	 108

APPENDIX  B:
     Accuracy of the Expression for Distance
       Between Sources 	 114

APPENDIX  C:
     The "Small" Base Plant 	 119

APPENDIX  D:
     Waste Oil Recovery Unit Process Evaluations 	 124

APPENDIX  E:
     Summary of Collection System Results (PUP-PIP) 	 137

APPENDIX  F:
     Pipe Line and Barge Transport of Waste Oils 	 160

APPENDIX  G:
     Determining the Size of an Intermediate Storage
       Storage Tank (1ST) 	 165

APPENDIX  H:
     Selection of Distribution Regions -
       Questionnaires 	 169

APPENDIX  I:
     Crankcase and Industrial Waste Oil Survey 	 175

APPENDIX  J:
     Network Models 	 184

APPENDIX  K:
     Summary of Cost, Revenue and Profit (CRP)
       Model Equations 	 221

APPENDIX  L:
     Summary of Cash Flow, Revenue, Profit (CRP) 	 226

APPENDIX  M:
     Spills of Oily Material to Baltimore Harbor 	 243
                             107

-------












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-------
        ACCURACY OF THE EXPRESSION FOR DISTANCE BETWEEN SOURCES
The expression for distance between sources used in the collection
model is:
(11)                    d
                        z
     where:   Az  =  The area of the collection region

              mz  =  The number of sources in the region

This calculation assumes a row and column distribution of sources
throughout the region with equal distance between sources.  The dis-
tance dz then represents the orthogonal distance between adjacent
sources.  This is a conservative estimate in that it tends to over-
state the average distance between sources in a given region.  The
question as to the degree to which this calculation tends to overstate
distance is of interest but is impossible to answer in the absence of
exact knowledge of the distribution of sources over the region.
However, it is possible and illuminating to calculate the degree of
overstatement in a case where the sources are spread at random over
the region in question.  That is, the sources are located as if they
were dropped one  at a time onto the region's surface with any source
being'as likely to land one place as another on the surface of the
region.

Under these circumstances it may be shown that the probability of two
sources being within one segment of area within the region follows
the gamma probability law such that the probability of exactly two
sources being located within a segment of area, rmi , within the
region whose total area is Ami2 is:
                                 mzr
             f(r)  =
                                  115

-------
The expected or average area containing exactly two sources may now
be determined as:
  E(x)   =   /°f(r)dr  =
                                        on
                                        -
                                         m
The question now remaining is how far apart does one expect these
two sources to be within this segment of the region z.  Let the
area 2Az/mz have width W and height H.  Then if X represents the
distance of source one from the left side of the area and Y repre-
sents the distance from the bottom, the density functions for the
random variables X] and YI are:
                            W
fx <*!>  •
                                   elsewhere
               fy/y,)  -   1      0
-------
Define a random variable U such that U  =  Xo  - x  , the horizontal
separation between sources one and two.   men by convolution:
              yu)  = _/JVxi)fx2(u+xi)d>
-------
In the same way, the expected square of the  vertical  separation
between the sources is:

                          E(V2)   .   g!


     where:   V  =  Y2 - Y]
Now, the expected distance between the sources  is:


                   E(d)
It is known that the perimeter of a rectangle is minimized for a given
area when the length equals the width; i.e., the rectangle is a square.
Therefore, the distance E(d) will be less for a square than any other
rectangular configuration.  Looking at a square then,
                         E(d)       w ^
                            2        2A7
              But:         IT   =    —?
              Therefore:
             E(d)  -V4  ?    =      -817 W^
                       z  mz                V  mz
Thus, the expression:
overstates the average distance between sources by a factor of:
                                            1
                                2/3       TsTT
                                                     1.22
or some 22 percent.  Increased irregularity of distribution of sources
will increase the degree of conservatism of the estimate of dz used
in the collection model.
                                 118
-------
                         THE "SMALL" BASE PLANT
The full-scale processing facility which was developed conceptually during
the course of the project involves simultaneous processing of waste oils
under different treatment conditions.  It also would require fairly large
capital and operating expenditures.  As a possible first step in devel-
oping a full-scale processing facility, therefore, cost estimates were
made for a scaled-down facility based on:

     1.  Using selected elements from the full-scale plant.

     2.  Maintaining the same processing capabilities as the full-
         scale plant but at a reduced throughput.

     3.  Incineration of much of the waste oils (non-recoverable)
         which would have to be incinerated at a full-scale facility.

     4.  Reducing the necessary plant operating staff from 22 to
         17 men.

     5.  Operating 24 hours/day for about 330 stream-days/year.

The results which follow from postulating such a reduced facility are
presented in detail in the preliminary design report.  Briefly, through-
put is reduced to about 22,000 GPD of waste oil feedstock by taking  this
approach.  Obviously, the overall processing system is no longer compre-
hensive, and some selectivity can be manifest in accepting feedstock.
The following Tables,  33 and  34, contain brief summaries of capital cost
and net profit estimates for this "small" base plant.
                                  120
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            Table 33.   PRELIMINARY CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE

          FOR A "SMALL" MES WASTE OIL RECOVERY BASE PLANT*
       Basic  Process  Equipment  Costs  -- —  _  _  _ $   570,000
       Field  Materials  (75%)a   	     428,000

       Direct Material	-	$   998,000
       Direct Field Labor  (35%)   	     349,000

       Direct Costs   ---  	 $1,347,000
       Direct Tank Farm Costs   	     565,000**
       Indirect Costsb  	  	     721,000

       Bare Module Costc 	 $2,633,000
       Plant  Buildings01	-	     170.000

       Base Plant Cost	$2,803,000
       Site Development 	  _________     176,000
       Estimated Total Plant Cost  	 	 $2,980,000


       Estimated Working Capital ---------$  125,000
 *  Total costs estimated from "Rapid Calculation Charts", Chemical
    Engineering, Jan. 13, 1969 for carbon steel.  Does not include
    land costs.

**  Installed cost including tank foundations and pumps.

 a  Secondary cost element including piping, instrumentation, foun-
    dations and other conrete work, local steel, electrical  materials,
    paint, etc.

 b  Secondary cost element including construction overhead (field
    supervision, temporary field facilities, small  tools, etc.) and
    engineering and contractor fee (direct engineering labor, overhead
    office costs, etc.) and interest during construction, owners' costs
    and 1 month's startup.

 c  This "cost does not include site development, pilings, buildings
    or other offsite facilities.

 d  Laboratory, office, warehouse and shop space, fully equipped.
                               121
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         Table  34.  PRELIMINARY DESIGN NET PROFIT ESTIMATE
          FOR A "SMALL" MES WASTE OIL RECOVERY BASE PLANT

                          - Fuel Oil Option -
Estimated Capital  Cost:                     $ 2,980,000
22,000 GPD processing capacity plus  8,400 GPD of non-recoverables
      incineration
330 stream-days/year
                      transport costs recovered by truckers
Yield
-  -  -   330 x  22,000 x 0.78 = 5.7 x 106 gallons
Fuel  Oil  	 - 5.7 x 106 + 25% = 7.12 x 106 gal/yr
Disposal  Oils   	 8,400 GPD x 330 = 2.77 x 106 gal/yr
       Fuel  Price	12.2<£/gal.
       Disposal  ---------  10^/gal.
REVENUE
            Fuel Oils - -
            Disposal  - -
               - - 7.12 x 106 x $0.122 = $  869,000
               - - 2.77 x 106 x $0.10  =    277.000
                                 Total = $l,146,000/yr.
COSTS
      Equipment and plant  lease:   $168/year/$1000  of  capital
            investments*
      Base of $2.98'  x  106   implies  -  -  -  $500,000/year  fixed  charges
 *   Private communication for 15-year lease.
                                122
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      Table 34 (Continued).   PRELIMINARY DESIGN NET PROFIT ESTIMATE

            FOR A "SMALL"  MES WASTE OIL RECOVERY BASE PLANT



LABOR

      17 people @ $14,000/year 	 $238,000/yr.
      DLO @ 30%	-	   71,000
      G&A (M5%	-   36.000

                               TOTAL 	 $345,000/yr.


OPERATION

      Chemicals-- - $264/day  x  330 days -	$ 87,000

      Cutter Stock - - 1.42  x  106 gpy  x  $0.122  --  173,000

      Process Fuel	    9,000

      Power	   20,000

                                         Subtotal 	 $289,000

      Office G&A  @  10%	   29.000

                                            Total	$318,000


MAINTENANCE  @  2%  of Capital	$ 60,000


                  SUMMARY:

                  LABOR		$  345,000
                  OPERATION  	    318,000
                  MAINTENANCE 	     60,000

                           O&M Subtotal	$  723,000

                  LEASE	    500,000
                  INSURANCE  (3  1%	     30,000

                                  Total	$1,253,000

                  Sales Revenue	- - $1,146,000

                  Net Profit Before Taxes - - $107,000/year DEFICIT
                                 123
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                     APPENDIX  D
              WASTE OIL RECOVERY UNIT
                PROCESS EVALUATIONS
These charts depict the various processes which may
be used to treat waste oil.  Each is assessed with a
series of "Advantages" and Disadvantages".
                       124
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  Table 35.  REMOVAL OF GROSS WATER, COARSE SOLIDS & OTHER MATERIALS

                        HEAVIER THAN THE OIL
 Waste Oil
Settling
                            BS&W or
                         Process Sludge
 Clarified Oil  For
Further Processing
         Advantages

1.   Standard unit operation,

2.   Uses otherwise necessary  tankage
    for processing.

3.   Residence times easily
    adjustable.

4.   Low capital & operating costs
    compared to filtration and
    stripping.

5.   Performance demonstrated.

6.   Implementation possible in
    near future.
                      Disadvantages

             1.   Ineffective  for  very  small
                 particles  or neutral  density
                 materials.

             2.   Can  require  long  settling
                 times or heating  to be
                 effective.
                                  125
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        Table 36.   REMOVAL OF WATER,  SOLIDS & OTHER  MATERIALS

                         HEAVIER THAN THE  OIL
 Waste Oil
Centrifugation
                             BS&W or
                          Process Sludge
  Clarified Oil  for
"Further  Processing
         Advantages

1.   Already in limited use.

2.   Can remove small  solid particles
    & water droplets from oil.

3.   Requires less land area than
    settling tanks.

4.   Rapid processing rate compared
    to settling.
                      Disadvantages

             1.  Higher capital & operating costs
                 than settling and filtration.

             2.  Performance not well
                 demonstrated.

             3.  Requires heating or dilution
                 of oi 1.

             4.  Additional unit operation as
                 opposed to use of storage tanks
                 for settling.

             5.  Throughputs and residence times
                 not adjustable over wide ranges
                 of feed characteristics.

             6.  Not applicable to multi-phase
                 separation.

             7.  Will require additional testing
                 & evaluation for application to
                 wide range of feed.
                                  126
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           Table 37.  REMOVAL OF LIGHT ENDS, NAPHTHA AND WATER

                         (Between .5 and 5%)
Clarified Waste Oil
Stripping
Naphthas and Water-Free
Oil Product or Oil for
  Further Processing
                         Petroleum, Naphtha
                       & Small Amounts of Water
            Advantages

   1.  Demonstrated unit operation.       1.

   2.  Uses conventional  hardware.

   3.  Capital  & operating costs lower   2.
       than solvent extraction or
       adsorption purification.

   4.  Implementation  possible in        3.
       near future.
                    Disadvantages

               Direct  fired  heaters  for waste
               oil  service require special
               design.

               Such  heaters  are more costly
               than  comparable refinery
               facilities.

               Coking  occurs on furnace
               tubes and  in  the still  and
               requires frequent maintenance.
                                    127
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         Table 38.  REMOVAL OF ACIDIC COMPOUNDS, ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS

                     STABILIZED IN SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
       Waste Oil
(Clarified  & Dewatered)"
      Chemical Treatment
Caustic Wash, Demu1 sification,
  Oxidation & Agglomeration
        (as required)
                                   Process  Sludge
           Purified Oil for
           Further Processing
             Advantages

      1.  Can be performed in same facilities  1.
          with basic settling operation.
      2.  Implementation possible in near
          future.

      3.  Minimizes sludge production by use
          of small or trace amounts of
          reagents.

      4.  Reagents are commercially
          available.

      5.  More applicable to wider range of
          feed characteristics than sulfuric
          acid treatment.

      6.  Capital & operating costs lower
          than solvent extraction.
                     2.

                     3.
     Disadvantages

Process control  is complex.

Performance not demonstrated.

Chemical  usage is dependent on
feed oil  characteristics.
                                       128
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               Table  39.   REMOVAL OF ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS

                    STABILIZED  IN SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
Settled & Stripped
   Waste Oil
Sulfuric Acid Treatment
Purified oil for
Further Processing
                           Highly Acidic Oily
                             Process Sludge
              Advantages^

     1.   Demonstrated performance.

     2.   Implementation  possible
         in near  future.

     3.   Operation  of process  is
         straightforward and
         standardized.

     4.   Capital  and operating  costs
         lower  than combination of
         solvent  extraction and
         fractional distillation.
                     Disadvantages

                     Application  limited
                     or similar oils.
      to crankcase
                     Produces  large  quantities  of
                     highly  acid  waste  sludges.

                     Requires  sludge disposal program
                     more  costly  than solvent exT
                     traction  and distillation  process
                     residues.
                                     129
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                 Table  40.   SEPARATION OF HEAVY CONTAMINANTS

                 PLUS SPLITTING OF OIL INTO VARIOUS  FRACTIONS
Settled, Clarified
   & Stripped
   Waste Oil
Vacuum Fractionation
                                     1
                                Contaminated
                             Bottoms (Residues)
  Various Oil  Cuts for
   Further Processing
Including Stabilization
               Advantages

     1.   Uses available hardware.

     2.   Moderate capital and operating
          costs compared to solvent
          extraction.

     3.   Capable of producing a range
          of products.

     4.   Implementation possible in
          the near future.
                       Disadvantages

               1.  Produces  contaminated  bottoms
                  which must  be  disposed of.

               2.  High  temperature  operation
                  required.

               3.  Loss  of potential  products  in
                  bottoms.

               4.  Direct fired heater design  and
                  operating problems  as  with
                  stripping.

               5.  Near  term application  limited
                  to  additive and  heavy  metal -
                  free  feed, and  feed  free of
                  azeotropes.
                                       130
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       Table 41.  REDUCTION OF NITROGEN, SULFUR & OXYGEN CONTAMINANTS

                              WITH HYDROGEN
Settled, Clarified,
Stripped & Fractionated
Waste Oil
Hydro-fining
 Purified Base
Lube Oil Stock
                            H20, H2S, NH3, Metallic
                               Sludge & Carbon
             Advantages

   1.    Potential  for production
        of a highly purified base
        oil  stock.

   2.    Potential  of small  amounts
        of process  residues
           Disadvantages

   1. Unproven  commercial performance
      for waste oils.

   2. Requires  special cobalt-molybdenum
      oxide catalyst.

   3. Catalyst  is poisoned by carbon
      monoxide  and contaminants such
      as chlorine and heavy metals.

   4. May require large amounts of
      hydrogen.

   5. High pressure/high temperature
      process.

   6. High capital and operating costs
      for the basic hydrofining
      equipment.

   7. Necessary hydrogen plant also
      would involve additional
      capital and operating costs.

   8. Implementation is possible only
      after additional development.

   9. Process operation dependent on
      the nature of the feed oil.
                                    131
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        Table 42.  SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF OIL AND CONTAMINANTS
Settled & Stripped
   Waste Oil
                      Solvent Extraction
                               Recovered Solvent
                                 & Waste Sludge
                     Fuel oil  stock
                      or refined
                     Base Lube Stock
   1.



   2.


   3.

   4.


   5.

   6.

   7.



   8.


   9.
    Advantages,

Demonstrated performance on
both full and bench scales
(limited on waste oils).

Solvent can be selected to
suit the feed stock quality.
        Disadvantages

1.  Requires additional stripping
   operations  for  product,  sludge
   and  solvent recovery.

2.  Requires sophisticated  process
   and  quality control.
Solvent is recovered for reuse.   3.

Implementation possible in
near future.

Concentrates contaminants.

Uses conventional hardware

Lower capital and operating
costs than adsorptive
purification.

Some solvents could be
produced by the plant.

Can be used to break emulsions.
    Can require long settling
    times in cases  where feed and
    solvent density values are
    similar.
                                   132
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             Table 43.  ADSORPTION OF METALLIC SULFURETTED,

         CHLORINATED & OTHER ADDITIVES PLUS ODOR & COLOR BODIES
Settled,
Clarified &
Stripped Waste
                  Adsorbent Treatment
                    Small Amounts of Light Vapors
                      due to Catalytic Action
                       Purified Oil  Slurried
                       with  Contaminated
                            Adsorbent
 3.

 4.
     Advantages

Demonstrated performance
in full scale operations
(clay).

Lower capital & operating
costs than hydrofining.

Uses conventional hardware.

High performance as a
finish step to remove
trace amounts of con-
taminants.

Implementation possible in
the near future.
         Disadvantages

1.  Requires  pretreatment  and
    subsequent filtration.

2.  Adsorbent requires  regeneration
    and/or  disposal.

3.  Heater  problems  similar to
    stripping.
                                   133
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       Table 44.   REMOVAL  OF  SUSPENDED &  SETTLEABLE  SOLIDS  FROM OIL
  Adsorbent Treated or
  Other Oil Containing
  Filterable Solids
Filtration
Oil or Base Oil Stock
                          Waste Clay, Carbon
                           or Other Sol ids
          Advantages
               Disadvantages
1.    Demonstrated performance in
     full  scale operations.

2.    Uses  conventional hardware.

3.    Implementation possible
     in near future.

4.    Applicable to a wide
     range of feed quality.

5.    Process operation and
     control is straightforward.

6.    Capital costs lower than
     centrifugation and
     sett!ing.
       1.  Adsorbent requires regeneration
          and/or disposal.

       2.  Not applicable to colloidal
          suspensions and some emulsions.
                                   134
-------
                    Table 45.  EXAMPLE PROCESS TRAIN
                                 Waste  Oil
Removal of Gross
Water, Coarse
Solids & Other
Materials Heavier
  than Oil
        i
                          BS&W or Process Sludge
Selective Extraction
of Oil and
Contaminants



oO IvcriL C-ALraULlon


Solvent Contaminated
with Insoluble
Residue or Bottoms
Separation of Oi 1
into "Solvent",
Hydrofinable and
Bottoms Fractions
                                   I
Vacuum Fractionation
Large Amounts of Bottoms,
plus Solvent Contaminated
with the Oil's Volatile
	Compounds	
Reduction of Contaminants
with Hydrogen Releasing
Same from Oi 1


1
Hydro-fining


HoO, H2S, NH3,
plus Metallic/
ravhnn "^1 iiHnp
                        Purified Base Lube Oil Stock
                     for Further Processing or Blending
                                   135
-------
            Table 45 (Continued).   EXAMPLE PROCESS TRAIN
           Advantages
         Disadvantages
1.    Can produce purified base oil
     stock.

2.    Process concentrates con-
     taminants.

3.    Provides a variety of products
     with one basic flowsheet.

4.    Solvent extraction may be used
     to break emulsions.

5.    Limited demonstrated perform-
     ance for waste oils.

6.    High performance as a finish
     step  (hydrofining) after
     vacuum distillation for
     production of a base oil stock.
 1.  Hydrofining requires
    specialized catalyst.

 2.  Limited to narrow range of
    waste oil types.

 3.  Capital & operating costs
    higher than acid/adsorbent
    plant.

 4.  Requires sophisticated solvent
    recovery loop to separate
    solvent from contaminants.

 5.  May require hydrogen-producing
    support plant.

 6.  High pressure/high temperature
    facility.

 7.  Complex process with dependence
    on comprehensive process and
    quality control.

 8.  Significant losses of potential
    product in residues.

 9.  Large amounts of oily wastes
    (particularly bottoms).

10.  Direct fired heater problems as
    with stripping.
                                   136
-------
                  SUMMARY OF COLLECTION SYSTEM RESULTS

                               PUP - PIP
Sensitivity analyses were run for the collection systems and transport
without intermediate storage (PUP) and with intermediate storage (PIP).

They included conditions that could be construed as "Worst" and "Best"
plus conditions that reflected "Good" engineering and institutional
judgment.  Values were given for each of the elements in the total
system to reflect the above three conditions and for annual pickup
volumes of 18, 19.8, and 22 million gallons per year.  These are indi-
cated in the tables preceding the respective PUP and PIP sections of
this Appendix.
                                 138
-------
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-------
Table 56.  PIP SYSTEM NUMERICAL PARAMETERS

Capacity Local Vehicle - gal.
Local Vehicle Utilization Factor
Local Vehicle Overflow Factor
Speed in Region - mph
Local Vehicle -
Pumping Rate gal ./hr
Local Source -
Waiting Time hr
Local Vehicle -
Fixed Charge $
Cost/mi $/mi
Drivers/Vehicle
Labor Cost of Drivers $
Support Workers/Vehicle •
Labor Cost Support Workers $
Insurance $/yr
Local Operation -
Overhead Factor
1ST Site Development Factor
1ST Engineering Factor
1ST Fee Factor
1ST Set Back - ft
1ST Parking Lot Factor
1ST land Cost $/sq.ft.
1ST Constant A-10
1ST Constant A- 11
1ST Constant A- 20
1ST Constant A-21
1ST Operation & Maintenance Factor
1ST Life yr.
1ST Salvage Value Factor
Worst
2800.
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10

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1000

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8.
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14262
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0.15
15.
0.05
Good
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0.24
0.87
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7200

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9100
0.10
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6.50
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Best
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8400

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0.15
0.05
8.
0.0
0.10
0.0
0.3920
14262
0.0511
0.05
15.
0.05
                  149
-------
Table 56 (Continued).  PIP SYSTEM NUMERICAL PARAMETERS

Long Haul -
Trailer Capacity - gal.
Trailer Utilization Factor
Trailer Overflow Factor
Annual Charge Trailer $
Cost/Mi. Trailer $/mi .
Support Workers/Trailer
Support Workers Cost $/hr
Tractor Utilization Factor
Tractor Overflow Factor
Speed mph
Annual Charge Tractor $
Cost/Mi . Tractor $/mi .
Cost Tractor Drivers $/hr.
Cost Tractor Support Workers
Support Workers/Tractor
Drivers/Tractor
Overhead
Insurance - Trailer $
Insurance - Tractor $
Waiting Time at Plant hr.
Pumping Rate at Plant gal./hr
Worst

6000.
0.60
0.67
3900.
0.0210
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1.00
30.
10920.
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0.75
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2.96
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10920.
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5.93
2.96
0.0
1.00
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430.
1200.
0.05
14000.
                         150
-------











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-------
              PIPE LINE AND BARGE TRANSPORT OF WASTE OILS


Pipe line transport is a technically viable alternative means of trans-
porting waste oils from the intermediate storage sites to the central
processing plant.  However, the transport of toxic and hazardous materials
via pipe line along with waste oil may present hazards both in cross-
contamination during segregation of the basic waste oil categories and
excessive corrosion.  For example, toxic wastes could be mixed sufficiently
with crankcase oil to cause contamination of a large fraction of the
crankcase oil being moved in the same line.

An analysis may be pursued after making certain assumptions.  If it is
assumed that the problem of cross-contamination is not a serious one,
and that the following conditions prevail:

     1)  All oily wastes are piped in same line,

     2)  Transport is from an intermediate site to plant,

     3)  Average annual system flow is 24,000,000 gallons
         of all waste fluids,

     4)  Average length of pipeline is 50 miles,

     5)  Flow takes place 24 hours/day, 330 days/year,

     6)  Five intermediate storage sites are used with separate
         lines from each to the plant, and

     7)  Optimum design pipe diameter is approximately 3" for
         peak use in later years.
Instantaneous flow rate is  2.4'0°0»000  ||5  =  5,300,000 gallons/year/line
                                 b      ^u                      (610 GPH).


            3" pipe --- 3 feet of right of way (25
-------
     Total  cost  less  pumping  station  =
     Pumping  stations   @   25%  **
50 miles  x  5,280 ft/mi, x  $8.50

$2,230,000

   557,500

$2,787,500
     Annual  D  &  I  (6%   &   20 years)    =   .087   x   2,787,500   =   $244,000/yr.
     Operating  expenses
$2,600/mi.      x  250 mi

$650,000/yr.
          TOTAL  ANNUAL  COST	$894,000
     Table  66  shows  the  variation  in  cost  with  volumetric  rate  in  the
     pipeline.
           Table  66.  UNIT COST OF PIPELINE WASTE OILS ***


Gals/Day
55,000
.10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
40,000
60,000
70,000

Annual Volume
(Gal/Year)
1,820,000
3,600,000
5,460,000
7,280,000
9,100,000
14,400,000
21,600,000
25,200,000
Total Pipeline
Transport Costs
(4/Gal)
49.6
24.8
16.4
12.3
9.85
6.23
4.14
3.55

  *  R.  S.  Means,  "Building Construction  Cost Data".

 **  Based  on analysis  of Sohio Pipe Line Co., Annual  Report
     ending 12/31/72,  I.C.C.  #009395

***  Annual charges  assumed to remain approximately constant at
     $894,000 per  year.
                                162
-------
The cost factors of Table  66  may be compared with the cost of using
long-haul trucks (6,000-gallon capacity) to accomplish the same ends
as calculated using the PIP System Model.  The cost of using long-haul
trucks does not exceed 1.5<£ per gallon even using the most pessimistic
combinations of cost parameters.  Thus the use of pipelines for the
transport of waste oils does not appear economical  aside from other con-
siderations.

Barging is a viable transport alternative only in the case of oils
transported between the Eastern Shore region of Maryland and a reprocess-
ing plant located in the vicinity of a usable port, e.g., Baltimore.  The
cost of barging should then be compared with that associated with using
long-haul trucks (6,000-gallon capacity) to transport oil between the
Eastern Shore and a plant located in, say, the Baltimore Port region.
The PIP system long-haul trucking costs for this case range from about
1<£ per gallon under the best estimate combination of cost parameters to
over 4<£ per gallon using the most pessimistic combinations of cost para-
meters.   These costs compare with the barging costs of less than l/2
-------
                       Table 67.  BARGE COSTS
Assumptions:
          No split load - composition "uniform"
          Minimum pumping rate = 105,000 gal/hr
          Standard barge sizes used for this analysis:
                     840,000 gals, or 1,750,000 gals.

Rates:
          Washington to Baltimore ----- 25<£/bbl = 0.6<£/gal.
          Crisfield, Md. to Baltimore 	 19<£/bbl = 0.45^/gal.
          Cambridge, Md. to Baltimore - - - 15<£/bbl = 0.36<£/gal.
          Demurrage due to lost time at terminal is $70.000/hour
          for 20,000 bbl barge.
          Split Discharge Rates, e.g., Washington 10,000 bbl's,
          pickup, Crisfield 6,000 bbl's, Cambridge 6,000 bbl's
          would involve costs which lie between the rates shown
          above.
          Barge pump discharge pressure maximum = 125 psi.,
          Barge size = 240' x 50'  	 -  Tug = 90' long

There is a good probability that the load can be picked up within 10 days
notice.  Terminal cost is the function of storage volume.  However, mini-
mum is 20,000 bbl's with the added uncertainty of fill rate and wait time.
                                164
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      DETERMINING THE SIZE OF AN INTERMEDIATE STORAGE TANK (1ST)
Theoretically, the intermediate storage tank (1ST) in the PIP system should
be of the same capacity as the long-haul vehicle (IP).  Any additional
capacity is unused if the system works perfectly and therefore represents
an unjustified expenditure.    In practice, however, this will not hold
exactly.  Since the calculated delivery frequency of the local collection
vehicles (PUP) to the 1ST is an average frequency, the delivery rate is
bound to vary about the mean, and when the rate becomes higher than the
average by a significant amount, an 1ST tank of the exact efficient size
could be in an overflow mode.  Also, the IP system picking up the waste
from the 1ST and delivering it to the reprocessing plant may fall behind
schedule for any of a number of reasons.  Finally, in densely populated
regions, where the rates of PUP deliveries and IP pickups are high, the
mere traffic density may keep the system from operating at designed ef-
ficiency.  Therefore, it seems prudent to purposely design some excess
capacity into the tanks.

Even though the PUP's are scheduled in their deliveries, their arrival
rate will undergo variations which will appear random, particularly if
observed over short periods of time.  It has been established in a number
of situations that this sort of phenomenon follows the Poisson distri-
bution rather well'(Refs.: Student, Rutherford and Edie Geiger).  The
frequency of PUP deliveries at an 1ST in region z is:


                               X*arrivals/week
                             52

The rate of PUP deliveries in relation to IP pickups is:

                               r  =  ———
                                      VPUP

Then the mean number of PUP deliveries in the interval between IP pickups
is r, and the probability that k PUP deliveries will occur within this
interval is:

                           P(k,  -  -^-
                                166
-------
If a one-week excess capacity is accorded each 1ST tank, the probability
that the waste arriving during the interval

                                Vlp52
                                 X'z
weeks, will equal or exceed the one-week reserve capacity is:
                             r   = k=RPUP +

It would be desirable to keep this probability at or below 10 percent.   At
the ratio of Vjp/Vpyp = 2, the following probabilities may be calculated:
Average Number of
PUP Arrivals at
1ST per week
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
Total Annual
Waste Generation
Rate in Region z
145,600
145,600
145,600
291,200
291,200
436,800
582,400
1ST
Capa-
city
8,400
11,200
14,000
11,200
16,800
14,000
16,800
Weeks of
Excess
Capacity
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
Probability that 1ST
Capacity Will Be
Equaled or Exceeded
.3233
.1429
.0527
.1429
.0166
.0527
.0166
It is clear from the above that more than one week's excess capacity
is required to maintain the probability of an overflow at less than
10 percent in the case of regions that have low generation rates of
waste oil.  Also, in any region, the probability of overflow can be
maintained at a low level by providing additional 1ST capacity.

A suggested rule for selecting 1ST tank size, which maintains the
probability of an overflow below 10 percent and does not result in
excessive unused tank capacity is:

                            VIST         xz
                          12,000 gal. <145,000 gal./yr.
                          15,000 gal. = 145,000 to 440,000 gal./yr.
                         6,000+
                                52
440,000 gal./yr.
                               167
-------
It may be noted from the 1ST cost function that there is  a break  in  tank
cost such that there is a rapid drop in the cost per unit volume  for tanks
exceeding 50,000 gallons.  However,  it may be seen from the above dis-
cussion that tanks of larger than 50,000-gallon capacity  do not appear  to
be necessary.
                                 168
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                   SELECTION  OF  DISTRIBUTION  REGIONS

                           -  QUESTIONNAIRES -
A problem encountered in conducting and evaluating the survey was  the
establishment of a practical  yet precise method of geographically
locating the waste oil  generators.   Location by counties  appeared  to
be too imprecise;  location by cities lacked homogenity;  while
location according to such things as census tracts was too  difficult
to handle in a practical sense.   Consequently, the Postal  Service
zip code was chosen as  the basic geographical  location device for  the
survey.  Zip codes have the double advantage of being easily obtain-
able and commonly understood, and of being relatively precise indicators
of geographical location.  Moreover, zip codes offer finer locational
differentiation in densely populated areas than they do in  more sparsely
populated areas which was desirable in this case.   Each of the more than
700 five-digit zip codes were located to the nearest 10,000 geet by
means of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Northeast Quadrant Grid System,
and stored in a computer.  Following this, each recipient of a question-
naire could be located according to his zip code in terms of a north
and south grid system,  and such things as straight line distance con-
necting two zip codes was easily calculated.

As the study proceeded, it was found that location by five-digit
zip codes resulted in an overly-refined and cumbersome degree of
locational accuracy for most of the study's needs.  Therefore, all
of the zip codes within squares 20,000 feet on a side were combined
into a so-called Master Zip Code.  The Master Zip Code identifying
a Master Zip Code Region was simply the five-digit zip code of the
center of population mass within that region, or, in some cases,
the geographical center of the 20,000 foot square.  These Master Zip
Codes and their associated Master Zip Code Regions are displayed on
the map shown in Figure   7.  The Master Zip Codes and their
associated Master Zip Regions form the basic locational index used
throughout the MES Waste Oil Survey, and are given in Appendix A.

Even the Master Zip Regions were found to be overly definitive for
purposes of the waste oil collection and distribution models, in that
the Master Zip Regions produced solutions requiring unrealistically
small fractions of trucks and other non-divisible commodities to ser-
vice an individual Master Zip Code Region.  This problem was alleviated
by combining several Master Zip Code Regions into one of five Collection
and Distribution Regions.  The geographical extent of the five Collection
and Distribution Regions and the included Master Zip Code Regions are
shown in Figure  2  (page 21).
                                 170
-------
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                                                   171
-------
Figure  8.  INDUSTRIAL  WASTE OIL SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
                                 INDUSTRIAL
                              WASTE OIL SURVEY


1. Type of faolity (check appropriate box)
I marine service
railroad equrpme
j metalworking
power generating
other (please de





Your Zip Code
I 1 aeromotive service
i si— — J
nt service chemica manufacturing
j 	 food processing




2. Average monthly oil c
Dgear and t racism*
J 	 hydraulic oils
D water soluble cu
pnsumption. (check apprc
sion
2 2
2 a
ting oil
straight cutting oils
14 1.0
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other type(s) of
« i ,. ,..,
other (please de
<> £
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S 2
cnbe)
pr.ate box and estimate usage rate).




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gallons/month
gallons/month
1





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3 Waste oil generated
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<• 0
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r SIC Code

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gallons/month
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gallons/month
gallons/month
gallons/month







4, Do you refine or pun
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i o
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                        172
-------
Figure   8  (Continued).     INDUSTRIAL   WASTE   OIL  SURVEY   QUESTIONNAIRE
                 H  I
                5.   How are waste oils not being purified and reused presently being disposed of?

                                        picked up by collector

                                        gallons/pickup
                     i si	1	1	L	1

                             , J    I    | pickups/year

                                                                gallons/month
D burned                 |   |
                    2 2<	L_
                6    Do you have holding (storage) tank facilities for waste oiP


                                                                gallon capacity
                                      J      281	1	1	1	1
                     if yes, please describe	
           r>
         ?71	1      28
                 7   Do you segregate waste oils by type?
                      t yes, please describe  ,
                8   Do you purchase reclaimed or re-refined oil'
                        Dyes             I no    If yes,
                                3 si	1          ae
                                            gallons/month
                     Pleasedescirbe use
                 9   IL waste oils are picked up by a collector, please give name and address of collector
                     What is cost of pickup? 	
                     I f collector pays you, how much is paid?
                                                        . (cents/gallon)
                                                        . (cents/gallon)
                10.   Are your current arrangements for storing, handling or disposing of waste oil satisfactory?
                     If not, what improvements would you like to see made?
               11     Any additional comments you might have are invited
                     Upon completion, please forward m the enclosed envelope to

                                    ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC.
                                           6110 Executive Blvd  Sum 760
                                             Rockvilto, Maryland 20852
                                                        173
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      Figure  9.     WASTE   OIL  SURVEY  QUESTIONNAIRE
                                                         WASTE OIL SURVEY
 1. Tyoe of facility                  Your Zip Code


          gasoline service station
                                             i


          fleet service/repair
                                             1

          gasoline truck service
          diesel bus service
                                            2 1
                                                      diesc! truck service
                                                      propane bus service
          non-highway vehicle or construction equipment service



          other, (please describe!	
 2 Approximate number of oil changes performed per month
 3 Approximate average volume of oils sold per month (includes transmission oil, hydraulic oil, etc)


                            total gallons/month
28	
                            percentage of above resulting from oil changes
                            gallon s/'month
               il disposed of at present7 (please check appropriate boxes)


                            picked up by collector



                            gat Ions/pick up



                            pickups/year



                                                        gallons/month
                                                        gallon capacity
7  If your waste oil is picked up by a collector, please give name and address of collector
   Cost of pickup (cents/gallon}	


   If collector pays you, please describe payment (cents/gallon)_
   Are your current arrangements for storing, handling, or disposing of waste oil satisfactory' If not, what improve

   ments would you like made*
9  Any additional comments you might have are invited
  Upon completion, please forward in the enclosed envelope to
                        ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC
                                6110 Executive Blvd. Suite 750
                                  Rockville, Maryland 20852
                                             174
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               CRANKCASE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE OIL SURVEY
The responses to the automotive waste oil  survey were tabulated for
each of the Master Zip Code Regions.   An example of the tabulations
of the response received from one Master Zip Code Region (Master Zip
Code 20760 - Gaithersburg) is shown in Table 68.  It may be noted that
70 Survey questionnaires were sent to retailers of gasoline in this
Master Zip Code Region, and 32 questionnaires were returned, for a
return percentage of 45.7 percent.

Down the left side of Table 68 are listed the quantitative questions
contained in the questionnaire.  Reading to the right, on a line with
each question, are tabulations of the answers to each question.
First appears the sample low.  This is the lowest value reported in
any responses to the question.  Following the sample low is the sample
high, the highest value reported in any response to that particular
question.  The sample total follows to the right and is simply the
total of all responses to the question.  The number of replies is the
number of replies received to that question.  Note that the number of
replies to any one question may differ from the number of whole
questionnaires returned.  The sample average is the sample total
divided by the number of replies.  The sample standard deviation falls
under the next column heading,"Sample Std. Dev." and is a measure of
the variation among the replies received to that question.

The estimated population total is a statistical estimate of what
the sample total would have been had every questionnaire recipient
in the Master Zip Code Region responded to that question.  The
estimated population total is calculated by multiplying the sample
average by the number of surveys sent within the Master Zip Code
Region.   As is the case with all of the estimates of population
characteristics, this assumes that the replies of that portion of
the population that did respond to the questionnaire are typical
of those that the non-responding portion would have made had they
responded.

The right most column on Table 68shows the estimated standard
deviation of the estimated population total "Std. Dev. of Est. Pop.
Total".   This is an estimate of the precision of the estimated
population total.  The difference between this statistic and the
sample standard deviation is worth noting.  Whereas the sample
standard deviation is a measure of the variations experienced in
the replies received, the estimated standard deviation of the
estimated population total is a measure of accuracy of another
                                 176
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statistical estimate - specifically the estimated population total.   If
the proportion of replies is small  and a great deal  of variation is
experienced in those few replies that are received,  the estimated popu-
lation total is likely to be off its true value, and the estimated
standard deviation of the estimated population total will  be large.
Conversely, if a high proportion of replies is received to the question
of interest and little variation is experienced in those replies, the
estimated population total is likely to be very accurate,  and the
estimated standard deviation of the estimated population total will  be
small.

Some of the line descriptions on the left side of Table 68 do not corres-
pond to specific questions of the questionnaire but rather are derived
from combinations or manipulations of the responses.  The first such line
description, entitled "Blowby and Leakage Loss (34%)", is the value  for
consumption indicated by A. D. Little in a study prepared for the State
of Massachusetts.  This value was used to compare with the values obtained
by the Maryland Survey which showed much higher rates of consumption.  The
Maryland value is also substantially different than the value for con-
sumption of 50 percent of the combination of automotive and industrial
lubricants given in the American Petroleum Institute study, "Final Report
of the Task Force on Used Oil Disposal".

Following blowby is a line description entitled "Total Recoverable as
Waste (66%)".  These two lines, therefore, are the result of multiplying
the answers to Question Three of the survey by 0.34 and 0.66, respectively.
The answers received in Question Four of the survey, "How much waste oil
do you accumulate per month on the average?", are generally much less
than 66 percent of the quantities of oil sold.  In the example shown in
Table 68 and in Table 69, "Automotive Waste Oil Survey" results, the
extrapolated "Actual Waste Oil Accumulated" is only 34 percent of the
oil sold.  This apparent discrepancy can be interpreted in a number  of
different ways, either:  1) more than 34 percent of the automotive crank-
case oil is lost due to blowby and leakage (some independent studies show
this to be the case);  2) the quantities of oils sold are overstated by
the respondees to the survey;  3) the amount of waste oil  accumulated by
the respondees is understated; or  4) some combination of 1), 2), and 3).

Though it cannot be stated as a conclusion, it is felt that, for the
above reasons the volumes of automotive waste oil that can be affected
will probably be greater than the volumes extrapolated from the data
recovered in the survey.

Following the line description for Question Six ("Do you have holding
[storage] tank facilities for waste oil?") of the survey, are three  lines
showing information that is derived from answers to Questions Two through
Six of the questionnaire.  The first of these lines is entitled, "Ave.
Max. Pickup Freq-Pickups/Yr".  This statistic is calculated by dividing
12 times the reported amount of waste oil accumulated per month by the
reported waste oil storage capacity.  This provides an indication of the
number of times waste must be collected from a source over the course of
                                  177
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a year and is an important consideration in structuring the collection
network.  The next line description, entitled, "Ratio of waste oil  accum
to oil sold", is the ratio of the answers to Question Four ("How much
waste oil do you accumulate per month on the average?") and Question
Two ("Approximate number of oil changes performed per month?").  The
line entitled, "No. of times oil changes x 1 gal. = gal. accum.", is the
number of times the assumption that each oil change produces one gallon
of waste crankcase oil would be consistent with information reported on
the survey questionnaires.  In the example of Table 68, this is seen to
be the case in 5 percent of the responses.

Tables 69 and 70 compare exactly with Table 68 except that Tables 69 and
70 tabulate the overall, State-wide answer's to the questions contained
in the survey of automotive waste oil.  Here it may be noted that the
State-wide response to this questionnaire was 41  percent or 1,675 ques-
tionnaires returned out of the 4,077 sent.  The estimated total amount
of waste oil accumulated per month by gasoline retailers is 459,640
gallons, which equates to 5,515,680 gallons per year.

Questions Seven, Eight, and Nine of the automotive waste oil questionnaire
were not posed in such a manner that their answers followed a rigid format.
Accordingly, their answers were not amenable to computer processing.
These qualitative and variable form answers were read and analyzed by
members of the study team and the results were used to provide background.
                         INDUSTRIAL OIL SURVEY

An example of the survey results for one SIC code (355 - Special Industry
Machinery Manufacturing) within one Master Zip Code Region (21055 —
Pikesville) is shown as Table 71.  The description lines for the Indus-
trial Oil Survey results are self-explanatory or the same as for the
crankcase survey and the columnar headings are the same as those used in
presenting the results of the crankcase oil survey.

Table 72 is an example of the results of the Industrial Oil Survey results
for the Pikesville Master Zip Code Region, summed across all SIC codes.
It may be noted that sample totals, averages, etc., are not shown in
Table 72.  Such statistics tend to lose their meaning after stratified
combination has taken place.
                                   178
-------

















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                             NETWORK MODELS *
THE PUP COLLECTION NETWORK

This discussion describes the development of that part of the model
which generates the cost of pickup and delivery using local  collection
trucks to deliver waste oil to the reprocessing plant (PUP system).

The cost of picking up waste in region z and delivering it to the plant
in the same vehicle as used for collection (PUP) is:
(1)
    CPUPz   =  DCPUPz
                           OH
                                              PUPz
     where:
             DC
               'PUPz
               PUPz
             OH
               PUPz
Overhead Cost
     =  The annual  cost of picking up waste in
        region z and delivering it to the plant
        for processing ($/yr).

     =  The annual  direct cost  of operating the
        pickup system ($/yr).

     =  The annual  overhead cost associated with
        operating the pickup system ($/yr).
Cost of overhead is estimated as a fraction of the direct cost.  Let
this fraction be 0 .   Then:
(2)
(3)
     where:
     and:
OH
PUPz  =  0PUP
 0
  PUPz
 PUPz
      =   The  overhead  factor  for  the  PUP  system;
  *  Refer to Tables 46 and 56 (pp. 139, 149 and 150) for the
     "PUP and PIP System Numerical Parameters".
                                 185
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Direct Cost

Direct cost of operating the PUP system is:


(4)      DCPUPz  =  EpuPz  +  CLPUP2  +  INSPUPz


     where:    E      =  The cost of the equipment required for
                 upz     operating PUP in region z ($/yr).

              CLpypz  =  The cost of labor for operating PUP in
                         region z ($/yr).

             INSpnp   =  The cost of insurance on equipment used
                 u       for PUP in area z ($/yr).

The collection system model was applied by dividing the state into a
number of mutually exclusive geographical regions and operating both
the PUP and PIP models to pick up the waste pil generated in each region.
Then, with respect to a particular region, the system incurring the
least collection cost is the preferred system for that region, and the
preferred statewide system is the aggregate of preferred regional systems.

The factors that determine preference for PUP or PIP within a particular
region are:  distance from the plant, volume of waste oil  generated in
the region, and the waste oil storage capacity available at the local
sources within the region.   The farther a region is located from the
plant, the more economical  the PIP system becomes with respect to PUP.
This stems from the fact that when long transit distances  to and from
the plant are involved, the local collection vehicles of the PUP system
spend a great portion of their time in transit so that the larger long
haul tractor-trailer combination of the PIP system becomes more attrac-
tive, despite the added cost of the intermediate storage tanks.
Increased volume of waste oil in a region also has the effect of making
the PIP system more attractive, as does small storage capacity for
waste oils within a region.  Both of these factors tend to increase
the time that must be spent by a driver on the local collection circuit
and the time spent in transit to and from the plant by local collection
vehicles.

In some cases it may be found that PUP will be more economical than PIP
in a region located further from the reprocessing plant than another
region in which PIP is the more economical system.  This situation
occurs when the volume of waste oil and pickup frequency in the more
remote area is not sufficiently high to justify the PIP system despite
the relatively distant location of the region.  When this anomaly
occurs, it indicates that the more remote PUP region should be combined
with the closer PIP region to form one local collection region.  This
                                   186
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allows the local  collection vehicles from the remote PUP region to take
advantage of the  already justified intermediate storage tanks located
between the region and the reprocessing plant.

Both the PUP and  PIP models produce fractional  answers to the number of
local collection  and long haul  vehicles required.   Although obviously
not realistic, the fractional  number of vehicles provides more insight
into the economics of the problem than does an  answer in which the
number of vehicles required is  rounded up to the next whole number.
First, fractional numbers of vehicles provide an insight into which
regions should be combined with each other from larger, more realistic
collection regions.   For example, two adjacent regions, each requiring
less than one-half of the capacity of one local collection vehicle
should realistically be combined into one region that would utilize
the capacity of one whole collection vehicle.  Secondly, fractional
numbers of collection and hauling vehicles required provide insight
into the "do in-house" or "contract out" decision that must be made.
For example, there may be arguments against combining adjacent
collection regions even though  the individual regions require only a
small part of the capacity of one collection vehicle and/or long haul
combination.  In  such a case, contracting out for the collection and
hauling function  is obviously attractive from an economic standpoint
since it permits  the State to purchase only that amount of capacity
it needs.

The model can also be run with  a provision that all vehicle numbers
are rounded to produce an integer answer should this be desired.

In application, the State was initially divided into the 45 master zip
code regions (as  described in the section on waste oil surveys)and the
PUP and PIP systems  operated competitively within each region.  These
collection areas  turned out to individually utilize only a small  frac-
tion of the capacity of one collection vehicle, or, in the case of the
PIP system, of one collection vehicle and one long haul tractor-trailer
combination.  Therefore, it was more realistic to combine these small
regions into a few larger collection regions.  Five regions were chosen
as being of realistic size and geographical homogeniety.  These are
portrayed graphically on the outline map of Figures 2. and 1.

Equipment Cost

Cost of equipment required to operate PUP in region z is:


(5)    E      =  NpUp2FCpUp  +
     where:    ND     =  The number of vehicles required to operate
                HUPZ     the PUP system.
                                   187
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                      =   The fixed annual  charge  for operating  a
                         local  collection  vehicle required to support
                         PUP in region z ($/vehicle  year).

              Mlpyp   =   The cost per mile of operating a  PUP
                         vehicle ($/mi).

                      =   The total  distance that  must be traveled to
                         make one pickup from all sources  in  region  z
                         and deliver the waste oil  picked  up  to the
                         processing plant  (miles/circuit).
              FREQZ   =   The average frequency at which waste must be
                         picked up from sources in region  z,  if
                         holding tanks are collected only  when full.

Distance Traveled by PUP Vehicle in One Collection Circuit

Let:           CAPZ1-   =   The holding capacity for waste of source  i  in
                         region z (gallons).

                 XZ1-   =   The average quantity of waste generated by
                         source i in region z, within a year  (gal/yr).

                  z   =   The number of waste  oil  sources in region z
                         (sources).

Then the average holding capacity in region z is:


(6)            CAPZ   =   —L  Y~  CAP,.-
                           mz   £r    Z1

The interval  at which source i  must have its  waste collected  is:

                             CAP_,
(7)             INT    -         Z1
                   zi

The frequency with which source i must have its waste collected is;


 (8)

The average maximum pickup interval in region z is:


                 INTZ  =  J- X INTZ1-
                          mz i = i
                                   188
-------
And the average minimum pickup frequency in region z is:

                            mz
c\n\           FREQy  =  — 5! FREQzi
*   '                     m7 v^i

                                                 2
Let:              A   =  The area of region z (mi )

                  dz  =  The average distance between sources in
                         region z

Then an approximation for dz is (see  Appendix B):
(11)
                           mz
Let:             RZD  =  The distance between the center of mass
                         in region z and the plant

Then:

                                    +  (Yz-Yp)2]l/2
     where:   Xz,Xp   =  The x locations of the center of mass of
                         region z and the plant, respectively.

              YZ,Y    =  The y coordinates of the center of mass
                  p      of region z and the plant, respectively.

During one collection circuit a local pickup vehicle may collect
from Vpyp/CAPz sources, on the average.  Then, if the capacity of
the local collection vehicle, Vpyp, is greater than the entire
holding capacity of the region, one vehicle may collect wastes
from all sources.  However,  if:
                     Vpup  <  CAPzmz

 the vehicle must make more than one trip to collect wastes from  all
 of the sources.  In fact, it must make:
 (13)                            CAPzm7
                                 VPUP

 complete  trips  to  collect  all  of  the  waste.
                                  189
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The total distance traveled between points during a collection
circuit by one local  collection vehicle is:
(14)                        d   [
                             z    CAP
and empirical evaluations have shown that about 3dz additional
distance is traveled in initial and final positioning within a
region.  Therefore, the average distance traveled by a local
collection vehicle within a region during the course of a collection
circuit is:

                              VPUP
(15)                     dz  [=_  + 2]
                          z   CAPZ
                          VPUP  <  CAPA
      and,
      If.                 Vp(Jp  >


These. expressions for distance traveled within a region during a
collection circuit assume a uniform row and column distribution of
sources within a region z.   If the deviation from uniformity is high,
the expression,
(11)
will overestimate the distance between sources.   Appendix C compares
this expression for dz with the expected dz in the case of a random
distribution of sources.

3d  was determined experimentally as a factor representative of the
additional distance a truck must travel to begin and end work in com-
pleting a circuit; e.g.,  going to and from an overnight truck parking
area.
                                  190
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The distance traveled between region z and the plant during each
collection circuit is 2R  .   Therefore, the total distance traveled by
one local collection vehicle during one collection cycle is:
                                            if Vpup
      and,


(18)       <{Fc7d>7+2)    +  2FcDZRZD J.    if Vpup
-------
Time Required for One Collection Circuit

In this section are derived expressions for the time required to complete
one circuit collection from each source in a region, using the collection
vehicle to deliver to the plant.  The circuit time is comprised of time
spent traveling, time spent pumping and time spent waiting, hooking up,
unhooking, etc. at each source and at the plant.

The time spent traveling per circuit is:
(21)


and:
(22)

CAP2mz f Fczdz
VPUP ISLPUPZ

Fczd?(m2 + 2)
SLPUPz

( VPUP + 2) +
CAPZ
if Vpup <
+ 2Rp/Cpz
SRpupz
if VDI,D >
2RzpFcpz
SFPUPz
CAPzmz


CAP mz
       where:   SL      =  The average speed of the collection
                  PUPz     vehicle within region z (mi/hr).

                SRp,|p   =  The average speed of the collection
                    Pz     vehicle between region z and the
                           plant  (mi/hr).

  The  total time spent pumping during one collection circuit and at the
  plant is:
  (23)
                               2m7CAP
                                    z
                                PRPUP

        where:     PRnn    =  The  pumping  rate  of  the  collection
                    PUP     vehicle  (gal./hr).

  Time spent waiting is:
                         mzCAPz
  (24)          mzws  +  ~i	~  Wp    if VPbP <  CAPzmz
                          VPUP

        and,
                                 192
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  (25)
                                                 CAPzmz
        where:     w    =  The average waiting  time  at  a  source
                    5      (hrs/visit).

                   W    =  The average time at  the plant
                    p      (hrs/visit).

The total  time required  to  complete one circuit may now be calculated
as:
(26)     Tpyp
                         (m2  +  2)  +  2RzpFcpz
                                      SR
                                        pupz
                                   •}•
                        2mzCAPz  +  m w   + vi
                                                  1
                         PR
                                     zws   T  "p    8760   '
                           PUPz
         and
                                if Vpup  >, CAPzm   ,
(27)
PUPz
[cAPzmz  f1
  VPUP  V
                            SLPUPz
                                            2)   +   2R7pFcpz
              2mzCAPz

               PRPUPz
                                               m CAP
                                                 V,
                                                  PUP
                                                            1
                                                           8760
                               if V
                                   PUP
     where:
              8760
                        The constant required to convert hours  into years,
                                 193
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The Number of Local  Collection Vehicles Needed Under the PUP System to
Service a Region, z.

The number of vehicles needed to service a region z may now be calcu-
lated by dividing the time required to service all  of the sources in
region z by the required interval at which these sources must be ser-
viced.  Therefore,
(28)
                    N
                    w
                     PUPz
     where:   N
               p,.p
                  2
                         The number of vehicles required to
                         service region z.
But this assumes that the vehicles are available for use 24 hours per
day and that, on the average, a source is serviced just as the waste
holding tank is full.  It seems reasonable to assume that sources can
be serviced no more than during some fractional  part of each day, and
that a collection safety factor should be applied to reduce the number
of times a vehicle must be dispatched on an emergency basis to a
source to prevent its waste holding tank from overflowing.  Provision
may be made for these allowances by computing Npypz as:

                                  T

(29)                Npupz  =
                                   PUPz
      where:    y     =   The utilization factor for the vehicles.
                PUP
                            overdesign factor
     It may be noted in this and subsequent expressions that a small
interval (INTZ) and the corresponding large frequency (FREQ^) tends
to increase the cost of- the collection system; in other words, make
the model more conservative.  In this interest, the following compu-
tation for FREQZ was used in actual application of the model:
(30)
             FREQ,   =  max {-I  E FREQ . ;  i x_,/Z CAP..}
                 z           mz  i     zi    i  ZT 1    zi
                                  194
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Sufficient information is now available to compute the equipment cost
(Ep,,p) for the PUP system in accordance with expression (5).


Cost of Labor

The cost of labor may be calculated, on an annual  basis, as the time
required to make one circuit, multiplied by the frequency with which
the circuits must be completed; times the hourly labor rate; all
multiplied by the number of workers required to support one local
collection vehicle.  Thus:
(31)     CLpupz  =  [Tpupz FREQZ]  •   [NDpLJpLDpUp+LSWpup] (8760)


      where:   NDp||p  =  The number of drivers/vehicle.

              NSWpyp  =  The number of support workers/vehicle.

               LDpyp  =  The hourly labor cost of drivers ($/hr).

              LSWnnD  =  The hourly labor cost of support workers
                 PUP     ($/hr).

It may be preferable to have more than one driver per vehicle for
training and other contingency purposes.   However, it should be remem-
bered that the hourly labor cost includes costs accrued due to sick
leave and vacation times normally encountered.  Another equivalent
computation of labor costs that may be used is:
(32)     CLPUPZ  •  NPUPZYPUP(NDPUPLDPUP+NSUPUPLSUPIJP> (8760)
Insurance Cost

The total cost of insuring the local collection vehicles is a constant
charge per vehicle.  Thus:
(33)                        INS
                               pupz
      where:   INS     =  The cost of insuring a local collection
                  PUP     vehicle.
                               195
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Overall  PUP System Cost

All of the components necessary to compute the total  annual  cost for
operating the PUP system within a particular region,  in accordance
with expression (1),  have now been developed.   Costs  for all  regions
using the PUP system may be calculated by summing over z.   Thus:
(34)
                            PUP
                                       PUPz
Should separate PUP systems be used to collect different types of
waste, the elements of the cost equation developed thus far should
be appended with another subscript j for the jth category of
wastes and:
(35)
                                        PUPjz
(36)



(37)
                           CPUP   =  ? E CPUPjz
                                     J ^
                           CPUPJ  =  z CPUPjz
                                     J
                                  196
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          Table  73.   TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PUP SYSTEM
PUP SYSTEM:    A system whereby local collection vehicles pick up
               wastes at the sources and deliver the wastes to the
               reprocessing plant.

               The annual operating cost for the PUP system in
               region z.  ($/yr.).

DCp.jp :         The annual direct cost of operating the PUP system
               in region z.  ($/yr.).

OHD1ID :         The annual overhead cost of operating the PUP system
  HUHZ         in region z.  ($/yr.).

0pup:          The ratio of PUP overhead to PUP direct costs.


                    0PUP  =  °HPUPz/DCPUPz  f°r a11 Z'
               The annual operating cost of equipment required to
               support the PUP system in region z.  ($/yr.).

               Labor cost for operating PUP in region z.  ($/yr.).

INSp..p :       The annual cost of insurance on PUP vehicles in
   KUPZ         region z.  ($/yr.).

Np.jp :         The number of local collection vehicles required to
  •             support PUP in region z.

FCDIID:         The fixed annual lease charge for a local collec-
 'PUP
               tion vehicle.  ($/vehicle yr.).
MID  :          The lease cost per mile for a local collection
  HUP          vehicle.  ($/mi.).

Dp |p :          The total distance traveled by local collection
               vehicle to collect from all sources in region z
               and deliver to the reprocessing plant,  (miles/
               circuit).

 FREQ :          The average  waste collection frequency required
     z           at a waste  source in region z,  if the waste tank
                is collected when full.

 CAP •:          The waste storage capacity of source i in region z
    21           (gal.).
                               197
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   Table 73  (Continued).  TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PUP SYSTEM
X . :            The average generation rate of waste oil  by source
               i in region z (gal./yr.).

mz:             The number of waste generation sources in region z.

CAP :           The average holding capacity of waste sources in

 z
 s
               region z.  (gallons).
INT :           The average interval  between collections at sources
               in region z, if collections are made only when the
               waste storage tank is full.  (yrs. /collection) .

A ;            The area of region z (mi^).

d :            The average straight line distance  between waste
               sources in region z (mi.).
R  :            The straight line distance between region z and
  P            the reprocessing plant,  (mi.).

Fc :Fcpz       A circuitry factor representing the difference
               between travel over an actual road and the straight
               line distance between sources on a collection
               circuit in region z, and between region z and the
               plant, respectively.

               The capacity of the local collection vehicle used
               in the PUP system,  (gal./vehicle).

               The average speed of a local collection vehicle
               between stops in region z.   (mi./hr.).

               The average speed of a local collection vehicle
               between region z and the reprocessing plant.
               (mi./hr.).

PRmiD:         The pumping rate for a local collection vehicle.
  PUP          (gal./hr.).

w :            The average waiting or dead  time spent by a local
               collection vehicle connecting and disconnecting
               at each local source,  (hrs./collection).
                              198
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  Table  73 (Continued).  TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PUP SYSTEM
w :            The average waiting or dead time a vehicle spends
 P             at the reprocessing plant in off-loading.  This
               includes analysis time,  (hrs./load).

               The utilization factor for local collection
               vehicles.  The percentage of time vehicle is in
               use.

               The overdesign factor.  The ratio of the number
               of vehicles required to support the PUP system
               on the average to the number actually employed.

               The number of drivers maintained for each local
               collection vehicle,  (drivers/vehicle).

LDP1IP:         The labor cost for drivers of local collection
   w          vehicles.  ($/hr.).

NSWp..p:        The number of supporting workers maintained per
               local collection vehicle,  (workers/vehicle).

LSWp.]p:        The labor cost for local collection vehicle
               support workers.  ($/hr.).
                            199
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THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK

The annual cost of having local  collection pickup vehicles deliver to an
intermediate storage tank, with  long haul  vehicles delivering to plant
from intermediate storage tanks  (the PIP system), in a region z, may be
written as:
(38)
CPIPz     CPIz
      where:  C
               PIPz
             'ISTz
               'IPz
                        ISTz
                                                  IPz
        The annual  cost of operating the PIP
        system in  region z ($/yr).

        The annual  cost of operating the local
        collection  system supporting the PIP
        system in  region z ($/yr).

        The annual  cost of the intermediate
        storage tank for region z ($/yr).

        The annual  cost of the long haul system
        for hauling waste oil  from the inter-
        mediate storage tank in region z,  to
        the plant  ($/yr)
Cost of the Local Collection System

The cost of the local collection system (PI system) may be written as
(39)'
(40)
      or,
      where:  DC
              OH
PIz

PIz

0PI
      Cn    =  DCn    +  OH
       PIz       PIz       PIz
  cPIz  =  DSlz (1 + epl)

  -  The direct cost of the PI system ($/yr).

  :  The overhead cost of the PI system ($/yr)

  :  The overhead multiplier - that is:


          OHPIz  =  0PIDCPIz
                               200
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Direct Cost

The direct cost for the PI system in region z is:
                    DCPIz  -  EPIz  +  Slz  +  INSPIZ


      where:    Epl   =  The annual cost of equipment required
                        for the PI system in region z ($/yr).

              CLpjz  =  The cost of labor for operating the PI
                        system in region z ($/yr).

             INS     =  The cost of insurance on local  collection
                        vehicles ($/yr).
Cost of Equipment
                 EPIz  =  NPUPzFCPUP + MIPUPDPIzFREQz


      where:  Np..p   =  The number of local collection vehicles
                        required to support the PI system in
                        region z (vehicles).

              FCp| p  =  The fixed annual charge for operating a
                        local collection vehicle ($/vehicle year)

                     =  The cost per mile of operating a local
                        collection vehicle ($/mi).

                     =  The total distance that must be traveled
                        to make one collection from all sources
                        in region z using the PI system (mi/
                        circuit).
             FREQ    =  The average waste collection frequency
                 z      required at a waste source in region z,
                        if the waste tank is collected when
                        full.
                               201
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 Distance  Traveled  by  PI  Vehicle  In One Collection Circuit
 The distance  traveled  by  a  local  collection  vehicle during one circuit
 under the  PI  system  is  derived  similarly to  that for the PUP system
 except that the  local  collection  vehicle does not deliver to the plant
 each circuit,  but  rather  delivers  to  an intermediate storage tank  (1ST)
 located in the region.  Thus, the  distance traveled during a complete
 circuit is:
 (43)    Dplz  =
                         Fc
                     PUP
                            •»}
 if Vpup<
       and,
 (44)
               PIz
        =  Fc
if Vpup> CAPzmz
       where:    The  symbols  are  defined  in  the Table  of  Symbols.
Time Required for a Local  CollectionCircuit

The expression for time required to complete one  circuit,  collecting
from each source in region z and delivering to the  1ST is  derived  next.
It is similar to that for the PUP system except that  those factors
associated with delivery to the plant are omitted.
(45)
      and,
(46)
'PIz
                (m
CAPzmzFczdz vpup ^
VpupSLpupz CAP2
1 )w 1 ]
U sj 8760 '
H 2)
if
2mzCAPz
PRpUp
Vpup < mz
'PIz
                 (m
Fczdz(mz+2) +
SLpUPz
1 )wl ]
' s 8760
2mzCAPz
PR
™PUP
, if V
                                               PUP
      where:   The symbols are defined in the Table of Symbols.
                                202
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The Number of Local Collection Vehicles Needed for the PI  System

The number of local collection vehicles needed to service  region z
under the PI system is:
                            -
(47)                  PIz    "    YpI«pIINTz
      where:  Npl   =   The number of local  collection vehicles
                        required to service  region z under the
                        PI system.  The remaining symbols are
                        defined similarly, as in equation (29).
Cost of Labor
The cost of labor for the PI system may be calculated as:


(48)      CLpIz  =  Tpl2 FREQ2 [NDpupLDpup+NSWpupLSWpUp]  8760
      or,
(49)      CLpIz  =  NpuTzYpUp (NDpUpLDpup+NSWpupLSWpup)   8760


      where:  The symbols are defined in the Tables of Symbols,
              (PUP and PIP).
Insurance Cost

Cost of insuring the local  collection vehicles required for the PI
system is:
                             INSP!z  =  INSPUPNPIZ
Overall PI System Cost
Sufficient information is now available to compute the local
collection system for the PIP concept according to expression (39),
                               203
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 Cost of the Intermediate  Storage Tank  (1ST)

 All  financing costs  for the  IST's are  accumulated  in  the  profit  model
 Refer to Appendix  J  for determination  of the  size  of  intermediate
 storage tanks.

 The  annual  cost  of the  intermediate  storage tank (1ST)  to service
 region z under the PIP  system  is expressed as:


                  CISTz   =  WlSTz  +  DEPISTz
    where:    ITC-T   =   The capital  cost of the 1ST,  its  land
                        and attentant facilities required to
                        serve region z under the PIP  concept ($).

             *IST   =   A multiplier used to calculate annual
                        operating and maintenance cost of an
                        1ST based on the original  investment
                        in the 1ST (1/yr).

            DEPT<-T  =   The annual depreciation allowance for
                        the 1ST serving region z under the PIP
                        concept ($/yr).
The 1ST investment cost may be expressed as:
(52)           IlSTz  =   ISTz       ISTz
SD      +  En9lTz- +  LandIST
                                                                z
    where:   ET_T   =   The cost of materials and construction ($).
              *o I £

                    =   The cost of site development ($).

                    -   The cost of engineering and fee ($).
                                204
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Cost of Construction and Materials

The cost of the construction and materials required for the 1ST
required to service region z under the PIP system may be calcu-
lated as:


                  EISTz  =  aio  +  ai!VISTz
    where:     a^0  =   A constant for the ith range of volume ($).

               a-n  =   A constant for the ith range of volume
                        ($/gal).

                    =   The volume of the 1ST required to
                        service region z (gal).

There are two ranges of volume that are of interest to the PIP system:
0 to 100,000 gallons and 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons.  These two
ranges are important because once a tank becomes greater than 100,000
gallons in capacity, the cost per unit volume drops significantly.
The values of a-jj and their corresponding range of volumes are shown
below:
                1ST Construction and Material Cost Constants

             Volume Range    i    aio, a^

          0 - 100,000 gal.   1    0.0    .392

  100,000 - 1,000,000 gal.   2  14,262   .0511


Site Development Costs, Engineering. Costs, and Fee

The cost of site development, engineering and the fee charged are
computed as percentages of the construction and material costs.
Thus:

(54)                SDISTz  =  EI EISTz




 (55)                E"9lSTz  =   £2EISTz


        where:      ej:     j = 1,2 = constants
                               205
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Cost of Land

The cost of land is computed as a function of the tank diameter and
the set back around the tank.  The cost of land required for the 1ST
in region z is discussed next.

The height of the 1ST is taken  to be 1.2 times the diameter.  Thus,
diameter can be expressed as a  function of volume such that:


(56)          Diameter  =  .521V1/3  (V in gals.)

Using this relationship, the cost of 1ST land may be written as:


(57)      LandISTz  =
    where:    C1T      =   The  cost  of  lapd  in  region z  at  the
               1STz      1ST  site  ($/ft2).

             SB      =   The  set back  around  an  1ST (ft).


 Cost  of  Parking Area

 The size of  the parking area  is  taken as a  function  of  the volume of
 the 1ST  such  that the  land  area  of the parking lot is calculated as:

 (58)                     9lSTzVISTz

                                      ij
    where:     9-i^r-,   = a constant  (ft /gal).
 Then  the  cost  of the parking  area  is:


 (59)              PLjSTz  =  C1ISTz9isTzVISTz
 The  total  initial  investment  associated with the  1ST serving  region  z
 is  calculated  as:

                         3
 (60)     JISTZ  =  [ ] +AejJ (aio + ail
                                 206
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Depreciation Allowance

Depreciation allowance is determined on a straight line basis over
the estimated life of the 1ST.   Thus:


(61)         DEPISTz  =  EISTz  
-------
Direct Cost

The direct cost for the IP system in  region  z  is
(64)
where:  E
       CL
         Tp
         rpz
                        The annual  cost of equipment  required
                        for the IP  system in region ^ ($/yr).

                        The cost of labor operating the IP
                        system in region z ($/yr).
                        The cost of insurance on the IP vehicles
                        operating in region z ($/yr).
Cost of Equipment

(65)    ER    -  NIpT2FCIpT  +
                                             (MI
                                                IpT
                                                            MIIPR)
    where:
        N
         IpT
         jpz
      FC
        rpRz
                       The number of long haul trailers (IPT)
                       required to support the IPI system in
                       region z (trailers).

                       The annual  fixed charge for operating a
                       long haul trailer ($/trai ler yr).

                       The cost per mile of Operating a long
                       haul trailer ($/mi).

                       The distance traveled by long haul
                       vehicle between the 1ST in region z and
                       the plant, over the course of a year.
                       (Note that this definition of distance
                       traveled differs from that used in the
                       local collection calculation) (mi/yr).

                       The number of long haul tractors (IPR)
                       required to support the PIP system in
                       region z (vehicles).

                       The annual  fixed charge for operating
                       a long haul tractor ($/tractor yr) .

                       The cost per mile of operating a long
                       haul tractor ($/mi).
                               208
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Distance Traveled by Long Haul Vehicles Between Intermediate Storage
Tanks in Region z and Plant

The distance traveled on one round trip between ISTz and the plant is:
                                 2FcpzRzP


The quantity of waste carried in this trip is Vjp, the capacity of the
long haul vehicle.  The amount of waste that must be transported
between the 1ST and the plant during one year is:
                                 xz


    .  where:   x^  =  The total quantity of waste oil  generated
                      by all  sources in region z.
Thus:
(67)                         x'  =  l  x ,
      where:  x •   =  The average amount of waste generated by
                      source i  in region z within a year
                      (gal ./yr) .

It follows that the number of trips made by the long haul  vehicles is
                                 "IP
                                  xf
                                 \

      so that:


(68)
                               209
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 Time Required for Long Haul  Vehicles  to Transport  Waste  from 1ST to  Plant

 The time required for one round trip  of the  IP  vehicle  is:



         2Fcn7  .   2VIp  +            -i

                                    P J "8760"


 Then,  the  total  long  haul  vehicle  time  required  per year  is:
                     x^
 (69)      Tlpz   .
     where:   T     =   The  time  long  haul  vehicle(s) must  spend
                      transporting waste  from  the  1ST  to  the
                      plant  over  the course  of a year  (years).
Number of Long Haul  Trailers  Required

The number of long haul  trailers  required to support the PIP  system
in region z is:


(70)                  W       '    TlPZ
                                YIPT«IPT

     where:  NTpT   =  The number of long haul  trailers  required
                       to support the IP system in region z .
              YTPT  =  The utilization factor for IP vehicles.

              jj     =  The overdesign factor.
                                210
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Number of Long Haul Tractors Required

Since  the long haul tractors may be detached  from the long haul
trailers, a savings will  accrue if tractors are  detached and dispatched
immediately on the next leg of their journey  during their available
hours  while the trailers  wait to be pumped out.  The number of
tractors required is:


                  T     -  XzK + "p  +  pR.p
(7D     NIPR  -   J^—isn^n^
         1PK          ^IPR"IPR
     where:  NTp   =  The  number of long haul  tractors required
               *     to support the IP system in region z.


Cost of Labor

The cost of labor required to operate  the IP system  in region z is:
(72)     CLIpz  =  {NIpTzYIPT  [(NSWIpT) (LSWIpT)]

                           NDIPR)  (LDIPR) +

                      (NSWIPR)  (LSWIPR)] }  8760
    where:   NSWjpj  =  The number  of support workers  required
                      per trailer (workers/trailer).

                   =  The number  of support workers  required
                      per long  haul tractor (workers/tractor).

                   =  The number  of drivers required per long
                      haul tractor (drivers/tractor).

            LSWjpy  =  The labor cost per support worker on a
                      trailer  ($/hr).

            LSWjp£  =  The labor cost per support worker on a
                      tractor  (5/hr).

            LDTpp  =  The labor cost per driver of a long haul
              irK     tractor  ($/yr).
                               211
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Costof Insurance

Insurance costs for the IP system are calculated for region z as:


(73)
     where:  INSjpT  =  The cost of insurance per long haul
                        trailer ($/yr trailer).

             INSTPR  =  The cost of insurance per long haul
                        tractor ($/yr tractor).
Total IP System Cost

Sufficient information has been developed through expressions (64)
through (73) to compute IP system operating costs in accordance with
equation (62).
Total PIP System Cost

Equations (39), (51) and (62) may be summed in accordance with
equation (38 ,) to calculate total annual PIP system cost.
                               212
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     Table 74.   TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK
PIP System:
PI Subsystem:



1ST Subsystem:



IP Subsystem:




CPIPz:
 'ISTz'
CIPz:
DCPIz:
°HPIz:
A system whereby a local collection vehicle
picks up waste from sources within a region,
and delivers the waste to an intermediate
storage tank within the region.  Larger, long-
haul vehicles then pick up the waste from the
intermediate storage tank and deliver it to the
reprocessing plant.  The PIP system is comprised
of three subsystems:  1)  the PI system;  2)  the
1ST system; and 3)  the IP system.

That component of the PIP system that involves
picking up waste from local sources and deliver-
ing it to the intermediate storage tank.

That component of the PIP system that involves
storing the waste collected in a region in an
intermediate storage tank.

That component of the PIP system that involves
picking up waste at an intermediate storage
tank and delivering it to the reprocessing plant.

The annual cost of operating the PIP system in
region z.  ($/yr.).

The annual cost of operating the PI subsystem in
region z.  ($/yr.).

The annual cost of operating the 1ST subsystem
in region z.  ($/yr.).

The annual cost of operating the IP subsystem in
region z.  ($/yr.).

The annual direct cost of operating the PI sub-
system in region z.  ($/yr.).

The annual overhead cost of operating the PI
subsystem in region z.   ($/yr.).

The ratio of PI  overhead to PI  direct cost,  i.e.,
                                213
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Table  74 (Continued).  TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK
 PI    :            The initial  investment cost of the  intermediate
   i^z            storage tank and its  facilities supporting  the
                   1ST subsystem in region z.   ($).

 DEP    :           The annual  depreciation allowance  for the  inter-
     blz            mediate storage tank  in region z.   ($/yr.).

 E    :            The cost of material  and construction for  the
   ^ 2             intermediate storage  tank supporting  the  1ST
                   system in region z.   ($).

 SD    :            The cost of site development for the  intermediate
                   storage tanks and its facilities  in region  z.
                   ($).

 ENGT_T :           The cost of engineering services  and  fee  associa-
                   ted with construction of the intermediate  storage
                   tanks in region z.   ($).

 Land    :          The cost of land on which the intermediate  stor-
      ^ z          age tanks are located.  ($).

 EpT :             The annual  cost of equipment required to  support
   lz              the PI system in region z.   ($/yr.).

 CLpT :            The cost of labor required to operate the  PI
                   system equipment in  region z.  ($/yr.).

 INSpT :            The cost of insurance on PI system vehicles in
                   region z.  ($/yr.).

 N    :            The number of local  collection vehicles  re-
  Pl-)'z             quired to support the PI system in region  z.
                   (vehicles).

 D   :             The distance traveled by PI vehicles  in  the
                   course of collecting  from all sources in  region
                   z once,  (mi./circuit).

 T   :             The time spent by PI  vehicles in collecting
  "                from all sources in region z once,   (yrs./
                   circuit).

                   The annual  cost of operating the 1ST system in
                   region z.  ($/yr.).
                                 214
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Table 74 (Continued).  TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK
                    The ratio of annual  cost of maintenance and
                    operation of an intermediate storage tank to the
                    investment cost of an intermediate storage tank.
  PLT   :            The cost of peripheral  land (used for parking,
                    etc.) for the intermediate storage tank located
                    in region z.   ($).

  V    :             The capacity  of the intermediate storage tank in
   iblz             region z.  (gal .).

  A.  ,A.,:          Construction  and material  cost constants asso-
   10               ciated with an intermediate storage tank of
                    the ith capacity range.   ($, and $/gal.).

  £,,£„,£„:         Site development, engineering and fee cost
                    constants associated with  an intermediate
                    storage tank.

  C1_  :            Cost of land  used for the  intrmediate storage
                    tank used in  region z.
  SB   :             The set back required around an intermediate
    IbT             storage tank.   (ft.).

  g   :             The intermediate storage tank parking lot
   1ST              size contant.   (ft2/gal.).

  X   •             The ratio of salvage value  to initial investment
                    cost for an intermediate storage tank site.

  y   :             The expected usedful life of an intermediate
                    storage tank facility,   (yrs.).

  DC.p :             The annual  direct operating cost for the  IP
                    system in region z.   ($/yr.).

                    The annual  overhead  cost of the IP system in
                    region z.
                                 215
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  'IPR
Table 74 (Continued).  TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK
                  The ratio of IP overhead cost to direct cost,  i.e.


                            °HIPz  =  QIP  DCIPz-
E   :              The annual  cost of equipment required to support
                  the IP system in region  z.

                  The annual  cost of labor required to operate the
                  IP system equipment.  ($/yr.).

 INSTn  :           The cost of  insurance on IP  system  vehicles.
    IPZ            ($/yr.).

 NTPT  :            The number of  long-haul trailers  required to
 .                 support  the  IP system in region  z.

 FCTpT:            The fixed annual  lease  charge for a  long-haul
     1             trailer.   ($/trailer/yr.).

 MITnT:            The lease cost per  mile for  a long-haul  trailer.
   I'I             11- /,«•:  \
                   The  round trip distance  traveled by  a  long-haul
                   tractor-trailer combination  between  the  inter-
                   mediate  storage tank  and the reprocessing  plant
                   in one trip,   (mi./circuit).

                   The  number  of  long-haul  tractors required  to
                   support  the IP system in region z.

 FCTDD:             The  annual  fixed  lease cost  for one  long-haul
                   tractor.   ($/ yr.)
 MIjpp:             The  lease  cost  per mile  for  a  long-haul  tractor.
 X' :               The  total  quantity  of  waste  generated  within
                   region  z  in  one year,   (gal./yr.).

 T    :             The  total  long-haul  trailer  time  required  to
  IPRz             support the  IP system  for a  year,   (tractor yrs.)

 V  :               The  capacity of one long-haul  trailer.
  1H               (gal./trailer).
                               216
-------
Table 74 (Continued).   TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR THE PIP COLLECTION NETWORK
  T   :             The overdesign  factor.  The ratio of the number
   ^               of vehicles  required to support  the IP system,
                  on the average, to the number actually employed.
     :             The utilization factor for long-haul vehicles.
  IP'              The percentage  of time the vehicle is in use.
                  The overdesign  factor.  The ratio of the number
                  of vehicles  required to support  the IP system,
                  on the average, to the number actually employed.
                  The utilization factor for long-haul tractors.
                  The percentage  of time the vehicle is in use.
 T    :            The total long-haul trailer time required to
  IPTz             support the  IP  system for a year,  (trailer yrs.)
 N   :             The number of long-haul trailers required to
  *p'              support the  IP  system.
 NSW    :           The number of support workers required per
   IP'            long-haul trailer.
 N   :             The number of long-haul tractors required to
  IPR              support the  IP  system.
 NSW-    :           The number of support workers required per long-
   IPR            haul tractor.
 ND    :            The number of drivers required per long-haul
   IPR             tractor.
 LSW    ,LSW    :    The hourly labor cost for long-haul trailer and
   IPT    IPR     tractor support workers respectively.  ($/hr.).
 LD    :            The hourly labor cost for long-haul tractor
   1PR             drivers.  ($/hr.).
 INS    :           The annual cost of insuring a long-haul
   *p'            trailer.  ($/trailer yr.).
 INS    :           The annual cost of insuring a long-haul
   IPR            tractor.  ($/tractor yr. ).
 Y :               The utilization factor for short-haul trucks.
                                P  .  v_ui
                                      VPUP
                               217
-------
Distribution System

The distribution system is the collection system in reverse.   It is
envisioned, however, that products will  be distributed only to large
volume users of the reprocessed products so that a local  distribution
system will not be required.  It seems most likely that only the long
haul portion of the PIP system will be used to deliver the products
produced by the waste oil reprocessing system directly to large volume
users.

In the case where long haul vehicles are used to deliver products
directly to users, the annual  cost of delivery to this rth customer is:
(74)
      where:  C[)£Lr  =  The annual  cost of delivery to the rth
                        customer ($/yr).
               0PLr  =  ^e delivery system overhead factor

             DCnn    =  The annual direct cost of delivery to
               utLr     the rth customer ($/yr).

The direct cost of delivering to the rth customer is given by:


(75>          DCDELr  =  EDELr  +  CLDELr  +  INSDELr


The symbols used in this equation are the same and have the same
meanings as those used in the collection system model except for
the subscripts.  This convention will be used throughout the delivery
system cost model.  New symbols will be defined where used.

The components of equation (75) are defined as:


(76)          INSDELr  =
 (77)          CLDELr  =   {NDELTrYDELT [(NSWDELT)  (LSWDELT]



                  +  NDELRrYDELR ^NDDELrLW   +


                          +  (NSWDELR)  (LSWDELR)j
                                 218
-------
(78)       ED£Lr  -   NDE[_TrFCDELT   +   NDELRrFCDELR


                        +   DDELr (MIDELT + MIDELR)
                            Y'
                            Tr
™       NDELTr  =    v_^rtTV^.   * "~SR
^ELr
                                                    ,	I,
                                                    '8760J
                           Yr
(8°)       NDELRr  =   Ynr, n^,, ,Vnr,    '  SR^/'   (sTlo)
      where:    Yr  =  The amount of oil  delivered  to  customer  r
                      (gal./yr).
      and, finally:

                              V ?Fr  R
fsn               n           r   rpKrp
(,oU               unn r         u
                    utLr         VDEL
This formulation assumes that deliveries  are  made  to  customers  in
trailer load lots; that is to say,  small  users  of  oil  who  are able
to take only partial  trailer load lots  are  not  supplied  with this
system.  This assumption is consistent  with the findings of the market
survey, which indicates that a viable market  for reprocessed oils is
the fuel oil market,  and that there are a sufficient  number of  large
users of fuel oil  in  the State of Maryland  to absorb  all of the output
of the waste oil reprocessing system.   This is  probably  true for
most states, particularly northern  states.

Should it be desired  to service a market  of small  customers, however,
the delivery cost model may be expanded to  a  full  service  model
equivalent to the PIP and PUP systems used  to collect waste oil.
                                219
-------
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LI re t~» JQ  re o i- 01
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C
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C£.




0 O •* CM
CO O r— <£> O>
• • • • •
CM O 00 CO i—
oo i— ro LO







10 «>r vo Is*
i — (£> i — O i —
• • • * •
r^ co r— o CM
LO CO LO LO









00 O r— •£>


r^ cr> o »3- co
«st" i— ^J- CO





• • • •
CD LO LO O LO
co r» en o o>
LO  CM CM O CM
<£> CO O) 00 O1

QJ
i.
4-* O
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LU

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                                         220
-------
Table 76.  SUMMARY OF COST,  REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP) MODEL EQUATIONS


  REPROCESSING PLANT AND TANK FARM COST
  Cost of Land for Plant and Tank Farm
                      UndPLTFi  =  C1PLTFi APLTFi
  Plant and Tank Farm Construction Cost
           EPLTFi  =  EPLi+ETFi  =  (1+6PLi>UPLi
                             ^] [EpLj -
  Plant and Tank Farm Depreciation

  (15)           DEPpLTM  =  DEPpL.

                   -  "-A^)EPL1
            PLTFl'

  Plant Operating
   (6)     CPLTFi   =   HPLTFi +  CVPLTF1
                  +   EPLTFi  (BPLTFi  + "PLTFi)   +   ™PLTFi
                               222
-------
  Table 76 (Continued).  SUMMARY OF COST, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)



                         MODEL EQUATIONS
 (7)







 (14)    CVpLTFi =



                  4        n


               +  z \  +  E
                 k=2 k    j=l
 (20)           TAX.  =  n(LandpLTF1
Investment Capital






 (24)          !i  =  !PLTFi  +  !IST  +  !TRAN  +  SUi







 (2)                  IpLTFi  -  '--       '  '







 (25)          SUi  =  (CCQL  +  CDIST  +  CpLTFi)






Annual Cost of Investment Capital






                           (EPM + SU^         I

(26)   Cli  =  (1-CS) PQ { -
                    +  ETFi + LandPLTFi  +  	\
1ST
                          - (l+P0)-YTFi      ! . (l+Po)-YIST
                              223
-------
   Table  76(Continued).   SUMMARY  OF COST,  REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

                          MODEL  EQUATIONS



Annual Cost of Operating Capital


(21)          COC-j  =  [CCOL +  CDIST + CpLTFi] tfpoc



Annual System Cost


 (])         Ci  =  CPLTFi   +  CCOL   +  CDIST  +   COCi   +  CIi


Operating  Revenue
 (31)                 Rsi    =   rX]  £ f. .  Sj
 Investment Revenue
                     [DEPPLTF1  + DEPIST + DEPTRAN][(Hpd)YPL1
 (29)         RT,   =	5-j	
 Other  Revenue
  (32)
         Where:   q^i   =   collection  revenue

                       =   virin oil  tax
                 X-j(l-r)  =  incinerator revenue

                   Sr  =   incinerator charge ($/gal.)
                              224
-------
Table 76 (Continued).  SUMMARY OF COST, REVENUE & PROFIT  (CRP)
                       MODEL EQUATIONS


 Annual  System Revenue

 (28)                RT   =   RSi   +  RIi   +  Roi

 Annual  Operating Pjofit

 (33)       OP-j   =  Rsi  - [CpLTFi + CCQL + CDIST +


 Net Profit Before Taxes
 (34)                     NPBTi   =  R.
 Cash Flow
(36)            CFi   =  NPBTi   +  DEPPLTFi   +  DEPIST  +  DEP
                                     PLTFi        IST        TRAN
 Discounted Value of Cash Flow
                    _   =   _________
 (37)             H     "   [l-(Hp*)"YPLi
 Break Even  Sales  Price

                               ^i  - (Roi
 (38)                   S*  =
                           225
-------
         Table 77.   SUMMARY OF CASH  FLOW,  REVENUE  &  PROFIT  (CRP)
	BREAKEVEN PRICE  PER GALLON OF  PRODUCT  PRODUCED	
CASE     I
TYPE OF PLANT     Mechanical-Chemical Plant
SIZE OF PLANT     19,800,000 gallons per year
FINANCING      100%  (?  7.25%  interest rate
TAXES      None
INCINERATORS     2
PRODUCT VALUE  ($/gal)  - Fuel  Oil  0.122—Lube Stock  0.20—Cutter Stock 0.12

COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                      -0.02	0	+0.02
     COST OF LAND ($)                        653j400    ^3^    653>4QO
     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION  COST  ($)         5,700,000  5,700,000  5,700,000
     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)           463J25    463J25    463J25
     PLANT OPERATING COST  ($/yr)           1,610,781  1,610,781  1,610,781
     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED  C$)       7,539,636  7,539,636  7,539,636
     'COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL  ($/yr)       972>562    972j552
     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL  ($/yr)         28s000     28j000
     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)             3,236,125  3,236,125  3,236,125
     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)              1,848,622  1,848,622  1,848,622
     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)               -,70,328    170,328    170,328
     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                     49,500    445,500    841,500
     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 2,068,449  2,464,449  2,860,449
     NET  INCOME BEFORE TAXES  ($/yr)       -1,167,676   -771,676   -375,676
     CASH  FLOW ($/yr)                       -701,551   -305,551     90,449
     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES  PRICE  ($/gal)   Q.20         0.18       0.15
                                227
-------
Table 73.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR CASE I
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (1 /YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR (S/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR ( S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE ($/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL^
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS ($/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR)
UPLi

fipii

^PLTFi

*PLi

YpH

CLAPLTFi-

CLPpi TC4r

cll

tor

f<.

fi3

PH

Wpi TFT

a-: ,

a!3

9ir

s.

S3

cs

x.

q?

Sr

*TRAN

YTRAN

CniST

DEPTRAU-

UTFi

-6TFi

^PLTFi

ATFi

YTFi

6PIA 	

®n P

PO

p£

fi2

fu

n

Spl TPi-

air,

aiU

e.

S,

s,,

xl

ql

r

ITCT

YIST

rni

DEPIST-

4050000.
1650000.
0.0
0.0
1.00
653400.
0.05
0.05
10.
20.
117106.
0.450
190894.
0.45
0.500
0.0725
0.167
0.0750
0.0
0.7674
0.1694
0.0326
0.0675
0.0
0.02
0.0050
0.1500
n n?m
n.omn
n,nn3i
n.m?n
0.0
0.400
0.122
0.120
0.200
0.0
19800000.
n
-n,n?n, n.nn, +n,n?
n,n
n,77R
0.100
	 68455.
0.
20.
5.
593414.
31368.
3000.
0.
                       228
-------
         Table 79.  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     II

TYPE OF PLANT     Mechanical-Chemical  Plant

SIZE OF PLANT     22,000,000 gallons per year

FINANCING     100%  @  6.53% interest  rate

TAXES      None

INCINERATORS     2 required

PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.15—Lube Stock 0.20—Cutter Stock  0.15


COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)

     COST OF LAND ($}                                   65,400

     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST  ($)                   4,560,000

     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)                     255,360

     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)                     1,426,799

     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)                 5,418,765

     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($/yr)                 541,918

     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL  ($/yr)                     9,687

     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)                       2,280,706

     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)                        2,673,775

     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)                         188,704

     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                            1,182,499

     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                           4,044,978

     NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES ($/yr)                  1,764,272

     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                                2,022,132

     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES PRICE ($/gal)              0.06
                                  229
-------
Table 80.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR CASE II
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (1 /YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR (S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL ^
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF lANKS ($/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR]~
UPLi

^PLi

PLTFi

Api ,-

^PLi

CLApLTF,

CLPpLTF1

ten

tr>£

f .
1
f.

P

Up. jr-

ai

a-; ->

a • r
J
s
'
S3

cs

X,

^2

sr

*TRAN 	

YTRANI

CDIST

DEPTRAIi-
4nc;nnnn.
UTp.j ifi^nnnn,,
_n,?n
^TFi -n,?n
0.10
-APLTFi 653400.
0.05
ATFi 0.05
15.
YTFi ?5,

6PLA 0.405
I7iftnd
9pi p , ... 0.40

P 0.0653
° 0.083
P£ 0.0675
0.0326
fi
-------
         Table 81.   SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW,  REVENUE & PROFIT  (CRP)
	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF  PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     III
TYPE OF PLANT     Mechanical-Chemical  Plant
SIZE OF PLANT     18,000,000 gallons  per year
FINANCING     100%   @  7.98% interest rate
TAXES     None
INCINERATORS     2  required
PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.10-^Lube Stock  0.20— Cutter Stock  0.12

COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)
     COST OF LAND ($)                                1,306,800
     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST ($)                   6,839,998
     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)                   1,048,799
     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)                     2,384,910
     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)                10,527,703
     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL  ($/yr)               2,184,111
     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL ($/yr)                   81,055
     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)                       6,195,118
     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)                        1,513,266
     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)                         136,226
     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                             -360,000
     SYSTEM REVENUE  ($/yr)                           1,289,492
     NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES  ($/yr)                 -4,905,626
     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                               -3,851,327
     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES  PRICE ($/gal)              0.47
                                 231
-------
Table 82.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR CASE III
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($}
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND (S/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (1 /YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (I/YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/6AL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR ($/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL ^
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS (S)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS (S/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS (S/YEAR)
UPLT
UTFi
^ D I i
6TFi
M
PLTFi
L ' ' ' a
PLTFi
D 1 T
ATFi
y iii
PLl YTFi
CLApLTFi
- PLA
ri P
PI TFi
i L i r i
ri P-
f tLf
cn
PO

p.

"f
fi3 ^
" f •
	 ii,

n
UPI TFi
Ppi TCi

ce-jo
ai T

"i r
e.

1 s0 ...
S3
S',
Cc
Xl '

q,
U fy
r
Sr
!rT
i i j i ~
TRAM
1ST
•• v 	 lo i -
- -'TRAM -
CpQI

DEPIST

4050000.
1650000.
0.20
0.20
2.00
653400.
0.05
0.05
5.
.. .15.
128817.
0.495
209983.
0.49
0.583
0.0798
0.250
0.0825
0.0326
0.7674
0.1694
n.n
0.0608
n.n
0.02
0.0050
0.2000
0.0203
0.0010
0.0031
0.0120
n in
-n 35n
o.inn
nj?n
n ?nn
n.n
18000000.
nr
-n.n20
0.0
n.775
0.0
89744.
0.
15.
3.
1373928.
171114.
5500.
0.
                      232
-------
         Table 83.  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     IV

TYPE OF PLANT      Mechanical-Chemical  Plant

SIZE OF PLANT      19,800,000  gallons per year

FINANCING     100% capitalization   @  0.0%  interest rate

TAXES     None

INCINERATORS     2 required

PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.122—Lube Stock 0.20—Cutter  Stock  0.12


COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                      -0.02	0	+0.02

     COST OF LAND ($)                        65,340     65,340     65,340

     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST ($)       57,000,000  5,700,000  5,700,000

     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)          463,125    463,125    463,125

     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)           1,610,781  1,610,781  1,610,781

     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)       7,539,636  7,539,636  7,539,636

     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($/yr)       0.0       0.0        0.0

     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL ($/yr)        28,000     28,000     28,000

     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)             2,263,563  2,263,563  2,263,563

     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)              1,848,622  1,848,622  1,848,622

     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)              170,328    170,328    170,328

     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                    49,500    445,500    841,500

     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 2,068,449  2,464,449  2,860,449

     NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES ($/yr)         -195,114    200,886    596,886

     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                       271,011    667,011  1,063,011

     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES PRICE ($/gal)   0.14       0.11       0.08
                                 233
-------
Table 84.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS  FOR  CASE  IV
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SO FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (1 /YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR (S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -'LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX ($/GAL>
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS (S/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR)
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                       234
-------
         Table 85.  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW,  REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     V

TYPE OF PLANT      Mechanical-Chemical  Plant

SIZE OF PLANT      19,800,000  gallons per year

FINANCING     100%  @  7.25% interest rate

TAXES      None

INCINERATORS     Bottoms Sold  --  1  incinerator  required

PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.112—Lube Stock  0.20—Cutter  Stock  0.12


COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                      -0.02	0	+0.02

     COST OF LAND ($)                        653,400    653,400    653,400

     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST ($)          5,400,000  5,400,000  5,400,000

     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)           434,625    434,625    434,625

     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)            1,554,436  1,554,436  1,554,436

     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)        7,213,964  7,213,964  7,213,964

     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL  ($/yr)       925,656    925,656    925,656

     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL ($/yr)         27,357     27,357     27,357

     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)              3,137,231  3,137,231  3,137,231

     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)               1,848,622  1,848,622  1,848,622

     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)               159,914    159,914    159,914

     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                     49.500    445,500    841,500

     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 2,058,035  2,454,035  2,850,035

     NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES  ($/yr)       -1,079,196   -683,196   -287,496

     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                       -641,571   -245,571    150,429

     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES PRICE  ($/gal)    0.20       0.17       0.14
                                  235
-------
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SO FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (I/YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR (S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -'LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL ^
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
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INVESTMENT IN STORAGE (S)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
              '1ST-
                      68455.
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST (S)
DISTRIBUTION COST (S)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS (S/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR)

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-------
          Table 87-  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)
 	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     VI
TYPE OF PLANT      Vacuum  Distillation  and Hydrofining
SIZE OF PLANT      30,000,000  gallons per year
FINANCING      100%  @  7.25%  interest  rate
TAXES      0.0122
INCINERATORS      Bottoms  Sold --  1  incinerator  required
PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.122—Lube Stock  0.20—Cutter  Stock 0.15

COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                     -0.02	0	+0.02
     COST OF LAND ($)                        653,400    653,400    653,400
     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST ($)         5,700,000  5,700,000  5,700,000
     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)           463j125    463,125    463,125
     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)           1,794,919  1,794,191  1,794,191
     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)       7,635,461  7,635,461  7,635,461
     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($/yr)       986,364    986,364    986,364
     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL ($/yr)         30,400     30,400     30,400
     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)             3,443,977  3,443,977  3,443,977
     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)              3,154,187  3,154,187  3,154,187
     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)               170,328    170,328    170,328
     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                     129,000    729,000  1,328,999
     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 3,453,514  4,053,514  4,653,514
     NET INCOME' BEFORE TAXES ($/yr)             9,537    696,574  1,209,537
     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                        475,662  1,075,662  1,675,662
     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES PRICE ($/gal)    0.16       0.13       0.10
                                 237
-------
Table 88.  CRP MODEL  -  SYSTEM PARAMETERS  FOR CASE VI
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND (S/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST (S)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST (S)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (I/YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR (S/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR (S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL ^
WASTE RECOVERABLF FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE (S/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE (S)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST (S)
DISTRIBUTION COST (S)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS ($/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS (S/YEAR)
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                      238
-------
         Table 89.  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED	
CASE     VII

TYPE OF PLANT      Mechanical  Chemical Plant

SIZE OF PLANT      30,000,000 gallons  per year

FINANCING       100%  @  7.25% interest  rate

TAXES      0.0112

INCINERATORS      2 required

PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel Oil 0.122—Lube Stock 0.20—Cutter Stock  0.12


COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                     -0.02	0       +0.02

     COST OF LAND  ($)                        653,400    653,400    653,400

     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST  ($)         6,585,000  6,585,000   6,585,000

     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE  ($/yr)           539,362    539,362    539,362

     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)           2,157,394  2,157,394   2,157,394

     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)       8,709,749  8,709,749   8,709,749

     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($/yr)     1,133,206  1,133,206   1,133,206

     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL  ($/yr)          35,142     35,142     35,142

     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)             3,974,137  3,974,137   3,974,137

     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)              3,197,321   3,197,321   3,197,321

     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)               198,187    198,187    198,187

     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                   -102,000    498,000   1,098,000

     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 3,293,506  3,893,506   4,493,506

     NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES ($/yr)         -680,631     -80,631    519,369

     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                       -138,268    461,731   1,061,731

     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES PRICE ($/gal)     -.15        -.13       0.10
                                 239
-------
Table 90.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR CASE VII
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (1 /YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR ($/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPTTAI T7ATTON FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (5/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL ^
WASTF RFCOVFRARI F FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE ($/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (/EARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS (S/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR)
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                       240
-------
         Table 91.  SUMMARY OF CASH FLOW, REVENUE & PROFIT (CRP)

 	BREAKEVEN PRICE PER GALLON OF PRODUCT PRODUCED
CASE     VIII

TYPE OF PLANT     Mechanical-Chemical  Plant

SIZE OF PLANT     30,000,000  gallons per year

FINANCING      100%  @  7.25% interest rate

TAXES     0.0112

INCINERATORS      2 required

PRODUCT VALUE ($/gal) - Fuel  Oil 0.15 — Lube Stock  0.25 — Cutter Stock 0.15


COLLECTION FEE ($/gal)                     -0.02	0	+0.02

     COST OF LAND ($)                        653,400     653,400   653,400

     PLANT - CONSTRUCTION COST ($)          6,585,000   6,585,000 6,585,000

     DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE ($/yr)           539,362     539,362   539,362

     PLANT OPERATING COST ($/yr)            2,292,502   2,292,502 2,292,502

     INVESTMENT CAPITAL REQUIRED ($)        8,777,303   8,777,303 8,777,303

     COST OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($/yr)      1,142,936   1,142,936 1,142,936

     COST OF OPERATING CAPITAL ($/yr)          36,835     36,835    36,835

     ANNUAL SYSTEM COST ($/yr)              4,120,667   4,120,667  4,120,667

     OPERATING REVENUE ($/yr)               3,944,896   3,944,896 3,944,896

     INVESTMENT REVENUE ($/yr)               198,187     198,187    198,187

     OTHER REVENUE ($/yr)                    -102,000     498,000  1,098,000

     SYSTEM REVENUE ($/yr)                 4,041,081   4,641,081  5,241,081

     NET INCOME" BEFORE TAXES  ($/yr)          -79,585     520,414  1,120,414

     CASH FLOW ($/yr)                         462,776   1,062,776  1,662,776

     BREAKEVEN AVERAGE SALES  PRICE ($/gal)    0.16       0.13       0.11


                                 241
-------
Table 92.  CRP MODEL - SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR CASE VIII
PLANT INVESTMENT COST ($)
TANK FARM INVESTMENT ($)
PLANT - CONTINGENCY FACTOR
TANK FARM CONTINGENCY FACTOR
COST OF LAND ($/SQ FT)
PLANT SIZE (SQ FT)
SALVAGE VALUE FACTOR
TANK FARM SALVAGE FACTOR
SYSTEM LIFE (YEARS)
TANK FARM LIFE (YEARS)
ADMIN LABOR COST ($)
ADMIN LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
PROD LABOR COST ($)
PROD LABOR OVERHEAD FACTOR
START-UP PERIOD (YEARS)
CAPITAL DEBT INT RATE
OPERATING FLOAT (YEARS)
INT ON OPN CAPITAL
YIELD OF MOTOR OIL
YIELD OF FUEL OIL
YIELD OF CUTTER STOCK
YIELD OF LUBE OIL
DEMAND ACCT INT RATE
TAX RATE (I/YEARS)
MAINTENANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
INSURANCE FACTOR (1 /YEARS)
MOTOR OIL ADDITIVE FACTOR ($/GAL)
CUTTER STOCK FACTOR (S/GAL)
PROCESS FUEL FACTOR (S/GAL)
POWER FACTOR (S/GAL)
CHEMICAL FACTOR (S/GAL)
SUPPLY OVERHEAD FACTOR
UNIT PRICE - MOTOR OIL
UNIT PRICE - FUEL OIL
UNIT PRICE - CUTTER STOCK
UNIT PRICE -' LUBE OIL
CAPITALIZATION FACTOR
VOLUME WASTE OIL INPUT
VOLUME VIRGIN TAXED (GALLONS)
UNIT - COLLECTION FEE (S/GAL)
UNIT - VIRGIN TAX (S/GAL >
WASTE RECOVERABLE FRACTION
UNIT INCINERATION PRICE (S/GAL)
INVESTMENT IN STORAGE ($)
INVESTMENT IN TRUCKS ($)
LIFE OF STORAGE TANKS (YEARS)
LIFE OF TRUCKS (YEARS)
COLLECTION COST ($)
DISTRIBUTION COST ($)
DEPRECIATION OF TANKS ($/YEAR)
DEPRECIATION OF TRUCKS ($/YEAR)
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DEPTST

4770000.
.1815000.
, n,n
n.n
i.no
653400.
n.os
0.05
10.
?n_
117106.
n.^qn
190894.
__ 0.45
n.soo
0.0725
0.167
0.0750
0.0
0 8974
0 16Q/t
0 0326
0 0675
0 0112
n n?
n nnRn
0,1 ^nn
n.n??.^
n.nmn
n.nn?i
o.m?o
0.0
o.4nn
0.150
0.150
0.250
0.0
30000000.
0.
-0.020, 0.00, +0.02
n n
0.834
0.100
68455.
0.
2Q.
5.
593414.
54981.
3000.
0.
                      242
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   Table 93.  SPILLS OF OILY MATERIAL TO BALTIMORE HARBOR
Date
07-26-71
08-12-71
09-17-71
09-27-71
10-14-71
11-05-71
11-15-71
12-20-71
12-28-71
01-03-72
01-04-72
01-17-72
01-20-72
01-24-72
01-25-72
01-27-72
02-05-72
02-08-72
02-09-72
02-17-72
02-18-72
02-24-72
02-26-72
03-02-72
03-07-72
03-08-72
03-13-72
03-15-72
03-16-72
03-28-72
03-29-72
Type of
Oil
Thin waste
Lt. black
Bunker C
Bunker C
$5 Heating
Bunker C
Medium weight
#2 Heating
Waste oil
Bunker C
#2 Diesel Fuel
#6 Heating
#6 Heating
Waste oil
Bunker C
Waste oil
#2 Diesel Fuel
Waste oil
#6 Heating
Thin oil
#6 Heating
#4 Fuel oil
Bunker C
#2 Heating
Molassas
#2 Heating
#2 Diesel fuel
Waste oil
Waste oil
Foam & Haste
Bunker C
Approx. Oil
Spilled
150 gals.
1,200 gals.
150/200 gals.
50/100 gals.
800 gals.
400 gals.
100 gals.
1 ,500 gals.
30 gals.
50 gals.
50 gals.
75 gals.
10 gals.
undetermined
20 gals.
50 gals.
200 gals.
10 gals.
50 gals.
10 gals.
1 gal.
100/300 gals.
200 gals.
300 gals.
undetermined
6,000 gals.
3,500 gals.
100 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
100/200 gals.
Approx. Oil
Recovered
150 gals.
undetermined
150/200 gals.
50/100 gals.
undertermined
400 gals.
90 gals.
undertermined
30 gals.
50 gals.
50 gals.
75 gals.
10 gals.
none
20 gals.
50 gals.
none
10 gals.
50 gals.
10 gals.
l gal.
none
recovered by company
none
none
800 gals.
3,500 gals.
100 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
recovered by company
From Maryland Port Authority
                           244
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Table 93 (Continued).  SPILLS OF OILY MATERIAL TO BALTIMORE HARBOR
Date
04-04-72
04-05-72
04-05-72
04-06-72
04-10-72
04-18-72
05-03-72
05-03-72
05-07-72
05-08-72
05-09-72
05-10-72
05-12-72
05-12-72
05-12-72
05-18-72
05-22-72
05-24-72
05-25-72
06-01-72
06-02-72
06-06-72
06-14-72
06-14-72
06-14-72
06-15-72
06-20-72
06-27-72
07- -72
07- -72
07- -72
07- -72
07- -72
07- -72
07- -72
08-12-72
08-24-72
08-28-72
08-30-72
08-31-72
Type of
Oil
#6 Heating
Waste oil
Waste oil
Oil & gasoline
#4 Heating
Waste
Waste
Bunker C
Paraxylene
#2 Fuel oil
Waste oil
Waste Oil
Bunker C
#2 Fuel oil
Bunker C
#4 Fuel oil
Bunker C
Waste oil
Light fuel oil
Gasoline
Hvy. used oil
Gasoline
Waste oil
Bunker C
Paint product
Fuel oil
#2 Fuel oil
Waste oil
Detergent
#5 Fuel oil
Waste oil
Waste oil
#2 Fuel oil
#2 & #6 oil
White liquid
Gasoline
Asphalt
Bunker C
Light waste oil
Waste oil
Approx. Oil
Spilled
30 gals.
5 gals.
100 gals.
6,000 gals.
200 gals.
10/15 gals.
5 gals.
5 gals.
30 gals.
10 gals.
5 gals.
5 gals.
30 gals.
30/50 gals.
20/50 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
50 gals.
10 gals.
100 gals.
25-50 gals.
5,700 gals.
30 gals.
50 gals.
_ _ _
50 gals.
25 gals.
- _ _
undetermined
3,000 gals.
_ _ _
750 gals.
500 gals.
50 gals.
10 gals.
50 gals.
4,000 gals.
30 gals.
small traces
small traces
Approx. Oil
Recovered
recovered by company
none
recovered by company
none
200 gals.
10/15 gals.
none
cleaned up by ship crew
undetermined
cleaned up by company
5 gals.
5 gals.
15 gals.
30/50 gals.
recovered by company
150 gals.
90 gals. + 6 tons debri
50 gals.
none
none
none
none
30 gals.
cleaned up by company
_ _ _
none
none
- - .
cleaned up by company
2,300 gals.
- _ _
250 gals.
none
25 gals.
none
none
cleaned up by company
cleaned up by company
none
none
                             245
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Table 93 (Continued).  SPILLS OF OILY MATERIAL TO BALTIMORE HARBOR
Date
09-19-72
09-22-72
09-26-72
09-28-72
10-02-72
10-03-72
10-17-72
10-24-72
10-27-72
11- -72
11- -72
11- -72
12-02-72
12-05-72
12-06-72
12-06-72
12-14-72
12-29-72
01-08-73
01-09-73
01-10-73
01-10-73
01-10-73
01-10-73
01-11-73
01-17-73
01-24-73
01-30-73
02-03-73
02-07-73
02-15-73
02-20-73
02-21-73
02-23-73
02-27-73
03-01-73
03-05-73
Type of
Oil
Unknown
Waste oil
Fuel oil
Bunker C
#6 Heating
Gasol ine
Waste oil
Waste oil
Diesel oil
Asphalt
Bunker C
#5 Heating
#2 Fuel
#4 Fuel
Diesel fuel
#6 Bunker fuel
#15 Intermediate
#5 Heating
Waste oil
Waste oil
Bunker C
Bunker C
Waste oil
Waste oil
Soluble oil
Bunker C
#2 Fuel
Bunker C
#2 Fuel
#6 Fuel
Asphalt
r6 Low sulfur
#6 Fuel
n Fuel
Gasoline & #2 Fu<
#2 Fuel
Bunker C
03-05-73 Heavy oil
Approx. Oil
Spilled
50 gals.
undetermined
265 gals.
30 gals.
20 gals.
3,000 gals.
30 gals.
10 gals.
700 gals.
20 gals.
50 gals.
undetermined
900 gals.
150 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
2,000 gals.
10 gals.
150 gals.
25 gals.
6,500 gals.
100 gals.
1 ,200 gals.
5 gal s.
10 gals.
5 gals.
100 gals.
30 gals.
400 gals.
4,000 gals.
400 gals.
42 gals.
25 gals.
10 gals.
>1 10 gals.
600 gals.
5 gals.
50 gals.
Approx. Oil
Recovered
25 gals.
5 gals.
none
cleaned up by vessel's ere
none
none
20 gals.
none
none
15 gals.
25 gals.
cleaned up by USCG
none
125 gals.
150 gals.
75 gal .
1,500 gals.
5 gals.
125 gals.
none
6,000 gals.
50 gals.
1 ,000 gals.
none
none
none
100 gals, (by company)
30 qals. (by company)
300 gals.
3,500 gals.
300 gals.
42 gals.
none
none
none
500 gals.
none
50 gals.
                                 246
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Table 93 (Continued).  SPILLS OF OILY MATERIAL TO BALTIMORE  HARBOR
Date
03-06-73
03-08-73
03-09-73
03-12-73
03-13-73
03-14-73
03-16-73
03-16-73
03-18-73
03-22-73
03-25-73
03-30-73
04-01-73
04-01-73
04-10-73
04-11-73
04-12-73
04-16-73
04-16-73
04-16-73
04-17-73
04-19-73
04-23-73
04-23-73
04-23-73
04-23-73
04-24-73
04-25-73
04-25-73
04-27-73
Type of
Oil
n Fuel
Waste oil
Coal dust
Lube oil
Fuel oil
Blue liquid
Waste oil
Waste oil
#2 Fuel
Waste oil
Bunker C
Waste oil
Waste oil
#6 Oil
Waste oil
Approx. Oil
Spilled
1,800 gals.
10 gals.
_ _ _
30 gals.
small amount
20 gals.
20 gals.
250 gals.
100 gals.
200 gals.
15 gals.
10 gals.
20 gals.
500 gals.
5 gals.
Transmission oil 100 gals.
#4 Fuel | 4 gals.
Approx. Oil
Recovered
700 gals.
none
_ - _
15 gals.
none
none
20 gals.
250 gals.
none
150 gals.
none
none
5 gals.
none
5 gals.
50 gals.
4 gals..
- - - Investigated - - ,- Could not find any oil - - -
Waste oil
Waste oil
Waste oil
Paint product
Waste oil
Waste oil
#6 Heating

Oil & debris
Oil & debris
Diesel fuel
Waste oil
5 gals.
300 gals.
400 gals.
60 gals.
10 gals.
20 gals.
1,500 gals.
4,000 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
70 gals.
300 gals.
none
300 gals.
400 gals.
60 gals.
none
none
none
2,000 gals.
200 gals.
100 gals.
70 gals.
300 gals.
                              247
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            Figure  10.   REPORTED  OIL  SPILL AND RECOVERY  INCIDENTS

                        BALTIMORE  HARBOR   7/26/71  - 4/27/73
                                                        X	X Approx. quantity spilled

                                                        O— —O Approx. quantity recovered

                                                          ®   Number of recorded spills
                                                               with data
7/26-   J
 12/31
1971   1972
                                                              1973
                                           — DATE --
                                             248
UUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1974  546-316/275 1-3
-------
 SELECTED WATER
 RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

 INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
                  w
  STATE OF MARYLAND WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE PROGRAM,
                   S, K.  ssrtO- r

                   6

                   8, Pirformii*1-- 0tg$r>'>'ation
  Martin, E. J. and Gumtz, G. D.
  Environmental Quality Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
    under contract to Maryland Environmental Services,
    Annapolis, Maryland
                       S-800650
                     .Type ; : JR«pe; -sd
                     Period C'cvwed
                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of R&D
                          U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency Report
                            Number  EPA 670/2-74-013, January  1974.
             This report supplements the findings of a 1971  study conducted by the
Maryland Environmental Service and the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, which
concluded that the discharge of waste oils to state waters produced a problem within
the State of Maryland.  The report recommended a comprehensive program of collection,
storage, and reprocessing for pollution prevention and for resource recovery.  The pro-
gram was guided by the premises that al1 categories of waste oils generated within the
State were to be managed, recovered, or disposed of, that fuel oils would be the princi-
pal products produced, and that current state-of-the-art technology would be used in the
design of the program elements.
Using questionnaires and interviews, it was estimated that 18.5 million gallons of waste
oils were generated in Maryland in 1972.  Mathematical models determined the most effec-
tive collection systems and economics for the waste oil program.  Preliminary designs
were developed for different scales of pr9cess plants.  Heavy emphasis was placed on pro-
tecting the environment.  Plant costs varied between $3 million for a 7.3 million gallon
per year (mgy) plant, to $7.5 million for a 30 mgy plant.  Management, legislative and
regulatory approaches to the waste oil problem were also delineated.

A waste oil recovery and reuse program can be initiated immediately using existing tech-
nology, collection and storage resources.  Because of a need to consider all sources of
waste oils, the program requires subsidization at lower plant throughputs.  At the 30 mgy
capacity, the program economics can be self-sustaining.
         •-.v-  *0il Wastes, *Maryland, *Management, *Planning, *Control, Recycling,
     Surveys, Regions, Economics, Waste Treatment, Waste Disposal, Industrial  Wastes,
     Cost Analysis, Design Data, Oil Spills
              *Waste Oil, *Waste Crankcase Oil, Waste Lube Oil, Waste Oil  Collection*,
     Waste Oil Re-refining*, Waste Industrial  Oils, Implementation Plan, Recovery and
     Reuse
                       05E
• >:
20.

fjtejwrt)
Sfcufny Ci»ss.
(F«e*>
' • Psgea '
22. Price
"*v:
Send To :
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON, D C 2O24O
          Dr. Edward J.  Martin
Environmental  Quality Systems, Inc.
-------