v,,p .x>v
r/EPA
• '.'nited States Effluent Guidelines Division
[' Environmental Protection Office of Wate- & Waste Mangement
Agency Washing n D 20460
tPA-4*G/1 -80-301
October 1980
Water
Fate of Priority
Pollutants in
Publicly Owned
Treatment Works
a.I
Interim Report
-------
Water EPA-440/1 -80-301
Fate of Priority
Pollutants in
Publicly Owned
Treatment Works
Interim Report
by
Howard Feiler, P.E.
Burns and Roe Industrial Services Corporation
650 Winters Avenue
Paramus, New Jersey 07652
Program Manager
Thomas P. O'Farrell
Project Officers
Robert M. Southworth, P.E.
Arthur E. Shattuck
Effluent Guidelines Division
Water Regulations and Standards
Office of Water and Waste Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington DC 20460
f ,< ...n4
W'_. V V-y-T
-------
DISCLAIMER
The purpose of this interim report is to present the data from the first 20
cities in EPA's study to sample and analyze for the 129 priority pollutants
at POTWs in 40 cities. Although the report includes a summary of conclu-
sions, the reader should be informed that these are preliminary and based
on only one-half of the data. Final conclusions will be presented in the
final report based on the data from 40 cities.
Fnvi
-*
wironmental Protection Agency
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
I Summary and Preliminary Conclusions 1
Summary 1
Preliminary Conclusions 2
II Introduction 3
Background 3
Purpose 3
III POTW Selection 4
Selection Criteria 4
POTW Characteristics 5
IV Sampling 16
Sampling Frequency 16
Sampling Techniques 16
Sample Points 17
V Data 24
Overall POTW Data 24
VI Evaluation of Analytical Results 35
Impact of Industrial Contribution on 35
Influent Quality
Treatment or Removal of Priority 35
Pollutants in POTW's
Reduction of Priority Pollutants by 39
POTW Treatment Processes
POTW Priority Pollutant Mass Balances 39
Daily Variation of Influent Pollutant 42
Concentrations
Effect of Rainfall 42
Formation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 45
Pollutants Detected in Sludges When 45
Not Measured in the Influent
Correlation of Influent and Effluent 48
Concentrations
APPENDIX A - CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION CURVES 50
Figure A-l (Benzene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 50
Chloroform)
Figure A-2 (1,2 trans-Pichloroethylene, 51
Ethylbenzene, Methylene Chloride)
Figure A-3 (Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, 52
Trichloroethylene)
iii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Section Page
Figure A-4 (Phenol, Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) 53
Phthalate, Naphthalene)
Figure A-5 (Butyl Benzyl Phthalate, 54
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate, Diethyl Phthalate)
Figure A-6 (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper) 55
Figure A-7 (Cyanide, Lead Mercury) 56
Figure A-8 (Nickel, Silver, Zinc) 57
APPENDIX B - ANALYTICAL DATA RESULTS 58
Summary, Mass Balance, Percent Occurrence
of Pollutant Parameters (Plants 1 through 20)
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 POTW Characteristics 6
2 Summary of Number of Samples Taken at Each 18
Plant
3 Occurrence of Priority Pollutants in POTW 25
Influent Samples
4 Occurrence of Priority Pollutants in POTW 29
Secondary Effluent Samples
5 Occurrence of Priority Pollutants in POTW 32
Raw Sludge Samples
6 Summary of Percent Removals Achieved by 37
Secondary Treatment
7 Reduction of Conventional and Priority 40
Pollutants by POTW Treatment Processes
8 Mass Balance Summary 41
9 Daily Average Concentrations of Pollutants 43
in POTW Influents
10 Effect of Rainfall on Influent Metals Loading 44
11 Formation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons During 46
Chlorine Disinfection
12 Summary of Priority Pollutant Occurrence in 47
Sludge When Not Detected in Influent
13 Correlation of Influent and Effluent 49
Concentration
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title
1 Correlation of Influent Total Metals 36
Concentration to Percent Industrial Flow
2 Cumulative Distribution Curves 38
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environmental Protection Agency personnel contributing to this effort
were Project Officer, Robert M. Southworth, Effluent Guidelines Division;
Program Manager, Thomas P. O'Farrell, Office of the Deputy Assistant
Administrator for Water Regulations and Standards; and former Project
Officers, Arthur E. Shattuck, Effluent Guidelines Division, and R. Dean
Jarman, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental
Research Information.
Additionally, we gratefully acknowledge the following Environmental
Protection Agency personnel for their valuable assistance and guidance:
Robert B. Schaffer, Director, Effluent Guidelines Division; Jeffery D.
Denit, Deputy Director, Effluent Guidelines Division; and John E. Riley,
Branch Chief, Effluent Guidelines Division.
Acknowledgement 'is also made to Burns and Roe Industrial Services
Corporation, Paramus, New Jersey, the EPA contractor for the project. The
following members of the technical staff made significant contributions to
the overall project effort and execution of the sampling program: Howard
D. Feiler, Paul J. Storch, Henry M. Celestino, Gary C. Martin, and Mark V.
Sadowski.
-------
I.
SUMMARY AND PRELIMINARY
CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
In 1978, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated
a program to study the occurrence and fate of the 129 priority pollutants
in 40 Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW's). The first phase of this
work was a two-plant pilot study designed to set operating parameters for
the remainder of the 40 POTW study. In October 1979, EPA's Effluent
Guidelines Division published a report summarizing the findings of the
pilot study work: "Fate of Priority Polluants in Publicly Owned Treatment
Works-Pilot Study" (EPA-440/1-79-300).
In this Interim report, data from the two pilot study POTW's plus 18 addi-
tional POTW's are presented. All 20 plants provided a minimum of secondary
treatment. At most of these 20 plants, a minimum of six days of 24 hour
sampling of influent, effluent, and sludge streams was completed. Each
sample was analyzed for conventional, selected non-conventional, and
priority pollutants.
Beyond presenting the occurrence and concentration of priority pollutants
in the 20 POTW's other specific phenomena and relationships are evaluated
in this report. These items include:
o Impact of industrial contribution on influent quality.
o Treatment or removal of priority pollutants in POTW's.
o Reduction of priority pollutants by POTW treatment processes.
o POTW priority pollutant mass balances.
o Daily variation of influent priority pollutant concentration.
o Effect of rainfall on priority pollutant levels in POTW influents.
o Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during chlorine disinfec-
tion.
o Quantification of pollutants found in sludges, but not detected in
POTW influents.
o Correlation of influent to effluent priority pollutant levels.
-------
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
1. A total of 93 priority pollutants were detected at least once in POTW
i nfluents.
2. In general, the higher the industrial contribution to a POTW, the
higher the concentration of metallic priority pollutants in the POTW
influent.
3. Based on the 20 POTW data base, 50 percent of secondary treatment
plants achieved at least 76 percent reduction of total priority
pollutant metals, 85 percent reduction of total volatile priority
pollutants, and 70 percent reduction of total acid-base-neutral
priority pollutants.
4. Tertiary treatment processes reduced priority pollutants slightly
better than secondary processes. Primary treatment was less effective
that either secondary or tertiary processes. Activated sludge and
trickling filter processes were about equally effective in reducing
priority pollutants.
5. Metallic priority pollutant mass balance was good, but some organic
priority pollutants in the influent were always not accounted for in
the effluent or sludges. This indicates that, in general, a portion of
organic priority pollutants are biodegraded or, in the case of
volatiles, stripped out of the wastewater.
6. The mass loading of priority pollutants in POTW influents was higher on
weekdays than on weekends.
7. Heavy rainfall increased metallic priority pollutant mass loading at
POTW's with combined sewer collection systems.
8. Certain priority pollutant chlorinated hydrocarbons increased in
concentration during chlorine disinfection.
9. Some pollutants not measured in POTW influents were regularly measured
at high levels in the corresponding sludge streams.
10. For many conventional and priority pollutants, as influent con-
centrations increased, effluent concentrations also increased.
-------
II.
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Priority pollutants enter navigable waters from a variety of point and non-
point sources. Prior to the initiation of this project, only scattered
data existed on the impact, occurrence, and removal of toxic pollutants in
POTW's. Very little was known about the quantity of toxic pollutants
entering receiving streams from POTW's or the ability of POTW's to treat or
remove toxic pollutants.
In this Interim Report, data obtained at the midpoint of the 40 POTW study
are presented. A total of 632 samples were collected to make up the 20
plant data base. Each sample was analyzed for conventional and selected
non-conventional pollutants, as well as 129 organic and inorganic priority
pollutants. The preliminary findings presented in the Interim Report and,
to an even larger extent, the final conclusions for the full 40 plant study
will provide valuable insights into the quantity and fate of toxic pollu-
tants in POTW's.
PURPOSE
The purposes of the 40 POTW study are to determine:
1. The quantity of priority pollutants in raw sewage.
2. POTW removal efficiencies for priority pollutants.
3. The quantity of priority pollutants in resulting sludge streams.
This report presents results of the analyses of samples collected at the
first 20 of the 40 POTWs.
-------
III.
POTW SELECTION
SELECTION CRITERIA
A goal of this project is to obtain priority pollutant data representative
of the type of secondary treatment facilities that will exist after comple-
tion of EPA's Construction Grants Program. Primary factors considered in
selecting the plants include:
1. Treatment processes
2. POTW size
3. Amount of industrial contribution
4. Type of industrial contribution
5. POTW operating efficiency
6. Actual flow as a percent of design capacity
7. POTW location representing all EPA regions.
The 40 POTW's selected for this survey represent the full spectrum of com-
mon secondary treatment processes as reflected in the 1978 EPA Needs
Survey. However, since activated sludge and trickling filter plants are
most prevalent, the 40 plants are heavily weighted with those types. Less
common treatment processes, such as a rotating biological contactor and an
aerated lagoon, are also included. Within the 20 plant data base, modifi-
cations of the activated sludge process such as contact stabilization,
Kraus, and pure oxygen are represented as well as some advanced waste
treatment processes, notably tertiary mixed media filters.
Although according to the Needs Survey the most numerous POTW's are in the
smallest size range, plant selection favors plants over 5 MGD. Two factors
serve as the basis for generally including only POTW's over 5 MGD. First,
although there are relatively fewer large POTW's, the large plants treat
the bulk of wastewater. In addition, the General Pretreatment Regulations
primarily affect only POTW's larger than 5 MGD.
Actual flow as a percent of design capacity is also an important selection
criteria. Plants operating well below capacity do not give a fair repre-
sentation of priority pollutant treatment or removal. Although a few of
the 20 POTW's operated at a low percentage of their indicated design capa-
city, these plants generally had a significant percentage of the treatment
processes off-line during the week of sampling. For example, at Plant 2,
only half of the primary treatment capacity was in use when the plant was
sampled. Likewise, at Plant 8, only seven of ten primary and five of nine
secondary clarifiers were in operation. At Plant 19, routinely, only 65
percent of the design capacity is on-line.
-------
With regard to industrial flow, POTW's ranging from zero to more than 50
percent industrial contribution are included. Similarly, industries in
most of the 34 industrial categories currently under review by the EPA
Effluent Guidelines Division are covered by the study. Few plants always
meet the 30/30 BOD, TSS secondary treatment requirements, but POTW's are
only selected if their operation is reasonably good. Finally, POTW's from
each EPA region are included. The number of plants selected are in propor-
tion to the total number of POTW's in that region. As a result, the more
densely populated regions are more heavily represented.
PQTW Characteristics
In the following paragraphs short summaries describing the treatment pro-
cess for each of the first 20 plants covered in this Interim Report are
presented. Table 1 includes information on the basic characteristics of
each POTW. Each of the 20 POTW's provided some form of secondary treat-
ment, and every plant chlorinated its effluent before discharge. Some of
the POTW's practice in-plant chlorination for odor control. These opera-
tions were generally suspended during the week of sampling.
Plant No. 1
This wastewater treatment facility provides secondary treatment utilizing
the conventional activated sludge process. This POTW can provide primary
treatment for flows up to 300 MGD.
The treatment unit operations begin with gravity flow from the drainage
area to the bar screens and grit chambers, where lift pumps elevate the
wastewater for gravity flow through the rest of the plant. After the lift
pumps, the wastewater passes through pre-aeration, primary settling, and
into the aeration chambers. After aeration, clarification, and chlorina-
tion, the treated effluent is discharged to the receiving stream.
Sludge handling at this plant involves primary sludge thickening by gravity
thickeners, secondary sludge thickening by dissolved air flotation (DAF),
vacuum filtration and incineration.
Plant No. 2
At Plant No. 2, wastewater flows into a diversion chamber, where it is
pumped through a rising well and elevated to a height that allows gravity
flow to the rest of the plant. Following the rising well, the wastewater
passes through parallel grit chambers, comminutors, pre-aeration chambers,
and into the primary settling tank. After primary settling, wastewater
flows to aeration tanks, secondary clarifiers, chlorination basins, and is
then discharged. During the sampling period, Plant 2 had only half of its
primary clarifiers and aeration tanks in use. This is why the flow at this
plant is reported as only 53 percent of the plant's design capacity,
although for the units in use the actual flow is much closer to full capa-
city.
-------
o
tn
co
r-
VO
CO
o
I—
CO
— a:
LU
UJ I- h-
_l CJ Z
CD < - 4-
io 4- >- — — in
U C L. Lu — —
~ o in ID ID x
O 4^ QJ c O)
— ID O O — • «
O ID 0 O in D> Q
— L, i. 0) (D > O
CD h- Q- CO Q < X
ON
in
vO
CO
in
CM
CM
CM
vO
CO
r~
CM
r-
CO
VO
*
O
1^
CO
i
i-
Lu ID
&^
c3> o
> CD
o
o
VI
8
VI
8
o
s
vt.
8
VI
8
o
in
in
VI
o
o
VI
8
0
c5
% Combined/
Q.
1
a.
Q.
CO
a.
JO
<§
jd
1
Separate Sewers
242/16
in
CM
CO
CM
5
1
co
VO
CM
r^i
co
CM
CM
V,
CM
in
i
CT>
2
CM
O)
%
Q
o
CD
*4-
LU
c
CM
CM
Ov
VO
O
CM
CM
K>
VO
VO
CM
CT>
a\
o
CM
38
O) — —
tn
o
& Q . —
- - in
a.
a> ID 4- in o O ID
— — ffi in o .c —
LU D- S < H CO Q_
10
E
L.
ID
O •
l_ C
1
F
10
Au
C3)
C
nts,
rniture
2 51 Lu £
cs
V)
O
*
i_ >-
•O u.
§ 2
0 g
D)
C
in
in
O (D
3
a. 4- _ .
in ID a. o O
O — - o
J3 U)
-------
o
CM
2
co
t-»
VO
CO
~ O 1-
J
— 10
O CD
*™ l
CO 1-
m o
t o
CM O
— r-
O CM
*— co
CM
CM O
*- in
o o
in •*
in
.
r- in
•^
VO •—
o tf\
CM —
•«• r-
CM •—
in o*»
in —
*-^
Q • —
CO * 10
S. O O
*> LL. L.
X O
>. — — in
L, LL. — —
in ID ID x
in x> c Q «^
vD coj
O o In o> o
L. vD 0) > O
Q- CO Q < S
K1
• 'te^.
C7\ O
^^
K^
^^
ff> ^^.
8
VO •-
VO VI
CM O
VO —
r^
K1
^
• ^^
5: s
• ^A
•* o
t o
VO O
. 0
VO —
^^
ff}
^, .
CM VI
. O
— O
in
CM —
in in
•- CO
m vi
• o
1— O
in m
S m
0)
ID
« L.
S ~ §.
_ _ (D
LL. (0 CO
3 —
— O ID
— < C
°^ 1
0>~Q O
«
Q.
«
0
Q.
4
3
«
1
9
Q.
tS
4
E
cS
O.
(^
in
L.
0
ID
CO
CO
CM
1 —
\
r^
v
o
CM
LL. co
H- <
fO
— o\
^ —
1- I1
O\ O1
«—
•v.
CM
K1
in
^~
^_
fO
^
x^
^-
co
CM
o
X.
o\
VO
o
>
o
p«lfc
CM
s
_ ,—
v^ ^^
gt
LU
a ^
DO —
D)
c
in CM —
V. CM C
5 ^ <§
CM
CM
— "O
r~ O
CO O O
— CM LL.
^
10
ID
»—
— L.
CM OJ
CO 0)
VO O L.
CM in CD
LL. CO
H <
•«
CT\ CO 4-
•x. V, C
CM CM in ID
— — CM CL
X, T3
r~ o
— vo O
CM — LL.
(D
O
c
C7t ID
«— •—
— 0.
NI in D.
— CM <
«^
10
o
CT» 4-
\ m
O (0
o\ in —
— CM CL
,
U)
c
»o —
•x. 4-
O (0
in KI —
•— hO Q-
O)
t c
\ 4-
co io
r» o —
— in Q-
^
f— .
\ o
— ID
r- co —
^- ^- LU
— C
(0 O
— i — l_ 4-
^x *^ 4~ 3
en H- in .a
EM- 3 —
UJ -0 L. L.
•> V. c 4- 0
CO t- — c •—>
H ^ v,cS £
•
o
(D
LU
•»
•
in
in
c
4-
ID
CL
«
0)
C
•—
4-
ra
CL
«
in
in
o
O
.
c
10
2
•s
CJ)
c
•^
4-
10
CL
•s
0)
CL
4-
10
j»
?
O
LL.
«^
c
.^
4-
10
CL
ID
•^
L,
4-
V)
3
T5
£
4-
C
10
CL
«
O)
C
4-
10
E
»
in
ID
L.
®
C
C
5
4-
*4-
10
L,
O
L
<
ID
4-
I
D)
C
ID
CL
*
4-
C
CL
^^
L.
^
L.
ID
O
U
ID
in
*"
4-
c
(D
E
4-
ID
ID
L.
4-
ID
4-
0
O)
3
O
L.
JC
4-
0)
3
ID
*
•o
L.
O
o
ID
L.
ID
3
4-
3
•^
(D
4-
c
•^
c
O
4-
a.
o
in
(D
TJ
>~
L.
^
g
10
ID
^
CM
-------
Primary sludge at this POTW is pumped to sludge holding tanks where it is
combined with the thickened (via DAF) waste activated sludge. From this
point, the combined sludge passes to the sludge conditioning facilities,
where it is heated and pressurized prior to vacuum filtration. The decant
from the sludge conditioning system and the filtrate from the vacuum filter
are bled to the head of the aeration tanks. The filter cake is inci-
nerated, with the resulting ash being slurried to a diked lagoon on the
plant property.
Plant No. 3
At this POTW, the influent is prechlorinated, when required, and all
incoming sewer lines join together prior to the bar screens. The flow
splits through two parallel screens, and then into two wet wells. The flow
is then lifted from these wet wells and continues through the plant by gra-
vity flow. The two flows undergo grit removal and are joined together
along with various recycle flows at the feed to the primary settling tanks
(no pre-aeration is utilized). Primary effluent flows to the aeration
tanks, and after aeration, to one of two covered secondary clarifiers.
Flows from the clarifiers are combined prior to chlorination, and the
chlorinated effluent flows through one of two parallel chlorine contact
chambers. The two effluent streams overflow to a common outfall sewer that
discharges to the river 100 feet from shore.
Primary sludge is collected by a bottom scraper that runs continuously and
the sludge is pumped to a gravity thickener that concentrates it to eight
percent solids. Waste activated sludge is fed to a DAF unit where it is
thickened to two percent solids. The two treated sludges are pumped to the
sludge dewatering area where lime and ferric chloride are added and vacuum
filters produce a filter cake that is trucked to a landfill.
Plant No. 4
This POTW also utilizes the conventional activated sludge process.
Wastewater enters through one of three sewer trunk lines, which are each
monitored by a magmeter. The influent is prechlorinated for the purpose of
controlling odors at the plant. Recycle lines from the centrifuge and the
anaerobic digester flow into one of the influent lines before the three
lines are combined. From here, the flow splits into four parts, through
bar screens and four aerated grit chambers. After recombination, the flow
next passes through the primary clarifiers, secondary aeration tanks
(diffused air), secondary clarifiers, and the chlorine contact chamber, and
is discharged to the receiving stream.
The primary sludge, consisting of four to five percent solids, is pumped
continuously to anaerobic digesters. Secondary waste activated sludge is
pumped to DAF thickeners where it is concentrated to six to seven percent
solids. The DAF subnatant is returned to the aeration tanks. The
thickened secondary sludge is sent either to the anaerobic digesters or to
centrifuges. At the centrifuges, a polymer is added before the sludge is
-------
thickened. Thickened sludge is sent to an incinerator, which is fueled by
methane from the digesters. Ash from the incinerator is landfilled.
Plant No. 5
Plant 5 uses the conventional, or plug flow, activated sludge process. The
POTW is capable of providing primary treatment for an additional 50 MGD
during peak wet weather flow periods. Routinely, approximately two-thirds
of the plant's flow receives secondary treatment while the rest receives
only primary treatment and chlorination.
Treatment unit operations begin with gravity flow through mechanically
cleaned bar screens. Four centrifugal raw wastewater pumps lift the
wastewater approximately 35 feet into the plant where it then flows by gra-
vity through the various treatment units. The flow is split, passing
through two parallel grit removal basins, four comminutors, four primary
clarifiers, six aeration tanks, and then through the four secondary clari-
fiers. The secondary effluent is chlorinated and discharged to the
receiving stream.
This treatment facility stabilizes waste sludge by using a three-stage
anaerobic sludge digestion system. Digested sludge is disposed of in four
5-acre sludge storage basins. Digester supernatant is returned to the pri-
mary clarifiers. Methane gas from the digesters is utilized to fuel a
generator that provides power to operate blowers and pumps.
Plant No. 6
Wastewater is pumped to Plant 6 where it flows by gravity through
mechanically-cleaned bar screens and grit chambers. From the grit cham-
bers, the influent is pre-aerated and flows by gravity to the primary
clarifiers. The primary treated wastewater then receives secondary treat-
ment in contact stabilization tanks where it is mixed with return sludge
that has been aerated. The mixture flows to the secondary clarifiers where
settled solids are returned to the sludge aeration basin.
Waste activated sludge is withdrawn from the secondary clarifiers and is
pumped to DAF thickener units. The thickened slugde is combined with pri-
mary sludge and is pumped to a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.
Subnatant from the DAF units and digester supernatant are recylced back to
the contact stabilization tanks. Digested sludge is either hauled to land-
fill or dried in sludge drying beds.
Plant No. 7
At this conventional activated sludge plant, treatment begins when the flow
from various influent sewer lines passes through bar screens and through
four parallel grit chambers. The combined wastewater from the grit cham-
bers then splits and passes through primary clarifiers arranged as two
parallel systems. Primary effluent is aerated in aeration basins and the
-------
mixed liquor flows to the secondary clarifiers, after which the effluent is
chlorinated and discharged.
Primary sludge and waste activated sludge are removed from the primary
tanks and are pumped to two digesters used only as holding tanks. Sludge
from these tanks is pumped to a heat treatment system, which generally runs
continuously. Heat treated sludge is gravity thickened to 18 percent
solids and is then vacuum filtered to 50 percent solids. The heat treat-
ment decant, the thickener overflow, and the vacuum filter filtrate are
returned to holding tanks and are gradually recycled to one of the primary
systems. The gravity thickeners and vacuum filters do not run con-
tinuously. Conditioned sludge is incinerated.
Plant No. 8
This facility uses a combination of trickling filter and activated sludge
processes to provide secondary wastewater treatment. Microscreens and re-
aeration basins provide additional advanced wastewater treatment. The
trickling filter process treats approximately 2 MGD with the remaining flow
being treated by the activated sludge process. Half of the aeration tanks
were not in use during the week of sampling, because plant flow had not
approached design capacity. This is why the actual POTW flow is only 34
percent of the plant's design capacity.
Raw wastewater entering the plant initially passes through bar screens and
aerated grit chambers before receiving treatment in primary clarifiers.
From the primary clarifiers, wastewater passes through the aeration basins
or trickling filters, secondary clarifiers, microscreens, re-aeration
basins, and chlorine contact tanks prior to discharge.
Waste activated sludge and trickling filter humus are thickened using air.
flotation (DAF) and are then combined with primary sludge. The combined
sludge is then heat treated and dewatered using vacuum filters. Filtered
sludge is incinerated.
Heat treatment decant and vacuum filter filtrate are recycled to the plant
influent upstream of the bar screens. DAF subnatant is recycled to the
primary settling tank effluent.
Plant No. 9
This POTW treats wastewater using the conventional activated sludge pro-
cess. The treatment process consists of screening, shredding, grit remo-
val, primary treatment, activated sludge secondary treatment, final
settling, and chlorination. The unit operations used in the sludge handl-
ing system include thickening, filtration (belt and vacuum), and incinera-
tion.
Ash produced during incineration is sluiced to one of two lagoons, and is
periodically hauled from these lagoons to a local sanitary landfill.
10
-------
Plant No. 10
Plant 10 provides wastewater treatment using a combination of the activated
sludge process and trickling filter process. The plant also operates a 9
MGD sand filter for tertiary treatment. All of the filtered water is sold
as irrigation water, and none is discharged. Tertiary filter backwash is
sent to the head of the trickling filter plant.
Influent to the POTW enters from several sewer lines, is combined in a wet
well, and then divides between the two plants. Bar screens, grit chambers,
and comminutors are utilized before primary treatment. The wastewater then
passes through primary clarifiers. In the activated sludge plant, the
wastewater flows to one of three aeration tanks. Each tank utilizes both
mechanical and diffused aeration, and feeds one of four secondary clari-
fiers. The secondary clarifiers incorporate a chlorine contact chamber,
which is concentric to the tanks. Wastewater flows outward from the
overflow weir along the circumference of the tank. After chlorination, the
flow from the secondary tanks recombines prior to discharge.
Primary sludge from the activated sludge plant is degritted, gravity
thickened, vacuum filtered and pumped to an anaerobic digester. Overflow
from the gravity thickener is returned to the secondary system, and vacuum
filter filtrate is recycled to the primary influent. Return activated
sludge is recycled to the aeration tanks, and waste activated sludge (along
with scum) is centrifuged and pumped to an aerobic digester. The centri-
fuge thickens sludge from 1/2 to 2 percent solids, and the centrate is
returned to the primary effluent.
After primary treatment, the wastewater in the trickling filter plant flows
through one of three trickling filters (two are currently in use). Two
filters have redwood media and one has rock media. The effluent from the
filters is recombined and flows to the secondary clarifiers. Effluent from
the clarifiers flows through one of two chlorine contact chambers before
discharge. Secondary sludge from the trickling filter plant is returned to
the head of the primary tanks in the trickling filter plant.
Combined sludge from the primary tanks is pumped to an anaerobic digester.
All digested sludge from both the aerobic and anaerobic digesters is
trucked to a landfill.
Plant No. 11
Raw wastewater entering this trickling filter facility first flows through
bar screens, grit chambers, and then additional bar screens. The influent
is both pre-aerated and prechlorinated, before it undergoes primary treat-
ment in one of four primary clarifiers. After primary treatment, the
wastewater is recombined and flows to one of eight trickling filters.
Trickling filter effluent flows to the secondary clarifiers and is then
chlorinated and piped to a drainage canal which flows to the receiving
stream. Trickling filter effluent receives a low dosage of chlorine prior
to secondary clarification for algae control.
11
-------
This POTW also operates a post treatment system for some secondary effluent
by means of an activated sludge plant. Most of this water is used inter-
nally by the plant for equipment cleaning and lawn sprinkling. At times,
some of this activated sludge effluent is discharged with the total plant
effluent. One secondary clarifier is used exclusively for the post treat-
ment system.
Secondary sludge is recycled back to the primary clarifiers. Combined
sludge from the primary clarifiers and the waste activated sludge from the
post treatment system are anaerobically digested without intermediate
thickening or dewatering. Digested sludge is pumped to drying beds.
Skimmings are currently hauled away and dried sludge is sold as fertilizer.
Plant No. 12
The treatment unit operations at this facility begin with raw sewage
passing through bar screens, and then flowing to one of ten primary clari-
fiers. After primary clarification, the wastewater flows to mechanically
aerated basins and then to the secondary clarifiers. Final treated
effluent from the secondary clarifiers passes through a chlorine contact
chamber and is discharged.
Primary sludge is cyclone centrifuged for grit removal before it is com-
bined with the waste activated sludge. Combined sludge is then thickened
in gravity thickeners, dewatered on vacuum filters, and then hauled to a
landfill.
Plant No. 13
In addition to secondary treatment, this conventional activated sludge
plant provides advanced wastewater treatment by passing secondary effluent
through mixed-media filters. As the influent enters the plant, it passes
through bar screens, grit chambers and then splits at a ratio of two to one
into two parallel primary and secondary treatment systems.
Effluent from the secondary clarifiers flows to screw pumps where it is
lifted to mixed-media filters. The wastewater then flows by gravity
through the filters and is discharged. The primary and waste activated
sludges are combined and then anaerobically digested. Digested sludge is
applied as fertilizer to farmlands.
Plant No. 14
This treatment plant provides secondary treatment using the activated
sludge process. As the wastewater enters the plant, it passes through bar
screens, comminutors and is then pumped to an aerated grit chamber.
Wastewater then passes through primary clarifiers and an aeration tank.
From the aeration tank, the wastewater passes through secondary clarifiers,
and a chlorine contact chamber prior to discharge.
12
-------
Waste activated sludge is recycled to the primary clarifiers. The combined
sludge is pumped to a nearby plant for final disposal after it has been
digested by a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.
Actual flow is reported as only 54 percent of design capacity at this
plant. The correct percent of design capacity in use is much higher
because certain sections of the plant were off line during the week of
sampling.
Plant No. 15
This 45 year old treatment facility provides secondary treatment using a
fixed nozzle 1 1/2 acre trickling filter. Wastewater enters the plant via
two trunk lines: one transmitting only domestic flow; and the other
carrying all of the industrial flow. The two lines receive separate treat-
ment in aerated grit chambers, then are combined and flow to six parallel
primary tanks. Primary effluent is gravity fed to the trickling filters
and is followed by three parallel secondary clarifiers. Effluent from the
secondary clarifiers is pumped to a 2 1/2 acre polishing lagoon. A section
of the lagoon is baffled for use as a chlorine contact chamber.
Return sludge and digester decant are returned to the head of three of the
six primary tanks. The sludge from the primary tanks is pumped to
digesters, and is eventually dewatered on drying beds.
Plant No. 16
This POTW provides wastewater treatment using a unique combination of two
parallel trickling filter plants, followed by additional activated sludge
treatment, and mixed-media filtration. Of the nearly 150 MGD treated,
approximately 80 MGD receive tertiary treatment while the remainder receive
only secondary treatment.
The parallel plants are serviced by separate interceptors. Both systems
provide grit removal, and primary clarification. One system uses a two-
stage trickling filter configuration, and the other system uses a standard
single-stage trickling filter. Both systems provide secondary clarifica-
tion and pump part of their effluent to the teritary system. The remaining
effluent is combined with tertiary effluent, and is then chlorinated and
discharged.
Waste sludge from the trickling filter plants is treated by anaerobic
digestion and sludge from the teritary plant is treated by aerobic
digestion. Digested sludge is then pumped 22 miles for subsoil injection.
Plant No. 17
This plant was originally constructed as a trickling filter POTW, but has
been enlarged with the installation of a parallel activated sludge plant.
13
-------
The two parallel plants have a common head works but separate effluent
1 ines.
The treatment unit operations of the trickling filter plant begin with grit
removal, followed by primary clarification, secondary treatment, and then
secondary clarification. The activated sludge plant treatment unit opera-
tions begin with grit removal, followed by primary clarification, aeration,
and secondary clarification. Influent flow is regulated to each system by
automatic gate valves. The activated sludge plant treats approximately two
thirds of the total plant influent.
Primary and secondary sludge from the trickling filter plant is combined
with primary sludge from the activated sludge plant and is then thickened
and anaerobically digested. Waste activated sludge from the activated
sludge plant is aerobically digested. All digested sludge is sent to a
lagoon.
Plant No. 18
Plant No. 18 provides secondary treatment using the activated sludge pro-
cess. When influent enters the POTW, it first passes through a grit remo-
val chamber and bar screens. After this preliminary treatment, the
wastewater flows to one of eight primary clarifiers. Primary effluent then
flows through aeration tanks to one of eight secondary clarifiers. Final
secondary effluent is chlorinated, with contact occurring in a three-mile
long underground discharge sewer.
Primary sludge is processed by cyclone degritters, gravity thickeners, and
anaerobic digesters. The waste activated sludge is centrifuged before
aerobic digestion. All digested sludge is stored in a lagoon for land
application. Sludge from two other POTW's, accounting for approximately
ten percent of the total sludge, is pumped to this plant and treated in the
digesters.
Plant No. 19
This POTW, recently upgraded from a primary to a secondary treatment faci-
lity, utilizes the high purity oxygen activated sludge process. Wastewater
is prechlorinated in an influent wet well, passes through bar screens, grit
chambers, aerated grit chambers (high flow periods only), primary sedimen-
tation, and into the pure oxygen reactors. Secondary effluent after clari-
fication is chlorinated and then dechlorinated using sulfur dioxide before
discharge to a 1-1/2 mile underground outfall sewer.
Waste activated sludge is centrifuged and combined with the primary sludge
for anaerobic digestion. Digested sludge is vacuum filtered. The digester
supernatant and vacuum filter filtrate are combined with other recycle
lines (scum thickener supernatant, grit dewatering overflow, and cooling
water from the oxygen generator) and returned to the headworks prior to the
bar screens.
14
-------
Although the actual flow is reported as only 55 percent of design flow,
since entire treatment units were not in operation, this percent is low.
True plant utilization was much higher.
Plant No. 20
This advanced wastewater treatment facility currently uses the Kraus nitri-
fication modification of the activated sludge process. Wastewater enters
this facility in three trunklines, combining just prior to bar screens.
After screening, the wastewater passes through eight parallel grit tanks
and into a set of 26 primary sedimentation tanks. Effluent from primary
settling is combined and flows to the 16 aeration tanks and to a system of
26 secondary clarifiers. Effluent from all clarifiers is combined
underground and flows to one of two parallel nitrification systems.
Nitrified effluent is pumped to four mixed media filters. Filtered
effluent is chlorinated and dechlorinated prior to discharge.
All recycle lines (filter wash water, drying bed decant) enter the system
at the discharge from the grit tanks. Waste activated sludges and nitrifi-
cation sludges are DAF thickened, combined with the primary sludge, and
digested anaerobically. The digested sludge is dewatered on drying beds.
15
-------
IV.
SAMPLING
SAMPLING FREQUENCY
A six day sampling period, excluding Sundays, was selected for this study
based on both the findings of the Pilot Study and logistic and budgetary
factors. Consequently, for 16 of the 20 POTW's covered, six days of
sampling were completed. At Plants 3 and 8, only, four days of sampling
were completed. For Plant 3, the shorter sampling period was planned to
permit analytical capacity for three 8-hour influent composites per day.
At Plant 8, POTW operating problems necessitated shortening the sampling
program. The only exception to no Sunday sampling was a set of samples
collected at Plant 9 on a Sunday. This sample was collected to coordinate
sampling periods with another EPA project occurring simultaneously in the
same city.
The two POTW's covered in the Pilot Study (Plants 1 and 2) were sampled for
a longer period of time and more intensely than those sampled afterward.
At Plant 1, influent, effluent, and sludge streams were sampled over 24
hours for seven consecutive days. Influent was collected three times daily
as 8-hour composites during the first seven consecutive days, and then as
one 24-hour composite daily for an additional seven days. At Plant 2,
seven consecutive days of 24-hour sampling were completed.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Generally, uniform sampling techniques were used at the POTW's sampled in
this study. These techniques are described in detail in the Pilot Study
report. To obtain the most representative sample from each sample point,
automatic samplers were used wherever possible to gather frequent equal-
sized sample aliquots. This procedure was only possible where flows were
continuous and accessible by automatic sampling equipment.
At the early plants, automatic sampler tubing was changed daily and sampler
blanks were run before beginning each day's new composite. Later in the
program, for budgetary reasons, this procedure was discontinued, with fresh
Teflon tubing used only when a sampler was set up at a new collection
point. The automatic samplers were calibrated to pull sample aliquots of
at least 100 ml, at time intervals not to exceed 30 minutes. The actual
quantity and frequency of sample aliquots was governed by the depth of the
waste stream relative to the automatic samples. Composites in the automa-
tic samplers were collected in 2.5-gallon glass jars that were kept in an
ice bath at 4°C for the entire 24-hour period of sampling.
16
-------
In those cases where wastewater or sludge flows were intermittent or not
pumpable, such as primary sludge, grab sampling was practiced. Grab
samples were also taken where prescribed by EPA's sampling protocol. All
grabs were collected at least six times a day, and often more frequently.
On occasion, as dictated by sample point configuration, samples were
grabbed via an intermediate vessel. This method of sampling is a modifica-
tion to the protocol for fractions, such as oil and grease, where the
sample container is supposed to be filled directly from the wastewater
stream. This modification was made at a few sample points for safety and
practical reasons since positioning of the sample container into most of
these waste streams was either impossible or very dangerous, and the
induced error through use of an intermediate beaker was of lesser con-
sequence. In all cases where an intermediate beaker was used, it was used
exclusively at one point for the duration of sampling at the plant, and it
was repeatedly purged with fresh sample before each sample was collected.
SAMPLE POINTS
Sample points were selected to characterize both the influent and effluent
stream toxic pollutant levels, toxic pollutants in sludge and, by combining
these data, toxic pollutant mass balances through the POTW. Other sample
points were selected to best characterize wastewater and sludges at par-
ticular stages of treatment. At each plant, an effort was made to select
sample points in such a way that any extraneous factors that might affect
the validity of the sample would be eliminated. This involved selecting
sample points that allowed sample collection before settling, volatiliza-
tion, or contamination from other waste streams or recycle flows.
Table 2 lists all samples taken during the 20-plant program. In the
following paragraphs each sampling point type is briefly described.
Influent (Total) - Generally, total influent samples were collected prior
to pre-aeration, grit removal, or recycle streams such as digester decant.
To avoid automatic sampler tube fouling where possible, influent samples
were collected downstream of bar screens. When access to the influent was
such that representative samples could not be taken via automatic sampling,
grab composite aliquots were collected every two hours. When a total
influent sample was not available prior to any interferences or because of
access problems or multiple influent streams, upstream samples of separate
flows were taken and manually composited to create a total influent sample.
17
-------
V)
LU
-1 -I
-
CC
Ci ~
LU Ci
Z Ul ^
Ul Z Ci ~
i£ LU LU Ci
^ O ie: t- LU
ui x n Ci ui <: M
Ct
Ul
Cn
^_ u-i ^-« --^
LU K- CC Ul >-
3nC03ZClO>HUl-~-
•^ —• — I tj CD
Ul Ul LU LU Ul Ul Ct
O 13 CD Ci Cl I Ci Ci Ci _J
Ul
41 Ul Z
a k: 3
i o -^
_i_i_itococicocnco •
cn cn cn r> t-
Q Ct _l Ct Ci Ci U
>->->-UILUCOLUUILU-i . M M M LU
CD X
Cl l-
_l CC
cn ui
X
I- O
u ~
- _i <:
« i- K- x: * z
3 *H 3 ^ *~*
i- :> 3 i- a,
a. u. c.i
18
-------
en i
u '
_l _J ! O CO M M O- -O 00 *H -O >-<
d Q. i *o »-i T-« po KI TH hi r-i
K x: ;
o >O Cl C-t
CN i -o i i sj i i -o •& i i i i -a ! i IN
o- i
T-I I S3 I -O -O ~O I I •« I I I I -O I T-I '
CO !
•rtl-OI I <3 ! I I >O "G I -0 I l -O . -O i *H
en
LU
_j
CL.
x: i-
t-
ui z - - iu x: z ~
i- -i uj o —
-i-~-2: ^to >-ui
Mcectt-i Q n «l—
ct o LU ct: LU:C:X LU -. h- UJ Ul Z — ^ 1 CDLU -J
_jccz*=>3uj LJ LU ui o o en
u.u.u._juociC4C<_i:3 z
OK_lU.LuU.U.CiQ=)=)=]tn_l O
i-ou-LuuiLuu.rin_i_i_i en n
^.^-u. ui-i-jtntntn- h-
uj>->->- enen !->-&:•«
KH- ct LC cc: >- a cj o cj ce LU o
zz>--ujujuj
-------
Influent (Other) - At three of the plants covered in this Interim Report,
additional influent points were sampled. At Plant 14 an additional set of
samples was taken on the industrial side influent. At Plant 15 an addi-
tional set of samples was taken at the City's second treatment plant
(domestic sewage only). Plant 16 plant had two treatment trains that were
both sampled independently. The same criteria were used in choosing the
Influent (Other) points as were applied to the Influent (Total) points.
Primary Effluent - At two of the 20 POTW's, primary settling tank
overflows, prior to secondary treatment, were sampled. In both instances,
automatic samplers were set up in the channel between primary and secondary
treatment. The channels represented the well-mixed combined effluent flow
from all primary tanks.
Secondary Effluent (Unchlorinated) - At 11 of the 20 plants, samples were
collected prior to chlorine disinfection. This sample was collected either
at the secondary clarifier overflow or in the channel leading to the
chlorine contact chamber or discharge pipe. In the majority of plants the
next step in the treatment process was chlorine disinfection, but in some
plants additional treatment prior to disinfection was practiced. At other
plants the unchlorinated effluent was the last accessible sampling point
before final discharge.
Secondary Effluent (Chlorinated) - This sample point represents the
effluent fromthe chlorinecontact chamber, prior to discharge to the
receiving water.
Secondary Effluent (Other) - Two of the 20 POTW's had two chlorinated
effluent discharge conduits; one each for separate activated sludge and
trickling filter processes. One of the points was considered secondary
effluent (chlorinated) and for clarity the other was labeled "Secondary
Effluent (Other)." Automatic samplers were used at both points.
Tertiary Effluent (Chlorinated) - Three of the plants covered in this
Interim Report utilized mixed media filtration as a tertiary treatment
step. At each of these plants an additional sample was taken after the
mixed media filters. In each case the wastewater was chlorinated after the
filters and prior to the accessible sample point.
Primary Sludge (Raw) - At each plant an attempt was made to sample the pri-
mary sludge as it was removed from the primary settling tanks, before any
further treatment. Samples of the sludge were always collected as grab
composites for two reasons: sludge consistency and lack of continuous
availability. The majority of these samples were taken from taps either on
the sludge pumps themselves or on the lines conveying the sludge to storage
or further treatment. Occasionally, the sludge point would be in a rising
well controlled by telescoping valves. The consistency of this sample
varied depending upon the means utilized by the respective plants for
drawing the sludge from the primary tanks. Samples were taken so as to
attempt to represent the average sludge consistency. This involved
20
-------
collecting sludge grabs spaced over the sampling day, or grab composites
spanning definite pumping periods.
Primary Sludge (Thickened) - At two of the plants the raw primary sludge
was not accessible, necessitating collection of primary sludge after gra-
vity thickening. Sampling procedures and techniques for this point were
the same as the sampling procedures for the raw primary sludge.
Primary Sludge (Digested) - At one plant the raw primary sludge was pumped
directly to digesters, with no accessible intermediate taps or valves for
sampling. Consequently, a sample of the digested primary sludge was taken.
This sample was collected from a pump tap as a manual grab composite.
Combined Sludge (Raw from Primary) - A number of plants recycle their
secondary sludge directly back into the primary settling tanks. At these
plants a combined sludge sample was taken in the same manner described pre-
viously for primary sludge. These samples were composited directly from
the primary tanks, prior to any sludge conditioning.
Combined Sludge (Untreated) - At one of the 20 POTWs sludge from the pri-
mary tanks was not accessible and a sample of the sludge after it had com-
bined with the waste activated sludge was taken. At another plant a manual
flow composite sample of both primary and waste activated sludges was taken
and analyzed as a combined sample of the total waste sludge being removed
from the system.
Combined Sludge (Secondary Thickened) - This sample is the same as
"Combined Sludge - Untreated" except that the wasted secondary sludge had
already been thickened prior to combination with the primary sludge.
Combined Sludge (Both Thickened) - At the two plants where sludge from the
secondary settling tanks was not immediately accessible, samples were taken
after the sludge had been gravity thickened and combined with the thickened
primary sludge.
Combined Sludge (Digested) - At three of the plants covered in this report
the secondary sludge by itself was not accessible prior to digestion, so
that a combined sludge sample after digestion was taken.
Combined Sludge (Heat Treated) - In an effort to explore the effects of the
heat treatment process on toxic pollutants in sludge treatment, sludge
samples from two heat treatment systems at POTWs covered in this study
were sampled.
Combined Sludge (Other) - At one plant which had two parallel treatment
trains, two separate primary settling tank sludges were sampled. At this
particular plant, the primary tank sludges included the waste secondary
sludges because the waste secondary sludges were recycled to the head of
the primary settling basin.
21
-------
Waste Activated Sludge (Untreated) - Waste activated sludge (WAS) sample
points varied from plant to plant, depending on WAS stream accessibility.
At some plants, WAS was accessible in rising wells prior to sludge con-
ditioning. If the rising wells were sufficiently mixed, automatic samplers
were used to gather WAS samples. At plants without rising wells, or when
the well was not mixed, samples were taken from taps on the sludge pumps.
Often, however, there were no accessible sampling points on the WAS line.
In these cases, since WAS and return activated sludge are usually iden-
tical, samples were taken from the return sludge pumps or return sludge
lines.
Waste Activated Sludge (DAF Thickened) - At one plant covered in this
report, an additional sample of the waste activated sludge was taken after
it had been conditioned in a dissolved air flotation system. This was a
single grab sample.
Waste Activated Sludge (Other Thickened) - At another POTW, two manually
collected composite samples were taken of the waste activated sludge after
centrifugation. The samples were taken from a tap on the pump conveying
the thickened sludge to the digesters.
Secondary Sludge (Untreated) - These samples represent the trickling filter
humus collected at two of the plants covered in this report. Manual com-
posite samples were taken at both plants because sludge consistency and
availability prevented using automatic sampling.
Nitrification Sludge - One of the 20 POTW's followed its activated sludge
process with nitrification. At this plant two grab samples of the waste
nitrification sludge were taken. These samples were taken directly from
the waste sludge pumps as single grab samples.
Heat Treatment Decant - At the two plants sampled that conditioned the
sludge by heat treatment, decant or supernatant samples from the heat
treated sludge holding tanks were manually composited to correspond to the
"Combined Sludge (Heat Treated)" samples taken from the same plant. At
Plant 7, these samples were taken from a sample tap on the side of the
decant tank (gravity flow), while at Plant 8 the decant samples were
grabbed from the sludge decant tank overflow weir.
Gravity Thickener Overflow - A single grab sample of the overflow from the
gravity thickener was taken at Plant 3. The sample was taken directly from
the overflow weir.
Vacuum Filter Filtrate - A single grab sample of the filtrate from the
vacuum filter at Plant 1 was grabbed from the pressure line from the
filters. All fractions were filled as one grab sample via an intermediate
vessel.
Floatables - Also at Plant 1, a complete set of samples of the skimmings
from the primary settling tanks was taken. Manual composite samples were
22
-------
gathered by dipping into the floating layer at the collection end of the
primary settling tanks.
Combination of Sources - At Plant 10, two manual composite samples of the
aerobic digester feed were taken. The sample was a combination of the
thickened waste activated sludge and the fleatables. Manual samples were
taken at this point from a tap on the sludge feed pump.
Tap Water - Background samples of the domestic water as supplied to the
plants' service areas were taken at 9 of the 20 plants covered in this
report. Samples were taken at a frequently used sink within the plant pre-
mises. The tapwater was allowed to run for a period of time prior to
sample collection.
23
-------
V.
DATA
OVERALL POTW DATA
At the first 20 plants of the 40 plant study, 632 individual samples were
collected and analyzed for toxic pollutants. Combining data from all
liquid and sludge samples, in total, 103 toxic pollutants were measured at
least once at levels above their detection limits. The toxic pollutants
never found include acrolein, benzidine, hexachloroethane, hexach-
lorocyclopentadiene, nitrobenzene, several ethers, all nitrosoamines, endo-
sulfans and metabolites, endrin and metabolites, all but two PCB mixtures,
and toxaphene.
Tables 3 and 4 present occurrence data and concentration ranges for POTW
influent and secondary effluent samples. In influent samples across the
20-plant data base, 93 toxic pollutants were measured at least once above
their detection limits. Likewise, in secondary effluents, 84 toxic pollu-
tants were found at levels above their detection limits. Finally, of the
24 toxic pollutants found in more than 50 percent of the influent samples,
all were detected less frequently in effluent samples.
In all, 76 toxic pollutants were found in raw sludges. For the purposes of
this discussion, raw sludges include thickened sludges. Table 5 summarizes
the occurrence of these pollutants in sludges across the 20 POTW data base.
Twelve of the 15 most frequently occurring and most highly concentrated
toxic pollutants in raw sludge are metals.
Figures A-l to A-8 in Appendix A present cumulative distribution curves of
pollutant removal and effluent concentration for selected priority pollu-
tants. These curves are discussed in Section VI.
Tables B-l to B-60 in Appendix B present detailed data summaries for each
of the 20 POTW's. For each plant, a Summary of Analytical Data is included
which presents averages of each pollutant parameter found at each sample
point covered. A Mass Balance is also included for each POTW. In these
tables, the average pounds per day of each pollutant entering the POTW are
tabulated, as well as the daily pounds exiting the POTW. Finally, for each
POTW, a Summary of Percent Occurrence is presented that tabulates the per-
cent of times each pollutant was found at each sampling point at each
plant.
24
-------
XT
ID
x:
Hi
X
- 00
I—
co t-« t—
ce. z
ui o ui
_i •-• =>
OQ O« «J
< a. u.
z
n
coo
»_ UlUi
z X:K
ui nu
u t-u
(C 1-
Ul U.UI
a. oc,
o a
cnui
a: UN
ui _i >-
a a. _j
x: £-
X
1-
Ul
o
ce x:
o ce
x: -10
Ul ID Ul X U.
ce a M z cj a
ui n x: ui - X O Ul X
U O O H- H- CJ
Ul
a ui
n Z
ce ui
O -J
_i >-
x x
CJ H
Ul
Ui O
zee
Ul O
_ j _j
>. i
X o
K i-«
Ui ce
x: i-
Ul
t-
-
x
Ul
X
_1
>-
X
1-
Ul
1
C-i
<*>
CO
1— 1
«
Ui
z
• ;>
X _J
1— >H
Ul CO
Ui
1-
^
-1
«
X
!-
X
a.
_j
>-
i-
x: >- ui =>
-j ID ce z n
O n ID Ul 1
z o x u M z
u -
X M
Cu Z
Ul
-J ffl
X J
(— >_
Ul t-
n 3
Q ffi
Ul
Z
Ui
_l
>-
X
»-
Ul
o
ce
o
_j
x
CJ
a ui
1 Z
en ui
Z -i
- N
X Z
t- Ui
Ul *
0 0
ce ce
o o
i i
X X
U CJ
a Q
i i
n 0-1
to to
11 11
_J
O
z
Ul
X
Cu
o
ce ui
o z
-i Ui
x u
u
-------
x:
n
x:
CO
=> CO
—I UJ
—I _l
O O.
*— a. as
<
h- >- CO
Z I—
O >-« I—
O Q£ Z
— O UJ
>-« Z3
co oe _i
DO O
< 3E
I— UJ h-
o o
Z Q_
UJ
OC Z
OC i-i
=D
o
o
o
x:
=>
r
M
z
M
x:
en
K
M
Z
en o
H- Ul UJ
z r i-
ui M u
u i- uj
oc t-
ui u. u
a. o o
u.
o Q
en uj
OC UJ N
ui _i >-
« o. _i
x: x: z3 = 3zz=)=j=>z=)
coco rs >o iii in in in in in in
CMCMCM-OoOCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
in m in «»• «• in in in in in in i« in in in in in
CM • -i
U Z X-
M 0 X
z x: i-
UJ M UJ
to i- x:
OC Z M
- 0
X CO
t- OC
uj M
CJ i-i Q
UJ
-J Z
O UJ
Z N
UJ Z
X UJ
a. a,
-J O
>• OC
X 0
1- _J
UJ X
x: u
UJ M M
z o a
UJ 1 1
ac * n
X» *h IV
0_ CM i-i
Ul
Z
- -
OCK H
OZ 0
_i - •.
Z iH
M ».
:> TI
w
^~
CM
TH
1
0)
u
a.
OETHANE
oc
o
_J
X
u
«
cc
1-
ac uj
o t-
_l 1 UJ
X CM Z
U •> UJ
o
^ a. CM
•% ^J ».
CM
-------
O
O
CO
_l UJ
_J _l
o a.
a. s:
O UJ
I-H Z3
o_ u.
•z.
U_ 1-1
o
o o
~Z. Q.
o:
x:
n
x:
*-i
x
-
no—i
x: x: 1
ft. CM CM
UI d
2 I
U UJ
- 1 0
ce CM _j
x ^ x
CJ iH 0
THANE
u
x:
o
oa
O UI
=> Ct
t hH
u. yc
HI O
Q U.
O CQ
fll
O -J
•J 3^
X X
O H-
Hl UI
0 TC.
ENE
PYRENE
i
>- >->
a. a
o ^
fti o
a. i
O M
a: »
o w
*j •*
•y» ^.
o >^
HI O
Q 2
1 UJ
M Ci
- 2
iH HI
UJ
x: 2
=> o
HI a:
_J O
-J X
>- ft.
ac a
ui tn
as HI
UJ
2
UJ UJ
N 2
2 UI
UJ t£
CO >-
o a.
ce ~
0
i
UJ U.
2 0
UJ M
X 2
H- UI
x a
a. i
^ CM
2 »H
UJ ••
U i-t
- UJ
X -I
1- >-
UI C£
0 UJ
ce a.
o o
_J N
1. 2
U UJ
i a
CM 1
<~ CM
en v-i
HI »
06 *-<
RACENE
ENE
x x
1- h-
2 2
X
CM O
27
-------
00
V—
~2L
<
1
r^
:o oo
_J UJ
o a.
-— Q. s:
t— >- oo
z t—
o •— ' i—
( ") Q£ "*£.
- — • o uj
>— ' ;D
CO C£ _J
CL U.
UJ =2
1 U_ •—!
CQ O
-
cc. a. _j
x: x: 0 C-J vCVJ (N CM
^" tO ID ID 1ft
u
z
t-l
M
- u
X X
-Id.
>- o
Z CC
1 U Ul t-
x: o x XM
=> X ttl tL. Z
t-» 06 1 H« »H
_J 1 ••
i- 06 o T-I r-j
in
^J
to
•M
CM
10
UJ
z
Ul
_1
>~
X
t-
X
a.
^
z
Ul
u
^
in
^J
CD
CM
in
UJ
z
u
l-l
o
-
_1
o
z
o
HH O
I- UJ
O IH
UJ U,
K >H
ui oe
a uj
3>
UJ
> UJ
o *
06
•
=> -J
_j z
-------
x: i
oo oo
K- LU
Z _J
< o.
I— s
=3 <:
O
o.
LU O LU
_l HH
CO O£. >•
< a. ct:
LU
o
•z.
LU
X
-
flQ fl f
x: x: in
M
^ 00 CM ii
C* OK i-» in CM
OS CM ^ i-<
CM -0 ^ O CM
(N
CM O
CM
1-ll-i1-tl-l1-IMl-«TH!-il-1
_J_J_l_J_l_J_l_J_l-JJ_J-J_l_J-J_J-J_J_l_J_l_J_JJ_J_J_J_t
\XX\\\N\X\X\\N\S\\\\\\\\\N\\\
OCDCDOCDCDCDCDOCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCOCDOCDCDCDCDOCDCDCDCD
—4^1—in—i^i^Tiin!3r5n:3^)2rri'*>:a^^5Ti:r»—1^» —»—i-r»^^i
CMCMCM»-«I-II-IIHTH»H»-II-I
CM M M I*) n I*) CN C-J M CJ
=3 O
O CL.
o
o -z.
UJ
t-
- Ct
X O
UJ -J
I X
-J U
UJ
z
uj
_j
>-
x
t-
u
o
cc
UJ
K
UJ
ce
a.
x LU ct: o
>- z o x: -J
LU LU LU u. n x
ce o i j o i-i u _j
Lu»-iCM>-cci:-tHUJXXUIi-i
NOO«X:OO»-Z
UJ
UJ Z
i- -
Cu _J X
X H-
_l U LU
>- I-H O
3 K O LU
« I _j Z
I »H X LU
z » u =>
I 1-1 t-« _J
i-i * ct: o
u
z
UJ
U N
z z
x: at >- uj uj
=31 Ct Ct _J Z «
x:x:acjr>ZN>-
az:- _J
Z X
o u
x: -
-
N
UJ
O) U
X O _J Z
I- I >- LU
UJ i-« I- (0
Q i-l ffi
-------
x:
M
X
<:
x:
t/> oo
K- UJ
Z _1
< 0.
i— s:
=> <
O I—
o. z
CD
LU
'z x:
=> ILU »-«
_l U >-
O
o
CQ
<
.
ac LJ_
O Ul
I— I
OS >-
Q- C£
O
O Q-
O
O Z
x:
M
Z
I-l
x:
to
K
1-1
Z
LU
U
LU
LU
LU LL
0. O
Lu
O Q
U) LU
a: u N
LU _J >-
CQ Q- _l
c x: -OC^— JQOOXh-QQ
XLUXXZ>-I 1 CQ U X I 1
0.— Ih-h-UJZ'H^OSi-iO.M^'
_ILULUZX>I * *
»-irt(j»-Z'rtrM
LU
z
<:
x
h-
LU
0
DC.
O
_j
U X
X U
04 I-l
1 O
- 1
OC OC CM
>• X •>
0. O »H
CM
CM
1
CQ
U
a.
ETHANE
o
OC
o
_l
X
u
«
a:
K-
LU
x: i-
3 i
M CM
_l ».
-J CM
^K »k
fli»1
UJ ».
A *4
LU
Z
LU
N
Z
LU
OQ
O
a:
o
_j
x
u
LU
Z
O
T-l ^
LU
1-
-
H-
U
O
1
z
1
t-l
Q
LU
>-
- z
X
i-i _i
o u.
30
-------
00 00
:D <
_|00
o h-
— Q. z
• ui
I— >- =>
z i— _i
o >-i u.
O CC\J-
»— O Ul
I—I
•«*• OS >-
Q. OC
OQ
<
U. Q
O Z
o
UJ O
O UJ
z oo
=5 O
O Ou
o
o z
x:
:D
X:
HH
X.
-
CCi u 1
TC.TC.-et
=> - x: x
Ul X O U
x h- cc »H
Cu Ul O CC
o x:_i »-
Ct M X 1
J— Q (J ^
M 1 « »
2 -
cc
Ul
Cu
o
M
2
Ul
2 Ci
M 1
CC CM
Ci '-i
-J •*
^ »-l
Ul
2
Ul
N
-J 2
O Ul
2 fid
Ul O
X CC
Cu 0
O _J
CC X
t- o
t~t <:
2 X
1 Ul
•«• x
Ul
2
Ul
_J
Ul >•
2 X
O K
CC X
0 Cu
x -
O *-<
cc ^*
O 0
-1 2
X Ul
U Ci
.. ^*
Q *— t
HRACENE
u»
2
Ul
•«r x
5f
in
CM
»H
1
n
u
Cu
Ul
Ci 2
Ci ^f_
Ct Ci
1 CC
«• O
^ — J
* X
* o
Ul
2
X
^_
Ul
o
cc
o
_J
X
cc u
O »-H
2 -J CC
n X H-
CC U 1
Ci
Ul Cu 1-4
t-i Ul -
Ci X iH
-J o
2 *-<
o
cn
2 Q cc
o u o
M M U.
H U.
O 1-1 Ci
Ul CC UJ
i- ui a
ui :> 3
ui o
Ul Oft 2
> l-i
o o
ea «- cn
• 2
cn _i ui
Ul 2 =)
=J O J
-1 U.
^" ^c ^v
:> (- u
u. o >-
o cc
^g
=>
-------
x:
x:
x
oo^rcMOin*ocMOO''r i*)>oi*)MPs5j-r-iTHinc-4C'i'-iin
in
oo CM
••"« *-« CO *-« CM
_1_J_I_J_I-J_I_J_J-J-J_J_J_I_1-I
J_J_1_J_1_J_I-J_J_I_J_J
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
COoCOtDOCDOCDOOOCDCDCOOCOCDCBOCSCDCDOCDtDCSCDCOCDCD
00
Os
O
in
in CM
w n
CM
o o
o o
CM CM i
C«l Oil M a i£ n a
•
X
LU
X.
_J
>-
z
v-
uiu
t »i
>-£
zn
Ul
Z
Ul
N
z
>-ui
LU
Q
t-i
cc
o
_l
z
u
Ul
z
Ul Ul
Ui
o
ce
o
_i
z
u
M
Q
I
cn
z
-
z z
i- a.
z
Cu _l
cncnt-_ia:zzi-
ZZ
H-ui
zz
Ul
o
cc
o
_J _l
o z
z o
LU I-H
z a:
a. H
>- Z
«- Ul
=> CQ
Ul
Z
LU
ce i
I -J
LU
Ul Z
Z Ui
-
I- Z
Ui t-
O LU Ul
a: o z
O CC LU
_1 O Z
Z -J t-
u z z
I-H o
-
a. ce
-------
x:
3
x:
t-i
x
-
Z h- LU
O H-I CJ
O Of Q
-— O =3
•-i _l
in a: oo
CO
u_ <
O Of.
<_> I—
z o
UJ Q-
QE:
x:
IH
Z
IH
x:
en
j-
M
Z
ui a
i- ui ui
z x: K
LU M CJ
U H Ul
cc i-
ui u. ui
a. o Q
O Q
cn LU
CC Ul N
Ul _i >-
cc, a. _j
r r «: z
z tn .oMO>r*>rsi<3-oo CMO^>O
r-i IH CM »-i IH CM rt iH^O so ^ »-i *H CM if O ^~
(M
_l_l_j_l_l_l-J_J_l_J_l_l_J_l_J_J_l_J_l_J -J_J-J-l-J_l_i_J_l
NX\X\X\XXXX\XXXXXNX\ XXXXXXXXX
OOOCDCDGOtOOCDOtOOOOOCDCDtDCD tOCDtOOOOOOtD
r»^»r»^rara3n3=ar!»ri3!a3=ara<33rj 3333=13333
oino-co^oinio^-MWCMoo
CMCM*>lTHlHi-4iHiHTH«-•>-••
CM ac z *i
•> X iH •>
IH O 3> *-i
Ul
z
•a
X
l-
Ul
a
ui a:
Q O
l-l _l
OL 1i
o u
Ui
z
O O -J
»H _1 _J «
-XXX
!H O CJ K
Ul
Z
Ul
Ui
Z
Ul Ul
z z
H
Ul X
X N I- Ul
I- Z Ul Z
ui ui -j x: ui
x, eci o o N
o ui a z a: z
Of O OC Ul O Ul
o M o x 3 a
3 Ul Of J CL _i O
-I Z O X O U. Of
u. • t-
- _i afx: o
X U. O O CC
CL O _l CC «
M x a M
-i z u a
ui
o
_J IH
o oe
zo
ui _i
ui
H-
-
u
o
t ixicjax-t-xio
CM
^ n (.OCXUl •> LU M ^ _l
K I I X O
U ^ '-i I- -I
M •> •> Ul X
i X
iz a.
o
-------
x
-
a: Q
o ^
o: oo
o.
O f-
•21 O
UJ Q.
o:
a: z
^ l-H
o
o
o
(fs
t-
t-t
z
i- u ui
z: x: i-
u •-< u
u i- ui
ct H-
ui u. ui
0.00
u.
O Q
en ui
u: u M
ui _i >-
Oj CL. -J
•z. r
T-l
».
^
ORANTHENE
LATE
3 «
-J X
U. f-
O X
N a.
z
Ul J
a v
1 X
CM 1-
-
X C£
Ul U
X -
o a.
1 <-»
x <:
o —
i-i
a o
1 N
CM Z
•- Ul
iH 04
OPHENOL
OIENE
ce ^
o ^~
-13
X 06
00
1-1 Of
ceo
^- _j
1 X
-O CJ
- Ul
CMX
ALENE
x
K
X
Q.
^
Z
0
ce
o
i
X
u
1
CM
Ul
z
Ul
-J
Ul >-
z oe
Ul Ul
-i a.
>- o
X N
H- Z
X Ul
o. a
.
^
fD) PYRENE
u
i
M
•k
CM
•.
1-4 Ul
s*> Q
C3 Ci
Z t
Ul -
o «r
z -
»H •*
OPYLENE
ce
0.
o
Ce
o
-J
X
CJ
l-l
Q
1
1*)
•>
^
Z
o
x:
i-i
_j
Z Q
O Ul
KH l-l
h- U.
O n
Ul CC
I- Ul
Ul 2»
Q
Ul
LU 06
O O
« »-
o
U. Q
O
>-
x: u.
=> -l
z z:
M »H
x: _j
.-, u
^ 0£
~ O.
34
-------
VI.
EVALUATION OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL CONTRIBUTION ON INFLUENT QUALITY
The amount of industrial discharge to the 20 POTW's ranged from less than 5
percent to a maximum of 50 percent of their average flow (see Table 1).
Review of the influent priority pollutant data reveals that, in general,
the higher the industrial contribution, the greater the concentration and
to a lesser extent the greater the occurrence of priority pollutants in
POTW influents. Figure 1 is a plot of the sum of influent priority pollu-
tant metal concentrations versus percent industrial contribution. Although
there is a fair amount of data point scatter, the least squares fit has a
large positive slope (R=0.491, slope = 72.86 ug/1/%). This indicates a
tendency for total metals concentrations to increase when percent
industrial flow increases. The fits were not as good for the sums of other
priority pollution fraction sums (organics, volatiles, base-neutrals,
acids). This may be because a straight line does not describe the data or
because of inaccuracies in the percent industrial figures.
TREATMENT OR REMOVAL OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS IN POTWs
In the Appendix, Figures A-l to A-8 present cumulative distributions for
the percent removal and effluent concentrations for the 24 priority pollu-
tants most prominent in POTW influents. Table 6 summarizes the data pre-
sented in Appendix A for pollutants where 10 or more usable data points are
available. In Table 6 and Appendix A, percent removals are presented for
two subgroups of analytical data: removals when the priority pollutant
level in the influent was measured at a plant average level greater than
zero, and removals when the plant average influent pollutant concentration
was always measured above 10 jig/I. In Table 6, the number of data points
for each subgroup is indicated by N. Minimum percent removals and effluent
levels can be read directly from Appendix A figures for any desired percent
of POTW's in the data base.
Table 6 shows that, when present at any measurable level, 50 percent of the
POTW's samples achieved minimum priority pollutant metal removals ranging
roughly between 32 and 81 percent. For common organic priority pollutants,
50 percent of the POTW's achieved minimum removal between 53 and 90 per-
cent.
Figure 2 presents cumulative distributions for the three major priority
pollutant fractions. These curves summarize the data presented in Appendix
A and in Table 6. In Figure 2, all less-than values were averaged as zero
35
-------
FIGURE 1
CORRELATION OF INFLUENT TOTAL METALS
CONCENTRATION TO PERCENT INDUSTRIAL FLOW
10000
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
8000
6000
(O
i.
o
o
o
4000
2000
%^*^ •
j i i
I I l I I
10
20 30
% Industrial Flow
40 50
36
-------
LO
LU
I
co
^C
I—
CO ^
+-) CD
C 3.
O)
Z ^2
LU 4-
2: c /\|
^— K- H
LU
CC
>-
o:
^^
Q
Z
O
o
LIJ
CO
>-
CO
o
LU r-
^» ^^,
LU cn
>-i a.
T"
o o
H->
CO C
yr Q)
LU 3
a: r—
M—
1— C
Z i— i
LU
c_>
r»^
LU
Q_
U_
o
>_
ce.
^c
s:
2:
^j
CO
CO
1 i
c
03
,_
f\
4—
0
[ »
c
CO
o
t-
co
CL.
O
CT>
O
CO
LO
-^
0
LO
TO
o
E
oc
4->
^*
CO
o
t_
CO
o.
c
03
•1- r-H CM CO P-~
~o CT> cr> co P*^
CO
o o o o
c
•r- I-H CM co r-
"O o*> 0% co r**
CO
^.
en ^ CM o
r~ r~- LO *3~
CO «* i— 1 LO
oo oo r-~ *j-
CO P~- LO lO
co oo r~- "d"
i-H i— 1 CM P^
CTt CTt 00 P*^
0 0 O O
Z CM CM CM CM
CO
r—
O
C
£_ O)
CO JC
+-> CL.
CO
E •—
to to
t- Q CO Q •»->
to o co o o
Q- CQ 1— CJ 1—
i-H
O
I-H
CTl
LO
i-H
LO
CM
r*H
px«
O
CM
^
1—
00 CTi
00 CO
VO CM
OO CO
OO O
CO
cr> o
LO LO
CM O
CO P^
LO i-H
00 OO
oo 'en
I-H i-H
CO
c
(Q
_g"
4-*
QJ
o
^
o
r-
• — x:
c~ r—
tj ^»
r-
01 4_>
C LU
CO 1
•— CM
>^N»-^
JC
-(-> CO
0) -r-
s: CQ
LO «* O
co cri cri
LO f» LO
CM CM LO
co cy> co
O LO O
CM
LO P-» O
CM LO LO
o r». i— i
LO LO P->
O 0 LO
co a> co
o o o
CM CM CM
CO
C
CO CO
i— C
>> CO
r* ^—
-!-> £
0 -t->
t- CO
O 0
r^ L_
_c a; o
O C i—
to co .c
U 3 0
+J 1— M-
CO 0 t.
1— 1— I—
P--OOLOLOLOCOOOOO
O^ ^^ ^^ 00 ^*"* OO CD ^^
r i fvj ^Vl f- 4 j---| | i fvj
COCM<-COLOCMCOO
^j- CT> O O O O O LO
*$• if) LO
^•^J-OOOCTIOOLO
LO LO ^" LO
P*^ OO CO CO CO P^ CO LO
LO LO i-H LO LO
i-Ht-HCOCMLOCMi-HCO
CT>oocop~-crioo
r*H CM CVJ i-H i-H t-H CM CM
E
3 01 >>
•I- t- T3 t- r— S-
E CO -i- 3 CO CO
O *"^ £1 ^3 O ^ > O
L. *^ tO to ^ O r— f~
-C O >> CO CO T- -I- •!-
ocjcj — i^zcopvj
A
CO
^J
f—
CO
3
(4-
c
•p-
c
'*~
o
•
C CO
O TO
•»-> T3
rO flj
0 I
E
CO +->
i- -T-
E
-l-> T- •
C i — CO
CO 4->
o c c
t- O Ol
CO • -i- 3
cx-o -i-> r—
CO O »4-
S_ -0 CO
to CO CO ••—
^1 -4-> -C E
C -(-> T-
CO T- i —
Q. O C
-a r- o
CO (O CO -i-
co +j .a +j
3 (C O
"o -o co
CO CO 4->
CO >4- +J CO
a> o i_ -o
fO ^5
t- 4- CL CO
CO CO CO .C
> -Q t- +J
TO E
3 CO CO
•4-> Z CO TO
c: 3
TO 1 r~ *TI3
^- TO C
Q. Z >• TO
• 1
CO
CO
+->
o
•z.
37
-------
o
o
o
o
V)
LLI
s
O
in
O
O
i i i i i i i i
I I I I I I I I I
o o o
O m
CM
00
Ul
o
o
I—I
I-
CQ
i—i i—i
u. a
UJ
O
>
(0
ID
UJ
z
\
UJ
m
a
o
O
o
O
in
(<)
o
o
o
m
O O
in
O
O
O
in
O
O
O
O
O
in
in
L/6wf
O
O
10
+J
c
ta
01
a>
ra
>
c:
i/l
o
38
-------
to avoid attaching significance to pollutants that were not present in
either the influent or effluent samples. This procedure will slightly
overstate removal of pollutants measured near their detection limit, but
these cases have minimal impact on the totals presented in Figure 2.
REDUCTION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS BY POTW TREATMENT PROCESSES
Table 7 summarizes the average of the individual POTW percent removals for
selected conventional and priority pollutants achieved by the major treat-
ment processes. For pure oxygen activated sludge, one plant's data are
included. Primary and tertiary effluents were sampled at two plants while
twelve activated sludge processes and three trickling filter processes were
evaluated.
Table 7 shows that among the treatment processes examined, tertiary treat-
ment removed 16 of 24 priority pollutants better than either trickling
filter or activated sludge processes. For pure oxygen activated sludge
processes, less than half of the removals (10 of 24) were higher than
either trickling filter or activated sludge removals. Three-quarters of
the trickling filter removals (18 of 24) were better than the corresponding
activated sludge removals. Primary treatment appears to be generally less
effective than secondary treatment processes in removing the 24 selected
priority pollutants.
At two of the POTW's (10 and 17), parallel activated sludge and trickling
filter plants treated common influent streams. At both plants, the
effluent streams were completely separate allowing for a true comparison of
removal efficiencies. The trickling filter and activated sludge conven-
tional pollutant removals were all within six percentage points of each
other. For the 32 priority pollutants measured in the influents, 13 were
treated to the same degree by both processes, 8 priority pollutants were
better removed by activated sludge, 11 were better removed by the trickling
filter process. The only priority pollutants that had large differences
between trickling filter and activated sludge removals were tetrach-
loroethylene (trickling filter 13 points higher) and chromium (activated
sludge 34 points higher).
POTW PRIORITY POLLUTANT MASS BALANCES
As described in Section V, mass balances for each conventional, nonconven-
tional, and priority pollutant are included in Appendix A. In these mass
balance tables, pollutants biodegraded or otherwise treated should show a
lower mass exiting the plant than entering it. For conservative pollu-
tants, such as metals, which cannot be degraded, but only transferred to
sludge streams, in theory the mass balances should show the same pounds
into the plant as leaving it. Table 8 summarizes the mass balance for five
POTW's where the percent difference between total pounds of total metals in
the incoming and outgoing streams were within ten percent. At these five
plants, it is assumed that the balances for all other pollutants are
equally accurate.
39
-------
CO
co
Z ID
LU >
< 0
LU *
\- +-
? 8
Q_ 0
0-
co
CO
Z
o
LU a.
CQ
g
Cu
Q
Z
in co
O^ ^^
- cn
Ci
o\
in
CM cn cn cn
cp CM cp cn en cn
en cn en
o en *r en
vo cn vo en
en r^ co
cn co co
r-vo — cnr~-
cncoiocnco
+- 0,
(0 CT
> -o
+- —
g co
+- 0
ID C7
> T3
CM
D) ~-
C L.
O —
.1.
O CO O O
o r-
co CM
8
8!
cn o\ cn
cn cn cn
cn
cn
+ +
voi-i^icnvococnro
r-ooir\cnco — cnoo
ID
ID
c
ID
in 1- o cn
cn cn cn co
in r-
cn co
CM r— CM •— cn t<"\ co co co — o
enr^cor*-co^~cMr^'^'K^»—
CM*— o*— ^ ^ o to vo
cncncnr~r~invococo
csi
\o \o
vo CM o co CM
+
CO [^ VO VO Cn
r*- co cn cn en
Tt l~ O VO
in cn en
- * &
ot t
Kl CM
— ir\
ro
CM
f^ co in ^
CM VO CM —
1 O
vo cn —
KI cn —
i o
r~ r-
— CM
fe
O
LU
K.
in
T3
TJ
0 0
T3 l/l
C ID
CO T3
C
— (D
8 £ 8 =
CO I- O O
ID
O
0
c
0
N
C
&
ichloroethane
^ 1
1 M-
o
— L,
« O
—' o
s-D i ch 1 oroethy 1 ene
ne
C (D
(0 N
^ I
i ^_
>.
CM JC
— LU
Chloride
oethylene
i_
0 O
§ JC
— o
>- ID
JC L.
•t- +-
0
C
ID
3
£
0
C
0
+-
8
fc _
£ O
O C
1- 0-
e
ylhexyl) Phthalate
® +-
ID 1
JC CM
JC
o. in
ID —
z m
yl Phthalate
Phthlate
c >-
& t
CO
^** Z
•H 1
m o
th 1 ate
£
>.
r~
j^
0
Q
3
•— •
^
•o
5
|
i_
JC
o
0
U T3
0 «^
o C ^3
a. ID ID
o >• 0
0 0 -I
(D
tn
ID
4- 0
(0 ID
S ^
> ID
CO <5
— I.
0 0
-^ > U
O — C
Z CO NJ
0
(/)
$10
JD
ID
.Q ID
ID 10
+- -O
ID
TJ +-
C
+- ID
JD E
Q_ 0
0
i ^
ID
O)
O
ID
i
40
-------
>-
1_
I
O
in
i/)
i
&
O
a.
in
in
0
g
CL
4- 0
C 0
VI 0 C
— 00
10 1- L.
1_ O 0
+- CL *•
3 *•
z a
8
cS ^
o
£
4- 0
C 0
0 c
O 0
VI l_ 1_
0 00
— CL *•
ID a
o
4-
3
O
c
0
O
+- C
in c 0
O 01.
c i- *-
10 0 *•
a a. —
i- a
o
10 4-
4- 3
0 0
C
~
to
(0 4~
4- 3
0 O
C
^
i
4-
IQ
000
O) O) D)
•o -o -o
333
CO CO CO
000
10 IO ID
._ « .—
4-4-4-
in CM
CM fO
CM
CM O\ VO
to co «f
vo VO
•~
VO *~ 00
CM «3- •*
O^i CM CN
*t rO O
O CO
VO H-l ^f
vo vo in
r~ in
ON \o VO
1 1 1
vo in CM
CM — O
IO O> *~
vo
O> CM O>
in (^ vo
to o\
CM in p~
L
0
4-
_
U-
0)
c
—
u
1
r-
in
CM
vo
CM
oo
00
1
vo
o?
f—
to
in
^—
VO
r-
i
to
in
to
in
oo
ao
•—
Oi
CM
C3
in
^_
•—
0
0)
•o
3
CO
2
ID
.—
5
r»
i
r~
in
to
o>
&
?
—
in
^^
CM
2
CM
in
r-
i
ao
o
oo
^
§
CM
1
VO
r-
co
VO
o\
o
CM
41
-------
Table 8 shows that total priority pollutant metals mass deficiencies ranged
between a gain of eight percent and a loss of nine percent, while total
organics were always lost. For total organic priority pollutants, losses
ranged between 26 and 76 percent.
For the total volatile priority pollutants, mass was always lost. For the
volatiles, percent loses ranged between 28 and 88 percent. For the base-
neutral priority pollutants, mass balance differences ranges between a gain
of 11 percent and a 37 percent loss. At each plant, more organics were
lost than metals and more volatiles were lost than either total organics or
base-neutrals.
The results discussed above support the concept that metals are conser-
vative in a treatment process while organics are either biodegraded or
otherwise lost. The greater loss of volatiles compared to total organics
or base-neutrals also supports the idea that volatiles may be stripped out
of the wastewater during aeration in addition to being biodegraded.
DAILY VARIATION OF INFLUENT POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Table 9 presents the daily average concentration of selected conventional
and nonconventional pollutants and the sum of the toxic pollutant analyti-
cal fraction concentrations in influent samples. With the exception of
Sundays, at least one 24-hour composite influent sample was taken on each
day of the week at each POTW, providing a minimum of 20 data points to make
up the average for each parameter. Less than ten Sunday samples were taken
and these were mostly 8-hour composites at Plant 1.
Table 9 does not reveal any particular concentration trend among the five
working days. None of the five days of the week showed a consistently
higher or lower concentration. However, for every toxic pollutant fraction
(except pesticides) as well as BOD and COD, the Friday and Monday averages
were always higher than the Saturday or Sunday average. The Sunday data
should be viewed cautiously because of the abbreviated data base it repre-
sents. Comparing averages for the five working days with the weekend
levels, in each case the work week average was higher than any Saturday or
Sunday average.
EFFECT OF RAINFALL
During the week of sampling at five of the 20 POTW's, at least one day of
heavy rainfall occurred. Table 10 presents the influent total priority
pollutant metals loadings at these plants before and after the rainfall day
and the average of all other days' loadings. Three of these five plants
have combined sewers, one has separate sewers, one is half combined and
half separate. At Plants 4, 6 and 14, it was raining on the first day of
sampling; at the other two plants, at least one day of dry weather sampling
was completed before rainfall began.
42
-------
CD
<
< z
a: —
z *
LU I—
§ £
O Z
LU
2 12
o: z
Ul <
5 fe
5 ^
< a-
0 fe
—
•
CM
Oi
o
in
CM
CO
in
CM
CM
\o
in
in
o
CM
in
K1
Tt
CM
in
vo
in
r~
in
VO
CM
eo
o
O
oo
o
in
CM
in
5
co
o\
in
S
in
O
CM
CM
00
00
in
»o
oo
co
r»
I—
CM
co
r-
CM
co
8 8
m o
O) \
5 ~ 3
in
(D
o
§
a.
O
ID
m
D)
3.
U)
ID
g> O) 10 — m *~x
ID fl> T3 —
— U) ~ X
in
O
in
(D
Q_
43
-------
TABLE 10
EFFECT OF RAINFALL
ON INFLUENT METALS LOADING
Influent Pounds of Total Metals
PLANT NO.
4
6
9
14
18
SEWER
TYPE
50% Combined
Separate
Combined
Combined
Combined
DAY OF
HEAVY
RAINFALL
1287
354
197
171
825
DAY AFTER
HEAVY
RAINFALL
402
336
101
125
250
AVERAGE
OF ALL
OTHER DAYS
391
547
231
151
271
44
-------
Table 10 shows that at each plant with combined sewers the loading on the
day of heavy rainfall was significantly higher than the loading on the
following day. At the one POTW with separate sewers, the loading on the
day after rainfall was only marginally lower. Table 10 also presents the
average of influent total metals loadings. For three of the four combined
sewer plants, this loading was lower than the heavy rainfall day's loading.
At Plant 6, which has separate sewers, the average of other days was con-
siderably higher.
FORMATION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Table 11 presents a summary of occurrences where the secondary or tertiary
chlorinated effluent had a higher concentration of a chlorinated hydrocar-
bon than the corresponding prechlorinated secondary effluent.
Inconsequential data points were excluded from consideration by specifying
that the post chlorinated sample had to exceed the prechlorinated sample's
detection limit. Most of the pollutants in Table 11 with less than ten
reported occurrences of higher chlorinated hydrocarbon levels can be
explained by some normal degree of variation between concentrations within
the same order of magnitude. Control tests run on some frequently
occurring nonchlorinated compounds also indicated several instances of con-
centration increase through chlorination.
For chloroform, there were 28 instances where it increased in concentration
through the chlorination process. The average prechlorinated concentration
was 5 ug/1 for these occurrences, and the average chlorinated effluent was
14 pg/1. For dichlorobromomethane, there were 16 instances where it
increased (from 2 pg/1 to 9 pg/1, average). Methylene chloride, gamma-BCH,
and chlorodibromomethane also increased more often than can be explained by
random variation.
POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN SLUDGES WHEN NOT MEASURED IN THE INFLUENT
Table 12 presents a summary of the priority pollutants that were detected
in one or more sludge streams but were not detected in the corresponding
influent sample. In many cases this occurs because the influent con-
centrations were too low to be measured, but the pollutant may have con-
centrated sufficiently in the sludge stream to be quantified. For example,
arsenic and antimony were both detected in less than 20 percent of all POTW
influent samples. However, both were detected consistently in sludge
streams. Arsenic was detected 56 times in a primary sludge at an average
concentration of 397 ug/1 when it was not detected in the influent. It was
also detected 39 times in combined sludges (85 ^g/1 average) and 60 times
in secondary sludges (331 ug/1) under the same conditions.
45
-------
TABLE 11
FORMATION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
DURING CHLORINE DISINFECTION
Prechlorinated Chlorinated
Effluent Effluent
Parameter Number of Occurrences Average(^) Average(l)
1,1,1, Trichloroethane 3 27 33
Chloroform 28 5 14
1,1, Dichloroethylene 3 13
Methylene Chloride 15 28 45
Methyl Chloride 2 195 390
Dichlorobromomethane 16 29
Chlorodibromomethane 10 1 10
Tetrachloroethylene 9 9 13
Trichloroethylene 5 7 12
Aldrin (ng/1) 5 1200 4400
Gamma-BHC (ng/1) 11 53 109
(1) All units ug/1 unless otherwise noted.
46
-------
TABLE 12
SUMMARY OF PRIORITY POLLUTANT OCCURRENCE
IN SLUDGE WHEN NOT DETECTED IN INFLUENT
Pollutant
Arsenic
Antimony
Selenium
Pyrene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Benzo anthracene/chrysene
Fluoranthene
Beryll ium
Cadmium
Benzene
1,2-trans Dichloroethylene
Di-n-butyl Phthalate
Vinyl Chloride
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Chlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Mercury
Lead
Naphthalene
Ethyl benzene
Nickel
Chloroethane
Methyl Chloride
Di chlorof1uoromethane
No. of Times
Detected in any
Sludge
i
ie
t
Stream(l)
94
91
91
73
72
52
52
47
39
38
38
34
31
29
29
25
25
24
22
22
21
19
19
16
15
Avg. Cone.
In Primary
Sludge(l)
397 (56)
221 (53)
123 (47)
190 (31)
350 (33)
388 (20)
152 (21)
22 (22)
425 (26)
9 (25)
504 (30)
354 (21)
2120 (17)
1260 (15)
13 (9)
467 (12)
9 (7)
93 (13)
12100 (9)
259 (9)
180 (13)
4960 (13)
12400 (8)
287 (6)
775 (6)
Avg. Cone.
In Combined
Sludge(l)
85 (39)
42 (31)
43 (26)
60 (13)
1590 (7)
39 (5)
48 (10)
9 (8)
95 (26)
2 (14)
37 (11)
88 (6)
260 (7)
487 (4)
6 (6)
8 (10)
(0)
31 (18)
1700 (13)
313 (3)
4 (5)
1740 (9)
2060 (2)
15 (2)
46 (6)
Avg. Cone.
In Secondary
Sludge(l)
331 (60)
303 (59)
1340 (57)
180 (45)
411 (40)
177 (30)
140 (34)
15 (43)
436 (17)
79 (18)
706 (11)
555 (14)
1820 (9)
804 (11)
81 (20)
37 (10)
31 (18)
135 (13)
8630 (15)
755 (11)
337 (12)
4440 (9)
1490 (12)
98 (10)
633 (6)
Note: All concentrations are in ug/1.
Values in parentheses are the number of such occurrences.
(1) When not detected in influent.
47
-------
The pollutants in Table 12 include metals, volatile and base neutral
priority pollutants. Those with the highest concentration in the primary
sludge when not found in the influent were chloroethane, lead, nickel,
vinyl chloride, and butyl-benzyl phthalate. These five pollutants and
selenium also had the highest average concentration in secondary sludges.
The same five pollutants plus naphthalene and anthracene/phenanthrene were
also the highest in combined sludge streams.
CORRELATION OF INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS
For all of the priority pollutants that occurred in over 50 percent of the
influent samples, the correlation between plant average influent con-
centration and effluent concentration was tested. Table 13 presents the
results for metal and volatile priority pollutants. For the acid and base-
neutral fractions, no meaningful correlations were calculated. This is
probably because the individual pollutants in these fractions were present
at very low levels; frequently below or near their detection limits. Only
bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate had an average influent concentration of over 20
ug/1. Its regression coefficient was 0.581 with a slope 0.325 and an
intercept of 8.5. For several other parameters the correlations were
excellent, and on average they were good, considering the data base inclu-
des only 20 plants.
For all metals except mercury, the slope of the line computed by the least
squares fit was between 0.04 and 0.52, indicating that half or more of an
incremental increase in influent concentration would be removed.
Interestingly, the highest slope was obtained for nickel, which also had
the lowest median removal of the common heavy metals (see Table 6).
The volatile priority pollutants exhibited the same general tendencies as
the metals. Correlation coefficients ranged between 0.262 and 0.937. The
slopes of the best fit line ranged between 0.03 and 0.8.
Based on the data in Table 13, it is reasonable to conclude that for many
priority pollutants an increase in the influent concentration will result
in an increase in effluent concentration.
48
-------
TABLE 13
CORRELATION OF INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT CONCENTRATION
Metals
Cadmium
Nickel
Zinc
Copper
Cyanide
Chromium
Lead
Silver
Mercury
Volatiles
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Trichl oroethyl ene
Chloroform
Trichloroethane
Toluene
Dichl oroethyl ene
Methyl ene Chloride
Ethyl benzene
Correlation
Coefficient
(R)
0.995
0.915
0.834
0.657
0.633
0.573
0.509
0.204
-0.13
0.937
0.891
0.886
0.778
0.749
0.616
0.324
0.262
Slope of
Best Fit
Line
0.058
0.515
0.105
0.074
0.225
0.040
0.175
0.048
-0.062
0.317
0.099
0.529
0.157
0.804
0.148
0.072
0.033
Intercept
2.7
16.2
52.1
17.3
113
22.3
24.9
2.46
459
-3.91
2.23
0.64
0.27
-20.5
2.29
33.4
1.88
49
-------
APPENDIX A
CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION CURVES
o
_o
.c
o
o
00
o
CO
O
CM
I I I I I I I I
O
CO
o
CM
ce
CD
C
CO
.n
+-•
CD
o
(13
N
I
8
o
00
o
CO
o
CM
11 I I [ 111 I
C
CD
HI I I I I I I
o
oo
o
CD
o
CM
8 S
o
CD
O
CM
O
O
O
00
O
CO
o
CM
"8
-a
0)
o>
CD
k.
CD
>
03
O 3
.E 5:
. c
U3 O —
.E A £
a s *
co ° «
™ t; ti
co 2 £
"O +2 CO
•s IF
in
« (U
§ o> -o
£ ^
+2 o) tn
C > CD
CD CD 73
CO j_.
CD c T3
Q_ CD CD
"r ^ as
2+30.
o'1 §
*-• 05 CD
£ e
0 JH
CO i—
« A
Z. c
= O
o -^
O £
03 — -P =
El g §
I 3i 8
( (,/B T/ ) SUOJIBJ1U90UOQ
0}
o
50
-------
o
o
o
00
O
O
o
oo
_ o
CD
. o
o
CM
ec
o
o
o
00
o
CO
o
CM
CM
I I I I I I I I I
o
00
o
CD
O
CM
CO CM
O
O
o
oo
o
CD
O
•a-
o
CM
CO
4— '
c
CD
0_
•5
s?
T3
CU
T3
O
C
•4-1
C
'o
Q.
CO
co
"5
number
CO
c
cu
CO
rt^
o
A
CO
c
o
CD
f~.
c
cu
o
o
o
cu
O3
CD
CD
^
CD
•»-•
CU
0)
CD
CD
CO
C
cu
^
c
-C
i
0)
c
CD
51
CU
C
•o
cu
CO
CD
TO
I I f I I I I I I
£ c -o
Q- 5^ 8
cu .E co
o -c
en
-------
CD
CD
CD
O
o
o
o
o
00
o
CO
o
Csl
ITii I I I I I
o
co
o
CO
un
o in
CO T-
co
CD
CD
CD
c
_CD
>~
1
o
o
CD
o
o
o
00
o
CO
o
CN
I I I II I I I
o
o
o
oo
o
CO
o
«*•
o
CN
•g
s •? s
c
JO
Q_
H—
O
I I I I I I I I
O
CN
1
1 1 1 1 1 m
o
00
o
CD
O
CM
o
CO
o
CN
U
c
CO O
S A
CO
a
CD -2
+-• £r
CD 2
•o 4=
o§
l§
CD
CD
Ol
CD
|
CO
co
T3
S C T3
CD CD
co
CD
a «
a? |
CD .£
o o o o o
CN a> co m
S:
c =
CD
= g
o o
^ 8.
c 2
CD (5
5 CD
suojjBJjuaouoo
CO
0}
52
-------
03
03
Q.
CD
O
CO
o
CO
I 11111 11 I
o
oc
o
cc
o
CM
00 CO
LJJ
cc
ID
•*-•
_CO
03
X
03
CM
CD
I II i I I I I
o
o
•s
o
CO
o
CM
1 i I I 11 I I I
o
o
o
CO
o
CO
O
00
o
to
o
CM
O
CO
O
CO
O
CM
T3
03
T3
_CD
Q.
&
CD
^
0)
CD
• —
C/3
4-1
C
'5
Q.
CD
4— '
CD
•o
H—
O
i number
f
o
A
03
C
O
CD
.^
C
03
0
O
0
03
03
CD
C
.C
i
*2
c
CD
0-
03
T3
03
O
cB
a.
I I I I 11 I I I
§
o
CO
O
CM
o
o
o
00
o
CO
o
'fr
o
CM
§ ^
— c
^ O3
c to
~ 03
ZJ
o
g £
5
£ .
CD O
to *~
03 A
JT £
" .1 i S
^ — +- H
— T3 C »
E ~ 03 "
3 ° i §
* o
(sg) (1/6**) suojienueouoo
53
-------
CO
CD
OJ
Q
X
CM
8
o
oo
o
CD
O
CM
I I I I I I 11 I
O
O
O
oo
o
CO
o
«N
O to CM O
CN ,— T- »—
in
co
0) CO T;,
(/)+-<
CD C -p?
s- S 1
CD
co
CD
(D .=
3 +-1 Q.
y 'i
a>
co co o'
4-1 __
CO
O CD *N O
CN T- «- «-
f. CO CD
CD — ^
O Q- £
V. ~ S
(D <-
-9 !5 c
E — w
30^:
A
c
CD
U
suojieJiuaouoo
o
54
-------
0>
Q.
(J
I II I I I I I i
o
oo
o
CO
o
CM
8
MINIM
o
oo
o
co
o
CN
o
00
o
CO
o
CN
o
o
o
00
o
CO
o
CN
UJ
E
3
o
TJ
(0
O
O
O
O
CO
o
•sf-
o
CN
I M I I M M
o o
o oo
o
CO
CN
I I I 1 M II I
o
00
o
CO
o
CN
8
o
CO
o
<*
o
CM
W)
0)
*->
o
55
-------
s
CD
O
o
o
00
o
CD
o
CN
I I 11 111 I
o
o
o
00
o
CD
11 11 I 11 I
o
00
o
CD
O
CM
CO
O
CD
CD
CN
O
-o
co
CD
O
CO
O
oo
o
CD
O
CN
CO
>-
CJ
O
CO
O
CN
I | I I I I I I
O
00
o
CD
O
CN
O
O
O
00
O
CD
O
CN
c
_CO
Q.
H—
O
_3
O
CO
•*-•
c
'5
Q.
CD
O>
CO
CD
CO
•t-l
CD
CO
-o
1
3
C
O —
A £
£ 3
o ,„
£ «>-
o c
o .=
Is
CD CO
> CO
CO T3
CD
£ S ^
a « 52
* I
CO
3 £
CD
CJ
° CO ro O
•£ c <" *T
§ I § X
g ^ I §
!£• ] CJ -^
co f2 o 2
i^!l
e ~ S ^
z cBi 8
CO
CD
56
-------
Nl
O
oo
O
CD
O
CM
O
O
O
OO
O
CD
O
CM
I I | I I I I I I
O
O
O O O
O O O
co CM *-
LU
oc
O
O
O
CO
O
CD
O
CM
O
O
O
oo
O
CD
O
CN
O OO CD tt CM O
CD
_*
O
I I I I I I i
O
O
O
CM
I I III I I 11
O
O
O
oo
O
CD
o
CM
o
00
o
CO
o
CM
o o o o o
O CD O O O
LO •* CO CM *-
c
CO
Q-
,t
O
ss
T3
CD
T3
3
O
C
'~
en
-t-i
c
o
Q.
CD
CD
T3
H—
O
CD
_Q
E
c
en
c
CD
en
CD
Q.
£
CD
^
O
0
C
CD
O
CD
•a"
CD
CD
E
3
2
O
A
en
O
CO
1":
CD
CJ
O
O
CD
CD
CD
CD
C
CD
D
*4—
•£
•>
en
c
CD
a.
CD
C
73
o
C/5
CD
D)
CO
CD
CO
-*"1
CD
Z!
C
—
4_i
i
en
c
CO
Q-
CU
C
T3
CD
en
CO
T3
•g
•^J
C
-------
APPENDIX B
ANALYTICAL DATA RESULTS
o o
O Z)
5T "3
O _)
O UJ
o_ ctf
o —i
'-/I UJ
i.
3
O
o iT\ o m
O U* uv O
O fNJ ,3 ,_n
in m r\j o
o o o in
o o o o o o o
JO xt" J- T^ O iX) O 'N)
10 r^ -o T) .A c\j "O ir\ ro
U ^3 O v"^! (*"! >£' (*^ -J" U^ ONj
o
in
r^ o —4 o r^ o *n
•c in - t-
o r- 03 ~> o c^ -o m *-n -4 ooaaaaoaoaoaaa
o o o o -
in in in in [
CM
I O O O r-. .
i in in in *-* •
oaaaao oooomi
zr:zz^^ inininm^-fi
^ r^ o r^ en m o
o *o r^ >X) ^~ ^3 ^o n 17^ *n o r^ <-^ 3* t—i m ^\ ^ CM ^ ^ o* co co o o o o en •
cM<3-ma, jjincsj-uincM ^H^-tf-*mu'icM«--(inf*iotMmcMrMi."\inLf\int- j- •
O> 3) 03 i
03 inncoin
r-c o f j rt in
O
o
m in m o c> IM m
•-ir^'jo a^cnint-t
C'J »-H J~ LA --H ij^ C\J i—4 I
IOOO OO'JOOO
irziz: zjxrsT.s
O O -i
in in rH i-t »-» CM
o -O c\j »-i ^j uj o o
tm'*-'3--oocM»-ioooooLncNj'Nj ootnu~>^-t.
i _i _i _l .
' O ^3 O i
&
UJ
h-
UJ
T.
«£
a:
«2
QL
^
CJ
H-I
t~
O
*t
a:
a.
a
to
•ij
• i/>
a. <
CO U
r) ac
t/) O
_j cj
«j
Q h- Q _i
a O o ^
cO f- O CD
•
>
Z
a
o
oo
_J wi
a n
z "»
'-U _J
x a
a. vi
-j — j
•*t -<
H- H-
a a
H- V-
•
z
a
o
i
z
o
z
LU
_l
t-«
^~
4
_l
a
>*
_i
4
»—
a
*~
m o
r> a
t/i r^
f—
• *-«
-J Z
a
;> -i t- :e i- _i
CJ^ UJ LU O LU >-
O Q 2T Q£ Z X
_j •- o ao t-
CK »—f^jCDOoozoiOaj —J acu-oic*
M K-ujxo:xo(:axzizzoaiaoi—«_j
z LU tnoH-Of-u.o<-oujuj ooiOQxi
OZZO>-« I "• I O'-'n- NI m o i -i -oi i I>-XXS:XOQ£K::
OLU— I
o
>
Z
LU
I X
I O
_l _l
O O
z LO
LU LU _J
x a: o
Q. O Z
O UJ
r* < _l X
a h- a a.
_i LU z _i
X Z UJ >-
O O X X
•-• a a. »-
oc o a uj
i- -i a: s:
i x a •-
>o o _i a
- < x i
<»• a: o j-
«< i •
CM Q. CM CM
O
h-(
O
o
z
LU
X
Q.
O
a:
a
x
O _l
< o
Z UJ
LU X
Q- Q.
.
a re
at LU jj
LU »— >
> o
LU LU LU
• 00
uj a a
fH. I-
LU •— I
3 O I
Z I
O >-
1/1 I O
« z
-J <
O Q
z ••
z >-
(yl < Qj
I- X -«
Z t- Z
-J LU _J
_l _J LU
a i a:
a. _i Q.
58
-------
-4
Q
Z
-a
LL
a
a:
<
i_
x:
•7-. O
T3 .3
U ~5
Q
UJ
.T LU
J3 O
s: ^
n o
—' -3
aj _J
a. ui
O LU
a. f*
•>i .z
O aJ
2. 13
13 _l
O LL
UJ LL
4
_J
CL
COOOOOOinomo'N^O o o O .
rH r-4 «—4 —4 ."4 *-4 CM —4rgt~l*3'in'-4in'"4«-4~4'
> o ro CD o «-4 .
i o o i
i in in •
01
-j- (\i ,
m co rg *; ^H
I ro -3- —4 in »-t —4 '—1 r-* r—4 I
_I_IJ_J_I_J_!_J_J_I _J_I_J.J_I.-I_1
u^o o o Lnf--orgo'so>c7>r^-ri)r^fM
• CsJ rH J- r-4 O3 r-4 tg >O «-4 (t^ »-l O> i^ *-l tl^ ft"l V
^ CO Q^ l/^
O D * IN sD
^}- OOOf^rOeNJ (T- sO C3> iO rvj *— O J" iC
inooooomo1nor^f\(oooooLnOO>LAo^Lnro^'OO^ »ofs"'\i^p-sfO»'M*-HrH
^- »H ^^ »—i —4 «"•i rNj »—i ^ »-^ (^j *H »—4 —4 .—4 ^^ ^H r\j »—4 rg r\i i—4 CQ <^j i~^ ro in in 1^1 g^l •"4 "—4 m »-H ^ 2 *—4 ^^ i*n in
_J -J -i .
I _J -J .J _J
i—i oj i^ rf\ o r*- fNj in o -^
• in 1^1 o*> .n o ^ i°<"t r~ -^ -o o f^g in -^ r^ oo o f^
loooootnoinoc^oj oo~>or^of^-r^Oinm*-iinooLn •ct*ogr^-^j-*-ix-t\i^3 o-f^
_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_i--J _ij_i_) _i _i _i
c» fx> o f^ o
o o o
in in -l in »-4 »-H '
0^
l rg 1-4 o O •
r-
rg og in o *
O O
. in in <
o o
• o o in in in '
o r-
• -a- r\j i
o
o o o o
• rg •-* in i
t r* in (
XXXXXXXXXXX'
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOv
z> Z5^^^n30^r3i>o^3r)o:
.XXX
» O O O O LD O O ;
IO03J=DZ5^I3:
o
LJ
»—
o o
2
UJ
tNj
Z
UJ
ID
a
a:
O
i _J
x
i o
3:
: uj
-^ X < UJ LU
>- UJ Q. _1 »— I—
X Z «t «^ -XXX— t— —l«t«JZQ£t
2 CO £O CO O LU t— LU XX- »—xi—>-_)
a o o a _i i
UJ
z
LU
Z ac
LU UJ
_i a.
LU O
2
LU
a;
.
UJ UJ 1
z co
IXX-JQ^uJX2>*>-Q. ^—-O XZ^J O£C3* Z
:oxxxoH"ia_ii—uj»~i— _I>NI«VIUJ»-UJIZIJJZI>-< >- ^
•-Joooi-4ZO_i-z-'Z2xoLuzi— .o— 20—4:
X«^MO-xuj LULuQ.-ZZt— UJI-r>ll>-ZX-i a.
UJ >-
Q a
« :DL
O ;*
a: uj LU
LU t- >
> o
LU UJ UJ
2 I— CQ
UJ
LU O O
at ^-
LU ^- I
-x o i
Z I
a >-
UJ _l
i- a z
i/i i o
O Q
Z —
Z >-
01 «t ac
i- x
-------
<
<
•u
— j
<
o
*-« -H
t—
>-
_l
< 1—
Z. 2.
<. -a.
-J
a. a.
CJ
>-
u:
2;
n
oO
OO
UJ
_J
rcj
^f
^~
O
_|
a.
>-
-*
>~
a" aj
-J O
2" a
j; _i
CX "-^>
t— •
2: s;
l.^> LiJ
O- 'J£
>^
^- »—
o
Cr: ai jt QfT u: OL
o
^> *• oanaoo
*Hi t i-jt
o ^j- j o n *3 a n
'S*^-*r-) ^^^^^.d
IZ ^1 ^ Z .£ 2
.0 Z> 13 Z) _-3 13
r- ^: a: ix. •*. a; ^
lA
o.j r- nooono
TO -H -* ^^^^^2'
Z 2 Z P! ^ ^
o o o r) 73
— « ft ac a; cic fjt rt
^ r\j a o a o o o
"o'-jrH j£^;2-^:^^r
IT* O O --H P-
p^ o jo o irv co
fO C\J r-4
O 'J O O •> O^ f— f-«
'•juijN r^ in r*- r"t : ^ T— 4
_J _J
uj O
>J" 'jT\ O^ CT» *f~
o -o * i-g rn a* p- o
•33 LA sj ~^»HCQr>J(\j!-H
_J
_J—J_J _J_J^ j_J_J_l
XX\ X.'XXXXX
ooo oooooo
z)o^j jjor^ij
• -I O
I < Z
n JJ
ra i/i
t: -* uj
Z 3 00 z
ZJ "-" UJ •«
>- o z z o
£K _l O (J Z
< a: < <
to o •-• z z
i
Z
Q CC
Q£ UJ Ol
LU I— >
:> o
UJ UJ Ul
Z t- to
UJ
UJ O O
a: >-
UJ f- I
2 a i
z i
o >-
tu -J
i- a z
i o
H-. Z
Z >-
< a:
i- x <
z i- z
_l UJ _J
-J _l UJ
O I Of
a. -J o.
60
-------
>-
Lt
-
o
TH co CM in TH CM o >
ct
CJ
- Ul
Ul Ul X Z
Z Z Ul H- Ul « Ul
K Ct 1- Ct t- I Ct O O £ Ct C X
ui ui o ui o ui u a. _IMOOOI-
z a _i a _i o w o ui x tc x: 3 x: ui
Ul Ct X Ct X CtQCt2OOO_IOO
MOUOCJ£OIOUI -1 Ct U. Ct Ct
2_lM_lwCt_IUl_INUIXCQO»O
UIXCtXCtOXZX22UOCtM_l
»CJHUI-U.CJ-
X
K-
Ul
0
ct
Ul O
Z _1
=> CJ
_l l-l
0 Ct
K 1-
00
z cn
Ul Ul
X -
X X
a. i-
0 Ul
ce x:
O l-l
-1 Q
X 1
CJ *
1 •.
CM (N
_l
o
z
Ul
X
a.
0
ce
o
-1
X
U -1
•X O
1- Z
Z Ul
Ul X
a. a.
NZENE
Ul
»
o
ce
o
Ul _1
Z X
Ul CJ
X w
i- ce
X 1-
0. 1
z -
Ul CM
u -
z> ui
Ul t- Ul
Z 0 C6
Ul
Ul I- O
ce ui t-
Ul Ct 1
3 1
1- 1
a o 3-
Ul Z -1
1- Z
cn o
w 0
Z 1-
H- -
cn -i ct
1- X
-------
a ui
z cs
o o
(J 3
ui -i
to tn
00 rt CM
zzo zzzzzzozzozzo o z
. in 1-1 CM
o- o o
zz z z z z
333333
ce a: a: a: a: o:
t- t- i- i- i- K
o o o o o o
z z z z z z
ce ui
« CD
_
LL. Ul
a o in o- -
ii..
zz in
CO
-TZZOI
oo »H o in o o o
n •« in n -o
o CM *
CM *H_I _i_i_iro
z z z z z z
333333
a: cc a: tt ce. a;
o o o o o o
z z z z z z
a: f-
« z
Ul u.
U) Ul
Z>HZ
CM zzzninoinz ozzzcc
N o
• in N •
N rx »• *
CM M M i-l
CM i
-
>• N _l
X Z >•
h- Ul 1-
Ul A 3
t ffl
CM _1 1
-* >- Z
CO H 1
A A a
THALATE
LATE
X - a.
i-
U-l
o >•
1 X
Z 1-
1 Ul
a o
£!*!
- Z
X Ul
H A
Ul 1
£ CM
Q •*
RANTHENE
o
3
_l
U.
0
N
Z
UI
A
1
^>
»
Ul
z
Ul
J_
X
Ul 1-
zx
ui a.
(fl-
a.
a
u
i
n
CM
,H
s^
O Ul
z z
Ul Ul
Q ce
z >-
M a.
>- 3
Z UM Z
o w -i 3
3 Ul
w o: a
X £
3 3
_i w a: M
UIZUI-I
ZO£UI4X
.
CL-
__
UlUliHUJ>-iX>H
o
u
ui
Ul I- UJ
z o n
ui
ui i- o
ce LU K
ui Q i
3 I
I- I
Q O >-
Ul Z -I
h- Z
en o
w a
_j i -
en « ce
K x «
Z I- Z
TL
3 05 w
_l Ul -I
_l _l Ul
o i a:
a. _i a.
62
-------
fie i
LU I
IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
IOOOOO OOOOOOOOO O O
1 TH TH TH TH TH THTHTHTHTHrHTHTHTH TH TH
ixrxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxixrxrxixrxixrxixrxrxrxrxrxrxrxixTxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxTxixrxix
.Txrxrxrxixrxrxrxrx
I CO I
i- LU i
_j ea i co TH o rx 03 rx o o o oo o cj cj co o in oo o o TH co TH
LL ^ 1 rH THTHTHTH TH THTH
•» O M TH C-l CO 03
OOOhOOOOOOO
•o S3 --o -o *o -o o -o x) -o in in --o ^o in -o in in -o -o in \n in in ss in in in -o in in in in -o ID in -o o -o -o
. CD i
cjo i oooohohorxoooohooooooooooorxoooooooooooooohoooooooooooooho
ui_iiin oo3hOTHooinohOOCj«s-ocjo*'rTHO cj ho cjcj co
tntOI TH THTHTHTH TH TH TH
to
cc
LU
i-
LLJ
TC.
•X
ii:
u
u
o
•z
LU
f_J
ce
LU
t-i
_i
U -I
LU U.
cc u.
0. LU
1
U. Z
Z LU
>H 13
u:
LU
i-
Ul
z
—
O 11
_J h-
X UJ
U Cr
1C ui
EC UJ O
O 1Z -J
U. U X
O -J O
ca ^" -
X
h-
LU
O
u: TC
LU O =1 111
Z «J M GC Q
LU X ^C LU ^— 1
3 O O £L 2
— i M m o_ -
1— t— CJ LJ CJ
o o o o
o o
TH TH
hi co n co
CJ CJ CJ CJ
00-0-0-
LU
Z
LU
i
>-
X
t-
Ul
o
ii:
o
— J
^
u
LU »-^
Z ft
LU 1
(M CO
Z Z
LU • •*. t
3: x CJ c-j
»_( \— t-t ».
M UJ 2 -p-i
0 O
0 0
TH TH
CD 03
CJ CM
r*3 ho
LU
^-
^
_i
-
I
h-
LU
^ I
o cj
Z "^
UJ CO
^L *-*
o. to
IX O 0 O 0 O
•0 O
TH
ro co 03 ir> co CD
CM CJ CJ CJ CJ CM
£ 03 CD ix rx rx
Ul
z
LU
-J
>-
x
^_
UJ
O LU
OC LU Z
O Z LU LU
U UJ 2 Lt
I -J LU X
Z U x z
Q i-t CL. _J h- UJ
^1 •* - Q.
1-
>- 13 _J
& CCi >-
13 1 ^
u Q a: H
CC - x
O O O N 0.
-J -J _J Z
X X X LU _l
CJ U CJ OS >-
M H< hH X
f=i Q D — J h-
1 1 1 >- Ul
CM ^" TH H- Z
•- •» •• HD t-i
TH TH TH 03 O
o o rx
-0
CO 03 03
CJ CJ CJ
hO CM CJ
_l
o
z
LU
LU X
Z u.
LU O
N Ct
Z O
Ul -J
CQ X
LU O CJ
Z 0£ ^
UJ O H
QC -J Z
>- X UJ
Ci- CJ i.
O O O
03 03 CO
CJ CJ CJ
CM CJ CJ
UJ
UJ
N
Z
LU
LU O
Z K
UJ O
X _J
h- Ul X
Z Z 0
« Ul i-l
QC CC D
O O 1
Z3 ^ r*)
— J — i ••
U_ LL. TH
000
CO 03 03
CJ CJ CJ
TH 5 2
UJ
»H LU
ii: z
O LU
-J CJ
L -
QC CJ C£
- 1- _J
zoo.
03 03 03 03 CD CO 03 03 CO 03 03 h— ^
CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CM CJ CJ CJ CJ 1- LU tO
U.
Q 1- O
TH 1- X if. _
UJ i-t CQ Ul
h- LU £ 1-H
LU Z Z) LL-
Cl 3 Z 1-1
CO C£
f— tO LJ LU
LU a -zci-it-
o LU o x-
t-IXOX—IQ •._l_ltOlCOLUZiK
ctcjcch-x i THXice:oi-i:i-i-itni-i
cj>-x«cjinzi=4i=iO_ii-u.Li:z
-XCJZ— ->-LU 1 1 l:XI3ZUJh-i
TH^MUItOCMOCJCJOU-IOOJ-J
-Lucecjw-z «• -ct>H_iui:uj
THi:t-
-------
ce
ui
a. i-
o in in in in >o -o -o ~o >o
^ u ( ^^^^^.^^xx^.^^^^^
cj a i rsooooooooorsooooooorow
UJ _l I >0 rt CMOOOGOCO
co en i rt T-I r-<
~o~o-o^o-o
u o u o
w CK w a
o: o tf. o
i- _i i- _i
i i i x
•o u ^ o
- ui
CN fl. rt I
UJ t-
z «
UJ _l
M «
O X
-
o i-
-I CJ
•x. a
u i
-
ui z a:
a: ui ui
>- _i a.
a. >- o
'N X M
- O _l
a: x x _i u.
I- Cu I- X O
M O Ul CJ N >-
z a: z: i-i z z cj
o o w a ui o M
_i _i a i n z: z
>- X I - I w Ul
ce u v n T t- cn
CJ I - - - Z LC
« CN CN i*> M « - UJ
o; _i
LU uj
ca cn
a. - i- _i
z cj a.
u.
a 3 z n
cn a:
i- cn ui ui
o -
ui o cn —i
i- w uiz
cn u x o
M M I—
_i i- z -
cn LU 2 LC
i- z: M
-------
r- •-* r\i —(
-A T— >r '_rt
o
—1 [1
z
.-I uJ
jd a.
a—i
O
O
o u.
t-U U_
LO LU
"O 'JO CO
o
•^ r*
o
O O .">
O
O
LO
(M r^ —I o
i at
£. >—
x a
t- CK
LU LU O
Z O
Z LU
LJZ
-J«J
Z
UJ 4 UJ
uj a.
a a
at sx.
nt UJ O LU >- uJ
o z at £ x _i
_i a a a i— »-
uj x r o r LU x
z o o —J a o t—
it u. at at LU
Q
co »
a
i z
: o
a i
u i
z LU .
o z i
_J UJ I
>- >s
at "Z
u uj
O I •
_1
X
o u.
I O
o o
I I
UJLU&QQXUIO
_1>-_IX<*-xxoaa:oo
XI— <_>»-«Jt-—li-i
i—uj>-iQCXLuaa£
LU
_i _i x
oa a.
z z ca
uj LU o:
x x a
a. a. _i
a a i
et at o _|
i— >— «t o
>-< 1-1 )— Z
Z Z Z LU
I I LU X
r>j ^ Q. (X
LU LU LU O
2 Z Z «
LU UJ UJ 1^1
t~J t*i r*l Z
Z Z Z U
LU UJ UJ D
co a} ££ o
o a a ;K
at at at o
oa a _j
o
_i
a
i— LU
o z
ED
EC
DE
o
UJ
Q
: LU
_i _j _i x i— x
X X X U «-i I—
U O O 1-1
a o o i
iii-
f\j ff\ •&• (*i
z z
1-1 <
a a
i o
Z
o
o
i
3
a
x
LU
a
o
z
I
4
09
LU LU .
Z •- m
LU ™
ui a _
a: o
LU H- '^
I CJ
O *"
uJ =!
I- Q Z
-------
a
LU
7. XI
.a o
O
o t> ra :
: ;*: a: a: i
a o o o a a
z z z. z z ?:
o :
LU ,
fV
a. -
z
3
OH
o uj
C5_ QC
m o
r*- tn
o
o
I *Q Qs i£
L a f*>
a
z
o o o o o
CsjO-*- f^-OO
>-" fM
H-
>-
^'
LU
J
O O
U. O.
o
OOOOOOOO-3OOOOJOOO
I < UJ U
a. _i i— H
_
-it— --
UJX
UJ '.
oJ I
x ;
Q X I
>- I— X t- >- —I O
M _»_! X Q. Z Q. u. f>l
Z>->-Q. <-~OZ
<,
or
•<
Q.
X —
a. - LU LU
I z or
LU X
—zmziut-
CD O >- X LU LU I UJ O. < Z UJ
I i x i - -- - -
•-« X O Z X >-
>- 3
Z O "• Z
UJ
xz_i*-'Zuj'-' oujzuj-j
O * LU > JO
Oi O _l J *t Z
ZOCLU-LUUJi-"UJ'-«Xl-l
i z z 01 in t~ M
z
a
o
•<
ae
UJ
i
UJ
VI
o =•
UJ UJ
Z I- LU
1^1 n
uj a •
»- a z
01 I O
.-2
< a:
_ ' z
t— z
,
JUJi -I
_l_4 ui
oTj ^
a .4 ft-
66
-------
B
Ul
Z Ul
M CD
M a
IE =5
O _l
u en
CO O N N
rt >0 M rt
CM in co o-
PJ o- in *i o
o oo CM co oo
•O -O >H CM O
^ fO M M hO
. . i i i i i i i • . .... i
OOZZZZZZZOOOOOOZ
O B B rt
I I I •
Z Z Z O
iiiiiii-
zzzzzzzo
-iiii . i
ozzzzoz
UJ
o u.
Ul U,
trj Ul
CM
o
CM >0 00 O-
rs CM in CM
CK «o CM in
• o
CM in >o rs
CM in in in en
00 O- N |"N CO
M oo n * rt
.1 ..I
zooz
I .
zo
*1 O i-l M i-f
I • I I I •
ZOZZZO
_! -I
' o o o o z
-I -I -I _l
I-
o
o
V
c:
Cl
•o w in -o
mno- N
00 >0 O M -O
^- CM in o o-
o
•O -O »H l-l
in
00 00 00 00
•o o in > o
,H sO S3 CD N
•» (S M fS •»
I
z
o o o o
o
_i
o o
o a »-i CM
II..
z z o
I
o o z o
-J _1 _l
z o
Ul
en
en
:> - N
Ul
Z Ul Ul Ul
- Ul
t- K t- i-ct orrx _i
Ul Ul O Ul Ul 0. _l O O t- >-
2 O _1 O OOUIX££UI X
Ul 0£ X CC KflCZUOOO h-
N o u o *: a o ui oc as ct ui
o
cc
o
O M I MOMI-l05_IObUZ_l
O I » I O I I>-XXOO£=)U
i u:
• I- Ul M X Ul O I
en
ui
I-
-
>- N .
z z :
i- ui i
Ul Ul
I- I-
1 -ZZl-UIIN
Ul
Ul I-
I- •«
Ul
Ul H Ul
Z CJ A
UJ
Ul I- O
OC Ul I-
ui a i
3 I
K I
B O >-
Ul Z -I
I- Z
CO O
_i i -
co
-------
Q
Ul
Z Ul
A O
£ 3
O _l
U CO
O Z O Z O O O
-I -1 -1 _l -1
OOOOtNtN -HO OOO-O
_l_l_l_l _1 _l_l_l
zzzzzzzzzzzz
i-i-t-t-t-i-t-i-i-i-i-t-
ooooaooooooo
zzzzzzzzzzzz
O _i
U U.
ui li-
en ui
Q Q rt rt O Q O
II ••III
ZZ O O Z Z Z
I III «
Z Z Z Z rt
«» I «l»
OiHZOZPJ
oo
T-I O 04 rt
O ti 03 TH
«r «H
* 00
O
«r
t-
o
- Ul Ul
x z a: £
uit-uix >- D z £x:
z x u t- zuurD uj >- D o
ui o. « z ui o M _i D M it o cc _j w o: w
co -zxzui w ui >- £ o a. z o o * ui >_i o
r
Z
Ul 3
W Z
M Ul Ul
tn z a
• r< X OZ X >
J '-i U -UIUIMUI>HXI-I
-
z
o
CJ
->-l
cr>
> ui
Ul I- Ul
Z U A
Ul
Ul I- O
a: ui I-
ui o i
3 I
t- I
o o >-
Ul Z -I
I- Z
en o
M a
_i i
-------
!£.
LL. UJ
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooo o o
- CD
U. O
I OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O OO O O O O O O O
n CO I TH TH TH TH TH
u
ce
UJ
I-
UJ
z:
•d
cc:
CJ D IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
UJ _l I O OO O O O
CO CO I TH THTH TH TH TH
rsrsrsrsrstsfsrsrsrsrsrsisrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsTsrsrsrsrsis
O _l
u tn
CM is is o 03
rsisrsrsrs^rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsisrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsisrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsisrsrsrsrs
LU LL linOCMOOOOOOIOOOOOOTHTHI
01 UJ I TH THTH THTHTHTHTH
o
a.
UJ
u
z
UJ
cc
Lt
:D
u
u
o
UJ
u
ce
UJ
a.
rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrs •« •
z
orsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrs*o*orsrsrsrsrsrsisrsrsisrsrsrsrsrsCL
z
LU
UJ U.
ce u.
CL UJ
1
_l 1-
u. z
Z UJ
" ^
ce
UJ
t-
LU
z:
-
O X
_l 1-
UJ X UJ
zu o
ZZ UJ C€
Ii: NLU O
O ZZ -J
Ul U. UJUJ X
Z O CO_J U
LU cc _i>- -x ce
Z _l Xh- »-
UJ X I-UJ LU
04 U LUC 1-
o -a n
o oo «r
rs rs is
o o o
O 0 0
UJ
H-
^
_J
X UJ
1- 1-
I - IM
X Z
t- Ul
LU UJ Oj
Z 1
UJ CM _l
3 N^ >_
_J CO 1-
O rH U
V- CO CO
o o o o o »
00 0 0 TH
TH TH TH TH
rs ts is ts rs rs
o o o o o o
o o o o o oo
UJ
z
-i a: o _i i
Z: UJ rH UJ TH
o a. z i£ u »
OC 0. - M W »
CJ U U Z N TH
^- in CM o
TH
is rs rs rs rs
00 00 00 00 IS
UJ
h-
- x • 3 _i
u z i- z: z
M 1 Ul O UJ
QC H rH -
M X CC
O 1— 3
1 X U
CM a. a;
•• 4! UJ
TH Z SI
5 In CM CM °CM
is rs rs is is is
in ir> in ^- T T
Ul UJ LU
z z t-
uj - r- • -J X
I O 1- X 1- J
CJ OC U U Z X-
1-H O O H « X
Q j 1 C3 flc h-
1 X Z 1 O Ul
TH U 1 CM .3 X:
M rH M fc _J hH
TH Q Ci TH U, O
° TH ° " ° °
rs is is is rs is
T CM CM fj rj c-^
UJ
z
LU - X » X Z X
TH TH °
is rs rs
UJ
z
i
-!-_!
Z CJ CL
rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsis i--i
uj x: ZD u.
a ^ z w
CO C£
H- CO UJ Ul
0 -
UJh- UJ XI- LU Q CO _J
XZ _J I-UJ h-nLUZ
>- - ujx: tn cj x o
ZOC CL XIO rHrHl—
LU -_JOrHCC -IU.ZZ CL.
Ul LL U. N Lt O U. i-l LU C, V
z^ozi-_iz:oaxtnuj2C£
o-o:NUjrHifl;Q:oCLt-x:i-H- 1 ZICJIr-OZUJrH
oz
-------
a:
a. ui
oooooooooo
.
I
OOOOOOOOOO
O
u_
UI
-1
a.
Z
LU
ce
LU
t-
ui
x:
-
X X « I
CL CJ N UI I-
OMZZI
I tt CO - Z
M -
ZCJ
oi-H
I Z
M UI
i- to
z fle
Z -I
LU -J
-I - t- _i
Z CJ CL
« LU I
t-
•z. t-
Ul UI
LU ce LU a.
cc LU a.
LU 3 -
en ui z o;
i- x M
-------
Z ±1
,-> o
-o o
y- o
o _i
o LO
.O in r- *
r\J CO in
o .
rvj NO
« O r~
JJOCQ
in •-« 00
Q o o o o
i I i i i N
a o ci o o
i i i i o
o o
- i i
O Q Q O
i i i i
z z £. z
in o *
in •*• •
oar-
i i ;""t o
Q ^
rt I I l
LU
-< O
-
_l
< h-
<-» O O O O
u.
O
_
i: s. i: i:
OOOOOOOOO'J
SU
<
LU
O
l O C3 '/)
oo i-o
LU _l '-O _) _) _J ;
X O —i :a o LU o
LU »-» t~«
Z
<
X U
t- Z
LU <*
a x
a: >-
a u
— ac
a i—
a o
to i—
—• a a o i
jooaza
J •* O X IU X LI
x o ac LJ uj o LJ >-
i-.* onzrnrzx
.JO. _) —" O J O I—
aaujxc^zoszuj
xoc ataezooO-joo
OaXCTOLU -JQCLLO^^
"-•—ICt—l-Jf-JUJXfflOlDO
acxr)XxzzoaQ:i-<-j tx. :
IUV-NJLLONJLUUJ QC^JOXLj;
z i —'O«>-itn_j_jo_iaoz_J
LU-Hda:oQ_j>->-_Jxt»;-xxxooa;oo>-
Z'H-<_lr-l(\lXI-l-0 — _lt--Jl-<3:
LU • »x •> »h-uJuj»-»ntXLjoa:i-«
tOi-4'-i— t— t— :>
o
z
lU
X
a.
n:
a
x
O _l
< o
tU X
a a.
LU
^Nj uj UJ I
LU LU ai I
"i fSJ fNJ (
a z z
Q^ LU UJ .
a to m .
_i o a i
x or !• :
000
I-" —I -I
C^ X X
t- o o
-a- a o
• i i
_l X
X t-
O .T
o o:
i o
2 s
LU M
n .« u.
Q 2
IX LU j*
LU 1— Ul
;> u> -^
LU LU
UJ O
LU t— I-
*i i
3 j
I-Q Z
O
O
ac
z
o
z
LU
a
o
z
o
H-
z
UJ
a
o
i
z
a
z
z
i
LJ
L/l
•4
03
a Q
22 £
L/l - to x:
_luj -J
_1 _l LU
o i a:
Q. J Q.
71
-------
Z UJ
M O
J5 O
z: :>
O -J
O l/l
i r- i i i i i i i i o i o
oo
o o n in 'A
,n tn r\J f~ r\j cc
o
COO k-t— t— H- H- *— 1— t— »—
CM >O -O OOOOOCDOOO
-ifl-l ZZZZZZZZZ
Cf LU
< O
s: o
SL _j
a. o o -o -o ra o
r— o
O -O rri ,
o «o \A >
a o o o o o o a
2.
-I UJ
UJ U-
C£ UL
a. uJ
o o o ooo o o o o o
o
o
^ CO O O iM O O
an t-
< Z
Q 01
o u.
UJ U.
IS) UJ
o o o ooo ooooo
O
CO O
o r ^ o
•a
a
o
—• IT,
>•
_J
«t
<
u.
o
z
-J
a.
o>
i r\l .
O
o
- O
X LJ Z
1— H- LU UJ
X --t LU UJ Z X
a I r— K- LU J—
•4 -X -4 UJ uJ 12
-^ X _1 -J UJ t— Z t— <
_)>-<•«(— -XT:X<-IO,JJ-h-_i<-i xa:O
uj XX- t-Xt->--JO Z
z>-'v!_i_jxa.za.u_is-i uj uj
ujxz>->-a. <~oz z oc
_J >— UJ »— t— *J*sl-Z — ZODZUZH-
zi movxuj LU i LU < uj z LU
»—r\j_ji ix*—3>oca-ZZt-UJ I 1SI I rH>-XOZUJ
O, v> t— i lujJCrvjZ'Ct'^oCH-rJijJa:
-
ZcDO3OQQO'-*CQ^'lO«
: ae ,jj
-< T:
x o
•* X
i « oc
j z uj
O>-LUijJ-'LU.-!i-«
z:
z
Z) Z
i O
nt QC
< o
_i m
< o
o o
z:
z uj ^
3 l« Z
—• LU UJ
i/1 Z Q
JJ -
a o> z _i
a: «« < a
*—* y y y
O
/y 11 r
UJ h-
> (J
LJ UJ
Z t-
LU
UJ Q
at
i/>
_i
<
a
UJ
t- a
!/> I
-------
l-H O
r-Q Q
a _i
<_> 1/1
a o n o a
z. -z. z. ~z. z.
•* o
i: o
Z. £. Z. Z.
Z) ID _5 75
a o o o o
z 2 ,: z z
jc a.
a. uj
•o -a
-O ."1 in rj .
2; s:
o uj
a. x
O 0.
UJ U_
<
O
a
>•
Cr.
<
Z
i.
UJ
t—
UJ
o
UJ
.
"3 3 I
Z 1-1 >i O
O Z Q -.
1-1 «t •* nc
a z i- z H-
O •-! « >•
a: uj ac
UJ H- UJ
:> o :>
UJ UJ
Z H- Ul
uj in
UJ O
u o
UJ >— I-
•s a
z
o
UJ
t- Q Z
l/> I O
— z
-J «
I-
>- «
o a
i
>
z
o
o
I
z
o
t- X
Z h-
13 10
-I UJ
(E
-------
•-! =3
a: _!
in TH
TH r-i *3 03 r-j i/j r-j o is
rs is n fo co n iii cs - CJ O
CO
<£
2
O
}— i
t-
2
UJ
->
2
O
CJ
cs
TH «T
O •? 03
«T IS IS
rs TH ri
\n rs
r-j TH in
o o rc
f*3 TH S3
TH f<3 r-j
-
000
I- H i-
CO
_J
1
2
0
f-
2
UI
->
2
O
CJ
1
2
O
2
*?
r-i o ro o TH
f^3 O 0s -^
^- r-j TH cs
O- TH CO _i -O
TH
IS TH O O
is r-j co 03
is TH r-j cs
•o in TH r-j
O~ TH
O TH *3 * TH
r-j r-j rs UI
ui • cn CD
_i tn 13 o
M co co a:
i- M i—
_j •> - ^ h-
O • 2 2 •
r-j
i
TJ r-j TH TH in
in o o M
_i _i
a:
Ui
X
i—
LU UI
2
-
\-m-z.
Ui -
^C u^ 3H
cj o i- z:
a: x o o
uj i- cj a: u.
2 1 w 0 0
N - 1 X O
2 TH TH U _l
UJ ** •* I X
a TH TH r-4 tj
CO
UJ
rH
H-
- a. M
X O £C
H~ 01 O
ui a. _i
•jf ^ 2^ j__j
0 0 UI
X X 2 2
CJ CJ LJ LJ
M w 05 _i
V " > X
TH r-1 X I-
- » (- UJ
"T"?1 f Y rs
2222-
a TH a TH 1*3
2 O 2 O
-J _l
a a TH
i -
w rC 01 21 cn
>H O O O i —
01 -C Z3 .C UJ
O O _J O O
_i cc u. a: a:
x a o 05 o
CJ O Ct rH _4
a: o a x
_l O _i O CJ
^- i T iV - a
X M
1- Ct
Ui O
QZ X
Ul O CJ
2 -J
Zl CJ >-
_J rH 2
OKU
TH
• O
O •
r-j
J
a a
! I
2 2
TH
» o
O -
r-j
i
a r-j
i »
2 N
-i
O
•z.
LJ
X
a.
p
0
X
U _!
222
j
TH CM in in ^ «• v CM TH TH
o r-i o o
_j i _j
Hi
p—
xxx-N_i_JXQ-Za.
xuix2>->-a. «^
l-_il-UJI-[- _IN- X UJ
OX^->-2ZHUJ 1 N
o a. cn t- i i ui £ r-j 2
u.2aaaaaaTHa
y^
UJ
CD
[
cn
a
UJ
2
rH
§
O
U
2
HH
a
LJ
a
o
2
Vrf"
2
--]
_j
O
CJ
0
_l
p—
o
i-
2
rH a
Ul
a !-
UJ cj a
a ui uj
^3l~ rH
_J LU U.
u a M
z a:
M a; •— ui
ui a ^
1- > Ul
O UJ r- Ui
2 2 U «
UJ
to ui H- o
M ££ Ul H
ui a i
>- 3 1
rH a o >-
1- Ul 2 _l
21- 2
« to o
3 rH a
(3 -1 1 -
_i tO
-------
X. Ui
M
• -o
T-I o rx
rj in ro
o
in
-1
CJ
Z
z
—
O
CJ
o
-I
Ui
UI UJ
Z X
UJ t-
X Z
z a?
- X O Z Ul
«r - a: H z> ui a:
- IH XZ -I X >-
n IH o -z:oa.zi=ii;uj3-cj
>-coa:oa;a.-ui>-iuji-ii-i
z) en z
M Ui Ul
CO Z O
ui
h- > UI
O Ul I- Ui
Z Z U IB
U
CO Ul >- O
IH a: ui h-
ui a ;
>- 3 i
I— H- I
M Q O V
t- Ul Z _i
Z i- Z
-------
Ct I
Ul 3 I
Z O I
Ul -I
i£ U.
CJ Ct
h-l Ul
i :>
H- O
oooo'ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
oooooo oooooo oo oo oo o
Ct
CL Ul
- x x
x a. t-
ui x
x _i a.
_i >-
>- N _i
i ct ui o x z x-
: o z _i i- ui v- x:
•U-UlXUlUlOiZIO
O _l CJ Z I CO n
• oxoezi — x-zo
i _i i- i- _i en i- i ct
ct >
o x
_j i-
x ui
ej o
UJ
ct a
Ul 11
a. z
UJ
z
UJ
IM
Z
UJ UJ
UJ
z
UJ
Ul Ul _J
Z (- >-
Ul • - z ct
Ct X _J I- _1 UJ X
o_io-cjcji-
zca_i3-j_i>-i-- z L£ -zx;i£Ui- i xzuiuixz^ i
Ul
Ul Z
Z Ul Ul
-iX-JCtUJ
z ce o cj x i- z
>-uixxa>-i- -a
ED UERE NOT DETEC'
DES UERE ASSUMED i
SES ARE THE NUMBEI
LY-TO BE VERIFIED
H- t-4 UJ Z
UJ O X 0
t-4 l«4 L—
_l 1- Z -
x: en ui z ct
>- n i— x: M - Z Ct Z
O 1 (K - ej 3 z ui w
z ui ui -i u x: ui
-------
ce
UI 3
z o
ui _i
^ U.
u a:
M LU
I :>
i- o
a:
O. LU
ffi O
z a
o -i
u cn
en
ac
LU
I-
LU
c
(3 cn
ui ui
>- i- _i
z u a.
« ui *:
i-
Z I-
LU U
LU ce LU aj
a: uj QJ
ui 3 -
ui o cn -i
K M ui z
cn u x o
l-l M J—
_l I- Z |