RISK ASSESSMENT,
MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION
A GUIDE TO SELECTED SOURCES
VOLUME 5, NUMBERS 1 - 2
Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
November 1994
Compiled by Geff King, Reference Librarian
LABAT-ANDERSON Incorporated
Contract 68-W4-0028
Delivery Order Number 500
Deliverable #6
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION , i
DISCLAIMER iii
THE EPA LIBRARY NETWORK v
RISK ASSESSMENT 1
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 3
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 14
LEGAL ASPECTS 24
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK 27
HEALTH RISKS 45
GENERAL 45
CANCER 51
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 54
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 58
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 64
HAZARDOUS WASTE 84
ECOLOGICAL RISK 104
RISK MANAGEMENT 118
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 120
RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES AND POLICY 126
LEGAL ASPECTS 139
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 142
HAZARDOUS WASTE 148
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 157
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 159
RISK COMMUNICATION 164
, INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 165
r INFORMING THE PUBLIC 169
INFORMING THE WORKER 171
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 172
TITLE INDEX 175
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INTRODUCTION
This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and Communication: A Guide
to Selected Sources is the eleventh update in EPA's series of risk management
bibliographies. References were gathered from the environmental, medical, and
scientific literature included in the following DIALOG databases: Cambridge
Scientific Collection (Pollution Abstracts), Conference Papers Index, Enviroline, Ei
COMPENDEX, Legal Resource Index, Life Sciences Collection,
and NLM's TOXLINE and MEDLINE.
These citations cover documents added to those collections during the period from
July 1992 to September 1994.
Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into Risk Assessment, Risk
Management, and Risk Communication. The Table of Contents lists further
divisions of each of these categories. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title,
with the exception of the chemical specific references. These citations are
grouped alphabetically by chemical name. Abstracts in this guide have been
shortened or eliminated if the content of the article is adequately reflected in the
title.
The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and was followed by quarterly updates.
These earlier updates constitute Volume 1 of the current semiannual series.
*Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
2nd Update: PB88-100102
3rd Update: PB88-128178
Volume 2, No. 1: PB89-210596
Volume 2, No. 2: PB89-189641
Volume 3, No. 1: PB90-237116
Volume 3, No. 2: PB90-282508
Volume 4, No. 1: PB92-114412/AS
Volume 4, No. 2: PB92-238518/XAB
*These five issues constitute Volume 1 of the current series.
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DISCLAIMER
This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and Communication: A Guide
to Selected Sources has been prepared and reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field of risk information,
EPA cannot guarantee that all relevant sources are cited. Publication does not
signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA or that EPA endorses the
coverage and scope of the subject matter as comprehensive, complete and
appropriate.
Copyright clearance for reproduction of these citations has been obtained in
accordance with the ERA (Electronic Redistribution and Archiving) service offered
by Dialog Information Services, Inc. for this purpose. To the best of our knowledge
and belief, this Bibliography is in compliance with all guidelines and terms set forth
by ERA, Dialog Information Services, and the individual database producers.
This Bibliography is intended by EPA for INTERNAL USE ONLY by its staff and
authorized contractors.
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THE EPA LIBRARY NETWORK
The EPA Library Network can assist EPA staff members and EPA contractors in
obtaining materials cited in the bibliography. Reference copies of the original Guide
and subsequent issues are available through NTIS at the following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650
1-800-336-4700 (outside Washington, DC area)
Any questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment. Management.
Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources may be sent to:
Risk Management Bibliographies
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics
OPPT Library (7407)
401 M Street, S.W.
Room B606, NE Mall
Washington, DC 20460
Email LIBRARY-TSCA@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV
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RISK ASSESSMENT
IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCCURRENCES OF ADVERSE EFFECT
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GENERAL PERSPECTIVE - includes: cross media approach, de minimis risk, and
uncertainty in assessment
Acceptable risk: a conceptual proposal
Fischhoff, Baruch
Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 5 n1 1-28 Wntr, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Assessing Risk: Toxicity in Perspective
Williams, Cris TERRA, Tallahassee, FL
Environ Prot Aug 93 v4, n8, p12(6)
Language: English
journal article
1 photo(s); 7 reference(s)
Risk assessment is an integral component in the process of determining
which chemicals should be subject to which regulations. Assessments may
be qualitative or quantatative in nature. EPA has mandated risk
assessments in the prioritization of Superfund site cleanups, and has
developed guidelines for the incorporation of risk assessment in the
remedial investigation/feasibility study for each site. According to
these guidelines, the basic components of risk assessment are data
collection and analysis, exposure evaluation, toxicity evaluation, and
risk characterization. These guidelines are expected to evolve as the
inexact science of risk assessment changes.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Building our nation's GIS treasure chest: The environmental risk
assessment process as a catalyst to growth
Bennett, M.J.; Buonicore, A.J.
Environmental Data Resources, Southport, CT
NAEP 18th Annual Conference, Raleigh, NC (USA), 24-26 May 1993
National Association of Environmental Professionals (NAEP)
NAEP, PO Box 9400, Washington, DC 20016, USA; Telephone: (301)
229-7171, Abstracts, The Environmental Professional, ISSN: 0191-5398,
Volume 15 Number 1 Supplement 1993; Proceedings Poster Paper No. 16
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
3 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Cleaner Water, But Not Clean Enough
Foran, Jeffery A. (Risk Science Institute, Washington, DC); Adler,
Robert W. (Natural Resource Defense Council, Washington, DC)
Issues Sci Technol Winter 93-94 1qr v10, n2, p33(7)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
12 reference(s)
Despite the good intentions of the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) and its
subsequent amendments, many sources of toxic pollutants are not being
controlled. Ongoing research efforts have indicated that water
pollutants are increasingly responsible for damage to wildlife and to
human health. Failure to achieve the goals of the CWA stems from the
two approaches instigated to control toxic substances discharged to
surface waters: the mandated use of specific treatment technology for
discharges from point sources of pollution, under which the designated
technology may not be adequate; and water-quality-based approaches that
requires EPA and the states to set maximum allowable concentrations of
toxic pollutants in surface waters, which are supposed to pose no
threats to human health or the environment, but are often based on
questionable concepts of risk assessment. Ultimately, the most
effective way to reduce the discharge of a toxic pollutant into surface
waters is to reduce the use of the specific chemical or its precursor.
This could be accomplished in two ways: technology- and
water-quality-based controls could be adjusted toward zero-discharge
criteria; and new requirements could be added to the CWA to promote
pollution prevention by government and private parties. This becomes
especially crucial when dealing with nonpoint pollution sources.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Developmental and reproductive toxicology: Ensuring the quality of data
used for risk assessment
Harris, S.B.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 4
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Environmental Equity and the Environmental Professional
Harding, Anna K. (Oregon State Univ, Corvallis); Holdren, Jr. George R.
(BatteUe Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland, WA)
Environ Sci Technol Oct 93 V27, n10, p 1990(4)
Language: English
journal article
1 drawing(s); 23 reference(s)
Consideration of environmental equity issues is emerging as a component
of overall impact and risk assessment. The politics of waste disposal
are argued to have given rise to the environmental equity issue. Upper
class or white neighborhoods have exercised enough clout to prevent the
local siting of hazardous waste facilities, which has resulted in the
practice of siting such facilities in predominantly lower income, black
areas. To guard against such preferential exposure to hazardous wastes,
EPA and other federal and state agencies are urged to integrated
environmental equity considerations into comparative risk assessment
and other activities.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Environmental risk assessment
Ward, Catherine M.
Banking Law Journal 110 n3 204-215 May-June, 1993
LRI File 150
Environmental risk assessment: the divergent methodologies of
economists, lawyers and scientists
Stewart, Alan
JOURNAL NAME: Environmental and Planning Law Journal 10 n1 10-18 Feb, 1993
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
EPA Publishes List of Substances, Thresholds Subject to Chemical
Accident Prevention Rules
Occup Saf Health Report-BNA Feb 2, 94 v23, n35, p1028(26)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
4 table(s)
EPA published a rule on Jan 31, 1994, requiring all companies that
developed chemical process safety programs to meet OSHA requirements to
5 RISK ASSESSMENT
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modify and enhance their efforts. The rule includes a complete list of
the toxic chemicals that are paired to risk management planning
requirements as established under the Clean Air Act. The substances on
the list were isolated for the potential threats they pose to public
health and the environment. A wide range of chemicals are covered by
the ruling, including 77 acutely toxic chemicals, 63 flammable gases
and liquids, and specific explosive compounds. The regulations will
affect approximately 118,000 facilities, including public drinking
water plants and waste treatment sites. A petition process for adding
new chemicals to the list was incorporated into the measure.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
EPA's research to improve health risk assessments (RIHRA) program:
Overview and water-related research
Vandenberg, John J.; Fowle, John R. Ill; Zenick, Harold
US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Proceedings of the 1991 AWWA Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Jun
23-27, 1991
Language: English
Federal law requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
assess drinking water risks and to set standards to insure a safe
drinking water supply. Given limited data, risk assessors rely on high
dose experimental data, results from occupational health studies, and
other data sets (e.g. in vitro tests) to make predictions about health
outcomes. A variety of assumptions and extrapolations must be used to
estimate from the results of these studies the likelihood of adverse
health effects associated with a lifetime of water consumption. In
recognition that the uncertainties in risk assessment may result in
economic burdens (i.e. from over regulation) or inadequate public
safety (i.e. from under regulation), EPA has established th6 Research
to Improve Health Risk Assessments (RIHRA) program to resolve some of
the major health risk assessment issues. This paper presents an
overview of the RIHRA program and several examples of health research
applicable to drinking water issues. 5 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT
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Experimentalist's look at risk assessment
Furst, A.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Health risk assessments: a critical scientific technique for
environmental regulators and litigators
Broiles, Steven A.
Los Angeles Lawyer 17 n1 34(12) March, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All its. reserv.
Historical re-evaluation of a risk assessment
Anderson, P.N., URS Consultants
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-RA-116A.01
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Impact of Data Gaps in EPA's Regional Comparative Risk Projects
Day, Rosalie R. EPA, Chicago, IL
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 p237(10)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
book chapter
All EPA regional offices have completed risk assessments of key
environmental problem areas as a basis for the prioritization of
resources. Risks to both the environment and to human health are
evaluated semiquantitatively. Regions reported inadequate access
to data as well as time and resource constraints in accessing
available data.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
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7 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Incorporating risk assessment into the senior process design course.
Barbari, T.A.; Marguies, T.S.
Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore, MD, USA
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1993 Annual Meeting, Saint Louis, MO
(USA), 7-12 November 1993
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
AlChE Publications Dept.345 E. 47th Street New York, NY 10017,
Individual Papers Paper No. 201 b
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Not by risk alone: reforming EPA research priorities
Shifrin, Robin
Yale Law Journal 102 n2 547-575 Nov, 1992
LRIFile 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
OSWER Environmental Justice Task Force Draft Final Report Executive
Summary
EPA Report OSWER 9200.3-16-1 DRAFT Apr 25, 94 (20)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
An EPA task force addressed environmental justice issues specific to
waste management programs. Concerns that minority and low-income
populations may bear disproportionately high and adverse human health
and environmental effects from pollution were analyzed, and
recommendations to ensure environmental protection for all population
segments were formulated. Major recommendations presented focus on
guidelines for environmental justice, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act,
cumulative risk, federal interagency cooperation, economic
redevelopment, and outreach, communications, and partnerships.
Program-specific recommendations address siting, permitting, public
involvement, and corrective action under RCRA, site and risk assessment
in the Superfund program, and chemical emergency preparedness and
prevention.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 8
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Pesticide Use Trends and Issues in the United States
Osteen, Craig USDA, Washington, DC
The Pesticide Question: Environ, Economics & Ethics (Chapman & Hall)
1993 p307(30)
Language: English
book chapter
8 graph(s); 58 reference(s); 10 table(s)
The dramatic increase in pesticide use between the 1940s and the early
1980s is attributed to the increased use of agricultural chemicals,
particularly herbicides, on major crops. Pesticide regulation has
altered the mix of chemicals but not overall usage. Similarly,
agricultural production rose 2.2 times, which prompted many farmers to
hold to the notion that the high levels of chemical inputs were
justified. Nevertheless, higher pesticide use has not assured control
of all pest problems; the environmental consequences have been
daunting. In addition, EPA has been criticized for taking a
pesticide-by-pesticide approach to assessing costs and benefits.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Recognizing the limits of risk assessment
Brown, D.A.
Pennsylvania Dep. Environ. Resour.
ENVIRON. PROF VOL. 14, NO. 3 pp. 185-186 1992
Language: ENGLISH
Presently, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is using
risk assessment procedures in environmental programs to set
environmental priorities, standards, and clean-up levels. At the Earth
Summit in Rio ^le Janeiro last June, the nations of the world adopted
Agenda 21, which urged the use of risk assessment procedures in
hazardous and nuclear waste decisions. In a short time, risk assessment
procedures have become a very important tool of environmental managers
throughout the world. However, managers using risk assessment
procedures often are unaware of important limitations of risk-based
decisionmaking.
DIALOG(R)File 41 :Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT
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Risk assessment in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Abernathy, C.O.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Risk assessment: good for health?
van de Wiel JA, Passchier W
Health Council of The Netherlands, The Hague.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 2 REFS.
Toxicol Lett 1994 Jun;72(1-3):237-42 Language: English
Risk assessment is a scientific endeavour on which risk management can be based
and policy priorities can be set. Of prime importance is the choice of risk attributes
and the health indicators to focus upon. Problem ranking and priority setting
depend strongly on that choice. In the current risk policy of The Netherlands'
Ministry of the Environment 'individual risk' is defined as the probability of dying
due to one year's exposure to a certain agent or activity. If this approach is applied
to the indoor environment, strong mitigation measures should be taken concerning
N02, radon and paniculate matter to improve the percentage of 'healthy homes'.
However, risk is*more than the chance to die. Therefore some more parameters
should be used to characterize the indoor environment, like chemical and biological
mixtures from outside and inside and activities of inhabitants. Important health
indicators like irreversible/reversible physiological effects and nuisance should be
taken into account. Risk has to tell us about the possibility of health damage,
about the nature of health damage and about the uncertainty in both.
MEDLINE
Role of Comparative Risk Analysis
Cleland-Hamnett, Wendy EPA, Washington, DC
EPA J Jan-Mar 93 v19, n1, p18(6)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
3 photo(s)
RISK ASSESSMENT 10
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Comparative risk analysis methods help EPA researchers comprehend the
relative risk of various problems and narrow focus to the most
important ones. However, a more participatory model of prioritization
based on a system of inputs broader than was envisioned in the past is
desirable. Guiding principles to achieving this model promote
incorporating varied expertise in the risk assessment process from the
earliest stage and the realization of more realistic risk
characterizations. A foundation of credible risk assessment rests on
basic research and state-of-the-art environmental data.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Science and judgment in risk assessment
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 (USA) 1994
Language: ENGLISH
Concerns over air and its contamination by toxic pollution have led to
a body of legislation about clean air. The most recent of these pieces
of legislation is the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. As part of that
legislation, the Congress directed the administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to engage the National Academy of
Sciences (NAS) in a review of the methods that EPA uses to ensure that
Americans have appropriately clean air. Congress's charge to the
National Research Council (NRC) can be summarized in a short set of
questions: 1. Given that quantitative risk assessment is essential for
EPA's implementation of the Clean Air Act, is EPA conducting risk
assessments in the best possible manner? 2. Has EPA developed
mechanisms for keeping its risk-assessment procedures current in the
face of new developments in science? 3. Are adequate data being
collected to permit EPA to carry out its mandate? 4. What, if anything,
should be done to improve EPA's development and use of risk
assessments? This report attempts to address these questions and to
provide advice to enable EPA to carry out the mandates of the Clean Air
Act and to satisfy Congress's concerns about the implementation of the
act and its 1990 amendments. The elements to be studied by the committee
included "the techniques used for estimating and describing the carcinogenic
potency to humans of hazardous air pollutants, as well as methods for estimating
exposure to these materials." The legislation instructed NAS to "evaluate and
report on the methodology for assessing the risk of adverse health effects" for
hazardous air pollutants.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
11 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Toxicology and risk assessment
Craigmill, A.L.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
TSCA Interagency Testing Committee, 1977 to 1992: Creation,
Structure, Functions and Contributions
Walker, John D. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM Environ Toxicol & Risk Assess: Aquat, Plant & Terrestrial Syrnp,
Pittsburgh, PA Apr 26-30, 92 p451(59)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service. •
conf paper
3 diagram(s); 5 graph(s); 41 reference(s); 6 table(s)
The Interagency Testing Committee (ITC), an independent advisory committee to
EPA, is charged with establishing the TSCA Section 4() Priority Testing List and
revising the latter every six months. ITC also identifies and coordinates federal
sector data needs for chemicals on the Priority Testing List and designates high
priority chemicals to EPA for testing under the Act. During 1977-92, ITC
designated 106 chemicals, 3454 tests, and 20 chemical groups for priority testing
consideration by EPA. Contributions to chemical testing realized by the
recommendations and efforts of ITC are reviewed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
TSCA: the Sleeping Giant Is Stirring
Hayes, David J. Latham & Watkins, Washington, DC
Am Bar Assoc Environ Law Manual 1992 p362(10)
Language: English
book chapter
The Toxic Substances Control Act {TSCA) contains strong incentives for
EPA to gather information on chemical usage and exposure in the
workplace. The act requires that any manufacturer, processor, or
distributor in commerce of a chemical substance or mixture must report
RISK ASSESSMENT 12
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to EPA the incidences of substantial risk, disclose manufacturing and
processing information, conduct extensive health and safety studies,
and keep detailed and accurate records. Applying the TSCA's
information-gathering tools to distributors of chemicals in commerce
has substantially broadened EPA's net. EPA's expansive interpretation
of TSCA language appears to encompass the traditional use of chemicals,
and it also threatens to draw in large numbers of companies that
neither manufacture nor process chemicals in the traditional sense, but
simply use chemicals as part of a nonchemical manufacturing process.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
White House Postpones Risk Assessment Reform
EPA Watch Aug 15 92 v1, n10, p1(2)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
newsletter article
The White House has decided to postpone making a decision regarding a
proposed overhaul of the government's policy regarding environmental
risk assessments until after the elections in 1992. The move was
considered a political decision, made to avoid possible controversy
during an election year, the vice presidential opposition candidate Al
Gore representing environmental concerns. Details of the proposed
overhaul of the current risk-assessment policies are included. These
changes would affect both scientific analyses of risks and the
documents agencies would use for reporting risk assessments.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
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13 RISK ASSESSMENT
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
Appropriate role of risk assessment in risk analysis
DeRosa, C.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program Assessment Framework
Thornton KW, Saul GE, Hyatt DE
FTN Associates, Little Rock, AR.
Govt Reports Announcements & index (GRA&I), Issue 14, 1994
NTIS/PB94-158862, 53p
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Contract EPA-68-DO-0093
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program.
The document presents a framework for conducting assessments in the
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (AP). The framework describes
basic elements of the assessment process and provides a common foundation for
conducting assessments within AP. Because of its general nature, the framework
should be adaptable to a diverse set of assessment questions and needs.
Consequently, the document is written to assist science administrators and
resource managers in understanding the AP assessment process. See also
PB94-114915. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program.
TOXLINE
Environmental Risk Assessment of New Chemicals Under the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section Five
Nabholz, J. V. EPA, Washington, DC; Miller, P.; Zeeman, M.
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p40(16)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
RISK ASSESSMENT 14
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Section 5 of TSCA requires premanufacture reporting requirements .for
new chemicals. These Premanufacture Notifications (PMNs) must include
chemical identity, molecular structure, trade name, production volume,
uses and amount for each use, by-products, and impurities. If risk is
identified for a specific chemical after review of the PMN, it is
subjected to either a more in-depth assessment or it is regulated
directly. The risk-assessment procedure involves: determining a hazard
profile using six effective concentrations; determining a concern
concentration (CC); exposure assessment, in which a predicted
environmental concentration (PEC) is determined; and risk assessment,
which compares the CC to the PEC. As illustration of the testing
protocol, case studies are described for neutral organic chemicals,
organic chemicals showing excess toxicity, surfactants, polyanionic
monomers, compounds that hydrolyze/react and polymerize, and compounds
that hydrolyze/react and do not polymerize.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline{R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
EPA Airs Shift Toward Pollution Prevention
Ember, Lois
Chem Eng News Aug 9 93 v71, n32, p17(1)
Language: English
journal article
The EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) has recently
announced a shift in policy toward an emphasis on pollution prevention
and risk reduction. These policy changes will be most apparent in the
amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act. These amendments would
require users of chemicals to provide detailed information regarding
the processes in which chemicals are utilized. The OPPT is also seeking
to develop a list of safer chemicals and processes that can replace
existing schemes. The risk management strategies being developed will
cover the entire life cycle of chemicals.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
15 RISK ASSESSMENT
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EPA Continues Probe on Dangers of Showering, Labels Passive Smoking a
Carcinogen
EPA Watch Sep 30 92 v1, n13, p2(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
newsletter article
The results of two studies related to the EPA policies on indoor air
quality are discussed. The first study was concerned with the potential
health effects of showering. Showering can result in a high exposure to
VOCs, depending on factors such as shower duration, droplet size, and
water temperature. The second study confirmed environmental tobacco
smoke as a human carcinogen. The risk assessment strategies used to
evaluate the dangers of second-hand smoke are detailed. Reasons for
uncertainties in the exposure data are evaluated, along with the
effects of diet on cancer risk.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
EPA Lists Toxic Chemicals to Help Protect Public from Accidental
Releases
Hanson, David
Chem Eng News Jan 31, 94 v72, n5, p16(2)
Language: English
journal article
EPA has released a new list of toxic substances it believes are most
likely to be released accidentally and cause injury, including 63
flammable gases and liquids, some high explosives, and 77 acutely toxic
chemicals. The list is intended to help communities be aware of public
health risks. Chemical makers and other facilities handling the listed
chemicals must develop risk management plans to prevent accidental
releases. About 115,000 manufacturing plants, treatment and storage
facilities, and other sites are affected. There is some overlap between
the EPA list and a similar OSHA list, but the latter does not include
hazardous flammable chemicals as defined by EPA. The Chemical
Manufacturers Association believes EPA-OSHA duplication is confusing,
and that EPA criteria for choosing chemicals to list are not justified.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 16
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EPA Plans More Flexible Guidelines to Assess Cancer Risk from Chemicals
Hanson, David
Chem Eng News Dec 21 92 v70, n51, pi3(2)
Language: English
journal article
EPA intends to revise the way it estimates the cancer risk posed by
chemicals, and new cancer assessment guidelines are expected to be more
flexible than existing ones. New draft documents reveal an increased
emphasis on providing characterization analyses for each component
of the risk assessment. A narrative weight of evidence characterization
statement may displace the traditional alphanumeric ranking of chemical
cancer risk.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
EPA Proposes Chemical Risk Management Rule to Prevent, Prepare for
Accidental Releases
Occup Saf Health Report-BNA Oct 27 93 v23, n22, p647(30)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
4 table(s)
Under the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, EPA plans to introduce
regulations that*would mandate risk management programs at sites where
significant quantities of certain hazardous substances are used or
produced. Risk management programs would be available for public review
at local planning agencies, state governments, the Chemical Safety &
Hazard Investigation Board, and EPA itself. The proposed regulations
have evolved in response to growing public awareness of the risks to
health and the environment posed by many industrial chemicals. All
facets of the proposed regulations are thoroughly discussed. Comments
concerning the regulations will be accepted until February 16, 1994.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
17 RISK ASSESSMENT
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EPA's approach to environmental research in the 90s
Bretthauer, E.W.
Off, Res., Univ. Nevada, 4505 Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV 89154-1046,
USA
13. Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Cincinnati, OH (USAJ620 pp. 1331-1333
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM VOL. 12, NO. 8 1993
Language: ENGLISH
In the past four years the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has changed its approach to dealing with environmental problems, which
resulted in placing much more emphasis on science. Whenever possible
the Agency concentrates on addressing the highest environmental risks,
stresses pollution prevention, prefers voluntary programs to regulatory
approaches, and makes more use of the marketplace to achieve
environmental goals. To meet the need for more technical information to
support this approach, the EPA changed its planning process, increased
its ecological research program, developed the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP), increased its emphasis on reproductive
and developmental toxicology and neurotoxicology, and restructured its
approaches to risk assessment. The Agency also significantly increased
its relationships with academia and the private sector in implementing
its research program.
DIALOG(R)File 41 :Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Guidance for data useability in risk assessment
Bleyler, R.; Isaacson, P.; Kaleri, C.
U.S. EPA Reg. VI
Federal Environmental Restoration '92, Vienna, VA (USA), 15-17 Apr 1992
Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA. Fax: (301)
220-3870. Telephone: (301) 982-9500., Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 18
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How "safe" is the ground water Americans drink?
Dourson, M.L.; Jordan, W.L.
GROUND WATER MONIT. REV VOL. 9, NO. 4 pp. 73-74 1989
Special issue: Agricultural chemicals.
Language: ENGLISH
Despite a tremendous amount of information regarding the presence of
contaminants, and particularly pesticides, in ground water (Garner et
al. 1986), no clear-cut answers exist to questions about how "safe" are
ground water resources in the USA. This is due, in part, to the
inability of current assessment methods to characterize the health risk
at various exposures, making it difficult, therefore, to determine a
strict demarcation between what is safe and "not safe." However,
significant data gaps in the toxicity and exposure to these pesticides
exist as well. In some cases the answers to such questions may only be
as related to other safe exposures. Recent activities by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are helping risk managers and
private citizens better understand these questions and the tentative
answers that currently available data suggest. This paper briefly
reviews two efforts by the EPA to characterize the extent of pesticide
contamination of ground water - the Pesticides in Ground Water Data
Base: Interim Report and the subsequent National Pesticide Survey. The
paper will briefly mention the methods by which the EPA develops
estimates of health risk and then review what is known about the risks
posed by pesticide residues in ground water from this interim report.
DIALOG(R)File 4*l:Poilution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Interpretation of male rat renal tubule tumors
Presented at: International Symposium on the Health Effects of
Gasoline, Miami, FL (USA), 5-8 Nov 1991
Rodgers, I.S.; Baetcke, K.P.
CWP Assoc., 2302 Eagle Rock PL, Silver Spring, MD 20906, USA
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT. SUPPL.; 101(6), pp. 45-52, 1993
Language: English
Based on an analysis of recent scientific studies, a Technical Panel of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Assessment Forum
recently advised EPA risk assessors against using information on
certain male rat renal tubule tumors to assess human risk under
conditions specified in a new Forum report. Risk assessment approaches
generally assume that chemicals producing tumors in laboratory animals
are a potential cancer hazard to humans. For most chemicals, including
19 RISK ASSESSMENT
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classical rodent kidney carcinogens such as N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitro
samine, this extrapolation remains appropriate. Some chemicals,
however, induce accumulation of alpha sub(2u)-globulin ( alpha
sub(2u)-g), a low molecular weight protein, in the male rat kidney. The
alpha sub(2u)-g accumulation initiates a sequence of events that
appears to lead to renal tubule tumor formation. Female rats and other
laboratory mammals administered the same chemicals do not accumulate
low molecular weight protein in the kidney, and they do not develop
renal tubule tumors.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Mutagenicity test schemes and guidelines: U.S. EPA Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics and Office of Pesticide Programs
Auletta, A.E.; Dearfield, K.L.; Cimino, M.C.
U.S. EPA, Off. Pollut. Prev. and Toxics, (TS-796), 401 M St. SW,
Washington, DC 20024, USA
ENVIRON. MOL. MUTAG VOL. 21, NO. 1 pp. 38-45 1993
Language: ENGLISH
New requirements for chemicals subject to mutagenicity testing from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are discussed. Also
detailed are two categories in the 1986 Mutagenicity Risk Assessment
Guidelines.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Prioritizing ecological and human welfare risks from environmental
stresses
Harwell, M.A.; Cooper, W.; Flaak, R.
Rosenstiel Sch. Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
ENVIRON. MANAGE VOL. 16, NO. 4 pp. 451-464 1992
Language: ENGLISH
The ecological systems of Earth are subjected to a wide array of
environmental stresses resulting from human activities. The development
of appropriate environmental protection and management policies and the
appropriate allocation of resources across environmental stresses
require a systematic evaluation of relative risks. The data and
methodologies for comprehensive ecological risk assessment do not
exist, yet we do have considerable understanding of ecological
stress-response relationships. A methodology is presented to utilize
RISK ASSESSMENT 20
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present knowledge for assignment of relative risks to ecological
systems and human welfare from anthropogenic stresses. The resultant
priorities, developed for the US Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) relative risk reduction project, highlight global climate change,
habitat alteration, stratospheric ozone depletion, and species
depletion as the highest environmental risks, significantly diverging
from the present emphasis by EPA and the public on toxic chemical
issues.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
A quality process for chemical product risk assessment
Weiler ED, Jayjock MA, Scribner HE
Product Integrity Department, Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, PA 19105.
Qual Assur 1992 Oct; 1(4)-.295-301
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
One cannot manage a health or environmental risk of unknown dimension. Thus,
the rational and cost-effective control of any risk lies first in its reasoned
assessment. The assessment of risk is a scientific endeavor which embodies the
intellectual use of information to reach a determination or assignment of an
ascribed level of danger. As such, it is potentially subject to a myriad of subjective
interpretations from individuals with special interests and perspectives.
This paper attempts to outline a rational and prudent consensus-based system for
the quality assurance of risk assessment concerned with the danger to human
health and the environment posed by the use of chemical products. We present it
as a model that we hope could be accepted and implemented.
MEDLINE
Reassessing the scope of federal biotechnology oversight
Mostow, Peter
Pace Environmental Law Review 10 n1 227-273 Fall, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Revising the Risk Assessment Paradigm: Limits on the Quantitative
Ranking of Environmental Problems
Silbergeld, Ellen K.
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 p73(6)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
21 RISK ASSESSMENT
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EPA has adopted a policy of prioritizing activities according to
relative risks. Underlying this policy is the assumption that risk
assessment is a valid and accurate tool for prioritizing critical
issues. The policy is challenged on two grounds. First, EPA has failed
to act at all on critical issues rather than act inappropriately.
Second, the resources available to the agency to deal with
environmental problems are vast and do not justify prioritization and,
thus, limitations to environmental protection. Both practical and
conceptual limits to quantitative risk assessment challenge its
applicability. A public health perspective would focus on disease
prevention through environmental prevention.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Risk assessment based on current release standards for radioactive surface
contamination
Chen SY
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 07, 1994
NTIS/DE94001435, lOp
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
ANL/EAIS/CP-79677, Contract W-31109-ENG-38
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Standards for uncontrolled releases of radioactive surface contamination have been
in existence in the United States for about two decades. This paper reviews the
technical basis of published standards, identifies areas in need of revision,
provides risk interpretations based on current technical knowledge and the
regulatory environment, and offers suggestions for improvements.
TOXLINE
Simplified approach to environmental risk assessment at superfund sites
Block, R.M.
Aqua Terra Technologies
R&D '92: National R&D Conference on the Control of Hazardous Materials, San
Francisco, CA (USA), 4-6 Feb 1992
Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute; Association of Bay Area
Governments R&D '92, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602 USA.
Telephone: (301) 982-9500. Fax: (301) 220-3870., Proceedings, $45.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 22
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Strategies for contracting for quality risk assessment data
Baldwin, J.
Baldwin Consult. Serv.
HazMat/lnternational '93: 11th Annual Presentation, Atlantic City, NJ (USA), 9-11
Jun 1993
HAZMAT WORLD; Department of Commerce, International Trade
Administration; State of New Jersey
Advanstar Exposition, 800 Roosevelt Rd., Build. E, Suite 408, Glen
Ellyn, IL 60137-5835, USA; Telephone: (708) 469-3373; Fax: (708)
469-7477, Proceedings, $105.00 plus $10.00 shipping charge
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Validation of some extrapolation methods used for effect assessment
Emans, H.J.B.; Plassche, E.J.V.D.; Canton, J.H.*; Okkerman, P.C.;
Sparenburg, P.M.
Natl. Inst. Public Health and Environ. Prot., P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA
Bilthoven, Netherlands
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM.; 12(11), pp. 2139-2154, 1993
Language: English
For effect assessment several extrapolation methods can be used to derive the
concentration of toxic chemicals above which adverse effects on aquatic
ecosystems may occur. These methods are based on single-species toxicity data.
At present, however, it is uncertain whether the values calculated with these
extrapolation methods really represent accurate estimations of concentrations
harmless to ecosystems. Therefore a validation of extrapolation methods was
carried out by comparing NOECs derived from multiple-species (semi-) field
experiments with extrapolated values. In this study validation was restricted to the
methods of Aldenberg and Slob and Wagner and Lokke and a modification of the
method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is concluded that
single-species toxicity data can be used to derive "safe" values for the aquatic
ecosystem.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
23 RISK ASSESSMENT
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LEGAL ASPECTS
Analyses of natural resources in 10 CFR part 60 as related to
inadvertent human intrusion
Miklas, Michael P.; Lefevre, Harold E.
Cent for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, San Antonio, TX, USA
Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on High Level
Radioactive Waste Management
Language: English
The purpose of this paper is to examine the intent of the regulatory language of the
portions of 10 CFR Part 60 which deal with considerations of the natural resources
of a proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive wastes as they relate to
inadvertent human intrusion. Four Potentially Adverse Conditions (PAC) and the
requirements of 10 CFR 60.21(c)(13) are shown to be related to natural resources.
The Commission intends for DOE to evaluate the likelihood and consequence of
inadvertent human intrusion into a geologic repository as a result of exploration or
exploitation of natural resources within or near a proposed high-level radioactive
waste geologic repository. (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Environmental health risk assessment: Regulatory approach to assessing
public health risks of a toxic chemical spill in the Sacramento River
DiBartolomeis, M^J.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Magnitude of compounding conservatisms in Superfund risk assessments
Burmaster, D.E.; Harris, R.H.
Alceon Corp., P.O. Box 2669, Harvard Square Stn., Cambridge, MA
02238-2669, USA
RISK ANAL VOL. 13, NO. 2 pp. 131-134 1993
Language: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made two crucial
risk management decisions in defining how much clean-up is enough at
RISK ASSESSMENT 24
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Superfund sites: first, the postremediation cancer risk goal should •.
fall within the range of 10 super(-4) to 10 super(-6); and, second, the
postremediation cancer risk goal should not be exceeded by more than
5-10% of the populations potentially exposed. Unfortunately, the EPA
has also issued guidance documents that distort these fundamental risk
management criteria by specifying risk assessment methodologies and
exposure factors that do not achieve the RME as defined by the EPA
because they compound conservative assumptions beyond the RME concept.
These EPA documents specify a methodology that results in exposure and
risk estimates well in excess of the 99th percentile, thus leading to
clean-up decisions that are based on acceptable health risks that
virtually no one in the surrounding population would be expected to
experience. In effect, the EPA has established risk management criteria
based on acceptable risks, and has then issued risk assessment
guidelines that lead to clean-up requirements that will achieve a far
greater degree of health protection.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
NFS and NEPA: An analysis of the legal impact of the UN principles
relevant to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space on the
current practice of environmental risk assessment under domestics
Neher, P.J.
Office Judge Advocat General, Administrative Law Div., Alexandria, VA,
USA
44th International Astronautical Congress, Graz, Austria, 16-22 October 1993
International Astronautical Federation; International Institue of Space
Law; International Academy of Astronautics; Joanneum Research
J. Hess Aerospace Consultant, 12782 Spring Street Garden Grove, VA 96245,
Proceedings Paper No. IISL.4.-93-836
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Risk and the New Rules of Decisionmaking: the Need for a Single Risk
Target
Sarno, Douglas J. Phoenix Environ Corp, Alexandria, VA
Environ Law Report Jul 94 v24, n7, p10402(4)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
21 reference(s)
25 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Three issues have emerged to push the government toward goals of.
increased rationality, consistency, and accountability in the Superfund
program. Concerns about environmental justice have moved to the
forefront, and restrictions on future land use have become widely
accepted tools for improving the rationality of decision making. The
decision making role of the public has been enlarged, as DOE and EPA
have given full support to increasing citizen participation in decision
making. In light of these changes, the government must establish a
single, nationwide risk target to apply at each site to foster
effective public participation in cleanup decisions and to achieve a
consistent level of protection, regardless of the socioeconomic status
of affected communities.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Senators show support for measure requiring environmental risk
assessment
Anon.
HAZMAT NEWS VOL. 3, NO. 19' pp. 7-8 1992
Language: ENGLISH
A bill that would designate the EPA to rank risks and benefits of
environmental threats received overall support by most witnesses and
senators at a Senate committee hearing held Sept 18. However, questions
about how risk-ranking would affect current laws were raised by two key
senators with long-standing environmental credentials. The senators
warned that a ranking system might impinge on their proper role as
congressional policy-makers in the environmental arena.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 26
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METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK
Development of SAR/QSAR for use under EPA's Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA): An introduction
Zeeman, Maurice; Nabholz, J. Vincent; Clements, Richard G.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment: Aquatic, Plant, and Terrestrial, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Language: English
EPA assesses the environmental fate, hazards, and risks of all new
industrial chemicals in the U.S. prior to their commercial manufacture
in or import into this country. Within 90 days decisions must be made
whether to allow each chemicals manufacture or import. There is no
requirement to do testing and only about 5% of the PMN's contain any
chemical fate or ecotoxicological test data. This has resulted in the
development and use of general and quantitative chemical structure
activity relationships (SAR/QSAR's) for estimating a chemical's
physical/chemical properties, ability to degrade and bioconcentrate,
and its toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and algae. QSARs are
also being used to screen for these characteristics in the over 70,000
existing chemicals in the TSCA Inventory. (Author abstract) Refs.
DIALOG(R)Rle 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
DRASTIC Mapping to Determine the Vulnerability of Ground Water to
Pollution
Trent, Victoria P. Georgia Geologic Survey, Atlanta
AWRA/et al Geographic Information Systems & Water Resources Symp,
Mobile, AL Mar 14-17 93 p537(8)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
The vulnerability of the shallow aquifer in Georgia to pollution from
surface sources has been documented in a 1:5,000,000 scale map. The
EPA's DRASTIC model was used to systematically determine the relative
vulnerability of each hydrogeologic circumstance. Mapping can be
accomplished using existing data, and will provide a standardized
foundation for environmental decision making.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
27 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Environmental Decision Models: U.S. Experience and a New Approach to
Pollution Management
Haynes, Kingsley E. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA; Ratick, Samuel;
Bowen, William M.; Cummings-Saxton, James
Environ Int 1993 v19, n3, p261(!5)
Language: English
journal article
3 diagram(s); 69 reference(s)
An overview is presented of the decision models used to support US
environmental policymaking. They include cost/benefit analysis and risk
assessment. Cost/benefit analysis specifies some environmental
objective or goal and then identifies the costs associated with various
methods of meeting that goal. Risk analysis is similar to cost/benefit
analysis, but it is usually placed in a framework that involves public
health issues. The problem with risk analysis is that risk is not an
objective phenomenon perceived in the same way by all interested
parties. Analytical methods represented by cost/benefit and risk
assessment generate different priorities. Recent pollution-control
efforts are focusing on pollution-prevention measures, so measurement
techniques must be developed that can allow EPA to accurately assess
pollution-prevention potential and to measure the progress of industry
toward specific prevention goals.
D!ALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Environmental risk assessment questionnaire
Lowell, David T.
Practical Real Estate Lawyer 8 n6 43-50 Nov, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
From rats to regulations; environmental risk assessment based on the health
effects of substances on rodents is widespread, costly, and unreliable
Schwartz, Richard E.; Davis, Robert C., Jr.
Legal Times 15 n29 S6(4) Dec 7, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 28
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The Hawaii Environmental Risk Ranking Study
Carpenter, Richard A. East-West Center, Honolulu, HI
NatJ Assoc of Environ Professionals 18th Annual Conf Proc, Seattle, WA
May 6-8 92 p291(12)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
4 table(s)
The Hawaii Environmental Risk Ranking Study, funded partially by
federal grants and executed by volunteers affiliated with the Hawaii
Assoc of Environ Professionals (HAEP), comparatively ranks hazards to
humans and natural ecosystems. On the basis of EPA guidelines for risk
assessment, the results of the study will guide the government in
setting priorities for attending to hazards and reducing risks. The top
three environmental problem areas were identified as industrial
wastewater discharges, municipal wastewater treatment and discharges,
and drinking water quality.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Inadequacy of commonly used risk assessment guidance for determining
whether solvent-contaminated soils can affect groundwater at arid sites
Korte, N.E.; Gleason, T.A.; Beale, J.S.; Kearl, P.M.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Grand Junction, CO, USA
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental
Science and Engineering v 27 n 8 Dec 1992. p 2251-2261
Language: English
Commonly used risk assessment guidance is not adequate when applied to
solvent-contaminated soils in arid environments. The equations that are
recommended for calculating how such soils will affect groundwater
assume that liquid phase leaching controls contaminant migration. If
vapor phase migration is considered at all, diffusion is assumed to be
the dominant process. In contrast, a field study performed at an
industrial site in Southern California demonstrated that leaching could
not account for the transport of contaminants to the water table and
the recent technical literature suggests that gravity-induced vapor
migration may be the principal mechanism for vapor phase migration.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
29 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Indoor air: Potential health risks related to residential wood smoke, -.
as determined under the assumptions of the US EPA risk assessment model
Sidhu, K.S.; Hesse, J.L.; Bloomer, A.W.
Health Risk Assess. Div., Michigan Dep. Public Health, 3423 N. Logan
St./Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Box 30195, Lansing, Ml 48909, USA
INDOOR ENVIRON.; 2(2), pp. 92-97, 1993
Language: English
Residential wood smoke contains inorganic and organic particulates,
ash, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene,
benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene),
phenols and sulfur dioxide. Benzo[a]pyrene and formaldehyde are
classified as group B sub(2) and group B sub(1) carcinogens,
respectively, by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Reported concentrations and potential health risks of the released
contaminants are discussed. In general, wood smoke is an irritant to
the eyes, nose, and the respiratory tract. It has the potential to
cause chronic respiratory problems. Because there are indications that
wood smoke may cause adverse effects on human health, exposure to this
source of air pollution should be minimized.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
An inter- and intra-agency survey of the use of plants for toxicity
assessment *
Smith, B.M.; Gorsuch, J.W.; Lower, W.R.; Lewis, M.A.; Wang, Wucheng
(eds.) San Francisco Bay Regional Water Qual. Control Board, Oakland,
CA94612, USA
2. Symp. on Use of Plants for Toxicity Assessment, San Francisco, CA (USA)620
pp. 41-59
PLANTS FOR TOXICITY ASSESSMENT: SECOND VOLUME
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA)
Language: ENGLISH
The purpose of this project was to perform an inter- and intraagency
survey of the use of plants as test systems for ecological risk
assessment and remediation for the United States Environmental
Protection Agency Office of Research Development (USEPA/ORD). Four
broad classes of plant applications were identified: (1) bioassays; (21
bioindicators; (3) bioremediation; and (4) biotechnology. Improvement
to research methodologies would include: (1) developing fluorescence
RISK ASSESSMENT 30
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bioassays for terrestrial and aquatic plants and algae and combining.
plant and animal tests to form regionally differentiated suites of
bioassays; (2) development of "natural community" databases and
small-scale maps for evaluation of changes in plant community structure
to determine the "biotic integrity" of specific habitat types; (3)
expand work to develop plants and fungi as biologic remediative tools;
and (4) development of guidelines for field trials and eventual
full-scale agricultural use of pesticide-producing genetically
engineered plants (GEPs).
DIALOG{R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. AH rts. reserv.
Intel-laboratory comparison of the early life-stage toxicity test using
sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Presented at: 14. ASTM Symp. on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
San Francisco, CA (USA), 22-24 Apr 1990
Hansen, D.J.; Cripe, G.M.
U.S. EPA, Environ. Res. Lab., Narragansett, Rl 02882, USA
AQUAT. TOXICOL. RISK ASSESS., Publ. by: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING
AND MATERIALS, PHILADELPHIA, PA
(USA), 1991, pp. 354-375
In AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: FOURTEENTH VOLUME.
Mayes, M.A. Barron, M.G. (eds.), 1991
ISBN 0-8031-1.425-7
Language: English
The interlaboratory precision of the ASTM early life-stage toxicity
test with the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was
investigated at five contract and two EPA laboratories using endosulfan
and pentachlorobenzene. Each laboratory conducted two tests with each
chemical. Tests began with newly fertilized to 48-hour-old embryos,
continued through embryonic development, hatching, and growth of fish
to the juvenile stage, and were terminated after 28 days. Effects on
survival of embryos, survival of hatched fish, and weight of surviving
fish were quantified. Criteria were developed for judging acceptability
of test results and for selecting the upper and lower chronic values.
Using these criteria, 19 of the 28 tests (68%) were judged acceptable.
Results from the early life-stage toxicity test were reasonably
reproducible within and between laboratories. Ratios of the high-to-low
chronic value from acceptable duplicate tests for each chemical tested
within laboratories ranged from 1.04 to 1.99 for eight of nine tests.
For nine acceptable paired tests, the average ratio was 1.98; the
coefficient of variation was 80%. Variability of chronic values across
31 RISK ASSESSMENT
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all laboratories was generally reproducible within a factor of two. •
Chronic values from all acceptable tests averaged 0.60 mu g/L
(coefficient of variation 73%) for endosulfan and 82 mu g/L
(coefficient of variation 54%) for pentachlorobenzene. Neither survival
nor weight were consistently the endpoint most sensitive in tests with
either chemical. The interlaboratory variability of the results of this
test was particularly good relative to variability of other tests
considering the following: the test was complex; the laboratories were
inexperienced; the embryos were from Atlantic and Gulf Coasts; and test
water was from the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts. Variation in
this and other toxicity and bioconcentration tests using marine species
should be considered when judging the environmental implications of
results.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
International toxicity equivalency factor (I-TEF) method for
estimating risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of
dioxins and related compounds
Kutz, F.W.; Barnes, D.G.; Bretthauer, E.W.; Bottimore, D.P.; Greim, H.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA
TOXICOL. ENVIRON. CHEM.; 26(1-4), pp. 99-109, 1990
Language: English
Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk
assessment is a revised interim procedure for assessing the risks
associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). This updated
scheme was developed by a working group of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization's committee on the Challenges of Modern Society and has
been officially adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Nordic
countries, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The I-TEF approach
facilitates risk communication internationally by reducing large
volumes of analytical data into a single number-International Toxicity
Equivalents (I-TEQ).
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 32
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Introduction: Methods for environmental quantitative risk assessment
Anon.
7. Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Methods for Environmental
Quantitative Risk Assessment, Pittsburgh, PA (USA)
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT VOL. 90 p. 157 1991
Language: ENGLISH
This symposium is the seventh in a series presented by the
Environmental Protection Agency and the Center for Environmental
Epidemiology of the University of Pittsburgh. The symposium was
organized by Carol K. Redmond and Joseph P. Costantino of the
Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health,
University of Pittsburgh. The objective of the organizers was to
develop a program that would present recent advances in methodologies
for assessing health risk for environmental exposures; provide health
researchers with information useful to evaluate the impact of
environmental exposures; and assess the evidence for human health
effects from exposures to selected environmental pollutants.
DIALOG{R)File 41 :Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
A Method for Assessing Environmental Risk: a Case Study of Green Bay,
Lake Michigan, USA
Harris, Hallett J. University of Wisconsin, Green Bay; Wenger, Robert
B.; Harris, Victoria B.; Devault, David S.
Environ Manag-Springer-Verlag Mar-Apr 94 v18, n2, p295(12)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
An ecological risk assessment methodology was developed to support the
EPA Science Advisory Board recommendation that risk reduction
strategies focus on ecological risk as much as on public health, and
that protection efforts aim at opportunities for the greatest risk
reduction. The methodology is based on a fuzzy-set decision model.
The methodology was tested in a case study of the Green Bay ecosystem in
Lake Michigan. Risk values were assigned by experts through a group
consensus process. The risks were ranked analytically from several
perspectives, such as remediation management and prevention management.
The fuzzy set methodology is useful for distinguishing environmental
risks and the relative importance of interrelated problems.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
33 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Multimedia transport, fate, exposure and risk assessment: Strategies
developing evaluative, integrative computer software
Van de Water, R.; Cohen, Y.
Univ. California, Los Angeles
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-WA-76.02
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Odor thresholds in relation to risk assessment
Cha, S.S.; Ginsberg, G.L.
TRC Environmental Corp.
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-MP-19.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Performance evaluation of sperm cell toxicity test using the sea
urchin, Arbacia punctulata
Presented at: 14. ASTM Symp. on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
San Francisco, CA (USA), 22-24 Apr 1990
Nacci, D.; Comeleo, P.; Petrocelli, E.; Kuhn-Hines, A.; Modica, G.;
Morrison, G.
Science Applications Internatl. Corp., Mar. Serv. Branch; c/o U.S. EPA
ERL-N, Narragansett, Rl 02882, USA
AQUAT. TOXICOL. RISK ASSESS., Publ. by: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING
AND MATERIALS, PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA), 1991, pp. 324-336
In AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: FOURTEENTH VOLUME.
Mayes, M.A. Barren, M.G. (eds.), 1991
ISBN 0-8031-1425-7
Language: English
The sperm cell toxicity test using the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata,
is a short-term chronic procedure using fertilization as an indicator
of toxicity to marine and estuarine organisms. Toxicity tests of
effluents, receiving waters, and single compounds performed as part of
RISK ASSESSMENT 34
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the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Marine/Estuarine Complex
Effluent Toxicity Testing Program, were reviewed to evaluate this
method for reliability, precision, seasonal consistency, and
sensitivity. Routine testing was performed using fertile adult urchins
maintained in natural seawater aquaria. A 97.7% success rate (control
fertilization exceeded 50%) was achieved for 346 tests conducted
between June 1986 and November 1989. During this time, four sets of
tests using two reference toxicants, copper (as copper sulfate) and
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were conducted to establish
intralaboratory test precision. For these sets of 3 to 5 tests each,
test precision, calculated as coefficients of variation (CV), ranged
from 22.0 to 54.0%. There were no obvious seasonal trends in test
success rate, sensitivity, or variability. Sperm test results of these
two reference toxicants and 33 complex effluent studies were ranked for
sensitivity when compared to results of concurrent short-term chronic
marine toxicity tests using marine/estuarine species of algae, mysids,
and fish. Of the five test types compared, the sperm test was
intermediate in sensitivity. A second set of fertile urchins were
maintained and tested using a noncommercial artificial seawater
formulation.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
PHA case study using HAZOP and selective application of quantitative
risk assessment
Puglionesi, P.S.; Nowak, G.D.; Tittensor, J.G.
Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA, USA
1993 AlChE Summer National Meeting, Seattle, WA (USA), 15-18 Aug 1993
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AlChE)
AIChE345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA; Telephone: (212)
705-7344; Fax: (212) 752-3294, Proceedings Paper No. 65c
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Predicting risk by looking at the past; health dangers for exposed workers and the
public can be assessed by reconstructing a facility's processes and products.
(World in Peril: Responding to Expanding Environmental Enforcement)
Ripple, Stephen
Legal Times 15 n29 S12(4) Dec 7, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
35 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Prediction of Vulnerable Zones for Reactive Substances
Miller, Michael K.; Wong, Kau-Fui Vincent Greiner Inc, Miami, FL
J Environ Health Oct 93 v56, n3, p17(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
1 map(s); 6 reference(s); 1 tablets)
Atmospheric pollutant-dispersion models are increasingly being used by
community emergency-planning committees to determine vulnerable zones
in their communities resulting from accidental releases of hazardous
substances. Some form of the Gaussian dispersion model is usually used
to analyze the release of these hazardous substances, which are
delineated by EPA in its +i Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis-fr .
A typical Gaussian model is described, in which the vulnerable zone is
determined by plume spread in both the horizontal and vertical
directions. Vulnerable zones are determined for fluorine and for boron
trisulfide. Modeling results suggest that these compounds can be more
dangerous that EPA recommendations, since the +i Technical Guidance for
Hazards Analysis +r does not consider substance reactivity.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Presentation of a general algorithm to include effect assessment on secondary
poisoning in the derivation of environmental quality criteria. Part 1. Aquatic food
chains
Romijn CA, Luttik R, van de Meent D, Slooff W, Canton JH
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven,
The Netherlands.
Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1993 Aug;26(1):61-85
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Effect assessment on secondary poisoning can be an asset to effect assessments
on direct poisoning in setting quality criteria for the environment. This study
presents an algorithm for effect assessment on secondary poisoning. The
water-fish-fish-eating bird or mammal pathway was analyzed as an example of a
secondary poisoning pathway. Parameters used in this algorithm are the
bioconcentration factor for fish (BCF) and the no-observed-effect concentration for
the group of fish-eating birds and mammals (NOECfish-eater). For the derivation of
reliable BCFs preference is given to the use of experimentally derived BCFs over
QSAR estimates. NOECs for fish eaters are derived by extrapolating toxicity data
RISK ASSESSMENT 36
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on single species. Because data on fish-eating species are seldom available,
toxicity data on all birds and mammalian species were used. The proposed
algorithm (MAR = NOECfish-eater/BCF) was used to calculate MARS (maximum
acceptable risk levels) for the compounds lindane, dieldrin, cadmium, mercury,
PCB153, and PCB118. By subsequently comparing these MARs to MARs derived
by effect assessment for aquatic organisms, it was concluded that for methyl
mercury and PCB153 secondary poisoning of fish-eating birds and mammals could
be a critical pathway. For these compounds, effects on populations of fish-eating
birds and mammals can occur at levels in surface water below the MAR calculated
for aquatic ecosystems. Secondary poisoning of fish-eating birds and mammals is
not likely to occur for cadmium at levels in water below the MAR calculated for
aquatic ecosystems.
MEDLINE
Review of Ecological Effects and Bioconcentration Testing Recommended
by the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee and Implemented by EPA Under the
Toxic Substances Control Act: Chemicals, Tests, and Methods
Walker, John D. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p92(24)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
71 reference(s); 7 table(s)
Section 4 of TST^A requires that EPA publish notices in the Federal
Register which request ecological effects and bioconcentration testing
for chemical analysis. The types and numbers of tests that have been
requested and received are also listed. The TSCA Interagency Testing
Committee was created to identify chemicals and chemical groups that
should receive priority testing consideration and to recommend them for
testing. EPA receives approximately six ecological effects tests per
chemical. The methods used to develop bioconcentration and ecological
effects test data are described, including bioconcentration test
methods, algal bioassay methods, bacterial bioassay methods, acute
toxicity test methods, subchronic toxicity tests, partial life-cycle
tests, life-cycle tests, reproductive effects tests, and seed
germination tests.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
37 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Risk assessment methodology: The California experience *
Kirkendall, V.; Miesner, E.; Caniparoli, D.
CH2M Hill, Portland, OR, USA
1993 AlChE Summer National Meeting, Seattle, WA (USA), 15-18 Aug 1993
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AlChE)
AIChE345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA; Telephone; (212)
705-7344; Fax: (212) 752-3294 or (212) 752-3297, Proceedings Paper No.
41e
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Risk assessment methods for establishing clean closure levels
Riggenbach, J.D.; Streeter, R.A.; Hess, S.C.
ERM-South, 9501 Princess Palm Ave., Tampa, FL, USA
International Seminar on Industrial Residuals Management, Salvador, Brazil
International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control
WATER SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 24, NO. 12 pp. 57-76 1991
Language: ENGLISH
Establishment of clean closure concentrations for low levels of hazardous
constituents in soils, ground water, and other environmental media by assessing
risks to human health and the environment is a tool that is being used with
increasing frequency. The four-step process sanctioned by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) includes: 1) hazard identification, 2) exposure
assessment, 3) Toxicity assessment, and 4) risk characterization. This paper
describes the methodology and applies it to the closure of a hazardous waste
surface impoundment in Florida.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Role of property-reactivity relationships in meeting the EPA's needs for
environmental fate constants
Presented at: Symp. on Structure-Activity and Structure-Property
Relationships (SARs) in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology,
PACIFICHEM '89, Honolulu, HI (USA), 17-22 Dec 1989
Donaldson, W.T. Environ. Res. Lab, US EPA, College Station Rd., Athens GA
30613, USA
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM.; 11(7), 1992, pp. 887-891
In STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS.. Elzerman, A.W. (ed.), 1992
Language: English
RISK ASSESSMENT 38
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During the next 10 years, the Environmental Protection Agency may
consider as many as 70,000 chemicals for potential risk to humans and
the environment. As many as 14 kinetic and equilibrium constants can be
required for predicting the fate and transport of each chemical, and
relatively few reliable constants are available in the literature.
Laboratory measurement of the needed constants is prohibitively
expensive (as much as $7 billion for all constants and chemicals
combined) and too slow for rapid response to site-specific evaluations.
Development of reliable computational methods holds promise of a 100-
to 1000-fold reduction in cost of providing fate constants within a
reasonable time frame.
7DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Structure/Activity Relationships for Evaluation of Biodegradability in
the EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Boethling, Robert S. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM Environ Toxicol & Risk Assess: Aquat, Plant & Terrestrial Symp,
Pittsburgh, PA Apr 26-30, 92 p540(15)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
24 reference(s); 4 table(s)
Biodegradability estimation is an essential part of the EPA review
process for existing and new chemicals for which little data are
submitted in premanufacture notices under TSCA. Structure/biodegradability
relationships have been developed to facilitate the rapid screening and assessment
of such chemicals, but this approach is only applicable to narrowly defined
chemical families. Multivariate analysis has been used to establish biodegradability
classification models that are more widely applicable. Knowledge-based expert
systems, which represent the next generation in the evolution of screening-level
structure/biodegradability relationships, are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Temporal Variations in Exposure Data
Kim, Nancy K.
NY State Dep of Health, Albany
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 pi 55(9)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
2 graph(s); 2 map(s); 10 reference(s); 6 table(s)
39 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Risk assessment has been adopted by EPA as a technique to prioritize
environmental problems. Such assessment depends on exposure data, the
lack of which makes it difficult to evaluate risks to human health.
While toxicological data has been acquired experimentally, exposure
data have not been documented. The temporal variations of exposure can
significantly affect risks, particularly with respect to air emissions,
as is indicated by data from studies of exposure to VOCs. Furthermore,
average population exposures do not adequately reflect the risks to
individuals exposed at much greater levels.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Transferring federal property using qualitative risk assessment
Young, B.M.; Ditto, A.
Earth Technology Corp.
1993 Federal Environmental Restoration Conference and Exhibition, Washington,
DC (USA), 25-27 May 1993
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI); Dep. Energy;
Dep. Def.; Army Corps Eng.; Dep. Navy; EPA; Bur. Reclam.; Air Force;
Nav. Facil. Eng. Command; Dep. Inter.; Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis.
Regist.
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA; Telephone:
(301) 982-9500; Fax: (301) 220-3870, Proceedings, HMCRI member: $58.50
and non-member: $65.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
TSCA Interagency Testing Committee's Role in Facilitating Development of Test
Methods: Toxicity and Bioconcentration Testing of Chemicals Added to Sediments
Walker, John D. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM Environ Toxicol & Risk Assess: Aquat, Plant & Terrestrial Symp,
Pittsburgh, PA Apr 26-30, 92 p688(35)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
1 diagram(s); 5 graph(s); 20 reference(s); 9 table(s)
Under TSCA chemical testing recommendations, the EPA Interagency
Testing Committee has developed or revised test guidelines that cover
health effects, chemical fate, and ecological impact. A test protocol
was developed to measure the toxicity to tadpoles of branched
RISK ASSESSMENT 40
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4-nonylphenol added to sediment. Study guidelines for midge larvae were
also devised to assess the toxicity and bioconcentration of
anthraquinone, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and tetrabromobisphenol A
added to sediment. Opportunities to further modify and improve the
reliability of these assays are identified.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Use of microbial risk assessment in setting US drinking water standards
Macler, B.A.; Regli, S.
U.S. EPA, Reg. 9, San Francisco, CA, USA
INT. J. FOOD MICROBIOL.; 18(4), pp. 245-256, 1993
Language: English
This paper outlines US EPA's general strategy for using microbial risk
assessment to support the development of US National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations (NPDWRs). It discusses specifically the use of such
risk assessment in the development of upcoming regulations for
disinfection of groundwater (Groundwater Disinfection (GWD) Rule) and
for control of disinfectants and their chemical byproducts
(Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproduct (D/DBP) Rule), and possible
amendments to the current Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). The risk
assessment and risk management processes explicitly consider acceptable
risk values for water-borne microbial pathogens. These values directly
influence the regulatory choice of treatment levels and methods.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
The Use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) as
Screening Tools in Environmental Assessment
Clements, R. G. EPA, Washington, DC; Nabholz, J. Vincent; Johnson,
D. E.; Zeeman, M. G.
ASTM Environ Toxicol & Risk Assess: Aquat, Plant & Terrestrial Symp,
Pittsburgh, PA Apr 26-30, 92 p555(16)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
5 graph(s); 12 reference(s); 5 table(s)
The EPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics has effectively used
quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to estimate the
inherent toxicity of new chemicals in aquatic systems. The utility of
QSARs as screening tools to assess the inherent toxicity of chemicals
41 RISK ASSESSMENT
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contained in subsets of the TSCA inventory of new and existing
chemicals is explored. One QSAR is applied as a general screening tool
for the inventory, and specific QSARs are then applied. Frequency
distributions for the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient
and molecular weights for each inventory are also addressed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Using an uncertainty analysis of direct and indirect exposure to
contaminated groundwater to evaluate EPA's MCLs and health-based
cleanup goals
Finley, B.; Lau, V.; Paustenbach, D.
ChemRisk Div., McLaren/Hart Environ. Eng., 1135 Atlantic Ave., Alameda,
CA 94501, USA
Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Cent. 4. Annu. Symp.: Ground
Water — the Problem and Some Solutions, Beaumont, TX (USA)
J. HAZARD. MATER VOL. 32, NO. 2-3 pp. 263-274 1992
Special issue: Ground water -- the problem and some solutions.
Language: ENGLISH
Groundwater which has been contaminated by industrial chemicals has
been of significant concern in the U.S. since about 1975. Since then,
dozens of regulatory decisions have been made to remediate many of
these contaminated aquifers. The selected groundwater clean-up levels
will dictate the cost and time frame of the remediation. Most clean-up
decisions have been based either on EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels
(MCL) or so-called 'risk-based' levels. For many chemicals, risk-based
levels are much lower than the corresponding MCLs. This paper uses an
uncertainty analysis of probability density functions (PDF) to assess
whether MCLs are sufficient to provide health protection for human
populations using remediated groundwater as the sole tapwater source. A
case-study involving tetrachloroethylene and chloroform and all the
potentially direct and indirect routes of exposure to contaminated
water is presented. The results suggest that groundwater need not be
cleaned-up to concentrations less than drinking water standards (i.e.,
MCLs) to achieve health protection.
DIALOG(R)File 41-.Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 42
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Using Ecological Risk Assessment Methods
Williams, Cris TERRA Inc, Tallahassee, FL
Environ Prot Jan 94 v5, n1, p56(3)
Language: English
journal article
7 reference(s)
Ecological risk assessments must now be performed in conjunction with
human health risk evaluations at Superfund sites. As defined by EPA,
these risk assessments will ppraise actual or potential effects of a
hazardous waste site on animals and plants. Information needs unique to
the ecological assessment include data concerning habitats warranting
special emphasis in the assessment. EPA has issued new guidance on
ecological risk assessment practices, and additional methodological
refinements are anticipated.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Validation of Structure Activity Relationships Used by the USEPA's
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics for the Environmental Hazard
Assessment of Industrial Chemicals
Nabholz, J. Vincent EPA, Washington, DC; Clements, R. G.; Zeeman, M.;
Osborn, Kimberly C.; Wedge, Roberta
ASTM Environ Toxicol & Risk Assess: Aquat, Plant & Terrestrial Symp,
Pittsburgh, PA Apr 26-30, 92 p571(20)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
2 graph(s); 13 reference(s); 1 table(s)
Under TSCA, the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics predicts
the aquatic toxicity of industrial chemicals by use of
structure-activity relationships (SAR). Validation studies weigh the
accuracy of a SAR and entail comparison of predicted with measured
toxicity values. The SAR is judged accurate when the two values
coincide. The validation process is summarized for neutral organic
chemicals, organics which demonstrate excess toxicity relative to
neutral organics with similar structure, anionic surfactants, acid
dyes, and other chemical families. The importance of accurate toxicity
test data for the validation of SARs is stressed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
43 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Value Assumptions in Risk Assessment: A Case Study of the Alachlor Controversy
Lobay, Shelagh M.
Journal of Env Law and Practice 2 n3 329-331 July, 1992
LRI File 150
D!ALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 44
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HEALTH RISKS
GENERAL
Assessment and communication of risks from pesticide residues in food
Levine, Tina E.
Food and Drug Law Journal 47 n2 207-214 March, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
CHEMRISK, a multiple-exposure pathway risk assessment model
Temeshy, A.F.; Kneeland, L.R.
Bechtel Environmental
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-FA-168.03
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Comparison of radiological risk assessment methods for environmental
restoration
Dunning, D.E.,Jr.; Peterson, J.M.
Argonne Natl. LaD., Argonne, IL
Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Atlanta, GA (USA),
11-15 Jul 1993
Williams & Wilkins, 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA,
Abstracts, Health Physics - The Radiation Protection Journal, June 1993
Volume 64 Number 6 Supplement 1, ISSN: 0017-9078 Paper No. TAM-D11
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Conceptual structure of performance assessments conducted for the waste
isolation pilot plant
Helton, J.C.; Marietta, M.G.; Rechard, R.P.
Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ, USA
Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on the Scientific Basis
for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, MA, USA v 294 1993. Publ by
Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. p 885-898
Language: English
45 RISK ASSESSMENT
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This presentation describes how the preceding presentation provides a
basis in the WIPP PA for (1) the definition of scenarios and the
calculation of scenario probabilities and consequences, (2) the
separation of subjective and stochastic uncertainties, (3) the
construction of the complementary cumulative distribution functions
required in comparisons with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste (i. e., 40 CFR
Part 191, Subpart B), and (4) the performance of uncertainty and
sensitivity studies. Results obtained in a preliminary PA for the WIPP
completed in December of 1991 are used for illustration. (Edited author
abstract) 28 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Coping with the risk of cancer in children living near power lines
Abt, Eileen N.
Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 5 n1 65-74 Wntr, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Dow Scientist Issues Strong Defense of New Method of Calculating Worker
Risk/EPA Backs Pharmacokinetic Approach in Estimating Risk for Exposed
Workers
Occup Saf Health Report-BNA Sep 23 92 v22, n17, p876(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
EPA has endorsed a new method for calculating the cancer risk of
methylene chloride. The pharmacokinetic model, which evaluates how a
chemical substance is absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated from the
body, attempts to explain the physiological differences between
laboratory test animals and humans exposed to toxic substances.
OSHA has recommended lowering the maximum exposure limit in the workplace
from 500 to 25 ppm, which would cost employers approximately $108 million/yr.
Using the pharmacokinetic approach would be less costly to employers.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 46
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Formation and control of brominated ozone by-products
Krasner, Stuart W.; Gramith, Jill T.; Means, Edward G.; Patania, Nancy
L.; Najm, Issam N.; Aieta, E. Marco; Montgomery, James M.
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA, USA
Proceedings of the 1991 AWWA Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1991
Jun 23-27
Language: English
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is developing
disinfection by-product (DBP) regulations as mandated by the 1986 Safe
Drinking Water Act amendments. In addition to potentially lowering the
existing trihalomethane (THM) standard, the USEPA may regulate
individual THMs and promulgate standards for other DBPs. Other
by-products under consideration for regulation include haloacetic acids
(HAAs), cyanogen chloride (a DBP associated with the use of
chloramines, and bromate (an ozone by-product). Also, the USEPA has
established disinfection and filtration criteria for surface-water
sources in its Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), which will go into
effect in June 1993. Utilities must control pathogenic microorganisms
while minimizing the formation of possibly carcinogenic DBPs. For
example, some studies indicate that bromate is a possible carcinogen.
According to Bull and Kopfler, the 10** minus **4 excess cancer risk
(the highest of the range of risk levels associated with maximum
contaminant levels) for bromate may be as low as 0.01 mg/L (10 mu g/L).
However, a full risk assessment must also consider technological
feasibility and economic factors, as well as the practical quantitation
limit for a compound of regulatory concern. 22 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Inhalation risk assessment for all power plants in Maryland
Birks, A.L.
Versar Incorporated
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-TA-36A.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
47 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Legislating acceptable cancer risk from exposure to toxic chemicals ••
Rosenthal, Alon; Gray, George M.; Graham, John D.
Ecology Law Quarterly 19 n2 269-362 May, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG{R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All its. reserv.
Maximum Dosage Level in Testing Low-Toxicity Chemicals for Carcinogenicity in
Rodents
Apostolou, Alexander; Helton, Edward D. (Sigma-Tau Chemicals, Gaithersburg,
MD)
J Appl Toxicol May-Jun 93 v13, n3, p209(4)
Language: English
journal article
39 reference(s)
In the interests of following a conservative approach in assessing the
Carcinogenicity of chemicals, guidelines formulated during the 1970s
and 1980s allowed for the administration of nontoxic chemical amounts
up to 5% of the total diet. Since the acceptance of this guideline,
studies have shown that such high doses are associated with misleading
results that are detrimental rather than helpful in regulating chemical
compounds, including those used as human Pharmaceuticals. The case is
made for reducing the percentage allowable in diet to 1 %. For compounds
tested in drinking water or administered by gavage, a level of 1000
mg/kg/d should oe acceptable.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
A Method for Obtaining Guidance for the Combination of Qualitative Rankings by
Cancer and Noncancer Risks into a Single, Qualitative Health Risk Ranking
Deisler, Jr. Paul F.
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 p177(21)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
book chapter
4 graph(s); 2 reference(s); 6 table(s)
In a major study EPA ranked its 31 primary problems in terms of cancer
risk, noncancer health risk, ecological risk, and welfare risk. To
prioritize resources, the author was requested to consolidate these
lists into a single health risk ranking of the problems. The principles
RISK ASSESSMENT 48
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of quantitative ranking are enumerated with respect to this merging-of
qualitative rankings. In the model developed, specific pairs of cells
containing defined problems are compared to arrive at a final merged
ranking. Judgment, rather than calculation, is employed to arrive at
the final ranking.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Qualitative and quantitative issues in assessment of neurotoxic
effects
Sette, W.F.; MacPhail, R.C.
Health Eff. Div., Off. Pestic. Programs, US Environ. Prot. Agency,
Washington, DC 20460, USA
TARGET ORGAN TOXICOLOGY SERIES.; (15), Publ by: RAVEN PRESS, NEW
YORK, NY (USA), 1992, pp. 345-361
In NEUROTOXICOLOGY. Tilson, H.A.; Mitchell, C.L. (eds.), 1992
Language: English
Book-chapter article
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts; 11 Neurosciences Abstracts
The purpose of this chapter is to review several issues that have
arisen in the assessment of neurotoxicity data in the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPTS) of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Some of these issues are common to many types of target organ
toxicity, while others have features particular to the evaluation of
effects on the nervous system. Some are issues that have long been
debated, while others are now arising in the wake of activities being
undertaken to change existing policies.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Research to improve health risk assessments: Setting the stage for
residual risk assessment of the hazardous air pollutants
Vandenberg, J.J.; Cote, I.L.
U.S. EPA
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-RA-116A.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
49 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Toxicological basis for drinking water: Unreasonable risk to health •.
values
Zavaleta, J.O.
Drink. Water Health Assess. Sect., Off. Sci. and Technol./Off. Water
(WH-586), U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, 401 M St., SW, Washington, DC
20460-0001, USA
12. Annu. Meet, of the American College of Toxicology;, (np; )
J. AM. COLL. TOXICOL VOL. 11, NO. 3 pp. 325-329 1992
Language: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to ensure that the water obtained from a
public water supply is safe to drink. Under the SDWA, EPA establishes
enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for contaminants that may
have an adverse health effect and are known or anticipated to occur in
water. Occasionally, public water supplies are unable to meet the MCL
at the time it becomes enforceable. The SDWA allows public water
supplies to apply to the State for a temporary variance or exemption
from an MCL(s) as long as the concentration of the contaminant(s)
exceeding the MCL(s) does not result in an unreasonable risk to human
health. EPA has developed guidance to assist States in determining what
level above the MCL presents an unreasonable health risk. In developing
this guidance, the toxicity exhibited by each regulated contaminant is
evaluated individually.
DIALOG(R)File 41 :Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 50
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HEALTH RISKS
CANCER
Carcinogen risk assessment
Salmon, A.G.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Environmental risk factors of cancer and their primary prevention
Dobrowolski JW, Smyk B
Institute of Management and Protection of the Environment, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Krakow.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1993 Jan-Mar;12(1):55-7
Language: English
The evaluation of the influence of different environmental carcinogenic factors
requires interdisciplinary cooperation. Related studies include epidemiological
surveys and air, water and soil, chemical, toxicological, and microbiological
analyses, supplemented by experimental verification of suspected ecological
pathogens and cofactors. A balance of carcinogens and protective agents in the
external environment and in the human body is recommended for an ecologically
oriented prevention. Toxicological control of the food chain using modern
technology (Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), nuclear activation analysis, and
induced coupled plasma) should be integrated with microanalyses at the cellular
level (by X-ray scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic response, PIXE,
and spontaneous and delayed chemiluminescence for balance of free-radicals and
their scavengers). A pilot cross-disciplinary study conducted in the area of a cluster
of human neoplasms and cattle leukemia, in comparison with control villages in
Poland, showed an excess in Pb, Hg, Ni, Rb, K, Mn, Cr, and Zn, accompanied by a
nutritional deficiency in Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, and Se in the food chain of the cluster.
The living and breeding houses in this area were significantly more contaminated
with the toxicogenic molds Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium meleagrinum and by
nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water. Our experiments showed that selenium
deficiency stimulated the growth of fungi and some bacteria and increased the
immunosuppressive and teratogenic effects of aflatoxin B1. New methods of
protection of the indoor environment against microbiological contamination and
51 RISK ASSESSMENT
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laser-related biotechnology for nutritional prevention of selenium deficiency and
associated risk of neoplasms have been introduced. Primary prevention requires a
large scale application of highly sensitive methods for early detection of risk factors
in the environment, food, water, and at the personal level, as well as education of
the society and an integrated common corrective action.
MEDLINE
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and occupation in Sweden: a registry based analysis
Linet MS, Malker HS, Mclaughlin JK, Weiner JA, Blot WJ, Ericsson JL, Fraumeni
JF Jr
Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
Br J Ind Med 1993 Jan;50(1):79-84
Language: English
Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in different employment categories was
evaluated from the Swedish Cancer-Environment Registry, which links cancer
incidence during 1961 to 1979 with occupational information from the 1960
census. New associations were found for men employed in shoemaking and shoe
repair, porcelain and earthenware industries, education, and other white collar
occupations. Several findings supported associations found in other countries,
including excesses among woodworkers, furniture makers, electric power plant
workers, farmers, dairy workers, lorry drivers, and other land transport workers.
Risks were not increased among chemists, chemical or rubber manufacturing
workers, or petrochemical refinery workers. Caution must be used in drawing
causal inferences from these jinked registry data because information on exposure
and duration of employment is not available. Nevertheless, this study has
suggested new clues to possible occupational determinants of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
MEDLINE
Risk characterization framework for noncancer end points
Pierson, T.K.; Hetes, R.G.; Naugle, D.F.
Research Triangle Inst., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
Methodology for Assessing Health Risks from Complex Mixtures in indoor
Air, Arlington, VA (USA)
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT VOL. 95 pp. 121-129 1991
Language: ENGLISH
The nature of both indoor air exposures and noncancer end points
present significant issues for risk characterization. Noncancer end
points are multidimensional, affecting various organs, and are assumed
RISK ASSESSMENT 52
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to have thresholds. Symptoms also vary in severity within a population.
In addition to the complexity of noncancer risk assessment, indoor air
exposures are typified by the presence of complex mixtures, which
further complicates the complex nature of noncancer risk
characterization. Most noncancer risk assessment efforts have focused
on defining acceptable daily intakes or reference doses (RfD) rather
than estimating incidence and severity of the wide range of effects
within an exposed population. The risk characterization framework has
been developed to accommodate the RfD approach but, more importantly,
to address the multidimensional nature of noncancer risk
characterization. Newly emerging methods and standard EPA risk
assessment guidelines for noncancer effects and complex mixtures were
used as guides for developing the framework. Information and data needs
have been identified from the framework. Peak, average, and cumulative
doses from indoor air exposures are highly dependent on variable indoor
air concentrations and affected by time-activity patterns.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Role of chemically induced cell proliferation in carc'mogenesis and its use in health
risk assessment
Croy RG
ENSR Consulting and Engineering, Acton, MA 01720.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 91 REFS.
Environ Health Perspect 1993 Dec; 101 Suppl 5:289-302
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE / REVIEW
There is much interest in incorporating knowledge of biological mechanisms of
carcinogenesis into assessments of health risks to humans posed by chemicals in
the environment. Debate over the soundness of using data from animal bioassays
conducted at minimally toxic doses or fractions thereof for predicting cancer risks
to humans exposed to much lower doses has stimulated interest in the question of
whether genotoxic or mitotic effects predominate in chemical carcinogenesis. Cell
division plays a key role at each stage in the evolution of cancer, and it is well
documented that increased rates of cell proliferation can escalate the risk of
malignancy. This article examines the current understanding of both mechanisms
by which chemicals provoke cell proliferation and the contribution of various kinetic
patterns of cell proliferation to carcinogenesis.
MEDLINE
53 RISK ASSESSMENT
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HEALTH RISKS
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
Acute and Genetic Toxicity of Municipal Landfill Leachate
Schrab, G. E. Texas A&M Univ, College Station; Brown, K. W.; Donrtely,
K. C.
Water Air Soil Pollut Jul 93 v69, n1-2, p99(14)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
43 reference(s); 6 table(s)
Four samples of leachate from four representative municipal solid waste
(MSW) landfills and one groundwater sample from a monitoring well near
one of the sites were tested for genetic and acute toxicity. Three
bioassays were used for genetic toxicity testing, and one bioassay was
used for acute toxicity testing. In addition, the samples were analyzed
for chemical content. Acute toxicity was demonstrated by all leachate
samples. Three leachate samples were also genotoxic. All samples
contained organic compounds. The groundwater specimen and two leachates
contained compounds that are listed by EPA as priority pollutants,
including chlorinated organics, solvents, and organic acids. Landfills
receiving residential wastes were more chemically contaminated than
landfills receiving residential and industrial wastes combined. Cancer
risk, as estimated from chemical contamination, from the two
residential MSW landfills was as high as for leachates from hazardous
waste landfills, and from a Superfund codisposal MSW landfill.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Assessment and evaluation of genotoxicity findings
TOXBIB/93/149192
Madle S, Lang R Federal Health Office, Max-von-Pettenkofer-lnstitute, Berlin,
Germany.
Mutat Res; VOL 291, ISS 1, 1993, P87-91
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Language: English
TOXLINE
RISK ASSESSMENT 54
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Carcinogenic and reproductive risk assessment under the California .
Proposition 65 statute
Zeise, L.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Development of a specific-locus assay in the ad-3 region of two-component
heterokaryons of Neurospora: a review
de Serres FJ
Center for Life Sciences and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 55 REFS.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1992;20(4):225-45
Language: English
In recognition of the need for a more comprehensive data base for genetic risk
assessment of human exposure to mutagenic agents in the environment, a model
system was developed for specific-locus studies in Neurospora crassa. This lower
eukaryotic organism permits the utilization of microbial techniques for recovery of
large numbers of specific-locus mutations at two closely linked loci as well as their
subsequent genetic analysis. In particular, this assay makes possible exploratory
experiments with different environmental mutagens to obtain data on a wide
variety of experimental conditions. Such data make it possible to study induction
kinetics and mutational spectra in a manner that is not as yet feasible in higher
eukaryotic organisms. This specific-locus assay provides a capability that is unique
among eukaryotic organisms for the recovery and analysis of genetic damage at 2
closely linked loci.
MEDLINE
Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans
Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM
W. Alton Jones Foundation, Washington, DC 20037.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 142 REFS.
Environ Health Perspect 1993 Oct;101(5):378-84
Language: English
Large numbers and large quantities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been
released into the environment since World War II. Many of these chemicals can
55 RISK ASSESSMENT
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disturb development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to
endocrine signals in organisms indirectly exposed during prenatal and/or early
postnatal life; effects of exposure during development are permanent and
irreversible. The risk to the developing organism can also stem from direct
exposure of the offspring after birth or hatching. In addition, transgenerational
exposure can result from the exposure of the mother to a chemical at any time
throughout her life before producing offspring due to persistence of
endocrine-disrupting chemicals in body fat, which is mobilized during egg laying or
pregnancy and lactation. Mechanisms underlying the disruption of the development
of vital systems, such as the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, are
discussed with reference to wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans.
Environmental genotoxicity and cancer risk in humans: a combined evaluation
correlating the results of the Tradescantia micronucleus assay in the field and
human biomarker assessments in serum. I. The TRAD-MCN assay
Sadowska A, Pluygers E, Narkiewicz M, Pawelczak A, Lata B
Anti-cancer Plant Laboratory, Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland.
Eur J Cancer Prev 1994 Jan;3(1):69-78
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
It is well documented that environmental pollution from industrial activity, sewage
farms, hazardous waste sites, incinerators, etc, contributes to the overall cancer
risk and that this contribution can be considerable under certain circumstances. It
is important, therefore, to identify the level of genotoxic activity in the
environment and to relate it to biomarkers of cancer risk in humans. After
reviewing a range of cytogenetic assays, we have selected the Tradescantia
micronucleus assay (TRAD-MCN) developed by Ma et al to be used in indoor and
field evaluations. The meiotic pollen mother cells of T clone 4430 are particularly
sensitive to chemical pollutants; the buds are exposed for 6-8 h. We describe
assays made down wind from a coal-fired power station and from the vicinity of
two waste sites. Statistically significant results were obtained at 200 m and 600
m down wind from the power station; higher levels of micronucleus frequencies
(MN) were found in foggy rather than dry conditions. Similarly, in the vicinity of
two waste sites the MN frequencies were significantly increased in both dry and
foggy conditions up to 1.5 km down wind; this was despite previous efforts to
rehabilitate the sites. The TRAD-MCN assay is sensitive, reproducible, easy to
perform, well standardized, inexpensive and undemanding in equipment. We
propose that it be the primary test for genotoxicity evaluation and mapping
followed, in suspicious areas, by human biomarker assays.
MEDLINE
RISK ASSESSMENT 56
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Investigation of a spontaneous abortion cluster: lessons learned
McDiarmid MA, Breysse P, Lees PS, Curbow B, Kolodner K
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene
and Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
Am J Ind Med 1994 Apr;25(4):463-75
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
An investigation of a reported spontaneous abortion excess in an office
environment was undertaken employing a multidisciplinary approach, including (1)
an epidemiologic/validation step; (2) an industrial hygiene survey, including
electromagnetic field measurements and indoor air quality determinations; and (3) a
risk perception/risk communication component. This approach was needed because
there are numerous chemical and physical agents and psychosocial stressors that
may potentially impact the reproductive status of female office workers. Although
video display terminals (VDTs) are typically the focus of spontaneous abortion
(SAB) investigations, one cannot ignore other stressors in the environment.
Magnetic field exposures within a payroll area were determined using a hand-held
survey meter and data logging dosimeter. On average, the full shift time-weighted
average exposures of workers to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields in
the payroll office area ranged from 1.0 to 5.6 mG. Influencing the investigation's
protocol design were the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC's) recent Guidelines
for Investigating Clusters of Health Events. Although these guidelines grew
primarily out of cancer cluster investigations, we applied them in this instance and
found them to be generalizable to reproductive hazards investigations. A
spontaneous abortion excess was validated over a 2-year period among 26 women
with 32 reproductive events, with rates 1.5-2.5 times the expected, depending on
comparison figures used. Lessons learned in the investigation, including the
applicability of the CDC's Cluster Investigation Protocol and the enormous
importance of risk perception and risk communication, are described.
MEDLINE
57 RISK ASSESSMENT
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HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Assessing pesticide exposure for relative risk assessment
Krieger, R.I.; Thongsinthusak, T.; Ross, J.H.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Case study: Human health and ecological baseline risk assessment of
wastewater reuse for Seattle Metro
Logan, L.R.J.; Wu, E.Y.
Parametrix
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-TA-36A.02
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
*
Distinctions and lessons learned from CERCLA: Using site-specific risk
assessment to control remediation costs in the RCRA facility
investigation
Fishman, B.E.
ICF Kaiser Engineers
HazMat/lnternational '93: 11th Annual Presentation, Atlantic City, NJ (USA), 9-11
Jun 1993
HAZMAT WORLD; Department of Commerce, International Trade
Administration; State of New Jersey
Advanstar Exposition, 800 Roosevelt Rd., Build. E, Suite 408, Glen
Ellyn, IL 60137-5835, USA; Telephone: (708) 469-3373; Fax: (708)
469-7477, Proceedings, $105.00 plus $10.00 shipping charge
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 58
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Environmental risk assessment for determining the priorities
Henriques, L.
Chem. Eng. and Health, Minist. Econ. Aff., Netherlands
ENS '93 - 2nd International Environmental Northern Seas Conference and
Exhibition, Stavanger (Norwayh 24-27 Aug 1993
UN IMO; UN Econ Comm Eur; UNEP; UNIDO; CEC; EBRD; CEFIC; EUROMETAUX;
EWPCA; EUREKA's Euromar; ESF; OECD; WEC; ISTC; ICC; NEFCO; Helsinki
Comm, Baltic Mar Environ Prot Comm; Nord Ind Fund; Oslo & Paris Comms;
PIANC; Water Environ Fed USA
Pergamon Press (or ENS Secretariat, PO Box 410, N-4001 Stavanger,
Norway; Telephone: +47 4 55 81 00; Fax: +47 4 55 05 25), Proceedings,
$220.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Exposure and risk assessment of chemicals in food and drinking water
Fan, A.M.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Health Advisories for Pesticides
Orme, Jennifer; Ohanian, Edward V. EPA, Washington, DC
UK Royal Soc of Chemistry: Chemistry Agriculture & Environment 1991
p444(9)
Language: English
book chapter
8 reference(s); 4 table(s)
EPA prepares Health Advisories (HA) for drinking water contaminants
when standards cannot be met or are exceeded by a public water supply.
The HAs are not federally enforceable but offer technical guidance on
many aspects concerning potable water contamination. HA levels are
based on data from animal or human studies. EPA has issued HAs for 120
contaminants, including pesticides, inorganics, and munitions, and is preparing HAs
for 34 others.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
59 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Health risks associated with residential exposure to extremely low ..
frequency electromagnetic radiation
Lamarine, R.J.; Narad, R.A.
Dep. Health and Community Serv., California State Univ., Chico, CA
95929-0505, USA
J. COMMUN. HEALTH; 17(5), pp. 291-302, 1992
Language: English
Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation has received
considerable attention recently as a possible threat to the health of
persons living near high tension electric power lines, distribution
substations, and even in close proximity to common household electric
appliances. Results of epidemiological and laboratory research are
examined to assess risks associated with magnetic fields generated by
extremely low frequency electromagnetic sources. Health risks
associated with such fields include a wide variety of ills ranging from
disruption of normal circadian rhythms to childhood cancers. Risk
assessment has been particularly difficult to determine in light of an
ostensible lack of a dose-response relationship. Current media
sensation fueled in part by an equivocal position adopted by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency has contributed to the
controversy. Recommendations for prudent avoidance of possible dangers
are presented along with policy implications concerning health risks
associated with magnetic fields.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Risk assessment and management of chemical contaminants in fishery products
consumed in the USA
Ahmed FE, Hattis D, Wolke RE, Steinman D
Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 93 REFS.
J Appl Toxicol 1993 Nov-Dec;13(6):395-410
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE / REVIEW
In the USA a small proportion of fishery products are contaminated with
appreciable amounts of potentially hazardous contaminants. However, risks to
consumers are not generally high. Inorganic contaminants with the greatest
potential for toxicity are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium and
RISK ASSESSMENT 60
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sulfites. Among organic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, several
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, certain processing-related and
aquaculture-related contaminants pose potential risks for consumers. Log-normal
distributions appear to provide good descriptions of the pattern of variation of
contaminant concentrations among different geographic areas, and some
contaminants (mostly organic) appear to be much more variable than others. This
variability offers a solution for reduction of exposure through restricting the harvest
of aquatic organisms from specific sites, and by excluding certain species. It is
recommended that: (i) existing State and Federal regulations and environmental
monitoring be strengthened and enforced to minimize contamination of the aquatic
environment; (ii) a program of shared responsibility be instituted, where Federal
agencies develop a set of monitoring and inspection practices and state agencies
assume responsibility for primary control, site closures and advisories issue; (iii)
research and public education by government agencies and health professionals be
expanded to determine actual risks and approaches to manage them; (iv)
mandatory labeling be considered for specific contaminants; (v) a better system
requiring international agreements be developed in order to minimize the
differences among various national regulatory approaches.
MEDLINE
Risk Assessment/Management Issues in the Environmental Planning of Mines
Van Zyl, Dirk (Ed. ); Koval, Marshall (Ed. ); Li, Ta M. (Ed. ), Denver, CO, USA
Risk Assessment/Management Issues in the Environmental Planning of
Mines Risk Assess Manage Issues Environ Plann Min 1992. Publ by Soc for
Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc, Littleton, CO, USA. 207p
Language: English
This conference proceedings contains 25 papers covering a broad range
of subjects in the risk assessment/management arena as presently
applied in the mining industry. Topics discussed include risk
assessment in mine development, risk assessment/management at Superfund
sites, managing environmental compliance, site assessment and
environmental audits, risk assessment/management for mine closure,
economic risk assessment related to environmental decision making, and
some miscellaneous aspects of risk assessment/management. Health risk
assessments rely heavily on the probabilistic approach presently
promoted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A number of
papers in this volume show how this approach has been applied to a
variety of projects.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
61 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Risk-based evaluation of ground-water contamination by agricultural.
pesticides
Varshney, Peeyush; Tim, U. Sunday; Anderson, Carl E.
Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA, USA
Ground Water v 31 n 3 May-Jun 1993. p 356-362
Language: English
The recently completed National Pesticide Survey conducted by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified the
presence of various pesticides in ground water. The detection of
pesticides in the nation's ground water has raised concerns for public
health which has led resource managers in federal and state agencies to
recognize that risk assessment is vital for water quality protection.
This paper presents a methodology for risk-based evaluation of
ground-water contamination by agricultural pesticides. The methodology
utilizes the Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation
of Chemical Concentrations (RUSTIC) model to provide simulations that
yield the probable risks associated with a given pesticide. Risk is
expressed in terms of the probability of predicted pesticide mass
exceeding its recommended health standards. Three widely used
agricultural herbicides, simazine, atrazine, and alachlor, were
evaluated using long-term (1960-1986) meteorological data for Ames,
Iowa. Results indicate that for a well 8 m deep located 200 m
horizontally from a pesticide application area in an alluvial sand and
gravel setting, the probability of exceeding the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) for simazine is about 35%, whereas it is nearly zero for
both atrazine and alachlor. Prudent use of simazine in very susceptible
areas is recommended. (Author abstract) 24 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Scientists Urge Senate Panel to Consider Non-Cancer Health Effects of
Contamination
Environ Report-BNA Apr 2 93 v23, n49, p3077(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
Scientists have urged the US government to pay more attention to the
noncancer health risks posed by environmental pollutants. They state
that existing pollution-control laws are too limited in focus and
recommend that the effects of toxic substances on health be gauged
RISK ASSESSMENT 62
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according to several factors, including population sensitivity,
bioaccumulation properties, and potential exposure pathways. Because
little is known about the noncancer health effects of air pollution,
cost/benefit analyses of measures to control air pollution are often
inaccurate, making it difficult for EPA to set effective air-quality
standards under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Valdez air health study proven approach to community risk assessment of
air toxics emissions
Tardiff, R.G.; Baker, S.R.
EA Engineering, Science and Technology
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-WA-71.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
63 RISK ASSESSMENT
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
(ALAR)
Alar: the EPA's Mismanagement of an Agricultural Chemical
Hathaway, Janet S. Natl Resources Defense Counc, Washington, DC
The Pesticide Question: Environ, Economics & Ethics (Chapman & Hall)
1993p337(7)
Language: English
book chapter
34 reference(s)
Alar, a growth regulator widely used by apple growers, had been linked
to cancer in numerous animal studies in the 1970s; it was found in
nearly 75% of sampled apple juice in 1988 and 1989. Uniroyal, the
manufacturer, subsequently stopped domestic sales in 1989, and EPA
later made the use of Alar illegal for edible crops. The delay between
scientific studies of the risks associated with Alar and the regulation
of the chemical is attributed to conflicts between the chemical
industry, the scientific community, and regulatory agencies. A 1987
study by the Natl Resources Defense Counc definitively linked exposure
to pesticides with health risks in children, igniting a wave of public
controversy that eventually resulted in the regulation of Alar.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
(ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE)
Accident prevention and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with
particular reference to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
Kaiser, G.D.
Sci. Applic. Int. Corp., 11251 Roger Bacon Dr., McLean, VA 22090, USA
PROCESS SAF. PROG VOL. 12, NO. 3 pp. 176-180 1993
Language: ENGLISH
The sections of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 that refer
to accident prevention are to be found in Title III. Two significant
requirements of the CAAA in this respect relate to the responsibilities
of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has
promulgated a new Process Safety Management (PSM) standard and the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which at the time of writing, is
developing Risk Management Program (RMP) regulations. The focus of this
paper is on how the requirements of the CAAA may affect the reasons for
RISK ASSESSMENT 64
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performing a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) or may affect the
results of QRA. In order to limit the discussion, this paper focuses on
HF. First, the CAAA requires that the EPA assess the hazards associated
with HF: the EPA's current draft report is discussed. Second, a generic
assessment of the risks associated with the use of HF is given, with
emphasis on alkylation units in refineries. The principal contributors
to risk will be listed. Finally, an assessment of OSHA's PSM standard
29 CFR 1910.119, the related requirements of state laws such as
California's Risk Management and Prevention Program and the potential
requirements of EPA's Risk Management Program will be given, including
an assessment of how these requirements may influence quantitative
estimates of risk.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
(ARSENIC)
Arsenic Risk Assessment
Carlson-Lynch, Heather McLaren/Hart Environ Engineering Corp, Portland,
ME; Beck, Barbara D.; Boardman, Pamela D.
Environ Health Perspec Apr 94 v102, n4, p354(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
21 reference(s)
EPA established a cancer slope factor to estimate carcinogenic potency
for arsenic in 1988, which was based on an ecological epidemiology
study in Taiwan. The cancer slope factor assumes a linear dose-response
relationship, not considering increasing evidence of a sublinear
dose-response relationship for low As doses. EPA is currently reviewing
the issue of lowering the maximum contaminant level from the current 50
(gr)mg/l by examining literature studies. Two of these studies, which
consider the methylation threshold and resulting internal cancers, are
critically reviewed. The deficiencies in the reports are discussed. It
is argued that mechanistic or more refined epidemiological studies are
needed to assess the possible relationship between internal cancers and
As ingestion, and that future risk assessments for As consider a
sublinear As-induced cancer dose-response relationship.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
65 RISK ASSESSMENT
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(ARSENIC)
Arsenic: Risk assessment for California drinking water standards
Brown, J.P.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA(USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
(ARYL COMPOUNDS)
Hemoglobin adducts of N-substituted aryl compounds in exposure control and risk
assessment
Neumann HG, Birner G, Kowallik P, Schutze D, Zwirner-Baier I
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of
Wurzburg, Germany.
Environ Health Perspect 1993 Mar;99:65-9
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Arylamines, nitroarenes, and azo dyes yield a common type of metabolite, the
nitroarene, which produces a hydrolyzable adduct with protein and is closely
related to the critical, ultimate toxic and genotoxic metabolite. The target dose as
measured by hemoglobin adducts in erythrocytes reflects not only the actual
uptake from the environment but also an individual's capacity for metabolic
activation and is therefore an improved dosimeter for human exposure. The
usefulness of hemoglobin adducts in molecular epidemiology is now widely
recognized. With regard to risk assessment, many questions need to be answered.
The described experiments in rats address some of these questions. The
relationship between binding to hemoglobin in erythrocytes and to proteins in
plasma has been found to vary considerably for a number of diamines. The fraction
of hydrolyzable adducts out of the total protein adducts formed also varies in both
compartments. This indicates that the kind of circulating metabolites and their
availability in different compartments is compound specific. This has to do with the
complex pattern of competing metabolic pathways, and the role of N-acetylation
and deacetylation is emphasized. An example of nonlinear dose dependence adds
to the complexity. Analysis of hemoglobin adducts reveals interesting insights into
prevailing pathways, which not only apply to the chemical, but may also be useful
to assess an individual's metabolic properties.
MEDLINE
RISK ASSESSMENT 66
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(ASBESTOS)
Absolutely green: if asbestos is banned because it's hazardous, what's next? Fire?
Samuel, Peter
Los Angeles Daily Journal v105 n77 p6 April 21, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All its. reserv.
(BENZENE)
Benzene Mixtures Raise Health Questions
Harper, Carolyn HHS, Atlanta, GA; Faroon, Obaid; Mehlman, Myron
Soils Aug-Sep 93 p6(6)
Language: English
journal article
4 table(s)
Gasoline and jet fuels represent a significant source of benzene
exposures. Benzene, which is classified as a human carcinogen by the
EPA, is often mixed with a number of other chemicals in these fuels.
The chemicals commonly found in gasoline and other fuels are tabulated.
Benzene is also used as a solvent in the chemical and drug industries.
A survey of the overall risks posed by benzene is presented. The
majority of exposures to benzene occur through inhalation. The results
of tests investigating benzene contamination of ground- and surface
waters are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 43:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(BENZENE)
Risk of Benzene-Induced Leukemia: a Sensitivity Analysis of the
Pliofilm Cohort with Additional Follow-Up and New Exposure Estimates
Crump, Kenny S. ICF Kaiser Engineers Inc, Ruston, LA
J Toxicol Environ Health Jun 94 v42, n2, p219(24)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
1 graph(s); 33 reference(s); 5 table(s)
A 1984 risk assessment for benzene-induced leukemia that was used by
OSHA when it reduced the permissible exposure limit to 1 ppm, and
served as the basis for the EPA interim risk unit for benzene, is
updated. New risk estimates are derived, based on data from follow-up
through 1987 and new exposure estimates for this cohort that account
67 RISK ASSESSMENT
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for factors not considered in earlier studies. An excess of acute
myelocytic or acute monocytic leukemia (AMML) was observed in the
cohort of chemical plant workers; a strong dose-response trend was
evident for this end-point. Quadratic models predict an additional
lifetime risk of benzene-related death from 45 yr of exposure to 1 pprn
of 0.020-0.036/1000, while linear dose response models predict risks of
1.6-3.1/1000.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(DDT)
Assessing health risks associated with DDT residues in soils in
California: A Proposition 65 case study
Lowe, J.A.; Jamall, I.S.
CH2M HILL, 2485 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 600, Sacramento, CA 95833,
USA
RISK ANAL VOL. 14, NO. 1 p. 47+ 1994
Language: ENGLISH
Population growth in California has increased the pressure to convert
agricultural land to commercial, industrial, or residential uses. In
the ensuing property transactions, buyers and sellers must address the
presence of toxic materials in soils such as pesticides, several of
which are known to the State of California to cause cancer under
Proposition 65. While this statute does not specifically address soil
contaminants, the potential scope of its enforcement is sufficiently
broad that owners of former agricultural properties may be obliged to
provide warning of exposure to potential buyers, occupants, or
construction workers about exposure to residues in soil from pesticide
applications. However, Proposition 65 provides no guidance on how to
assess exposures to chemicals in soil. The U.S. EPA Risk Assessment
Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) provides a method for assessing
soil-related exposure pathways that is consistent with the intent of
Proposition 65. We have calculated the lifetime average concentrations
of DDT in soil corresponding to the no-significant-risk level
stipulated under Proposition 65 (1 x 10 super(-5)) for a hypothetical
residential exposure scenario. The concentration of DDT in soil
corresponding to a no-significant-risk ranges from 7.9-18.8 mg/kg,
depending upon which exposure pathways are deemed to be complete for
residential land use.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 68
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(DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE)
Risk Assessment of Dibromochloropropane
Anon
Shell Oil Co., Houston, TX.
Govt Report^ Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 03, 1994
NTIS/AD-A271 228/9, Availability: Document partially illegible.,
21 Op
This document updates Shell's December 19, 1983, Risk Assessment for
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). The health-related data on DBCP are
reviewed both from experimental animals and from human studies. A number of
new animal studies have been published during the past three years and the results
of a substantial epidemiology study are available. The new information reinforces
Shell's earlier conclusion that realistic partial lifetime exposure to concentrations of
DBCP below 100 ppb in drinking water poses no significant risk of an adverse
health effect. Indeed, the very existence of risks to humans who might be exposed
to drinking water at these levels is speculative. This summary document describes
the process used to arrive at our conclusion. More details are provided in the
attached appendices and copies of some unpublished reports are included.
(DIISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE)
Dermal penetration of 14C-labeled diisopropyl methylphosphonate in swine
Snodgrass HL, Metker LM
Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland 21010-5422.
J Toxicol Enviroft Health 1992 Aug;36(4):367-76
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) has been identified as a groundwater
contaminant on or near sites of former chemical warfare production facilities. The
material is a by-product of GB (or Sarin) manufacture and does not occur naturally
in the environment. The present study measured the dermal absorption of
14C-labeled DIMP in swine to establish the basis for estimating health risk from
this portal of entry. Yorkshire cross swine were treated by sc injection of labeled
DIMP to measure the efficiency of bioelimination. Additional pigs each received a
single percutaneous (pc) exposure of 400, 40, or 4 micrograms/cm2 of labeled
DIMP. Absorption through 7 d was measured by the appearance of 14C label in
the urine and feces. Tissue specimens, collected at necropsy, were assessed for
residual radioactivity. The results showed that between 3 and 7% of cutaneous
DIMP was absorbed through 7 d. Urinary elimination accounted for about 95% of
the absorbed dose in the first 24 h. No significant tissue deposition was observed.
Pigs treated by the sc route excreted nearly 100% of the injected material
69 RISK ASSESSMENT
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demonstrating an extremely efficient metabolic process. It was concluded that
humans may be expected to absorb less than 10% of an unoccluded single dermal
exposure to DIMP. Absorbed dose would likely be metabolized to isopropyl
methylphosphonic acid and excreted primarily in the urine within 24 h. Significant
evaporation of the material from the open skin surface would be expected to
occur.
MEDLINE
(DIOXIN)
Comparison of Predicted and Observed Dioxin Levels in Fish: Implications for Risk
Assessment
Naiman, Daniel Q. (Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD); LaKind, Judy S.
Risk: Issues Health Saf Summer 93 v4, n3, p253(10)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
3 graph(s); 27 reference(s)
Data on dioxin levels in fish in the US, which are used for
fish-consumption bans and advisories, come principally from two EPA
studies. In one study, dioxin levels were determined by sampling and
analysis. In the second study, dioxin levels in fish were predicted
from the levels of dioxin entering receiving waters at pulp and paper
mills. A comparison is made between the results of the two studies at
104 pulp and paper mill sites, and the discrepancies between observed
and predicted concentrations are plotted against the observed
concentration for each site. For 41.4% of the sites, the predicted and
observed concentrations differ by at least one order of magnitude, and
for 10.9% of the sites, the difference is at least two orders of
magnitude. Therefore, dioxin contamination in fish should be determined
by sampling and analysis, rather than by modeling, if risk assessment
and communication are to be reliable.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(DIOXIN)
Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran
contaminants in 2,4,5,-T by photoassisted ironcatalyzed hydrogen
peroxide
Pignatello, J.J.; Huang, L.Q.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
Water Research v 27 n 12 Dec 1993. p 1731-1736
RISK ASSESSMENT 70
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The objective of this study was to determine the fate of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF)
contaminants in the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
treatment by photoassisted Fe**3** plus -catalyzed hydrogen peroxide
oxidation, which is being investigated for waste treatment.
The 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD referred ?toxic equivalent' used in risk assessment
was reduced-by 99.9% (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method) or
99.6% (international method). Dark (Fe**3** plus /H//20//2) treatment was
somewhat less effective overall.
(Author abstract) 20 refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All its. reserv.
(DIOXIN)
EPA to reaffirm hazards to health posed by dioxin
Noah, T.; Aeppel, T.
WALL ST. J VOL. 223, NO. 92 p. A16 1994
Language: ENGLISH
In a report scheduled to be released in June, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) will find that there is no evidence that dioxin
is any less harmful than previously thought. Officials in the paper,
chemical, and solid-waste incineration industries and some scientists
have argued for years that health threats posed by dioxin were
overblown by environmentalists. But the EPA study, begun several years
ago to examine new data on the matter, will reaffirm that dioxin poses
a cancer risk to humans. In addition, the report will state that dioxin
can have harmful effects on the immune systems and hormone systems of
individuals who are exposed to it, and can disrupt human development
and reproduction.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
(DIOXIN)
Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment of
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Risks to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife.
Cook PM, Erickson RJ, Spehar RL, Bradbury SP, Ankley GT
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 18, 1993
NTIS/PB93-202828, 161p
In April, 1991 the administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
announced that the Agency would conduct a scientific reassessment of the risk of
71 RISK ASSESSMENT
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2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and similar chemicals, to. human
health and the environment. The reassessment plan includes a component on the
risks of TCDD to aquatic life and associated wildlife. Research to provide needed
exposure and effects information to better characterize these risks was initiated in
September 1991. Because the results of the research effort will not be available
until June 1995, the interim report was prepared to critically review and evaluate
data and models currently available for analyzing TCDD exposure to, and effects •
on, aquatic life and wildlife and to identify major uncertainties that limit how well
risks can be characterized. The report addresses TCDD exposure to, and
bioaccumulation in, aquatic organisms, TCDD toxic effects on aquatic life and
wildlife, and aspects of risk characterization to exemplify approaches and
applicability of current information.
TOXLINE
(DIOXINS/FURANS)
Dioxins/furans: U.S. EPA ecological risk assessment for land application and
disposal methods for paper pulp sludge
Rabert, W.; Zeeman, M.; Ahlborg, U.G.; Fiedler, H.; Birnbaum, L.S.;
Fingerhut, M.; Clement, R.E.; Giesy, J.P.; Denison, M.; et al. (eds.).
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Office Toxic Substances, Health and
Environ. Rev. Div., Environ. Effects Branch (TS-796), Washington, DC
20460, USA
11. Int. Symp. on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Research Triangle
Park, NC (USA)
CHLORINATED DIOXINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1991-1992 pp. 1499-1504
CHEMOSPHERE, VOL. 25, NO. 7-10 1992
Language: ENGLISH
Potential risks to terrestrial wildlife were estimated from exposure to
2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDF in paper pulp sludges applied to or disposed of on
land. Comparative risks were assessed for land application uses in forests, mine
reclamation, and agriculture, versus other disposal methods. Potential risks to fish
and aquatic wildlife were also estimated for runoff from such land uses and
disposal sites. The general types of wildlife species predicted as potentially most
exposed via eating TCDD/TCDF contaminated prey were terrestrial animals such as
shrews, woodcocks, and robins. TCDD/TCDF levels in eggs from several bird
species collected from Wisconsin pine plantations amended with such pulp sludges
corroborated the transfer of TCDD/TCDF from soil via prey species into avian eggs,
particularly robin eggs.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 72
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(DIOXINS)
EPA Study Points to Health Risks of Dioxins and Similar Compounds
Hanson, David
Chem Eng News May 30, 94 v72, n22, p13(2)
Language: English
journal article
Drafts of EPA's document on risk assessment have shown that health and
environmental risks from dioxins, furans, and PCBs have been clearly
demonstrated. Although this information was leaked to the public and
has not been confirmed by the EPA, risk assessment experts reviewing
the data and industry advocates have already challenged the data used
to calculate risks, as well as the experimental methodology which
generated the data. The final draft will be published this summer.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(GENERAL)
Chemical accident prevention under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Matthiessen, R.C.
U.S. EPA, 401 M St. S.W. (OS-120), Washington, DC 20460, USA
PLANT/OPER. PROG VOL. 11, NO. 2 pp. 99-101 1992
Language: ENGLISH
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 enacted recently contain
provisions for th(? prevention of chemical accidents under Title
Ill-Hazardous Air Pollutants. These provisions, approaches with
respect to process safety management by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), and coordination with OSHA will be discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 41 :Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
(GENERAL)
Role of quantitative risk assessment in chemical releases and
wastewater treatment plant design
Henry, L.; Goldenberg, S.; Schettler, J.; Gruwell, G.; Yun, J.
Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Exposition, New
Orleans, LA (USA), 20-24 Sep 1992
WEF Conferences and Exposition Department, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, VA
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
73 RISK ASSESSMENT
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(GENERAL)
Safety/Risk Assessment of Chemicals: Principles, Procedures, and
Examples
Dourson, Micheal L. (EPA, 'Cincinnati, OH); Lu, Frank C.
Int J Occup Med Toxicol Oct-Dec 92 v1, n4, p321(15)
Language: English
journal article
1 graph(s); 26 reference(s); 2 table(s)
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chemicals has been established by
WHO to allow for the technological use of chemicals while minimizing
their potential risks to humans. In the US, this is called the
reference dose (RfD), established by EPA. The ADI and RfD procedures
are outlined to consider their basic underlying principles. Both
procedures involve four basic steps: the relevancy and adequacy of the
data, the no-observed-adverse-effect level, the safety or uncertainty
factor, and the acceptable daily intakes/reference doses. Each step is
detailed, and differences between WHO and EPA methodology are noted.
Several pesticides that have been evaluated by the two agencies are
tabulated, along with the critical effects, experimental doses,
safety/uncertainty factor, and ADI or RfD.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
(HEAVY METALS)
Risk Assessment, Metals Emissions and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Trichon, Morris; Chang, Robert Cottrell Environ Services & Technologies,
Branchburg, NJ
Univ of Calif/et al 1992 Incineration Conf, Albuquerque, NM May 11-15, 92
p255(5)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
1 graph(s); 14table(s)
Under the auspices of Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments,
11 heavy metals have been listed as hazardous air pollutants.
Accordingly, EPA is now establishing lesser quantity emission rates for
the seven metals that pose the greatest health and environmental
hazards. The sources most affected by these regulations will be
incinerators, smelters, and metal-recycling facilities. Research
programs are needed to generate data on the behavior of metals
RISK ASSESSMENT 74
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throughout the combustion process. Specifically, data on thermodynamics
and kinetics of metal transformations are required so behavior can be
predicted through mathematical modeling techniques. Approaches for
addressing this lack of data are considered. Data are tabulated on the
physical properties of antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(LEAD)
A Comparison of the Integrated Uptake Biokinetic Model to Traditional
Risk Assessment Approaches for Environmental Lead
Chrostowski, Paul C.; Wheeler, Jennifer A.; Clement Int Corp,
Fairfax, VA
ASTM STP 1158 Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies
1992 p151{16)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
2 graph(s); 28 reference(s); 2 table(s)
A new approach to calculating exposure to lead in contaminated soil is
described and compared with the traditional approach. The EPA-developed
Integrated Uptake/Biokinetic Model has two main components: uptake of
Pb into the body from various sources, and calculation of a blood Pb
level from the uptake. The blood Pb level is combined with
dose-response functions to predict the probability of adverse health
effects. This approach has been calibrated and validated, incorporates
pharmacokinetics, and is relatively unaffected by risk-management
decisions.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(LEAD)
Risk evaluation of lead in soil ground water at the H. Brown Superfund
site in Walker, Michigan
Meadows, S.D.; Turnblom, S.M.; Hahne, T.W.; Prendiville, T.J. et al.
PRC Environ. Mgt. Inc., 1907 Central Ave., Rm. 204, Los Alamos, NM 87544
ASTM Symposium on Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination
Studies, New Orleans, LA (USAJ620 pp. 245-259
SUPERFUND RISK ASSESSMENT IN SOIL CONTAMINATION STUDIES
ASTM, 1916 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 (USA)
Language: ENGLISH
75 RISK ASSESSMENT
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A remedial investigation was conducted at a lead battery recycling -.
facility in Walker, Michigan. The soil and groundwater are contaminated
with high concentrations of lead. A baseline risk assessment was
complicated by the lack of toxicity values for lead. The risk
assessment compared on-site concentrations and worker blood levels of
lead with concentrations and blood levels shown to results in adverse
health effects. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Lead
Uptake/Biokinetic Model was also used to calculate potential blood lead
levels in children on-site and in nearby neighborhoods. On-site
exposures for workers, future residents, and workers adjacent to the
site were concluded to be unacceptably high. For children in nearby
neighborhoods the exposure do not appear to be significant.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. AH rts. reserv.
(LEAD)
Utilization of uptake biokinetic (UBK) lead model to assess risk in
contaminated sites
Choudhury, Harlal; Peirano, W. Bruce; Marcus, A.; Elias, R.; Griffin,
S.; DeRosa, Christopher T.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Symposium of the Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contaminantion
Studies, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1991 Jan 30-31
Language: English
Approaches usually available for the assessment of exposures that occur
via water, land and/or air are limited by their ability to integrate
multiroute scenarios. Additionally, there are indications that these
exposures can differentially affect specific subgroups, each having
unique sensitivities to chemical insults. Lead is one of the major
toxic contaminants of concern found at approximately 47% of the
Suferfund National Priority List (NPL) Sites. Low level exposure to
lead has been shown to produce adverse effects on heme metabolism,
serum vitamin D levels, mental and physical development of infants and
children, and blood pressure in adults. Experimental and epidemiologic
studies have indicated that blood lead levels in the range of 10-15 mu
g/d l-script, or possibly lower, are likely to produce subclinical
toxicity. Since a threshold has not been established it is prudent to
assume that, for regulatory purposes, a threshold for lead toxicity
does not exist. As an alternate to the traditional reference dose
approach, the U.S. EPA has developed the Uptake/Biokinetic Lead Model
that provides a means for evaluating the relative contribution of
various media to establishing blood lead levels. The model is flexible
RISK ASSESSMENT 76
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and versatile and predicts mean blood lead levels and population
distributions associated with multimedia exposure in children. This
allows for the identification of site- and situation-specific abatement
strategies based on projected blood lead levels in vulnerable human
populations. This paper will present examples of NPL site exposure
scenarios for lead and how the UBK lead model may be used for
characterization of potential health risks as a result of these
exposure scenarios. (Author abstract) 20 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(METHYLMERCURY)
Re-Evaluation of the Reference Dose for Methylmercury and Assessment of
Current Exposure Levels
Stern, Alan H. New Jersey Dep of Environ Protection, Trenton
Risk Anal 1993 v13, n3, p355{10)
Language: English
research article
46 reference(s); 3 table(s)
Published data on the effects of exposure to methylmercury are
reexamined to evaluate current exposure levels. The current EPA and WHO
reference doses are 0.3 and 0.47 (gr)mg/kg/d, respectively. It is
argued that the weight of evidence from the various studies indicates
that the reference dose for methylmercury may not be adequate to
provide a reasonable margin of safety against effects + i in utero + r.
While there are still uncertainties, recent studies have suggested a
more realistic reference dose of 0.07 (gr)mg/kg/d. Monte Carlo
simulation is used to derive a probability distribution of background
methylmercury exposure using data on nationwide fish consumption rates
and methylmercury levels in seafood. The analysis suggests that women
of childbearing age are at risk for exposure to methylmercury at doses
higher than the recommended 0.07 (gr)mg/kg/d level.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(MTBE)
Health Studies Indicate MTBE Is Safe Gasoline Additive
Anderson, Earl V.
Chem Eng News Sep 20 93 v71, n38, p9(7)
Language: English
journal article
2 graph(s); 2 photo(s); 3 table(s)
77 RISK ASSESSMENT
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During the winter of 1992-93, people around the US complained of..
headaches and various other health problems from exposure to gasoline
oxygenated with methyl +i tert + r -butyl ether (MTBE). Complaints about
the oxygenate were particularly strong in Alaska. Because MTBE is the
principal gasoline oxygenate in the US, opposition to the use of MTBE
threatens to destroy EPA's national oxygenated fuel program. Therefore,
EPA has sponsored several studies of the health effects of MTBE
exposure. Although chronic exposure to high levels of MTBE produced an
elevated incidence of tumors in some laboratory animals, overall
results indicate that MTBE exposure poses little health risk to humans.
The health effects of MTBE exposure have been researched by numerous
institutions, including Yale Univ, Rutgers Univ, and various
environmental consulting firms; the findings of these studies are
described.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
(PCB'S)
Emissions from the incineration of nerve agent rockets containing low-level PCBs
Mart, C.J.; Henke, C.B.
Exxon Res. and Dev. Lab., P.O. Box 2226, Baton Rouge, LA 70821-2226,
USA
J. ENVIRON. SCI. HEALTH, PART A: ENVIRON. SCI. ENG VOL. A27, NO. 6
pp. 1549-1575 1992
Language: ENGLISH
During a recent assessment of the obsolete nerve agent rocket
stock-pile, some of the shipping and firing tubes encasing the rockets
were found to contain low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
within the tube's fiberglass matrix. In order to determine the
environmental and regulatory impacts associated with incineration of
these rockets, the Army conducted an incineration test in March 1986,
using its existing pilot incineration system. Because the feedrate of
PCBs to the incinerator was very low and because the background matrix
of the stack gas samples was so complex, the approved EPA analytical
procedure was not sensitive enough to demonstrate that the PCB
emissions were less than the rates required by the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) regulations. While the regulatory level of PCB
emissions could not be demonstrated analytically, a health risk
assessment based on ambient concentrations of PCBs from dispersion
modeling demonstrated that the PCB emissions do not pose a significant
health risk. Emissions of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were
detected, but the risk assessment found no significant health risk
RISK ASSESSMENT 78
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associated with OCDD ambient concentrations. No semivolatile,
chlorinated organic compounds were identified in the stack gases, while
a number of volatile, chlorinated organic compounds were. Again, no
significant health risk was associated with these emissions.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
(PCB'S)
Risk Variability from Uniform Soil Remediation Goals for PCBs
Labieniec, Paula A. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA;
Dzombak, David A.; Siegrist, Robert L.
J Environ Eng-ASCE May-Jun 94 v120, n3, p495(18)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
4 diagram(s); 23 reference(s); 7 table(s)
A technique for defining the variability of risks associated with the utilization of
uniform, concentration-based soil-quality criteria is described. The proposed
method is then applied to problems involving PCS contaminated soils. A variant of
a soil risk model developed by EPA is used to evaluate risk variability for a range of
PCB concentrations in soils. This is done to provide an understanding of the effects
of variability on individual risks where uniform cleanup goals are used for
PCB-contaminated soils.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, lnŁ. All rts. reserv.
(PCB'S)
Toxicity equivalency factors for PCBs
Barnes, A.; Alford-Stevens, A.; Birnbaum, L.; Kutz, F.W.; Wood, W.
Health Effects Res. Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
12 pp NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA) 1991
NTIS Order No.: PB92-113349/GAR.
Language: ENGLISH
In December 1990 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a
workshop to discuss the applicability of an interim "toxicity equivalency factor"
(TEF) approach to assessing risks posed by exposures to complex mixtures of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The group concluded that application of the TEF
approach to PCBs would be less straightforward than it was in the case of
chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs/CDFs).
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
79 RISK ASSESSMENT
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(PETROLEUM)
Exposure/risk-based corrective action approach for petroleum-contaminated sites
Shell Development Co
Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental
Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA
Proceedings of the SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental
Conference Proc SPE EPA Explore Prod Environ Conf 1993. Publ by Society
of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX, USA. p
403-415
Language: English
A practical and easy to use exposure/risk-based methodology for guiding
corrective action activities at petroleum contaminated sites has been
developed. In this approach, site characterization, assessment of
potential beneficial uses, exposure/risk characterization, site
prioritization, and selection of corrective action alternatives are
integrated into a series of worksheets. These worksheets guide the user
through the necessary steps to derive site-specific target clean-up
levels and the corresponding appropriate corrective action. The risk
characterization activities discussed here focus on exposure to
groundwater, which is expected to be the pathway of greatest concern at
the majority of petroleum contaminated sites. However, it is not
difficult to see how this worksheet based approach can be extended to
other pathways. The worksheets comprise a final document that is a
valuable tool for regulators, contractors, and responsible parties to
consistently prioritize sites and develop corrective action plans. This
approach is currently being reviewed by several state agencies. In
addition, the approach has been presented to the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the American Society for
Testing in Materials (ASTM). (Author abstract) refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS)
Establishing Generic Remediation Goals for the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Critical Issues
LaGoy, P.K.; Quirk, T.C. OHM Remediation Services Corp, Hopkinton MA
Environ Health Perspec Apr 94 v102, n4, p348(5)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
25 reference(s); 4 table(s)
RISK ASSESSMENT 80
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The remediation goals established by many state regulatory agencies for
PAHs in soil are often exceeded, which diminishes the overall
effectiveness of the goals. A better understanding of the health risks
of PAH exposure is needed to determine whether the stated risks are
over- or underestimated. The factors that affect the uncertainty of
exposure estimates are discussed in terms of soil remediation efforts
at hazardous waste sites. Areas considered include the carcinogenic
potency of PAH mixture, the inability of EPA analytical methods to
account for unreported PAHs in environmental samples, and
bioavailability. A preliminary analysis of site-of-contact risks
suggests that generic remediation goals for carcinogenic PAHs may be
close to 0.001 mg/kg, which is well below even rural background PAH
levels. It is recommended that the establishment of cleanup criteria
for PAH-contaminated sites be based on both practicality and risk,
which have been used for years to establish goals for radionuclides.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
(RADIUM)
Radium concentration factors and their use in health and environmental risk
assessment
Meinhold AF, Hamilton LD
Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 17, 1992
NTIS/DE92007601, 13p
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
BNL-45035, CONF-920206-2, Contract AC02-76CH00016
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Radium is known to be taken up by aquatic animals, and tends to accumulate in
bone, shell and exoskeleton. The most common approach to estimating the uptake
of a radionuclide by aquatic animals for use in health and environmental risk
assessments is the concentration factor method. The concentration factor method
relates the concentration of a contaminant in an organism to the concentration in
the surrounding water. Site specific data are not usually available, and generic,
default values are often used in risk assessment studies. This paper describes the
concentration factor method, summarizes some of the variables which may
influence the concentration factor for radium, reviews reported concentration
factors measured in marine environments and presents concentration factors
derived from data collected in a study in coastal Louisiana. The use of generic
default values for the concentration factor is also discussed.
TOXLINE
81 RISK ASSESSMENT
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(TRICHLOROETHYLENE)
Evaluating the risk of liver cancer in humans exposed to trichloroethylene using
physiological models
Fisher, J.W.; Allen, B.C.
Armstrong Lab., Toxicol. Div., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
RISK ANAL VOL. 13, NO. 1 pp. 87-95 1993
Language: ENGLISH
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread environmental pollutant. TCE is
classified as a rodent carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model for
mice was used to simulate selected gavage and inhalation bioassays with
TCE. Plausible dose-metrics thought to be linked with the mechanism of
action for TCE carcinogenesis were selected. These dose-metrics,
adjusted to reflect an average amount per day for a lifetime, were
metabolism of TCE (AMET, mg/kg/day) and systemic concentration of TCA
(AUCTCA, mg/L/day). These dose-metrics were then used in a linearized
multistage model to estimate AMET and AUCTCA values that correspond to
liver cancer risk of 1 in 1 million in mice. A human PB-PK model for
TCE was then used to predict TCE concentrations in drinking water and
air that would provide AMET and AUCTCA values equal to the predicted
mice AMET and AUCTCA values that correspond to Hver cancer risks of 1
in 1 million.
DIALOG(R)File 41 .-Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
(VOC'S)
Toxic VOC emissions from a POTW in southern California and associated
health risk assessment for a permit to operate
Wong, E.; Meuse, J.S.; Vasconcelos, J.J.; Leong, L.Y.C.; Smith, J.E.
Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Exposition, New
Orleans, LA (USA), 20-24 Sep 1992
WEF, Conferences and Exposition Department, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria,
VA 22314-1994, USA; Telephone: (703) 684-2400, Proceedings, $450.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 82
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Air quality modeling and its role in the risk assessment at Valdez,
Alaska
Catizone, P.A.; Hoffnagle, G.F.
TRC Environmental Corp.
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-WA-76.03
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Assessment of Health Risk from Wastes in Three Surface Impoundments
Moore, Richard A. EcoTek, Erwin, TN
ASTM STP 1158 Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies
1992p217(14)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional information Service.
conf paper
1 diagram(s); 3 graph(s); 18 reference(s); 4 table(s)
Health risks associated with nonradiological wastes in three settling
basins at a nuclear fuel production facility in Tennessee were studied.
A hypothetical scenario was developed that assumed long-term exposure
to contaminants through daily consumption of well water and future
residential use of the site. EPA guidelines for baseline risk
assessment were followed, and toxicity data from EPA data bases were
used. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined.
Uncertainties associated with the risk-assessment process are
discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Benefits of probabilistic exposure assessment: three case studies involving
83 RISK ASSESSMENT
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contaminated air, water, and soil
Finley B, Paustenbach D
ChemRisk Division, McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering,
Alameda, California 94501.
Risk Anal 1994 Feb;14(1):53-73
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Probabilistic risk assessments are enjoying increasing popularity as a tool to
characterize the health hazards associated with exposure to chemicals in the
environment. Because probabilistic analyses provide much more information to the
risk manager than standard point risk estimates, this approach has generally been
heralded as one which could significantly improve the conduct of health risk
assessments. The primary obstacles to replacing point estimates with probabilistic
techniques include a general lack of familiarity with the approach and a lack of
regulatory policy and guidance. This paper discusses some of the advantages and
disadvantages of the point estimate vs. probabilistic approach. Three case studies
are presented which contrast and compare the results of each. The first addresses
the risks associated with household exposure to volatile chemicals in tapwater. The
second evaluates airborne dioxin emissions which can enter the food-chain. The
third illustrates how to derive health-based cleanup levels for dioxin in soil. It is
shown that, based on the results of Monte Carlo analyses of probability density
functions (PDFs), the point estimate approach required by most regulatory agencies
will nearly always overpredict the risk for the 95th percentile person by a factor of
up to 5. When the assessment requires consideration of 10 or more exposure
variables, the point estimate approach will often predict risks representative of the
99.9th percentile person rather than the 50th or 95th percentile person. This paper
recommends a number of data distributions for various exposure variables that we
believe are now sufficiently well understood to be used with confidence in most
exposure assessments. A list of exposure variables that may require additional
research before adequate data distributions can be developed are also discussed.
MEDLINE
Chemical and radiological risk factors associated with waste from energy
production
Christensen T, Fuglestvedt J, Benestad C, Ehdwall H, Hansen H, Mustonen R,
Stranden E
National Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Osteros, Norway.
Sci Total Environ 1992 Apr; 114:87-97
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
RISK ASSESSMENT 84
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We have tried to estimate the toxic potential of waste from nuclear.power plants
and from power plants burning fossil fuels. The potential risks have been expressed
as 'risk potentials' or 'person equivalents.' These are purely theoretical units and
represent only an attempt to quantify the potential impact of different sources and
substances on human health. Existing concentration limits for effects on human
health are used. The philosophy behind establishing limits for several carcinogenic
chemicals is based on a linear dose-effect curve. That is, no lower concentration of
no effect exists and one has to accept a certain small risk by accepting the
concentration limit. This is in line with the establishment of limits for radiation.
Waste products from coal combustion have the highest potential risk among the
fossil fuel alternatives. The highest risk is caused by metals, and the fly ash
represents the effluent stream giving the largest contribution to the potential risk.
The waste from nuclear power production has a lower potential risk than coal if
today's limit values re used. If one adjusts the limits for radiation dose and the
concentration limit values so that a similar risk is accepted by the limits, nuclear
waste seems to have a much higher potential risk than waste from fossil fuel. The
possibility that such risk estimates may be used as arguments for safe storage of
the different types of waste is discussed. In order to obtain the actual risk from the
potential risk, the dispersion of the waste in the environment and its uptake and
effects in man have to be taken into account.
MEDLINE
Chemical stabilization of dewatered sludge, a pilot study and health risk
assessment of use as landfill closure/repair material
Oliva, C.J.; Mezzacapo, T.
Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Exposition, New
Orleans, LA (USA), 20-24 Sep 1992
WEF, Conferences and Exposition Department, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria,
VA 22314-1994, USA; Telephone: (703) 684-2400, Proceedings, $450.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Chemicals versus microbials in drinking water. A decision sciences
perspective
Putnam, Susan W.; Graham, John D.
Harvard Sch of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Journal of the American Water Works Association v 85 n 3 Mar 1993.
p 57-61
Language: English
Public health interventions aimed at reducing one risk may actually
increase another risk. For example, concern is growing about the
85 RISK ASSESSMENT
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chronic health risks associated with the chemical agents used by many
water systems to protect against waterborne microbial disease. Some
combination of microbial and chemical risks appears to be unavoidable.
Science alone cannot resolve this dilemma, because a value judgment
that is sensitive to citizens' attitudes toward risk must be made. To
compare health risks, the ultimate health effects need to be expressed
in the same unit of measurement. Using an analytical framework called
decision analysis, policymakers can analyze risks and attitudes in
terms of public health effects, economic cost to society, and
consequences for overall quality of life. In the current disinfection
regulatory deliberations, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) is approaching the issue from an economic standpoint, whereas
if it were to analyze the issue from a different angle, the relative
attractiveness of the regulatory scenarios might be quite different.
USEPA's current struggle to weigh the trade-offs involved in setting
regulations for disinfectants and their by-products underscores the
need for targeted social science research about attitudes toward risk.
(Author abstract) 40 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Comparative Assessment of Estimated vs. Actual Emissions and Associated
Health Risks from a Modern Municipal Waste Combustor
Blanchet, Richard J. Environ Toxicology International Inc, Seattle, WA;
Kelly, Kathryn E.; Pascoe, Gary A.; Williams, Phil H.
Univ of Calif/effcl 1993 Incineration Conf, Knoxville, TN May 3-7, 93 p543(7)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
14 reference(s); 3 table(s)
An 800-tpd municipal solid waste-to-energy facility has been designed
and constructed in Spokane, WA. Prior to operation, a risk assessment
was conducted, using actual stack emissions to verify the initial
estimates of potential public-health risks. The risk assessment was
conducted in four steps: data collection and evaluation, toxicity
assessment using dose-response data, exposure assessment, and risk
characterization. The exposure pathways evaluated were inhalation, soil
ingestion, dermal contact with contaminated soil, and ingestion of
vegetables. Assessment results indicated that the total carcinogenic
risks fell below values currently considered protective of human health
by EPA. Highest risk was associated with inhalation. None of the
RISK ASSESSMENT 86
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chemical doses exceeded the non-carcinogenic toxicity criteria for any
of the receptor locations. When actual emissions were compared to
estimated pre-operational baseline data, it was found that emissions of
PCBs, beryllium, mercury/TCDD, cadmium, chromium, and PAHs were lower,
while emissions of arsenic, lead, and nickel were higher.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals
Wallace, L.A.
Atmos. Res. and Exp. Assess. Lab., U.S. EPA, Build. 166, Bicher Rd.,
Vint Hill Farms Stn., Warrenton, VA 22186-5129, USA
Methodology for Assessing Health Risks from Complex Mixtures in Indoor
Air, Arlington, VA (USA)
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT, VOL. 95 pp. 7-13 1991
Language: ENGLISH
Environmental Protection Agency TEAM {Total Exposure Assessment
Measurement) Studies have measured exposures of about 800 persons to 25
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and exposures of about 300 persons to
32 pesticides. These persons were selected to represent more than 1
million residents of industrial manufacturing cities such as Bayonne
and Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Los Angeles, California; cities with
light industry, such as Greensboro, North Carolina, and Baltimore,
Maryland; rural areas such as Devils Lake, North Dakota; and cities
with high pesticide use such as Jacksonville, Florida, as well as
low-to-moderate pesticide use such as Springfield, Massachusetts. The
TEAM data provide an opportunity to estimate the risks from airborne
exposure to a number of suspected carcinogens for a substantial number
of persons residing in a wide variety of urban, suburban, and rural
areas.
DIALOG{R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
Construction of complementary cumulative distribution functions for
comparison with the EPA release limits for radioactive waste disposal
Helton, Jon C.; luzzolino, Harold J.
Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ, USA
Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 40 n 3 1993. p 277-293
Language: English
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated a standard
for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste (40 CFR 191) that
87 RISK ASSESSMENT
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requires the construction of a complementary cumulative distribution
function (CCDF) that defines the probability of exceeding radionuclide
releases of various sizes. Construction of this CCDF involves three
interrelated activities: development of scenarios that describe the
various disruptions that could occur at a waste disposal site,
determination of probabilities for scenarios, and calculation of
radionuclide releases for scenarios. The computational procedures being
used in the performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
(WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico to bring these three activities
together to produce the CCDF in 40 CFR 191 are described and
illustrated with results obtained in a recent analysis. (Author
abstract) 30 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All its. reserv.
A critique of risk modeling and risk assessment of municipal landfills
based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency techniques
Chilton, J.; Chilton, K.
Bus. Law and Econ. Cent., John M. Olin Sch. Bus., Washington Univ., USA
WASTE MANAGE. RES VOL. 10, NO. 6 pp. 505-516 1992
Language: ENGLISH
Environmental risks are a growing public concern in America. The threat
of contaminated drinking water from municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfills is receiving increased attention from citizens and from the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Examination of
USEPA data collected from MSW landfills reveals approximate risks posed
by these landfills. USEPA research suggests that 60% of MSW landfills
present less than a 1 in 10 billion risk of cancer incidence. Another
6% pose risks less than 1 in a billion, while 17% present risks less
than 1 in a million. This study addresses the USEPA risk assessment
techniques and models for estimating MSW landfill risks. USEPA data for
toxic constituents of landfill leachate are also analysed in order to
better understand the difficulties encountered in estimating landfill
risks. The study also presents a brief discussion of public perceptions
of risk as they relate to communicating the USEPA landfill model
results to those who might be affected.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Determining target cleanup levels. A risk assessment-based decision
RISK ASSESSMENT 88
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process for contaminated sites
Hwang, S. T.
Pacific Northwest Lab, Richland, WA, USA
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental
Science and Engineering v 27 n 3 Apr 1992 p 843-861
Language: English
This paper presents methodologies for estimating target cleanup levels
at Superfund sites. The methodologies follow those in the EPA Superfund
risk assessment guideline but are performed in reverse order. This is
done to determine cleanup levels that correspond to reference doses for
noncarcinogens or to a reference risk level for carcinogens as
recommended by the U.S. EPA. The target cleanup levels thus derived
should be considered adequate to protect public health when multiple
pathways of exposure to contaminants in air, soil, food, and water are
possible. The transient nature of contaminant concentrations in soil,
subject to change over time due to volatilization, leaching, and other
phenomena, is also addressed. An example is given which indicates that
when the exposure is attributable predominantly to a single pathway,
the calculation needed for estimating the target cleanup levels can be
considerably simplified. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Drilling intrusion probabilities for use in performance assessment for
radioactive waste disposal
Helton, Jon C.
Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ, USA
Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 40 n 3 1993. p 259-275
Language: English
Product integral techniques are used to derive computational procedures
to determine probabilities for scenarios resulting from drilling
intrusions at geologic disposal facilities for radioactive waste. For
these derivations, the occurrence of individual drilling intrusions is
assumed to be random in time and space, although the drilling rate is
not assumed to be constant or even continuous through time. The use of
product integral techniques allows the probability model for drilling
intrusions to be initially cast in a very general form involving
interval functions and then specialized to nonhomogeneous Poisson
processes and ultimately to homogeneous Poisson processes. The
resultant computational procedures are illustrated with results for the
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico using the
89 RISK ASSESSMENT
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maximum drilling rate specified by the US Environmental Protection .
Agency (EPA) in its standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive
waste (40 CFR 191). (Author abstract) 41 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Earthquake Hazard Associated with Deep Well Injection a Report to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Nicholson, Craig; Wesson, Robert L. USGS Bull 1951 1990 (82)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
fed govt report
22 graph(s); 24 map(s); 143 reference(s); 2 table(s)
Earthquakes in Colorado, Texas, New York, and other states have been
triggered by deep-well injection of fluid. Most of these incidents are
associated with waterflooding operations for secondary recovery of
hydrocarbons. These activities often entail large arrays of wells
injecting fluids at high pressures into small confined reservoirs with
low permeabilities. Waste-disposal wells typically inject at lower
pressures into large porous aquifers with high permeabilities. Of the
many waste disposal wells in the US, only two have been conclusively
shown to be associated with triggering significant adjacent seismicity.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Ecological Investigation of a Hazardous Waste Site, Warner Robins, Georgia
Wade, Murray C. (Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Oak Ridge, TN);
Billig, Patricia (COM Federal Programs Corp, Denver, CO)
Natl Assoc of Environ Professionals 19th Annual Conf Proc, Raleigh, NC
May 24-26 93 p595(14)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
2 diagram(s); 3 map(s); 14 reference(s); 1 table(s)
EPA has designated Zone 1 of Robins Air Force Base, GA, as a Natl
Priorities List Site. Results from a quantitative ecological risk
assessment for the area are discussed. The characteristics of the
bottomland hardwood forest ecosystem in the area are detailed. This
analysis included an evaluation of the hydrology, biology, and wetlands
ecology of the region. Hydrology data were gathered, using a wide range
RISK ASSESSMENT 90
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of procedures, including water level recorders, piezometers, and
rainfall collectors. Both aquatic and wildlife biological surveys are
described. Risks to human health in the region are examined.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Estimating Risk at a Superfund Site Contaminated with Radiological and
Chemical Wastes
Temeshy, Andrea Bechtel Natl, Oak Ridge, TN; Liedle, Judith M.; Sims,
Lynn M.; Efird, Carl R.
ASTM STP 1158 Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies
1992 p231(14)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
10 reference(s); 4 table(s)
A hazardous waste site at the Oak Ridge, TN, reservation is being
assessed for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks. Air, groundwater,
surface water, and soil are contaminated with radiological and chemical
wastes. The methods used to determine potential exposure pathways,
chemical exposure concentrations, future radionuclide concentrations,
and other aspects are described. Toxicity parameters used to quantify
dose-response relationships for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic
contaminants are explained. Exposure and toxicity assessments are
incorporated into quantitative risk estimates. The risk from
radionuclides and some chemicals exceeds EPA target risk ranges.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Fear and loathing in the siting of hazardous and radioactive waste facilities: a
comprehensive approach to a misperceived crisis
Gerrard, Michael B.
Tulane Law Review 68 n5 1047-1217 May, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA
Kaiser EA
91 RISK ASSESSMENT
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National lost, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. Hazard
Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch.
Department of Education, Providence, Rhode Island.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 02, 1994
NTIS/PB94-106994, 36p
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
In response to a request from the Professional Employees Union, Local 2012, an
investigation was begun into health and comfort complaints at the Rhode Island
Department of Education facility, Providence, Rhode Island. Bulk insulation samples
from pipe lagging and the furnace surface contained 30 to 50% chrysotile
asbestos. Two of five air samples in the furnace room indicated the presence of
airborne asbestos. Paint chip samples from the furnace room contained 0.44 and
2.19% inorganic lead. There were potential exposures to lead and asbestos in
basement work areas. The author recommends that specific measures be taken to
control lead and asbestos exposures and to remedy other identified conditions.
TOXLINE
Identification of Tire Leachate Toxicants and a Risk Assessment of
Water Quality Effects Using Tire Reefs in Canals
Nelson, S. M. ; Mueller, G.; Hemphill D. C.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol Apr 94 v52, n4, p574(8)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
17 referencels);"*!- table(s)
In the freshwater canal fisheries of the southwestern US, used
automobile tires have been use effectively to enhance fishery habitat.
However, little research has been conducted on the effects of tire
leachate on water quality. Toxicity Identification Evaluation
procedures developed by EPA were used to assess these effects. Acute
24-h toxicity tests were conducted using both Ceriodaphnia dubia and
Pimephales promelas, and LC50 values were determined. Leachates were
also treated with sodium thiosulfate or ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid to assess metal toxicity. Results indicated that zinc was present
in concentrations that could be toxic, and that cadmium, copper, and
lead were above background concentrations.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
In the village square: risk misperception and decisionmaking in the regulation of
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low-level radioactive waste
Contreras, Jorge
Ecology Law Quarterly 19 n3 481-545 August, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Incineration, Risk Assessment, and the Clean Air Act
Nichols, Anne ENVIRON Corp, Princeton, NJ; Washburn, Stephen T.; Li,
Wen-Whai
Univ of Calif/et al 1993 Incineration Conf, Knoxville, TN May 3-7, 93 p59(4)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
4 reference(s)
Under the auspices of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), EPA
must promulgate health-based emission standards for sources emitting
known probable or possible human carcinogens. These standards could
have a profound effect on hazardous- and medical-waste incineration
facilities. Possible routes that these standards may take are
considered, and the currently applied risk-assessment protocol for
incinerators is described. The risk-assessment strategy generally
consists of three components: characterization of emissions, evaluation
of potential human exposures, and quantification of potential health
risks. The CAAA*has called for the establishment of a Risk Assessment
and Management Commission to consider the most appropriate methods of
measuring and describing risks as they pertain to federal regulatory
programs. A case study is presented of risk assessment at a municipal
solid-waste incinerator located within an urban environment.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Lawn Care Pesticides: Reregistration Falls Further Behind and Exposure
Effects Are Uncertain
GAO Report RCED-93-80 Apr 93 (43)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
fed govt report
1 diagram(s); 6 table(s)
The use of lawn-care pesticides in the US is increasing, accounting for
approximately 70 million Ibs of the total 1.1 billion Ibs of
93 RISK ASSESSMENT
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conventional pesticides used annually. Under the 1972 amendments to the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA is required to
reregister older pesticides, including those used on lawns. However,
the reregistration process is being seriously delayed: required studies
for 12 of the 18 major lawn-care pesticides have been delayed by as
much at 4 yr, due mostly to problems in obtaining necessary pesticide
data. And even after reregistration, the safety of the pesticides may
still be uncertain. There are specific contamination problems for two
of the most widely used pesticides-2,4-D and diazinon. It is
recommended that EPA more fully explore the health effects of lawn-care
pesticides during the risk-assessment process, which should place a
high priority on the development of testing and assessment guidelines
for post-application exposure.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Non-Occupational Exposures to Pesticides for Residents of Two U.S..
Cities
Whitmore, R. W. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC;
Immerman, F. W.; Camann, D. E.; Bond, A. E.; Lewis, R. G.; Schaurn, J.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol Jan 94 v26, n1, p47(13)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
2 graph(s); 15 reference(s); 15 table(s)
As part of EPA's Non-Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study, pesticide exposures
were determined in Jacksonville, FL, and Springfield/Chicopee, MA, in winter and
spring. Data were collected by questionnaire, personal air monitors, and fixed-site
air monitors. In each city, the study population consisted of the civilian,
non-institutionalized population aged 16 yr or older. No household occupant was
involved in the handling or use of pesticides. Air-sampling results indicated that
pesticide levels were generally higher in Jacksonville than in Springfield/Chicopee.
The same seven chemicals-chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos,
heptachlor, ortho-phenylphenol, and propoxur-had the highest mean concentrations
in each season in both cities. Risk-assessment calculations indicated that the
cancer risk due to inhalation was negligible, except for heptachlor and aldrin used
to control termites. The extensive sampling data are tabulated.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 94
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Preliminary air quality risk assessment for a groundwater treatment..
facility
Hurrell, C.P.; Zimmer, R.A.
Harding Lawson Associates
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-WA-76.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Risk assessment and air quality at Superfund sites
Applehans, P.M.; Zimmer, R.A.
Harding Lawson Associates
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-RP-140.05
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Risk assessment and closure of former underground storage tanks site in
southern California
Alhajjar, B.J.; Bowery, M.H.; Jones, F.A.
Geraghty and Miller
1992 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water:
Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, Houston, TX (USA), 4-6 Nov 1992
American Petroleum Institute; Association of Ground Water Scientists
and Engineers, National Ground Water Association (NGWA)
NGWA, P.O. Box 182039, Dept. 017, Columbus, OH 43218-2039, USA;
Telephone: (614) 761-1711; Fax: (614) 761-3446, Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
95 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Risk assessment at a Superfund site: A case study
Haroun, L.A.; MacDonell, M.M.; Peterson, J.M.; Fingleton, D.J.
Argonne Natl. Lab., 9700 South Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439,
USA
ENVIRON. PROF VOL. 14, NO. 3 pp. 238-247 1992
Language: ENGLISH
The practical application of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency risk
assessment guidance for Superfund sites is described for a risk
assessment conducted at a quarry previously used for disposal of wastes
from the manufacture of TNT and DNT and the processing of uranium and
thorium materials. A site-specific strategy for the conduct of the risk:
assessment was developed to accommodate factors specific to this site.
The potential carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of radiological
and chemical contaminants were estimated for passerby and trespasser
scenarios. The exposure pathways evaluated were inhalation of radon
gas, exposure to external gamma radiation, inhalation of contaminated
airborne dusts, and incidental ingestion of and dermal contact with
contaminated surface soil. The carcinogenic risks associated with
exposures to the radioactive contaminants at the quarry ranged from 4 x
10 super(-6) to 9 x 10 super(-5), and the risks associated with
exposures to the chemical contaminants ranged from 1x10 super(-9) to
7x10 super(-5). The hazard indexes (a measure of the potential for
noncarcinogenic health effects) ranged from 0.001 to 18.
DIALOG{R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Risk assessment for a proposed regional hazardous waste management
facility
Brooke, K.L.
DRE Environmental Services
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-WA-76.01
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 96
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Risk assessment framework of fate and transport models applied to hazardous
waste sites
Hwang, S.T.
Pacific Northwest Lab.
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-RA-116A.05
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste
sites
Geschwind SA, Stolwijk JA, Bracken M, Fitzgerald E, Stark A, Olsen C, Melius J
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University
School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
Am J Epidemiol 1992 Jun 1 ;135(11):1197-207
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Concern about environmental pollutants has increased; however, it remains unclear
whether chronic exposures to toxic chemicals in the environment occur at doses
sufficient to produce adverse health effects in humans. To date, community
studies have not adequately addressed this question. In this study, the authors
linked two existing data bases of the New York State Department of Health to
evaluate the relation between congenital malformations and residential proximity to
hazardous waste sites in New York State. A total of 9,313 newborns with
congenital malformations and 17,802 healthy controls living in proximity to 590
hazardous waste sites in 1983 and 1984 were evaluated. After the authors
controlled for several possible confounding factors, results indicated that maternal
proximity to hazardous waste sites may carry a small additional risk of bearing
children with congenital malformations (odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence
interval (CD 1.06-1.18). Higher malformation rates were associated with both a
higher exposure risk (no exposure risk: OR = 1.00; low exposure risk: OR = 1.09,
95% Cl 1.04-1.15; high exposure risk: OR = 1.63, 95% Cl 1.34-1.99) and
documentation of off-site chemical leaks (not exposed: OR = 1.00; exposed, but
no leaks at site: OR = 1.08, 95% Cl 1.02-1.15; exposed, and leaks found at site:
OR = 1.17, 95% Cl 1.08-1.27). The increased rates detected may be important in
terms of their public health implications. Further research is necessary to
strengthen causal inferences regarding the teratogenicity, of waste site exposure.
MEDLINE
97 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Scheduled risk assessment application for the DoE programs
Hasit, Y.J.; Patil, G.B.
Roy F. Weston
1993 Federal Environmental Restoration Conference and Exhibition, Washington,
DC (USA), 25-27 May 1993
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI); Dep. Energy;
Dep. Def.; Army Corps Eng.; Dep. Navy; EPA; Bur. Reclam.; Air Force;
Nav. Facil. Eng. Command; Dep. Inter.; Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis.
Regist.
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Selection of indicator chemicals at hazardous waste sites
Hovatter, Patricia S.; Gibson, Robert E.
Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Symposium of the Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contaminantion
Studies, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1991 Jan 30-31
Language: English
The cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the United States is an
environmental issue of great concern. The baseline risk assessment, as
developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is conducted to
assist in the development of remedial alternatives for cleanup. The
first step in this^ssessment involves the selection of chemicals of
concern, those chemicals posing the greatest potential public health
risk at the site. This paper presents an approach to the selection
process that incorporates a computerized program to perform the routine
calculations for a concentration-toxicity screening procedure with
additional selection parameters, including frequency of occurrence,
comparison to background levels, site-relatedness, and environmental
persistence and mobility. This approach to the selection of chemicals
of concern streamlines the baseline risk assessment to address only
those chemicals posing the greatest risk. (Author abstract) 5 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 98
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Strategic analysis study-based approach to integrated risk assessment:
Occupational health risks from environmental restoration and waste management
activities at Hanford
Mahaffey JA, Doctor PG, Buschbom RL, Glantz CS, Daling PM
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1993
NTIS/DE93016577, 86p
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
PNL-8598, Contract AC06-76RL01830
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
The goal of environmental restoration and waste management activities is to
reduce public health risks or to delay risks to the future when new technology will
be available for improved cleanup solutions. Actions to remediate the wastes on
the Hanford Site will entail risks to workers, the public, and the environment that
do not currently exist. In some circumstances, remediation activities will create
new exposure pathways that are not present without cleanup activities. In
addition, cleanup actions will redistribute existing health risks over time and space,
and will likely shift health risks to cleanup workers in the short term. This report
describes an approach to occupational risk assessment based on the Hanford
Strategic Analysis Study and illustrates the approach by comparing worker risks for
two options for remediation of N/K fuels, a subcategory of unprocessed irradiated
fuels at Hanford. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Superfund and one community program
Pavlova, M.T. *•
Emerg. and Remedial Response Div., U.S. EPA-Reg. II, 26 Federal Plaza,
New York, NY 10278, USA
Methodology of Worker Notification Workshop, Vail, CO (USA)
AM. J. IND. MED VOL. 23, NO. 1 pp. 183-189 1993
Language: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Region II conducted a pilot
program in risk communication and notification of hazardous waste
information at a Superfund site in Toms River, New Jersey. The program
was designed to assess the levels of awareness and concern among local
citizens and to provide accurate information about health risks
associated with potential exposure to environmental contaminants. The
purpose of this program was to develop linkages among the community;
local, state, and federal governments; industry; health professionals;
and educators in dealing with environmental problems. A Community
Leaders Network was formed and became actively involved in the program.
Following a community needs assessment for risk information, a series
99 RISK ASSESSMENT
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of fact sheets was developed, pretested, disseminated, and evaluated.
The analysis of the program highlights the important lesson of being
able to respond to the specific changing dynamics of the community and
offers guidelines useful for risk communication in many communities.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Toxicity assessment of hazardous waste at a federal facility
Ross, Robert H.; Lu, Po-Yung
Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Symposium of the Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contaminantion
Studies, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1991 Jan 30-31
Language: English
In November 1989 the Department of Energy's facilities in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, collectively known as the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), were
placed on the National Priorities List (NPL). The result was
acceleration of ongoing efforts to identify waste sites and to begin
assessing the toxicity of each site. It was soon discovered that
assessment efforts were hampered by the lack of U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) toxicity values (e.g., Reference
Concentrations or slope factors) and related information for many of
the contaminants identified at the ORR. A decision was made to derive
the missing toxicity values, but only in close collaboration with the
U.S. EPA, In conducting similar assessments for the U.S. Army, it
became apparent that toxicity assessment is not necessarily site
specific and, therefore, lends itself to collaboration among Federal
agencies who have responsibilities for hazardous waste cleanup. (Author
abstract) 6 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Toxicology of upper aerodigestive tract pollutants
Holt GR
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University
of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992 Jun;106(6):655-9
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
The field of environmental toxicology has become quite important to the study of
environmental health in human beings. The stability of the ecosystem in which we
RISK ASSESSMENT 100
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live is threatened by the nearly 5 million chemical compounds that have been
synthesized worldwide, many of which have real or potentially toxic effects on the
environment and on life forms. Four major groups of chemicals-metallic elements,
nonmetallic elements, organic compounds and inorganic compounds-have certain
agents within them that are known toxins to human beings. Some of these agents
have an as yet unknown effect, whereas others have been well characterized.
They can be found in the workplace, home, and outdoors, and many are unseen
and odorless. In the past, most agents have been described in terms of their
carcinogenic potential or major toxic effects on organ systems. It is now likely that
the important characterization of some of these agents referrable to the upper
aerodigestive tract should be at their receptor sites and identify the very discrete
and small effects on these sites and their cumulative effects. The concept of
threshold is probably an arbitrary one because to date these discrete effects have
not been studied. Susceptibility on an individual basis probably varies from low to
high, depending on the patient's immunologic and defense mechanisms and the
existence of congenital or acquired risk factors. New attention must be given to
more subtle effects on the upper aerodigestive tract (i.e., sinusitis and laryngitis) in
view of the potential effects of certain toxic agents on these tissues.
MEDLINE
Union Officials Question Reasoning for Risk Level of OSHA Health Standards
Occup Saf Health Report-BNA Sep 30 92 v22, n18, p1004(2)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
The OSHA risk-management policy allows workers handling hazardous
substances to face a level of cancer risk that is higher than that for
the public under some environmental regulations. Union representatives
of automobile and construction workers have objected to the OSHA
proposal of a permissible exposure limit for methylene chloride at one
cancer death per 1000 workers. Depending on the particular law, EPA has
set exposure limits of one excess death per million people exposed in
some cases. Union officials contend that, at hazardous-waste sites,
worker exposures are regulated under the OSHA risk-management policy,
while exposure to the general public at the boundary of the waste sites
is regulated under more stringent requirements.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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Using the RESRAD computer code to evaluate human health risks from
radionuclides and hazardous chemicals
Cheng, J.-J.; Yu, C.
Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL, USA
Journal of Hazardous Materials v 35 n 3 Dec 1993. p 353-367
Language: English
A pathway analysis computer code called RESRAD was developed at Argonne
National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the
evaluation of sites contaminated with residual radioactive materials.
The DOE and its contractors have used RESRAD to calculate radiation
doses and cleanup criteria. Recently, the RESRAD code has been improved
so that it can calculate the excess cancer incidence risk from
radiation exposure by using the slope factors recommended by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This new feature is discussed in
detail in this paper. The method for predicting health risks caused by
hazardous chemicals is similar to that for predicting risks caused by
radionuclides. The feasibility of applying RESRAD to chemical risk
assessment is examined in this paper. The results show that after
modification, RESRAD can be used for risk assessment of some classes of
hazardous chemicals, for example, metals. Expansion of the RESRAD
database to include chemical compounds and the addition of applicable
exposure pathways (e.g., inhalation of volatile vapors) will increase
RESRAD's capability to handle chemical risk assessments. (Author
abstract) 12 Refs.
DIALOG(R)Rle 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
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ECOLOGICAL RISK
Adapting ecological risk assessment for ecosystem valuation
Suter, G.W.
Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.
AAAS 93-159th National Meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Boston, MA (USA), 11-16 Feb 1993
AAAS Books, PO Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604, USA, Abstracts, $25.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Assessing ecological hazard under TSCA: Methods and evaluation of data
Smrchek, Jerry; Clements, Richard; Morcock, Robert; Rabert, William
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Language: English
The Environmental Effects Branch (EEB) of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) evaluates data to assess the
potential effects, inherent toxicity, and hazard posed by industrial
chemicals to the environment for the Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics or OPPT (formerly the Office of Toxic Substances or OTS) under
the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCAJ. The regulatory framework of
TSCA focuses on data submitted by industry and reviewed by EEB. The
review process is critical to assessing the ecotoxicological hazard of
existing chemicals (TSCA Section 4), new or Pre-manufacture notice
(PMN) chemicals (Section 5), and other potentially hazardous existing
chemicals (Sections 6 and 8). EEB developed methods for hazard
assessment using a tiered testing scheme, test guidelines,
environmental endpoints of concern, and assessment factors. The OPPT
testing scheme provides a unified, orderly, consistent, economical, and
flexible strategy. It is organized into four tiers, each with several
toxicity tests. Tiers increase progressively in complexity, testing
costs, and duration of the tests. Decision criteria occur at intervals
in the scheme and serve to facilitate making choices on whether to
proceed with additional testing or to discontinue testing. OPPT test
guidelines are state-of-the-art aquatic and terrestrial test methods
used to measure toxicity of industrial chemicals. New guidelines
(sediment toxicity tests) are promulgated in response to developments
in ecotoxicity research, interest in new testing areas, and Agency
needs. The testing scheme and test guidelines are used to assess the
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possible environmental hazard of existing chemicals and new chemicals.
Available toxicity data on existing chemicals range from a moderate to
a large amount, while limited data usually are available for PMN
chemicals. Results of available testing are validated by EEB and
incorporated into the hazard assessment. This evaluation identifies
qualitative and quantitative effects that may occur from chemical
exposure, reports environmental concentrations at which toxic effects
may begin to occur, and marshalls arguments to support the analysis.
These toxic effect concentrations are used to derive environmental
concern levels. For PMN chemicals, assessment factors are used to
adjust toxicity data to arrive at environmental concern levels, and to
require additional testing to better assess hazard. Concern levels are
then compared to predicted exposure concentrations to determine the
risk of actually incurring harm, and to obtain a decision on possible
regulatory action. (Author abstract) 13 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Assessment of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Under TSCA:
Considerations Prior to Use in Fermentors or Small-Scale Release
Sayre, Philip G.; Kough, John L. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p65(15)
Language: English.
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
2 diagram(s); 42 reference(s)
Under the mandates of TSCA, EPA is charged with assessing the potential
ecological risk of genetically engineered microorganism (GEMs), which
are used for nitrogen fixation in legumes, waste treatment,
bioremediation of toxic chemicals, metal mining, and biomass
conversion. Following the submission of a Premanufacture Notification,
risk assessments are prepared for both closed systems and intentional
environmental releases. GEM risk assessments examine information on
microbial recipient taxonomy, biology, and ecological niche. The
risk-assessment procedure used by EPA's Office of Toxic Substances is
detailed, including identification of the recombinant microorganism,
human and environmental hazard evaluation, and exposure.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 104
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Bottomland Hardwoods in the Tifton-Vadalia Upland of Georgia: A Conceptual
Model for Ecological Risk Assessment
Lowrance R, Vellidis G
Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA. Southeast Watershed Research Lab.
Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton. Dept. of
Biological and Agricultural Engineering.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1993
NTIS/PB93-234540, 53p
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
The report documents the development of a conceptual model for assessing the
ecological risk to the water quality function (WQF) of bottomland hardwood
riparian ecosystems (BHRE) in the Tifton-Vidalia upland (TVU) ecoregion of
Georgia. Previous research has demonstrated that mature BHRE are essential to
maintaining water quality in this portion of the coastal plain. The WQF of these
ecosystems is considered an assessment endpoint, an ecosystem function or set of
functions that society chooses to value as evidenced by laws, regulations, or
common usage. The water quality function of BHRE is at risk because of the
ecological and environmental quality effects of a suite of chemical, physical, and
biological stressors related to nonpoint source pollution from adjacent land uses,
agriculture; the conversion of BHRE to other land uses. Final rept. See also
PB93-102192. Prepared in cooperation with Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment
Station, Tifton. Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Sponsored by
Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TOXLINE
Challenge of ecological risk assessment
Bretthauer, E.W.
Res. and Dev., US Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC, USA
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM VOL. 11, NO. 12 pp. 1661-1662 1992
Annual Review Issue.
Language: ENGLISH
The opportunities and challenges that face the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the broad community of environmental
scientists are quite diverse. At a basic level, were are all concerned
with familiar problems such as water pollution, pesticides, and
hazardous wastes. In the past, we have generally approached these
problems on a pollutant-by-pollutant and medium-by-medium basis without
always fully considering broader environmental quality objectives. At a
higher level, the emergence of global ecological issues, such as
climate change and biodiversity as highlighted at the recent Earth
105 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Summit, emphasizes this need for a broader perspective. The EPA is
intensifying its efforts to deal effectively with this wide range of
ecological problems, and we look forward to continued collaboration
with, and scientific contributions from, SETAC. We are placing
increased emphasis on using a risk-based approach in establishing
priorities, allocating resources, improving the scientific basis for
decision-making, and developing the necessary research and guidance for
risk assessment of human health and ecological impacts.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
Climate Research for Ecological Monitoring and Assessment: a New
England Example
Cooter, Ellen J. NOAA, Research Triangle Park, NC; LeDuc, Sharon K.;
Truppi, Lawrence
Clim Res Dec 31 92 v2, n2, p101(12)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
7 graph(s); 5 map(s); 34 reference(s); 1 table(s)
Ecological assessment of risks attributable to anthropogenic stresses
requires the consideration of multiple, often interacting sources of
stress across a large number of plant and animal species. In terms of
climate research, an ecosystem monitoring program was initiated as a
joint EPA/USDA endeavor that consisted of the EPA Environ Monitoring &
Asssessment Program Forest Resource Group and the USDA New England
Forest Health Monitoring project. Climate applications were directed
toward addressing monitoring and assessment issues to forest ecosystems
in the six New England states. Climate data sets bearing on several
major categories of ecosystem impacts, including those affecting
growth, nutrient cycling rates, and leaf and limb damage, were
assembled. The research has indicated that traditional statistical
summaries, such as contour maps and weighted time-series, must be
constructed and interpreted with care for large-scale ecological
assessments. The development of disturbance theory requries an explicit
statement of the parameters of systems that can respond to disturbance;
climatological information must be provided for the variables of
disturbance pertinent to these response parameters.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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Ecological Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment Under EPA's Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA): an Introduction
Zeeman, Maurice; Gilford, James EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p7(15)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
5 diagram(s); 43 reference(s); 2 table(s)
TSCA mandated EPA to collect data and determine ecological and
human-health risk for industrial chemicals and genetically engineered
microorganisms (GEMs). Impact assessment is determined according to
ecological endpoints, which are basic considerations of the potential
hazard posed by a chemical or a GEM. The development by EPA's Office of
Toxic Substances of the testing program for these chemicals and GEMs is
described, including processes for selecting surrogate species, testing
guidelines, estimating ecotoxicity, assessment factors and chemical
concern levels, exposure assessment, and ecological risk.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Ecological risk assessment framework -- the NAS perspective
Barnthouse LW
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 02, 1994
NTIS/DE93015364, 8p
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
CONF-930165-2, Contract AC05-840R21400
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
A Workshop on Ecological Risk Assessment was held on February 26--March 1,
1991, at Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia. In addition to presentation and
discussion of the case study papers, the workshop included breakout sessions to
discuss conceptual and technical aspects of ecological risk assessment. A general
consensus emerged that an ecological version of the 1983 framework is desirable
and feasible. The committee concluded that the 1983 human health framework
could be expanded to accomodate both human health and ecological risk
assessment. For general applicability to ecological assessments, the 1983 scheme
requires augmentation to address some of the interfaces between science and
management, primarily because of the need to focus on appropriate questions
relevant to applicable environmental law and policy under different circumstances.
Specifically, the scheme needs modification to address (1) the influence of legal
107 RISK ASSESSMENT
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and regulatory considerations on the initial stages of ecological risk assessment
and (2) the importance of characterizing ecological risks in terms that are
intelligible to risk managers. The committee's opinion is that these augmentations
are as important for human health risk assessment as they are for ecological risk
assessment. This paper briefly describes the framework recommended by the
Committee and compares it to EPA's recently-published Framework for Ecological
Risk Assessment. Water Federation Environment specialty conference on how
clean is clean, Washington, DC (United States), 10-13 Jan 1993. Sponsored by
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
Ecological risk assessment in NPDES permits: Quantitative methods for
the calculation of expected risk
Warren-Hicks, W.; Parkhurst, B.R.; Cardwell, R.D.
Water Environment Federation 66th Annual Conference and Exposition, Anaheim,
CA(USA), 3-7 Oct 1993
Water Environment Federation
WEF601 Wythe St. Alexandria, VA 22314; ph: (703) 684-2400; fax: (703)
684-2492, Proceedings & full papers Paper No. AC93-056-004
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Ecological risk assessment of a metals-contaminated wetland:
Reducing uncertainty
Presented at: 2. European Conf. on Ecotoxicology, Amsterdam
(Netherlands), 11-15 May 1992
Pascoe, G.A.; Blanchet, R.J.; Under, G.
Environ. Toxicol. Int., Inc., 600 Stewart, Suite 700, Seattle, WA
98101. USA
SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON.; Suppl. Pts. 1-2, 1993, pp. 1715-1728
In PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON
ECOTOXICOLOGY. Sloof, W. de Kruijf, H. (eds.), 1993
Language: English
For over 125 years, mining wastes containing arsenic, cadmium, copper,
and zinc have contaminated the Clark Fork River in Montana, USA. Mining
wastes have partially filled Milltown Reservoir, situated approximately
100 miles (240 km) downstream of major sources of the wastes. Previous
studies suggested that benthic invertebrate communities have been
impacted by the sediment metals, and trout populations are not at the
expected carrying capacity in most sections of the river. An ecological
RISK ASSESSMENT 108
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risk assessment has been initiated under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to
evaluate impacts of the wastes on terrestrial and aquatic plant and
animal species. U.S. EPA has organized the risk assessment through
public work groups consisting of representatives of a number of
government, university, citizen, and private organizations. The
ecological risk assessment focuses on lower trophic levels species and
populations in the Milltown Reservoir wetland and riverine environment.
Although wildlife surveys have indicated good species diversity and
abundance, possible subtle effects on plant and invertebrate species,
as well as food chain transfer of metals to trout, have been the
primary test objectives. To minimize uncertainty in the assessment and
to address anticipated subtle biological effects, field and laboratory
studies were instituted to derive site-specific concentration-response
information. Studies have included soil and wetland bioassays of
earthworms and terrestrial and aquatic vegetation endpoints, in
addition to measurements of metals uptake in plants consumed by small
mammals and waterfowl. Additional studies on the benthos and
geochemistry are nearing completion. Preliminary results of the wetland
assessment indicate subtle biological effects at high metals
concentrations at major depositional areas. Final results will provide
managers with substantial ecotoxicological information to assist in
rational decisions for the site.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Ecological risk assessment procedures and applications to the CERCLA
process
Friant, S.L.
Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA
Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Atlanta, GA (USA),
11-15 Jul 1993
Williams & Wilkins, 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA,
Abstracts, Health Physics - The Radiation Protection Journal, June 1993
Volume 64 Number 6 Supplement 1, ISSN: 0017-9078 Paper No. MPM-A5
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
109 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Ecological risk assessment: a scientific perspective
Gentile, John H.; Harwell, Mark A.; van der Schalie, William H.;
Norton, Susan B.; Rodier, Donald J.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society 204th National Meeting on
the Role of Environmental (Ecological) Assessment in the Management of
Chemical Pollution, Washington, DC, USA
Journal of Hazardous Materials v 35 n 2 Oct 1993. p 241-253
Ecological risk assessment is becoming an increasingly important tool
for ranking, assessing, reducing, and managing environmental risks. To
provide Agency-wide guidance in this area in the U.S., EPA's Risk
Assessment Forum has begun a multi-year guidelines development program.
The first step in this program was the publication of the report
'Framework for Ecological Risk assessment' which describes the
principles, concepts, terminology, and structure of ecological risk
assessments. (Author abstract) 15 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Ecological risk management: Cost of attaining acceptable risk
Burris, J.A.; Buckley, S.E.
ABB Environmental Services
1993 Federal Environmental Restoration Conference and Exhibition, Washington,
DC (USA), 25-27 May 1993
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI); Dep. Energy;
Dep. Def.; Army Corps Eng.; Dep. Navy; EPA; Bur. Reclam.; Air Force;
Nav. Facil. Eng. Command; Dep. Inter.; Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis.
Regist.
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA; Telephone:
(301) 982-9500; Fax: (301) 220-3870, Proceedings, HMCRI member: $58.50
and non-member: $65.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Ecological Risk Assessment Report, Submerged Quench Incinerator, Task IRA-2,
Basin F Liquids Treatment Design. Version 3.0
Anon
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Denver, CO.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 07, 1994
NTIS/AD-A273 848/2, 92p
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
•
RISK ASSESSMENT 110
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The objective of this ecological risk assessment is to evaluate the potential impacts
of on-site incineration of Basin F liquids. Twenty-nine chemicals were evaluated for
potential adverse effects to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife and vegetation on RMA.
Based on this assessment, it is concluded that the operation of the submerged
quench incinerator poses no quantifiable risks to the wildlife and vegetation. The
assessment is divided into the following sections: description of the area -
terrestrial and aquatic ecology; contaminants of concern; ecological exposure -
description of contaminant transport from incinerator to environment; ecological
risk - development of risk criteria, risk characterization; assumptions and
uncertainties.
(Author). Final rept.
TOXLINE
Escarpment seeps at Shiprock, New Mexico
Anon
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., Albuquerque, NM.
USDOE Albuquerque Operations Office, NM (United States). Uranium Mill Tailings
Remedial Action Project Office.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 12, 1993
NTIS/DE93005953, 274p
NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A03
Contract AC04-91AL62350
The purpose of this report is to characterize the seeps identified at the Shiprock
UMTRA Project site during the prelicensing custodial care inspection conducted in
December of 1990, to evaluate the relationship between the seeps and uranium
processing activities or tailings disposal, and to evaluate the risk posed by the seep
water to human health and the environment. The report provides a brief description
of the geology, groundwater hydrology, and surface water hydrology. The
locations of the seeps and monitor wells are identified, and the water quality of the
seeps and groundwater is discussed in the context of past activities at the site.
The water quality records for the site are presented in tables and appendices; this
information was used in the risk assessment of seep water.
TOXLINE
A Framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA: Annual Review Issue
Norton, S.B.; Rodier, D.J.; Gentile, J.H.; Schalie, W.H. van der; Wood,
W.P.; Slimak, M.W.
U.S. EPA Lab., Narragansett, Rl 02592, USA
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM.; 11(12), 1992, pp. 1663-1672, 1992
Language: English
Journal article-review
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts; 04 Ecology Abstracts
111 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Ecological risk assessments evaluate the likelihood of adverse
ecological effects caused by stressors related to human activities such
as draining of wetlands or release of chemicals. The term stressor is
used to describe any chemical, physical, or biological entity that can
induce adverse effects on ecological components (i.e., individuals,
populations, communities, or ecosystems). In this review article, a
historical perspective on ecological risk assessment activities at the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is followed by a discussion
of the EPA's "Framework Report," which describes the basic elements for
conducting an ecological risk assessment.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
How to design an ecological risk assessment
Buchman, M.
NOAA/HAZMAT
HMC/Superfund '92 - HMCRI's 13th Annual National Conference &
Exhibition, Washington, DC (USA), 1-3 Dec 1992
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI)
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA; Telephone:
(301) 982-9500; and Fax: (301) 220-3870, Proceeding, $58.50 members and
$65.00 non-members
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
The lessons of Commencement Bay. A pioneering study in Puget Sound helped
advance ecological risk assessment
Cirone, P.; Coco, M.
U.S. EPA, Reg. No. 10
EPA J VOL. 19, NO. 1 pp. 33-34 1993
Language: ENGLISH
The lobes of the glacier that carved Puget Sound thousands of years ago
created numerous bays that became natural locations for port cities.
Unfortunately, many of these bays then became natural sumps for the
accumulation of toxic chemicals that those cities produced. One example
is Commencement Bay on the shoreline of Tacoma, Washington. More than
280 point sources, including a pulp mill, petroleum refineries,
aluminum processors, sewage treatment plants, and an active ocean port,
have polluted Commencement Bay. Many nonpoint sources also drain into
it. Concerns about the potential ecological and human health effects of
RISK ASSESSMENT 112
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hazardous substances in sediments of the nearshore/tidal flats area pf
the bay led to its addition, in September 1983, to the National
Priorities List (NPL) for cleanup under EPA's Superfund program.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Marine ecological risk assessment at Naval Construction Battalion
Center, Davisville, Rhode Island. Phase 1
Munns, W.R.; Mueller, C.; Cobb, D.J.; Gleason, T.R.; Pesch, G.G.
TECH. REP. U.S. NAV. OCEAN SYST. CENT 264 pp 1991
NTIS Order No.: AD-A247 832/9/GAR
Language: English
The Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC) in Davisville, Rhode
Island, has been the subject of a joint ecological research program by
the Navy and Environmental Protection Agency. Allen Harbor, a small
embayment of Narragansett Bay adjacent to NCBC, was used to develop
research and monitoring methods for ecological risk assessment. Two
sites on the National Priorities List were of particular concern: (1) a
15-acre landfill used from 1946 to 1972 for the disposal of such wastes
as solvents, PCB-contaminated oils, preservatives, sewage sludge,
chromic acid, and construction rubble; and (2) a cement-lined pit that
from 1960 to 1974 was the depository of calcium hypochlorite, chloride,
and decontaminating solution. Phase I of the study characterizes the
ecology, natural resources, sediment, and water quality. A preliminary
ecological risk assessment is developed. Exposure to and the effects of
contamination are measured at both subtidal and intertidal stations. A
T-shaped transect of stations projecting from the mouth of the harbor
into Narragansett Bay proper is established to determine if measurable
levels of contaminants and effects are reaching the Bay. A series of
mid-Narragansett Bay stations provide a reference for comparing effects
within Allen Harbor. (Prepared in collaboration with Science
Applications International Corporation.).
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
113 RISK ASSESSMENT
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Methodology for aquatic ecological risk assessment
Parkhurst, B.R.; Warren-Hicks, W.; Cardwell, R.D.
Water Environment Federation 66th Annual Conference and Exposition, Anaheim,
CA (USA), 3-7 Oct 1993
Water Environment Federation
WEF601 Wythe St. Alexandria, VA 22314; ph: (703) 684-2400; fax: (703)
684-2492, Proceedings & full papers Paper No. AC93-056-003
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
The Quotient Method of Ecological Risk Assessment and Modeling Under
TSCA: a Review
Rodier, D. J.; Mauriello, D. A. EPA, Washington, DC
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p80(12)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
4 diagram(s); 4 graph(s); 16 reference(s)
The Quotient Method, which is used by EPA's Office of Toxic Substances,
assesses the likelihood of ecological risk from industrial chemicals.
The method compares the endpoint or effect concentration to a predicted
or measured environmental concentration. Among the limitations of the
Quotient Method»are than it does not directly address taxonomic or
life-stage sensitivies to a toxic chemical, and it cannot objectively
address risks at intermediate quotient levels. While the method can
identify a risk to the phytoplankton population, it cannot quantify
that risk to higher trophic levels, such as fish. Therefore, simulation
models are employed to provide quantitative scenarios that relate
effects of measurement endpoints to effects on the assessment endpoint.
The various types of ecological risk-assessment models are described.
The results of the impact-assessment procedure are communicated through
the Tribartite Decision Curve, which shows the probability of a 50%
reduction of a population as a function of toxicant concentration.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK ASSESSMENT 114
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Terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals: An ecological risk
assessment perspective. Annual Review Issue.
Kendall, R.J.; Akerman, J.
Inst. Wildl. and Environ. Toxicol., Clemson Univ., Pendleton, SC 29670,
USA
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM.; 11(12), pp. 1727-1749, 1992
Language: English
Journal article-review
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts; 04 Ecology Abstracts
Ecological risk assessment of wildlife exposed to agrochemicals
addresses hazard and exposure to at least qualify and attempt to
quantify the ecological risk. To accomplish a present-day ecological
risk assessment in wildlife toxicology, data must be available from
several disciplines: analytical toxicology/environmental chemistry,
biochemical toxicology, and wildlife ecology/ecotoxicology. This
interdisciplinary approach, essential in wildlife toxicology for the
assessment of the chemical effects on the reproduction, health, and
well-being of wildlife, makes it difficult to rapidly generate the data
necessary for ecological risk assessments. However, as the field has
evolved, it has become clear that interdisciplinary cooperation is
critical to provide the complex data sets required for the registration
and reregistration of pesticide products by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The science of ecological risk assessment for
terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals advanced rapidly during
the decade of tflfe 1980s and into the 1990s.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
The Use and Application of QSARs in the Office of Toxic Substances for
Ecological Hazard Assessment of New Chemicals
Clements, R. G. EPA, Washington, DC; Nabholz, J. V.; Johnson, D. W.;
Zeeman, M.
ASTM STP 1179 Environ Toxicology & Risk Assessment 1st Symp, Atlantic
City, NJ Apr 14-16 91 p56(9)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
As mandated by TSCA, EPA has compiled an inventory of more than 80,000
industrial chemicals, which have been evaluated as to their possible
environmental and human-health efeects. As part of the
chemical-analysis procedure, EPA's Office of Toxic Substances
115 RISK ASSESSMENT
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determines the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs).
for each chemical, which are the relationships among the
physicochemical properties of the chemicals and their biological
activity. QSARs are applied to three broad categories of industrial
organic chemicals: neutral organics that are nonreactive and
nonionizable, neutral organics that are reactive and ionizable, and
surface active organic compounds. No QSARs are available currently for
polyanionic polymers, cationic dyes, acid dyes, inorganic metals, and
for most classes of pesticides. The factors used in selecting and
evaluating QSARs are delineated.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
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RISK ASSESSMENT 116
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RISK MANAGEMENT
DESCRIBES THE REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES TO
CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
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GENERAL PERSPECTIVE
Advances in risk assessment and management
Lakin, M.L.
ICF Kaiser Engineers
HazMat International '92 - Hazardous Materials and Environmental
Management Conference & Exhibition/International, Atlantic City, NJ (USA), 10-12
Jun 1992
HAZMAT WORLD Tower Conference Management Co., 800 Roosevelt Rd., Build.
E, Suite 408, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137-5835, USA; Telephone: (708) 469-3373; Fax:
(708) 469-7477, Proceedings, $110.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Future directions and research needs
Farland, W.H.
Off. Health and Environ. Assess., U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA
Methodology for Assessing Health Risks from Complex Mixtures in Indoor
Air, Arlington, VA (USA)
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT VOL. 95 pp. 131-133 1991
Language: ENGLISH
The primary focus of this presentation is to highlight suggested future
directions and needs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that
formed the core of a report to Congress on assessment and control of
indoor air pollution. The five major areas that constitute the current
EPA indoor air research strategy are monitoring/building studies;
health effects; source characterization/mitigation; health impact/risk
assessment; and program management/technology transfer. Additionally,
major trends and research needs are discussed, including greater
emphasis on noncancer effects and multiple pollutants at low levels and
the need for more sensitive measures for detecting adverse health
effects to more effectively characterize chemically sensitive
individuals and population subgroups.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Harmonizing chemical and radiation risk management
Brown, S.L.
ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 26, NO. 12 pp. 2336-2339 1992
Language: ENGLISH
119 RISK MANAGEMENT
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Risk assessment and risk management for radiation and chemicals have
developed within markedly different frameworks. The discordance between
these different ways of managing risk was not particularly evident
until EPA started treating radiation risks in the same context as
chemical risks. Given this disparity, some resolution of the
discordance between radiation and chemical risk management is needed.
The author describes the radiation and chemical frameworks in more
detail and suggests some possible approaches to resolve the discordance
between them.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Historical accident data and chemical emergency risk management
Glickman, T.S.; Golding, D.; Talcott, F.W.
Resources for the Future
1993 Simulation MultiConference, Washington, DC (USA), 29 Mar - 1 Apr 1993
Society for Computer Simulation
1993 Simulation MultiConference c/o SCS, P.O. Box 17900, San Diego, CA
92177; Telephone: (619) 277-3888; Fax: (619) 277-3930, Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Increasing Importance of Risk in Environmental Decision-Making
Jaksch, John A.; Geffen, Charlette A. Batelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, Washington, DC
Univ of Calif/et al 1992 Incineration Conf, Albuquerque, NM May 11-15, 92
p249(6)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
13 reference(s)
With increasing environmental problems and a shrinking pool of
financial resources, efficiency and consistency in determining how
pollution problems are approached and managed are becoming extremely
important. Within this context, risk assessment and management are
playing larger and larger roles in prioritizing pollution problems and
establishing acceptable levels of cleanup. The concepts of risk
assessment, communication, and management are defined, all of which are
used to help society choose more wisely among the range of options
available for reducing risk. At the federal level, the Committee on
Risk Assessment Methodology of NAS is addressing ways to improve the
RISK MANAGEMENT 120
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risk-assessment process, which will play an ever increasing role at EPA
and other federal agencies in how decisions are made. The problems
facing DOE and other federal agencies in cleaning up federal
facilities-time constraints, the number of cleanup operations, and
cleanup costs-will make risk assessment and management paramount to
addressing the myriad of ecological regulations and concerns.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Managing environmental compliance - balancing the risks
Dresser, J. F.
CH2M Hill, Inc, Portland, OR, USA, Denver, CO, USA
Risk Assessment/Management Issues in the Environmental Planning of
Mines Risk Assess Manage Issues Environ Plann Min. Pub) by Soc for
Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc, Littleton, CO, USA. p 85-89
Language: English
Management of environmental compliance has been anecdotally compared to
a shooting gallery at a carnival, with the following exception: At the
shooting gallery, successfully hitting nine out of ten targets usually
brings a reward and recognition of shooting skill; hitting nine out of
ten environmental compliance expectations not only brings agency
consternation and negative publicity, but the ?gallery' will likely
shoot back with stiff fines and possible criminal allegations. Faced
with the challenges of the new environmental compliance shooting
gallery, corporations and professionals are often left asking
themselves, ?How do we (or more appropriately, can we) win at this
game?' This paper examines recent federal enforcement statistics and
offers several suggestions for coping with the responsibility of
managing environmental compliance in the 1990's. (Edited author
abstract) 8 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
National survey of drinking water standards and guidelines for chemical
contaminants
McGeorge, Leslie J.; Krietzman, Sandra J.; Dupuy, Carolyn Jean; Mintz,
Bruce
Environmental Protection and Energy, Trenton, NJ, USA
Journal of the American Water Works Association v 84 n 3 Mar 1992
p 72-76
Language: English
121 RISK MANAGEMENT
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Many states have become involved in the process of developing drinking
water standards or guidelines for contaminants in drinking water. In
1985 the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), in cooperation
with a small number of state agencies, formed the Federal-State
Toxicology and Regulatory Alliance Committee (FSTRAC). Now, a majority
of state drinking water and risk assessment programs have joined the
USEPA for the purposes of exchanging information on the risk assessment
of drinking water contaminants and improving the coordination of
federal and state drinking water risk assessment and standard-setting
activities. FSTRAC conducted an extensive survey of the 48 primacy
states, Puerto Rico, and the USEPA for information on each drinking
water program, including existing and planned standards or guidelines
for chemical contaminants as of January 1989. The bases for these
standards and guidelines were also requested from each state, as well
as an explanation of which factors besides risk assessment (i.e.,
treatment feasibility, cost) were used in the standard-setting process.
(Author abstract) 8 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
The New Air Toxics Program
Claiborne, Margaret L. Hunton & Williams, Washington, DC
Nat Resour Environ Fall 92 v7, n2, p21(6)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article *
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments contain hazardous air pollutant
regulations that expand the existing air toxics program. The
regulations identify 189 toxic air pollutants that must be addressed by
the program. Listed chemicals will be subject to technology-based
emission standards, rather than health-based standards. The standards
will require the maximum degree of emission reduction on the basis of
the best technology currently available. EPA must also report to
Congress on the public health risks that remain after control
technologies have been implemented. The agency must adopt residual
risk-based standards if any source presents a cancer risk to a specific
number of individuals. Key development areas that need scrutiny are
identified, such as the definition of "source," source categories, and
the implementation of maximum achievable control technology.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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New focus on air toxics
Boutacoff, D.
EPRIJ, VOL. 16, NO. 2, pp. 4-13 1991
Language: ENGLISH
New amendments to the federal Clean Air Act include provisions to
reduce emissions of airborne toxic substances considered to pose a risk
to human health or the environment. While the petrochemical and metals
industries are the primary focus of the new air toxics provisions, some
of these substances-mercury and nickel, for example-have been
identified as present in fossil plant flue gas. The legislation calls
for the Environmental Protection Agency to conduct a three-year study
of the potential health risks specific to utility sources, after which
the EPA administrator will decide whether controls are needed for power
plants. To complement the EPA research and help utilities prepare for
all possible outcomes, EPRI is developing methods to predict how fuel
type and plant configuration affect levels of air toxics emissions, is
studying how these substances are chemically converted after leaving
the plant, and is assessing the risk they pose to public health and the
environment.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
Stop Superfund Waste
Reilly, Bernard J. E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co, Wilmington, DE
Issues Sci Technol Spring 93 v9, n3, p57{7)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
CERCLA's Superfund program was designed as a $1.6-billion program to
clean up a limited number of the nation's most dangerous abandoned
toxic-waste sites. It has evolved into an attempt to transform
thousands of sites to near-pristine conditions. Cost estimates for
clean up of these sites now range from $32-150 billion. Most of the
effort and money are directed to a relatively small number of priority
sites, while others are ignored and not even studied. The problems of
assigning risk and liability, and allocating tax money to the Superfund
program are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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Total exposure assessment in occupational epidemiology for risk
management
Jedrychowski W, Maugeri U, Jedrychowska-Bianchi I
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University
Medical School, Cracow, Poland.
G Ital Med Lav; VOL 13, ISS 1-6, 1991, P27-33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Language: English
Exposure assessment is an integral and essential component of occupational
epidemiology necessary for risk assessment, risk management as well as for
diagnostic and intervention efforts. It is a multidisciplinary approach that usually
requires the combined expertise of environmental and industrial hygienists,
toxicologists, epidemiologists, physicians, social scientists and statisticians.
Exposure-assessment methodology employs various direct and indirect techniques,
including environmental measurements, personal monitoring, biological markers,
questionnaires, and mathematical modelling. Exposure assessments for
occupational environment must be considered in the framework of potential
contributions from other media and adding the incremental exposure from other
media when necessary. Furthermore, to achieve effective risk assessment, all
media and routes of exposure must be assessed for the relative magnitude of their
contributions before an assessment of one medium is conducted. In the paper the
concept of total human exposure assessment is introduced and measurement
approaches have been discussed focusing attention on environmental research
surveys.
TOXLINE
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RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES AND POLICY
Army Material Command environmental risk management program
Talts, A.; Jonhson, M.F.; Anderson, K.E.
U.S. Army Material Command
1993 Federal Environmental Restoration Conference and Exhibition, Washington,
DC (USA), 25-27 May 1993
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI); Dep. Energy;
Dep. Def.; Army Corps Eng.; Dep. Navy; EPA; Bur. Reclam.; Air Force;
Nav. Facil. Eng. Command; Dep. Inter.; Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis.
Regist.
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA; Telephone:
(301) 982-9500; Fax: (301) 220-3870, Proceedings, HMCRI member: $58.50
and non-member: $65.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
EPA Looks at Superfund Reform
Means, Bruce; Cooper, David EPA, Washington, DC
Health Environ Dig Jun 94 v8, n3, p3(2)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
<•
The Superfund Reform Act (SRA), which will reauthorize the Superfund
program, should clarify hazardous waste cleanup goals. Among the issues
SRA will address are use of risk assessment for determining the need
for remedial action, the role of decision-making criteria besides
cleanup results, and expectations about risk levels allowed after
cleanup. The importance of assessing ecological risks, in addition to
public health risks, is noted. Cleanup costs should be considered in
screening out remedies for which an equally effective but cheaper
alternative is available. SRA would create a standardized risk
assessment protocol to make decision-making more consistent and more
equitable across sites.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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EPA priorities for biologic markers research in environmental health .
Fowle, J.R.,111; Sexton, K.
Office Health Res., U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT.; 98, pp. 235-241, 1992
Language: English
Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology allow for measurement
of biologic events or substances that may provide markers of exposure,
effect, or susceptibility in humans. The application of these new and
emerging techniques to environmental health offers the possibility of
significantly reducing the uncertainties that traditionally hamper risk
assessments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) health
research program emphasizes the validation of appropriate biologic
markers and their application to high-priority Agency issues. The
rationale for EPA's biomarker research program is presented, and future
research directions are discussed. Exposure biomarkers will receive
most of the research emphasis in the near term, particularly body
burden indicators of exposure to high-priority chemicals, such as
benzene, ozone, selected heavy metals, and organophosphate pesticides.
Research on effects biomarkers will attempt to validate the
relationship between the observed biological effects and adverse health
consequences in humans, especially for cancer, pulmonary toxicity,
immunotoxicity, and reproductive/developmental toxicity.
DIALOG(R)File 76:Life Sciences Collection
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
EPA toxic substances program: Long-standing information planning
problems must be addressed
36 pp 1993 Government Accounting Office, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
Language: ENGLISH
Because toxic chemicals are in such widespread use today, nearly every
American's body contains traces of toxic chemicals as a result of skin
absorption or other environmental exposure. Some of the chemicals, such
as asbestos, PCPs, and ozone-depleting chemicals, have been found to
cause tumors and birth defects as well as to harm wildlife. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for identifying,
assessing, and regulating the risks posed by the approximately 72,000
chemicals in commercial use as well as chemicals proposed for
manufacture. Because of concerns about EPA's information resources
management practices, this report examines whether EPA is effectively
RISK MANAGEMENT 126
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planning for and using information resources to (1) identify and assess
chemicals posing the greatest risk to human health and the environment
and (2) retrieve critical data on health and environmental risks by
other federal users that assess risks from chemicals.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Health and chemical environment in Czecho-Slovakia, international cooperation
context
Trnovec T, Rosival L
Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Czecho-Slovakia, CSFR.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 11 REFS.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1993 Feb;17(1):66-76
Language: English
This review provides a record of the present situation with regard to public health
and environmental degradation and its underlying causes in Czecho-Slovakia,
taking into account ways of life, which is a synonym for its two components:
environment and behavior. It gives attention to the priorities which include air and
water pollution and food contamination. Environmental protection includes the
human health protection from air, water, land, and groundwater pollution,
ecological protection and natural resource preservation, use of pesticides, food and
consumer product safety, and safety associated with the introduction of new
chemicals into commerce. Further, this review focuses on the fundamental building
blocks for a new environmental policy and management system (Constitution Act,
1991; Environmental Law, 1991; Chemical Act, in preparation; standards regarding
chemicals, etc.)l»With regard to the international concern about the dangers of
chemicals for humanity and the natural environment, attention is drawn to the
collaboration of Czecho-Slovakia in chemical safety with WHO, IRPTC, and OECD.
An important task is to determine what scientific research is needed and to
educate administrators, politicians, and the general public in chemical safety.
MEDLINE
How to Move Quickly to Risk-Based Environmental Management: a Specific
Proposal
Garetz, William V. EPA, Washington, DC
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 p279(28)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
book chapter
7 diagram(s); 2 reference(s)
The EPA trend toward risk-based management is moving forward despite
criticisms of risk assessment techniques. It is argued that even faulty
127 RISK MANAGEMENT
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techniques offer enough data to improve the management process, .and
this is illustrated through the development of a risk-based
decision-making process. This process ultimately assigns resources to
the cost-effective options, regardless of the absolute risk of the
problem. Resources are also allocated to developing better
risk-assessment databases and risk reduction technologies.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Impact of EPA regulatory and policy initiatives on risk management and
waste disposal strategies for the mining industry
Faison, G.; Pavlou, S.; Borden, R.; Leftwich, T.; Pavlich, K.
Ebasco Environmental, Bellevue, WA, USA, Denver, CO, USA
Risk Assessment/Management Issues in the Environmental Planning of
Mines Risk Assess Manage Issues Environ Plann Min. Publ by Soc for
Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration inc, Littleton, CO, USA. p 33-36
Language: English
Recent regulatory and policy initiatives under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), will
have a significant effect in risk reduction requirements for the mining
and minerals processing industry. For example, Congress is considering
regulating 20 special wastes from the processing of ore and minerals
through RCRA Subtitle D and TSCA. The performance of risk analyses and
environmental planning at mining projects is often driven by Federal
and state regulatory standards. Recent regulatory and policy
initiatives by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), will
have a significant effect on environmental planning and risk reduction
programs for mining and minerals processing. Regulatory programs
implemented under other Federal laws including the Safe Drinking Water
Act, Clean Water Act, and Clean Air Act will also impact industry
practices. This paper provides: 1) a brief overview of mining waste and
mining waste management, and 2) a description of these regulatory
initiatives and a discussion on the impacts of new requirements on
environmental and risk reduction programs in the mining industry.
(Author abstract) 7 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
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New approaches in setting drinking water standards
Ohanian, E.V.
Off, Sci. Technol./Off. Water (WH-586), U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, 401
M St., S.W., Washington, DC 20460-0001, USA
12. Annu. Meet, of the American College of Toxicology;, (np; )
J. AM. COLL. TOXICOL, VOL. 11, NO. 3 pp. 321-324 1992
Language: ENGLISH
The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 required that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish standards for 83
contaminants by June 1989, and at least 25 added standards by January
1991, then 25 more every three years hence. Conceptually, the
regulatory process employed by EPA consists of two steps. First, a
detailed health risk assessment of a contaminant is performed in order
to determine the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (nonenforceable health
goal) in water that should result in no known or anticipated health
effects and allows adequate margin of safety. Second, the results of
risk assessment and management (taking best available technology,
treatment techniques, cost, and other means into consideration) are
combined to derive the Maximum Contaminant Level (enforceable standard)
which is set as close to the MCLG as feasible.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
OSHA Nearing Completion of Options Paper for New Administration,
Official Tells Panel
Occup Saf Health Report-BNA Feb 17 93 v22, n37, p1625(1)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
An OSHA options paper that addresses the potential health hazards from
poor indoor air quality and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is
nearing completion. The regulation of ETS has come to the fore since
EPA identified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen. The paper
will suggest possible OSHA regulatory options to address indoor air
quality and ETS, either together or separately. The agency plans to
adapt risk assessments on secondhand smoke for exposure in residential
settings to on-the-job risks.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
129 RISK MANAGEMENT
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OSHA's interest in risk management and accident prevention
Seymour, T.H.
U.S. DOL-OSHA
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-FA-168.05
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Permitting and compliance programs for toxic discharges
Galya, Donald
ENSR Consulting & Engineering
Power Engineering (Barrington, Illinois) v 96 n 2 Feb 1992 p 35-37
Language: English
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) increased emphasis on
controlling toxic wastewater discharges probably will result in more
stringent permit requirements. However, industry can achieve reasonable
permit limits with minimal disruptions to operations through a creative
permitting and toxics compliance program. Several techniques for
modeling, permitting, monitoring and toxics reduction offer dischargers
flexibility in developing a toxics program.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society 204th National Meeting on
the Role of Environmental (Ecological) Assessment in the Management of
Chemical Pollution
Gabel, Norman W. (Ed.); Gushee, David E. (Ed.)
N.W. Gabel & Assoc., Landover, MD, USA
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society 204th National Meeting on
the Role of Environmental (Ecological) Assessment in the Management of
Chemical Pollution, Washington, DC, USA
Journal of Hazardous Materials v 35 n 2 Oct 1993. Publ by Elsevier
Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Neth. 339p
Language: English
This issue of the journal contains 14 papers on environmental impact
assessment of chemical industry pollution. Topics discussed include the
main features of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the EPA's
responsibilities for administering ecological regulations, corporate
RISK MANAGEMENT 130
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environmentalism, environmental assessment in new drug applications,
requirements of the FDA for the environmental assessment of animal
health products, protecting cultural resources in managing chemical
pollution, a scientific perspective on ecological risk assessment,
using toxicity data to evaluate ecological effects at Superfund sites,
environmental biomarkers as indicators of chemical exposure, and the use of
physical and chemical properties to assess environmental transport and fate.
All papers are indexed and abstracted separately.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All its. reserv.
Progress report on EPA's 33/50 Program: Reducing toxic risks through
voluntary action
Anon.
TOTAL QUAL. ENVIRON. MANAGE VOL 1, NO. 2 pp. 159-166 1992
Language: ENGLISH
EPA's 33/50 Program calls for voluntary industry reductions of toxic
wastes, aimed at achieving an overall national reduction of 33 percent
by 1992 and 50 percent by 1995. The seventeen high-priority toxic
chemicals included in the program accounted for 1.4 bHIion pounds of
releases and transfers in 1988; a 50-percent reduction would eliminate
700 million by 1995. As of June 1991, 236 companies have committed to
an average reduction commitment of more than 200 million pounds.
Thousands more companies are being invited to participate.
DIALOG(R)File 41:Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
RCRA at a Crossroads: Whether to Regulate Hazardous Waste Based on Risk
or Technological Controls
Kastner, Kenneth M. Bryan Cave, Washington, DC
Environ Report-BNA Jun 4 93 v24, n5, p247(7)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
fed govt report
62 reference(s)
In interpreting the regulations authorized by RCRA, EPA must determine whether
stringent controls should be applied to wastes that do not pose a substantial risk
to human or environmental health. Legal, historical, and policy analyses of this
issue conclude that a risk-based regulatory structure is most feasible.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
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Reducing risk: Priorities and strategies for environmental protection >
Loehr, R. C.
U. of Texas
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition - 1992, Washington, DC, USA,
1992 Oct4-7
Language: English
In late 1990, the USEPA - Science Advisory Board (SAB) completed a
major report for the EPA Administrator and the report recommendations
have resulted in policy changes in EPA. A key component of the report
is the identification of relative environmental risk and the need to
focus on environmental problems of greatest risk. This paper discusses
the background and rationale of the report, how the recommendations
have been implemented within EPA, and the potential impact to the
petroleum production and refining industry. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Regulating the introduction of new chemicals under section 5 of TSCA: improving
the efficiency of the process and reducing potential injury in the workplace through
the use of operational MSDS and exposure limits
Rosenthal I, Jayjock MA, Keener RL, Plamondon JE
Safety Health and Environmental Affairs Department, Rohm and Haas Company,
Bristol, PA.
Qual Assur 1991 Oct;1(1):10-30
Language: English
JOURNAL ARTICLE
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA to take appropriate
actions to ensure that new and existing chemicals do not pose unreasonable risk to
health or the environment. Section 2{b)(3) of the Act directs the Agency to
accomplish this objective in a manner that does not impede unduly or create
unnecessary economic barriers to technological innovation. In recent years, critics
have felt that the EPA has failed to achieve these primary goals of TSCA. This
paper considers some of the reasons for this criticism and advocates an alternate
approach of exposure limits and operationally sufficient controls to assist in
achieving these goals. An illustration of how this alternate approach might work
under practical conditions is presented, using as an example a new chemical
substance from the class of acrylate monomers. These concepts and risk
assessments provide data for a better design of future studies according to good
laboratory practice and quality assurance.
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Regulation of Environmental Contaminants in Drinking Water: State Methods and
Problems
Sidhu, Kirpal S. Michigan Dep Public Health, Lansing
J Am Coll Toxicol 1992 v11, n3f p331(10)
Language: English
journal article
34 reference(s); 1 table(s)
States generally accept EPA guidelines for contaminants in drinking
water. These are the maximum contaminant levels that are enforceable
under EPA regulations. Slightly more than half the states have the
personnel and resources to formulate their own guidelines. In cases of
imminent risk to human health, a state may have to set an interim
guideline, and sometimes the data available to make these decisions is
limited. The derivation of state guidelines for carcinogenic and
noncarcinogenic contaminants is reviewed, and demonstrated for methyl
isobutyl ketone, + i t + r -butyl alcohol, 1,1-dichloroethane,
tetrahydrofuran, and carbon disulfide. The risk from exposure by routes
other than ingestion, and the derivation of guidelines for exposure to
trichloroethylene during bathing is shown. The enforceability of state
guidelines, and the expense of implementing state regulations are
briefly reviewed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Regulation of existing chemicals under TSCA: information disclosure as the route
to reducing risk and increasing available data
Rosenthal I, Weiler ED, Keener RL, Cumberland PJ
Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105.
Qual Assur; VOL 1, ISS 2, 1992, P89-96
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Language: English
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) empowers the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) to regulate risk associated with the use of existing chemicals and
the introduction of new chemicals into commerce. Due to a number of concerns,
however, the authority to regulate existing chemicals under TSCA has enjoyed
limited success. A more generic and flexible approach is needed to achieve
significant risk reduction for existing chemicals. This paper presents a frame-work
for a generic approach to the regulation of existing chemicals. Under this
framework, EPA would officially recognize that the distribution of chemical
substances without evaluating and communicating to the user how to avoid
operationally undesirable exposures represents an unreasonable risk to health or
the environment. Acting under the authority of TSCA, EPA would then generically
133 RISK MANAGEMENT
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require suppliers to communicate acceptable exposure levels and information
regarding safe use. This framework is consistent with the express policy of TSCA,
which states that development of data with respect to the effects of chemical
substances and mixtures on health and the environment should be the
responsibility of manufacturers and processors of chemicals. The approach outlined
here is consistent with and complements initiatives of the Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) and would enable OTS to accomplish some of the fundamental
goals of TSCA.
TOXLINE
Regulatory and institutional considerations in the application of ecological risk
assessment at federal facilities
Bilyard, G.R.; Bascietto, J.J.; Beckert, H.
Pacific Northwest Lab.
FED. FACIL. ENVIRON. J VOL. 4, NO. 3 pp. 337-348 1993
Language: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing policies,
guidelines, and methodologies for conducting ecological risk
assessments. These assessments can be used by federal agencies to help
meet their regulatory and institutional obligations during remediation,
restoration, closure, or mission changes. This article identifies the
regulatory requirements and institutional considerations that could be
supported by ecological risk assessments and proposes a process for
using ecological risk assessment at government facilities. If adopted,
ecological risk assessments have substantial benefits because they
would help ensure that a standard analytical process is used throughout
the federal system to assess potential impacts to ecological resources;
they would ensure, whenever possible, that quantitative data are used
to make environmental management decisions; and as discussed in this
article, they could be conducted in conjunction with human health risk
assessments. , .
OIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
Regulatory Problems Associated with Natural Products and Biopesticides
Plimmer, Jack R. ABC Laboratories, Columbia, MO
Pestic Sci 1993 v39, p103(6)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
RISK MANAGEMENT 134
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Issues surrounding the regulation of natural product and biorational.
pesticides in the US are addressed. Juvenile hormones, semiochemicals,
and other biopesticides offer new approaches to pest control and the
benefits of reduced adverse environmental and health impacts, but
acceptance of these options has been slow. Regulatory requirements for
establishment of hazard and tolerance levels are viewed as onerous.
Progress in molecular biology and related disciplines constrain
capabilities of regulators responsible for rendering safety
assessments. EPA policy changes that will help streamline and
facilitate biorationals registration are recommended.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline{R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Risk assessment and risk management of noncriteria pollutants
LeeSD
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 6, ISS 5, 1990, P245-55
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Language: English
Noncriteria air pollutants are synonymous with hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), air
toxics or toxic air pollutants (TA term noncriteria pollutants refers to all air
pollutants except for the criteria pollutants (SOx, PM, NOx, CO, 03, and Pb). Air
toxics are pervasive in our environment worldwide in varying degrees. There are
more than 70,000 chemicals that are in use commercially in the United States, and
we know relatively little about their ambient concentrations,persistence, transport
and transformation as well as their effects on health and the environment, many of
which take decades to emerge. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency, under the authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, is mandated to
regulate any air pollutant which, in the Administrator's judgment, causes, or
contributes to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to result in an
increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness. For such
regulatory decision-making, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
(OHEA) provides scientific assessment of health effects for potentially hazardous
air pollutants. In accordance with risk assessment guidelines developed by OHEA
over the years, Health Assessment Documents (HADs) containing risk assessment
information were prepared and were subjected to critical review and careful
revision to produce Final Draft HADs which serve as scientific databases for
regulatory decision-making by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS) in its risk management process.
TOXLINE
135 RISK MANAGEMENT
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The risks of fixing the current federal system of risk assessment
Environmental Forum 11 n2 48(2) March-April, 1994
LFU File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Transaction screening is a useful risk management tool, (part 1)
(environmental due diligence)
Bennett, Mark J.; Buonicore, Anthony J.
Los Angeles Daily Journal v105 n223 p7 Nov 13, 1992
LRI File 150
EDITION: Fri 24 col in
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
The Utility of Environmental Fate Models to Regulatory Programs
Callahan, Michael A. EPA, Washington, DC
Principles & Practices for Petroleum Contaminated Soils (Lewis)
1993 341(8)
Language: English
conf paper
1 diagram(s); 14 reference(s); 3 table(s)
Environmental fate models can help decision-makers understand some of
the factors involved in regulatory decisions. The relationships among
risk management, risk assessment, exposure assessment, and
environmental fate are examined and their role in the regulatory
process is discussed. Fate models serve as a predictive tool for
estimating present and potential exposures.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Wastes: Toxic Substances Control Act
Hinds, Richard de C. Cleary, Gottleib, Steen & Hamilton, Washington, DC;
Weller, Janet L.; Butvinik, Jeffrey I.
Environ Law Practice Guide (Matthew Bender) 1992 v3, n27, p27-1(83)
Language: English
book chapter
328 reference(s)
Presented is a thorough and complete review of the Toxic Substances
Control Act of 1976, which has control of all chemical production and
transport in conjunction with the other applicable statutory mandates
RISK MANAGEMENT 136
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as determined by the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act. EPA has .
jurisdiction over the implementation, application, and enforcement of
all strictures and regulations established by the law. Included are
chapter explanations, supported by case law precedents, and those
administrative mechanisms associated with the authority of EPA. In
addition, risk assessment evaluations are mandated, by which subsequent
control over commerce can be initiated prior to possible infractions.
Public health issues permeate the various facets of risk assessment
actions and are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
When Is a Life Too Costly to Save? The Evidence from Environmental
Regulations
Van Houtven, George L. {East Carolina University, Greenville); Cropper,
Maureen L. (University of Maryland, College Park)
Resour (Resour Future) Winter 94 1qr n114, p6(5)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
1 graph(s)
Some environmental laws require EPA to balance costs and benefits in
issuing regulations, but other laws prohibit such balancing. A study of
various regulations-including those for asbestos under TSCA,
cancer-causing pesticides used on food crops under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, and national emissions
standards under the Clean Air Act-show that generally, regulations do
consider both costs and benefits. Two issues are examined: how the
value of a life implicit in environmental regulations compares with
society's apparent willingness to pay to save lives; and the way in
which the implicit value of a life seems to vary across EPA programs
and across population groups. The value EPA attaches to preventing one
cancer case seems very high-from $15-45 million, which is much higher
than individuals seem willing to spend. EPA has issued more stringent
regulations under statutes that require balancing of costs and benefits
than under statutes requiring consideration of health risks only.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
137 RISK MANAGEMENT
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LEGAL ASPECTS
Environmental concerns prompt Section's activity. (Section of
Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law) (ABA/NYC)
Erisman, Frank
National Law Journal v15 n49 pS1 August 9, 1993
LRI File 150
EDITION: Mon 28 col in
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Federal Appeals Court Upholds Regulations, Finds Agency Properly Set
Contaminant Levels
Environ Report-BNA Aug 28 92 v23, n18, p1275(2)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has upheld EPA
regulations on drinking-water contaminant limits. The petitions that
were filed by the Int Fabricare Inst, oil and chemical companies, and
trade associations had charged that the Natl Primary Drinking Water
Regulations were flawed in terms of the contaminant levels set for
1,2-dibromo-chloropropane, ethylene dibromide, tetrachloroethylene, and
PCBs. The maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by EPA set the
amounts of a given contaminant that may be present in water delivered
to any public water system user. The court dismissed the challenge
because the claimants could not cite any new data supporting the zero
MCLs for these contaminants. The substance-specific challenges offered
during the proceedings are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Lender liability and environmental risk management
Griggs, Malcolm D.
Florida Bar Journal 67 n11 80(5) Dec, 1993
LRI File 150
RISK MANAGEMENT 138
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More Good Than Harm: a First Principle for Environmental Agencies .and
Reviewing Courts
Warren, Edward W. Kirkland & Ellis, Washington, DC; Merchant, Gary E.
Ecol Law Quart 1993 v20, n3, p379(62)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
342 reference(s); 1 table(s)
The reasonableness of environmental protection regulations comes under
judicial review under the Administrative Procedure Act. The judicial
review has generally been process oriented, giving the advantage to
environmental regulations that can be rationally defended, without
regard to the reasonableness of the regulation from a risk, cost, and
benefit standpoint. When judicial review is conducted under the
principle of more good than harm, the results may be quite different.
Cases involving the ban on asbestos, risks from occupational benzene
exposure, and other regulated activities are cited.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Regulating Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators Under the Clean Air Act:
History, Technology and Risks
Reitze, Arnold W., Jr. (George Washington University, Washington, DC);
Davis, Andrew N. (Brown Rudnick Freed & Gesmer, Hartford, CT)
Boston Coll Environ Aff Law Rev Fall 93 3qr v21, n1, p1 (88)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
609 reference(s)
With shrinking landfill capacity and stricter regulatory requirements
for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal, incineration is being viewed
as an attractive option. The hierarchy of MSW options-source reduction,
recycling, landfill disposal, and incineration-is reviewed, and the
history of MSW incineration and regulation are chronicled. With the
advances in the technology of air pollution controls applicable to MSW
incinerators, especially in the use of dry scrubbers followed by fabric
filters, health risks may be at or below the risks associated with
other MSW management options, even recycling. The two main weaknesses
associated with incineration are the potential health risk of
dioxin/furan emissions and the unproven ability of regulators to
effectively control emissions over the life of an incineration
139 RISK MANAGEMENT
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facility. It is argued that much of the public opposition to MSW
incineration becomes irrational if monitoring and enforcement processes
are improved. Excerpts are appended from two EPA draft documents on the
environmental and health effects of dioxin release.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Salvaging Superfund; ABA developing policy on environmental cleanup law
McMillion, Rhonda
ABA Journal 80 93(1) Jan, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
RISK MANAGEMENT 140
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
(ARSENIC)
Arsenic Health Research Needs
Fowle, John R., Ill EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC; Abernathy, Charles
0.; Mass, Marc J.; McKinney, James D.; North, D. Warner; Ohanian,
Edward V.; Uthus, Eric
EPA/Univ of Missouri/et al Trace Subst in Environ Health 25th Conf,
Columbia, MO May 20-23, 91 p257(15)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
1 graph(s); 39 reference(s); 1 table(s)
A near-term research agenda to resolve major risk assessment
uncertainties surrounding the safety of inorganic arsenic in drinking
water was prepared by an EPA ad hoc task force. Topics of interest
include As toxicity and environmental exposure, uptake and metabolism,
carcinogenesis, essentiality, and risk assessment/management. Research
proposals focus on carcinogenic mechanisms and on the metabolism and
detoxification of As. Metabolic studies are needed to determine the
link between the ability to metabolize As and cancer incidence. Genetic
studies are also recommended to weigh the assumption that cancer is
initiated by a one-hit event followed by a second event or series of
events.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(ASBESTOS)
Schools respond to risk management programs for asbestos, lead in
drinking water and radon.
Fisher, Ann; Chestnut, Lauraine G.; Chapman, Ruth H.; Rowe, Robert D.
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 4 n4 309-328 Fall, 1993
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
141 RISK MANAGEMENT
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(DIISOCYANATES)
Regulatory scene for selected diisocyanates
Doe, J. E.; Lyon, J. P.; Katoh, M.
ICI Central Toxicology Lab, Alderley Park, Engl
Polyurethanes World Congress 1991
Nice, Fr, 1991 Sep 24-26
Language: English
There is a multitude of governmental activities with regard to
isocyanates and diisocyanates in general. For example, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the Toxic Control
Substance Administration (TSCA), has both a testing requirement and a
risk management process underway on the two major isocyanates, toluene
diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diisocyanate (MDI). Recently, the U.S.
National Toxicology Program (1989) listed TDI as a substance which may
reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogenic leading to the listing
under Proposition 65 in California. Both TDI and MDI are listed by the
EPA under SARA 313 requiring annual reports on emissions. In addition,
there is an EPA health effects data call-up in place on 43 separate
isocyanates and diisocyanates. The listing of TDI by the International!
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a 2(b) carcinogen and the
incorporation of both TDI and MDI in the 'Seveso' list has taken place.
These activities are a result of concerns regarding: 1) toxicological
data published over the last few years, 2) increased public and
governmental chemical awareness and phobias, and 3) finally, in pant
due to the Bhopal catastrophe involving methyl isocyanate. Activities
to put perspective on the chemical class, particularly with regard to
TDI and MDI, will be discussed. (Author abstract) 29 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE)
SLO Smoke: the Anatomy of a Powerful Local Anti-Tobacco Law
Wells, Barbara J. (San Luis Obispo County Health Agency, CA); Roberts,
Richard L.
J Environ Health, Apr 93, v55, n6, p9(5)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
13 reference(s)
San Luis Obispo, CA, enacted the strictest antismoking ordinance in the
nation in August 1990. The ordinance restricts smoking in all enclosed
RISK MANAGEMENT 142
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areas used by the public including restaurants and bars. Passage of lhe
ordinance is chronicled, and local political and business response is
described. A positive push toward passage of the ordinance was EPA and
Univ of California studies that linked involuntary exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke with heart disease. The ordinance went into
effect after a 30-d waiting period, and enforcement has been
widespread. Despite the smoking ban, sales tax receipts for restaurants
and hotels increased 7.6% over 1991 levels.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(GENERAL)
Chemical risk management strategies for product stewardship and
community partnership
Armstrong, C.E.
Dames and Moore, Raleigh, NC
NAEP 18th Annual Conference, Raleigh, NC (USA), 24-26 May 1993
National Association of Environmental Professionals (NAEP)
NAEP, PO Box 9400, Washington, DC 20016, USA; Telephone: (301)
229-7171, Abstracts, The Environmental Professional, ISSN: 0191-5398,
Volume 15 Number 1 Supplement 1993; Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
(METHYL BROMTDE)
Proposed Ban on Methyl Bromide Opposed by Producers, Users
Zurer, Pamela S.
Chem Eng News Feb 1 93 v71, n5, p23(2)
Language: English
journal article
EPA advocates the phaseout of methyl bromide production, importation,
and usage. The chemical, which is used as an agricultural fumigant, is
thought to contribute to ozone depletion. Although former EPA head
William Reilly proposed a ban prior to leaving office, action taken by
President Clinton's OMB director has rendered the status of the ban
uncertain. Still, the provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act will
probably require a ban on methyl bromide eventually. Principal
opponents of a methyl bromide phaseout include Israel, which
manufactures the chemical, and many developing countries, which use it
to rid export crops of pests. Farmers in California and Florida, who
use the compound for soil fumigation, also oppose the ban.
143 RISK MANAGEMENT
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DIALOG(R)Fi!e 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(NITROGEN OXIDES)
Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides: a Bridesmaid Revisited
Bachmann, John EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
Comparative Environ Risk Assessment (Lewis) 1993 p143(11)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
book chapter
2 graph(s); 1 map(s); 27 reference(s)
According to risk assessments employed by EPA, air pollution has been
ranked one of the top priority environmental problems. Nitrogen oxides,
however, have been accorded low-risk status in most air pollution
programs. Scientific evidence now indicates that atmospheric nitrogen
compounds are directly responsible for respiratory problems and
indirectly involved in all of the major air pollution problems. Their
contribution to changes in tropospheric ozone, paniculate matter, air
toxics, marine eutrophication, terrestrial systems, acidification, and
stratospheric 03 depletion are reviewed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
(PCB'S)
Compliance with EPA PCB regulations-Options analysis
Kump, Roland K.
General Electric Co, Schenectady, NY, USA
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications v 27 n 6 Nov-Dec 1991
p1162-1168
Language: English
The author examines the rules, written by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), for regulating the use of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) since the passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act by
Congress in 1976. The media and state and local environmental
influences have continued to highlight PCB problems. These factors,
plus the aging industrial plants that contain PCBs, pose a complex
problem for owners of PCB-containing equipment. The EPA rules have
become more restrictive and will continue to reflect the EPA's concern
with any release of PCBs into the environment. The author explores the
EPA PCB regulations, highlighting the more significant requirements. The
most viable options for managing PCB equipment are reviewed, and a method of
RISK MANAGEMENT 144
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cost analysis of two of the most popular options is presented. 12 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(PCB'S)
PCB regulations and procedures for risk management including PCB
cleanup policy and procedures
Kelly, Joseph J.; Stebbins, Randy D.
44th Annual Conference of Electrical Engineering Problems in the Rubber
and Plastics Industries, Akron, OH, USA, 1992 Apr 13-14
Language: English
To regulate the continued use and disposal of PCBs (polychlorinated
biphenyls), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
promulgated and is charged with enforcing the regulations contained in
Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations part 761 (40 CFR 761). There is
considerable confusion in industry regarding which spills and leaks are
covered, how the USEPA mandates that spills and contamination be
cleaned, and how PCB equipment and materials need to be disposed of.
The author reviews the PCB spill cleanup policy and then discusses
methods for disposal available to owners. Some methods of legal
disposal, allowed under the regulations, do not eliminate risks, but
may actually increase them. An alternative that eliminates the long
term exposure risks caused by disposal of PCB-containing equipment is
proposed. In particular, a three-step solution to this problem is put
forth that depends on: specifying an appropriate method of disposal to
completely destroy PCBs; utilizing vendors who are EPA approved and
inspected; and reviewing thoroughly the control mechanisms and
procedures used by vendors to prevent environmental exposures to PCBs
and to ensure that the customers' long term liabilities are completely
eliminated. 9 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(PCB'S)
Why should the cement industry do anything with their PCB transformers?
Kump, Roland K.
GE Installation & Service Engineering, USA
Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Cement Industry Technical Conference, Toronto, Ont
Language: English
The EPA regulations force owners of PCB equipment to carefully review
regulatory compliance and develop PCB risk management programs. State
145 RISK MANAGEMENT
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and local environmental concerns and media attention bring added ,
uncertainty. The many business cycles which have seen expansion and
contraction of production facilities, new technology and added emission
control equipment have placed added burdens on aging electrical
equipment. The EPA is currently planning new PCB regulations which may
add additional PCB management requirements. This paper briefly reviews
the EPA regulations highlighting the more commonly violated
requirements. Several risk management techniques are presented and
discussed. A method of quantifying PCB equipment owning cost is
presented. (Author abstract) 8 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
(PETROLEUM)
Decision support system: Software for exposure/risk assessment at
petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites
Hockman, B.
Amoco Corp., OK, USA
3rd Annual Symposium on Groundwater & Soil Remediation, Quebec City, PQ
(Canada), 8-10 Sep 1993
BIOQUAL Network; Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research
Council Canada; DESRT Program; Environment Canada; Members of
GASReP/PRESSC; Ministere de I'Environnement du Quebec; St. Lawrence
Centre - Environment Canada
L. Gendron, Environment Canada Village Place Cartier, 3rd Fl., 425 St.
Joseph Blvd., Hull, PQ K1A OH3, Canada; Telephone: (819) 953-9368; Fax:
(819) 953-7253, Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Cleaning Up ARARs: Reflections from the Field
Temkin, Elizabeth H. Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, Denver, CO
Am Bar Assoc Environ Law Manual 1992 p98(8)
Language: English
book chapter
A principal issue in remediating Superfund sites is the applicable or
relevant and appropriate standards (ARARs). EPA and the Dep of Justice
response to the issue is to extract a commitment from the potentially
responsible party (PRP) to immediately install the maximum possible
amount of technology to demonstrate the government's commitment to
remediation. The technology-driven attitude stems from concessions from
environmentalists and from the recognition that the money due from PRPs
must be extracted as soon as possible. The practical impact of the
government's position is examined by looking at two Superfund sites. It
is argued that most of the exorbitant cash settlements do not consider
realistic land uses of the site, and that the federal government
generally ignores analytical data on actual impacts of the
contamination. More attention must be given to site-specific data if
the enormous waste incurred during remediation efforts is to be
reduced.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Criteria to Be Developed to Certify WIPP Disposal Standards Compliance,
EPA Says
Environ Report-BNA Feb 19 93 v23, n43, p2717{38)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
EPA intends to develop criteria for the management of spent nuclear
fuel, high-level radioactive waste, and transuranic waste. Under the
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act, EPA must
certify whether the WIPP near Carlsbad, NM, complies with disposal
standards. EPA is seeking comments on the propriety of confidence
measures used to determine compliance. Full text of the EPA proposal
is presented.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
147 RISK MANAGEMENT
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EPA bans hazwaste burning; could set stage for related action
Anon.
INFECT. WASTES NEWS VOL. 8, NO. 11 1993
Language: ENGLISH
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Carol Browner
has announced that the agency will be holding up all new permits for
hazardous waste incinerators, a move that could be a precursor to a
second look at incineration in all waste areas, including medical
waste. The decision, prompted by a long-standing dispute over startup
of a new commercial hazwaste burner in East Liverpool, Ohio, changes
the nation's overall outlook on burning wastes, Browner said. The
action followed by one day the arrests near the White House of 50
opponents of the East Liverpool plant, including actor Martin Sheen.
The agency will review all permits and run full risk assessments,
including those for indirect exposure, in all new permits "to ensure
they are based on the best scientific evidence." In addition, permits
will be required to include an appropriate dioxin emission standard,
and a "more stringent control for metals." EPA is also calling on
hazwaste generators to review and overhaul how they commit themselves
to reducing waste output. The nation's hazardous wastes are burned on
site in 184 incinerators and 171 industrial furnaces.
DIALOG(R)File 41 rPollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All its. reserv.
Hazardous Materials Transportation in Tank Cars: Analysis of Risks, Part 1
Raj PK, Turner CK
Technology and Management Systems, Inc., Burlington, MA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1993
NTIS/PB93-223477, 232p
NTIS Prices: PC A11/MF A03
REPT-1991-64, Contract DTFR53-90-00003
Federal Railroad Administration, Washington, DC.
The report covers the development of a methodology to evaluate the potential
national public risk arising from the transportation of hazardous materials in tank
cars on the US Railroads. The analysis is intended to assess the relative changes in
the overall risk when (structural) safety devices are provided on tank cars. Also the
relative risks of transporting different chemicals in a specified DOT class tank car
can also be determined. An analysis of tank car accident data (maintained by the
Railway Progress Institute and the Association of American Railroads) was made
and statistics on tank car puncture sizes were developed. The risk model developed
takes into account the characteristics of tank cars, the puncture probability,
RISK MANAGEMENT 148
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properties of the hazardous material released and its behavior in the..environment,
occurrence of the accident in different population density areas under different
types of weather conditions at the time of the accident, etc. Toxicity, fire and
explosion behavior of the chemicals have been considered. The focus of application
of the model has been to the transporation of poison-by-inhalation (PIH) and
flammable materials. The results of the risk assessment model have been
presented as a matrix of frequency and consequence classes indicated by MIL
standard 882 B. Final rept. Sponsored by Federal Railroad Administration,
Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
Impacts of the use of institutional controls on risk assessments for
U.S. Department of Energy facilities
White, Robin K.; Redfearn, Andy; Shaw, Renee; King, Amy D.
Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Journal of Hazardous Materials v 35 n 3 Dec 1993. p 403-412
Language: English
This paper summarizes some of the major issues related to the use of
institutional controls at hazardous waste sites under the auspices of
the U.S. Department of Energy Field Office, Oak Ridge/Environmental
Restoration Division (DOE-OR/ERD). In particular, the impacts that
assumptions regarding institutional controls have on the results and
interpretation of the risk assessment, both in the Remedial
Investigation (Rl) and the Feasibility Study (FS) are addressed. The
approaches and assumptions relating to institutional controls focus on
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA), since it is the regulatory driver for hazardous waste
sites at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. In order to provide a
contrast to approaches adopted under CERCLA, the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) and radiation regulatory authorities (i.e.,
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations/guidance, DOE orders,
and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards) are briefly
outlined. To demonstrate the implications of the use of institutional
controls at DOE facilities, the approaches and results of a recent
baseline risk assessment for Solid Waste Storage Area 6 at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL) are summarized. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
149 RISK MANAGEMENT
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Managing risk at Hanford
Hesser WA, Stillwell WG, Rutherford WA
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 16, 1994
NTIS/DE94008059, 8p
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
PNL-SA-23727, CONF-940225-58, Contract AC06-76RL01830
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Clearly, there is sufficient motivation from Washington for the Hanford community
to pay particular attention to the risks associated with the substantial volumes of
radiological, hazardous, and mixed waste at Hanford. But there is also another
reason for emphasizing risk: Hanford leaders have come to realize that their
decisions must consider risk and risk reduction if those decisions are to be
technically sound, financially affordable, and publicly acceptable. The 560-square
miles of desert land is worth only a few thousand dollars an acre (if that) - hardly
enough to justify the almost two billion dollars that will be spent at Hanford this
year. The benefit of cleaning up the Hanford Site is not the land but the reduction
of potential risk to the public and the environment for future generations. If risk
reduction is our ultimate goal, decisions about priority of effort and resource
allocation must consider those risks, now and in the future. The purpose of this
paper is to describe how Hanford is addressing the issues of risk assessment, risk
management, and risk-based decision making and to share some of our experiences
in these areas. Waste management '94, Tucson, AZ (United States), 27 Feb - 3
Mar 1994. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
TOXLINE *
Recycled Used Oil Not Hazardous, EPA Says: Standards Issued to Govern
Safe Management
Environ Report-BNA Aug 14 92 v23, n16, p1187(2)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
EPA has determined in a final ruling that used oil will not be
regulated as a hazardous waste, since the used oil standards are
adequate to protect public and environmental health. The used oil
management standards cover maintenance, labeling, and storage issues.
Processors, collectors, and transporters must obtain an EPA
identification number, maintain storage tanks in good condition, and
follow strict record-keeping procedures. Oil cannot be stored for more
than 35 d and cannot be used as a dust suppressant on roads. The EPA
rule has provoked a negative response from environmentalists, the
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Hazardous Waste Treatment Council, and the Assoc of Petroleum .
Re-Refiners. Their concerns are discussed.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Recycling Sewage Sludge: What are the Risks?
Health Environ Dig Jan 93 v6, n9, p1(4)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
9 reference(s); 1 table(s)
Sludge, the end product of wastewater treatment, is made up of sewage
solids, organic nutrients, water, and various contaminants, including
bacteria and other pathogens, industrial chemicals such as PCBs and
dioxins, and heavy metals. With the recent fear of expanding landfills
and the unpopularity of incineration, alternatives to sludge disposal,
namely composting and application to agricultural lands, has generated
widespread concern because of the potential for contaminants to be
entered into the food chain or for sludge-treated soil to be ingested
directly by people. These concerns and recent tests done by scientists
studying sludge have prompted the EPA to enforce new sludge standards
and limits of pathogens and heavy metals in sewage sludge applied to
land. With the introduction of industrial discharged contaminants into
sewage systems, finding new industrial processes that further reduce
the occurrence of heavy metals in the environment should be a priority.
In addition to effective pretreatment and careful management, safe
sludge use requires continued research to provide assurance that
today's regulations are protective of human health.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Regulations and techniques for dredging and dredged material disposal
evaluation
Rubinstein, N.I.
EPA, Environ. Res. Lab., Narragansett, Rl 02882, USA
WHITE PAP. SER. R.I. SEA GRANT 6 pp 1992
Based on a R.I. Sea Grant Coastal Issues in New England Lecture.
Language: ENGLISH
The Environmental Research Laboratory at Narragansett, R.I., is the
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) center for marine, coastal, and
estuarine water quality research. A major ongoing program at the
151 RISK MANAGEMENT
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laboratory focuses on the development of ecological risk assessment
procedures to evaluate the potential impact of contaminated sediments
on the marine environment. EPA, along with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (COE), has responsibility for evaluating and regulating
dredging and dredged material disposal operations throughout the
nation. Because, in some cases, dredged materials may be contaminated
with anthropogenic pollutants, it is essential that these materials be
evaluated to insure compliance with environmental regulations designed
to protect our marine and coastal habitats.
D!ALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Risk characterisation and management of sewage sludge on agricultural
land—implications for the environment and the food-chain
Ross AD, Lawrie RA, Keneally JP, Whatmuff MS
NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 45 REFS.
Aust Vet J 1992 Aug;69(8):177-81
The disposal of sewage wastes may cause severe environmental problems as was
graphically demonstrated with pollution on Sydney's ocean beaches in recent
years. Sewage sludges contain valuable plant nutrients and organic matter which
can improve the fertility and structure of the soil. However, human parasites,
pathogenic micro-organisms and chemicals capable of causing soil contamination,
phytotoxicity and residues in animal products may also be present. Although
sewage sludge is frequently spread on agricultural land overseas, it is not common
in Australia and most states do not have specific regulations to minimise risk and
promote good practice. A sludge-to-land program began in the Sydney region in
1990. It follows guidelines written by NSW Agriculture to encourage beneficial
agricultural use of sludge by adoption of environmentally sustainable practices.
This article describes the major risks to the food-chain and the environment, which
may be associated with applying sewage sludge to agricultural land. It summarises
how the risks are managed, and where further research data are required.
MEDLINE
Risk management considerations for controlling acid mine drainage
Cobb, W.E.; Mavis, J.D. CH2M Hill
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
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Sludge Standards Set Numerical Limits
Bryant, Chris Tech Group Inc, Washington, DC
Pollut Eng Jul 93 v25, n12, p48(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
2 photo(s); 4 table(s)
EPA issued rules in early 1993 on the protection of human health and
the environment from hazards posed by the disposal and reuse of sewage
sludge. The ruling, referred to as the 503 rule, applies to land
disposal, surface impoundments, and incineration. For each disposal
option, EPA had to consider the risk to public health and the
environment from the pollutants in the sludge. The 503 rule, which
includes specific numerical limits, or equations for calculating the
limits, for ten sewage-sludge pollutants, applies only to sewage sludge
generated or treated by publicly owned treatment works. The pollutants
include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury molybdenum,
nickel, selenium, and zinc. EPA has estimated that the costs of
compliance could be as high as an additional $45.9 million/yr.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline{R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Summary of the bioremediation risk assessment workshop in Minnesota in
June 1993: Canadian Government guidelines on the use of microorganisms
for bioremediation
Mclntyre, T.
Environ. Canada, ON, Canada
3rd Annual Symposium on Groundwater & Soil Remediation, Quebec City, PQ
(Canada), 8-10 Sep 1993
BIOQUAL Network; Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research
Council Canada; DESRT Program; Environment Canada; Members of
GASReP/PRESSC; Ministere de I'Environnement du Quebec; St. Lawrence
Centre - Environment Canada
L. Gendron, Environment CanadaVillage Place Carrier, 3rd Fl., 425 St.
Joseph Blvd., Hull, PQ K1A OH3, Canada; Telephone: (819) 953-9368; Fax:
(819) 953-7253, Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
153 RISK MANAGEMENT
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Temporary Capacity Freeze Announced by EPA on New Hazardous Waste
Incinerators
Environ Report-BNA May 21 93 v24, n3, p131(21)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
EPA has announced an 18-month temporary capacity freeze on
hazardous-waste incinerators and industrial furnaces. Incinerator
operators will be required to meet new emissions standards for metals
and dioxins, and prepare risk assessments. Most industrial boilers and
furnaces that do not burn commercial wastes will be allowed to continue
operation while complying with the new rules. A major part of the new
EPA effort will be to formalize industrial-waste reduction requirements
that are currently voluntary. Waste minimization will include source
reduction and environmentally sound recycling, but the transfer of
hazardous constituents from one medium to another will not be allowed.
The new regulations will affect only incinerators operating under
interim status and fully permitted operations when they come up for
periodic review. Texts of the draft strategy and interim final guidance
measures are provided.
DIALOG{R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Use of risk to resolve conflicts in assessing hazards at mixed-waste
sites
Rechard, R.P.; Chu, M.S.Y.
Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM, USA
44 pp 1991
NTIS Order No.: DE910173/GAR. SAND-91-0587C, CONF-910849-3.
Language: ENGLISH
This paper is primarily concerned with the scientific method of
assessing hazards from mixed waste (i.e., carcinogenic chemicals,
noncarcinogenic chemicals, and radioactive material). This paper
discusses SRS, a Site Ranking System, and its use of risk concepts to
avoid introducing new inconsistencies when ranking mixed-waste sites.
SRS ranks each site by scoring factors that influence the human health
risk. The factors are (1} the potentially exposed population, (2) the
average amount of exposure to the waste, and (3) the toxicity of the
waste. The relative risk of a release is measured as the product of
these three factors. The third factor, toxicity, is indexed with a
single score, but because methods of measuring toxicity differ for
RISK MANAGEMENT 154
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carcinogenic chemicals, noncarcinogenic chemicals, and radionuclides,
comparison can be difficult; hence, this paper also summarizes the
logic and assumptions used to make toxicity comparisons in SRS. As may
be expected, results from a ranking scheme based on risk are different
from results generated by the original Hazard Ranking System (MRS),
used by the Environmental Protection Agency.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
155 RISK MANAGEMENT
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Economic Benefits of Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the
Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Anon
RCG/Hagler, Bailly and Co., Inc., Boulder, CO.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 13, 1993
NTIS/PB93-168797, 169p
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A02
Contract EPA-68-C8-0084
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of the Assistant
Administrator for Water.
The report provides an overview of the benefits analysis of the effluent limitation
guidelines for offshore oil and gas facilities. Regulatory options were evaluated for
two wastestreams: (1) drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings; and (2) produced water.
The analysis focuses on the human health-related benefits of the regulatory options
considered. These health risk reduction benefits are associated with reduced
human exposure to various carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic contaminants,
including lead, by way of consumption of shrimp and recreationally caught finfish
from the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the health-risk reduction benefits analysis is
based upon a previous report (RCG/Hagler, Bailly, January 1991), developed in
support of the proposed rulemaking. Recreational, commercial, and nonuse benefits
have not been estimated for these regulations, due to data limitations and the
difficulty of estimating these values for effluent controls in the open-water marine
environment. Final rept. See also PB93-153989. Sponsored by Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of the Assistant Administrator for
Water.
TOXLINE
How important is environmental risk assessment to your bottom line?
Ward, C.M.
Jubanyik, Varbalow, Tedesco, Shaw and Shaffer
HazMat/lnternational '93: 11th Annual Presentation, Atlantic City, IMJ (USA), 9-11
Jun 1993
HAZMAT WORLD; Department of Commerce, International Trade
Administration; State of New Jersey
Advanstar Exposition, 800 Roosevelt Rd., Build. E, Suite 408, Glen Ellyn, IL
60137-5835, USA; Telephone: (708) 469-3373; Fax: (708) 469-7477
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK MANAGEMENT 156
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CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
ADR: A new tool for environmental managers
McGlennon, J.A.S.; Schneider, P.
ERM-New England Inc., Boston, MA, USA
POLLUT. ENG VOL. 25, NO. 13 pp. 40-41 1993
Language: ENGLISH
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) uses neutral third parties to defuse adversarial
relationships and reach cooperative solutions to environmental problems. ADR is
not a new concept, it has been used for more than 15 years by several federal
agencies, particularly the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to develop
federal policy and regulations and resolve conflicts among competing interests.
Several state governments have funded offices to provide ADR services to state
agencies. Many groups, both profit and non-profit, around the country provide ADR
services to both public- and private-sector consumers.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Beyond compliance: How an environmental risk assessment can limit a facility's
liability
Piatkowski, S.
Consulting Services
Environmental Site Assessments: Case Studies and Strategies, Orlando, FL (USA),
5-7 Aug 1992
Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers, National Ground
Water Association (NGWA)
Environmental Site Assessments, NGWA, P.O. Box 182039/Dep. 017,
Columbus, OH 43218-2039, USA; Telephone: (614) 761-1711, Proceedings
Paper No. A312
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Cement Makers' Long, Sweet Ride
Carpenter, Betsy; Bowermaster, David
US News World Report, Jul 19 93, v115, n3, p51(3)
Language: English
news article
1 diagram(s); 2 photo(s)
The cement industry burns a million tons of solvents, hazardous wastes,
157 RISK MANAGEMENT
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and sludge from petroleum refineries at 20 incinerator sites around the
country. The industry benefits from lower fuel costs and high disposal
fees charged to the generators of the waste. Although the incineration
process is regulated by EPA, compliance is spotty and poorly enforced.
The environmental and health consequences of incineration are not well
known, but respiratory and neurological problems have been connected
with exposure to incinerator discharges.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Environmental liability risk management for environmental professionals
Gulledge, W.P.
Tillinghast
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-FA-169.01
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
OSHA's interest in chemical plant safety
Seymour, Thomas H.
Safety Standards Programs Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Plant/Operations Progress v 11 n 3 Jul 1992 p 164-165
Language: English
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has been
required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to promulgate a
process safety management (PSM) standard for the prevention of
catastrophic incidents and to protect the safety and health of
employees in the covered plants. The law requires the OSHA standard to
cover at least 14 areas or issues and to cover highly hazardous
chemicals which include toxic, flammable, highly reactive and explosive
substances. The paper will describe in detail how OSHA has responded to
this statute and what we have accomplished in the rulemaking effort.
Also the interface with other relevant OSHA standards, including the
Hazard Communication standard, the Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response standard, the Control of Hazardous Energy Sources
(Lockout/Tagout) standard, and others will be discussed. In addition
other recent laws that relate to and impact the OSHA PSM standard such
as the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990,
RISK MANAGEMENT 158
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the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and the Superfund Amendments and,
Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, will be explained as to their
relationship to PSM. The emergency preparedness efforts required of
employers under PSM and the relationship to SARA Title III efforts by
local community emergency response organizations will be covered, as
well as the interface with the EPA Risk Management Program initiative
that EPA must do under the Clean Air Act Amendments. (Author abstract)
4 Refs.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
Responsible care and distribution risk management
Roco, E.W.
Industrial Safety, Roco BVBA, Belgium
MARICHEM '93, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 30 Nov - 2 Dec 1993
British Marine Equipment Association
Gastech RAI Ltd.200-208 Tottenham Court Rd., London W1P9LA, UK, full
papers
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Source Resolution and Risk Apportionment to Augment the Bubble Policy:
Application to a Steel Plant "Bubble"
Mukerjee, Shaibal; Biswas, Pratim Univ of Cincinnati, OH
Environ Manag Springer-Verlag Jul-Aug 93 v17, n4, p531(13)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
research article
47 reference(s); 11 table(s)
A specific aspect of the EPA Emission Trading Policy is known as the
Bubble Policy, which allows state regulatory agencies to limit
air-pollution emissions in an industrial source complex from a total
emissions perspective rather than a point-by-point reduction throughout
the plant. Conceptually, the complex is enclosed in an imaginary bubble
with a single stack opening at its top. The company can decrease or
increase emissions in a cost-effective manner as long as total
emissions do not exceed ambient standards. Mathematic models are
presented to identify emission-source categories and to quantitatively
apportion the risk contribution estimates affecting a receptor site in
the airshed. Risk apportionment rests on the fundamemtals of receptor
modeling that identifies and determines the contribution of an element
159 RISK MANAGEMENT
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pollutant. The modeling scheme was applied to a steel plant in Ohio to
determine participate matter in the airshed and risk-reduction options
for the plant. Results indicated that open dust sources were primary
emission sources in the plant, and increasing spray efficiency on open
dust sources could reduce overall inhalation risks.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Toxics Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries
Englande, Jr. A. J. (Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA); Guarino, C. F. (WRC
Inc, Huntingdon Valley, PA)
Water Sci Technol 1992 v26, n1-2, p263(12)
Language: English
research article
The status of hazardous waste management and treatment in the chemical
and petrochemical sectors is profiled. Regulatory /legal considerations
and trends are surveyed, and the EPA approach to wastewater discharge
regulation is critiqued. Advances in analytical/biological methods for
toxicity characterization are noted. Successful company programs that
promote waste minimization, source reduction, process modifications,
reuse, and recycling are cited. Other topics covered were innovative
techniques for effluent treatment and sludge/oily waste handling.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
Whose risk is it anyway?
Pinkowski, Brian
Smuggler Mine Project, Aspen, CO, USA
Civil Engineering (New York) v 63 n 10 Oct 1993. p 66-68
Language: English
Near the now-closed Smuggler Mine in Aspen, Colo., toxic lead sits beneath the
grass of area residents' yards. A major portion of soil in the area contains lead
above the EPA action level of 1,000 parts per million soil lead for the sit. For the
last nine years, EPA and residents of Aspen, Colo, have been locked in a battle
over how best to handle mine wastes left over from the city's silver mining past.
Here, the EPA project manager takes a look at the compelling
arguments on both sides of the issue.
DIALOG(R)File 8:Ei Compendex*Plus(TM)
(c) 1994 Engineering Info. Inc. All rts. reserv.
RISK MANAGEMENT 160
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RISK COMMUNICATION
THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN AUDIENCE TO MAKE
BETTER PERSONAL ANS SOCIETAL DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
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INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
Corporate risk communication: New challenges for makers and users of
toxic chemicals
Baram, M.
Cent. Law and Technol., Boston Univ. Law Sen., Boston, MA, USA
POLLUT. PREV. REV VOL. 3, NO. 2 pp. 167-175 1993
Language: ENGLISH
Since the mid-1980s, right-to-know policies have stimulated voluntary
efforts by many companies to prevent pollution and improve plant
safety. Another effect of these laws is that facility managers have
become increasingly involved in risk communication in order to gain
public trust. Improvements in risk communication are needed, however,
and companies must now prepare for the new communication challenges
posed by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
DIALOG(R)File 41 Pollution Abs
(c) 1994 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. All rts. reserv.
Effect of Bright Lines in Environmental Risk Communication
Wilson, (Catherine N. Research Triangle Inst, Research Triangle Park, NC;
Desvousges, William H.; Smith, Kerry V.; Payne, John
Natl Assoc of Environ Professionals 19th Annual Conf Proc, Raleigh, NC
May 24-26 93 p451(14)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
conf paper
1 diagram(s); 15 reference(s); 4 table(s)
The term "bright lines" is used in environmental risk documents to
denote the levels at which a given environmental hazard poses a severe
threat to health requiring action. Radon occurrences are usually
classified as bright lines. The bright line value for Rn is the
concentration at which an individual's risk of developing lung cancer
is increased. Currently, exposures to more than 4 pCi/l of Rn are
considered dangerous. The value of bright line-based terminology in
risk communications is assessed.
DIALOG{R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
163 RISK COMMUNICATION
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Information quality evaluation and applications to health risk assessment
Wassom, J.S.; Ross, R.H.; Lu, P.Y.
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco,
CA (USA), 5-10 Apr 1992
ACS, Distribution, Room 210, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036,
USA; Telephone: 800 227-5558, select 2, Abstracts; $40.00 non-members,
$30.00 ACS member, $28.00 ACS member and member of an ACS division
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
M&A and the EPA
Heiderscheit, III, John W.; Belden, Roy S. Chadbourne & Parke. DC
Indep Energy Feb 94 v24, n2, p27(3)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
Environmental issues are as important in evaluating a merger or
acquisition in the independent power market as in evaluating a new
project. Since contamination liability os a major concern when
considering the purchase of an existing project, a bring-down study
should be initiated to assess the potential for hazardous waste
contamination at a site. The study will also review all permits and
determine which are still lacking. The timetable for issuance of new
permits or updating environmental restrictions requires review
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All its. reserv.
Risk communication: The Convergence model of communication as a conceptual
foundation for environmental risk communication
Bradbury, J.
Battelle/Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Washington, DC, USA
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology,
New Orleans, LA (USA), 3-6 Oct 1993
ACT9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Telephone: (301)
530-0033, Abstracts
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
RISK COMMUNICATION 164
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Role for risk communication in closing military waste sites
Klauenberg BJ, Vermulen EK
Radiofrequency Radiation Division, Armstrong Laboratory,
Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235-5114.
Risk Anal; VOL 14, ISS 3, 1994, P351-6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Language: English
Lessons learned from environmental and occupational hazard risk management
practices over the past 30 years have led the Department of Defense to explore
alternative risk management approaches. Policies for cleanup of environmentally
hazardous waste sites are undergoing examination and are being reframed. A
Demonstration Risk Communication Program is described which incorporates
principles that integrate risk-based scientific information as well as community
values, perceptions, and needs in a democratic process that includes the public as
an active participant from the earliest stages. A strong scientific foundation for
assessment and characterization of risk is viewed as necessary but not sufficient;
the public's values must be actively integrated into the negotiated criteria. The
Demonstration Program uses a model to prepare the participants and to guide them
through the process. A five-step process is presented: (1) create risk
communications process action team including at least one member of the specific
site audience; (2) professionally train participants on team dynamics including
interpersonal communication skills; (3) train risk communicators to deliver a cogent
presentation of the message to secure a decision acceptable to both the
government and the public; (4) identify existing biases, perceptions, and values
held by all participants; and (5) develop risk message incorporating science and
values. The process action team approach assumes the participants enter into the
effort with the goal of improved environment and safeguarded public health. The
team approach avoids confrontational or adversarial interactions and focuses on a
dialogue from which a negotiated team response develops. Central to the program
is the recognition that communication is only effective when the dialog is two-way.
TOXLINE
USAF/EPA team approach to CERCLA cleanup and risk communication
Null, M.K.; Christian, D.
U.S. EPA Reg. VIM
Federal Environmental Restoration '92, Vienna, VA (USA), 15-17 Apr 1992
Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA. Fax: (301)
220-3870. Telephone: (301) 982-9500., Proceedings
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
165 RISK COMMUNICATION
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INFORMING THE PUBLIC
Case study of health risk communication: what the public wants
and what it gets
Trauth, Jeannette M.
Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 5 n1 49-64 Wntr, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All its. reserv.
Notification guidelines for risk communication under the air toxics
"HotSpots" program
Kaiser, S.; Alexeeff, G.V.
California Air Resour. Board
86th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting and Exhibition,
Denver, CO (USA), 13-18 Jun 1993
A&WMA, PO Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, USA; Telephone: (412)
232-3444; Fax: (412) 232-3450, Proceedings Paper No. 93-TP-36B.04
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
Public involvement and risk communication for Rocky Flats health studies
Zoda, S.; Lockhart, A.
ENSR Consult, and Eng.
1993 Federal Environmental Restoration Conference and Exhibition, Washington,
DC (USA), 25-27 May 1993
Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute (HMCRI); Dep. Energy;
Dep. Def.; Army Corps Eng.; Dep. Navy; EPA; Bur. Reclarri.; Air Force;
Nav. Facil. Eng. Command; Dep. Inter.; Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis.
Regist.
HMCRI, 7237 Hanover Parkway, Greenbelt, MD 20770-3602, USA; Telephone:
(301) 982-9500; Fax: (301) 220-3870, Proceedings, HMCRI member: $58.50
and non-member: §65.00
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All its. reserv.
RISK COMMUNICATION 166
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The question of risk: incorporating community perceptions into environmental risk
assessments (Urban Environmental Justice)
Freeman, James S.; Godsil, Rachel D.
Fordham Urban Law Journal 21 n3 547-576 Spring, 1994
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
Risk communication to the media and general public: A case study of a dioxin
contaminated site
Nessel, C.S.
Exxon Biomed. Sci.
HazMat/lnternational '93: 11th Annual Presentation, Atlantic City, NJ (USA), 9-11
Jun 1993
HAZMAT WORLD; Department of Commerce, International Trade
Administration; State of New Jersey
Advanstar Exposition, 800 Roosevelt Rd., Build. E, Suite 408, Glen
Ellyn, IL 60137-5835, USA; Telephone: (708) 469-3373; Fax: (708)
469-7477, Proceedings, $105.00 plus $10.00 shipping charge
Language: English
DIALOG(R)File 77:Conference Papers Index
(c) 1994 Cambridge Sci Abs. All rts. reserv.
Testing the role of technical information in public risk perception
Johnson, Branden B.; Sandman, Peter M.; Miller, Paul
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 3 n4 341-364 Fall, 1992
LRI File 150
DIALOG(R)File 150:Legal Resource Index(TM)
(c) 1994 Information Access Co. All rts. reserv.
167 RISK COMMUNICATION
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INFORMING THE WORKER
Biases in perception and reporting following a perceived toxic
exposure
Lees-Haley PR, Brown RS
REVIEW ARTICLE: 60 REFS.
Percept Mot Skills 1992 Oct;75(2):531-44
Reactions to chemical exposures often include fears of future illness,, cancerphobia,
reports of multiple chemical sensitivity, and other ill-defined complaints.
Frequently, these complaints occur at levels of exposure not known to cause
physiological harm. Although frequently dismissed as hysterical or hypochondriacal
reactions, these complaints, along with other indefinite symptoms, may be better
understood in terms of biases in perception and reporting. In this paper, we outline
various sources of perceptual and response biases including prior beliefs, the
media, influential others, reconstructed personal histories, self-perceptions, and the
forensic environment. It is recommended that a thorough understanding of
symptom-reporting and psychological distress following a chemical exposure
involves consideration of these issues.
MEDLINE
RISK COMMUNICATION 168
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES
-------
ASTER: An Integration of the ACQUIRE Data Base and the QSAR ..
System for Use in Ecological Risk Assessments
Russom CL, Anderson EB, Greenwood BE, Pilli A
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MM.
Computer Sciences Corp., Duluth, MN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1992
NTIS/PB92-198217, 6p
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
EPA/600/A-92/141
Ecological risk assessments are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency
(US EPA) and other governmental agencies to assist in determining the probability
and magnitude of deleterious effects of hazardous chemicals on plants and
animals. These assessments are important steps in formulating regulatory
decisions. The completion of an ecological risk assessment requires the gathering
of ecotoxicological hazard and environmental exposure information. The
information is evaluated in the risk characterization section to assist in making the
final risk assessment. ASTER (Assessment Tools for the Evaluation of Risk) was
designed by the US EPA Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth (ERL-D) to
assist regulators in producing assessments. ASTER is an integration of the AQUIRE
(AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval system) and QSAR (Quantitative Structure
Activity Relationships) systems. AQUIRE is a data base of aquatic toxicity tests
and QSAR is comprised of a data base of measured physicochemical properties,
and various QSAR models that estimate physicochemical and ecotoxicological
endpoints. ASTER will be available to international governmental agencies through
the US EPA National Computing Center. (Copyright (c) 1991 Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V.) Journal article. Pub. in The Science of the Total Environment
109/110, p667-670 1991. See also PB88-130034 and PB91-137083. Prepared in
cooperation with
Computer Sciences Corp., Duluth, MN.
TOXLINE
Glossary for Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment
NTIS/AD-A258 543/8
Mayer KS
Naval Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Pensacola, FL.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 08, 1993
NTIS/AD-A258 543/8, 20p
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Rept no. NAMRL-SR92-2
As in other scientific disciplines, environmental toxicology has a standard
vocabulary to convey information about the effects of contaminants on the
170 BIBLIOGRAPHIES/OTHER SOURCES
-------
environment. These words are highly technical and are not usually defined in
readily available sources such as standard dictionaries. Consequently, the
vocabulary of environmental contamination can be ambiguous and confusing. A
Glossary for Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment was prepared to help alleviate this
problem. It contains over 200 terms relating to environmental contamination. Some
terms, such as 'tolerance', are used in other disciplines, but they have specific
meanings when they are associated with the field of environmental contamination.
Words that are adequately defined in other readily available sources have not been
included in the Glossary. Selection of terms for the Glossary followed an extensive
literature review. Criteria for selection included frequency of use, and availability
and accuracy of published definition. Final definitions were synthesized from those
in the literature and other glossaries, and by consulting experts in the fields of
environmental toxicology and chemistry. The Glossary is intended for use by the
Navy in addressing environmental issues should they occur. It is written in
semitechnical language for those who lack formal training in environmental
toxicology, but who require a working knowledge of the subject. Many of the
definitions include examples or explanations containing background information.
Final rept.
TOXLINE
A Practitioner's Guide to the Toxic Substances Control Act: Part III
Hathaway, Carolyne R. Latham & Watkins, Washington, DC; Hayes, David J.,
Rawson, William K.
Environ Law Report Jul 94 v24, n7, p10357(23)
Language: English
Full text available from Congressional Information Service.
journal article
264 reference(s)
The provisions of sections 6 and 7 of TSCA, which cover regulation of
existing chemicals and imminently hazardous substances, are explained.
The reporting and recordkeeping requirements of section 8 are examined,
as are import certification and export notification mandates of
sections 13 and 12{b). Civil and criminal enforcement under sections 15
and 16 are also reviewed. Topics covered include regulation of PCBs and
asbestos, disclosure of health and safety studies, civil penalty
policies, and notice of substantial risks.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
171 BIBLIOGRAPHIES/OTHER SOURCES
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Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual, March 1992
NTIS/PB92-147164
Anon
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 16, 1992
NTIS/PB92-147164, 303p
NTIS Prices: PC A14/MF A03
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's highest priority is the
protection of public health. The authors address that priority through actions that
mitigate or prevent adverse health effects and diminished quality of life resulting
from exposures to hazardous substances in the environment. Because large
numbers of hazardous waste sites and facilities can potentially affect public health,
ATSDR must have an instrument of triage to determine where, and for whom,
public health actions should be undertaken. The Agency's instrument of choice is
the public health assessment, which characterizes the nature and extent of hazards
and identifies communities where public health actions are needed. The Public
Health Assessment Guidance Manual provides the environmental health
professional with directions for implementing that important public health tool. See
also PB91-214858.
TOXLINE
U.S. EPA Geographic Information System for Mapping Environmental Releases of
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) Chemicals
Stockwell, John R. EPA, Atlanta, GA; Sorensen, Jerome W. et al.
Risk Anal 1993 v13, n2, p155(10)
Language: English
research article
1 drawing(s); 5 map(s); 8 reference(s); 1 table(s)
Human health and environmental effects data from the EPA Office of
Pollution Prevention & Toxics were computerized in a format compatible
with the EPA geographic information system (GIS) in order to produce
risk-assessment maps of the southeastern US. Chemical data from the
1987 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) were used in the study. By
utilizing EPA GIS and the TRI database, it may be possible to identify
and manage previously undetected potential exposure zones before they
materialize as areas with an excess of actual environmental diseases
and injuries. As illustration of the monitoring program, maps are
provided of emission areas at risk for carcinogens, developmental and
reproductive toxins, and agents capable of producing heritable mutations.
DIALOG(R)File 40:Enviroline(R)
(c) 1994 CIS, Inc. All rts. reserv.
172 BIBLIOGRAPHIES/OTHER SOURCES
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TITLE INDEX
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Absolutely green: if asbestos is banned because it's hazardous,
what's next? Fire? . . 67
Acceptable risk: a conceptual proposal 3
Accident prevention and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
with particular reference to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride 64
Acute and Genetic Toxicity of Municipal Landfill Leachate 54
Adapting ecological risk assessment for ecosystem valuation 104
ADR: A new tool for environmental managers 158
Advances in risk assessment and management 120
Air quality modeling and its role in the risk assessment at
Valdez, Alaska 84
Alar: the EPA's Mismanagement of an Agricultural Chemical 64
Analyses of natural resources in 10 CFR part 60 as related to inadvertent
human intrusion 24
Appropriate role of risk assessment in risk analysis 14
Army Material Command environmental risk management program 126
Arsenic Health Research Needs 142
Arsenic Risk Assessment 65
Arsenic: Risk assessment for California drinking water standards 66
Assessing Ecological Hazard Under TSCA: Methods and Evaluation Data 104
Assessing health risks associated with DDT residues in soils in California:
A Proposition 65 case study 68
Assessing pesticide exposure for relative risk assessment 58
Assessing risk-toxicity in perspective 3
Assessment and communication of risks from pesticide residues in food 45
Assessment and evaluation of genotoxicity findings 53
Assessment of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Under TSCA:
Considerations Prior to Use in Fermentors or Small-Scale Release 105
Assessment of health risk from wastes in three surface impoundments 84
175 TITLE INDEX
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ASTER: An Integration of the ACQUIRE Data Base and the QSAR System
for Use in Ecological Risk Assessments 172
Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides: a Bridesmaid Revisited • 145
The benefits of probabilistic exposure assessment: three case studies involving
contaminated air, water, and soil . 86
Benzene Mixtures Raise Health Questions . 67
Beyond compliance: How an environmental risk assessment can limit
a facility's liability 158
Biases in perception and reporting following a perceived toxic exposure 170
Bottomland Hardwoods in the Tifton-Vadalia Upland of Georgia:
A Conceptual Model for Ecological Risk Assessment 106
Building our nation's CIS treasure chest: The environmental risk assessment process
as a catalyst to growth 3
Carcinogen risk assessment 51
Carcinogenic and reproductive risk assessment under the California
Proposition 65 statute 55
A case study of health risk communication: what the public wants and what it gets 168
Case study: Human health and ecological baseline risk assessment of wastewater reuse
for Seattle Metro .<• 58
The Cement Makers' Long, Sweet Ride 157
The Challenge of ecological risk assessment 106
Chemical accident prevention under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 73
Chemical and radiological risk factors associated with waste
from energy production 85
Chemical risk management strategies for product stewardship and community partnership ... 144
Chemical stabilization of dewatered sludge, a pilot study and health risk assessment
of use as landfill closure/repair material 86
Chemicals versus microbials in drinking water. A decision sciences perspective 86
CHEMRISK, a multiple-exposure pathway risk assessment model 45
Cleaner Water, But Not Clean Enough 4
TITLE INDEX 176
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Cleaning Up ARARs: Reflections from the Field ., 148
Climate Research for Ecological Monitoring and Assessment: a New England Example 107
Comparative Assessment of Estimated vs. Actual Emissions and Associated Health Risks
from a Modern Municipal Waste Combustor 87
Comparison of Predicted and Observed Dioxin Levels in Fish: Implications for
Risk Assessment 70
Comparison of radiological risk assessment methods for environmental restoration 45
Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals 88
A Comparison of the Integrated Uptake Biokinetic Model to Traditional Risk Assessment
Approaches for Environmental Lead 75
Compliance with EPA PCB regulations-Options analysis 145
Conceptual structure of performance assessments conducted for the waste
isolation pilot plant 45
Construction of complementary cumulative distribution functions for comparison with
the EPA release limits for radioactive waste disposal 87
Coping with the risk of cancer in children living near power lines 46
Corporate risk communication: New challenges for makers and users of toxic chemicals 164
Criteria to Be DeveHped to Certify WIPP Disposal Standards Compliance, EPA Says 148
A Critique of risk modeling and risk assessment of municipal landfills based on
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency techniques 89
Decision support system: Software for exposure/risk assessment at petroleum hydrocarbon
contaminated sites 147
Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants in
2,4,5,-T by photoassisted ironcatalyzed hydrogen peroxide 71
Dermal penetration of 14C-labeled diisopropyl methylphosphonate in swine 69
Determining target cleanup levels. A risk assessment-based decision process for
contaminated sites 89
Development of a specific-locus assay in the ad-3 region of two-component
heterokaryons of Neurospora: a review 55
The Development of SAR/QSAR for Use Under EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA): an Introduction 27
177 TITLE INDEX
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Developmental and reproductive toxicology: Ensuring the quality of data used for..
risk assessment 4
Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans 55
Dioxins/furans: U.S. EPA ecological risk assessment for land application and
disposal methods for paper pulp sludge 72
Distinctions and lessons learned from CERCLA: Using site-specific risk assessment
to control remediation costs in the RCRA facility investigation 58
Dow Scientist Issues Strong Defense of New Method of Calculating Worker Risk/
EPA Backs Pharmacokinetic Approach in Estimating Risk for Exposed Workers 46
DRASTIC Mapping to Determine the Vulnerability of Ground Water to Pollution . 27
Drilling intrusion probabilities for use in performance assessment for radioactive
waste disposal 90
Earthquake Hazard Associated with Deep Well Injection a Report to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 91
Ecological Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment Under EPA's Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA): an Introduction 108
Ecological Investigation of a Hazardous Waste Site, Warner Robins, Georgia 92
Ecological risk assessment framework - the NAS perspective 108
Ecological risk assessment in NPDES permits: Quantitative methods for the calculation
of expected risk 109
Ecological risk assessment of a metals-contaminated wetland: Reducing uncertainty 109
Ecological risk assessment procedures and applications to the CERCLA process 110
Ecological risk assessment: a scientific perspective 111
Ecological risk management: Cost of attaining acceptable risk 111
Ecological Risk Assessment Report, Submerged Quench Incinerator, Task IRA-2,
Basin F Liquids Treatment Design. Version 3.0 111
Economic Benefits of Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the
Offshore Oil and Gas Industry 157
The Effect of Bright Lines in Environmental Risk Communication 164
Emissions from the incineration of nerve agent rockets containing low-level PCBs 79
TITLE INDEX 178
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Environmental concerns prompt Section's activity. (Section of Natural Resources,.
Energy and Environmental Law) (ABA/NYC) 139
Environmental Decision Models: U.S. Experience and a New Approach to
Pollution Management 28
Environmental Equity and the Environmental Professional 5
Environmental genotoxicity and cancer risk in humans: a combined evaluation correlating
the results of the Tradescantia micronucleus assay in the field and human biomarker
assessments in serum. I. The TRAD-MCN assay 56
Environmental health risk assessment: Regulatory approach to assessing public health
risks of a toxic chemical spill in the Sacramento River 24
Environmental liability risk management for environmental professionals
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program Assessment Framework 14
Environmental risk assessment for determining the priorities 59
An Environmental risk assessment questionnaire 28
Environmental risk assessment 5
Environmental risk assessment: the divergent methodologies of economists, lawyers
and scientists 5
Environmental risk factors of cancer and their primary prevention 51
Environmental Risk Assessment of New Chemicals Under the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) Section Five 14
EPA Airs Shift Toward Pollution Prevention 15
EPA bans hazwaste burning; could set stage for related action 149
EPA Continues Probe on Dangers of Showering, Labels Passive Smoking a Carcinogen 16
EPA Lists Toxic Chemicals to Help Protect Public from Accidental Releases 16
EPA Looks at Superfund Reform 126
EPA Plans More Flexible Guidelines to Assess Cancer Risk from Chemicals 17
EPA priorities for biologic markers research in environmental health 127
EPA Proposes Chemical Risk Management Rule to Prevent, Prepare for Accidental Releases ... 16
EPA Publishes List of Substances, Thresholds Subject to Chemical Accident
Prevention Rules 5
179 TITLE INDEX
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EPA Study Points to Health Risks of Dioxins and Similar Compounds , 73
EPA to reaffirm hazards to health posed by dioxin 71
EPA toxic substances program: Long-standing information planning problems must
be addressed 127
EPA's approach to environmental research in the 90s 18
EPA's research to improve health risk assessments (RIHRA) program Overview
and water-related research 6
Escarpment seeps at Shiprock, New Mexico 112
Establishing Generic Remediation Goals for the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Critical Issues 82
Estimating Risk at a Superfund Site Contaminated with Radiological and Chemical Wastes .... 92
Evaluating the risk of liver cancer in humans exposed to trichloroethylene
using physiological models 83
Experimentalist's look at risk assessment 7
Exposure and risk assessment of chemicals in food and drinking water 59
Exposure/risk-based corrective action approach for petroleum-contaminated sites 81
Fear and loathing in the siting of hazardous and radioactive waste facilities:
a comprehensive approach to a misperceived crisis 92
Federal Appeals Court Upholds Regulations, Finds Agency Properly Set Contaminant Levels ... 139
Formation and control of brominated ozone by-products 47
A Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment at the EPA 112
From rats to regulations; environmental risk assessment based on the health effects
of substances on rodents is widespread, costly, and unreliable. (World in Peril:
Responding to Expanding Environmental Enforcement) 28
Future directions and research needs 120
Glossary for Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment
Guidance for data useability in risk assessment 18
Harmonizing chemical and radiation risk management 120
The Hawaii Environmental Risk Ranking Study 29
TITLE INDEX 180
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Hazardous Materials Transportation in Tank Cars: Analysis of Risks, Part 1 ... 149
Health Advisories for Pesticides 59
Health and chemical environment in Czecho-Slovakia, international cooperation context 128
Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 92
Health risk assessments: a critical scientific technique for environmental regulators
and litigators 7
Health risks associated with residential exposure to extremely low frequency
electromagnetic radiation 60
Health Studies Indicate MTBE Is Safe Gasoline Additive 78
Hemoglobin adducts of N-substituted aryl compounds in exposure control and
risk assessment 66
Historical accident data and chemical emergency risk management 121
Historical re-evaluation of a risk assessment 7
How "safe" is the ground water Americans drink? 19
How important is environmental risk assessment to your bottom line? 157
How to design an ecological risk assessment 113
How to Move Quickly to Risk-Based Environmental Management: a Specific Proposal 128
Identification of Tire Leachate Toxicants and a Risk Assessment of Water Quality
Effects Using Tire Reefs in Canals 93
The Impact of Data Gaps in EPA's Regional Comparative Risk Projects 7
Impact of EPA regulatory and policy initiatives on risk management and waste
disposal strategies for the mining industry 129
Impacts of the use of institutional controls on risk assessments for U.S.
Department of Energy facilities 150
In the village square: risk misperception and decisionmaking in the regulation
of low-level radioactive waste 94
Inadequacy of commonly used risk assessment guidance for determining whether
solvent-contaminated soils can affect groundwater at arid sites 29
Incineration, Risk Assessment, and the Clean Air Act 94
Incorporating risk assessment into the senior process design course 8
181 TITLE INDEX
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The Increasing Importance of Risk in Environmental Decision-Making 121
Indoor air: Potential health risks related to residential wood smoke, as determined
under the assumptions of the US EPA risk assessment model 30
Information quality evaluation and applications to health risk assessment 165
Inhalation risk assessment for all power plants in Maryland 47
Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin Risks to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife 72
An inter- and intra-agency survey of the use of plants for toxicity assessment 30
Interlaboratory comparison of the early life-stage toxicity test using sheepshead
minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) 31
The International toxicity equivalency factor (I-TEF) method for estimating risks
associated with exposures to complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds 32
Interpretation of male rat renal tubule tumors 19
Introduction: Methods for environmental quantitative risk assessment 33
Investigation of a spontaneous abortion cluster: lessons learned 57
Lawn Care Pesticides: Reregistration Falls Further Behind and Exposure Effects
Are Uncertain 94
Legislating acceptable cancer risk from exposure to toxic chemicals 48
Lender liability and environmental risk management 138
The Lessons of Commencement Bay. A pioneering study in Puget Sound helped
advance ecological risk assessment 113
M&A and the EPA 165
The magnitude of compounding conservatisms in Superfund risk assessments 24
Managing environmental compliance - balancing the risks 122
Managing risk at Hanford 151
Marine ecological risk assessment at Naval Construction Battalion Center, Davisville,
Rhode Island. Phase 1 114
Maximum Dosage Level in Testing Low-Toxicity Chemicals for Carcinogenicity in
Rodents 48
TITLE INDEX 182
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A Method for Assessing Environmental Risk: a Case Study of Green Bay,
Lake Michigan, USA 33
A Method for Obtaining Guidance for the Combination of Qualitative Rankings by
Cancer and Noncancer Risks into a Single, Qualitative Health Risk Ranking 48
Methodology for aquatic ecological risk assessment 115
Multimedia transport, fate, exposure and risk assessment: Strategies developing
evaluative, integrative computer software 34
Mutagenicity test schemes and guidelines: U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics and Office of Pesticide Programs 20
National survey of drinking water standards and guidelines for chemical contaminants 123
The New Air Toxics Program 123
New approaches in setting drinking water standards 130
New focus on air toxics 124
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and occupation in Sweden: a registry based analysis 52
Non-Occupational Exposures to Pesticides for Residents of Two U.S. Cities 95
Not by risk alone: reforming EPA research priorities 8
Notification guidelines for risk communication under the air toxics "HotSpots" program 168
«
NPS and NEPA: An analysis of the legal impact of the UN principles relevant
to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space on the current practice
of environmental risk assessment under domestics 25
Odor thresholds in relation to risk assessment 34
OSHA Nearing Completion of Options Paper for New Administration 130
OSHA's interest in chemical plant safety 159
OSHA's interest in risk management and accident prevention 131
OSWER Environmental Justice Task Force Draft Final Report Executive Summary 8
PCB regulations and procedures for risk management including PCB cleanup policy
and procedures 168
Performance evaluation of sperm cell toxicity test using the sea urchin,
Arbacia punctulata 34
Permitting and compliance programs for toxic discharges 131
183 TITLE INDEX
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Pesticide Use Trends and Issues in the United States ,. 9
PHA case study using HAZOP and selective application of quantitative risk assessment 35
A Practitioner's Guide to the Toxic Substances Control Act: Part III 173
Predicting risk by looking at the past; health dangers for exposed workers and
the public can be assessed by reconstructing a facility's processes and products.
(World in Peril: Responding to Expanding Environmental Enforcement) 35
Prediction of Vulnerable Zones for Reactive Substances 36
Preliminary air quality risk assessment for a groundwater treatment facility 96
Presentation of a general algorithm to include effect assessment on secondary poisoning
in the derivation of environmental quality criteria. Part 1. Aquatic food chains 36
Prioritizing ecological and human welfare risks from environmental stresses 20
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society 204th National Meeting on the Role of
Environmental (Ecological) Assessment in the Management of Chemical Pollution . 131
Progress report on EPA's 33/50 Program: Reducing toxic risks through voluntary action 132
Proposed Ban on Methyl Bromide Opposed by Producers, Users 144
Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual, March 1992 174
Public involvement and risk communication for Rocky Flats health studies 168
Qualitative and quantitative issues in assessment of neurotoxic effects 49
A quality process for chemical product risk assessment 21
The question of risk: incorporating community perceptions into environmental
risk assessments 169
The Quotient Method of Ecological Risk Assessment and Modeling Under TSCA: a Review ... 115
Radium concentration factors and their use in health and environmental risk assessment 82
RCRA at a Crossroads: Whether to Regulate Hazardous Waste Based on Risk or
Technological Controls 132
Re-Evaluation of the Reference Dose for Methylmercury and Assessment of Current
Exposure Levels 78
Reassessing the scope of federal biotechnology oversight 21
Recognizing the limits of risk assessment 9
TITLE INDEX 184
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Recycled Used Oil Not Hazardous, EPA Says: Standards Issued to Govern Safe Management . . 151
Recycling Sewage Sludge: What are the Risks? 152
Reducing risk: Priorities and strategies for environmental protection 133
Regulating Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators Under the Clean Air Act:
History, Technology and Risks 140
Regulating the introduction of new chemicals under section 5 of TSCA: improving
the efficiency of the process and reducing potential injury in the workplace
through the use of operational MSDS and exposure limits 133
Regulation of Environmental Contaminants in Drinking Water: State Methods and Problems ... 134
Regulation of existing chemicals under TSCA: information disclosure as the route to
reducing risk and increasing available data 134
Regulations and techniques for dredging and dredged material disposal evaluation 152
Regulatory and institutional considerations in the application of ecological risk
assessment at federal facilities 135
Regulatory Problems Associated with Natural Products and Biopesticides 135
Regulatory scene for selected diisocyanates 143
Research to improve health risk assessments: Setting the stage for residual risk
assessment of the hazardous air pollutants 49
Responsible care and distribution risk management 160
Review of Ecological Effects and Bioconcentration Testing Recommended by the TSCA
Interagency Testing Committee and Implemented by EPA Under the Toxic Substances
Control Act: Chemicals, Tests, and Methods 37
Revising the Risk Assessment Paradigm: Limits on the Quantitative Ranking of
Environmental Problems 21
Risk and the New Rules of Decisionmaking: the Need for a Single Risk Target 25
Risk assessment and air quality at Superfund sites 96
Risk assessment and closure of former underground storage tanks site in
southern California 96
Risk assessment and management of chemical contaminants in fishery products consumed
in the USA 60
Risk assessment and risk management of noncriteria pollutants 136
185 TITLE INDEX
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Risk assessment at a Super-fund site: A case study 97
Risk assessment based on current release standards for radioactive surface contamination ... 22
Risk assessment for a proposed regional hazardous waste management facility 97
Risk assessment framework of fate and transport models applied to hazardous waste sites ... 98
Risk assessment in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 10
Risk assessment methodology: The California experience 38
Risk assessment methods for establishing clean closure levels 38
Risk Assessment/Management Issues in the Environmental Planning of Mines . 61
Risk Assessment, Metals Emissions and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 75
Risk Assessment of Dibromochloropropane 69
Risk assessment: good for health? 10
Risk-Based Evaluation of Ground-Water Contamination by Agricultural Pesticides 62
Risk characterisation and management of sewage sludge on agricultural land-
implications for the environment and the food-chain 153
Risk characterization framework for noncancer end points 52
Risk communication to the media and general public: A case study of a dioxin
contaminated site 169
Risk communication: The Convergence model of communication as a conceptual foundation
for environmental risk communication 165
Risk Evaluation of Lead in Soil and Groundwater at the H. Brown Superfund Site in
Walker, Michigan 76
Risk management considerations for controlling acid mine drainage 153
Risk of Benzene-Induced Leukemia: a Sensitivity Analysis of the Pliofilm Cohort
with Additional Follow-Up and New Exposure Estimates 67
Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste sites 98
Risk Variability from Uniform Soil Remediation Goals for PCBs 79
The risks of fixing the current federal system of risk assessment 137
Role for risk communication in closing military waste sites 166
TITLE INDEX 186
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Role of chemically induced cell proliferation in carcinogenesis and its use in
health risk assessment 137
The Role of Comparative Risk Analysis 10
The role of property-reactivity relationships in meeting the EPA's needs for
environmental fate constants 38
Role of quantitative risk assessment in chemical releases and wastewater treatment
plant design 74
Safety/Risk Assessment of Chemicals: Principles, Procedures, and Examples 74
Salvaging Superfund; ABA developing policy on environmental cleanup law 142
Scheduled risk assessment application for the DoE programs 99
Schools respond to risk management programs for asbestos, lead in drinking water
and radon 142
Science and judgment in risk assessment 11
Scientists Urge Senate Panel to Consider Non-Cancer Health Effects of Contamination 63
Selection of Indicator Chemicals at Hazardous Waste Sites 99
Senators show support for measure requiring environmental risk assessment 26
Simplified approach to environmental risk assessment at superfund sites 22
<•
SLO Smoke: the Anatomy of a Powerful Local Anti-Tobacco Law 143
Sludge Standards Set Numerical Limits '. 154
Source Resolution and Risk Apportionment to Augment the Bubble Policy: Application
to a Steel Plant "Bubble" 160
Stop Superfund Waste 124
Strategic analysis study-based approach to integrated risk assessment:
Occupational health risks from environmental restoration and
waste management activities at Hanford 100
Strategies for contracting for quality risk assessment data 23
Structure/Activity Relationships for Evaluation of Biodegradability in the EPA's Office
of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 39
Summary of the bioremediation risk assessment workshop in Minnesota in June 1993:
Canadian Government guidelines on the use of microorganisms for bioremediation 154
187 TITLE INDEX
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Superfund and one community program 100
Temporal Variations in Exposure Data 39
Temporary Capacity Freeze Announced by EPA on New Hazardous Waste Incinerators 155
Terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals. An ecological risk assessment
perspective 116
Testing the role of technical information in public risk perception
Total exposure assessment in occupational epidemiology for risk management 125
Toxic VOC emissions from a POTW in southern California and associated health risk
assessment for a permit to operate 83
Toxicity assessment of hazardous waste at a Federal facility 101
Toxicity equivalency factors for PCBs 80
Toxicological basis for drinking water: Unreasonable risk to health values 50
Toxicology and risk assessment 12
Toxicology of upper aerodigestive tract pollutants 101
Toxics Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 161
Transaction screening is a useful risk management tool, (part 1) 137
Transferring federal property using qualitative risk assessment 40
The TSCA Interagency Testing Committee, 1977 to 1992: Creation, Structure, Functions
and Contributions 12
The TSCA Interagency Testing Committee's Role in Facilitating Development of Test
Methods: Toxicity and Bioconcentration Testing of Chemicals Added to Sediments 40
TSCA: the Sleeping Giant Is Stirring 12
The U.S. EPA Geographic Information System for Mapping Environmental Releases of
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) Chemicals 173
Union Officials Question Reasoning for Risk Level of OSHA Health Standards 102
USAF/EPA team approach to CERCLA cleanup and risk communication 166
The Use and Application of QSARs in the Office of Toxic Substances for Ecological
Hazard Assessment of New Chemicals 116
Use of microbial risk assessment in setting US drinking water standards 41
TITLE INDEX 188
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The Use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) as Screening Tgols
in Environmental Assessment 41
Use of risk to resolve conflicts in assessing hazards at mixed-waste sites 155
Using an uncertainty analysis of direct and indirect exposure to contaminated groundwater
to evaluate EPA's MCLs and health-based cleanup goals 42
Using Ecological Risk Assessment Methods 43
Using the RESRAD computer code to evaluate human health risks from radionuclides
and hazardous chemicals 103
The Utility of Environmental Fate Models to Regulatory Programs 137
Utilization of Uptake Biokinetic (UBK) Lead Model to Assess Risk in Contaminated Sites 77
Valdez air health study proven approach to community risk assessment of air toxics
emissions 64
Validation of some extrapolation methods used for effect assessment 23
Validation of Structure Activity Relationships Used by the USEPA's Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics for the Environmental Hazard Assessment of Industrial Chemicals 43
Value Assumptions in Risk Assessment: A Case Study of the Alachlor Controversy 44
Wastes: Toxic Substances Control Act 137
When Is a Life Too Costly to Save? The Evidence from Environmental Regulations 138
White House Postpones Risk Assessment Reform 13
Whose risk is it anyway? 161
Why should the cement industry do anything with their PCB transformers? 146
189 TITLE INDEX
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