Community Water System Survey 2000, Volume 2 Detailed Tables and Survey Methodology


EPA-815-R-02-005B
     United States
     Environmental Protection
     Agency
                      Tables
                      Method

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Office of Water (4607M)
EPA815-R-02-005B
November 2002
www.epa.gov/safewater
Cover Photo: Bangor, Maine Water District Thomas Hill Standpipe. Designed by Ashley
B. Tower of Tower and Wallace of New York and Holyoke, MA, the standpipe was built
during 1897 by Major James M. Davis on land once owned by the Thomas brothers.

The standpipe is actually two structures: a 1.75 million gallon riveted steel tank
enclosed by a 110-foot tall wooden jacket. The tank itself is 75 feet in diameter and 50
feet tall. It is topped by a "carousel," a Ihree-ton steel drum from which 24 iron trusses
reach to the sides of the building.

The wooden jacket is 85 feet in diameter. It consists of twenty-four 1 -foot x 1 -foot x 48-
foot hard pine main posts covered by 42,000 board-feet of hard pine and 220,000
cedar shingles. The jacket sits atop a si one foundation 9 feet high and 3 1/2 feet thick.
A 100-step winding staircase leads to the 12-foot wide promenade deck overlooking
the City of Bangor and surrounding communities.

The standpipe is topped by a 38-foot high flagpole and a railing consisting of 192
banisters that give it the look of a large wedding cake or crown when lit at night. The
entire structure was built in just 6 months.

Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as an American
Water Works Landmark, the standpipe continues to store water and regulate water
pressure for Bangor's downtown.
Photo by Brian Rourke
Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100% Postconsumer, Process Chlorine Free Recycled Paper

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                                    Table of Contents


List of Tables	  ii


Part 1: Detailed Survey Results	1


       Interpreting the Survey Results	3


       Notes on Interpreting the Detailed Tables	5


       Detailed Tables 	11


Part 2: Methodology Report	115


       1.  Introduction 	117


       2.  Sample Design and Weighting	120


       3.  Survey Design and Response	137


       4.  Quality Assurance and Peer Review 	148


       Appendix A: Community Water System Survey Questionnaire  	159
                                                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                      Region 5. Library (PL-12J)
                                                      77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Float
                                                      CMcago, II  60604-3590

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                                   List of Tables
(Tables are by primary source of water and system service population, unless otherwise noted.)
Table
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 1 1
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Description
Crosswalk from SDWIS to CWSS 2000 Sample
Number and Percentages of Systems
Number of Systems by Ownership and Primary Source of Water
Average Daily Production
Unaccounted for Water by Ownership
Average Number of Wells
Average Number of Entry Points to the Distribution System
Number of Systems Selling to Other Public Water Suppliers
Water Systems Not Providing Any Treatment
Ground Water Entry Points Not Receiving Treatment
Treatment Plants per System
Number of Wells Treated per Treatment Plant
Treatment Plant Flow Characteristics
Ratio of Daily Treated Production to Design Capacity for Plants
Treatment Plants and Operator Hours per Week by Population
Treatment Plants and Operator Hours per Week by Daily Flow
Plants Lacking 24/7 Operator that Have SCAD A Systems by Population
Systems Lacking 24/7 Curator that Have SCADA Systems by Daily Flow
Treatment Objectives by Population
Treatment Objectives by Daily Flow
Treatment Schemes by Population
Treatment Schemes by Daily Flow
Treatment Practices for Surface Water Plants by Population
Treatment Practices for Ground Water Plants by Population
Treatment Practices for Surface Water Plants by Daily Flow
Treatment Practices for Ground Water Plants by Daily Flow
Contaminants in Very Large Ground Water and Surface Water Systems
Contaminants in Very Large Water Systems
Plants Using Residual Miinagement Process Options by Population

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Table
Table 30
Table 31
Table 32
Table 33
Table 34
Table 35
Table 36
Table 37
Table 38
Table 39
Table 40
Table 41
Table 42
Table 43
Table 44
Table 45
Table 46
Table 47
Table 48
Table 49
Table 50
Table 51
Table 52
Table 53
Table 54
Table 55
Table 56
Table 57
Table 58
Table 59
Table 60
Table 61
Description
Plants Using Residual Management Process Options by Daily Flow
Plants With Specific Discharge Options by Population
Plants With Specific Discharge Options by Daily Flow
Treated-Water Storage Information
Average Capacity Treated-Water Storage Information
Pipe Distribution Summary by Ownership
Average Size of Pipe in Distribution System by Ownership
Percentage of Pipe in Each Age Category by Source
Percentage of Pipe in Each Age Category by Ownership
Service Connections Profile by Ownership
Population Served by Ownership
Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection by Ownership
Cross Connection Control Programs by Ownership
Cross Connection Control Program Information by Ownership
Elements of Cross Connection Control Programs by Population
Backflow Prevention Assemblies that Fail Annually by Ownership
Total Revenue by Source
Total Revenue by Ownership
Total Revenues by Type of Private System
Revenue if Reporting Positive Revenue and Expenses by Ownership
Systems with Each Type of Revenue Source by Ownership
Percentage Received From Each Type of Revenue Source by Ownership
Percentage of Revenue from Each Customer Category by Ownership
Total Revenue in Dollars per Thousand Gallons Sold by Ownership
Water Sales Revenue by Ownership
Customer Breakdown of Water Sales Revenue by Ownership
Residential Revenue per Connection by Ownership
Residential Revenue per Connection by Type of Private System
Residential Rate Structure and Billing Profile by Ownership
Total Expenses by Source
Total Expenses by Ownership
Expenses if Reporting Positive Revenue and Expenses by Ownership
111

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Table
Table 62
Table 63
Table 64
Table 65
Table 66
Table 67
Table 68
Table 69
Table 70
Table 71
Table 72
Table 73
Table 74
Table 75
Table 76
Table 77
Table 78
Table 79
Table 80
Table 81
Table 82
Description
Expense Breakdown by Major Categories by Ownership
Total Expenses in Dollars per 1000 Gallons Produced by Source
Total Expenses in Dollars per 1 000 Gallons Produced by Ownership
Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenses by Ownership
Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenses by Private Systems
Number of Employees and Annual Labor Costs by Source
Number of Employees and Annual Labor Costs by Ownership
Major Capital Improvements in the Past 5 Years by Source
Major Capital Improvements in the Past 5 Years by Ownership
Total Capital Investment in the Past 5 Years by Source
Total Capital Investment in the Past 5 Years by Ownership
Type of Capital Expense in the Past 5 Years
Capital Expense in the Past 5 Years
Allocation to Each Type of Capital Expenses in the Past 5 Years
Systems Investing Capital Funds in Each Category by Ownership
Capital Funds Invested in the Past 5 years by Ownership
Amount Capital Funds Invested by Ownership
Source of Capital Funds in the Past 5 Years by Ownership
Source of Capital Funds in the Past 5 Years by Ownership and System
Amount of Capital Funds Acquired From Each Source by Ownership
Average Interest Rate for Capital Funds Lending Sources by Ownership
IV

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       Part 1
Detailed Survey Results

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INTERPRETING THE SURVEY RESULTS

This volume presents extensive and detailed tabulations of the wide variety of data collected by
the survey. The tables in this volume summarize the survey results at very fine levels, breaking out the
data by eight different population size categories of water systems, and then further breaking out each
size category by other system characteristics, such as type of ownership or primary water source.

The report consists of 82 tables that summarize the data, many of which include confidence
intervals for each calculation presented. In these tables, each confidence interval appears immediately
below the calculation to which it applies. Please familiarize yourself with the interpretive notes when
you review the tables themselves.

The tabulations presented in this report are based on data collected from a sample of U.S.
water systems, not from a census of every water system in the United States. A confidence interval is
one way to gauge how precisely a given tabulation of survey data can be generalized to the entirety of
U.S. systems represented by the surveyed systems. Any result presented in a table must be viewed as
the center of a range that would encompass the precise number that would be found if every U.S. water
system could have been included in the tabulation, and not only those who were sampled and
responded to the survey. The confidence interval expresses this range as a "plus/minus," that is, as an
amount to be added to and subtracted from the calculated data point actually presented in the table.
The size of the confidence interval is designed to include the true value in the stated range 95 percent of
the time; i.e., if we drew repeated samples and produced the confidence interval for each sample, the
interval would include the true value 95 percent of the time.

For example, Table 60 shows as a survey result that the average publicly owned water system
serving over 500,000 people has annual expenses of $131.5 million. The table also shows the
confidence interval for this estimate to be ±$23.7 million. Thus, based on the sample of water systems,
we can be 95 percent certain that the average annual per capita expenses of all publicly owned systems
serving populations of over 500,000 is between $107.8 million and $155.2. million.

These tables always express the confidence interval in the same units as the calculation to which
it applies. Thus, in Table 4 the confidence interval numbers for average daily water production
represent the same units as the base calculation, namely, millions of gallons per day. In the same table,
the confidence interval numbers for the percentage of production derived from different water sources
are themselves expressed as percentages. In all cases, the confidence interval may be directly added to
and subtracted from the corresponding calculation to determine the expected range.

These tables serve as a starting point for detailed analyses of the data. As shown in Volume I,
and as will be apparent in many of the tables in this volume, water systems are a diverse group. While
the mean or medians as measures of central tendency may be appropriate statistics in some cases, in
others further detail will be required. As described in the notes below, outliers were dropped from

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some of the tables to produce meaningful estimates of "typical" systems.  Additional adjustments may
be necessary to support other analyses. Some analyses may require the use of percentiles or other
measures of the full distribution of the data.  Other analyses may require excluding the tails of the
distribution to characterize typical systems.  EPA will continue to analyze the data and present results to
support its various regulatory and policy development and implementation analyses.

        Finally, several of the tables reports results for water systems' treatment plants and facilities.
For this report, a treatment plant or facility is any location where the water system takes steps to
change the quality of the water. It includes standard facilities that are clearly recognized as treatment
plants, such as conventional filtration plants. It also includes smaller facilities that may not be
considered treatment plants in other contexts; for example, a chemical feed on a well that adds chlorine
to the water is considered a treatment facility in tiiis report. There is one exception to the general rule
that all points where the system makes changes to the water is a treatment facility.  Systems that
purchase water may boost disinfection or adjust pH within their distribution system; these sites are not
counted as treatment facilities.

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Detailed Survey Result Tables

Notes on Interpreting the Detailed Tables

1. Weighted data. The survey results presented in the following tables are all based on weighted
data. As described in Chapter 2 of the methodology report, each water system contained in
the final survey database was assigned a sample weight. These weights reflect the fact that the
data come from a statistically representative sample of water systems, rather than from a census
of every water system in the U.S. In effect, each sampled system represents some number of
similar systems from the entire population of U.S. water systems; the number of systems so
represented is equal to the sample weight. When added up, the weights of all systems in the
final sample will equal the total number of U.S. Community Water Systems that meet the
eligibility definition used for the survey (e.g., Federal and state-owned systems were not
included). Thus, for the tables to validly represent all eligible U.S. water systems, it is
necessary to incorporate each system's sample weight as an additional factor in each
calculation involving a data item reported by that system. Another way of expressing this is to
say that, when tabulating the data, each sampled system counts not just once as itself, but
counts as many times as the numerical amount of its weight. See section 2.2 for a detailed
discussion of the derivation of the sample weights.

2. Interpretation of Table Results. Each result presented in the tables is the weighted average
of the particular data item, for the group of water systems characterized by the row and column
headings labeling the table cell where the results appears. The survey data are tabulated so as
to facilitate analysis of water systems. In general, this means that the report tabulates all
summary results by calculating a given item for each system, factoring into that result the
system's sampling weight, then presenting the mean of the weighted results for all the systems
falling into the respective table categories (as defined by the table row and column headings).
This has significant implications when the calculation of a specific item requires deriving the
result from two or more survey variables, e.g., a ratio or a percentage breakdown of
component amounts within a total amount. For example, in the case of a ratio, the reported
result is the average (mean) of the ratios for each system, rather than the ratio of average values
for each of the two variables across systems. This approach treats every system in the universe
equally, implying that characteristics of the system are the primary unit of analysis. The alternate
approach would treat the content of the component variables in each table as the unit of
analysis.

By way of example, consider two systems. One system produces 1,000,000 gallons per day,
and 400,000 of those come from ground sources; hence, 40% of the system's water comes
from ground sources. The other system produces 2,000,0000 gallons per day and 1,600,000
of those come from ground sources; hence, 80% of the systems water comes from ground
sources. The CWS Survey report would show a result that, on average, these two systems

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produce 60% of their water from ground sources: (40%+80%)-;- 2. If the alternate approach
where chosen, gallons would be the unit of analysis, and the calculation would show that 67%
of the water in those systems comes from ground sources:
(400,000+1,600,000)-K 1,000,000+2,000,000). (To focus clearly on the point being
illustrated, this example does not attempt to demonstrate the further effect that the system
sample weights have on the actual calculations.)

The report has adopted the former approach because this initial view of the data is intended
primarily as an analysis of system-level characteristics. There are some exceptions to this
approach. Table 11 presents data on both level of the system and a water treatment plant
(many systems have more than one treatment plant, while some facilities have none). Tables
12-26 and 29-32 present data on the level of a treatment plant. Tables 27 and 28 present data
for test points within systems. Tables 37 and 38 present data on the amount of pipe in the
nation, rather than on the system level. Tables 75, 78, and 81 present data on the share of
capital funds in the nation, rather than system averages.

3. Percentages summing to 100%. Some percentage tables may not present results that total
to 100%, as would ordinarily be expected. Such tables would be among those that present
absolute or percentage breakdowns of the whole into its components, e.g., breakdowns of total
revenue into different customer categories, such as Table 51. Logically, in such breakdowns,
the line item amounts should sum to the total amount, and line item percentages should sum to
100 percent. However, in some instances, the tabulated results may not sum exactly to the
whole. To increase the precision of each individual result, each component line item was
calculated separately using all the data available for the line item. Due to differential item
non-response, some component variables may actually have more or fewer observations
available than other components. While including all available data in the calculation of the
component increases the precision of the tabulated result for the component, it can cause a
small reduction in consistency across components, since slightly different systems may be
represented in the different calculations. EPA and the CWS survey analysts decided that the
increased accuracy for each item outweighs the slight reduction in consistency.

In a few tables, a series of percentages may validly sum to greater than 100%. This occurs
when more than one item may apply to the same system. For example, treatment plants may
have more than one treatment objective, so the percentage of plants with each objective will
sum to more than 100 percent. This situation is always noted on the table.

4. Confidence Intervals. The size of the confidence interval is designed to include the true value
in the stated range 95 percent of the time. Each confidence interval presented in Part 2 is
based on the assumption that the average value reported in a given table cell is normally
distributed. In general, this assumption is true. However, calculations based on small numbers
of systems may violate this assumption. In such cases the reported confidence intervals will not

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be correct. Most of these can be identified by noticing when the plus/minus confidence interval
width is larger than, or almost as large as, the calculated average itself. To compute correct
confidence intervals for such situations requires examination of the empirical distributions for
each variable in the tabulation and is beyond the scope of this report.

Because of the foregoing issue, the reader should take note of results where the lower end of
the confidence interval is below zero, as negative numbers are not meaningful in any of the
tabulations presented in this report. Similarly, for calculations of percentages, high ends of
ranges above 100% are not meaningful. While the reader should be on the lookout for these
conditions when any number is near zero or any percentage is near 100%, they can occur at
other times, particularly when the confidence interval is large. As stated in note 3, a series of
percentages may validly sum to greater than 100% in some tables, when more than one item
may apply to the same system. This situation is not related to the issue of confidence intervals
extending an individual percentage beyond 100%.

5. Treatment of outliers. For several of the tables, one or two observations have values well
above the mean or even the 90th percentile. These outliers would tend to distort the estimates
presented in the table and would lead to a misrepresentation of the central tendency for the
characteristics in question. For example, 3 systems serving greater than 500,000 people in the
sample have more than 100 entry points to the distribution system from ground water sources.
Other systems of similar size, on average, have 14 entry points from ground water. If the three
outliers are included, the average number of entry points is over 65.

In cases like this, the outliers are dropped from the analysis. It is noted at the bottom of the
table when outliers are dropped The note also will show how the exclusion of the outliers
affect the estimate,

6. Interpretation of blank cells and cells with calculated results of zero.

Empty Cells: Throughout the tables, some individual cells or blocks of continuous cells have
an asterisk, to denote the cell does not contain an estimate. Any empty cell or block of cells
means that there were no observations with data for the cell(s) in question. Generally, this
occurs for one of three reasons.

There are no systems in the cell. The most common illustration of this occurs in all
tables that break out the data by ownership type. When data are reported for ancillary
systems, the cells for the systems serving more than 3,300 people are always blank for
ancillary systems, since there are no ancillary systems in these size categories.

The item does not apply to the group of systems belonging to that cell. For example, in
table 82, the cell SRF loans for private systems serving 100 or fewer people is empty.

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This is because no private systems of this size made use of SRF loans.

The item applies to the group of systems belonging to the cell, but no systems provided
data for the item (sometimes referred to as "missing data" in terms of the analytical data
file and as "item non-response" in terms of the data collection process that led to the
final data file). For example, in Table 13, none of the mixed-water treatment plants in
systems serving 25-100 customers provided data on their flows, so these cells are
empty on the table.

It is not always possible to distinguish between the last two reasons from the information
available in the table. Sometimes the reason is apparent for the table itself. Often, however,
further analysis of the database would be' needed to determine which particular reason is the
basis for a blank cell.

Zero Results: In discussing Table 82 above, it was noted that certain cells are blank for
customer categories of private systems. However, other tables have cells which specifically
report a zero result and are zero instead of blank. This illustrates an important distinction when
interpreting the tables. Blank cells and cells reporting a zero result are not the same thing, and
should not be interpreted as such. A reported result of zero means that data were available to
produce a calculation, and the calculation resulted in zero.

It should also be noted that occasionally a report of a zero result is a function of the level of
precision chosen as appropriate for presenting the data in a given table. In a few instances,
items appearing as zero results are actually very small numbers that round to zero within the
precision limits of the respective table.

7. Observations. The term "observations" refers to the actual number of sampled water systems
that provided data for a given tabulated item. Some tables present the number of observations
on which the tabulated results are based. In these as in all the tables, the results are still based
on the weighted data, not on the simple means of the unweighted observations. The report of
the number of observations can be used EIS a very approximate indication of the sampling
precision of the tabulated result. Results based on a small number of observations may not be
precise estimates of the universe of water systems represented by the sampling systems. They
are included because they may be useful indicators of areas worth further investigation.

8. Individual table notes. Additional specific notes and definitions appear on individual tables.
The specific CWS Survey questionnaire item(s) on which each tabulation is based are cited
below the table. The citation refers to the corresponding question numbers) on the CWS
Survey mail questionnaire, which can be found in this report as an Appendix to the
Methodology Report. The citations are in the format "Q.#;" the question numbering is identical
in both questionnaire versions.

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9. Variables for row and column headings. In addition to the data sources for the specific
tabulations, several data items are used repeatedly throughout the tables as the break-out
variables for the table row and column headings. Their sources are not cited on the
individual tables. These items and their data sources are

Population served , from question 20. (If data were not reported in the survey, the
population data from SDWIS are used.

Water source, from question 7.

Ownership, from questions 3 and 4. Note: for the sake of brevity in the table
headings, privately owned community water systems are labeled as "Private
Systems" and publicly owned community water systems are labeled as "Public
Systems." This use of the label "Public Systems" should not be confused with the
CFR definitional term Public Water System, which is a broad class of water
systems providing the public with piped drinking water for human consumption.
A Community Water System means a public water system which serves at least
15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25
year-round residents. (40 CFR 141.2)

Treatment facility flow, from question 12.

For population served and water source, data from SDWIS are used if the system did not
provide the data in the survey. Approximately 10 percent of the sample were assigned
population data from SDWIS because of missing or incomplete responses to the
population served questions. An additional 5 percent were assigned source data from
SDWIS.

10. Estimate of the number of systems in the nation. The report provides an estimate of
the national number of community water systems, 52,186. This estimates is a weighted
estimate based on sample, and is slightly different from the count of systems in the first
quarter of 2002 SDWIS database. The total count is 166 lower than in SDWIS; the count
of systems by source and population served is different as well. Table 1 of this Volume
presents a detailed crosswalk from count of systems hi the latest SDWIS database and the
estimate based on the 2000 CWS Survey. The differences between the SDWIS counts
and the CWSS estimate can be divided into 5 groups.

First the latest SDWIS draw is a snapshot of systems in 2002. The survey describes
systems as they existed in 2000. The data used for the frame for the survey was drawn in
1998; this frame had approximately 3,700 fewer systems in it then the 2002 SDWIS.
Second, to prepare for the survey (and the 1999 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs
Survey, DWINS, which used the same frame), the states conducted a thorough review of
the database. As part of the states' review the population of consecutive systems were
adjusted to account for the total number of people served by each system. While SDWIS

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includes only direct retail populations in its estimate of each systems' population-served,
the CWS Survey classifies systems by the total population they serve. Also, several
major cities had multiple records in SDWIS; independent of the states' review, the
multiple records were removed from the data base and replaced with a single record.
The net result of this step adds 4,800 systems to the database; it also moves several
systems across population served categories.

The third step adjusts for inactive systems. As part of the data collection effort, several
systems in the sample were not active water systems. In some cases, they merged with
other systems; in other cases, they were no longer community water systems (e.g., they
were no longer in business, or they seived fewer than 25 people or 15 connections at least
6 months of the year). In these cases, steps were taken to confirm the status of the
systems. For example, site visitors went to the system to confirm its status.
Approximately 1,200 systems were dropped from the inventory for this reason.

The remaining two changes do not affect the total count of systems; rather, they affect the
number of systems classified as ground, surface, or purchased, and they affect the
number of systems in each population-served category. SDWIS uses a hierarchy to
classify systems by source; basically, a system is classified as a surface water system if it
uses any surface water. The survey classifies systems by its primary source of water; a
system is classified as a surface water system if surface water is its largest source. It is a
ground water system if its largest source is ground water. It is a purchased system
otherwise. The systems' responses to Ihe survey are used to classify their source. The
final adjustment changes the population-served based on the reported population in the
survey.

11. Use of the terms expenses and expenditures. Systems use the terms expenses or
expenditures to refer to their spending. Private systems generally use the term
"expenses" in accounting as a term for the spending done by a system. Public systems
refer to spending as "expenditures"; they reserve the term "expense" for when a cost is
incurred, and use the term "expenditure" for when the spending takes place. Tables 49,
59-66, and 73-78 use the term expenses to report spending by both public and private
systems.
10

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Table 35 (Cont)
Distribution System Summary - Pipes
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Systems reporting zero miles of distribution pipe are included in table.
The cost per mile of pipe replaced reported by the 1999 Drinking Water Infra
higher than reported by the CWS Survey. There are important differences in
surveys that account for some of the difference. The main difference is the t
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pipe in the next 20 years. Sampling error also explains some of the differenc
surveys report similar cost per foot, while systems that did not provide data fi
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of average cost per mile replaced is based on 3 observations.
Costs for public systems serving over 500,000 excludes one project that cos
included, the mean cost per mile of pipe replaced in the past 5 years is $9.7
A public state prison serving 3,301-10,000. people was removed from calculi
connections per mile.
A private system serving 3,301-10,000 people with average cost per mile of :
estimate. If included the average cost is $206,000 for private systems of this





















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      Part 2
Methodology Report
        115
-------
                                       1. INTRODUCTION

1.1    Study Background

       In compliance with Executive Order 12866, the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water (OGWDW), Standards and Risk Management Division (SRMD) conducts
periodic surveys of the financial and operating characteristics of community water systems. These
Community Water System Suveys (CWSSs) supply information that is essential to support economic
analyses of the costs and benefits of new regulations and changes to existing regulations on consumers,
the water supply industry, and the nation. The information also will be used to measure the financial
burden of EPA's regulations on consumers and the industry. Furthermore, data from the survey will
help EPA identify, evaluate and develop guidance on Best Management Practices used in water
treatment and distribution systems. Previous surveys of Community Water Systems were conducted in
1976,1982, 1986, and 1995.

1.2    Survey Overview

       This section is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the design and conduct of the
CWSS. The topics presented in this section will then be discussed at greater length in the  following
chapters.

       The CWSS was designed to collect operating and financial information from a representative
sample of community water systems.  In order to reduce the burden of the survey on small systems, the
data were collected from systems serving 3,300 or fewer people through site visits by water system
professionals. Systems serving over 3,300 people received the questionnaire in the mail. Water system
professionals were assigned to each system that received the mailed questionnaire to help the systems
respond to the survey's questions. A toll-free telephone number and an e-mail address also were
provided to the systems to provide technical support.

       The Community Water  System survey was based on a nationally representative sample of
community water systems. The sample was drawn from a list of approximately 53,000 systems in the
Safe Drinking Water Information  System (SDWIS). The survey used a stratified random sample
design to ensure the sample is representative. The sample was stratified by several characteristics of
water systems to increase the efficiency of estimates based on the sample. To limit the travel costs
involved in visiting each small system in the sample, they were selected in geographic clusters in a two-
stage design. A sample of 1,806 systems was selected, including a census of all systems serving
populations of 100,000 or more.
                                            117
-------
       A separate version of the questionnaire was developed for systems serving more than 500,000
people.  Additional questions were asked of these very large systems regarding concentrations of
several contaminants in raw and finished water and average well depth. Questions that would not apply
to very large systems were excluded from their version of the questionnaire.

       Water system professionals contacted the small systems in the sample to schedule appointments
for the site visits. Upon mailout, each system receiving the questionnaire was notified by telephone that
they would receive the questionnaire in the mail.  Phone calls were made throughout the data collection
period to encourage non-respondents to participate and to provide technical support when needed.
Requests to re-mail the questionnaire were received through the toll-free support line and during the
phone calls to the system; the questionnaires were re-mailed as the requests were received.

       As completed questionnaires were returned, they were logged into a receipt control system
using an on-line data tracking system. The completed questionnaires went through an extensive  data
quality review. Water system analysts reviewed each mailout questionnaire and contacted the systems
to clarify answers, correct anomalous items, or collect missing responses.  The questionnaires were then
reviewed by senior engineering staff.  The senior staff also reviewed  the site visits reports for each small
system.  The questionnaires were then key-entered using independent double-key entry. Finally, the
electronic form of the data were run through automated cleaning and editing programs.

       A series of sample weights, non-response adjustments, and other statistical techniques were
created and applied to the final  set of sampled respondents. These weights allow for extrapolation from
the sampled systems to the universe of Community Water Systems in the nation. The sample design
and weights also allow for the calculation of confidence intervals for each estimate.

       Planning and design of the survey began in August of 1999. A pre-test of the questionnaire was
conducted in July 2000.  The pilot test was conducted from April to May, 2001, and the final design
was developed in May 2001. Data collection took place from June through October, 2001. Data
processing and analysis continued through February 2002.

       EPA secured the services of several contractors who performed a variety of tasks in support of
the survey design, survey adrninistration, data processing, and analysis. The Cadmus Group, Inc., was
the prime contractor. Abt Associates, Inc. served as a subcontractor, as did Norfolk Data, Inc. The
site visits were conducted through subcontracts with several experienced water system professionals.
The Cadmus Group has been supporting EPA and other clients in the assessment and analysis of the
water industry for over 20 years. Cadmus' primary responsibilities were for overall project
management; design of the questionnaire; sample design; selection of the medium, large, and very large
system sample;  design, administration, and management of the data collection; technical support to
water systems in the sample; expert quality assurance review of the survey data; data tabulations; and
report preparation.  Abt Associates assisted with the development of the survey instrument, selected
the small system sample, developed and maintained the on-line data tracking system, edited and

                                             118
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prepared the data into final form for data entry, managed the data entry, calculated the sample weights,
assisted in the data tabulations, and developed the final data with documentation.  Norfolk Data keyed
the data into the electronic data base.

       EPA also requested comments on the survey from several independent reviewers.  EPA
consulted with Jeanne Bailey in the office of Regulatory Affairs at the American Water Works
Association in Washington, DC.  Drafts of the questionnaire were reviewed by Diane Moles, from the
fowa Department of Natural Resources, in Des Moines, I A, and James K. Cleland of the Drinking
Water and Radiological Protection Division of the Michigan DEQ in Lansing, Mf. EPA also consulted
with Robert W. Mann of the Water Supply Engineering Bureau of the State of New Hampshire's
Department of Environmental Services.
                                            119
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                         2. SAMPLE DESIGN AND WEIGHTING

2.1    Sample Design and Selection

       This section describes the sample design for the 2000 Community Water System Survey
(CWSS). It includes a description of the sampling frame, target sample size, stratification variables, and
sampling methods.

       The survey relied on a probability sample of Community Water Systems. For small systems
(those serving populations of 3,300 or less), a two-stage cluster sample was used. A stratified random
sample was used for systems serving populations of between 3,301 and 100,000.  Systems serving
populations of over 100,000 were selected with certainty.  The strata were defined by the combinations
of the size of the residential  population served by the water systems and the source of water (ground or
surface).

2.1.1   SDWIS Sampling  Frame and Coverage

       The sampling frame is developed from the federal Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS/Fed).  SDWIS is a centralized database of information on public water systems, including
their compliance with monitoring requirements, maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), and other
requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996. The following
information was extracted from SDWIS for the statistical survey:

              Name of system

              Address of system

              Population served

              Primary source (surface water or ground water)

              Public water system identification number (PWSID)

              Ownership type

              Consecutive system (i.e., does system purchase or sell water)

       From these data, EPA developed a sample list from which it (1) calculated summary statistics
for use in calculating sample size, and (2) randomly chose systems  within the design strata which will
take part in the survey.
                                            120
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       SDWIS is the appropriate sampling frame because:

              It fully covers the target population.

              It contains no duplication.

              It contains no foreign elements (i.e., elements that are not members of the population).

              It contains information for identifying and contacting the units selected in the sample.

              It contains other information that will improve the efficiency of the sample design.

       SDWIS is the best choice for a sample frame because of its inclusive coverage of all units of
observation for this survey, hi addition, SDWIS has two other advantages: it contains information that
will facilitate contacting the respondents, and it contains other information that is useful in stratifying the
sample, thereby improving the efficiency of the sample design. However, SDWIS is not designed to be
such a sample frame; many properties of SDWIS, and some lingering problems of system classification
in SDWIS, can result in many inaccuracies for such sample frame applications and sample selection.

       For EPA's 1999 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey (Needs Survey), EPA and
Cadmus made a considerable effort to improve the SDWIS information and create an inventory list
more suitable as a sample frame. The Needs Survey took several steps to prepare SDWIS for use as
a sample frame.  Problematic data were first identified based on the experience of the 1995 Needs
Survey. EPA then provided the confirmed inventory data to the  States (including the Virgin Islands and
Puerto Rico) for review and asked the States to provide any necessary changes.

       EPA also worked with the States to identify the total  "consecutive" population served (including
the population of retail buyers) by many prominent large systems, to group systems into size and type
categories that more accurately reflect actual populations served by a particular water system.  For
instance, the reported population served by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
(MWD) is categorized as a small system serving less than 3,300 people in SDWIS; in fact, MWD
serves nearly 16 million consumers. Therefore, the system was reclassified as a large system, which
accurately reflects the way this system is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

       Criteria used to determine the accuracy of SDWIS data  include: (1) 1995 inventory
verification showing a discrepancy rate greater than 1 percent; or (2) the number of community water
systems in a State in SDWIS as of March 1998 being at least 3 percent greater than in the sampling
frame used for the 1995 Needs Survey. On site inventory verifications were also conducted for States
that contributed to at least 0.8 percent of total national need in the 1995 Needs Survey, and if EPA
determined that SDWIS inventory may not accurately reflect a State's inventory, based on experience
with the 1995 Needs Survey. Inventory verifications were conducted in Arizona, Arkansas, California,

                                             121
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Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.  SDWIS-Fed inventory
information for Virginia was replaced with SDWIS/State inventory information, since SDWIS/Fed was
known to be an inaccurate source of current inventory.

       The process of State corrections included a variety of inventory review procedures and data
verification:

              A stratified random sample of systems was used to select systems within each State to
              verify the inventory. (A two-staged cluster sampling approach was used to select
              systems in New York, since data in this State are managed by numerous district
              offices.)

               Sanitary survey information, bacteriological results, or other chemical records in State
              files and/or databases were reviewed on site to ensure that inventory data were
              accurate. If inventory information was different between SDWIS and the State files
              and/or database, a discrepancy was issued. Each State so identified was then given an
              opportunity to provide monitoring results  or other documentation of a system's
              characteristics, and in some cases, a system's actual existence.  Systems that were
              inactive were removed from the Needs Survey sampling frame, while other systems
              were re-categorized if necessary.

              Based on results of the inventor/ verification, the total inventory for each State was
              further refined. The inventory verification results were extrapolated to all systems in
              each State to estimate the number of active systems in each size and type category.

       In addition to these changes, the inventoiy of systems serving Alaskan native populations in
SDWIS was replaced with data developed by EPA Region 10 and the State of Alaska.

       The Needs Survey sample frame was further refined during the course of the data collection
period. System status as of January 1,1999 was; used to determine inclusion and placement within the
sample frame.

       The sample frame used for the Needs Survey is based on the SDWIS from 1998; to account
for changes in SDWIS, we compared the SDWIS available from the first quarter of 2000 to the Needs
Survey list. New systems were verified and added. This revised list of systems will be used as the
sample frame for the CWSS.
                                            122
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2.1.2  Sample Design and Selection

       Sample Eligibility

       To be eligible for the CWSS, a water system must meet several criteria. First, it must meet the
CFR definition of a community water system; principally, a water system providing drinking water to 25
or more permanent residents or to 15 permanent connections. (See 40 CFR 141.2 for the complete
definition.) In addition, the CWSS excluded federal- and state-owned or operated systems; because
these are not affected by regulatory and economic forces in the same way as other systems. To the
extent possible, all ineligible systems were identified in SDWIS and removed from the frame; however,
many ineligible systems could not be identified and were therefore left in the frame. If systems were
clearly identified as ineligible during data collection (e.g., they are no longer an active water system, they
no longer meet the CFR definition of a Community Water System, or they are owned by the federal or
a state government), the data were excluded from analyses based on the sample.

       After it drew the initial sample, EPA decided to exclude systems in the trust territories. The
original sample included 64 systems in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Pacific territories.
EPA decided not to select a new sample because this would affect the site visit schedule. Instead, EPA
dropped the systems in the trust territories, and classified these systems as non-respondents when
calculating the sample weights.

       Sample Design

       The CWSS analytical plan specified precision level targets  for subpopulations of systems,
which required minimum sample sizes be achieved for each subpopulation. The precision targets for
each subpopulation were 95 percent confidence intervals of ±  10 percentage points for estimated
proportions.  The domains of the population of interest for EPA are based on two characteristics of the
systems:

       1.      The source of water.  Systems that rely on ground water are distinguished from
              surface water systems.

       2.      The size of the population served by the system. Eight size categories will be used:
              systems that serve less than 100 people; systems that serve 101 to 500 people; systems
              that serve  from 501 to 3,300 people; systems  that  serve from 3,301 to 10,000 people,
              systems that serve from 10,001 to 50,000 people;  systems that serve 50,001 to
              100,000 people; systems that serve from 100,001  to 500,000 people; and systems
              serving more than 500,000 people.

       The two water sources and the eight system sizes produce  sixteen strata.
                                            123
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       A system is classified as a surface water system in SDWIS if any of its water is surface water.
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water is classified as surface water.  Systems that
rely on purchased water systems are included in the ground water strata because we assume the
characteristics of the water and the treatment requirements will be more similar to ground water than to
surface water. (While some untreated surface v/ater is purchased, the majority  is treated and therefore
more similar to ground water than surface water.)

       The sample is stratified to achieve two goals. First, stratifying the data allows us to draw
inferences about specific population domains. For example, EPA may wish to draw conclusions about
systems serving populations of less than 10,000 or 3,300.  We can ensure that estimates of the sub-
populations will meet the required levels of precision by drawing the necessary number of observations
for each stratum.

       The second goal achieved by stratifying the data is that we can increase the efficiency of our
estimates by grouping systems into relatively homogeneous strata.  The strata were chosen to minimize
the differences among systems within strata, and to maximize the differences among strata.  The results
of previous surveys indicate there are important differences in the way systems are operated and in their
finances across the strata selected. The operating characteristics and treatment requirements of ground
water systems tend to be different from surface water systems. The operating and financial
characteristics of large systems tend to be more complex than  small systems. System management, and
the resources available to it, also may vary by system size. The regulatory impact models require
reasonably precise parameter estimates from each of these domains.  The sample size in each domain
should be large enough to provide a sufficient mimber of completed questionnaires to obtain estimates
with reasonable precision.

       Table 2-1 shows the number of systems in the sample frame and the minimum sample size
required to obtain an estimate for a proportion of 50 percent with an error not exceeding ±10
percentage points (except for a 1 in 20 chance) in each domain.  (A 50 percent  statistic was used
because the  standard error is largest when the population percentage is 50 percent. The error will be
smaller for other population percentages.) Systems with populations served of over  100,000 were
selected with certainty.

       Sample Selection

       For Community Water Systems serving, 3,300 or fewer people (small CWSs), a two-stage
sampling design was used to reduce field data collection costs.  Field data collectors were sent to the
clusters of six systems at a time to collect data.  The primary sampling unit (1*811) was a county or a
group of counties. (Each county with fewer than six small systems was combined with geographically
adjacent counties to form the primary sampling units.) At the first stage of sampling, a sample of 100
PSUs were selected with probabilities proportional to size. The measure of size was the number of
small systems in the PSU. A large PSU could be selected ("hit") more than one time. PSUs were re-

                                             124
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sampled to account for potential non-response.  The over-sampling rate was determined based on
EPA's experience with the 1999 EPA DWINS and the 1995 CWS Survey. States were provided
with a list of small CWSs in the counties selected, and EPA asked States to verify that the systems on
the list are active and serve populations of 3,300 or fewer.

       To select the second stage sample of small systems, the overall selection rate for each small
system stratum was calculated as the target initial sample size in the stratum divided by number of
systems in the stratum. The expected frequency of selection was calculated for each PSU in the first
stage sample. For each PSU selected, the second stage selection rate for a stratum  equaled the overall
selection rate for the stratum divided by the first-stage expected frequency of selection. That second
stage selection rate for a stratum was applied to the count of systems in that county to determine the
fractional sample size. The fractional sample sizes was converted to integer sample sizes using
stochastic rounding and with the constraint that the total integer sample size for a county hit equals six
systems. To measure composite sample size in selecting counties or PSUs, an "overall stratum
selection rate" was multiplied by the number of systems in the stratum in that PSU, and summed over all
strata in each primary sampling unit (county or group of counties).
                                             125
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                       Table 2-1. Frame and Sample Sizes by Strata
Source of Water
Ground
Surface
Population Served
100 or less
101-500
501 - 3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 -500,000
More than 5 00,000
100 or less
101-500
501 - 3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 500,000
More than 500,000
All
Frame Size
14,972
16,025
12,341
3,300
1,921
260
126
17
538
789
1,551
988
970
215
189
66
54,268
Required
Sample
95
95
95
92
89
60
126
17
88
91
93
91
91
74
189
66
1,452
       For systems serving populations of 3,301 - 100,000, the sample was obtained by drawing a
random sample of systems from the cleaned SDWIS frame, within each sampling stratum serving
populations of this size.  Systems in these strata were oversampled to account for non-response. As
with the small systems, the over-sampling rate was based on EPA's experience with the 1999 DWINS
and the 1995 CWSS.  Systems serving populations of more than 100,000 were selected with certainty.
The resulting increase in sample size is warranted for the following reasons:
                                           126
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              Each of the larger systems has a more significant impact on the total costs and benefits
              of regulations.

              Because of the small numbers of systems in many of the larger strata, precision can be
              increased at comparatively lower cost than it can be for smaller systems. Other things
              being equal, doubling precision will quadruple sample size in strata with 5,000 systems
              or more.  Many of the larger strata, however, have only hundreds of systems, hi a
              stratum of 750 systems, one could double precision by only tripling sample size. In a
              stratum of 200 systems, one could double precision by doubling sample size.

       A total of 1,870 systems were selected into the sample. The sample size by strata and the and
sampling rate are shown in table 2-2.

2.1.3  Stratum Migration

       Errors in the SDWIS  frame classification of the water systems by population served and water
source introduces inefficiency in the sample design through a loss of sample size and/or by introducing
unequal sampling rates. Among the respondents, 87 percent reported the same population served
category as indicated by the frame.  Just over 91 percent reported  the same source as the frame.

       Population Served by the System

       Table 2-3 compares the classification of systems by their population served using the population
data from the frame and from the systems' responses to the survey. In all size categories, more than 80
percent of systems confirmed their original size category. Within each size category, over 96 percent of
systems were either in their original size category or in the adjacent class. While migration across size
categories is small, several systems reported to serve 3,300 or fewer people in the frame moved into
larger categories; 20 moved into the 3,301-10,000 category, and 4 moved into larger population
categories.  Also, 19 systems moved into small system categories from the larger categories.
                                            127
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Table 2-2.  Sample Size and Sampling Rate by Strata
Source of
Water
Ground
Surface
Population Served
1 00 or less
101-500
501 -3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 -500,000
More than 500,000
1 00 or less
101-500
501-3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 500,000
More than 500,000
AH
Sample
Size
128
124
124
155
152
116
126
17
94
85
90
145
144
110
194
66
1,870
Sampling
Rate (%)
0.9
0.8
1.0
4.7
7.9
44.6
100.0
100.0
17.5
10.8
5.8
14.7
14.8
51.2
102.6
100.0
3.4
                     128
-------
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Source of Water
       Table 2-4 shows the cross-tabulation of the frame-based and response-based water source
classifications. Approximately 86 percent of the systems classified as ground water systems in the frame
confirmed that status in the sample. Ninety-four percent of surface water systems in the frame were
also classified as surface water systems in the sample.

       Table 2-4. Survey Respondents by the Frame-Based and the Sample-Based Source
Categories
Sample-Based
Water Source
Ground
Surface
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Frame-Based Water Source
Small
Ground
323
88
9
5
Surface
42
12
164
95
Medium
Ground
146
92
10
6
Surface
12
8
163
94
Large
Ground
123
87
15
6
Surface
19
13
220
94
All
Ground
592
89
34
6
Surface
73
11
547
94
       Impact of Strata Migration on the Accuracy of Domain Estimates

       The sample was designed to estimate a 50 percent statistic with a 95 percent confidence
interval of ± percentage points. One measure of the impact of the strata migration on the efficiency
estimates is to calculate the size of the confidence interval given number of observations in each stratum
for the sample collected  Table 2-5 shows the minimum sample required to estimate a 50 percent
statistic with a 95 percent confidence interval of ± 10 percentage points.  The planned sample size is the
sample that would be needed if the frame had correctly identified all subdomain members. The
required sample size is the sample needed, given the inaccuracies in the frame.  The table also shows
the half-width of the 95 percent confidence interval that results from the acted sample selected, given
the sample's estimate of the number of systems in each subdomain. The increase in the half-width for
mid-sized ground water systems is modest.  Because the sample was designed to collect data on all
systems with populations of more than 100,000, the width of the confidence interval for these systems
would have been zero. The width increased substantially for ground water systems in these strata and
slightly for surface water systems serving greater than 500,000 people categories due to the strata
migration, as the number of systems in these strata is larger than expected. It also increased for surface
water systems serving populations of more than 500,000.
                                            130
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    Table 2.5. Sample Sizes and the Impact on Precision of Estimates of Strata Migration


Source
Ground







Surface









Population Served
1 00 or less
101 -500
501 -3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001 -50,000
50,001-100,000
100,001-500,000
Over 500,000
1 00 or less
101 -500
501 -3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001 -50,000
50,001-100,000
100,001-500,000
Over 500,000


Required
95
95
95
93
91
70
125
17
79
85
90
88
87
66
191
66


Planned
95
95
95
92
89
60
73
8
88
91
93
91
91
74
257
50
Half width of
95% Confidence
Interval
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.101
0.101
0.111
0.074
0.260
0.094
0.096
0.099
0.098
0.098
0.092
0.000
0.069
2.2    Weighting and Estimation

       A sampling weight is attached to each responding water system record to (1) account for
differential selection probabilities, and (2) reduce the potential bias resulting from nonresponse. The
sampling weights are necessary for estimation of the population characteristics of interest. The sample
variance is then used to calculate 95 percent confidence intervals for the estimates.

2.2.1  Derivation of Base Weight and Nonresponse Adjustment

       The calculation of the sample weight reflects the complex nature of the sampling design.  The
community water system sample consists of a stratified element sample of medium and large water
systems.  Systems were stratified by water source and their population served. For small water
systems a two-stage cluster sample design was used.

       1.     At the first stage geographic clusters (counties or county groupings) were sampled using
              probability proportional to size sampling. The measure of size was a function of the
              number of small systems in the cluster.
                                            131
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       2.     Within clusters a stratified element sample of small systems was drawn.

       After the initial sample was drawn, it was decided to go back to some of the clusters and draw
additional small systems from specific strata to make up for a short fall in sample size due to a larger
than expected number of ineligible small systems. Also, sample clusters located in U.S. territories were
not included in the actual data collection for cost reasons and are treated as nonrespondents.

       The EPA SDWIS data file was used as the sampling frame for sample selection. Sixteen
sampling strata were defined based on systems' population served and source of water; all weight
calculations use this sample stratum variable.

       Base weights

       The first step was the calculation of a base sampling weight for each sample system. For the
medium and large systems the base sampling weight equals the number of systems in the stratum
divided by the number sampled from that stratum, hi other words the base weight for the hth stratum,
Bh, is:


                                         n     N*
where Nh represents the number of systems in the stratum in SDWIS, and ^ represents the number of
systems sampled from the stratum.

       For the small systems the base sampling weight equals the product of the reciprocal of the
probability of selection of the cluster times the reciprocal of the within cluster probability of selection of
the small system. For large clusters selected with certainty the cluster base sampling weight component
equals one.  The reciprocal of the within cluster selection probability equals the number of small systems
in a stratum divided by the number selected from that stratum. The base weight for a sample system in
the hth stratum in the mth cluster is given by B^:
where Pm is the probability of selection of the mh cluster.

       Nonresponse adjustment

       The second step in the weighting methodology was to make a unit nonresponse adjustment to

                                            132
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the base sampling weights. For each medium and large system stratum, the nonresponse adjustment
factor is equal to the ratio of the number of systems that completed the survey plus the number of
nonrespondents to the number of systems that completed the survey (i.e., the reciprocal of the stratum
response rate). Ineligible systems are not incorporated into the unit nonresponse adjustment. The
adjustment factor for the hth stratum is given by  h:
Where rh is the number of refusals and other nonrespondents in the h"1 stratum.

       For the small system sample the unit nonresponse adjustment was not implemented within each
cluster because the sample sizes were too small.  Rather the adjustment was carried out within each
small system stratum at the total sample (i.e., national) level.

       Final weights

       The nonresponse adjustment factor  h was multiplied by the base sampling weight, Bh, to
obtain the nonresponse adjusted base sampling weight.  The nonresponse adjusted base sampling
weight for the medium and large systems that completed the survey is the final weight for use in analysis.
The nonresponse adjusted weights can be written as:
for medium and large systems, and
                                             = Bmh8h
for small systems.

       The final step in the weight calculations for small systems was a ratio adjustment to the SDWIS
data file count of small systems in each small stratum at the national level.  This step was carried out
because the two-stage sample of small systems, drawn from 104 sample clusters, may not have the
same stratum distribution as the entire EPA data file of small systems. For each small system stratum,
the sum of the nonresponse adjusted base sampling weights for systems with a completed survey was
added to the sum of the base sampling weights for the ineligible systems. The count of small systems in
SDWIS was then divided by this sum. This yielded a ratio adjustment factor for each small system
                                            133
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stratum,  h:

Where:        Rh is the set of systems that responded to the survey, and

               Ih is the set of systems sampled that were ineligible.

               j designates the jlh sample system.

       For the small systems with a completed survey their nonresponse adjusted base sampling
weight was multiplied by the ratio adjustment factor to yield a final weight for use in analysis:
2.2.2  Variance Estimation

       The estimate of the variance must account for the sampling design. Weights are used to
produce estimates for the population as a whole - for example, the proportion of treatment facilities that
use a particular treatment practice, or the mean water-sales revenue of a system. Weights also affect
the standard error of the estimates, and therefore  the confidence intervals.

       The 2000 CWSS sampling design was relatively complex; medium and large systems were
selected by strata; small systems were selected in clusters of counties (or, in some cases, groups of
counties) using a probability proportional to size sampling. This sampling design also affects the
estimate of the standard error. The stratification of the systems by water source and population served
will tend to reduce the overall sample variance, !is systems within a stratum tend to be similar to each
other and different from systems in other strata. The clustering will likely increase the sampling
variance, as systems within a cluster may be similar to each other. This effect of clustering may not be
large; while systems within a county share some; characteristics, the often are a diverse group in terms of
population served and water source, as well as revenue, expenses, and operating characteristics. But
ignoring the clustering may lead to an underestimate of the sampling variance, so it must be taken into
account.

       The treatment facilities in the sample were not selected independently; rather, they were
selected in clusters in a two-stage process. For medium and large systems, the stratified random
sample of systems were selected in the first stage; every treatment facility in each system was selected
in the second stage. Facilities in small systems were selected in a three-stage process: counties (or
groups of counties) were selected in the first stage; a sample of systems withim each county was
selected in the second stage; every facility within each system was selected in the third stage. The
calculation of the sample variance of estimates regarding treatment facilities also must take into account

                                             134
-------
this sampling design.

       Variance Estimator

       The variance is estimated using a first-order Taylor expansion.  The variance is calculated in
Stata. The variance estimator is given by:
                     •^ / ^ \     1  f -^ / •"* \     ^     /•"*  ^ \   -^ "i •"* / ^ \1
                    V(R)=  -^{v(Y)-2RCov(Y,x) +  R2V(X}\

where R -   / ~ , the ratio of estimates of two population totals. Y is equal to £ £ £ *%,%
              ./i                                                       A=] ,= ] ;=]
              L  mi, nh,
 X is equal to £ £ £ w/;i JCA/ • L is the number of strata, rr^ is the number of primary sampling units in

strata h, and r^, is the number of elements in the fh primary sampling unit in the hth strata.

       Most of the estimates produced in this volume are either means or proportions. A mean is
simply a ratio in which x,^ is equal 1.  A proportion is simply a mean in which yhy is equal to a 0/1
variable.1

       Finite Population Correction

       A finite population correction factor was derived for medium and large systems in the sample.
The factor is the ratio of systems in the sample to the number of systems in each stratum. Because the
primary sampling units for small systems were selected with replacement, the finite population
correction factor is set equal to zero for small systems.

       To estimate the variance, we first define the following ratio residual:
       We then define the weighted total of the ratio residual as
       'See Cochran, W.G. 1977, Sampling Techniques, New York: John Wiley & Sons for amore
information about variance estimates..

                                           135
-------
                                             "*./
                                      Zdln =:
and the weighted average of the residual as:

                                              1
                                                 >=\
We can then define the variance estimate as:
where if, is the finite population correction.

       The estimate of the variance is used to estimate 95 percent confidence intervals in the detailed
tables of this report. An implicit assumption is that the average values presented in each table are
normally distributed. When the estimate is based on a large number of systems, this will generally be
true; in cases where the estimate is based on a small number of systems, the assumption may not hold.
The confidence interval in these cases may be larger than the mean itself. The confidence interval is not
adjusted in these cases; to compute the correct confidence interval requires examination of the empirical
distributions for each variable in the calculation and is beyond the scope of thus study.
                                             136
-------
                           3. SURVEY DESIGN AND RESPONSE

       The survey was administered through site visits to small systems (those serving populations of
3,300 or less), and through a mail survey to medium and large systems (those serving more than 3,300
people). This chapter discusses the survey instrument, the processes for conducting the site visits and
distributing the questionnaires, as well as the process to assure sufficient response rates and the handling
of returned questionnaires.

3.1    Questionnaire Design

       The Cadmus Group, working closely with EPA staff responsible for regulatory development,
developed the questionnaire. The process began with a meeting of EPA staff to discuss their data
needs, distinguishing core needs required for regulatory development from other data needs. Based on
these discussions, some of the questions that were in the 1995 CWSS were eliminated from the 2000
questionnaire. Other questions - especially those focusing on treatment - were further developed. A
slightly modified version of the questionnaire was developed for systems that serve populations of over
500,000; this version of the questionnaire included additional questions on source and finished water
contaminant concentrations, and excluded questions that only would apply to small systems.  The
survey instrument is in Appendix A.  The questionnaire in Appendix A is a composite of the two
questionnaires used; the questions that are asked only of systems serving over 500,000 people or only
systems serving up to 500,000 people are noted.

       Cadmus worked with EPA on the wording and organization of the questionnaire.  It was
responsible for the design and layout of the questionnaire form, and for documenting and incorporating
all revisions to the several design and test versions of the questionnaire.  Throughout the design process,
the EPA project officer consulted with the full range of EPA regulatory and analytical staff, representing
expert advisors and future users fo the data, to identify and correctly present the broad survey topics
and specific survey questions to be included in the survey instrument.  These covered such areas as
water production, storage, distribution, treatment, and cross connection control, as well as financial
information regarding water sales revenue, customer data, operating expenses, and capital investment.

       EPA went to great lengths to attempt to reduce the burden to respondents while collecting
complete, accurate, detailed data. EPA decided to conduct site visits to  small systems because  of the
difficulties they faced in responding to past Community Water System Surveys. EPA also established a
process to provide extensive technical assistance and guidance to recipients of the mailed questionnaire.
As discussed in chapter 4, EPA conducted a pre-test of the questionnaire to identify questions that
posed potential problems  for respondents. EPA also conducted a pilot test  of the data collection
methods. As a response to both tests, EPA made several changes to the questionnaire, reducing the
scope of several questions.  For example, as a result of the pre-test, the number of age and diameter
categories was reduced in  the question regarding the length of the distribution system, was simplified.
                                             137
-------
3.2    Data Verification

       EPA forwarded the list of water systems selected in the sample to the states. For small
systems, the states were asked to verify that the systems were active systems serving up to 3,300
people, as well as the address, telephone, and the contact information.  The states identified 27
systems that were not active Community Water Systems. To replace the systems that were inactive, 22
additional systems were selected  from each of the clusters that contained inactive  systems. Not every
inactive system could be replaced because each cluster did not have enough systems in the sample
frame to replace all the inactive systems.

3.3    The Pilot Test

       Approximately 50 systems were selected from the sample for a pilot test.  Two clusters of small
systems were selected for site visits by senior Cadmus water system professionals. Ten systems
participated in the pilot test. (One system was inactive, and one refused to participate.) Approximately
40 systems serving more than 3,300 people received the questionnaire by mail. The pilot tested the site
visit and mail-out process, and the technical support system. The pilot systems were included in the full
sample.

3.4    Site Visit Operations.

       Three contractors were selected to conduct the site visits. The  contractors were:

              International Studies and Training Institute, Inc.,

              Southwest Environmental Engineering, and

              McNenny Environmental Engineering and Consulting.

       Cadmus also conducted several site visits.

       Cadmus trained the site visit staff. The training covered the survey, the information required
from the systems, and the data collection protocol.  The training included on-site inspections with
Cadmus staff of a cluster of systems in the sample, as well as detailed instructions on the conduct of the
visit.

       The  states were contacted ahead of time to confirm the systems in the sample and to review
information on the system contacts. Site visitors were told to let state contacts know they were in their
area and what they were doing, as a courtesy. The surveyor extended the opportunity to the states to
attend the survey. Otherwise, the surveyors were told to not burden the states with requests for
assistance.

                                             138
-------
As part of the training, site visitors were instructed as follows:

       The survey is voluntary and not to be misrepresented as mandatory. It is an
       opportunity to provide information to be used by EPA to make sound, informed
       decisions and regulations.

       Obtain the operating and financial information for the same rime period of time, if at all
       possible

       If information is not available for the separate classes of system (for example, water
       deliveries by customer class), then collect the totals (e.g., total deliveries).

       Indicate the system has a treatment objectives only if the facility was "designed" for that
       purpose. For example, if the facility was designed for particulate removal and removed
       arsenic in the process, the surveyors were to only check particulate removal.

       Complete the sequence of treatment after a walk-through of the treatment plant. If
       available, collect a schematic.

       Operators on-call are not the same as on-site; therefore, if a system only has an
       operator on-call, it should not be classified as having an operator on-site 24 hours a
       day.

       SCADA for process monitoring was defined as information on values (i.e. elevations,
       pressures, pH, c!2, etc.). It was classified as process control if it had the capability to
       automatically control equipment (i.e. pump controls, feed equipment controls, pacing
       control, etc)

       Related questions should be checked for consistency.  For example, questions on water
       produced should be consistent with deliveries and unaccounted for water. Water
       delivered should be consistent with the number of customers and connections.

       Collect a service area map or draw the service area on a map (USGS, MapBlast,
       Microsoft, etc) for each system.

       The cross connection control program must be more than the plumbing code.  The
       program should be specifically designed as a backfiow prevention/cross connection
       control program.

       Financial data.  If there is no other information, get the average annual bill
       (question26). Again, if the information was not available in a manner that it could be

                                      139
-------
               broken down into components, get totals.

               Collect financial reports if they are available and if the system will not break down the
               costs as requested.

       Several issues arose during the site visits; that required consistent responses.  They included:

               If the system indicated that it merged with another system, the site survey was
               conducted.

               If a system decreased in size so it  was no longer a community water system, the site
               visit was conducted to confirm the status.

               If the system grew so it was no longer a small system, the site visit was conducted and
               data collected.

       Each site visitor was given a list of systems to visit.  The site visitors contacted the systems to
schedule the on-site inspections; the  site visitors were required at times to contact the state to confirm
contact information. Once on-site or in some cases prior to the site visit, the systems were provided
with an letter introducing the site visitor and explaining the survey. The site visitor inspected the system,
interviewed the staff, photographed the system (from source to delivery), and filled out the
questionnaire. The completed questionnaire, inclusive of the pictures, site map, and collected
information and reports, was then submitted to Cadmus.  Senior staff at Cadrnus reviewed all surveys
submitted by the site visitors to ensure the site visitors were filling out the questionnaire correctly and to
insure consistent responses from the  6 site surveyors. The questionnaires were then logged into the
tracking system as received and completed.

       During the site visits, Cadmus senior staff communicated with the site visitors via telephone and
e-mail to insure consistent and complete results. Group email was used to provide answers and
clarification to the site visitors questions. All site: visitors received the same information.

       Site visits were not done in Alaska or Hawaii.  For Alaska, two clusters of small systems were
surveyed using a combination of telephone interviews with system, state regulatory, and EPA personnel.
The remoteness and reluctance of some of the systems in Alaska made on-site visits infeasible.  The
information that was collected from  these system was abbreviated to promote response. The data
reflect the Alaska systems, but may not be easily compared to the remaining small system surveys.
                                              140
-------
3.5    Mail Survey Operations

       Cadmus produced camera-ready versions of the two questionnaires, which EPA printed at its
facility. Cadmus produced three mailing information and control labels for each system's questionnaire.
Information for the mailing label was extracted from the sample frame and attached to the envelope for
mailing. A second label that included contact information, the mailing address, and a telephone number
was produced and attached to the  questionnaire itself.  This label explicitly instructed the respondent to
respond only to the sampled system when answering the questions.  Both labels included a public
water system identification number (PWS1D), in both alpha-numeric and bar-code.  The third label
contained the toll-free telephone support line and e-mail information. Included in the envelope, along
with the questionnaire, was an introductory letter from the president of the Cadmus Group, a brief list of
instructions, and a pre-addressed pre-paid FedEx envelope for systems to return the completed
questionnaire.

       The questionnaires were mailed to approximately 1,200 community water systems over a 2 day
period. Each system then received a telephone call from the analyst at Cadmus responsible for that
system. The call informed the system of the survey, told them they would receive the questionnaire, and
gave the systems a name and telephone number to call with any questions. If a system did not receive
the questionnaire, the analyst responsible for that system sent them another copy of the questionnaire
via FedEx.  The analyst continued to follow-up with each system until the system either responded to
the survey or refused to participate. The analysts provided technical assistance as necessary, and in
some cases filled-out the  questionnaire through a telephone interview.

       As  questionnaires were received from the water systems, Cadmus logged them into the on-line
tracking system.  The analyst responsible for the questionnaire reviewed it for data quality and to
identify potential problems. When necessary, senior engineering or financial staff were consulted
regarding potential problems.  If a problem or question could not be resolved by Cadmus staff, the
analyst contacted the Community Water System. When this initial review was completed, the
questionnaire was forwarded to senior staff for additional review. All changes to the questionnaires
were recorded in a permanent log. After the senior review was completed, the completed
questionnaire was forwarded to data entry.

3.6    Data Entry

       Upon review by the senior staff, all questionnaires were logged as completed, and sent to Abt
for data review and editing, and preparation for data processing. The questionnaires were then key-
entered using 100 percent verified double-key entry. After entry, the data were run through automated
cleaning and editing programs that checked each variable for proper values and ranges, and checked
skip patterns. Items failing these checks were examined and either confirmed or corrected.
Questionnaires that reached this stage were considered to be entered and cleaned. (The data  were
subject to further intensive checks as part of the quality assurance process, discussed in chapter 4.)

                                             141
-------
       Status reports were sent to the EPA project managers every two weeks during the data
collection effort. The report showed the number of questionnaires with each of the following status
codes:

               Site visit appointments scheduled or questionnaires mailed

               Questionnaires re-mailed

               Inactive systems

               Questionnaires undeliverable

               Refusals

               Site visits completed/questionnaire returned

               Questionnaires reviewed and ready to enter into database

               Completed questionnaires entered into database

       Table 3-1 presents an example of the information provided to EPA.
                                              142
-------















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3.7    Survey Response
       The data collection effort was closed out October 31,2001. Of the 1,807 systems included in
the sample, 1,246 responded to the survey.  The overall response rate was 67 percent. Table 3.2
shows the response rate by strata. Excluding the trust territories, the overall response rate was 69
percent.

                 Table 3-2. CWSS Responses and Response Rate by  Strata
Source of
Water
Ground
Surface
Population Served
100 or less
101-500
501 -3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 500,000
More than 500,000
100 or less
101-500
501 - 3,300
3,301 - 10,000
10,001-50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 500,000
More than 500,000
M
Completed
Question-
naires
107
106
124
77
70
62
69
11
61
62
83
91
82
70
123
48
1,246
Response
Rate (%)
83.6
85.5
100.0
49.7
46.1
53.4
54.8
64.7
64.9
72.9
92.2
62.8
56.9
63.6
63.4
72.7
66.6
                                            146
-------
                     4. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND PEER REVIEW

       The quality assurance plan for the CWSS encompassed specific measures to check and ensure
the validity of the survey data from data collection through data processing and analysis, as well as
measures to assure the quality of other survey components. A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)
was developed for the survey and was approved prior to the start of data collection. The Office for
Environmental Information reviewed the methodology and the data presented in the body of the report.
The report results and statistical methods also were peer reviewed by subject matter experts.  Drafts of
the questionnaire were reviewed by Diane Moles, from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, in
Des Moines, IA, and James K. Cleland of the Drinking Water and Radiological Protection Division of
the Michigan DEQ in Lansing,  Ml.  OGWDW also consulted with Robert W. Mann of the Water
Supply Engineering Bureau of the State of New Hampshire's Department of Environmental Services.
Finally, the sampling design was reviewed by senior statisticians at as part of the external QAPP
review, as well as by Cadmus, Abt, and within EPA; it is the same basic design used for the 1999
DWINS.

       Section 4.1  discusses the questionnaire pre-test and the survey pilot test. Section 4.2 presents
the measures taken to assure the quality of the statistical sample.  Section 4.3 discusses the quality
assurance procedures used during the data collection effort.  Section 4.4 describes the data processing
quality assurance procedures. The last section describes the quality assurance steps taken during the
preparation of this report.

4.1    Draft Questionnaire Pre-test and Survey Pilot Test

       A significant component of the survey quality assurance plan was to thoroughly test the
questionnaire design, the survey design, and data collection procedures prior to implementing the full
study.  Confirming the validity and effectiveness of these designs, or revising them when the tests
revealed problems, errors, or difficulties, led to design and process improvements that would have a
positive effect on the quality of the survey in such areas as data reliability, data completeness, accuracy
of the sample frame, and response rates.

4.1.1   Pre-test

       When the initial data collection objectives had been identified and the questionnaire shaped into
a working draft instrument, EPA conducted a pre-test of this draft with 7 water systems in New
England of various sizes, including ground and surface water systems.  The pre-test participants were
recruited with the assistance of Ray Raposa of the New England Water Works Association. The main
objective of the pre-test was to gauge the respondents' reactions to the questionnaire itself. The test
did not address any of the actual survey operations and response rate issues that would later be tested
in the full-scale pilot test.
                                             147
-------
       The recruited systems received the questionnaire in July, 2000. EPA then convened a focus
group meeting of the 7 water systems, facilitated by survey research staff from Abt Associates and
Cadmus. The focus group explored questions regarding comprehensibility, use of clear and
appropriate terminology, provision of suitable response categories, and questionnaire layout. The focus
group also discussed respondents' ease or difficulty in providing answers, their immediate knowledge of
or access to information requested by the questionnaire, and their overall reaction to the survey.

       Overall, the focus group felt the questionnaire was clear and relatively easy to follow. As a
result of the pre-test, some questions were re-worded, and others were shortened. Otherwise, the pre-
test found no  systematic problems in the respondents' ability to provide answers to the questions.

4.1.2  Pilot  Test

       A full scale pilot test was conducted in April and May, 2001. The pilot tested the questionnaire
and the major operational components of the survey design.  The results of the pilot, along with the final
version of the questionnaires were delivered to EPA in May, 2001. The full on-line tracking system
was developed during the pilot, and the mail-out and receipt logging procedures were finalized.

       Twelve small systems and 42 medium, large, and very large systems were selected from the full
sample for use in the pilot.  Of these,  10 of the small systems and 26 of the medium, large, and very
large systems responded. The response rate was consistent with the target rate for the survey as a
whole.

       As  a result of the pilot, modest changes were made to the mail-out process and the instructions
for systems. The pilot also resulted in changes to several questions in the questionnaires. Questions 19
(length of distribution mains) and 32 (capital improvements) were simplified. Modest changes were
made to several other questions to clarify the question. The pilot also finalized the site visit protocols,
and identified issues that needed to be addressee! when training the site visitors.

4.2    Sampling Quality Assurance

       Quality assurance of the sampling process for the CWSS involved three principal areas:

              Development of the sample frame
              Sampling specifications, and
              Use of software designed to draw complex samples.

       Development of the Sample Frame. EPA conducted an extensive review of the data used
for the sample frame. By starting with the data used for the 1999 DWINS frame, the 2000 CWSS
was able to take advantage of the extensive data verification effort undertaken the 1999 DWINS. The
1999 DWINS frame was updated with data collected through the survey.  This updated frame was

                                             148
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then compared to the data in SDWIS in the first quarter of 2000 to identify systems that were either
added or removed from SDWIS since the DWINS was completed. The development of the frame is
discussed in detail in section 2.1.

       Sampling Specifications.  In order to carry out the sampling processes, the survey statisticians
prepared detailed specifications that served as directions for performing the sampling and as a
permanent documentation of the process. The sampling plan was documented in both the supporting
materials for the Information Collection Request submitted to the Office of Management and Budget,
and in the Quality Assurance Project Plan. The specifications ensured the sample was drawn in
conformity with the sample design and in a statistically valid manner.

       Sampling Software. The CWSS sample of systems serving up to 3,300 people was drawn
using SAS-based program designed to draw two-stage cluster samples of this type. The same program
was used to draw the 1999 DWINS. The sample of systems serving population s of 3,301 to 100,000
was a stratified random sample and was drawn using Stata-based program to select random samples.

4.3    Data Collection Quality Assurance

       Each component of the CWS survey was implemented pursuant to detailed written
specifications that clearly stipulated how the design was to be implemented.

       Questionnaire Design

              The various drafts of the questionnaires were the product of close review and
              comments by EPA, Cadmus, and outside reviewers. Improvements also were made as
              a result of the pre-test and pilot test.

              Questionnaire version control was maintained through the various drafts by hand-
              writing all changes onto the hard copy master of the current version. After the changes
              were made to the master word processing file, the previous hard copy version was
              filed.  Each version was dated and serially numbered.

              The questionnaire form was designed to clarify and simplify for respondents the
              provision of the highly detailed and complex data required for the survey. Graphic
              devices were used to make the form  clearer and simpler to use. The devices included
              type fonts and sizes, borders, and text boxes.

              Because of the difficulties small systems have with filling out complex questionnaires like
              the CWSS, site visitors were sent to small systems to ensure  the questionnaires were
              filled out correctly.
                                            149
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Mail Data Collection

       Workers preparing the questionnaire for mailing were provided with detailed written
       specifications for the job and were supervised by a mail operations manager.

       Mail clerks worked in tandem to produce the packages to be mailed to each
       respondent. One clerk applied identification labels and assembled the packet; the
       second applied the corresponding address label to the mail out envelope. This
       procedure effectively provided a 100% check that the mailing and questionnaire labels
       were for the same water system.

       A survey manager conducted spot checks of the questionnaires before they were
       sealed to ensure the respondent was receiving the appropriate form and that the
       address label and CWS  information label matched.

       The prepared questionnaires were counted prior to mailing to verify that the correct
       number of questionnaires were mailed.

       Each recipient of the mailed questionnaire was assigned an analyst who maintained
       contact with the water system throughout the survey. The analysts provided reminder
       calls and technical support to the systems. They also reviewed the data as it was
       received, following up with the system if there were any questions.

       Senior survey managers reviewed at least the first 25 surveys received to ensure
       analysts were using consistent procedures for each survey.

       The on-line tracking system ensured proper tracking and control of all questionnaires
       from the point of sampling until the data were entered and cleaned. In addition to
       supporting overall management of the project, the periodic status reports identified
       response rate problem areas which enabled  Cadmus to take appropriate follow-up
       measures.

Site Visits

       Extensive training was provided to the site visitors, including on-site training at a cluster
       of small systems.

       Detailed instructions were provided to each site visitor regarding the conduct of the on-
       site surveys.

       Regular contact was maintained with all site visitors. Site visitor questions and Cadmus

                                       150
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               responses were sent to all site visitors to ensure each received complete and consistent
               information.

               Each completed survey was reviewed by Cadmus staff as it was received. Follow-up
               instructions were provided as needed.

4.4    Expert Review of Responses

       Each questionnaire was subjected to a multi-level, detailed review by Cadmus staff as it was
returned by the systems. Cadmus reviewed the questionnaire for completeness and internal
consistency. Systems were called if key questions were not answered or if answers were inconsistent
or unclear.

       Upon receipt of the completed questionnaire, the Cadmus analyst responsible for the system
reviewed the survey.  They identified missing information and questions or potential problems with
responses. The analysts were provided training on how to evaluate a completed questionnaire, as well
as written guidance for reviewing the responses.  The written guidance included rules-of-thumb for
internal consistency checks; these guidelines helped the analyst compare questions and identify
inconsistent answers. For example, guidelines were provided on average annual water consumption
per household, which were used to compare annual water production with the number of connections
reported.

       Guidelines were provided regarding follow-up questions for the system. If essential data on
system finance, treatment, and production were missing, or if inconsistencies could not be resolved,
analysts contacted the system. If detailed information was not available (e.g., revenue by customer
class), analysts attempted to collect more aggregate-level data (e.g., total water sales revenue.)
Analysts worked with the systems to resolve inconsistencies.  Senior staff contacted systems when
difficult issues arose. Changes to the questionnaire were documented and logged.

       The analysts review of the surveys was itself reviewed by senior survey staff. Senior survey
evaluated the analysts' reviews at the beginning of the review process, and and provided feedback to
the analysts. Senior staff and water system experts provided information and answered questions
throughout the data collection period.

       Upon the completion of the analyst's review of a questionnaire, the completed questionnaire
was then reviewed by Cadmus water system experts. Each question in the survey was subject to
review.  The expert review focused on the validity of the responses to each question (e.g., checking that
the treatment sequence is logical), consistency across quesitons (e.g., the treatment practice is
consistent with the treatment objectives), and that questions were answered and reviewed consistently
across by water systems.  Any iurther changes were documented and logged.
                                             151
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4.5    Data Processing Quality Assurance

       The completed surveys were edited and entered into an electronic database.. The electronic
data were then imported into a hierarchical database for distribution, and a statistical package for
detailed analysis. Procedures were in place at every step to maintain the integrity and quality of the
data.

4.5.1   Manual Editing, Coding, and Data Entry

       Following the expert review, the questionnaires were subjected to a  100 percent editing review
in preparation for entering the data. This editing process examined every response field on every form,
to check skip patterns, clarify handwriting that would be difficult for the data entry staff to read,
standardize the recording of quantitative data, and identify any potential problems, such as marginal
notes or potential order-of-magnitude reporting errors in the volumetric questions. General protocols
were developed to guide the data preparation staff in reviewing the forms and in handling generic
problems. Data Preparation supervisors performed a 100% quality control review of edited forms
before they were data entered. During the editing process any questions, including the creation of
open-ended codes, that could not be answered by the general protocols were passed on to Cadmus by
staff at Abt Associates for final decisions. The editing protocol was updated to reflect coding decisions.
       After the initial edit, the questionnaires moved to the data entry process.  Each form was
entered with 100 percent verification, that is, using independent double key entry. The automated data
entry program was customized to each form.

       As the data were entered, the batches of entered records passed through a data cleaning
process, consisting of standard computer edits that examined each variable for conformity to
appropriate values or data ranges and also checked the small number of skip patterns that existed in the
survey instruments. A report identified each variable for each case that failed any of these tests. A data
preparation supervisor then examined the original questionnaire forms to determine whether the
anomaly occurred in the original data and, if so, whether to confirm it as correct or to refer to Cadmus
for resolution as described above.  The standard computerized edits were rq^eated for all the data until
no cases failed the edits, except for any that had been specifically confirmed as valid outliers during a
previous review.

       After all questions were edited, entered, and cleaned to the degree permitted by these
processes, the resulting keyed data passed to a process of detailed automated logical edits that enabled
expert staff to conduct a highly focused review of data values and relationships.
                                              152
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4.5.2  Automated Data Validation Checks

       In preparing the final database, EPA, Cadmus, and Abt designed, produced, and analyzed a
series of computer validation checks.  These checks were run on the full survey database after the data
were entered and passed the standard computer edits for values and ranges on a variable-by-variable
basis. The checks included the following:

               Distribution frequencies for all categorical variables;

               Distribution frequencies for all continuous numerical variables formatted into four
               categories (non-zero responses, zero responses, legitimately skipped, and missing);

               Univariates for each continuous variable;

               Item-specific cross-tabulations of categorical variables;

               Item-specific cross-univariates of continuous data;  and

               Item-specific advanced logic edits.

4.5.3  Database Quality Assurance

       The final, clean survey database represented the product of the various review, editing, data
entry, and data validation steps described above. Once the database was prepared, there were a
number of subsequent data processing steps required to create a variety of files suitable for analyses
and tabulations for the final delivery of a permanent database to EPA.  The principal steps included:

               Appending needed variables from external files, including sample and contact
               information from SDWIS.

               Analyzing the hard copy questionnaires and the frequency distributions of continuous
               and categorical variables to devise rules for handling missing data.

               Zero-filling blank responses. A detailed series of rules was developed for assessing
               blank responses and determining whether to regard these as zeros or missing values. In
               general, blank quantity fields were treated as zero,  except when there was external
               evidence in a logically related item that the response should not be zero. A detailed set
               of programming specifications was designed to implement these rules.

               Creating new derived variables from the survey data to categorize systems into strata
               comparable to the original sampling strata but based on the final survey responses

                                             153
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              rather than the SDWIS data.

              Attaching the sample weights to the analytical file.

              For the final delivery of the database to EPA, deriving and attaching the numerous
              composite variables created for the production of the analytical tables in this report.

       Each step was planned in advance. Detailed specifications were written to guide the
programming and data processing needed to peiform each step.  In addition to these specifications, the
processing of files and flow of data throughout these steps were planned, controlled, and documented
through data flow diagrams. The diagrams are schematic representations of how files, data record,
data elements, and individual data point values are handled, combined, extracted, and moved from one
stage to the next. These diagrams are crucial quality assurance tools to help ensure that programmers
and systems analysts have aclear an common understanding of the entire process  of data management,
that the processing stages fit together in a logical order and accomplish the intended objectives, and that
there is an unambiguous audit trail of the condition of the data at each stage.

       Version control was maintained for all computer programs, an interim stages of all data files
were permanently archived. This meant that when changes  were made to a program or process, it was
clear which was the current version and it always was clear of sequential changes that had been made
from one version to the next.  It was always possible to restore any earlier version in full or to merge
selected data from the old version to the new version.

       The combination of the processing specifications, data flow  diagrams, version control, and data
archiving ensured that no process was irreversible, that it was always possible to recover from any
deliberate or inadvertent changes to the data, and that the characteristics of the survey data were fully
known at each processing stage.

4.5.4  Tabulation Quality Assurance

       The tabulations of the results presented in the tables  in this report are varied and complex.
Rather than being a simple presentation of individual survey variables, each table usually presents the
results of multiple calculations involving several survey variables. Many tables present several such
results in a single table. There often were several different ways of defining or calculating an item of
interest, and sometimes there were different direct or derived sources of data for the calculation
available on the survey database.  Hence, the following steps were taken to help assure that each table
accurately summarized and presented the data contained in the final survey database.

              Identify important, relevant, and useful information that could be developed from
              analyses of the survey data;
                                             154
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               Design each table to effectively present the results or to juxtapose related results in the
               same table;

               Clearly describe the contents of each table;

               Define in detail the variables, values, formulas, and derivations that went into each
               calculation;

               Prepare clear and detailed data processing specifications for carrying out the
               tabulations according to the calculation definitions;

               Develop  computer programs to process the data pursuant to the tabulation
               specifications;

               Review the initial tabular output for:

                      Consistency with the design of the table of contents;

               -      Conformity with the definitional and programming specifications; and

               -      Reasonable agreement with expected valuesbased on external measures and
                      expert knowledge of water system operations and finance;

               Review definitions,  specifications, programs, and underlying data for tabulations
               exhibiting data anomalies or outliers;

               Review any definitions, specifications, or programs if the review process identifies
               errors or  the need for modifications to previous decisions; and

               Repeat previous tabulation quality assurance steps and re-run tabulations until no further
               unacceptable data anomalies are found.

       The tabulation process was fully automated, from the underlying source data through all
processing stages to the final formatted tables.  There were no intermediate stages requiring manual
transfer or entry of data from one stage to the next.  This eliminated human transcription error.  Of
equal importance, it also  expedited the process of successive iterations of the tabulations during the
quality review process, as each time a table was produced the output data automatically were
transferred into the same  final table form as on the previous iteration. This ensured that any new
anomalies identified in later iterations did not result from transcription errors, and allowed the review
staff to focus their investigations on the table data, specifications, and programs.
                                              155
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4.6    Quality Assurance During Report Preparation

       EPA requested comments on the survey from several independent reviewers. EPA consulted
with Jeanne Bailey in the office of Regulatory Affairs at the American Water Works Association in
Washington, DC. Drafts of the questionnaire were reviewed by Diane Moles, from the Iowa
Department of Natural Resources, in Des Moines, IA, and James K. Cleland of the Drinking Water
and Radiological Protection Division of the Micliigan DEQ in Lansing, MI. EPA also consulted with
Robert W. Mann of the Water Supply Engineering Bureau of the State of New Hampshire's
Department of Environmental Services. As noted in the introduction to this part of the report, EPA's
Office of Environmental Information reviewed the data presented in this report to ensure the findings
were appropriately described and presented.  Additional peer review was provided by Jan Beecher of
Michigan State University and John Petersen of George Mason University.
                                            156
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          Appendix A
Community Water System Survey




         Questionnaire
              157
-------
               United States
       Environmental Protection Agency
               <  r**f
                  5SB
  SURVEY OF SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE,
           AND VERY LARGE
     COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
(Composite of questionnaire sent to small, medium, and large systems,
             and to very large systems)
                                    OMB No. 2040-0227
                                   Expiration date: 2/29/04
-------
                    Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed Federal Express envelope

                                                or mail to:

                                 EPA Community Water System Survey
                                 c/o The Cadmus Group, Inc.
                                 135 Beaver St., Suite 2
                                 Waltham, MA 02452
Participation in the survey is voluntary. However, as a matter of policy, EPA will not disclose the identity of any
respondent to this questionnaire, nor the identity of any participating water system. While no respondent has ever
claimed that the information asked for in this survey contains confidential business information (CBI), EPA will offer
you the opportunity of claiming CBI in the event that we receive a Freedom of Information Act request for any data
that would identify you or your system. It should be noted, however, that EPA has never received a Freedom of
Information Act request for such information in prior surveys.

The public reporting and record keeping burden  for this collection of information is estimated to average 2.27 hours
per response or to range from 1 hour to 4 hours per respondent annually. Burden means the total time, effort, or
financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a
Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize
technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing  and
maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any
previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of
information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise
disclose the information. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for
EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR Part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15.

If you wish, you may send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided
burden estimates,  and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of
automated collection techniques to the Director,  Collection Strategies Division, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20460; and to the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk
Officer for EPA. Include the EPA ICR number and OMB control number in any correspondence. Do not send the
completed survey to this address.
-------
Dear Owners and Operators of Community Water Systems:

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a national survey of drinking water
systems using the attached questionnaire. About 1,500 water systems have been randomly selected to participate in
this survey, and yours was one such system. This survey is conducted approximately every five years,  the last one
being in 1995. We are sending you this questionnaire because you were identified in your state's database (State
Drinking Water Information System) as the most appropriate person to provide information about your water system.
Participation in the survey is voluntary.

This survey will accomplish a number of important objectives.  First, it will give us current data that will allow us to
better consider the costs and benefits to water systems when we develop new national drinking water regulations.  It
will also allow us to measure the impact of drinking water regulations that have been put in place since the last
survey.  This, in turn, will help us determine more affordable approaches to drinking water treatment.  Furthermore,
the answers you provide in this questionnaire will help us in developing more effective programs to safeguard our
nation's drinking water, provide guidance to the states and measure the effectiveness of programs already in
existence, such as the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund.

As we have done in the past, EPA will only make use of the information you provide when it has been  aggregated
with the responses of many other water systems in the same size category as yours. We will never disclose your
name or the name of your water system in any public documents.  Please see the inside cover of the questionnaire if
you'd like more details on how your privacy will be protected.

Answers to this questionnaire will help EPA to understand your circumstances better than any other single tool we
have.  If you have ever wanted to have a larger say in the development of national rules that could directly effect
you and your water system, providing answers to this questionnaire is an important contribution.  Because only
1,500 of you are being asked to speak for over 50,000 other systems, your voice is that much more important and will
carry that much more weight.  If you have ever felt that Federal regulators don't understand your situation, then
please take this opportunity to tell us, in detail, just what your situation is. It will make a difference.

                                                          Sincerely,



                                                          Brian C. Rourke
                                                          Program Analyst
                                                          Standards and Risk Management Division
-------
Please respond about:
                 Please return you completed questionnaire in the enclosed
                    pre-paid Federal Express envelope by July 13,2001
-------
                       2000 Community Water Systems Survey
                       Small, Medium Large / Very Large Systems Questionnaire
                                    GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire asks two preliminary questions and then is divided into two parts.

    PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 3   25); and
    PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 26 - 32).

Please complete the questionnaire.

Make a copy of the completed questionnaire for your records before sealing it in the enclosed envelope.

Please include a map of your service area or delineate your service area on the enclosed map.

[VERY LARGE SYSTEMS: ]
Please enclose a schematic of your system, site plans of your treatment facilities, and the latest available financial
report.  If the schematics, diagrams, financial or other reports contain the information requested by a question,
you may refer to the documentation rather than fill out the question.

[SMALL/MEDIUM/LARGE  SYSTEMS]:

Your are strongly encouraged to enclose schematics, diagrams, financial reports, or other information that will
help provide a complete picture of your water system.  If schematics, diagrams, financial or other reports contain
the information requested by a question, you may enclose and refer to the documentation rather than fill out the
question.

If you require more space to answer an question than is provided, please record the information on a photocopy
of the question or use a blank sheet of your own.
                                            Page 1 of 22
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1.  Please provide the name, title, and telephone number of the most knowledgeable person to contact for
    information on:

                  (A) Part I - Operating Characteristics

        Name:	Title:	

        Tel. No.	Fax No.	

        e-mail:	

                  (B) Part II - Financial Characteristics
                  (Write "SAME" if same as above)

        Name:	Title:	

        Tel. No.	Fax No.	

        e-mail:
2.  This survey will ask you to provide operating and financial information for your public water system for the
    most recent 12-month period for which data are available.  Please specify below the end dates for which data are
    provided.
        A. Operating information		/	/
                                                                            (mm  / dd   / yy)

        B. Financial information  		/	/
                                                                            (mm  / dd   / yy)
Part I - Operating Characteristics
        For Part I of the survey, please use the period indicated in Question 2(a) to report "last year's"
        operating data.	
3.  Please classify your water system using the following criteria (circle one).


             Owned or operated by a government or
             public agency (including government-owned systems that hire a
             private company to operate the system)	       1

             Owned privately and operated for profit primarily as a
             water business  	       2

             Owned privately and not operated for profit (e.g., a homeowners
             association or a non-profit cooperative)  	       3

             Owned privately and operated as a necessary
             part of another business (e.g., a mobile home park)	       4
                                                Page 2 of22
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4.   If your system is owned or operated by the government, please select one of following that best describes the
     form of government (circle one).


              A local or municipal government (e.g. towns, townships, cities,
              counties, boroughs,  parishes, and special districts)  	        1
              State government 	       2

              The Federal government	       3

              Some other government
              (Please specify)	        4
A.   PRODUCTION and TREATMENT

5.   What was the amount of water that was produced and delivered to each of the following customer categories
     during the last year [as defined by your answer to Question 2A]?  (In millions of gallons. Note: if you cannot
     distinguish among the different types of non-residential customers, enter the total for your non-residential
     customers in line c.4.)
         Customer Type
Total
     a.   Sold to other public water suppliers:

             1.   Treated water 	  	Million Gallons/Yr.

             2.   Untreated water  	  	Million Gallons/Yr.

     b.   Residential  	  	Million Gallons/Yr.

     c.   Non-residential

             1.   Commercial/industrial  	  	Million Gallons/Yr.

             2.   Agricultural  	  	Million Gallons/Yr.

             3.   Other (specify)	Million Gallons/Yr

             4.   Subtotal, non-residential	  	Million Gallons/Yr

     d.   Unaccounted for water not included above (including
         uncompensated usage and system losses)	  	Million Gallons/Yr

     e.   Total, all customer types (including unaccounted for water) ....  	Million Gallons/Yr


6.   Provide the name of each public water supplier included in the response to Question 5a, above.
 a.   Treated water
 b.   Untreated water
                                                   Page 3 of 22
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7.  How much of the water reported in Question 5 came from each of the following sources during the twelve month
    period reported in Question 2 A ? (in millions of gallons; answer 'none' if a source does not apply).

    a.   Surface water (non-purchased) (including Ground Water Under the
        Direct Influence of Surface Water)		Million Gallons/Yr.

    b.   Ground water (non-purchased)		Million Gallons/Yr.

    c.   Purchased water

        1)   Treated water 		Million Gallons/Yr.

        2)   Untreated water		Million Gallons/Yr.

    d.   Other (specify)	Million Gallons/Yr.

    e.   Total  		Million Gallons/Yr
8.  What was the maximum daily water production from all sources for this
    utility over a single 24 hour period during the twel ve month period
    reported in Question 2A?		Million Gallons/day
        The following definitions of the components of a water system are used in this survey.  Figure 1 is
        an example of a schematic of a water system, showing water sources, treatment plants,
        transmission lines, and the distribution system.

        Please refer to these definitions and the schematic for an explanation of the terms used in
        questions 10 through 18. Please submit diagrams or schematics, using figure 1 as a guide.

        Please note that the identifier numbers used in the questions do not refer to specific items in the
        schematic. For example, use 'SI1 to refer to your first surface water source, regardless of whether it
        is a flowing stream, as depicted in the schematic, or another surface water source.	
                                                 Page 4 of 22
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Term
Surface water
intake
Ground water
intake
Purchased
water intake
Water
treatment plant
Entry point
Definition
A surface water intake refers to the transmission of untreated water from a
surface water source (flowing stream, lake, reservoir, or ground water under the
direct influence of surface water) to a water treatment plant at the utility (see
accompanying diagram).
A ground water intake refers to the transmission of untreated water from one or
more wells to a water treatment plant or directly into the distribution system.
Where the water from multiple wells flows through a common pipe prior to entry
into the treatment plant or distribution system, the combined flow is considered
one ground water intake (see accompanying diagram).
A purchased water intake refers to the transmission of water from the seller's
utility to a water treatment plant or directly into the distribution system of the
purchaser's utility.
A facility where water is filtered, disinfected, and/or otherwise treated prior to its
transmission into the distribution system (or its conveyance to another
purchasing water utility). For the purposes of this survey, simple disinfection
only or pH adjustment prior to entry into the distribution system are considered
to be a water treatment plant.
An entry point is where treated or untreated potable water enters into the
utility's distribution system.
Code in the
Schematic
S1,S2
G1-G4
P1.P2
WTP 1,
WTP2
E1-E4
Figure 1: Sample Diagram of Intakes, Treatment Plants, and Entry Points
                Flowing
                Stream
                                             Page 5 of22
-------
9.  Please draw your schematic here or submit a schematic on a separate sheet of paper.
                                                Page 6 of 22
-------
10. Provide the following information for the surface water, ground water, and purchased water intakes for this
    utility: MOD refers to millions of gallons daily. If the source is used on a seasonal basis, the average daily
    amount is for the months in which water is drawn from the source.
    A.
Surface Source.






Surface
water
intake
identifiers

What is the source type for each
surface water intake'' (circle the
appropriate number)






Flowing
stream







Reservoir
or lake


Ground-
water
under the
direct
influence
of surface
water



Is this a
seasonal
source'7
(Circle 1
for yes
and 2 for
no)
Yes No



What was the
average daily
amount of water
drawn from each
surface water
intake during the
reporting period
in Question 2A9
(MGD)

What is the estimated
potential maximum
daily amount of water
that can be drawn
from each surface
water intake, given
water availability
constraints only (e g
source capacity
contractual
obligations, permits,
or legal constraints)9
What is the estimated
potential maximum
daily amount of water
that can be drawn from
each surface water
intake, given current
pumping and
equipment constraints
only (e g system
components and
physical constraints)1'
(MGD)
SI 1 2 312 (MOD)*
S2 1 2 312
S3 I 2 312
S4 1 2 312
S5 1 2 312
 * 1 f not limited enter "no limit" here
                                          Q10A Totals
    B.  Ground water source.














Ground
water
wells









How many
individual
wells
supply
each
ground
water
intake?








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,-:,irv,!

i,i 
-------
        C.   Purchased water source.














Purchased
water
intake
identifiers
















Provide the names of the sellers for this
water










Is this a

sCiisonal
source9
(Circle 1
for yes and
2 for no)
Yes No








What was the
average daily

amount of water
drawn from each
purchased water
intake during the
reporting period in
Question 2Ar>
(MOD)
What is the
estimated
potential
maximum
amount drawn
from each
purchased water
intake given water
availability
constraints only

(e g. source
capacity
contractual
obligations.
permits, or legal
constraints)?
(MOD)*

What is the
estimated
potential
maximum
amount drawn
from each
purchased water
intake, given
current pumping

and equipment
constraints only
(e g. system
components and
physical
constraints)9
(MOD)
     PI




     P2




     P3




     P4




     P5
                                                 1
                                              Ql DC Totals  	




                       Totals for all intakes Q10A-Q10C (MGD)	




 * If not limited enter "no limit" here






11. Does your system provide treatment? (Circle one)





        Yes 	  1





        No (go to Question 18) 	  2
                                                  Page 8 of22
-------
12. Provide the following information for each water treatment plant or other facility at this utility. Design Capacity
    refers to the maximum amount the plant can produce in a single 24 hour period with all treatment trains operating
    at capacity. Peak daily production refers to the maximum amount produced in a single day over the twelve month
    reporting period in Question 2A.  Please submit site plans and flow charts of each treatment facility in your
    water system.





Water treatment plant
identifiers
List all of the surface,
ground, and purchased
water intake identifiers
from Question 10 that
feed into each water
treatment plant or
other facility.


What was the average
daily production for
each water treatment
plant or other facility?
(MGD)


What was the peak
daily production for
each water treatment
plant or other facility?
(MGD)


What was the design
capacity for each water
treatment plant or
other facility?
(MGD)
WTP1
WTP2
WTP3
WTP4
 WTP5
Note:  WTP refers to a treatment plant or any other facility that provides treatment.

13. Using the water treatment plant identifiers from Question 12, indicate which water treatment objectives apply to
    each plant. (Circle 1 for Yes and 2 for No).
Do you have this treatment objective in the following
water treatment plant?
(use the plant number from Question 1 2)
WTP1
Yes No
WTP2 WTP3
Yes No Yes No
WTP4
Yes No
WTP5
Yes No
 Algae control  	
 Corrosion control	
 Disinfection  	
 Dechlorination 	
 Oxidation	
 Iron removal	
 Manganese removal 	
 Fluoridation  	
 Taste/odor control  	
 TOC removal  	
 Particulate/Turbidity Removal	
 Softening (hardness removal)	
 Recarbonation  	
 Organic contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)
 Inorganic contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)	
 Radionuclides contaminant removal  	
 Other (specify)	
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2    1     2
2    1     2
     1
     1
     1
     1
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
1     2
                                                  Page 9 of 22
-------
14  A.  Using the Water Treatment plant identifiers from Question 12, characterize the treatment used and the
        sequence of treatment for each plant by entering a number to identify the order in which each treatment
        process occurs for each water treatment plant. (See example. If you have the option of more than one
        treatment type for a single step — e.g., you can use either chlorine or chlorine dioxide for disinfection —
        assign the same sequence number to each alternative).
                                                                       Water Treatment Plant Number (from
                                                                                   Question  12)
 Treatment Category
                                                   Example
                                                                     WTP1   WTP2    WTP3   WTP4   WTP5
 fhlorination only
 Raw water storagp/Prpsptiimpntation basin	
 PrpHisinfprtion/o\idation nrior tn spriimpntation
     Phlnrinp
     Chlorine dioxide
     Phlnramines
     Potassium nermanoanate
     Other PreHisinfertion
 PrpHisinfprtinn/O\iriatinn prior tn filtration
     Chlorine	
     Chlorine dirrxifle
     rhlnramines
     Qynne
     Potassium permanganate
     Other Predisinfectinn
 RapiH
 Poaoiilation/ Florrnlation
 Polvmprs
 Spftlinp/Spriimpntatiftii
 Snftpning
T i
                ash
     Rpnarhonation
     Trm
 Filtration
     Direct filtratinn
     Mirrn strainer
         / sand
     Rag and
     Ranifl tanH
                    arth
     Diial/Miilti media
     Pressure filtration
     Othe
 Pogt-di«infpption aftpr filfprg
     Phlr
              Hinvide
     IIV
                                                 Page 10 of22
-------
                                                                         Water Treatment Plant Number (from
                                                                                     Question 12)
Treatment Category
Vlpmhranps
                                                                      WTP1    WTP2    WTP3   WTP4   WTP5
    Reverse osmosis
    Mirrrv filtration
    I Iltrafiltratinn
    Nanofiltration
("nrrfisinn (""nntrnl
    Ion exrhanpe
    ("irannlar artivaterl rar
     Artivaterl Alumina
     Aeration
   I    This is an example of a green sand filter plant for treating ground water for Iron and Manganese removal  In this example
       'other ' is contact basin
   B.  Using the Water Treatment plant identifiers from Question 12, indicate which filter backwash techniques
       you use for each treatment plant that uses filtration. (Check all that apply).

Filter backwash
Air sronrinp
Slurfarp wash
Reryrlp filtpr harkwash
Filter to waste
Other filter harkwash
ISIrmp
Example

•Y

"X
T

Water Treatment Plant Number (from Question 12)
WTP1






WTP2






WTP3






WTP4






WTP5






                                                 Page 11 of22
-------
[QUESTION 15 ASKED OF VERY LARGE SYSTEMS ONLY]
15. Using the identifiers from questions 10 and 12, please list the intake or entry point identifier number and
    concentration for each water quality parameter (contaminant) for the reporting period recorded in Question 2A.
    If you conducted multiple tests of a source over the reporting period, report the average concentration.  If you
    did not test for a contaminant mark N/A; if you did not detect a contaminant mark ND.  If you require additional
    space for entry points/well identifiers please attach an additional sheet.

    A.  Using the source identifiers from questions 10, please provide raw water concentration in units of parts per
        million (ppm) for each compound:
Intake
Identifier
Example 1 :
G-l/W-1
Example 2:
G-l/W-2









Raw Water Concentration (units- ppm, except Radon - pCi/L)
Arsenic
<0.002
0.002









Radon
N/A
100









MTBE
N/A
N/A









Atrazine
N/A
0.002









Metolachlor
N/A
N/A









Boron
N/A
N/A









2,4-D
ND
ND









Stmazine
0.001
ND









Glyphosat
e
0.01
ND









                                               Page 12 of22
-------
B.  Using the treatment plant identifiers from question 12, please provide post-treatment concentration in units
    of parts per million (ppm) for each compound:
Entry
Point
Identifier
Example 1 :
WTP-1
Example 3:
WTP-2









Treated Water Concentration (units- ppm, except Radon - pCi/L)
Arsenic
<0.002
0.002









Radon
N/A
ND









MTBE
N/A
N/A









Atrazine
ND
ND









Metolachlor
N/A
N/A









Boron
N/A
N/A









2,4-D
ND
ND









Simazine
0.001
ND









Glyphosat
e
0.01
ND









                                           Page 13 of22
-------
16  A.  Using the water treatment facility identifiers from Question 12, indicate if the specified residuals
        management practices are used and provide the requested information regarding potential discharge.
        (Circle I for Yes and 2 for No).
 Residual Management
 Category
 Mechanical dewatering	
 Non-mechanical dewatering	
 Chemical precipitation	
 Land application	
 Nonhazardous waste landfill  	
 Deep well injection	
 Evaporation pond	
 French drain	
 Direct discharge to surface water	
  If no, is direct discharge to surface water an option?
 Septic system 	
  If no, is discharge to a septic system an option?  ...
 Sanitary sewer  	
  If no, is discharge to a sanitary sewer an option? . ..
Do you use the following residual management process in the
following water treatment plants?
(use the water treatment plant numbers from Question 12)
WTP1 W1
Yes No Yes
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 I
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
PP2 WTP3
No Yes No
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
WTP4
Yes No
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
WTP5
Yes No
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
    B.  Please describe any current limitations on the use of direct discharge to surface water, septic systems, and
        discharge to sanitary sewer for residuals management at any of the water treatment plants at this utility.
                                                  Page 14 of 22
-------
17. Using the water treatment plant identifiers from Question 12, provide the following information regarding
    operators and SCADA usage at each water treatment plant at this utility. (SCADA Supervisory Control and
    Data Acquisition system is an automated system for monitoring, controlling, and /or transmitting information
    on water treatment plant processes).
 Operator Information
Water Treatment Plant
(use the water treatment plant numbers from
Question 12)
WTP1
Yes No
WTP2
Yes No
WTP3
Yes No
WTP4
Yes No
WTP5
Yes No
  1.   Is there an operator on-site 24 hours per day seven days per
      week? (Circle yes or no)	

  2.   If the above answer is no, estimate the total number of hours
      per week that an operator is on site  	

  3.   Is there a SCADA in use for process monitoring? (Circle ves
      or no)  	

  4.   Is there a SCADA in use for process control? (Circleyes or
      no)  	
B. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INFORMATION

18. Please indicate whether you have the following types of treated-water storage, and if so, the number of storage
    facilities and their capacity, in millions of gallons.
 A.    Do you have clearwell storage after treatment? 	

 B.    Do you have storage after treatment (and after clearwell, if any), but before
       the distribution system with dedicated entry and exit points? 	

 C.    Do you have storage after treatment (and after clearwell, if any), but before
       the distribution system with a common inlet and outlet (i.e., rides the line)

 D.    Do you have storage within the distribution system with dedicated entry
       and exit points? 	

 E.    Do you have storage within the distribution system with a common inlet
       and outlet (i.e., rides the line)?	
Yes

 1
                                                                                     No
If yes, what is the
total capacity of the
storage (in millions
of gallons)?
                                                  Page 15 of 22
-------
19  A.  Estimate the length of the distribution mains pipe in your system, and length of pipe replaced in the last five
        years.
 Pipe Diameter

 Less than or equal to
 6"

 Greater than 6" but
 less than or equal to
 10"

 Greater than 10"
              Length of Pipe
                (In Miles)
Length of Pipe Replaced in
    the Last 5 Years'
        (In Miles)
Total Cost of Pipe Replaced in
      the Last 5 Years'
         (In Dollars)
    1 .Ending on the date shown in your answer to Question 2A.
    B.  What percentage of the total length of pipe in the distribution system is less than 40 years old, between 40
        and 80 years old, and more than 80 years old? (Thepercentages should total 100percent.)

        1.   Less than 40 years old		%
        2.   Between 40 and 80 years old

        3.   More than 80 years old	
20. A.  How many people and connections does your system currently serve year round? Please indicate the
        number of connections and number of people served by your system for all customer types that apply. (If
        you cannot distinguish among the different types of non-residential customers, enter the total for your
        non-residential customers in line c.4.)
          b.
          c.
Customer Type


Sold to other public water suppliers

    1.    Treated water 	

    2.    Untreated water 	

Residential  	

Non-residential

    1.    Commercial/industrial  ..

    2.    Agricultural 	

    3.     Other (specify)	
                                                                            Connections
                                           Number of
                                             People
                    4.   Subtotal, non-residential
                                                 Page 16 of22
-------
[QUESTIONS 20 B. AND 20 C. ASKED OF SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE SYSTEMS ONLY]

    B.  Does your system serve a residential population that changes on a seasonal basis (for example, is it a
        winter or summer resort area)? (Circle one)

        Yes  	  1

        No (Go to Question 21)	2


    C.  If your system serves a population that changes on a seasonal basis, please indicate the highest seasonal
        number of people  (residential only), the highest number of residential connections and the number of
        months each year during which the seasonal population is the highest.

        1. Highest seasonal population		

        2. Highest number of seasonal residential connections		

        3. Number of months when seasonal population is highest ....	


21. Please enclose a map of your service area

C. CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL

22. Does your system have a cross connection control (CCC) program? (Circle one)

    Yes  	1

    No (Go to Question 26)	2

    Don't Know (Go to Question 26)  	3

23. Please indicated the type of program your system has. (Circle one)
     Containment    (A program that is designed to prevent backflow from reaching a publicly
                     owned distribution system, but does not provide protection within the
                     premises. This often is referred to as providing protection up to the meter.)

     Containment    (A program that is designed to prevent backflow from reaching a publicly
     and isolation    owned distribution system and provides protection within a customer's
                     premises. This often is referred to as providing protection up to the tap.) ...
                                               Page 17 of22
-------
24. Please indicate which elements are included in the CCC program:
     (Circle 1 for "yes" and 2 for "no")
                                                                       Does your program
                            Cross Connection Control                  include this element?
               Program Elements                                       Yes          No

           a.   Right of entry	        1             2

           b.   Surveys/inspections to identify cross connections within
               the system/facility	        1             2

           c.   Policy specifying which service connections must be
               equipped with backflow prevention device/assemblies  .         1             2

           d.   Enforcement authority to install devices/assemblies	        1             2

           e.   Enforcement authority to test assemblies	        1             2

           f.   Penalties for non-compliance
               with ordinance 	        1             2

           g.   Public education programs	         1             2

           h.   Training/certification of testers
               and inspectors	         1             2


25.      What percentage of backflow prevention assemblies that are
         tested fail annually during inspection?
         (An assembly is a device that can be tested) 		
                                                   Page 18 of22
-------
Part II - Financial Characteristics
     Reporting period: For Part II of the survey, please use the period indicated in Question 2(B) to report
     "last year's" financial data.

     Providing estimates:  Please provide exact information from your system's records. Otherwise, provide
     your best estimate of financial information that is applicable to your drinking water system.

     If your system is a joint drinking water/wastewater facility, please be careful to record only data that are
     relevant to the drinking water part of the facility. If data for the drinking water part of the facility are not
     kept separately, please provide your best estimate of the share that is attributed to drinking water.

     Rounding: Please record your dollar amounts to the nearest dollar. Do NOT record cents.	
26  A.  During the last year [as defined in your response to Question 2(B)] what were your drinking water system's
        revenues from water sales for each of the following customer categories.
        (If zero, enter "0". Note: if you cannot distinguish among the different types of non-residential customers,
        enter the total for your non-residential customers in line d.)
               Water Sales Customer Categories                            I       Water Sales Revenues

          1.    Sold to other water suppliers

               a.   Treated water 	   $	

               b.   Untreated water  	   $	

          2.    Residential 	   $	

          3.    Non-residential

               a.   Commercial/industrial 	   $	

               b.   Agricultural  	   $	

               c.   Other (please specify)	  $	
               d.   Subtotal, nonresidential (a - c)

         4.    Total water sales revenues (1-3) ...
                                                Page 19 of22
-------
    B.  Please indicate your water system's revenues (luring the last year from other water-related revenue sources.
        (If zero, enter '0')
                                                                          I      Water-related Revenues

          5.     Connection fees  	   S	

          6.     Development fees	   S	

          7.     General fund revenues (e.g., from municipalities)	   $	
                Other water revenues not reported in the categories above
                (e.g., fines, penalties, other fees)
                (Please specifo)	
          9.     Total water-related revenues  	   $_

    C.  Please indicate your total water system revenues from lines 4 and 9 above.

          10.    Total water system revenues (lines 4 + 9)  	$_
[QUESTION 27 ASKED OF SMALL, MEDIUM, AND LARGE SYSTEMS ONLY]

27.  If your primary business is not water-related and you reported
     no revenues in Question 26 A or B, please indicate the revenues
     you receive from your primary, non-water related business,
     including rental  income and the sale of other goods or services  	$	
                           Note: Questions 28 - 30 Refer to Residential Customers Only
28.  What is the average annual bill for a residential customer?	$_
29. Please identify your drinking water system's billing structure for residential customers (circle all that apply).
                                                                                                   Billing
                                                                                                  structure
                                                                                                (Circle all that
                                                                                                   apply)
Metered charges

    Uniform rates	           1

    Declining block rate	           2

    Increasing block rate	           3

    Peak period rate (e.g., seasonal)  	           4

Unmetered charges

    Separate flat fee for water	           5

    Combined flat fee for water and other services (e.g., lental fees, associate feeds, pad fees) 	           6

Other billing methods (Please specify)	7

                                                  Page 20 of 22
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30 A.  Does your system use rates that may lower the cost of drinking water for low-income or fixed-income
         households? (e.g., lifeline rates) (Circle one)?

    Yes 	1

    No (Go to Question 31)	2
    B.   If your system uses rates that lower the cost of drinking water for low-income or fixed-income households,
         please answer the following:


         I.   How many households receive these rates?		(Number of households)

        2.   What is the highest annual income that qualifies for these
            rates?		(Dollars per year)

        3.   How much does it cost your system to provide these rate
            reductions (i.e., what is the total dollar amount of the
            reductions)?  		(Dollars per year)
31. Question 31 is intended to account for all of your drinking water expenses related to the revenues referred to in
    question 26 A and B.

    A.  Please enter the number of people employed by your drinking water system and your system's total
        compensation expenses (including direct compensation and fringe benefits) in the last year: If your system
        is operated by or employs a contractor, enter the number of contract employees and total expenses of the
        contractor on line 2.
Last year's employment and compensation
1. Number of Employees
2. Total Expenses,
including fringe benefits
(in Dollars)
          1.   Employment and employee expenses

          2.   Contractor expenses	
    B.  Please enter other routine operating expenses in the last year (in dollars)	$_

    C.  Please enter the amount of debt service expenditures in the last year for
        borrowing to finance capital expenses (i.e., excluding expenditures for
        borrowing to finance operating expenses, in dollars)	$_

    D.  Please enter the amount of other expenses (excluding operating and debt
        service expenses reported in Parts A, B, and C, but including any debt
        service expenditures for borrowing to finance operating expenses) in the
        last year (in dollars) (Please specify)		$_
    E.  Total expenses, Parts A through D. (in dollars)	$_
                                                Page 21 of 22
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32. A.  If you have paid for major capital improvements, repairs, or expansion in the last five years ending on the
        date reported in Question 2B, allocate those expenditures to the following categories.
              Type of Expense                                                           Total

          1.    Land	   $	

          2.    Water source	   $	

          3.    Distribution and transmission system	   $	

          4.    Treatment   	   $	

          5.    Storage	   $	

          6    All other not included above 	   $	

          7.    Total capital expenses  	

    B.   What percent of the total capital expenditures from Line 7 of Part A was for water quality improvement,
         replacement or major repair, or system expansion.?  (Thepercentages should total to 100percent.)

         1.   Water quality improvements		%

         2.   Replacement or major repair  		%

         3.   System expansion  		%

    C.   How were the total expenses from Line 7 in Part A funded''


                                                                               Percentage of
                                                                              capital expenses
                                                                                funded from
                                                                                each source
                                                                               (Should sum to   Average Interest
              Source of funds                                                     100%)            Rate

          1.    Current revenues  		%

          2.    Grants from the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund		%

          3.    Other government grants (either Federal or State)		%

          4    Borrowing from the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund		%    	%

          5.    Borrowing from other public sector sources (e.g., state or regional
              authorities)		%    	%

          6.    Borrowing from private sector sources (e. g., banks or the bond market)	%    	%

          7.    Other (please specify)	%    	%
                                                  Page 22 of 22
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
7? West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Cfcicago, II  60604-3590
-------
Office of Water (4607M)
EPA815-R-02-005B
November 2002
www.epa.gov/safewater
-------