United States Office of Air, Noise, and EPA-440/12-80-002
Environmental Protection Radiation ;A£iR-445) " December 1930
Agency • Washington, DC 20460
Air
&EPA Guidelines- for R©vi©w of
Emission
Jmsterhentation Pfans
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EPA400/12-80-002
GUIDELINES FOR REVIEW OF
HIGHWAY SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORIES
FOR 1982 STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
>
*
Prepared by:
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
Contract No. 68-02-3506
Work Assignment 1
EPA Project Officer:
George A. Bonina
Prepared for:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
December 1980
230 i
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'!),$, Environmental Protcclion /^r
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
I INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Objective 1
Use of Manual 2
Organization of Manual 3
II FACTORS AFFECTING BASE YEAR HC AND NOx
EMISSION ESTIMATES 4
Models for Calculating Highway Emissions 4
Factors Affecting Emission Estimates 5
Criteria for Assessing Reasonableness 5
III PROCEDURE FOR REVIEWING EMISSIONS
INVENTORY INPUTS AND OUTPUTS . 9
Overview of Process 9
Step by Step Description of Assessment Process 11
Stsp 1: Rcvicv; Emissions anci Travel
Estimation Process 11
Step 2: Compile Base Year Travel
and Emissions Data 12
Methodology Review Sheet 13
Worksheet 1: Travel Data for
Reasonableness Assessment 16
Worksheet 2a: Emission Factor Inputs
and Emission Inventory Outputs,
Reasonableness Assessment 20
Worksheet 2b: Variable 11: Fraction
of VMT per Vehicle Classification by
Model Year 22
Worksheet 2c: Variable 12: Vehicle
Emission Rates by Functional Class
(GM/VMT) 23
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T* T5T T7 O T? O*"**TfT''r"'>Tm o / C*.~^ yi 4- ' ,-1 ^
AoLiiJ Li i1 v^wniiij^xo (Lont Q j
Section Page
Step 3: Calculate Parameters for
Reasonableness Check 24
Worksheet 3: Reasonableness Assessment
for Travel Data 25
Step 4: Select Reasonableness
Criteria 26
Step 5: Conduct Reasonableness
Test 27
Step 6: Evaluate Adequacy of Emission
Estimates and Document
Findings 27
Appendix
A TABLES FOR REASONABLENESS RANGES A-l
TU T^^"\^^T"n f T71 ATnt A ^T1 T ^"MT /*"> T? n T^ ^ O ^^ *T A T^ T T*^ ^TT^ r* ' O ^^^^ T fri *(~T T> T* ^ T^ ^
xj i^w>wui>ij_ij.i j. xij. j. Wii WJ. itAjnOWil nUUiJiliJUO OH.X i £jri, J. /i O— X
C DEFINITIONS C-l
D EXAMPLE OF COMPLETED WORKSHEETS D-l
E BLANK WORKSHEETS E-l
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1. Emissions Inventory Review Process 10
2. Boundaries of the Five Assessment Regions 17
3. MOBILE 1: Composite Fleet Emission Ranges
(HC) A-ll
4. MOBILE 1: Composite Fleet Emission Ranges (NOx) A-12
5. MOBILE 1: Total Emission Rate Ranges-Automobiles
(Non-Methane HC) A-13
6. MOBILE 1: Total Emission Rate Ranges-Automobiles
(NOx)l A-14
7. MOBILE 1: Total Emission Rate Ranges-Trucks (Non-
Methane HC) . A-15
LE 1: Total Emission Rate Ranges-Trucks (NOx) A-16
9. MOBILE 2: Composite Fleet Emission Ranges (Non-
Methane HC) " A-17
10. MOBILE 2: Composite Fleet Emission Ranges (NOx) A-18
11. MOBILE 2: Total Emission Rate Ranges -
Automobiles (Non-Methane HC) A-19
12. MOBILE 2: Total Emission Rate Ranges -
Automobiles (NOx) A-20
13. MOBILE 2: Total Emission Rate Ranges - Trucks
(Non-Methane HC) A-21
14. MOBILE 2: Total Emission Rate Ranges - Trucks
(NOx) A-22
111
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Travel-Related Data Affecting Emissions
Models 6
Average Daily Cold/Hot Operating Percentage
of VMT by Average Trip Length A-l
Reasonableness Ranges for Average Daily VMT/
Capita by Region and Urban Area Size A-2
Reasonableness Ranges for Percent Daily VMT
by Region, Functional Classification and
Size of Urban Area A-3
Reasonableness Ranges for Average Daily
Vehicle Operating Speed by Region, Func-
tional Classification and Size of Urban
Area A- 4
Reasonableness Ranges for Average Daily
Operating Speed for the System (MPH) A-5
_„..-, __ -,-. v--,1..--. _,_
AJ. j.y i-ic 11 £, o ij. i^ua-i. uu oea ,1 uy
Region and Urban Population A-6
8. Reasonableness Ranges for Seasonal Traffic
Adjustments by Region A- 7
9. Normal Daily Mean Temperature by Urban
Area A- 8
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
One of the most important inputs to 1982 State Implementa-
tion Plans (SIP's) is an accurate base year emission inventory
of hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The Environ-
mental Protection Agency has indicated that the base year for
tne emission inventories should be 1980. It is particularly
important that such inventories be accurate as they will be used
to forecast future emissions levels within an urban area, will
be the basis for determining reductions in HC and NOx emissions
for alternative transportation policies and projects between
1980 and 1987, and will form the basis of determining whether
Reasonable Further Progress is being made toward meeting the
ozone air quality standard.
This manual is particularly concerned with the adequacy of
HC and NOx emission inventories for highways. Areas required
to submit 1982 SIP's are currently developing such inventories.
Experience has shown that many different estimation procedures,
data sources, and assumptions are likely to be used in inventory
development. It is particularly important that the inputs and
outputs of these analyses and the methodology used be reviewed in
a timely manner to insure that the highway source estimates tor
each non-attainment area are reasonable.
OBJECTIVE
This manual presents procedures and data to assist EPA,
state, and local agencies in assessing the adequacy of HC and
NOx highway source emission inventories for 1980, the base year
of interest in preparing 1982 SIP submissions. The procedures
presented herein provide a basis for reviewing: (1) the
reasonableness of the travel and related inputs (e.g. fleet mix,
cold/hot start fractions) used to estimate HC and NOx emissions,
and (2) the reasonableness of the emissions estimates
themselves. The procedures are applicable to urban areas with a
population greater than 200,000 people.
This manual presents and documents a six step process for
performing the reasonableness assessments noted above. The
manual: (1) identifies key factors that affect mobile source
emissions and sources of data for conducting the assessments;
and (2) presents guidelines for further examining potential
problems uncovered in this type of review.
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The manual should be used to review the adequacy of the
mobile source inventories for each non-attainment area as soon
as such estimates are available from the responsible agencies.
Such timely review will minimize problems of uncovering defi-
ciencies when it is costly to correct them or when time con-
straints preclude revising the estimates.
TTOT7
b iwi i_i
UlTAMTTAT
.-..,._..
Although the manual attempts to provide a straight forward
sequence of steps for performing this review for each non-
attainment area of interest, it is important that the person
applying the review procedures familiarize himself with the
travel and emissions estimation procedures used in the urban
area under review. This is particularly important because some
urban areas may be using data and estimation techniques of a
unique nature. If so, it may be necessary to supplement or
adjust the procedures, worksheets, etc., in this manual.
Section II discusses the important factors affecting emis-
sions and the type of procedures that may be used to estimate
HC and NOx emissions from highway sources.
Some urban areas have already developed base year HC and
NOx emission inventories, while other areas are currently pre-
paring them. The most current reports, technical memoranda,
and other applicable documentation on sucn inventories snouid
be obtained from MPO's, state agencies or other participants in
the transportation-air quality planning process.
In most instances, applying the procedures in this manual
will take less than two person days per urban area. For urban
areas which have done a thorough job of documenting such inven-
tories, this review may take one person day of effort.
The manual presents an extensive set of criteria for
evaluating the reasonableness of inputs used to estimate the
emissions inventories as well as the emission estimates them-
selves. IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT IF A
VARIABLE FOR A GIVEN URBAN AREA LIES OUTSIDE THE "REASONABLE
RANGE" CITED IN THE MANUAL, IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN THE
ESTIMATE IS ERRONEOUS. IF A VARIABLE LIES OUTSIDE THE
REASONABLE RANGE, THE VARIABLE OR DATA IN QUESTION SHOULD BE
EXAMINED FURTHER TO ASCERTAIN IF IT IS ERRONEOUS OR
INAPPROPRIATE. OR IF THE TRAVEL AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE URBAN AREA IN QUESTION ARE UNUSUAL RELATIVE TO MOST OTHER
AREAS. Typically, previously collected travel survey data from
that urban area can be used in making such checks for
"uniqueness".
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The reasonableness criteria presented in this manual have
been stratified by urban area population and geographic region
of the nation to attempt to account for the effects of such
variables on travel and emissions.
ORGANIZATION OF MANUAL
Section II of the manual briefly reviews the important
factors affecting HC and NOx emissions from highway sources, and
describes the basis of the reasonableness criteria used in the
manual. Section III presents the procedures for reviewing emis-
sion inventory inputs and outputs. Appendix A contains the
reasonableness criteria in the form of an extensive series of
tables, graphs, etc. Appendix B documents the data sources and
procedures used to develop the reasonableness criteria in
Appendix A, while Appendix C defines selected terminology used
in the manual. Appendix D contains an example of completed
worksheets. Appendix E contains blank worksheets for repro-
duction.
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II. FACTORS AFFECTING BASE YEAR HC AND NOx EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
This section has three major objectives. First, it des-
cribes the principal types of estimation procedures that can
be used to estimate highway vehicle emissions. Second, it
briefly reviews the factors which affect highway emissions.
Third, it describes the basis of criteria used to assess the
reasonableness of the inputs to and outputs of the emission
MODELS FOR CALCULATING HIGHWAY EMISSIONS
Three types of models, each utilizing different forms of
travel data, are available to estimate highway emissions: Link-
based, Trip-based, and Hybrid models.
Link-based models compute emissions for individual links
(or groups of links with similar characteristics) in the high-
way network. Detailed travel information (e.g. VMT, speed) is
required for each link. Emissions from individual links are
added to produce total emissions for the entire urban area or
for selected subareas. Link-based models use output from
traffic assignments or from traffic counts. Link-based models
assume that trin-end-related emissions (cold/hot start and hot
soak) are spread over the entire trip, rather than occur at
the origin or destination. This assumption limits the useful-
ness of this method for evaluating some transportation control
measures. Link-based models are widely used and can produce
an acceptable highway vehicle emission inventory.
Trip-based models compute emissions for an entire urban
area or large geographic subarea (e.g. county). Trip-based
models are the least data intensive, using the total number of
trip ends, average trip length and average operating speed to
estimate highway emissions. Trips can be stratified by purpose
(e.g. home-based, non-home-based). This model uses average
values for cold/hot fractions for the urban area (or subarea);
therefore it can not distinguish between trip-end related emis-
sions and travel-related emissions. This model has difficulty
accounting for thru-trips (i.e., trips that do not begin or end
in the urban area or subarea). Trip-based models are of very
limited usefulness for evaluating impacts of transportation
control measures. Trip-based models can produce an acceptable
highway vehicle emissions inventory.
Hybrid models estimate travel-related (stable mode) emis-
sions for each link in the highway network, and separately
estimate trip-end-related (cold/hot start, hot soak) emissions
for the geographic unit in which they occur. This model is
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conceptually correct, but is not used extensively because it is
the most data intensive. In addition to detailed link informa-
tion, detailed trip information on small geographical units
(e.g. traffic analysis zones) is required. The hybrid model is
the most useful model for evaluating impacts of transportation
control measures, and can produce an acceptable highway vehicle
emission inventory.
The emission models can be used for different trip pur-
poses and types. For example, the hybrid model could be used
for home-based network trips, while the trip-based model could
for other trips (non-home-based network trip, thru trips, non-
network (local) trips). Emission estimates from each model
would be added to produce total emissions for the urban area.
FACTORS AFFECTING HIGHWAY EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
The type of travel data required to estimate emissions
depends on the emission model used. Table 1 identifies the
travel data used in each of the emission models. Link-based
models require link-specific data, while trip-based models
use aggregated data. Hybrid models require link-specific
data and detailed trip end information.
»
Factors, such as percent of vehicles towing trailers, or
air conditioners are of much less significance than the var-
lo^lcso •*^o'"t'*~'''P'ifn^ -i »•* ^Q ^ "^ ^ ^
It is essential that the individual performing the review
determine which mod'el, or combination of models is used in the
urban area under review, because it will influence which
information should be collected and examined in making the
reasonableness assessment described in Section III.
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING REASONABLENESS
In order to perform a thorough assessment of the base year
HC and NOx emission inventories, it is necessary to examine
both the inputs to and outputs of the emission estimation pro-
cess, as well as to review the methodology used to develop the
travel data. Such an assessment should produce reasonable
assurances that the emission inventory is accurate.
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TABLE I
TRAVEL-RELATED DATA AFFECTING EMISSION MODELS
DATA ITEM
MODEL TYPE
LINK-
BASED
TRIP-
BASED
HYBRID
Araawide VMT
Link Specific VMT
Areawide Average Vehicle Operating Speed
Link Specific Vehide Operating Speed
Total Number of Trip Ends in Urban Area
Number of Trip Ends by Geographical Unit *
Areawide Average Daily Trip Length
Areawide Average Percent VMT in
Coid/Hot/Stabie Mode
Number of Trips With Catalyst and Non-Catalyst
Vehicle* Started With Pnoin«-nff iuonn«
4 hours *
of Trips With Cataiysi Vehicles Started
With Engine Off Less Than 1 hour *
1 Indicates data item of major concern
By geographical unit (e.g. traffic analysis zone)
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It is not possible to conduct an assessment simply by compiling
aggregate estimates for the types of variables listed in Table 1
Rather, it is necessary to express many of these variables not
as absolutes or aggregate values, but in the form of unit
values (e.g., VMT/capita, emissions/VMT) or percentage distri-
butions to determine their reasonableness. For example,
determining that an urban area produces 7 million VMT daily
is not as useful as knowing the VMT/capita for the urban area
in question. Data are available in the literature to determine
reasonable ranges for the per capita figure, but criteria for
" ho -f
available for 1980.
<-> not"
^.^. 1*^«
The following presents several examples showing the unit
values, percentage distributions, and other stratifications of
factors affecting emissions that are applied in Section III:
Variable
VMT
Average Daily Vehicle
Operating Speed (ADOS)
Total Vehicle Trips
Average Trip Length
VMT in Cold/Hot/Stable
Operating Conditions
Age of Vehicle Fleet
Form of Variable for Assessing
Reasonableness
VMT Per Capita
Percent VMT by Functional
Highway Class
Percent VMT by Vehicle Class
ADOS by Functional Highway
Class
ADOS Systemwide '
Vehicle Trips Per Capita
Average Trip Length by Time of
Day
Percent of Daily VMT in Each
Operating Mode
Percent of Travel by Vehicle
Class and Model Year
HC & NOx Emissions
HC and NOx Emissions per VMT
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A set of numerical criteria have been developed to assess
the reasonableness of the inputs to and outputs of the emis-
sion inventories, such as those illustrated above. The sources
of such reasonableness criteria include published reports and
studies developed by:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
» Federal Highway Achi'iinis t ration (?K"»TA),
• Urban Mass Transportation Association (UMTA),
• National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) ,
• the Office of the Secretary of USDOT, and
• other agencies and institutions.
It is not possible to develop reasonableness criteria for
small geographic subareas of each urban area, or for different
times of the day. The variability of such data is too large to
produce ranges of reasonable values that would be of any use.
This manual, therefore, uses areawide, average daily values as
t no basis "for the res-sonstbleness
The reader should briefly review the tables and figures
presented in Appendices A and B to familiarize himself with
the types of reasonableness criteria available for use in
Section III.
8
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III. PROCEDURE FOR REVIEWING EMISSION
INVENTORY INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
This section presents a six step procedure for reviewing
the reasonableness of the base year (i.e., 1980) HC and NOx
mobile source emission inventories for urban areas with a
population greater than 200,000 people. The first part of this
section presents a brief overview of this procedure, while the
3 G COHG. JpCL j? »* OJL
worksheets, and other supporting materials for applying the
procedures. Reviewers are strongly encouraged to review the
discussion in Section I under the heading "Use of Manual" in
conjunction with reading and applying the procedures in this
section.
OVERVIEW OF PROCESS
Figure 1 outlines the six step process for assessing the
reasonableness of the base year HC and NOx mobile source emis-
sion inventories, and the inputs used to construct such inven-
tories. In Step 1, the person conducting the assessment should
familiarize himself with the data and techniques used to esti-
mate base year travel characteristics and mobile source emis-
sions for the urban area in question. This review should be
sufficiently detailed to determine the types of estimation
procedures and data being used to estimate factors such as VMT
arid average operating speeds.
In step 2, the reviewer will compile base year travel and
emission estimates and supporting data from reports, memor-
anda, or other sources documenting the 1980 HC and NOx mobile
source emission inventories. This manual presents standard-
ized worksheets for recording such information.
In step 3, the information compiled in Step 2 will be
analyzed and tabulated to develop a series of parameters (e.g.,
VMT per capita, emissions per VMT) that will ultimately be used
to assess the reasonableness of the emission inventories. A
set of worksheets and directions are presented to facilitate
conducting this step.
In step 4, the reviewer will select applicable reasonable-
ness criteria from Appendix A to assess the adequacy of the
emission inventories for the urban area in question. The
reasonableness criteria are typically presented in the form of
tables and graphs which document ranges for parameters such as
VMT per capita, average daily vehicle operating speed by func-
tional classification, and cold/hot/stabilized operating con-
dition fractions. These ranges are based on data and analyses
compiled from widely distributed studies conducted by EPA, FHWA,
UMTA, and other agencies.
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FIGURE 1
EMISSIONS INVENTORY REVIEW
PROCESS
STEP
1
Review Emission and
Travel Estimation Process
I
STEP
2
f
Compile Base Year
Travel Data
Compile Base Year Emissions
Input/Output Data
STEP
3
Calculate Parameters
for Reasonableness Check
STEP
Select Reasonableness Criteria
STEP
5
Conduct Reasonableness Test
STEP
6
Evaluate Adequacy of
Emissions Estimates
and Document Findings
10
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Guidelines for selecting applicable reasonableness criteria
are presented later in this section.
Step 5 involves assessing the reasonableness of the emis-
sion estimates using the data from steps 3 and 4. The
worksheets used for this purpose provide space for noting
particular parameters that lie outside commonly encountered
ranges. As noted in Section I, if a parameter does not lie
witnin the range in question, this does not necessarily
indicate that the parameter is incorrect. Rather, this means
that the parameter in question should be examined further to
ascertain if it is erroneous or if it reflects the unique
travel or other characteristics of the urban area in question.
In step 6, the recommendation of Lhe reviewer regarding
the adequacy and reasonableness of the emission inventories
should be developed and documented. This should include re-
commendations for improving the emission inventories when this
is applicable.
The detailed worksheets and direction for applying this
six step process are presented below.
STEP-BY-STEP DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 1: Revie?/ Emissions and Travel Estimation Process
Once an urban area has been selected for review, the
appropriate MPO should be contacted to obtain reports, memor-
anda, or other information documenting the development of the
base year HC and NOx mobile source emission inventories.
These materials should be quickly reviewed to familiarize the
reviewer with the types of techniques and data sources used to
estimate travel and other inputs to the emissions inventories.
For example are traffic counts, sketch planning techniques, or
the conventional 4-step transportation analysis process being
used to estimate base year travel characteristics? Similarily,
what are the accuracy and completeness of the data and assump-
tions used as inputs to the estimation procedures? The type
of emission estimation model used (e.g., MOBILE 2 or a special
purpose technique) and the critical inputs to such a model
(e.g., cold/hot/stabilized fractions, fleet mix) should also
be assessed. If possible, an in-depth model and data assess-
ment should be performed.
This review should determine:
• if there are any clearly inappropriate techniques
or data sources used to develop the emission
estimates; and
11
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if there are features of the techniques and data
sources used that will require special considera-
tion in assessing the adequacy of the emission
inventories. For example, if a procedure other
than MOBILE 1 or 2 is used to estimate emission
rates by type of vehicle, the reviewer should
determine the critical variables affecting emis-
sions in that procedure and include such vari-
ables in his review,
This review should be conducted and documented using the Method-
ology Review sheet which is found on the three next pages.
The questions listed on the Methodology Review Sheet are
intended to aid the reviewer in focusing on important analyt-
ical issues that can affect the adequacy of the HC and NOx
highway emissions inventories. Most of the questions on the
sheet are self-explanatory. However, several questions war-
rant further explanation. Although question 4 only requires
"checking" the type of procedure used to estimate highway
emissions, this determination should be carefully made as it
will affect the types of data, assumptions, and modelling
procedures that should be examined for the urban area in
question, as well as responses to questions 5 through 8.
Question 8 is a particularly important question which is
intended to identify and describe any major deficiencies in the
should be discussed and resolved with the agency responsible
for preparing the emissions inventory. Where possible, the
reviewer should point out potential solutions to the problems
identified in the review.
Step 2: Compile Base Year Travel and Emissions Data
The reports, memoranda, and other information compiled in
step 1 should be used to complete the applicable sections of
Worksheets 1, 2a, 2b, and 2c. It should be noted that the
source of the information requested in these worksheets should
be entered in the space provided. Appendix D illustrates how
Worksheets 1, 2, and 3 are completed for a typical urban area.
Begin Worksheet 1 by filling in the name of the urban area
to be reviewed, and the abbreviation of the region of the
country that includes that urban area. Figure 2 identifies the
boundaries of the five regions of the nation used in this
manual.
12
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Reviewer
Data
METHODOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
1. Urban Area •
2. What agency developed the base year HC and NOx emissions inventories for highway sources?
(List agency name, address and telephone number.)
3. a) For what base year have the emissions inventories been established?.
b) If 1980 is not the base year for the emission invontoHfti, ioHicat* uyhy an y«?r v*«s used
4. What type of procedure was used to estimate highway emissions? (Check one)
D - Link-based procedure *
O • Trip-based procedure *
Q -Hybrid procedure *
O - Other (Please explain below)
* Section II of this manual describes each of these procedures in more detail.
13
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5. a) How were VMT and vehicle operating speeds estimated for use in developing the emissions inventories?
(e.g. Are the estimates based on traffic counts and travel tima surveys or are they based on estimates
from the travel forecasting procedures used for urban transportation planning?)
b) Are there any elements of the travel estimation procedures that are questionable?
c) What year's data was used to calibrate the travel estimation procedures cited in Question 5a?
d) When were the procedures cited in question 5a last validated (i.e., checked to determine if they can
reproduce observed traffic flows)?
6. Are estimates of "off-network" VMT (e.g., VMT on links normally not included in a computerized highway
network) accounted for in the highway emissions inventories? If yes, briefly describe how the VMT and
corresponding operating speeds estimates for each travel were determined.
14
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7. a) What procedure was used to estimate mobile source emission factors? (Check ona)
n MOBILE 1
I] MOBILE 2
C Other procedure (Enter name of procedure) ——
b) If "Other" was checked in question 7a, describe and assess the adequacy of the procedure.
8. Basad on the above, summarize and briefly discuss any major deficiencies in the travel and emissions estimation
procedures used by this urban area.
15
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WORKSHEET 1
TRAVEL DATA FOR REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENT
NAME OF URBAN AREA .
REGION OF COUNTY (SEE FIGURE 2).
VARIABLE
1fl«l •• ill^i • •
• mpUMnQlt
2. A«araga Daily VMT by
Functional Chm •
•1 Intanma
bl Principe Amrai
ei Minor Artarul
dl Cnllaeten
•1 Local
f) Total
X A«araaa Daily VMT by
VaMaftfOaB**
a) LOV
M LDT1«6000lbaJ
e> L0T2(>8000lb«J
d» HOG
•) HDD
*> MC
«) Tom
OR
hi Auto
i) Truck
jj Tool
4, Anaraga Daily Operating
Spaads (24 hn.) by
Functional dm •
a) Infancata
b) Principal Artariel
e) Minor Artarial
dl Coilaetar
•I Local
OR
fortnaSynMt (whara-
•-aaran'taanlabla.)
5. Avaraaa Daily Trip
Lanath
6. Avaraaa Daily Vahida Tripe
a) faiiiiijii VaMdaa
b) Trucks
7. Taaainal AdjuRmam
Faexor
ESTIMATE FOR BASE YEAR
VALUE UNITS
*
i^xxrt
1 .oar* of
(000)
(0001
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
1 JOG'S of
VMHCHl HltMB
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(CCSJ
(0001
(0001
in rnita*
par hour
mph
mpn
fHQn
mph
mpn
iaWMBBIVPIW
ITaWIMm
in 1,«Xr«
(000)
(000)
SOURCE
Functional elaasHteatian*. jaa Appendix C.
MOBILE 1 vanlcta ctaMiiieatlons, 5aa Appandlx C.
16
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en
Z
O
3
H
Z
c/j
en
"a £
=
H
b
O
en
a
z
O
17
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Variable 1: Population
Enter the base year (1980) population for the urban area
under study in the appropriate column. The value written should
represent thousands of people, with the source of the population
estimate being placed in the final column.
Variable 2: Average Daily VMT by
Functional Classification*
If available, enter the total VMT driven in the urban area
for an average summer day, for each of the five functional clas-
sifications in rows 2a through 2e. All VMT values in row 2
should be in units of thousands of vehicle miles of travel per
day. Also, include the source of the data in the final column.
If VMT is not available by functional classification, but is
available in other stratifications, enter the available VMT
estimates and write in the new stratifications alongside the
estimates. If VMT estimates are not available for any strati-
fications of the highway system, enter N.A. in the applicable
rows.
In all cases, place the urban area's total VMT in row 2f.
Variable 3: Average Daily VMT by Vehicle
Classification**
If available, VMT per average summer day should be entered
by vehicle classification in rows 3a through 3g. The vehicle
classifications in these rows correspond to those used in MOBILE
1. It is assumed that the MOBILE 2 categories, LDDV and LDDT
contributed negligibly to the production of HC and NOx for 1980.
If VMT data do not exist by vehicle classification, but are
available for "autos" and "trucks", enter such estimates in rows
3h through 3j. (In this case, truck is defined as all non-LDV
and motorcycle vehicles.) Any different classification than
those stated should be noted along with the source of informa-
tion. Only one of the two series of rows (i.e., 3a through
3g, or 3h through 3j) need be completed.
*For functional classification definitions, see Appendix C.
**See Appendix C for definition of MOBILE 1 vehicle
classifications.
18
-------
Variable 4: Average Daily Operating
Speed by Functional Classification
In rows 4a through 4e , the average daily vehicle operating
speeds should be recorded for each of the functional classifi-
cations. If VMT in rows 2a through 2e is stratified other than
by functional classification, average daily operating speeds
should be reported for the same classifications used in rows 2a
through 2e . The stratifications of the highway system used
should be noted for rows 4a through 4e .
If only a single average daily systemwide speed is avail-
able, enter this estimate in row 4f . As in VMT per vehicle
class, do only one of the above two options, a stratified speed,
or an average daily systemwide speed.
Variable 5: Average Daily Trip Length
This value is optional, depending on the emissions method-
ology used (see Section II). For example, trip length may be
used for hot/cold/ stable fraction computation, or in trip-based
emissions calculations. If it is used in the urban area being
examined, place the value in minutes in row 5 and. list the
source of- the information. For urban areas estimating
hot/cold/stable fractions in another manner, this row may be
left blank.
Variable 6: AVPTSOTO np.ily Vehicle Tris
.
Vehicle trips may be used in estimating trip-end-related
HC emissions. If this parameter was used in estimating emis-
sions, enter it in rows 6a and 6b, in units of thousands of
trips.
Variable 7: Seasonal Adjustment Factor
This factor is the value used to transform average daily
vehicle miles of travel into average daily VMT for an average
summer day. Enter this factor in row 7.
This completes the information needed for Worksheet 1.
Worksheet 2a should be completed next. It includes space
for entering information as in Worksheet 1, and also provides
space for entering reasonableness criteria as described in
step 3 of this section. As with Worksheet 1, start by filling
in the name of the urban area being reviewed.
19
-------
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CRITERIA
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VARIABLE
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9. Meteorological Data
a) Summertime
Temperature
b) Summertime
Humidity
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20
-------
Variable 8: Average Daily Cold/Hot Operating
Fractions
If available, enter in rows 8a through 8c, the values used
for average daily percentage of VMT in: (a) cold mode for cata-
lyst equipped vehicles; (b) hot mode for catalyst equipped ve-
hicles; and (c) cold mode for non-catalyst equipped vehicles.
Include the source of this information in the "Findings" column.
If the cold/hoi; oDer3."cin°r fractions P,re expressed in units other
than those noted in Worksheet 2a, the reviewer should enter this
information in the form that is available and document the
source.
Variable 9: Meteorological Data
Place the summertime temperature and the ambient humidity
used in ths emission calculations in rows 9a and 9b, respec-
tively. The source of the estimates should also be noted.
(The mean daily temperatures presented in Table 9 in Appendix A
are intended to be used for assessing the reasonableness of"
this variable and to not represent temperatures that should be
used by each urban area.)
Variable 10: Total Highway Source Emissions
In row 10a, enter the total annual HC emissions for the
base year from highway sources. Total annual NOx emissions from
V> "i T V^ TtTO TT C'O1''"v*'^<^iC* C"Vi/-Mi"l/-3 V» ^ o T"» "*- r5 T» o *3 -Jv> -V»*-XTTT "1 AV^
^.* .4* ^ .!..*•* M. J -^ t>»> <*«. .b \«* ^ u> 14. -t. V4 *-> -w twAAWV^^S^^A .*. A 4 A W « .^ W k> •
Variable 11: Fraction of VMT by Vehicle
Classification and by Model Year
Worksheet 2b need not be filled out if the percentage of
VMT within each vehicle classification is the same as the
national averages used as defaults in MOBILE 1. If this is the
case, state the fact in the space marked "Findings" at the
bottom of the table in this worksheet.
If values other than those in MOBILE 1 are used, place
the fraction, (not percent), attributed to each model year in
the appropriate box in Worksheet 2b.
Variable 12: Vehicle Emission Rates by
Functional Classification
In Worksheet 2c, enter the HC and NOx emission rates in
the "estimate" columns (in grams/VMT) for each highway func-
tional classification if such information is available. For
21
-------
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22
-------
WORKSHEET 2c
VARIABLE 12: VEHICLE EMISSION RATES BY FUNCTIONAL CLASS
(GM/VMT)
HIGHWAY
CLASSIPiCATCN
SpBiid .^•P^HMB (MPHl
INTERSTATE
!•*£;>•££=£»» r!C
NOx
So«d IMWI
PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
NO«
linn tr — t
MINOR ARTERIAt
N0«
SBMri (Mmi
COLLECTOR
NOx
-,mmt _ tnrnt
LOCAL
NOx
TOTAL
NOx
ESTIMATE
COMPOSITE
EMISSIONS
CRITERIA
S»n«.3ar«tarHC
Awri«.4ar 10 tar NOx
-
-
TOTAL AUTO
EMISSIONS
ESTIMATE
CRITERIA
S«« Ri». 5 or 11 tw «C
SwKt.Ser12iorNOx
TOTAL TRUCK
EMISSIONS
ESTIMATE
CRITE
Ss» Fig. 7 or t
SMPif.aar1
1)«tto flnt OBtaMM. If MOBILE 1 «•
u If MOBILE 2 ••
•Nri raw in «• Tabta. Par VMT
23
-------
those urban areas using the MOBILE 1 or 2 fleet classifications,
emission rates should be for the composite vehicle fleet, and
should include all travel and trip-end related emissions.
Separate rates for HC and NOx should be listed.
Those urban areas not using MOBILE 1 or 2 composite emissions
should place their emission rates in the auto/truck columns pro-
vided, unless a composite emission rate has been calculated.
If an urban area did not develop emission rates by
functional classification, the reviewer should note this and
enter and document the emission rates used by the urban area
on Worksheet 2c. Detailed directions for completing Worksheet
2c are presented on the worksheet itself.
Step 3: Calculate Parameters for the Reasonableness Check
In this step, the information compiled in step 2 will be
converted.to a form suitable for assessing the reasonableness
of the emissions inventory.
The first part of this step requires completing Worksheet
3 using the information entered on Worksheet 1.
variable 13: Daily VMT/Capita
Divide total daily VMT (from row 2f in Worksheet 1) by the
urban area's population (from row 1 in Worksheet 1), and enter
the result in units of vehicle miles per person on Worksheet 3.
Variable 14: Percent VMT by Functional Class
If rows 2a through 2e are completed on Worksheet 1, divide
each of these values by the value in row 2f and multiply by 100
to obtain the percentages of VMT by functional class.
Variable 15: Percent VMT by Vehicle Class
If rows 3a through 3g were used in Worksheet 1, divide
each of these entries by the value in row 3g, multiply by 100
to obtain a percentage value, and enter the percentages in rows
15a through 15f on Worksheet 3. If rows 3h through 3j were
completed in Worksheet 1, divide 3h and 3i by 3j, and multiply
by 100 to obtain a percentage value. These values should be
entered in rows 15g and 15h of Worksheet 3.
Variable 16: Total VMT
Place the value from either row 3g or 3j of Worksheet 1
into row 16 of Worksheet 3.
24
-------
WORKSHEET 3
REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENT FOR TRAVEL DATA
VARIABLE
13.Orily VMT/Capto
•1 Lo«i
IS.PPMPMVMT
BvVoMetoOaH
tl LOV
bl LDTXSOOOIbfc)
el LOT O6000 »•.)
dl HOG
•I HDD
f) MC
OR
g) Auto
bl Truck
IO.TOM VMT
SpMdby
PiMcrionpl Otm
bl PrinPWPi ArtPriPl
el Minor Anpripi
dl CoUornr
•1 LaaU
OR
f)A»priP» Vohieio
Lpngtti
19.V»*»io*« Trtpi/Cwra
A| PMBWIfJW ViBMCIBB
bl Trueki
PMtor
BASE YEAR REASONABLENESS
MEASURES
MEASURE COMPUTATION
mi/ppr.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1,000 mi/day
mm.
Trip/ppr.
(2f-1«l
(2IH2fl
(2d^2fl
(3b-r3»i
(3h-f.3J)
' (343II
Qsorj]
(4al
(4bl
(4ei
(4dl
(4»|
(9.1
(6b-r-UI
a«»
CRITERIA
SM TABLE 3
SM TABLE 4
(PPrpMKl
X
X
X
X
(P*rapnt)
7M9 X
5-12 X
Z5-« X
23-73 X
«M X
78-Sfl X
10-22 X
1,000mi/dpy
SM TABLE 5
(mita/lMurl
mph
mph
mph
mph
SM TABLE 6
mph
SM TABLE 7
(mimitMl
1*i4 TripVppr.
J7-^« Tripi/ppr.
SM TABLE 8
FINDINGS
25
-------
Variable 17: Vehicle Operating Speed by;
Functional Class
If available, transfer the data from rows 4a through 4e of
Worksheet 1, into the applicable rows of Worksheet 3. If this
information does not exist, transfer the information in row 4f
of Worksheet 1 to row 17f in Worksheet 3.
Va.rjLS.bls 18 '. Average Da.ily Trip
If there is a value in row 5a of Worksheet 1, transfer it
to row 18 of Worksheet 3. Otherwise, leave this row blank.
Variable 19: Vehicle Trips Per Capita
If there is information in rows 6a and 6b of Worksheet 1,
divide each by row la (population) of Worksheet 1 and enter the
resulting values in rows 19a and 19b. Otherwise, leave this
row blank.
Variable 20: Seasonal Adjustment Factor
Transfer the value from row 7a of Worksheet 1 to row 20 in
Worksheet 3.
Step 4: Select Reasonableness Criteria
In this seep, the reviewer will select criteria for assess-
ing the reasonableness of the emission inventories inputs and
outputs. Suggested reasonableness criteria are presented in
Tables 2 through 9, and Figures 3 through 14 in Appendix A.
The column labeled "Criteria" in Worksheets 2a, 2b, 2c , and 3
indicates the appropriate source of the criteria (e.g., Table 4)
entering the value of the criteria.
In Appendix A many, but not all, criteria are provided on
the basis of the urban area's population size and its geographic
location in the country. Other criteria are provided on a
national basis, and the remainder are already listed on
Worksheets 2b and 3.
Appendix D illustrates how the "Criteria" column has been
completed in Worksheets 2a , 2b , 2c , and 3 based on the informa-
tion compiled in Steps 2 and 3. For example, in Worksheet 3,
the criteria for variable 13 (i.e., daily VMT/capita) for an
urban area of 1,750 million people in the NMW region was found
in Table 3, and the range of 12-17 VMT/capita was entered in
26
-------
"Worksheet 3. For variable 17, Table 4 presents the average
daily vehicle operating speed by functional classification.
This table was used to identify reasonable criteria for vehicle
operating speed for the size and geographic location of the
urban area in question. The identification of values for
other reasonableness criteria are also simple "look ups" in
Appendix A.
Stop 5: Conduct n6a.5Ou.abl61165S TtjSt
In this step, the inputs to and outputs from the base year
HC and NOx emissions inventories are to be compared with the
corresponding reasonableness criteria to determine if any inputs
or outputs appear unreasonable or "out of line" relative to ap-
plicable data available in secondary sources.
Provided the travel and emission estimation processes used
are conceptually sound, parameters that lie within the range of
each criteria should be considered reasonable. Parameters
outside the noted ranges need additional study on an individual
basis. Such variables are not necessarily wrong, as many area
specific factors can effect the travel and emission patterns of
an urban area, creating unique situations.
If a oarameter is questionable, (whether it lies outside
the "reasonable" range or not), additional comparisons should be
made with other available data for the urban area in question.
Use the documeucation included in tne emission inventory and
the other reports collected in step 1 to determine if unusual
travel patterns may exist in that area, (e.g., New York City's
high public transit usage), and compare it with other related
factors in the inventory to help determine if it is representa-
tive of the actual situation.
In the spaces labled "Findings" in Worksheets 2 and 3, the
reviewer should list comments and general conclusions from the
comparisons of the reasonableness criteria, and the parameters
derived from the inventory.
Step 6: Evaluate Adequacy of Emissions Estimates
and Document Findings
The reviewer should work with the applicable agency in
each urban area to determine the reasons why selected variables
were outside the reasonableness ranges. In instances when a
satisfactory reason cannot be found, recommendations for cor-
recting the problem(s) should be requested from the responsible
agency.
27
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLES FOR REASONABLENESS RANGES
-------
-------
TABLE 2
AVERAGE DAILY COLD/HOT OPERATING
PERCENTAGE OF VMT BY AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH
Average Trip Length
Operating
Mode
Cold -Non-Catalytic
Hot Catalytic
Cold Catalytic
10 min.
30%
27%
43%
15 min.
17%
18%
27%
20 min.
10%
14%
15%
25 min.
8%
11%
13%
Based on: The Determination of Vehicular Cold and Hot Operating Fractions
for Estimating Highway Emissions, by G.W. Ellis, et.'al.. 1978.
page 11-14, and Characterises of Urban Transportation Demand-A
Handbook for Transportation Planners, by Wilbur Smith and
Associates for FHWA/DOT, 1978, page 62.
A-l
-------
TABLE 3
REASONABLENESS RANGES FOR
AVERAGE DAILY VMT/CAPITA
BY REGION AND URBAN AREA SIZE
(Population In millions)
Daily
VMT/CAPITA
(miles/Person)
Northeast (N.E.)
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
14-18
12-15
11-17
13-21
Southeast (S.E.)
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
15-21
15-21
16-19
16-22
Northern Midwest (NMW)
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
12-18
12-17
13-16
13-17
Plains and Rockies (P/R)
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
14-21
15-22
16-22
12-21
West (W)
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
17-20
18-19
16-18
15-19
From 1974 National Transportation Report, Urban Data Supplement.
DOT, May 1976, As adjusted by PMM&Co.
A-2
-------
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A-3
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A-4
-------
TABLE 5
REASONABLENESS RANGES FOR
AVESAGE DAILY OPERATING SPEED FOR THE SYSTEM (MPH)
Region Averge Daily Operating Speed
N.E. 20-35
S.E. 20-35
NMW 25-35
P/R 25-35
W
From 1974 National Transportation Report, Urban Data
Supplement, DOT, 1976, as adjusted by PMM&Co.
A-5
-------
TABLE 7
AVERAGE DAILY TRIP LENGTH
(MINUTES)
BY REGION AND URBAN POPULATION
Region and Urban
T> «*•*,«
(millions)
N.E.
S.E.
saw
P/R
W
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-.5
2?
1-2
.5-1
.2-. 5
24-
1-2
.5-1
,2-.5
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2:5
2+
1-2
.5-1
.2-. 5
--• o- --— f -j! o
(minutes)
13-16
12-16
10-13
11-15
13-19
15-19
10-18
6-14
i f\ i /,
J.U~J.*»
12-14
8-11
7-13
11-13
• 10-13
12-18
8-14
11-12
10-15
9-14
9-15
From 1974 National Transportation Report, Urban Data
Supplement. DOT, May 1976, as adjusted by PMM&Co.
A-6
-------
TABLE 3
REASONABLENESS RANGES FOR SEASONAL TRAFFIC
ADJUSTMENTS, BY REGION
REGION
N.E.
S.E.
NMW
P/R
W
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR
1.04-1.15
.90-1.15
1.00-1.15
1.00-1.15
.90-1.15
»
From Federal Highway Administration Statistics, 1975
through 1979.
A-7
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FIGURE 3
MOBILE 1
COMPOSITE FLEET EMISSION RANGES
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-ll
-------
FIGURE 4
8.0 r
I"
MOBILE I
COMPOSITE FLEET EMISSION RANGES
NOx
gm/VMT
7.0 L
0.0
uu
tr
zp
2s
to >
-------
FIGURE 5
MOBILE 1
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
AUTOMOBILES
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
12.0
10.0
8.0
ui
oc
o
35
CO
o >
ujl 6.0
ai
4.0
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-13
-------
FIGUSE 6
5.0
F
MOBILE 1
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
AUTOMOBILES
NOx
gm/VMT
4.0
ce
is
It
UJ~
X
O
C 3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-14
-------
FIGURE 7
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15.0
12.5
UJ
ta
to
i P
mi
£ £ 10.0
ui £»
UJ
o
7.5
5.0 -
2.5
MOBILE 1
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
TRUCKS
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
10
20
30
40
50
SPEED
(mph)
A-l ^
-------
FIGURE 8
MOBILE 1
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
TRUCKS
NOx
gm/VMT
12.0 r
11.0
5
oc
m
x
O
2
10.0 -
9.0
8.0
7.0
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-16
-------
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3.0 -
Ul
ae
at
co
if
tu ta
<
ui
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0 L
2.0
MOBILE 2
COMPOSITE FLEET EMISSION RANGES
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
10
20
30
40
50
60
-------
8.0
7.0
tu
O 3
w >
2s
So
tu ^*
x
O
5.0 -
4.0
3.0
2.0
FIGURE 10
MOBILE 2
COMPOSITE FLEET EMISSION RANGES
NOx
gm/VMT
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
A-18
-------
12.0
FIGURE 11
MOBILE 2
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
AUTOMOBILES
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
10.0
01
s
oc
z
o
-------
oc
OS
ui
X
O
5.0
4.0
• e 3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
10
FIGURE 12
MOBILE 2
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
AUTOMOBILES
NOx
gm/VMT
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-20
-------
FIGURE 13
17.5
15.0
12.5
tu
CO
CO
§i 10.0
LU
O
7.5
5.0 -
2.5
MOBILE 2
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
TRUCKS
NON-METHANE HC
gm/VMT
10
20
30
40
50
SPEED
(mph)
-------
FIGURE 14
MOBILE 2
TOTAL EMISSION RATE RANGES
TRUCKS
NOx
gm/VMT
12.0 I-
11.0
I
cc
zP
OS
If 10.0
5,2
IU
ox
9.0
8.0
7.0
J ' 1 1 • '
10
20
30
SPEED
(mph)
40
50
60
A-22
-------
APPENDIX B
DOCUMENTATION OF REASONABLENESS CRITERIA
-------
APPENDIX B
DOCUMENTATION OF REASONABLENESS CRITERIA
The principal sources of information for developing the
reasonableness criteria in Appendix A are included the fol-
lowing reports:
• USDOT. 1974 National Transportation Report,
Urban Data Supplement, 1976=
• Characteristics of Urban Transportation Demand -
A Handbook for Transportation Planners, Wilbur
Smith and Associates for UMTA. UMTA-IT-06-0049-78-1,
April, 1978.
• How to Prepare the Transportation Portion of Your
State Air Quality Implementation Plan, USDQT/FHWA/
EPA/ November, 1978.
Many of the tabulations in Appendix A were derived from
the 1974 National Transportation Report. In most instances,
the only adjustments made to these estimates were the rounding
of published data and the dropping of selected data points
which appeared to be unique .or in error. There are several
reasons for using this source of information: It provides
consistent information for 1372 for urban areas throughout the
nation; and it presents information that is unavailable in
other sources. This reference includes forecasts for 1980 and
1990, but this information is based on planned transportation
investments which may or may not have been implemented between
1972 and 1980.
Several updates were made to selected data items in this
reference:
• In the case of VMT/capita, the 1972 estimates were
updated to 1980 by multiplying by a factor of 1.225.
This factor came from comparing national changes in
total urban VMT and urban population between 1972
and 1979. This information was obtained from the
Highway Statistics reports published by FHWA and
from the Bureau of the Census.
• Average speed for the Interstate system in 1972 was
lowered to reflect the 55 mph speed limit. The
average operating speeds for each remaining func-
tional classification were considered reasonable, as
were the percentages of VMT for each functional high-
way classification.
B-l
-------
Of the tables not derived primarily from the National
Transportation Report, the cold start/hot start fractions
presented the most difficulty. Because of the highly variable
nature in which this parameter can be reported, it was decided
that a single set of ranges for the entire urban area based on
24-hour conditions, was the criteria most readily available from
all urban areas. The ranges were set up using the cold/hot/
stable fractions by time of day from the report, The Determination
of Vehicular Cold and Hot Operating Fractions for Estimating
Highway Emissions in combination with information on fraction of
vehicle travel by time of day contained in the report, Character-
istics of Urban Travel Demand. The combined tables provide the
basis for the daily average of cold/hot/ stable fractions presen-
ted in Table 2.
The emission rate criteria in Figures 3 through 8 were esti-
mated using MOBILE 1. MOBILE 2 was used for Figures 9 through 14.
The assumptions used for each of the model runs are listed below.
• For Figures 3, 4, 9, and 10:
Lower Curve - 80% LDV, 3.0% LDT1, 5.0% LDT2, 4.5% HDG,
7.5% HDD with 43% cold start (catalyst),
27% hot start catalyst, and 30% cold
start (non-catalyst), Temperature 75° F,
humidity 75 grains, no air conditioning,
loading, or trailer correction factors
were used.
Upper Curve - 85% LDV, 4.5% LDT1, 5.5% LDT2, 1.5% HDG,
2.5% HDD, 1% MC with 12% cold start
(catalyst), 7% hot start (catalyst), and
10% cold start (non-catalyst). Tempera-
ture 75° F, humidity 75 grains, no air
conditioning, loading, or trailer correc-
tion factors were used.
• For Figures 5, 6, 11, and 12:
Lower Curve - 99% LDV, 1% MC, Temperature 75° F., 43%
cold start (catalyst), 27% hot start
(catalyst), 30% cold start (non-catalyst),
humidity 75 grains, no air conditioning,
loading, or trailer correction factors
were used.
Upper Curve - 99% LDV, 1% MC, Temperature 75° F, 12%
cold start (catalyst), 7% hot start
(catalyst), 10% cold start (non-catalyst),
humidity 75 grains, no air conditioning,
loading, or trailer correction factors
were used.
B-2
-------
For Figures 7;
8, 13, and 14:
Lower Curve - 0% LDV, 30.2% LDT1, 30.2% LDT2, 23.5%
HD, 16.1% HDD, Temperature 75° F, with
43% cold start (catalyst), 27% hot start
(catalyst), 30% cold start (non-catalyst),
humidity 75 grains, no air conditioning,
loading, or trailer correction factors
were used.
Upper Curve - 0% LDV, 30.2% LDT1, 30.2% LDT2, 23.5%
HDG, 16.1% HDD, Temperature 75° F with
12% cold start (catalyst), 7% hot start
(catalyst), 10% cold start (non-catalyst),
humidity 75 grains, no air conditioning,
loading, or trailer correction, factors
were used.
B-3
-------
APPENDIX C
DEFINITIONS
-------
APPENDIX C
DEFINITIONS
Vehicle Classifications
LDV: All automobiles.
LDT1: Trucks used chiefly for personal transportation which are
powered by gasoline fueled, spark-ignited internal com-
bustion engines, and have a gross vehicle weight (GVW)
of 6000 Ibs. or less.
LDT2: See LDT1, except that vehicles have a GVW between 6000
and 8500 Ibs.
HDG: Trucks and buses having a GVW of over 8500 Ibs., and are
powered by gasoline-fueled, spark ignited internal com-
bustion engines.
HDD: Trucks and buses having a GVW over 8500 Ibs., and which
are powered by diesel engines.
MC: Motorcycles.
Source: Mobile Source Emissions Factors, EPA, 1978, EPA-400/
9-78-006
Highway Functional Classifications
Interstate:
Principal
Arterial:
Minor
Arterial
Collector:
Local:
Source
Any roadway that constitutes a part of The National
System of Interstate and Defense Hignways.
Streets and highways serving major metropolitan
activity centers, the highest traffic volume cor-
ridors, the longest trip desires, and a high propor-
tion of total urban area travel on a minimum of
milleage.
Streets and highways interconnecting with and aug-
menting the urban principal arterial system, and
providing service to trips of moderate length at a
somewhat lower level of travel mobility.
Streets penetrating neighborhoods, collecting
traffic from local streets in the neighborhoods,
and channeling it into the arterial system.
Streets not classified in a higher system, primar-
ily providing direct access to abutting land, and
access to higher systems.
1968 National Highway Functional Classification
Study Manual, USDOT, April, 1969.
C-l
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APPENDIX D
EXAMPLES OF COMPLETED WORKSHEETS
-------
-------
Reviewer
Date
iMETHODOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
1. Urban Ana •
2. What agency developed th« has* year HC and NOx emissions inventories for highway sources?
(List agency name, address and telephone number.)
JOOO Ebwtow &ri*e.
3. a) For what base year have the emissions inventories been established?.
b) !f 1C2C is nst tfta ba^s yasr for tiid ofni:uioii rnvtmtorres, indicaia why another year was used.
4. What type of procedure was used to estimate highway emissions? (Check one)
• Link-based procedure *
U - Trip-based procedure *
Q •• Hybrid procedure *
D • Other (Please explain below)
* Section II of this manual describes each of these procedures in more detail.
D-l
-------
5. a) How were VMT and vehide operating speeds estimated for use in developing the emissions inventories?
(e.g. Are the estimates based on traffic counts and travel time surveys or are they based on estimates
from the travel forecasting procedures used for urban transportation planning?)
speeds were develops/ tss/ny J~he (
J
b) Are there any elements of the travel estimation procedures that are questionable?
24- hour -fra-Pf/c assignments tt/ese snack
/Jtf/e, effort- H#S mat/ej-fc accou/* •&<- -the e-PPecte of oral?
c) What year's data was used to calibrate the travel estimation procedures cited in Question 5a?
fo
d) When were the procedures cited in question 5a last validated (i.e., checked to determine rf they can
reproduce observed traffic flows)?
r J977 Mere
1977
A// tesn/car't'San'S MMfe hjrfh/'n i'T'Z tuJ)j/e. -$>*> ni&raJJ G9/ncaif'Sor? -far a//
6. Are estimates of "off-network" VMT (e.g., VMT on links normally not included in a computerized highway
network) accounted for in the highway emissions inventories? If yes, briefly describe how the VMT and
corresponding operating speeds estimates for each travel were determined.
res -
-tables . ~Ssed<^ fire.
\J
D-2
-------
7. a) What procedure was used to estimate mobile source emission factors? (Check one)
^ MOBILE 1
D MOBILE 2
u Other procedure (Enter name of procedure)
b) If "Other" was checked in question 7a, describe and assess the adequacy of the procedure.
8. Based on the above, summarize and briefly discuss any major deficiencies in the travel and emissions estimation
procedures used by this urban area.
d /-thouh -f-rave./ rtfrde/s Ore based osi o& w-£>s/rjg-bon-
/is \/Q//*daJ-s>r/ in /977
-Tar a£\/eJopiney "Hie
' 7
D-3
-------
WORKSHEET 1
TRAVEL DATA FOR REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENT
NAME OF URBAN AREA .
REGION OF COUNTY (SEE FIGURE i
VARIABLE
1. Population
2. Avaraga Daily VMT by
a) Intantata
b) Principal Artariai
d) CaMaeton
a) Local
f) Total
3. Avaraga Daily VMT by
Vanida Oaai ••
a) LOV
•) LOT 1 « 8000 Itaa.)
e) LDT2(>6000lbsJ
d) HOC
•» HOO
') _•»-• Transit
g) Total
OR
h) Auto
i) Truck
j) Total
4. Avow* 0:i!y 3pwsti««
Spaads (24 hrsj by
Functional Cte •
a) Intvrvttta
b) Principal Artariai ?
e) Minor Artariai )
d) CoHaetor 7
a) Local j
OR
?) Avaraaa Daily Saaad
for tha Sywam (wnara-
4WJ atfWI T WVIUOWvJ
5. Avaraga Daily Trip
Lanatii
6. Avaraga Daily Vahida Trips
9| PflaMnfW' VMllCMV
bl Trucks
7. SaMBOffaan AQfUifflVMVIT
Faetor
ESTIMATE FOR BASE YEAR
VALUE UNITS
IJ50
^
87/t>
^,14^
Z373
25<&04
'Zl.fo?
f <*
/30-f
61*
6>1
2530?
5&
40
-£o
12. do
AJ.4.
AJ.4.
1JXW*
IJOTssf
(000)
(000)
(000)
(0001
(0001
(000)
1,000-iof
(000)
(0001
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(0001
(000)
lOOO)
(000)
tfl HHMB
pawhowr
— M^B
infin
Ifldl
MkaaJat
in|jii
(fl(MI
•BM*4_.
iiipn
minutaa
in 1,000**
(000)
(000)
SOURCE
ftej.'enaJ ianj U'Se. Phf) -frOi?)
/T79 -far Bxst faf /T77.
Trsta*'»t- #///€*>
- iirfe'r*'fate'
~ &fa*abd 5vr-faee *"f"eefe
-C*Htdo<'&k>C*l ***<***
-Pm*t • &<},ai**./ &<• &tj«"'fy af>et
rflaivfejiatxe Ph* , /38O
^lccr»b>»eJ UOnfLCfTi
~ rf)0$£f TH* »•*'£ fa hi 'c./es
•S&frc* • P*»*>r>~i A-* <£•,'«/*•
<^<%/ fflaifrferta'Ke
Pf*»> ft?o
Saw catejtH'ies
as i* so*J 2.
Source: tfeqJon*./ Af @ua//h
and /ffatffesjance
Pfa^J /
f?ey,os><*( L4»ct Ust Pfatn
•fan I f 7? &r "Base for /977
.
//? /97^ a// -favr
Sfa^>or>s cue^e, cszee/
Functional clarifications. sa« Appendix C.
MOBILE 1 vantela classifications. sa« Appendix C.
D-4
-------
NDINGS
-N
C£
C
en
^
-
oc
S
1
***
iu
K
CNT
i i
Q)
.vj
«
|K
=•<
=±
ctf
|5
,
k)
O
UJ
S
i ***
CO
ce.
O
u.
c
o a
UJ
Ul
_J
03
<
E
<
N7
Hi!
o — -~
< I
-------
-
Ed
a
o
a
z
o
Ed
E
en
U
Ed
-
X
Ed
to
O
z
o
Ed
•—•
CS
5
u
ui
S
I
Q
$
m
2
i
(9
Z
i
5,.
S
(M
.J
>.
2
ui
CD
*
*
>i
a _
*
ui
2
UI
a
r-CMCVJr-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
^
T-.-1-T-t-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
^^
Of-^i-OOOQQOOOOOQOQOOO
-?•.
-^
v-t-^-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O«-T-»-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
\
»
O^COC^OOSr^wlflCOCsj^-r-OOOOOOO
1
\
r-^IC*5^lflCOf*%cOO*®*^ *M.CO ^ 1A
cd z
D-6
-------
WORKSHEET 2c
VARIABLE 12: VEHICLE EMISSION RATES BY FUNCTIONAL CLASS
(GM/VMT)
HiQHWAY
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITE
OTOMATI
exmntA
?i»..J or » tor HC
TOTAL AUTO
OMISSIONS
TOTAL TMUCX
EMISSIONS
S5TIMATE
cnnmiA
ESTIMATE
CSITW
«».«or IZtorNOa
INTERSTATE
4-.ZI -
* fT7 r-n
PRINCIPAL AKTEMIAL
MINOft AKTSRIAL
COLLECTOR
rnn
LOCAL
TOTAL
NO>
MA
O. tf.
IfMOMUM wi
If MOBILE 2 MB
D-7
-------
7. a) What procedure was used to estimate mobile source emission factors? (Check one)
% MOBILE 1
" MOBILE 2
[j Other prccadura (Entar nsms of procedure)
b) If "Other" was checked in question 7a, describe and assess the adequacy of the procedure.
8. Based on the above, summarize and briefly discuss any major deficiencies in the travel and emissions estimation
procedures used by this urban area.
rtfnde/s Ore, based ov ote /
m /977
/
D-3
-------
WORKSHEET 3
REASONABLENESS .ASSESSMENT FOR TRAVEL DATA
VARIABLE
13.0aily VMT/Cjprta
14.P«rcant VMT
by function*! CJlSS
a) ImariuM
b) Prineipai Ararial 7
e) Minor Arariai )
d) Coitactor
t) Loot
By Vahfete OM§
•1 LOV
b) LOT « 6000 UM.) I
e) LOT O6000 lb«.l S
dl HOG
•1 HOO
f) >ie — Ts-asr*'!:
OR
g) Aim
hi Trade
1«.Totti VMT
1 7. Vthidt Operating
SpMdby
Functional CJ»«i
•) lllUMIUfa
WHginiiMMJ Avv^viW
rnfiQ^vv Mrorav
e) Minor Artenai
d) Caitoetor
•) Loo*
OR
SyitwnSpMd
l8.Amra»»OaiiyTrip
>-•"«*
1 9. V«flid« Tripe/Capua
a) PwMngir V«hid«t
b) Trade*
2L SMMMi AdiuniMnt
BASE YEAR REASONABLENESS
MEASURES
MEASURE
/*u £ mi/ptr.
34- 5 x
S5:? J
%
9.4*
o-*-v>%
(& *^9 M (V
(X
512 X
Z.5"X
<5. Z X
X
X
1.000 mi/day
S<3
j *°
J 20
J2.3O win.
x
A//^ TrifWtMT.
/f/9 Trip/par.
COMPUTATION
(2fr1«>
(2i42f)
(2b-!2»)
(2d-f2f)
(2e^2fl
(3.438)
(3e43»)
(3» f 3j)
(3I-J3B)
(3h-f3|)
(3143)1
(4eJ
(4.1
(4fl
(5.)
(6a*r1a)
(6b-r1«)
N
CRITERIA
SM TABLE 3
/Z-/7 •"•*«1
SM TAStS -S
(Pwomtl
/^'f3 X
X
X
/7-?7 x *
(Pweant)
7849 X
5-12 X
2J-« X
1JJ-4.5 X
2J-7 J X
-** *
7849 X
10-22 X
5>*J *T, WOflCSHMff I
1.000 mi/dav
SM TABLE 5
!»»M!s?/ftea'!
2ff- *? iS
/5-Z5"2«.*
SM TABLE B
mph
SM TABLE 7
fZ ~ /-^- (minutai)
1*2> Trip«/par.
37:49 Trips/par.
SM TABLE 8
FINDINGS
O.£.
U - L ??>*>* 'L/
~~ ffiati /&»! f» 'Y
J\ U*
' / 1
- lot*/ • C ?)
— ^j jz.. ffi/^~ fo/qh.
1 it
i ^ ffl$
~~ OL K ' lo
,
ax.
,
/'/) "ter^lfei'/S &fd
if- /
tfrferiafe are
O £ but S/'qk'tw
/
hyk
&.£.
—
fJate. -
for %
r ~tc
-from Tab/e 4 HAW. 6eeo
D-8
-------
APPENDIX E
BLANK WORKSHEETS
-------
Reviewer
Date
METHODOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
1. Urban Area
2. What agency developed the base year HC and NOx emissions inventories for highway sources?
(List agency name, address and telephone number.)
3. a) For what base year have the emissions inventories been established?.
b) If 1980 is not the base year for the emission inventories, indicate why another year was used.
4. What type of procedure was used to estimate highway emissions? (Check one)
Q - Link-based procedure *
L-I - Trip-based procedure *
D -Hybrid procedure *
D - Other (Please explain below)
* Section II of this manual describes each of these procedures in more detail.
E-l
-------
5. a) How were VMT and vehicle operating speeds estimated for use in developing the emissions inventories?
(e.g. Are the estimates based on traffic counts and travel time surveys or are they based on estimates
from the travel forecasting procedures used for urban transportation planning?)
b) Are there any elements of the travel estimation procedures that are questionable?
e) What year's data was used to calibrate the travel estimation procedures cited in Question 5a?
d) When were the procedures cited in question 5a last validated (i.e., checked to determine if they can
reproduce observed traffic flows)?
6. Are estimates of "off-network" VMT (e.g., VMT on links normally not included in a computerized highway
network) accounted for in the highway emissions inventories? If yes, briefly describe how the VMT and
corresponding operating speeds estimates for each travel were determined.
E-2
-------
7. a) What procedure was used to estimate mobile source emission factors? (Check one)
G MOBILE 1
C MOBILE 2
C Other procedure (Enter name of procedure) ______
b) If "Other" was checked in question 7a, describe and assess the adequacy of the procedure.
3. Based on the above, summarize and briefly discuss any major deficiencies in the travel and emissions estimation
procedures used by this urban area.
E-3
-------
WORKSHEET 1
TRAVEL DATA FOR REASONABLENESS .ASSESSMENT
NAME Or UflBAN AflEA .
REGION OF COUNTY (SEE FIGURE 2).
VARIABLE
* B^api «ll Pi fiji ^
•I Local
f) Tool
3. AMnaoOatty VMTby
a) LOV
It LOTIKBOOOfeBJ
e> LDT2<>«OOOIbaJ
d) HOC
•> HOO
f) mQ
1) Tool
OR
i) Track
i) Too*
4. Awra*»OatfyOpmanf
Df PiNMMBM- ArtBfUl
OR
5. AMrac* OMv Trtp
LMftt
S. A«wa*» Oailv Vtfricto Tript
b) Tmehs
P«otor
ESTIMATE FOR OA5E YEAR
VALUE UNITS
*
ijiotirt
1JO«rta*
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
1,000*0*
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(000)
(CC4JI
(0001
1000)
inimta
par hour
S'
—
in 1JJOO*t
(000)
(000)
SOURCE
•
Funettoral ctaMfficttton*. »• Appendix C.
MOBOf 1 vwnlet* etaMtfleattam. SM Appendix C.
E-4
-------
> Cu
ZS:
« t/3
II
CO CO
•<
ts
(N
b2 ™"
CO en
C a-
So
CO
CO
Cd
t-
u
u.
O
111
5
2
CO
a
2
a
2
uZ
CRITERIA
II
LU
CO
CO
oc
u.
IU
1-
S uj
f= =»
CO -1
UJ <
VARIABLE
CM
a>
I
s
(O
c
Jj
. Average Daily Cold/
Hot Operating Fractions
) Cold Mode Catalyst
) Hot Mode Catalyst
) Cold Mode Non -catalyst
QQ TO A U
See Table 9
Indicate Source
^
'z
(3
Meteorological Data
1 Summertime
Temperature
) Summertime
Humidity
oi * -°
09 O
II
s s
o o
1- H-
I. Total Annual Highway
Emissions
1 HC
)IMOX
*• * "°
E-5
-------
Ul
eg
fid
o
Q <
Z
ui
a
z
o
en
Ed
a-
x
ui
cn
^
O
OJ
S-
c
I
£8
<
2
UI
>
01
a.
I
*
ui
UI
a
r» to
> ^
as' Z
E-6
-------
TORXSHEZ7 2c
VARIABLE 12: VEHICLE EMISSION RATES BY FUNCTIONAL CLASS
(GM/VMT)
HIGHWAY
CLASSIFICATION
!a«Md^_(MPHI
INTERSTATE
, ,. 4^Mfc^»M M<*
tvQfffmvoiiOTs? nw
NOx
SoMd____IMPH)
PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
NOx
linn trr^it
MINOK AKTZHIAL
MO>
SaMd____ IMPH)
COLUECTOM
N0«
Tpial (mm 11
LOCAL
NQ>
TOTAL
MOx
COMPOSITE
EMISSIONS
ESTIMATE
CHITEHIA
S~Ri.3or9«orHC
S»R«.*or10*orMO»
•
TOTAL AUTO
EMISSIONS
ESTIMATE
CRITERIA
SMK*S«r 11««rHC
SM Kg. 8 or « tor NOs
TOTAL TRUCK
EMISSIONS
ESTIMATE
•
CRITERI
Swm».7ar13i
SM^.8or14
row in *w Taofc*. For VMT i
^^M flM^MilMd MV4«M4&MB^M>M EMM •
POT nwiiBEi ntiowppi . mr i
E-7
-------
WORKSHEET 3
REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENT FOR TRAVEL DATA
VARIABLE
llDaily VMT/Capfta
14J*reantVMT
by Functional CSaai
•) Intaiiuia
b) Principai Artariai
ei Minor Artariai
dl Cailactor
a) LoMi
1S.fareamVMT
By VaMeteOaai
*) LOV
b) LDTKBOOOIba.)
O LDTOeOOOIbaJ
dl HOG
a) HDD
f) MC
OR
«) Auto
hi Truck
ib. Total VMT
1 7. VaMote Operating
Saaodby
PufMnonM OMB
oi Prinoo'i1 ArtaWiBi
e) Minor Ararial
dl CoMaetor
•1 LOMi
OR
f|A«araoa Vahieta
SymmSpoad
ia.A«araoaOaiiyTrip
Langtti
1 9. VMtieto Tripi/Capita
•i PMMVifvr VWIMMB
bl Truck*
BASE YEAR REASONABLENESS
MEASURES
MEASURE
mi/par.
X
X
%
X
*
X
X
X
X
X
X-
X
X
1.000 mi/day
mm.
Tripvpar.
Trip/par.
COMPUTATION
(2fr-1al
(2a-r2f)
(2b4-2f)
(2e4-2f)
(2d-r2f)
0«2«
(3*43>)
(3b-r3g)
(3e+38)
(3d4-3j)
(3»,» 3;)
(»43»»
(3h43|)
" (34-3!)
Osorj)
<4a)
I4b»
(4c)
(4dl
Mai
(4»
(5.)
(8^-1.)
(«»-r1a)
"'
CRITERIA
SM TABLE 3
mi/pman
SM TABLE 4
(•araami
X
X
X
X
X
(Paraant)
7«-n x
5-12 X
ZJ4 X
1JJ-4J X
2*7.5 X
0-1 X
7849 X
10-22 X
14)00 mi/day
SM TABLE 5
imilowtwurl
mpn
men
mph
mpn
man
SM TABLE*
mph
SM TABLE 7
(mmuiai)
1&-2A Trips/par.
J7-^« Tripa/par.
SM TABLE 8
FINDINGS
*
•
E-8
-------
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPOHT NO.
EPA-4CO/12-8Q-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. T1TL2 AND SUBTITLE
Guidelines for Review of Highway Source
Emission Inventories for 1982 State
Implementation Plans
5. REPORT DATE
December, 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
John F. DiRenzo and Mark Hallenbeck
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
1990 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3506
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington. D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL REPORT
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NO i ES
IS. ABSTRACT
This manual presents procedures and data to assist EPA, state, and local agencies
in assessing the adequacy of HC and NO highway source emission inventories for
1980, the base year of interest in preparing 1982 SIP submission. The procedures
provide a basis for reviewing: (1) the reasonableness cf travel and relatsd inputs
used to estimate HC and NO emissions and (2) the reasonableness of the emissions
estimates themselves. The procedures are applicable to urban areas with a popula-
tion greater than 200,000 people.
17. KEYWORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Air Quality Planning
Urban Transportation Planning
Emission Inventories
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unclassified
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
74
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R»». 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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