United States Effluent Guidelines Division EPA-440/1-84/019-6
Environmental Protection WH-552
Agency Washington, D.C. 20460
Water and Waste Management
440184019B6
v>EPA Development Proposed
Document for
Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and
Standards for the
Nonferrous Metals
Point Source Category
Phase II
Supplemental Development
Document For:
Primary and Secondary Titanium
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DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
for
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
for the
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
PHASE II
Primary and Secondary Titanium Supplement
Jack E. Ravan
Assistant Administrator for Water
Edwin L. Johnson
Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
1 US Environment,! Protection Agency
^« V:,b;::"y,,n Street
2^J t^i ' U ' ;L
Ch.cago, Illinois
Jeffery D. Denit, Director
Effluent Guidelines Division
Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
Metals and Machinery Branch
James R. Berlow, P.E.
Technical Project Officer
July 1984
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Effluent Guidelines Division
Washington, D.C. 20460
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Protection Agency
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,O.
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
I SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
II RECOMMENDATIONS 5
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 6
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 16
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 23
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 33
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 40
III INDUSTRY PROFILE 49
DESCRIPTION OF TITANIUM PRODUCTION 49
RAW MATERIALS 49
CHLORINATION OF RUTILE ORE 50
REDUCTION OF TITANIUM METAL 50
SPONGE PURIFICATION 51
CASTING AND SECONDARY TITANIUM PROCESSING. ... 51
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES 52
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES 52
AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE 52
IV SUBCATEGORIZATION 61
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBCATEGORIZATION 61
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 61
OTHER FACTORS 63
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS 63
V WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS .... 65
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES 66
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA 67
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS 67
FIELD SAMPLING DATA 67
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY
SUBDIVISION 68
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Section
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL . 69
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL 69
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 69
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 69
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 70
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 70
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 70
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH
WATER 71
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 71
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER 71
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL 72
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER 72
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 72
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER 73
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER 73
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER 73
VI SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 143
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT
PARAMETERS 143
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT
PARAMETERS SELECTED 143
TOXIC POLLUTANTS 144
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED 145
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR
ANALYTICAL QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION 146
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS
ACHIEVABLE BY TREATMENT 147
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER
OF SOURCES 147
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER
CONSIDERATION IN ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS
AND STANDARDS 150
ll
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
VII
VIII
Page
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 157
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES 157
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL . 157
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL 158
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 158
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 158
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 158
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 158
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 159
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING
WASH WATER 159
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 159
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER 159
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL 160
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER 160
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 160
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER 160
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER 160
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER 160
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS 160
OPTION A 161
OPTION B 161
OPTION C '. 161
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS. . . 163
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES 163
OPTION A 163
OPTION B 163
OPTION C 164
COST METHODOLOGY 164
NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS 165
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 165
SOLID WASTE 166
AIR POLLUTION 167
ill
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS.(Continued)
Section Page
IX BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE 171
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT 171
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES. . 173
BPT OPTION SELECTION 173
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES 1 74
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL . 174
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL 174
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 175
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 175
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 175
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 175
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 176
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH . 176
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 176
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER 176
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL 177
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER 177
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 177
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER 178
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER 178
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER 178
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 178
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS 179
X BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE 195
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT 195
OPTION A 196
OPTION B 196
Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air Pollution
Control 197
Recycle or Reuse of Casting Contact Cooling
Water 197
OPTION C 197
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES. . 198
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES 198
IV
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
COMPLIANCE COSTS 198
BAT OPTION SELECTION 199
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES 199
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL .... 200
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 200
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 200
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 200
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 201
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL 201
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 201
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER 201
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 201
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS 202
XI NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 221
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS 221
OPTION A 221
OPTION B 222
OPTION C 222
NSPS OPTION SELECTION 222
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 222
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 222
XII PRETREATMENT STANDARDS 237
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT 237
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES. . 238
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW
SOURCES 238
OPTION A 238
OPTION B 238
OPTION C 238
PSES OPTION SELECTION 239
PSNS OPTION SELECTION 239
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 239
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS 240
XIII BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY . 263
v
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
III-1 INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE) SUMMARY OF
PLANTS IN THE TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY BY
DISCHARGE TYPE 54
II1-2 PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY . 55
III-3 SUMMARY OF TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES AND
ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS 56
V-1 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CHLORINATION
OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 74
V-2 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CHLORINATION
AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 75
V-3 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR TiCl4
HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 76
V-4 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR REDUCTION
AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 77
V-5 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR MELT CELL
WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 78
V-6 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CATHODE GAS
WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 79
V-7 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CHLORINE
LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 80
V-8 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SODIUM
REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER. . 81
V-9 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CHIP CRUSHING
WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 82
V-10 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ACID
LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER 83
V-11 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SPONGE
CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL 84
VII
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
V-12 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ACID PICKLE
AND WASH WATER 85
V-13 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SCRAP MILLING
WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 86
V-14 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SCRAP
DETERGENT WASH WATER 87
V-15 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING
CRUCIBLE WASH WATER 88
V-16 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING
CONTACT COOLING WATER 89
V-17 TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA REDUCTION AREA WET
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL RAW WASTEWATER 90
V-18 TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA ACID LEACHATE AND
RINSE WATER RAW WASTEWATER 99
V-19 TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA ACID LEACHATE
RAW WASTEWATER 109
V-20 TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA LEACHING RINSE WATER
RAW WASTEWATER 120
V-21 TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA TREATED EFFLUENT 131
VI-1 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
RAW WASTEWATER 153
VII1-1 COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY DIRECT DISCHARGERS 168
VIII-2 COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY INDIRECT DISCHARGERS. ... 169
IX-1 BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 180
Vlll
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
IX-2 BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 182
X-1 CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICES WITHIN THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 204
X-2 POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR DIRECT
DISCHARGERS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 205
X-3 COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY DIRECT DISCHARGERS 206
X-4 BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 207
X-5 BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 209
XI-1 NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY . . . 224
XI-2 NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 226
XII-1 POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR INDIRECT
DISCHARGERS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 241
XI1-2 COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY INDIRECT
DISCHARGERS 242
XI1-3 PSES WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 243
XII-4 PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 245
XII-5 PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 247
XII-6 PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY 255
IX
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
III-1 TITANIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS 57
III-2 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF THE TITANIUM
SUBCATEGORY PLANTS 59
V-1 SAMPLING SITES AT TITANIUM PLANT B 141
V-2 SAMPLING SITES AT TITANIUM PLANT C 142
IX-1 BPT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY 193
X-1 BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION A 21 7
X-2 BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION B 218
X-3 BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION C 219
XI
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION I
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Pursuant to Sections 301, 304, 306, 307, and 501 of the Clean
Water Act and the provisions of the Settlement Agreement in
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Train, 8 ERC 2120 (D.D.C.
1976) modified. 12 ERC 1833 (D.D.C. 1979), EPA has collected and
analyzed data for plants in the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory. EPA has never proposed or promulgated effluent
limitations or standards for this subcategory. This document and
the administrative record provide the technical basis for
proposing effluent limitations based on best practicable
technology (BPT) and best available technology (BAT) for existing
direct dischargers, pretreatment standards for existing indirect
dischargers (PSES), pretreatment standards for new indirect
dischargers (PSNS), and standards of performance for new source
direct dischargers (NSPS).
The primary and secondary titanium subcategory is comprised of
eight plants. Of the plants, four discharge directly to rivers,
lakes, or streams; two discharge to publicly owned treatment
works (POTW); and two achieve zero discharge of process
wastewater.
EPA first studied the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
to determine whether differences in raw materials, final
products, manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of
plants, or water usage required the development of separate
effluent limitations and standards for different segments of the
subcategory. This involved a detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including (1) the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, and the
sources of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant; and (2) the
constituents of wastewaters, including toxic pollutants. As a
result, sixteen subdivisions have been identified for this
subcategory that warrant separate effluent limitations. These
include:
Chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
Chlorination area-vent wet air pollution control,
TiCl4 handling wet air pollution control,
Reduction area wet air pollution control,
Melt cell wet air pollution control,
Cathode gas wet air pollution control,
Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
Sodium reduction container reconditioning wash water,
Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
Acid leachate and rinse water,
Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution
control,
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Acid pickle and wash water,
Scrap milling wet air pollution control,
Scrap detergent wash water,
Casting crucible wash water, and
Casting contact cooling water.
EPA also identified several distinct control and treatment
technologies (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory. The Agency analyzed
both historical and newly generated data on the performance of
these technologies, including their nonwater quality
environmental impacts and air quality, solid waste generation,
and energy requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction
techniques reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp) and
plant visits.
Engineering costs were prepared for each of the control and
treatment options considered for the subcategory. These costs
were then used by the Agency to estimate the impact of
implementing the various options on the subcategory. For each
control and treatment option that the Agency found to be most
effective and technically.feasible in controlling the discharge
of pollutants, we estimated the number of potential closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price. These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
Analysis of Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
Standards f.or the Nonferrous Smelting and Refining Industry."
After examining the various treatment technologies, the Agency
has identified BPT to represent the average of the best existing
technology. The technology basis for the BPT limitations is
chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology to remove
metals and solids from combined wastewaters and to control pH,
and oil skimming preliminary treatment for streams with treatable
concentrations of oil and grease. EPA is proposing a two tier
regulatory scheme for this subcategory; however, the same
technologies apply to both tiers at BPT. To meet the BPT
effluent limitations based on this technology, the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory is expected to incur an estimated
capital cost of $989,000 and an annual cost of $588,000.
EPA is proposing Level A BAT limitations for titanium plants
which do not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and
which use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
titanium sponge as the final product based on chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and oil skimming (BPT technology)
plus in-process wastewater flow reduction. Level B BAT
limitations are proposed for all other titanium plants based on
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and oil skimming
pretreatment where required, (BAT technology) plus flow
reduction, and filtration. The Agency considered applying the
same technology levels to this entire subcategory but decided to
propose this two tiered regulatory scheme because there was
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little additional pollutant removal from the Level A wastewater
streams when treated by the added Level B technology.
There are currently no direct discharging Level A plants in this
subcategory. It is estimated that if the four existing direct
discharging Level B plants in this subcategory became Level A
dischargers they would incur a capital cost of approximately
$641,000 and an annualized cost of $325,000. The proposed Level
B BAT limitations would incur an estimated capital cost of
$1,030,000, and an annualized cost of $585,000.
NSPS is equivalent to BAT with additional flow reduction based on
dry scrubbing and by-product recovery. In selecting NSPS, EPA
recognizes that new plants have the opportunity to implement the
best and most efficient manufacturing processes and treatment
technology. As such, the technology basis of BAT with additional
flow reduction based on dry scrubbing and by-product recovery has
been determined as the best demonstrated technology.
The technology basis for PSES is equivalent to BAT. To meet the
pretreatment standards for existing sources, the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory is estimated to incur a capital
and an annual cost. These compliance costs are not presented
here because the data on which they are based have been claimed
to be confidential. For PSNS, the Agency selected end-of-pipe
treatment and in-process flow reduction control techniques
equivalent to NSPS.
The best conventional technology (BCT) replaces BAT for the
control of conventional pollutants. BCT is not being proposed
because the methodology for BCT has not yet been finalized.
The mass limitations and standards for BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and
PSNS are presented in Section II.
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1 . EPA has divided the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory into sixteen subdivisions for the purpose of effluent
limitations and standards. These subdivisions are:
(a) Chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
(b) Chlorination area-vent wet air pollution control,
(c) TiCl4 handling wet air pollution control,
(d) Reduction area wet air pollution control,
(e) Melt'cell wet air pollution control,
(f) Cathode gas wet air pollution control,
(g) Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
(h) Sodium reduction container reconditioning wash water,
(i) Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
(j) Acid leachate and rinse water,
(h) Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control,
(1) Acid pickle and wash water,
(m) Scrap milling wet air pollution control,
(n) Scrap detergent wash water,
(o) Casting crucible wash water, .and
(p) Casting contact cooling water.
2. BPT is proposed based on the performance achievable by the
application of oil skimming pretreatment for removal of oil
and grease, followed by chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle) technology. EPA is
proposing a two tier regulatory scheme for this subcategory;
however, the same technologies apply to both tiers at BPT.
Thus, the following BPT limitations are proposed:
A. Level A
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BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination-Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl* produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
0.412
0.393
1 .797
1 .919
32.760
0.412
18.720
38.380
Within the range
at all
0.169
0.187
1 .189
0.852
18.720
0.168
11 .230
18.250
of 7.5 to
times
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
0.458
0.437
1 .997
2. 132
36.400
0.458
20.800
42.640
Within the range of
0.187
0.208
1 ,321
0,946
20.800
0. 187
12.480
20.280
7.5 to 10
at all times
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BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
0.082
0.079
0.359
0.383
6.545
0.082
3.740
7.667
Within the range of 7.
at all times
0.034
0.037
0.238
0. 170
3.740
0.034
2.244
3.647
5 to 10
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of titanium
2.847
2.718
12.420
13.260
226.500
2.847
129.400
265.300
produced
1 .165
1 .294
8.217
5.888
129.400
1.165
77.640
126.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10
at
all times
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B.
Level B
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
0.412
0.393
1 .797
1 .919
32.760
0.412
18.720
38.380
Within the range of
0.169
0.187
1 . 189
0.852
18.720
0.168
11 .230
18.250
7.5 to 10
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
0.458
0.437
1 .997
2.132
36.400
0.458
20.800
42.640
Within the range of
0.187
0.208
1 .321
0.946
20.800
0. 187
12.480
20.280
7.5 to- 10
at all times
8
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BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.082 0.034
Lead 0.079 0.037
Nickel 0.359 0.238
Thallium 0.383 0.170
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.082 0.034
Oil and Grease 3.740 2.244
Total suspended 7.667 3.647
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 18.180 7.435
Lead 17.350 8.261
Nickel 79.300 52.460
Thallium 84.670 37.590
Fluoride 1,446.000 826.100
Titanium 18.170 7.435
Oil and Grease 826.100 495.700
Total suspended 1,694.000 805.400
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of titanium
9.352
8.927
40.810
43.570
743.900
9.352
425.100
871 .400
produced
3.826
4.251
26.990
19.340
425.100
3.826
255.100
414.500
Within the range of 7.5 to 10
at
all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of titanium
2.705
2.582
11 .800
12.600
215.200
2.705
123.000
252.000
produced
1 .107
1 .230
7.807
5.594
123.000
1 .106
73.770
1 19.900
Within the range of 7.5 to 10
at
all times
10
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 130.900 53.560
Lead 125.000 59.510
Nickel 571.300 377.900
Thallium 610.000 270.800
Fluoride 10,420.000 5,951.000
Titanium 130.900 53.560
Oil and Grease- 5,951.000 3,571.000
Total suspended 12,200.000 5,803.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.564 0.231
Lead 0.539 0.256
Nickel 2.462 1.628
Thallium 2.628 1.167
Fluoride 44.870 25.640
Titanium 0.564 0.231
Oil and Grease 25.640 15.390
Total suspended 52.560 25.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
11
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 10.090 4.126
Lead 9.627 4.584
Nickel 44.010 29.110
Thallium 46.990 20.860
Fluoride 802.300 458.400
Titanium 10.090 4.126
Oil and Grease 458.400 275.100
Total suspended 939.800 447.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 5.210 2.131
Lead 4.973 2.368
Nickel 22.730 15.040
Thallium 24.270 10.770
Fluoride 414.400 236.800
Titanium 5.210 2.131
Oil and Grease 236.800 142.100
Total suspended 485.500 230.900
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
12
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
Ibs) of titanium
2.847
2.718
12.420
13.260
226.500
2.847
129.400
265.300
produced
1 .165
1 .294
8.217
5.888
129.400
1 .165
77.640
126.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10
at
all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or * Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
Ibs) of titanium pickled
0.027
0.026
0.117
0.125
2.135
0.027
1 .220
2.501
Within the range of 7.
0.01 1
0.012
0.077
0.056
1 .220
0.011
0.732
1 .190
5 to 10
at all times
13
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium (total) 0.995 0.407
Lead 0.950 0.452
Nickel 4.341 2.871
Thallium 4.635 2.058
Fluoride 79.140 45.220
Titanium 0.995 0.407
Oil and Grease 45.220 27.130
Total suspended 92.700 44.090
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 7.948 3.252
Lead 7.587 3.613
Nickel 34.680 22.940
Thallium 37.030 16.440
Fluoride 63.2.300 361.300
Titanium 7.948 3.251
Oil and Grease 361.300 216.800
Total suspended 740.600 352.300
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
14
-------
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 0.210 0.086
Lead 0.200 0.095
Nickel 0.916 0.606
Thallium 0.978 0.434
Fluoride 16.700 9.540
Titanium 0.210 0.086
Oil and Grease 9.540 5.724
Total suspended 19.560 9.302
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
BPT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or" Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 321.100 131.400
Lead 306.500 146.000
Nickel 1,401.000 926.800
Thallium 1,496.000 664.100
Fluoride 25,540.000 14,600.000
Titanium 321.900 131.400
Oil and Grease 14,600.000 8,757.000
Total suspended 29,920.000 14,230.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
3. EPA is proposing Level A BAT limitations for titanium plants
which do nat practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and
which use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
titanium sponge as the final product based on oil skimming
pretreatment for removal of oil and grease, followed by
chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle)
technology, plus in-process wastewater flow reduction.
Level B BAT limitations are proposed for all other titanium
plants based on oil skimming pretreatment, followed by
15
-------
chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle)
technology, plus flow reduction and multimedia filtration.
The following BAT effluent limitations are proposed:
A. Level A
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
1 ,
1 ,
32
412
393
797
919
760
0
0
1
0
18
169
187
189
852
720
0.412
0.168
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.458
0.437
1 .997
2.132
36.400
0.458
0.187
0.208
1 .321
0.946
20.800
0.187
16
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.082 0.034
Lead 0.079 0.037
Nickel 0.359 0.237
Thallium 0.383 0.170
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.082 0.034
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.285 0.116
Lead 0.272 0.129
Nickel 1.242 . 0.822
Thallium 1.326 0.589
Fluoride 22.650 12.940
Titanium 0.285 0.116
B. Level B
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140
Lead 0.2-62 0.122
Nickel 0.515 0.346
Thallium 1.310 0.571
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.346 0.140
17
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of TiCl4 produced
0.385
0.291
0.572
1 .456
' 36.400
0.385
0.156
0. 135
0.385
0.634
20.800
0.156
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of TiCl4 handled
0.069
0.052
0.103
0.262
6.545
0.069
0.
0-.
0.
0.
3.
0.
028
024
069
1 14
740
028
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
total)
1
1
2
5
144
1
528
157
272
782
600
528
0,
0,
1 ,
2,
82,
620
537
528
519
600
0.620
18
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property'
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of titanium
0.787
0.595
1 . 170
2.976
74.410
0.787
produced
0.319
0.276
0.787
1 .297
42.520
0.319
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of titanium
0.228
0.172
0.338
0.861
21 .530
0.228
produced
0.092
0.080
0.228
0.375
12.300
0.092
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
11.010
8.332
16.370
41.660
042.000
11.010
4,
3,
1 1 ,
18,
595,
4,
464
868
010
150
100
463
19
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of titanium
0.474
0.359
0.705
1 .795
44.870
0.474
produced
0. 192
0.167
0.474
0.782
25.640
0. 192
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of titanium
0.848
0.642
1 .261
3.209
80.220
0.848
produced
0.344
0.298
0.848
1 .398
45.840
0.344
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 4.381 1.776
Lead 3.315 1.539
Nickel 6.512 4.381
Thallium 16.580 7.222
Fluoride 414.400 736.800
Titanium 4.381 1.776
20
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Sponge Crushing
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produ'ced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0,
22,
239
181
356
906
650
0.
0
0
0
12
097
084
239
365
940
0.239
0.097
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel -
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.023
0.017
0.034
0.085
2.135
0.023
0.009
0.008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of scrap milled
0.084
0.064
0. 125
0.318
7.945
0.084
0.034
0.030
0.084
0. 138
4.540
0.034
21
-------
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 6.684 - 2.710
Lead 5.058 2.349
Nickel 9.935 6.684
Thallium 25.290 11.020
Fluoride 632.300 361.300
Titanium 6.684 2.710
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 6.177 0.072
Lead 0.134 0.062
Nickel 0.262 0.177
Thallium 0.668 0.291
Fluoride 16.700 9.540
Titanium 0.176 0.067
BAT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 27.000 10.950
Lead 20.430 9.487
Nickel 40.140 27.000
Thallium 102.200 44.510
Fluoride 2,554.000 1,460.000
Titanium 8.500 3.446
22
-------
4. EPA is proposing Level A NSPS for titanium plants which do
not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which
use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
titanium sponge as the final product based on oil skimming
pretreatment for removal of oil and grease, followed by
chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle)
technology, plus in-process wastewater flow reduction beyond
that proposed for Level A BAT based on dry scrubbing and
by-product recovery. Level B NSPS are proposed for all
other titanium plants based on oil skimming pretreatment,
followed by chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and settle) technology, plus flow reduction, including zero
discharge for four streams based on dry scrubbing and
by-product recovery, and multimedia filtration at the end of
the treatment scheme. The following effluent standards are
proposed for new sources:
A. Level A
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.412 0.169
Lead 0.393 0.187
Nickel 1.797 1.189
Thallium 1.919 0.852
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.412 0.168
Total suspended 38.380 18.250
solids
Oil and Grease 18.720 11.230
ph Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
23
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.458 0.187
Lead 0.437 0.208
Nickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
Total suspended 42.640 20.280
solids
Oil and Grease 20.800 12.280
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.082 0.034
Lead 0.079 0.037
Nickel 0.359 0.237
Thallium 0.383 0.170
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.082 0.034
Total suspended 7.667 3.647
solids
Oil and Grease 3.740 2.244
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
24
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Total suspended
solids
Oil and Grease
PH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
B.
Level B
NSPS. FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.346
0.262
0.515
1.310
32.760
0.346
9.360
14.040
0,
0,
0,
0,
18
0,
9
140
122
346
571
720
140
360
1 1 .230
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
25
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156
Lead 0.291 0.135
Nickel 0.572 0.385
Thallium 1.456 0.634
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.385 0.156
Oil and Grease 10.400 10.400
Total suspended 15.600 12.480
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028
Lead 0.052 0.024
Nickel 0.103 0.069
Thallium 0.262 0.114
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.069 0.028
Oil and Grease 1.870 1.870
Total suspended 2.805 2.244
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
26
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
1 .528
1 .157
2.272
5.782
144.600
1 .528
41.300
61.950
0.620
0.537
1 .528
2.519
82.600
0.620
41.300
49.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0
0
1
2
74
0
21
787
595
170
976
410
787
260
31.890
0,
0,
0,
1 ,
42,
0,
21 ,
25,
319
276
787
297
520
319
260
510
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
27
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
21
0.228
0. 172
0.338
0.861
.530
0.228
6.150
9.225
0.092
0.080
0.228
0.375
12.300
0.092
6.150
7.380
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
28
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.474
0.359
0.705
1 .795
44.870
0.474
12.820
19.230
0,
JO.
0,
0,
25,
0,
12,
192
167
474
782
640
192
820
15.390
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
29
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
4.381
3.315
6.512
16.580
414.400
4.381
118.400
177.600
Within the range
at all
1 .776
1 .539
4.381
7.222
236.800
1 .776
1 18.400
142. 100
Of 7.5 to
times
10.0
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
30
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.023
0.017
0.034
0.085
2.135
0.023
0.610
0.915
0.009
0.008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
0.610
0.732
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
31
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 6.684 2.710
Lead 5.058 2.349
Nickel 9.935 6.684
Thallium 25.290 11.020
Fluoride 632.300 361.300
Titanium 6.684 2.710
Oil and Grease 180.700 180.700
Total suspended 271.000 216.800
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 0.177 0.072
Lead 0.134 0.062
Nickel 0.262 0.177
Thallium 0.668 0.291
Fluoride 16.700 9.540
Titanium 0.176 0.067
Oil and Grease 4.770 4,770
Total suspended 7.155 5.724
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
32
-------
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 27.000 10.950
Lead 20.430 9.487
Nickel 40.140 27.000
Thallium 102.200 44.510
Fluoride 2,554.000 1,460.000
Titanium 8.500 3.446
Oil and Grease 729.800 729.800
Total suspended 1,095.000 875.700
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
5. EPA is proposing Level A PSES for titanium plants which do
not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which use
vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify titanium sponge
as the final product based on oil skimming pretreatment for
removal of oil and grease, followed by chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle) technology, plus in-process
wastewater flow reduction. Level B PSES are proposed for all
other titanium plants based on oil skimming pretreatment,
followed by chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle) technology, plus flow reduction and multimedia
filtration. The following pretreatment standards are proposed
for existing sources:
A. Level A
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.412 0.169
Lead 0.393 0.187
Nickel 1.797 1.189
Thallium 1.919 0.852
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.412 0.168
33
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.458 0.187
Lead 0.437 0.208
Nickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl* Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of TiCl4 handled
0.082
0.079
0:359
0.383
6,545
0.082
0.034
0.037
0.237
0.170
3.740
0.034
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.285 0.116
Lead 0.272 0.129
Nickel 1.242 0.822
Thallium 1.326 0.589
Fluoride 22.650 12.940
Titanium 0.285 0.116
34
-------
B. Level B
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140
Lead 0.262 0.122
Nickel 0.515 0.346
Thallium 1.310 0.571
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.346 0.140
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156
Lead 0.291 0.135
Nickel 0.572 0.385
Thallium 1.456 0.634
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.385 0.156
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028
Lead 0.052 0.024
Nickel 0.103 0.069
Thallium 0.262 . 0.114
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.069 0.028
35
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 1.528 0.620
Lead 1.157 0.537
Nickel 2.272 1.528
Thallium 5.782 2.519
Fluoride 144.600 82.600
Titanium 1.528 0.620
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.787 0.319
Lead 0.595 0.276
Nickel 1.170 0.787
Thallium 2.976 1.297
Fluoride 74.410 42.520
Titanium 0.787 0.319
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.228 0.092
Lead 0.172 0.080
Nickel 0.338 0.228
Thallium 0.861 0.375
Fluoride 21.530 12.300
Titanium 0.228 0.092
36
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
11 ,
8
16,
41 .
1,042,
1 1 ,
010
332
370
660
000
010
4
3
1 1
18
595
4
464
868
010
150
100
463
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDAR-Y TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.474
0.359
0.705
1 .795
44.870
0.474
0. 192
0.167
0.474
0.782
25.640
0. 192
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.848
0.642
1 .261
3.209
80.220
0.848
0.344
0.298
0.848
1 .398
45.840
0.344
37
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
4
3
6
16
381
315
512
580
1
414.400
4.381
776
1 .539
4.381
7.222
236.800
1 .776
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (lb/millj.on Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.239
0.181
0.356
0.906
22.650
0.239
0.097
0.084
0.239
0.395
12.940
0.097
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0
023
017
034
085
2.135
0.023
0,
0,
0,
0
1
009
008
023
037
220
0.009
38
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of scrap milled
0.084
0.064
0. 125
0.318
7.945
0.084
•
0.034
0.030
0.084
0.138
4.540
0.034
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of scrap washed
6.684
5.058
9.935
25.290
632.300
6.684
2.710
2.349
6.684
11 .020
361.300
2.710
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0,
16,
0,
177
134
262
668
700
176
0.072
0.062
0.177
0.291
9.540
0.067
39
-------
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
27.000
20.430
40.140
102.200
2,554.000
8.500
10.950
9.487
27.000
44.510
1,460.000
3.446
6. EPA is proposing Level A PSNS for titanium plants which do
not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which
use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
titanium sponge as the final product based on oil skimming
pretreatment for removal of oil and grease, followed by
chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle)
technology, plus in-process wastewater flow reduction beyond
that proposed for Level A BAT based on dry scrubbing and
by-product recovery. Level B PSNS are proposed for all
other titanium plants based on oil skimming pretreatment,
followed by chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and settle) technology, plus flow reduction, including zero
discharge for four streams based on dry scrubbing and
by-product recovery, and multimedia filtration at the end of
the treatment scheme. The following pretreatment standards
are proposed for new sources:
A. Level A
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0
1
1
32
412
393
797
919
760
0,
0,
1 ,
0,
0.412
169
187
189
852
8.720
0.168
40
-------
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.458 0.187
Lead 0.437 0.208
Nickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
of TiCl4 handled
0.082
0.079
0.359
0.383
6.545
0.082
0.034
0.037
0.237
0.170
3.740
0.034
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 • 0.000
Thallium 0.000 - 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
41
-------
B. Level B
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140
Lead 0.262 0.122
Nickel 0.515 0.346
Thallium 1.310 0.571
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.346 0.140
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156
Lead 0.291 ' 0.135
Nickel 0.572 0.385
Thallium 1.456 0.634
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.385 0.156
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028
Lead 0.052 0.024
Nickel 0.103 0.069
Thallium 0.262 0.114
Fluoride 6=545 3.740
Titanium 0.069 0 028
42
-------
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 1.528 0.620
Lead 1.157 0.537
Nickel 2.272 1.528
Thallium 5.782 2.519
Fluoride 144.600 82.600
Titanium 1.528 0.620
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.787 0.319
Lead 0.595 0.276
Nickel 1.170 0.787
Thallium 2.976 1.297
Fluoride 74.410 42.520
Titanium - 0.787 0.319
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.228 0.092
Lead 0.172 0.080
Nickel - 0.338 0.228
Thallium 0.861 0.375
Fluoride 21.530 12.300
Titanium 0.228 0.092
43
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PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 ' 0.000
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.474 0.192
Lead 0.359 0.167
Nickel 0.705 0.474
Thallium 1.795 0.782
Fluoride 44.870 25.640
Titanium 0.474 0.192
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
44
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PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 4.381 1.776
Lead 3.315 1.539
Nickel 6.512 4.381
Thallium 16.580 7.222
Fluoride 414.400 236.800
Titanium 4.381 1.776
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1)' Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium (total) 0.023 0.009
Lead 0.017 0.008
Nickel 0.034 0.023
Thallium 0.085 ' 0.037
Fluoride 2.135 1.220
Titanium 0.023 0.009
45
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PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
6.684
5.058
9.935
25.290
632.300
6.684
2
2
6
11
361
2
710
349
684
020
300
710
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0,
16
177
134
262
668
700
0. 176
0.072
0.062
0.177
0.291
9.540
0.067
46
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PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 27.000 10.950
Lead 20.430 9.487
Nickel 40.140 27.000
Thallium 102.200 44.510
Fluoride 2,554.000 1,460.000
Titanium 8.500 3.446
7. EPA is not proposing best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) for the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory at this time.
47
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION III
INDUSTRY PROFILE
This section of the primary and secondary titanium supplement
describes the raw materials and processes used in producing
titanium and presents a profile of the titanium plants identified
in this study. For a discussion of the purpose, authority, and
methodology for this study and a general description of the
nonferrous metals manufacturing category, refer to Section III of
the General Development Document.
The largest use of titanium is for compressor blades, rotors, and
other parts for aircraft gas turbine engines. The second largest
use is in airframe structures of both military and commercial
aircraft. The most rapid growth in titanium use has been for
industrial uses, such as heat exchangers and chemical industry
equipment, where the metal's superior resistance to heat and
corrosion is required.
DESCRIPTION OF TITANIUM PRODUCTION
The production processes used at titanium manufacturing plants
depend largely on the raw materials used and the final products
produced. Four major operations may be performed:
1. Chlorination of rutile ore,
2. Reduction to titanium sponge,
3. Titanium sponge purification, and
4. Casting and secondary titanium processing.
Some plants perform all four operations. Other plants begin with
titanium tetrachloride and perform only the last three. Also,
some plants sell the titanium sponge product without continuing
to the casting operation. One plant carburizes rutile ore in a
dry process to produce titanium carbide. Production processes
for the titanium subcategory are presented schematically in
Figure III-l and described in detail below.
RAW MATERIALS
The major raw material used in titanium production is rutile ore
which is approximately 95 percent. Ti02. This ore is mined
predominantly from deposits on Australia's east coast. Rutile
ore is converted by direct Chlorination to titanium
tetrachloride, a process intermediate which can be purchased for
use as a raw material, and then reduced to titanium metal sponge.
Scrap titanium in the form of chips, massive scrap, or millings
may be blended with the titanium sponge and alloys before casting
into ingots or bars.
49
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CHLORINATION OF RUTILE ORE
Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, is produced by the chlorination of
rutile ore and coke in a fluidized bed reactor. The TiCl*, which
is a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, is condensed
from the reaction gas and purified by distillation.
Water wash towers are used to cleanse off-gases from the
condensers. The scrubbed gas then passes through a caustic tower
and a Venturi scrubber. The gas stream leaving the Venturi
scrubber may be released to the atmosphere or it may pass through
another set of three scrubbers which also cleanse the
chlorination area-vent gases. Each of these wet air pollution
control devices is a source of wastewater.
REDUCTION TO TITANIUM METAL
Titanium tetrachloride is reduced to titanium metal in four
plants by the Kroll process. This batch process employs
magnesium as the reducing agent in an inert atmosphere. The
TiCl4 is added to magnesium in a retort furnace where it is
converted to titanium metal and magnesium chloride. Molten
magnesium chloride is tapped off as it is formed, and periodic
vent taps are made during the reduction process to remove
chloride vapors. The wet scrubbers used to cleanse these vapors
are a source of wastewater for this process.
In one plant, during periods of rapid reduction, excess MgCl2 is
collected in a melt cell before it is transferred to electrolytic
cells for recovery. Vapors generated by the molten chloride may
be controlled by wet scrubbers resulting in a wastewater stream.
The titanium sponge produced by reduction is refined by
distillation to remove magnesium and magnesium chloride
contaminants. The Mg and MgCl2 may be condensed and recycled to
the reduction operation without producing any waste streams or
may be recovered electrolytically.
In the electrolytic recovery process, molten MgCl2 is transferred
to an electrolytic cell where it is separated into its
constituent elements. The magnesium floats to the top of the
cells and is collected for sale or reuse in the reduction
furnaces.
The chlorine gas formed during magnesium recovery is passed
through a bag filter. The filtered gas is then recycled to the
chlorination or reduction processes or is liquefied and sold as
liquid chlorine. Some air escapes from the gas during
liquefaction and although its volume is small, it is saturated
with chlorine and must be treated before venting to the
atmosphere. Burners may be used to convert the escaping chlorine
to HC1 vapors which are then scrubbed with water. This wet air
pollution control represents a wastewater source.
50
-------
An alternative to the Kroll process is the Hunter process in
which TiCl4 is reduced to titanium metal by sodium in an inert
atmosphere. While the sodium reduction process is frequently
used to produce titanium sponge in both Japan and England, only
one plant in the United States employs this method. No wet air
pollution controls are reportedly associated with the reduction
of TiCl* at that plant, and sodium recovery from spent leach
liquor is performed off-site. Thus, there are no reported
wastewater sources from the sodium reduction process.
After the reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal by magnesium or
sodium, the titanium product is chipped out of the reaction
container and crushed before further processing. The wet dust
control scrubber for the crushing operation is a source of
wastewater. If the empty container is cleaned and returned to
the reduction facility for reuse, a wash water waste stream is
generated.
One plant in the United States reports the production of titanium
sponge by reducing rutile ore with calcium hydride (CaH2) in a
hydrogen atmosphere without forming the chlorinated intermediate.
No wastewater sources were reported for this reduction process.
SPONGE PURIFICATION
Remaining impurities, such as magnesium and chlorides of
magnesium and sodium, are removed from the titanium by leaching
or by vacuum distillation. In the first method, crushed titanium
chips are leached with nitric or hydrochloric acid and then
rinsed with water. Both the spent leachate and the rinse water
are wastewater streams. In the second method, impurities are
vacuum-distilled from the crushed titanium chips with no
wastewater generation.
The purified metal may be sold as titanium sponge, crushed and
sold as titanium powder, or further processed by alloying and
casting. Wet scrubbers control dust from the crushing operation
and represent a wastewater source.
CASTING AND SECONDARY TITANIUM PROCESSING
Titanium scrap may be blended with leached titanium sponge and
alloying metals before being melted and formed into ingots.
Massive scrap, including titanium plate and sheet metal, is
pickled with a mixture of hydrochloric," hydrofluoric, and nitric
acids before alloying, creating an acidic waste stream of the
pickle liquor and wash water. Titanium scrap chips and millings
are crushed and then washed with a detergent solution to remove
oil and dirt conta~.ir.snts before alloying. Wastewater sources
from these processes include the dust scrubber for the scrap
milling operation and the detergent wash water.
51
-------
The blended titanium and alloying metals are melted and cast as
titanium ingots. The wastewater flow associated with the melt
shop is an oily stream from the washing of melt crucibles.
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES
A variety of processes are involved in primary and secondary
titanium production. The significant wastewater sources that are
associated with this subcategory can be subdivided as follows:
1. Chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
2. Chlorination area-vent wet air pollution control,
3. TiCl4 handling wet air pollution control,
4. Reduction area wet air pollution control,
5. Melt cell wet air pollution control,
6. Cathode gas wet air pollution control,
7. Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
8. Sodium reduction container reconditioning wash water,
9. Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
10. Acid leachate and rinse water,
11. Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control,
12. Acid pickle and wash water,
13. Scrap milling wet air pollution control,
14. Scrap detergent wash water,
15. Casting crucible wash water, and
16. Casting contact cooling water.
The sources of these wastewater streams are identified by their
respective numbers in Figure III-l.
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
There are other waste streams associated with the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory. These waste streams include, but
are not limited to:
1. Stormwater runoff, and
2. Maintenance and cleanup water.
These waste streams are not considered as a part of this
rulemaking. EPA believes that the flows and pollutant loadings
associated with these waste streams are insignificant relative to
the waste streams selected, or are best handled by the
appropriate permit authority on a case-by-case basis under
authority of Section 403 of the Clean Water Act.
AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE
Figure III-2 shows the location of the eight titanium plants
operating in the United States. This figure shows that most of
the titanium plants are located in the Western and Northeastern
states.
52
-------
Table III-l summarizes the relative age and discharge status of
the eight titanium plants. Three plants began nonferrous
manufacturing operations within a few years of 1940, three began
operations between 1956 and 1958, and two have have started up
since 1975.
Table III-2 lists the 1982 production ranges for the titanium
plants. Five of the eight plants produce small quantities of
titanium, less than 500 kkg/yr. Of the remaining three plants,
two produce more than 5,000 kkg/yr.
Table III-3 lists the major production processes associated with
the manufacture of titanium. Also shown is the number of plants
generating wastewater from these processes.
53
-------
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explanations for variations of water use within each subdivision
will also be presented.
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Rutile ore, Ti02, is converted to TiCl4 by chlorination in two of
the eight titanium plants. The resulting TiCl4 gas is condensed
and purified before sent to the reduction'facility. Off-gases
from the condensers pass through a water wash tower, a caustic
tower, and a Venturi scrubber in series to remove chlorine gas
and particulates introduced during the chlorination process.
The three scrubbers are considered together to be a single
wastewater source because both plants reporting the use of
chlorination off-gas scrubbers use all three in series as a
single unit operation. The water use and discharge rates for
chlorination off-gas wet air pollution contol are listed in Table
V-l. No sampling data are available for chlorination off-gas wet
air pollution control, but the wastewater is expected to be
heavily laden with chlorine and particulates and to contain low
concentrations of metals.
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
In one plant, the cleaned gas from the chlorination off-gas
scrubbers is routed to a chlorination area scrubbing .system where
it is combined with ventilation vapors from TiCl4 purification
operations. Like the off-gas scrubbers, the area-vent wet air
pollution control consists of a water wash tower, and a Venturi
scrubber operated in series. After passing through this system,
the cleaned gases are vented to the atmosphere.
The water use and discharge rates for chlorination area-vent wet
air pollution control are listed in Table V-2. No sampling data
are available for this stream, but the wastewater is expected to
be heavily laden with chlorine and particulates and to contain
low concentrations of metals.
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Four plants use TiCl4 as a raw material in titanium production.
One of these plants reports the use of wet air pollution control
with an associated wastewater flow. The water use and discharge
rates for this stream are listed in Table V-3. No sampling data
are available for this stream, but it is expected to be similar
to the wastewater from the reduction area scrubber which is
characterized by treatable levels of solids, chlorides, and
metals.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal is accomplished by a
batch process using either sodium or magnesium as the reducing
69
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agent. In the four plants which practice magnesium reduction in
an inert atmosphere, vent taps are made periodically to remove
vapors from the reduction vessel. These vapors are cleansed in a
reduction area scrubber and then vented to the atmosphere. No
wet air pollution control was reported for reduction of TiCl4 by
sodium.
The water use and discharge rates for reduction area wet air
pollution control are listed in Table V-4. Sampling data are
presented in Table V-17. Additional sampling data for this
stream are contained in the confidential record. This waste
stream is characterized by treatable concentrations of magnesium,
chloride, chromium, and nickel.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
During the reduction of TiCl4 by magnesium, molten magnesium
chloride is tapped off as formed and transferred to electrolytic
cells for magnesium recovery. In one plant, during periods of
rapid MgCl2 formation, excess MgCl2 is stored in a melt cell
before continuing on to the electrolytic cell. Vapors from the
melt cell are collected and converted to hydrochloric acid in a
water scrubber.
The water use and discharge rates for melt cell wet air pollution
control are listed in Table V-5. Sampling data for this waste
stream are contained in the confidential record. This stream is
characterized by an acidic pH and low concentrations of toxic
metals.
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Three plants report electrolytic recovery of magnesium from the
MgCl2 formed during the reduction operation. Depending on the
type of electrolytic cell used, a cathode gas may be generated.
This gas is passed through a baghouse and a caustic tower,
resulting in a caustic waste stream.
The water use and discharge rates for cathode gas wet air
pollution control are listed in Table V-6. No sampling data are
available for this stream, but it is expected to be similar to
the wastewater from the melt cell scrubber which contains
quantifiable concentrations of toxic metals.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The electrolytic reduction of MgCl2 generates chlorine gas.
After passing through bagfilters, this gas returns to the
chlorination or reduction processes or is liquefied and so.ld.
Some air always escapes from the gas during liquefaction and
although its volume is small, it is saturated with chlorine and
must be treated before venting to the atmosphere. Burners
convert the escaping chlorine to HC1 vapors in the one plant
70
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which practices chlorine liquefaction. The HC1 vapors are then
scrubbed with water, creating an acidic waste stream.
The water use and discharge rates for chlorine liquefaction wet
air pollution control are listed in Table V-7. Sampling data for
this waste stream .are contained in the confidential record. This
stream is characterized by a low pH and treatable concentrations
of toxic metals.
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER
The conversion of TiCl4 to titanium metal is a batch process
which is carried out in a retort vessel. When the reduction is
complete, the titanium cake is chipped out of the container and
sent on for further processing. The container can then be
cleaned and returned to the reduction process for reuse. Of the
two plants reporting reduction container cleaning and reuse, one
uses magnesium to reduce TiCl4 and one uses sodium. Only the
plant using sodium in its reduction process reports a wastewater
flow from the container reconditioning operation.
The water use and discharge rates for the sodium reduction
container reconditioning wash are listed in Table V-8. No
sampling data are available for this stream, but it is expected
to contain chlorides, dissolved and suspended solids, and
quantifiable concentrations to toxic metals.
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The titanium cake formed by reduction is chipped out of the
reduction container and sent on for further purification. To
increase the effectiveness of these purification steps, the
titanium chips may be crushed when they are removed from the
reduction container. Two plants report wet air pollution control
for the crushing operation with various degrees of recycle of
scrubber water.
The water use and discharge rates for chip crushing wet air
pollution control are listed in Table V-9. No sampling data are
available for this waste stream, but it is expected to contain
titanium, suspended solids, and low concentrations of metals.
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
Purification of the titanium chips to remove the remaining Mg and
MgCl2 impurities can be accomplished either by vacuum
distillation or by leaching. Vacuum distillation, practiced by
one plant, does not result in the production of a wastewater
stream. Acid leaching with HC1 or HN03 followed by a water rinse
produces acidic wastewater streams at the four plants reporting
this purification process.
71
-------
The water use and discharge rates for acid leachate and rinse
water are listed in Table V-10. At two plants, separate
wastewater samples were taken from the leaching and rinsing
operations. At one plant, a combined leach and rinse wastewater
sample was analyzed. The sampling data are presented in Tables
V-18, V-19, and V-20. Additional data on this waste stream are
contained in the confidential record. This waste stream is
characterized by treatable concentrations of copper, lead,
nickel, thallium, and suspended solids.
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Of the seven plants producing titanium metal, four sell titanium
sponge or powder as their final product and three do further
processing to produce titanium ingots and castings. One plant
reports a wastewater flow from a dust control scrubber associated
with the crushing, screening, and storgae of leached titanium
powder.
The water use and discharge rates for the sponge crushing and
screening wet air pollution control are listed in Table V-l1. No
sampling data are available for this waste stream, but it is
expected to contain suspended solids, titanium, and low
concentrations of toxic metals.
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
Three plants report the use of acid pickling to remove surface
oxides from massive titanium scrap before alloying and casting.
The pickling mixture typically contains nitric, hydrochloric, and
hydrofluoric acids. When a washing step was associated with the
acid pickling, flow data were reported for the combined pickle
and wash stream.
The water use and discharge rates for acid pickle and wash water
are listed in Table V-l2. Sampling data for this waste stream
are contained in the confidential record. This acidic waste
stream is characterized by a low production normalized flow and
treatable concentrations of antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, and zinc. No sampling data for fluoride are
available, but because hydrofluoric acid is commonly used as a
pickling acid, a high concentration of fluoride in the wastewater
stream is expected.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pure titanium scrap and turnings can be alloyed with titanium
sponge and cast into ingots. One plant mills the scrap and
provides wet air pollution control. The water use and discharge
rates for scrap milling wet air pollution control are listed in
Table V-l3. No sampling data are available for this stream, but
it is expected to contain suspended solids, titanium, and low
concentrations of toxic metals,
72
-------
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
Scrap material such as titanium turnings must be washed with a
soapy solution to remove oil and dirt before being alloyed and
cast into ingots. This batch process results in a caustic waste
stream which is reported at two plants. The water use and
discharge rates for scrap detergent wash water are listed in
Table V-14. Sampling data for this waste stream are contained in
the confidential record. This waste stream is characterized by
treatable concentrations of oil and grease, suspended solids, and
toxic metals.
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
Two plants report a waste stream from the washing of crucibles
used in casting operations. The water use and discharge rates of
this oily waste from the only plant to provide flow data are
reported in Table V-15. No sampling data are available for this
stream, but it is expected to be similar to casting contact
cooling water which contains treatable concentrations of oil and
grease, suspended solids, and toxic metals.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
One plant reports the use of contact cooling water from a cooling
pond in its casting operations. The only other plant reporting
casting cooling water uses noncontact water. The water use and
discharge rates of the casting contact cooling water are listed
in Table V-16. Sampling data for this waste stream are contained
in the confidential record. This waste stream is characterized
by treatable concentrations of oil and grease, suspended solids,
and nickel.
73
-------
Table V-1
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of TiCl4 produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1125 0 936 936
1085 NR NR 3,334
NR = Present, but data not reported in dcp,
74
-------
Table V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of TiCl4 produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1125 0 1,040 1,040
75
-------
Table V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TiC14 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of TiCl4 handled)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1075 NR NR 187
NR = Present, but data not reported in dcp
76
-------
Table V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Plant
Code
1125
1017
1085
1044
Percent
Recycle
0
0
0
0
Production
Normalized
Water Use Flow
15,789
42,508
65,613
39,598
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
15,789
42,508
65,613
39,598
77
-------
Table V-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1017 0 21,254 21,254
78
-------
Table V-6
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Plant
Code
1085
1044
Percent
Recycle
0
NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use Flow
4,374
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
4,374
7,919
NR = Present, but data not reported in dcp,
79
-------
Table V-7
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1017 0 297,559 297,559
80
-------
Table V-8
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1075 0 1,282 1,282
81
-------
Table V-9
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Plant
Code
1075
1085
Percent
Recycle
0*
NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use Flow
22,922
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
22,922
1 ,094
*0ne hundred percent reuse in other plant processes
NR = Present, but data not reported in dcp.
82
-------
Table V-10
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Plant
Code
1058
1017
1075*
1085
Percent
Recycle
0
0
0
0
Production
Normalized
Water Use Flow
16,354
11,840
27,728
16,185
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
16,354
11,840
27,728
16,185
*Reported acid leachate flow only.
83
-------
Table V-11
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of Ti metal produced)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1075 0 6,470 6,470
84
-------
Table V-12
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
(1/kkg of Ti metal pickled)
Plant
Code
1017
1085
1 149
Percent
Recycle
NR
0
NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use Flow
NR
27
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
95
27
NR
= Present, but data not reported in dcp
85
-------
Table V-13
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of scrap milled)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1085 0 2,261 2,261
86
-------
Table V-14
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
(1/kkg of scrap washed)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1017 0 18,064 18,064
1085 0 27,397 27,397
87
-------
Table V-15
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
(1/kkg of Ti metal cast)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1017 0 477 477
1085 NR NR NR
NR = Present, but data not reported in dcp,
88
-------
Table V-16
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
(1/kkg of Ti metal cast)
Production Production
Plant Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Flow Discharge Flow
1017 NR NR 729,730
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Section V of this supplement presented data from primary and
secondary titanium plant sampling visits and subsequent chemical
analyses. This section examines that data and discusses the
selection or exclusion of pollutants for potential limitation.
Each pollutant selected for potential limitation is discussed in
Section VI of the General Development Document. That discussion
provides information concerning the nature of the pollutant
(i.e., whether it is a naturally occurring substance, processed
metal, or a manufactured compound); general physical properties
and the form of the pollutant; toxic effects of the pollutant in
humans and other animals; and behavior of the pollutant in POTW
at the concentrations expected in industrial discharges.
The discussion that follows presents and briefly discusses the
selection of conventional and nonconventional pollutants for
effluent limitations. Also described is the analysis that was
performed to select or exclude toxic pollutants for further
consideration for limitations and standards. Pollutant will be
selected for further consideration if they are present in
concentrations treatable by the technologies considered in this
analysis. The treatable concentrations used for the toxic metals
were the long-term performance values achievable by chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration. The treatable
concentrations for the toxic organics were the long-term
performance values achievable by carbon adsorption (see Section
VII of the General Development Document - Combined Metals Data
Base).
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This study considered samples from the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory for three conventional pollutant parameters
(oil and grease, total suspended solids, and pH) and six
nonconventional pollutant parameters (ammonia, chloride,
fluoride, magnesium, phenolics (4AAP), and titanium).
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
The conventional and nonconventional pollutants or pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
titanium
fluoride
oil and grease
total suspended solids (TSS)
143
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pH
Based on an examination of the raw materials and production
processes employed in the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory, it is expected that treatable concentrations of
titanium are present in the wastewater generated in this
subcategory. Titanium is soluble in dilute acid, and acid
solutions are commonly used in primary and secondary titanium
processing operations. In addition, titanium may be present as
suspended particulates from powder cleaning operations.
Therefore, titanium is selected for limitation in this
subcategory.
The principal source of fluoride in this subcategory is the
hydrofluoric acid used in scrap pickling operations. Although no
fluoride sampling data are available, the acid pickle and wash
water is expected to contain fluoride at a concentration well
above the 14.5 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by
identified treatment technology. Therefore, fluoride is selected
for limitation in this subcategory.
The principal sources of oil and grease in this subcategory are
the scrap washing and casting operations. Oil and grease
concentrations in a total of three samples range from 3.2 to 190
mg/1. Two of the three concentrations are greater than the 10
mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Thus, oil and grease is selected for limitation.
Total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in 11 samples range
from less than 1 mg/1 to 330 mg/1. Nine of the observed
concentrations are greater than the 2.6 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology. Most
of the methods used to remove toxic metals do so by converting
these metals to precipitates. Meeting a limitation on total
suspended solids ensures that sedimentation to remove
precipitated toxic metals has been effective. For these reasons,
total suspended solids are selected for limitation in this
subcategory.
The pH values observed ranged from 0.1 to 7.4. Effective removal
of toxic metals by precipitation requires careful control of pH.
Therefore, pH is selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in the
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1. These data
provide the basis for the categorization of specific pollutants,
as discussed below. Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater
data from streams 204, 211, 319, and 320 (see Section V) and from
data for seven waste streams contained in the confidential
record. Treatment plant and source water samples were not
considered in this frequency count.
144
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TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed below were not detected in any
wastewater samples from this subcategory; therefore, they are not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations:
1. Acenaphthene
2. Acrolein
3. Acrylonitrile
5. Benzidine
6. Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
7. Chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9. Hexachlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
12. Hexachloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. Chloroethane
17. Bis (chloromethyl) ether (Deleted)
18. Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
22. Parachlorometa cresol
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38. Ethylbenzene
39. Fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. Bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. Bis (2-chloroethoxy) methane
45. Methyl chloride (dichloromethane)
46. Methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47. Bromoform (tribromomethane)
49. Trichlorofluoromethane (Deleted)
50. Dichlorodifluoromethane (Deleted)
52. Hexachlorobutadiene
53. Hexachloromyclopentadiene
54. Isophorone
55. Naphthalene
56. Nitrobenzene
58. 4-nitrophenol
145
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59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
72. Benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluroanthene
76. Chrysene
77. Acenaphthylene
78. Anthracene
79. Benzo(ghi)perylene (1, 12-benzoperylene)
80. Fluorene
81. Phenanthene
82. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83. Indeno (1,2,-cd)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
84. Pyrene
85. Tetrachloroethylene
89. Aldrin
90. Dieldrin
91. Chlordane (technical mixture and metabolities)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4/4'-DDE(p/p'DDX)
96. B-endosulfan-Beta
97. Endoaulfan sulfate
98. Endrin
99. Endrin aldehyde
TOO. Heptachlor
101. Heptachlor epoxide
104. Gamma - BHC (lindane)
105. Delta - BHC
106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
113. Toxaphene
116. Asbestos
129. 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
The toxic pollutants listed below were never found above their
analytical quantification concentration in any wastewater samples
from this subcategory; therefore, they are not selected for
consideration in establishing effluent limitations and standards.
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
146
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36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
48. dichlorobromomethane
51. chlorodibromomethane
57. 2-nitrophenol
70. diethyl phthalate
71. diemethyl phthalate
75. benzo(k)fluoranthene (11, 12-benzofluoranthene)
88. vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
107. PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
117. beryllium
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The pollutant listed below is not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because it was not found in any
wastewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies.
123. Mercury
Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
seven of 14 samples from three plants. These samples were below
the 0.036 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified
treatment technology. Therefore, mercury is not selected for
limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
The following pollutants are not selected for limitation because
they are detectable in the effluent from only a small number of
sources within the subcategory and are uniquely related to only
those sources.
4. benzene
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
44. methylene chloride
64. pentachlorophenol
65. phenol
66. bis{2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
86. toluene
87. trichloroethylene
94. 4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
95. a-endosulfan-Alpha
102. Alpha - BHC
103. Beta - BHC
115. arsenic
121. cyanide
125. selenium
147
-------
126. silver
Although these pollutants are not selected for consideration in
establishing nationwide limitations, it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case basis, for the local permitter to specify effluent
limitations.
Benzene was found above its treatable concentration of 0.01 mg/1
in eight of 13 samples. The maximum observed concentration is
0.05 mg/1. The Agency has no reason to believe that treatable
concentrations of benzene should be present in primary and
secondary titanium wastewaters. For this reason, and because
benzene was also detected in the source water, benzene is not
selected for limitation.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was found in concentrations above its
analytical quantification limit in three of 13 samples from three
plants. All three of these samples were from a single plant and
had concentrations above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration considered
achievable by identified treatment technology. Because it was
found at only one plant, indicating that the pollutant is
probably site-specific, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane is not selected
for limitation.
Methylene chloride was found above its treatable concentration in
8 of 13 samples from three plants at a maximum concentration of
0.410 mg/1. This pollutant is not attributable to specific
materials or processes associated with titanium production. It
is, however, a common solvent used in analytical laboratories.
Since the possibility of sample contamination is likely,
methylene chloride is not selected for limitation.
Pentachlorophenol was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 .mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, pentachlorophenol
is not selected for limitation.
Phenol was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.010
mg/1 in one out of 15 samples analyzed at a concentration of
0.013 mg/1. Because it was found at a concentration only
slightly above treatable, in only one out of fifteen samples,
phenol is not selected for regulation.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was found above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in five of 15 samples from three
plants. This compound ' is a plasticizer commonly used in
laboratory and field sampling equipment and is not formed as a
by-product in this subcategory. Therefore, bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
148
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Butyl benzyl phthalate was found above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in two of 15 samples from three
plants. This compound is a plasticizer commonly used in
laboratory and field sampling equipment and is not formed as a
by-product in this subcategory. Therefore, butyl benzyl
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
Di-n-butyl phthalate was found above its treatable concentration
of 0.01 mg/1 in one of 15 samples from three plants. This
compound is a plasticizer commonly used in laboratory and field
sampling equipment and is not formed as a by-product in this
subcategory. Therefore, di-n-butyl phthalate is not selected for
limitation.
Di-n-octyl phthalate was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, di-n-octyl
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
Toluene was found in concentrations above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in three of 13 samples at a maximum
concentration of 0.067 mg/1. Because it was detected at a
treatable concentration in only three out of thirteen samples,
and because it was also detected in the source water, toluene is
not selected for limitation.
Trichloroethylene was found in concentrations above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in three of 13 samples at a maximum
concentration of 0.016 mg/1. For this reason trichloroethylene
is not selected for limitation.
4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE) was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, 4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
is not selected for limitation.
a-Endosulfan-Alpha was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, a-endosulfan-Alpha
is not selected for limitation.
a-BHC-Alpha was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three plants.
This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration
149
-------
considered achievable by identified treatment technology.
Because it was found at only one plant, indicating that the
pollutant is probably site-specific, a-BHC-Alpha is not selected
for limitation.
b-BHC-Beta was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three plants.
This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology.
Because it was found at only one plant, indicating that the
pollutant is probably site-specific, a-BHC-Beta is not selected
for limitation.
Arsenic was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in seven of 14 samples from three plants.
Only one of the seven samples had a concentration above the 0.34
mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, arsenic is not
selected for limitation.
Cyanide was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in three of 14 samples from three plants.
Two of the samples from two plants had concentrations above the
0.047 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified
treatment technology. A recorded value of 10,000 mg/1 for one of
these samples is believed to be in error because a sample taken
at the same point on the next day had a cyanide concentration of
less than 1 mg/1. Because it was found above treatable levels
only once in the remaining samples, cyanide is not selected for
limitation.
Selenium was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in five of 14 samples from three plants.
Only one of the five samples had a concentration above the 0.20
mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, selenium is not
selected for limitation.
Silver was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in three of 14 samples from three plants.
Two of the three samples, both of which were from a single plant,
had concentrations above the 0.07 mg/1 concentration considered
achievable by identified treatment technology. Because it was
found at only one plant, indicating that the pollutant is
probably site-specific, silver is not selected for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The toxic pollutants listed below have been detected in
quantities above their treatability concentrations. All these
150
-------
pollutants are under consideration to be selected in establishing
limitations and standards for this subcategory. The toxic
pollutants listed below are each discussed following the list.
114. antimony
118. cadmium
119. chromium (Total)
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
127. thallium
128. zinc
Antimony was found above its analytical quantification limit in
three of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.83 to 0.95 mg/1. All three of those samples, representing
two plants, were above the 0.47 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, antimony is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Cadmium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
six of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.002 to 0.28 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing
three plants, were above the 0.049 mg/1 treatability
concentration. Therefore, cadmium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Chromium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
12 of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.008 to 240 mg/1. Eight of those samples, representing
three plants, were above the 0.07 mg/1 treatability
concentration. Therefore, chromium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Copper was found above its analytical quantification limit in 12
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.009 to 2.9 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.39 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, copper is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Lead was found above its analytical quantification limit in eight
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.043 to 4.0 mg/1. Six of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.08 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, lead is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Nickel was found above its analytical quantification limit in 14
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.010 to 7.2 mg/1. Eight of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.22 mg/1 treatability concentration.
151
-------
Therefore, nickel is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Thallium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
six of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.12 to 3.8 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.34 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, thallium is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Zinc was found above its analytical quantification limit in nine
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.05 to 0.67 mg/1. Six of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.23 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, zinc is selected for further consideration for
limition.
152
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters generated in the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory. This section
summarizes the description of these wastewaters and indicates the
level of treatment which is currently practiced for each waste
stream. Secondly, this section presents the control and
treatment technology options which were examined by the Agency
for possible application to the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
Control and treatment technologies are discussed in general in
Section VII of the General Development Document. The basic
principles of these technologies and the applicability to
wastewater similar to that found in this subcategory are
presented there. This section presents a summary of the control
and treatment technologies that are currently applied to each of
the sources generating wastewater in this subcategory. As
discussed in Section V, wastewater associated with the primary
and secondary titanium subcategory is characterized by the
presence of the toxic metal pollutants, suspended solids, and oil
and grease. This analysis is supported by the raw (untreated)
wastewater data presented for specific sources as well as
combined waste streams in Section V. Generally, these pollutants
are present in each of the waste streams at concentrations above
treatability, and these waste streams are commonly combined for
treatment. Construction of one wastewater treatment system for
combined treatment allows plants to take advantage of economies
of scale, and in some instances, to combine streams of differing
alkalinity to reduce treatment chemical requirements. Five
plants in this subcategory currently have combined treatment
systems, two of which consist of lime precipitation and
sedimentation. Three options have been selected for
consideration for BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment in this
subcategory, based on combined treatment of these compatible
waste streams.
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
After rutile ore is chlorinated, titanium tetrachloride is
recovered from the chlorination off-gases by fractional
distillation using a series of condensers. Wet air pollution
control equipment is used at two plants to remove chlorine gas
and particulates. One of these plants achieves zero discharge of
this stream by reuse in other processes. The other plant
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discharges this stream to a sewer after pH adjustment and
sedimentation. That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Ventilation vapors from the chlorination area are routed to wet
air pollution control equipment before being released to the
atmosphere. At the one plant that reports a separate waste
stream for area vent scrubbers, the wastewater generated is
discharged to a sewer after pH adjustment and sedimentation.
That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Of the four plants that use titanium tetrachloride as a raw
material in titanium production, one reports wet air pollution
control for the handling operations. Although not clearly
specified in the dcp, there is reason to believe that this plant
recycles the scrubber water. The existing treatment for this
waste stream consists of pH adjustment and sedimentation before
direct discharge.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal is, accomplished by a
batch process using either sodium or magnesium as the reducing
agent. No air pollution control was reported for reduction by
sodium, but in the four plants which practice magnesium reduction
in an inert atmosphere, a waste stream is generated by the water
scrubbers used to treat vent tap vapors. None of those four
plants report recycle or reuse of this scrubber water which
contains treatable concentrations of metals and chloride. One
plant discharges this stream without treatment. The existing
treatment at the other three plants consists of pH adjustment or
lime addition followed by sedimentation.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
During the reduction of TiCl4 by magnesium, molten magnesium
chloride is tapped off as formed and transferred to electrolytic
cells for magnesium recovery. In one plant, during periods of
rapid MgCl2 formation, excess MgCl2 is stored in a melt cell
before continuing on to the electrolytic cell. Vapors from the
melt cell are collected and converted to hydrochloric acid in a
water scrubber. That plant does not recycle the scrubber water
before discharging it. The existing treatment for this
wastewater consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Three plants report electrolytic recovery of magnesium from the
MgCl2 formed during the reduction operation. Depending on the
type of electrolytic cell used, a cathode gas may be generated.
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This gas is passed through a baghouse and a caustic tower,
resulting in a caustic wastewater. Two plants report this
stream, one of which does not recycle the scrubber water.
Information on water use and recycle at the other plant is not
available. Zero discharge of the cathode gas scrubber water is
achieved at one plant using evaporation ponds. The existing
treatment for this stream at the other plant consists of lime
precipitation and sedimentation.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The electrolytic reduction of MgCl2 generates chlorine gas which
may be returned to the chlorination or reduction processes or
liquefied and sold. In one plant, wet air pollution control is
provided for the chlorine-saturated air which escapes from the
liquefaction process. The wastewater generated is discharged
after lime precipitation and sedimentation. That plant does not
recycle this wastewater.
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER
When the reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal is complete, the
titanium cake is chipped out of the reaction vessel and further
processed by crushing and leaching. The reaction container can
then be cleaned and returned to the reduction process for reuse.
Only the plant using sodium in its reduction process reports a
wastewater flow from the container reconditioning operation. The
existing treatment for this stream consists of pH adjustment and
sedimentation.
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The titanium cake formed by reduction and chipped out of the
reduction container is crushed to increase the effectiveness of
subsequent purification steps. Two plants report wet air
pollution control for the crushing operation. One achieves zero
discharge using evaporation ponds. The other practices total
reuse of this stream in processes unrelated to titanium
manufacturing.
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
a
Purification of the crushed titanium chips can be accomplished
either by vacuum distillation or by leaching. Vacuum
distillation, practiced by one plant, does not result in the
production of a wastewater stream. Acid leaching with HC1 or
HN03 followed by a water rinse produces acidic wastewater streams
at the four plants reporting this purification process. Two of
those four have zero discharge of this stream: one by total reuse
and one by evaporation in ponds. The two remaining plants
discharge this stream after treatment by pH adjustment or lime
addition followed by sedimentation.
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SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
One plant reports a wastewater flow from a dust control scrubber
associated with the crushing, screening, and storage of leached
titanium powder. The existing treatment for this stream consists
of pH adjustment and sedimentation. The plant does not recycle
this wastewater.
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
Three plants report the use of acid pickling to remove surface
oxides from massive titanium scrap before alloying and casting.
Two plants reporting this waste stream achieve zero discharge:
one by contract removal and one by using evaporation ponds.
Information on water use and discharge rates at the third plant
is not available.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pure titanium scrap and turnings can be alloyed with titanium
sponge and cast into ingots. One plant mills the scrap and
provides wet air pollution control. That plant achieves zero
discharge of this stream without recycle by using evaporation
ponds.
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
Scrap material such as titanium turnings must be washed with a
detergent solution to remove oil and dirt being cast into ingots.
The resulting oily, caustic waste stream is reported by two
plants, one of which achieves zero discharge using evaporation
ponds. The other plant discharges this streams after treatment
by lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
Two plants report a waste stream from the washing of crucibles
used in casting operations. At one plant, this oily wastewater
is combined with another stream and treated by oil skimming
before being discharged directly. The existing treatment at the
other plant consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
One plant reports the use of contact cooling water from a cooling
pond in its casting operations. This waste stream is
characterized by treatable concentrations of oil and grease,
metals, and solids. The existing treatment for casting contact
cooling water consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
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The Agency examined three control and treatment alternatives that
are applicable to the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
The options selected for evaluation represent a combination of
in-process flow reduction, pretreatment technology applicable to
individual waste streams, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies.
OPTION A
The Option A treatment scheme consists of oil skimming
pretreatment where required, followed by chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology. Specifically, lime or some other
alkaline compound is used to precipitate toxic metal ions as
metal hydroxides. The metal hydroxides and suspended solids
settle out and the sludge is collected. Vacuum filtration is
used to dewater the sludge.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
consists of all treatment requirements of Option A (oil skimming
pretreatment where required, chemical precipitation, and
sedimentation) plus control technologies to reduce the volume of
wastewater discharged. Water recycle and reuse are the principal
control mechanisms for flow reduction.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
consists of all control and treatment requirements of Option B
(oil skimming pretreatment where required, chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and in-process flow reduction) plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option B
treatment scheme. Multimedia filtration is used to remove
suspended solids, including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond
the concentration attainable by gravity sedimentation. The
filter suggested is of the gravity, mixed media type, although
other filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters,
.would perform satisfactorily.
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory and a description of
the treatment options and subcategory-specific assumptions used
to develop these estimates. Together with the estimated
pollutant reduction performance presented in Sections IX, X, XI,
and XII of this supplement, these cost estimates provide a basis
for evaluating each regulatory option. These cost estimates are
also used in determining the probable economic impact of
regulation on the subcategory at different pollutant discharge
levels.
In addition, this section addresses nonwater quality
environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and control
alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes, and energy
requirements, which are specific to the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As discussed in Section VII, three treatment options have been
developed for existing primary and secondary titanium sources.
The treatment schemes for each option are summarized below and
schematically presented in Figures X-l through X-3.
OPTION A
Option A consists of preliminary oil/water separation treatment
where necessary and chemical precipitation and sedimentation
end-of-pipe technology.
OPTION B
Option B consists of in-process flow reduction measures,
oil/water separation preliminary treatment where required, and
chemical precipitation and sedimentation end-of-pipe technology.
The in-process flow reduction measure consists of the recycle of
the following wet air pollution control wastewater streams
through holding tanks:
- 1. Reduction area wet air pollution control,
2. Melt cell wet air pollution,
3. Cathode gas wet air pollution control,
4. Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
5. Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
6. Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control, and
7. Scrap milling wet air pollution control.
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OPTION C
Option C requires the in-process flow reduction measures of
Option B, oil skimming preliminary treatment where required, and
end-of-pipe treatment technology consisting of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Plant-by-plant compliance costs have been
estimated for the nonferrous metals manufacturing category and
are presented in the administrative record supporting this
regulation. The costs developed for the proposed regulation are
presented in Tables VIII-1 and VII1-2 for the direct and indirect
dischargers, respectively.
Each of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
is presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
Each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams requiring
certain subcategory-specific assumptions to develop compliance
costs. The assumptions specific to the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory are discussed briefly below.
(1) It is assumed that all titanium plants use water for
floor washing. A 500 gallon holding tank for recycle
of treated water is included in the treatment scheme
for plants with continuous operation of chemical
precipitation. If batch treatment is used (batch
chemical precipitation), a tank is assumed to be
unnecessary. For both continuous and batch operation,
recycle piping and a recycle pump are provided.
(2) All floor wash water is recycled after chemical
precipitation and sedimentation.
(3) Costs for removal of the pollutant titanium are
included in the compliance costs, Treatability
concentrations for titanium are assumed to be 0.084
mg/1 and 0.07 mg/1 for the lime and settle, and lime,
settle, and filter treatment scheme, respectively.
(4) All chromium in the raw wastewater is assumed to be
Cr+3; therefore, chromium reduction treatment is
unnecessary.
Because of the nature of the wastewaters produced in the primary
and secondary titanium subcategory, the Agency wished to consider
different technology standards for the various plants in the
subcategory. The discharging plants in the subcategory are
therefore divided into two groups known as Level A and Level B.
The inclusion of a particular plant in one level or the other is
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dependent upon the processes present at that plant. Processes
producing wastewater whose characteristics result in low
additional pollutant removals using Option C technology over the
removals obtained at Option B are included in the Level A
division. All other plants are placed in Level B. The low
levels of pollutant removals in Level A plants are the result of
pollutant concentrations in one or several streams that are at or
below the treatability levels for lime and settle or lime, settle
and filter. For the primary and secondary titanium subcategory,
a plant was included in Level A if the plant does not practice
electrolytic recovery of magnesium and uses vacuum distillation
instead of leaching to purify titanium sponge as the final
product. The two groups are considered separately for optimum
technology standards. The selection strategy is discussed
further in Section X.
In addition to the above analysis, the Agency considered the
potential adjustment of production processes at the various
plants in the primary and secondary titanium subcategory such
that the plant would become subject to the jurisdiction of the
other level. For instance, if eletrolytic recovery of magnesium
were added to a plant currently included in Level A, that plant
would then be subject to inclusion under Level B. To properly
account for such circumstances and to predict barriers to moving
from one level to the other, costs were required for both levels
for both direct and indirect dischargers. Where both types of
plants (Level A and Level B) were not in existence for a
particular discharge status, costs were generated for existing
plants operating under the other level by making an assumption
such as the one noted above, i.e. adding a process.
NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
A general discussion of the nonwater quality aspects of the
control and treatment options considered for the nonferrous
metals category is contained in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Nonwater quality impacts specific to the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory, including energy
requirements, solid waste and air pollution are discussed below.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
The methodology used for determining the energy requirements for
the various options is discussed in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Energy requirements for Option A are
estimated at 1,020,000 kWh/yr. Option B energy requirements
decrease over those for Option A because less water is being
treated, thus saving energy costs for lime and settle treatment.
Option C represents roughly one percent of a typical plant's
electrical usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy
requirements of the treatment options considered will have no
significant impact on total plant energy consumption. Option C,
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which includes filtration, is estimated to increase energy
consumption over Option B by approximately one percent.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory is due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and
carbonates using lime. Sludges associated with the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory will necessarily contain
quantities of toxic metal pollutants. Sludges from primary
operations are not subject to regulation as hazardous wastes
since wastes generated by primary smelters and refiners are
currently exempt from regulation by Act of Congress (Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Section 3001(b)), as
interpreted by EPA. Wastes from secondary metal operations can
be regulated as hazardous. However, the Agency examined the
solid wastes that would be generated at secondary nonferrous
metals manufacturing plants by the suggested treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
Agency's regulations implementing Section 3001 of RCRA. This
judgment is based on the results of Extraction Procedure (EP)
toxicity tests performed on similar sludges (i.e.
toxic-metal-bearing lime sludges) generated by other industries
such as the iron and steel industry. A small amount of excess
lime was added during treatment, and the sludges subsequently
generated passed the toxicity test. See CFR 40 8261.24. Thus,
the Agency believes that the wastewater sludges from both primary
and secondary operations will not be EP toxic if the recommended
technology is applied.
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected-to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
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treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). The Agency has calculated as part of the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and disposing
of these wastes. For more details, see Section VIII of the
General Development Document.
It is estimated that approximately 487 metric tons per year of
sludge will be generated as a result of these proposed
regulations for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of oil skimming,
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
These technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
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Table VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982 Dollars)
Total Required Total
Option Capital Cost Annual Cost
A 989,000 588,000
B 945,000 543,000
C 1,030,000 585,000
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Table VIII-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
Compliance costs are not presented here for this subcategory
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to be
confidential.
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT), Section 301(b)(a)(A). BPT reflects
the existing performance by plants of various sizes, ages, and
manufacturing processes within the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory, as well as the established performance of the
recommended BPT systems. Particular consideration is given to
the treatment already in place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits (see Tanner's Council of America v. Train, 540 F.2d 1188
(4th Cir. 1176). BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather
than process changes or internal controls, except where such
practices are common industry practice.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment
processes installed. Information was collected from industry
using data collection profolios, and specific plants were sampled
and the wastewaters analyzed. In making technical assessments of
data, reviewing manufacturing processes, and assessing wastewater
treatment technology options, both indirect and direct
dischargers have been considered as a single group. An
examination of plants and processes did not indicate any process
differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be direct
or indirect.
As explained in Section IV, the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory has been subdivided into 16 potential wastewater
sources. Since the water use, discharge rates, and pollutant
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characteristics of each of these wastewaters is potentially
unique, effluent limitations will be developed for each of the 16
subdivisions.
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
for the development of BPT mass limitations. The first
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine (1) which subdivisions were present, (2)
the specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and (3)
the specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.
This analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewater such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
is not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows for each subdivision were then
analyzed to determine the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations. The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water use controls which are common practices within the
category. The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data. Plants with normalized flows above the average
may have to implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a
stream-by-stream basis, primarily because plants in this
subcategory may perform one or more of the operations in various
combinations. The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per
metric ton of production - mg/kkg) were calculated by multiplying
the BPT regulatory flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable
by the BPT level of treatment technology (mg/1) for each
pollutant parameter to be limited under BPT. These mass loadings
are published in the Federal Register and in CFR Part 400 as the
effluent limitations guidelines.
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The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary and secondary titanium plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, 'the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed BPT. See Weyerhaeuser
Company v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011 (D.C. Cir. 1978).
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-2
shows the pollutant removal estimates for each treatment option.
Compliance costs for direct dischargers are presented in Table
X-3.
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The technology basis for -the proposed BPT limitations is Option
A, chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology to remove
metals and solids from combined wastewaters and to control pH,
and oil skimming preliminary treatment for streams with treatable
concentrations of oil and grease. These technologies are already
in-place at two of the four direct dischargers in the
subcategory. EPA is proposing a two tier regulatory scheme for
this subcategory; however, the same technologies apply to both
tiers at BPT. The pollutants specifically proposed for
regulation at BPT are chromium, lead, nickel, thallium, fluoride,
173
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titanium, oil and grease, TSS,-and pH. The BPT treatment scheme
is presented in Figure IX-1 .
Implementation of the proposed BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 113 kg of toxic metals, 5,791 kg of
titanium, and 58,864 kg of TSS. While two plants have the
equipment in-place to comply with BPT, we do not believe that the
plants are currently achieving the proposed BPT limitations. We
project a capital cost of $989,000 and an annualized cost of
$588,000 for achieving proposed BPT in all plants.
More stringent technology options were not selected for BPT since
they require in-process changes or end-of-pipe technologies less
widely practiced in the subcategory, and, therefore, are more
appropriately considered under BAT.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants, as determined
from analysis of dcp. The discharge rate is used with the
achievable treatment concentrations to determine BPT effluent
limitations. Since the discharge rate may be different for each
wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
for each of the 16 wastewater sources are discussed below and
summarized in Table IX-1. The discharge rates are normalized on
a production basis by relating the amount of wastewater generated
to the mass of metal produced by the process associated with the
waste stream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-16.
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for chlorination off-gas
wet air pollution control is 936 1/kkg (225 gal/ton) of TiCl4
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
convert Ti02 to TiCl4 by direct chlorination and employ wet
scrubbers to control chlorine gas and particulates1in the TiCl4
product gases prior to condensation and purification. Two plants
report this waste stream, but data for water use rates is
supplied by only one facility. The BPT allowance is based on
this water use rate. The second plant achieves zero discharge of
this stream by reuse in other processes.
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for chlorination area-vent
wet air pollution control is 1,040 1/kkg (250 gal/ton) of TiCl4
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
174
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route the cleaned gas from the chlorination off-gas scrubbers to
a chlorination area scrubbing system where it is combined with
ventilation vapors from the TiCl4 purification operations. This
allowance is based on the water use rate at the only plant that
reports this stream. That plant does not recycle this
wastewater.
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for TiCl* wet air
pollution control is 187 1/kkg (45 gal/ton) of TiCl4 handled.
This rate is allocated only for those plants which use TiCl4 as a
raw material and employ wet scrubbers to control particulate
emissions from raw material handling. This allowance is based on.
the discharge rate at the only plant that reports this stream.
Although not clearly specified in the dcp, there is reason to
believe that this plant practices greater than 90 percent recycle
of this wastewater.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for reduction area wet air
pollution control is 41,303 1/kkg (9,913 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
practice magnesium reduction in an inert atmosphere,and employ
wet scrubbers to cleanse vapors from the reduction vessel. Four
plants report this waste stream. At one plant (plant 1044), the
reduction area wet air pollution control also is used in the
production of metals other than titanium. Information from this
plant was not considered when choosing the BPT allowance because
it was not possible to determine the amount of flow attributable
to titanium production alone. The BPT discharge allowance is
based on the average of the water use rates at the remaining
three plants which discharge this stream. None of those plants
report recycle of this wastewater.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for melt cell wet air
pollution control is 21, 254 1/kkg (5,101 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
store excess MgCl2 slag from magnesium reduction in a melt cell
prior to recovering the magnesium by electrolysis, and pass the
vapors collected in the melt cell through wet scrubbers before
venting them to the atmosphere. This allowance is based on the
water use rate at the only plant that reports this stream. That
plant does not recycle this wastewater.
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for cathode gas wet air
pollution control is 6,147 1/kkg (1,.475 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
175
-------
recover magnesium from MgCl2 slag by electrolysis and use wet air
pollution control to scrub any gases arising from the cathode
during electrolysis. This allowance is based on the average of
the discharge rates at the two plants that report this waste
stream. Since there is no reason to believe that the second
plant, practices any recycle of cathode gas scribber liquor, it is
reasonable to base the allowance on the average of the discharge
rates at the two plants.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for chlorine liquefaction
wet air pollution control is 297,559 1/kkg (71,414 gal/ton) of
titanium produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants
which liquefy chlorine gas derived from electrolysis of MgCl2
slag, and water-scrub any chlorine vapors that escape from the
liquefaction operation. This allowance is based on the water use
rate at the only plant which practices chlorine liquefaction.
That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sodium reduction
container reconditioning wash is 1,282 1/kkg (308 gal/ton) of
titanium produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants
which reduce TiCl4 to titanium with sodium, and clean the used
retort vessel prior to reusing it in the sodium reduction
process. This allowance is based on the water use rate reported
by the only plant which practices sodium reduction of TiCl4,
That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
CHIP-CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for chip crushing wet air
pollution control is 22., 922 1/kkg (5,501 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants which use
wet scrubbers to control particulate emissions from the crushing
of titanium cake formed by reduction. Two plants report this
stream. One plant practices total reuse of this stream in
processes unrelated to titanium manufacturing. The other plant
achieve zero discharge of this stream using evaporation ponds.
Information on water use and recycle at the second plant is not
available. The BPT flow rate is based on the production
normalized water use at the one facility which reported a value.
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for acid leachate and
rinse water is 11,840 1/kkg (2,842 gal/ton) of titanium produced.
This rate is allocated only for those plants which acid leach and
rinse with water the crushed titanium cake formed by reduction in
order to remove Mg and MgCl2 impurities. Four plants report this
waste stream. Two of those four have zero discharge of this
176
-------
stream: one by total reuse and one by evaporation in ponds. Of
the two remaining plants, one discharges this stream directly and
one discharges it to a POTW. The BPT allowance is based on the
discharge rate at the only plant that discharges this stream
directly. The reported flow for pla-nt 1075 was disregarded
because it included only the acid leaching portion of the waste
stream. The other two flows were not incorporated into the BPT
wastewater discharge allowance because the Agency does not
believe that they represent the optimum water use practices
possible in this industry. No recycle of the acid leachate and
rinse water is reported at any of the plants.
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sponge crushing and
screening wet air pollution control is 6,470 1/kkg (1,553
gal/ton) of titanium produced. This rate is allocated for those
plants which operate a wet dust control scrubber associated with
the crushing, screening, and storage of acid-leached titanium
powder. This allowance is based on the water use rate at the
only plant that reports this stream. That plant does not recycle
this wastewater.
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for acid pickle and wash
water is 61 1/kkg (15 gal/ton) of titanium which is acid cleaned.
This rate is allocated for those plants which acid pickle and
wash with water titanium scrap used in alloying and casting
operations. Two plants reporting this waste stream achieve zero
discharge: one by contract removal and one by using . evaporation
ponds. Information on water use and discharge rates at the third
plant is not available. The BPT flow rate is based on the
average of the production normalized flow rates reported by the
two facilities which supplied information on this stream. Since
there is no reason to believe that plant 1017 practices recycle
of acid pickle and wash water, it is reasonable to base the flow
allowance on the average of the discharge rates at the two
plants.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for scrap milling wet air
pollution control is 2,261 1/kkg (543 gal/ton) of titanium scrap
milled. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
provide wet air pollution control when milling titanium scrap and
turnings that can be alloyed and cast with titanium sponge. The
only plant which reports this waste stream currently achieves
zero discharge using evaporation ponds. That plant does not
recycle this wastewater. The BPT flow rate is based on the
production normalized water use at the one facility reporting
this stream.
177
-------
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for scrap detergent wash
water is 18,064 1/kkg (4,335 gal/ton) of scrap washed. This rate
is allocated only for those plants which wash scrap titanium
material to remove oil and dirt prior to alloying and casting.
Two plants report this waste stream, one of which achieves zero
discharge using evaporation ponds. The rate reported by the zero
discharge plant was not considered in determining the BPT
wastewater discharge allowance because the Agency believes that
since this plant has the capability to use evaporation ponds, it
does not necessarily employ the optimum water use practices
available to the industry. The BPT allowance is based on the
discharge rate at the only plant that discharges this stream
directly. Neither of the plants which use scrap detergent washes
practice recycle of this stream.
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for casting crucible wash
water is 477 1/kkg (114 gal/ton) of titanium cast. This rate is
allocated only for those plants which wash crucibles used in
casting operations. Crucible washes are reported at two plants.
The BPT allowance is based on the discharge rate at the only
plant which provided flow and production information. No recycle
of this stream is practiced at that plant.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for casting contact
cooling water is 729,730 I/kkg (175,136 gal/ton) of titanium
cast. This rate is allocated only for those plants which use
direct contact cooling water in casting operations. This
allowance is based on the discharge rate at the only plant that
reports this stream. Information on water recycle at that plant
is not available.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI. A total of nine
pollutants or polltuant parameters are selected for limitation
under BPT and are listed below:
119. chromium (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
127. thallium
titanium
fluoride
oil and grease
178
-------
TSS
PH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The treatable concentrations achievable by application of the
proposed BPT are discussed in Section VII of the General
Development Document and summarized there in Table VI1-19. These
treatable concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly
average values) are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge
flows summarized in Table IX-1 to calculate the mass of
pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The
results of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per
kilogram of product represent the BPT effluent limitations and
are presented in Table IX-2 for each individual waste stream.
179
-------
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181
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Table IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
A. Level A
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.412 0.169
Lead 0.393 0.187
Nickel 1.797 1.189
Thallium 1.919 0.852
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.412 0.168
Oil and Grease 18.720 11.230
Total suspended 38.380 18.250
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
182
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.458 0.187
Lead 0.437 0.208
Nickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
Oil and Grease 20.800 12.480
Total suspended 42.640 20.280
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(c) TiC14 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.082 0.034
Lead 0.079 0.037
Nickel 0.359 0.238
Thallium 0.383 0.170
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.082 0.034
Oil and Grease 3.740 2.244
Total suspended 7.667 3.647
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
183
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 2.847 1.165
Lead 2.718 1.294
Nickel 12.420 8.217
Thallium 13.260 5.888
Fluoride 226.500 129.400
Titanium 2.847 1.165
Oil and Grease 129.400 77.640
Total suspended 265.300 126.200
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
B. Level B
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.412 0.169
Lead 0.393 0.187
Nickel 1.797 1.189
Thallium 1.919 0.852
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.412 0.168
Oil and Grease 18.720 11.230
Total suspended 38.380 18.250
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
84
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl* produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
0.458
0.437
1 .997
2.132
36.400
0.458
20.800
42.640
0,
0,
1 ,
0,
20,
0,
12,
187
208
321
946
800
187
480
20.280
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.082
0.079
0.359
0.383
6.545
0.082
3.740
7.667
0.034
0.037
0.238
0.170
3.740
0.034
2.244
3.647
Within the range of 1.5 to 10.0
at all times
185
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 18.180 7.435
Lead 17.350 8.261
Nickel 79.300 52.460
Thallium 84.670 37.590
Fluoride 1,446.000 826.100
Titanium 18.170 7.435
Oil and Grease 826.100 495.700
Total suspended 1,694.000 805.400
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 9.352 3.826
Lead 8.927 4.251
Nickel 40.810 26.990
Thallium 43.570 19.340
Fluoride 743.900 425.100
Titanium 9.352 3.826
Oil and Grease 425.100 255.100
Total suspended 871.400 414.500
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
186
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 2.705 1.107
Lead 2.582 1.230
Nickel 11.800 7.807
Thallium 12.600 5.594
Fluoride 215.200 123.000
Titanium 2.705 1.106
Oil and Grease 123.000 73.770
Total suspended 252.000 119.900
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 130.900 53.560
Lead 125.000 59.510
Nickel 571.300 377.900
Thallium 610.000 270.800
Fluoride 10,420.000 5,951.000
Titanium 130.900 53.560
Oil and Grease 5,951.000 3,571.000
Total suspended 12,200.000 5,803.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
187
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.564 0.231
Lead 0.539 0.256
Nickel 2.462 1.628
Thallium 2.628 1.167
Fluoride 44.870 25.640
Titanium 0.564 0.231
Oil and Grease 25.640 15.390 .
Total suspended 52.560 25.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 10.090 4.126
Lead 9.627 4.584
Nickel 44.010 29.110
Thallium 46.990 • 20.860
Fluoride 802.300 458.400
Titanium 10.090 4.126
Oil and Grease 458.400 275.100
Total suspended 939.800 447.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
188
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 5.210 2.131
Lead 4.973 2.368
Nickel 22.730 15.040
Thallium 24.270 10.770
Fluoride 414.400 236.800
Titanium 5.210 2.131
Oil and Grease 236.800 142.100
Total suspended 485.500 230.900
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 2.847 1.165
Lead 2.718 1.294
Nickel 12.420 8.217
Thallium 13.260 5.888
Fluoride 226.500 129.400
Titanium 2.847 1.165
Oil and Grease 129.400 77.640
Total suspended 265.300 126.200
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
189
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
PH
0.027
0.026
0.117
125
135
0,
2
0.027
1 .220
2.501
0.011
0.012
0.077
0.056
1 .220
0.011
0.732
1 .190
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.995
0.950
4.341
4.635
79.140
0.995
45.220
92.700
2
2
0.407
0.452
871
058
45.220
0.407
27.130
44.090
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
190
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 7.948 3.252
Lead 7.587 3.613
Nickel 34.680 22.940
Thallium 37.030 16.440
Fluoride 632.300 361.300
Titanium 7.948 3.251
Oil and Grease 361.300 216.800
Total suspended 740.600 352.300
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 0.210 0.086
Lead 0.200 0.095
Nickel 0.916 0.606
Thallium 0.978 0.434
Fluoride 16.700 9.540
Titanium 0.210 0.086
Oil and Grease 9.540 5.724
Total suspended 19.560 9.302
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
191
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Table IX-2 (continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 321.100 131.400
Lead 306.500 146.000
Nickel 1,401.000 926.800
Thallium 1,496.000 664.100
Fluoride 25,540.000 14,600.000
Titanium 321.900 131.400
Oil and Grease 14,600.000 8,757.000
Total suspended 29,920.000 14,230.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
192
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
'he effluent limitations which must be achieved by July 1, 1984
ire based on the best control and treatment technology used by a
specific point source within the industrial category or
subcategory, or by another industry where it is readily
:ransferable. Emphasis is placed on additional treatment
;echniques applied at the end of the treatment systems currently
ased, as well as reduction of the amount of water used and
iischarged, process control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
jconomically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
iacilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology (Section
304(b)(2)(B) of the Clean Water Act). At a minimum, BAT
represents the best available technology economically achievable
at plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or other
rharacteristics. Where the Agency has found the existing
performance to be uniformly inadequate, BAT may be transferred
Irom a different subcategory or category. BAT may include
feasible process changes or internal controls, even when not in
rommon industry practice.
The required assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removal benefits
(see Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 11 ERC 2149 (D.C. Cir. 1978)).
However, in assessing the proposed BAT, the Agency has given
substantial weight to the economic achievability of the
technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine three
technology options which could be applied to the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory as alternatives for the basis of
BAT effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness achievable with the more sophisticated BAT
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treatment technology and reductions in the effluent
allocated to various waste streams.
flows
The treatment technologies considered for BAT are summarized
below:
Option A (Figure X-1):
• Preliminary treatment by oil skimming (where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option B (Figure X-2):
• Preliminary treatment by oil skimming (where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
• Flow reduction
Option C (Figure X-3):
• Preliminary treatment by oil skimming (where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
• Flow reduction
• Multimedia filtration
The three technology options examined for BAT are discussed in
greater detail below. The first option considered (Option A) is
the same as the BPT treatment and control . technology which was
presented in the previous section. The last two options each
represent substantial progress toward preventing pollution of the
environment above and beyond the progress achievable by BPT.
OPTION A
Option A for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory is
equivalent to the control and treatment technologies selected as
the basis for BPT in Section IX. The BPT end-of-pipe treatment
scheme includes chemical precipitation and sedimentation, with
oil skimming preliminary treatment of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of oil and grease (see Figure X-1). The
discharge allowances for Option A are equal to the discharge
allowances allocated to each stream at BPT.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
achieves lower pollutant discharge by building upon the Option A
end-of-pipe treatment technology. Option B consists of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, oil skimming preliminary treatment
of wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of oil and
grease, and in-process flow reduction (see Figure X-2). Flow
reduction measures, including in-process changes, result in the
elimination of some wastewater streams and the concentration of
pollutants in other effluents. Treatment of a more concentrated
196
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ffluent allows achievement of a greater net pollutant removal
nd introduces the possible economic benefits associated with
reating a lower volume of wastewater.
ethods used in Option B to reduce process wastewater generation
r discharge rates through flow reduction are discussed below:
ecycle of_ Water Used i_n Wet Air pollution Control
'here are seven wastewater sources associated with wet air
Dilution control that are regulated under these effluent
imitations for which recycle is considered feasible:
Reduction area wet air pollution control,
Melt cell wet air pollution control,
Cathode gas wet air pollution control,
Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
Chip crushing wet air pollution control
Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution
control, and
Scrap milling wet air pollution control.
;ach of these waste streams is reported by one or more plants in
;he primary and secondary titanium subcategory. Table X-l
>resents the number of plants reporting wastewater use with these
ources, the number of plants practicing recycle of scrubber
.iquor, and the range of recycle values being used. Presently
;here is no reported recycle or reuse of these scrubber liquors
.n any of the plants; however, reduction of flow through recycle
>r reuse represents the best available technology economically
.chievable for these streams.
Recycle or_ Reuse of_ Casting Contact Cooling Water
)ne plant reports this waste stream without providing information
>n current water reuse and recycle practices. EPA believes that
:low reduction can be achieved by recycle with a cooling tower
:or casting contact cooling water.
)PTION C
)ption C for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
ronsists of all control and treatment requirements of Option B
[chemical precipitation, sedimentation, oil skimming where
required, and in-process flow reduction) plus multimedia
•iltration technology added at the end of the Option B treatment
scheme (see Figure X-3). Multimedia filtration is used to remove
suspended solids, including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond
:he concentration attainable by gravity sedimentation. The
:ilter suggested is of the gravity, mixed media type, although
sther filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters,
perform satisfactorily.
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INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
As one means of evaluating each technology option. EPA developed
estimates of the pollutant removals and the compliance costs
associated with each option. The methodologies are described
below.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
A complete description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated pollutant removal achieved by the application of the
various treatment options is presented in Section X of the
General Development Document. In short, sampling data collected
during the field sampling program were used to characterize the
major waste streams considered for regulation. At each sampled
facility, the data was production normalized for each unit
operation (i.e., mass of pollutant generated per mass of product
manufactured). This value, referred to as the raw waste, was
used to estimate the mass of toxic pollutants generated within
the primary and secondary titanium subcategory. The pollutant
removal estimates were calculated for each plant by first
estimating the total mass of each pollutant in the untreated
wastewater. This was calculated by first multiplying the raw
waste values by the corresponding production value for that
stream and then summing these values for each pollutant for every
stream generated by the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow.
The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the
other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. The mass of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of pollutant discharged after application of the treatment
option. The pollutant removal estimates for direct dischargers
in the primary and secondary titanium subcategory are presented
in Table X-2.
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total costs
associated with installation and operation of wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant. The plant's investment and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge flow. As
discussed above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT
regulatory flow, whichever is lesser. The final step was to
198
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nnualtze the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital
osts, and the operating and maintenance costs for each plant,
ielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory. The
ompliance costs associated with the various options are
resented in Table X-3 for direct dischargers in the primary and
econdary titanium subcategory. Compliance costs for indirect
ischargers are shown in Section XII. These costs were used in
ssessing economic achievability.
AT OPTION SELECTION
e are proposing Level A BAT limitations for titanium plants
hich do not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and
hich use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
itanium sponge as the final product based on chemical
recipitation, sedimentation, and oil skimming (BPT technology)
•lus in-process wastewater flow reduction. Level B BAT
imitations are proposed for all other titanium plants based on
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and oil skimming
iretreatment where required, (BPT technology) plus flow
•eduction, and filtration. Flow reduction is based on 90 percent
•ecycle of scrubber effluent through holding tanks and 90 percent
•ecycle of casting contact cooling water through cooling towers.
'he Agency considered applying the same technology levels to this
tntire subcategory . but decided to propose this two tiered
•egulatory scheme because there was little additional pollutant
emoval from the Level A wastewater streams when treated by the
dded Level B technology.
'he pollutants specifically limited under BAT are chromium, lead,
ickel, thallium, titanium, and fluoride. The toxic pollutants
ntimony, cadmium, copper and zinc were also considered for
•egulation because they were found at treatable concentrations in
:he raw wastewaters from this subcategory. These pollutants were
ot selected for specific regulation because they will be
dequately treated when the regulated toxic metals are treated to
:he concentrations achievable by the model BAT technology.
'here are currently no direct discharging Level A plants in this
ubcategory. It is estimated that if the four existing direct
iischarging Level B plants in this subcategory became Level A
lischargers they would incur a capital cost of approximately
5641,000 and an annualized cost of $325,000; 135 kilograms of
:oxic pollutants would be removed.
implementation of the proposed Level B BAT limitations would
remove annually an estimated 298 kg of toxic pollutants.
Estimated capital cost for achieving proposed BAT is $1,030,000,
nd annualized cost is $585,000.
7ASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
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A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the existing plants, as determined from
analysis of the data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the 16 wastewater sources
were determined and are summarized in Table X-4. The discharge
rates are normalized on a production basis by relating the amount
of wastewater generated to the mass of metal product which is
produced by the process associated with the waste stream in
question. These production normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are
also listed in Table X-4.
The BAT discharge rates reflect the flow reduction requirements
of the selected BAT option. For this reason, the casting contact
cooling water and the scrubber waters which were targeted for
flow reduction through recycle for BAT have lower flow rates than
the corresponding BPT flows. A discussion of these wastewaters
is presented below.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance for reduction area wet air
pollution control is 4,130 1/kkg (991 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This waste stream is reported at four plants, one of
which does not provide enough information to determine the amount
of flow attributable to titanium production (plant 1044). The
BAT allowance is based on 90 percent reuse or recycle of the
average amount of water used for reduction area wet air pollution
control at the remaining three plants. None of these plants
currently recycle this wastewater.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance for melt cell wet air
pollution control is 2,126 1/kkg (510 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse or recycle
of the water used for melt cell wet air pollution control at the
only plant that reports this stream. That plant currently does
not recycle this wastewater.
CATHODE GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance for cathode gas wet air
pollution control is 615 1/kkg (148 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse or recycle
of the average discharge rates for cathode gas wet air pollution
control at the two plants that report this stream. One of these
plants currently does not recycle this wastewater. Information
on water use and recycle at the other plant is not available.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
200
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'he BAT wastewater discharge allowance for chlorine liquefaction
>et air pollution control is 29,756 1/kkg (7,141 gal/ton) of
:itanium produced. This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse
>r recycle of the water used for chlorine liquefaction wet air
>ollution control at the only plant that reports this scrubber.
lhat plant currently does not recycle this wastewater.
:HIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
!he BAT wastewater discharge allowance for chip crushing wet air
Dilution control is 2,292 1/kkg (550 gal/ton) of titanium
>roduced. This allowance is based on 90 percent recycle of the
^ter use at the one facility which reported water use and zero
>ercent recycle. The other facility reporting this stream did
lot supply information concerning water use and recycle
jractices.
3PONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
?he BAT wastewater discharge allowance for sponge crushing and
screening wet air pollution control is 647 1/kkg (155 gal/ton) of
:itanium produced. This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse
jr recycle of the water used for sponge crushing and screening
*et air pollution control at the one plant that reports this
stream. That plant currently does not recycle this wastewater.
>CRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
BAT wastewater discharge allowance for scrap milling wet air
pollution control is 227 1/kkg (55 gal/ton) of titanium scrap
lilled. This allowance is based on 90 percent recycle of the
production normalized water use at the one facility reporting
:his waste stream. That facility currently practices no recycle
3f this stream.
3ASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance for casting contact
:ooling water is 72,973 1/kkg (17,514 gal/ton) of titanium cast.
This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse or recycle with a
pooling tower of the water used for casting contact cooling at
:he only plant that reports this stream. Information on current
reuse and recycle practices at that plant is not available.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
In implementing the terms of the Consent Agreement in NRDC v.
Frain, Op. cit., and 33 U.S.C. 1314(b)(2) (A and B) (1976), the
agency placed particular emphasis on the toxic pollutants. The
raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and the
subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain pollutants
and pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation, presented in Section VI, concluded that ten
201
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pollutants and pollutant parameters are present in primary and
secondary titanium wastewaters at concentrations that can be
effectively reduced by identified treatment technologies.
However, the high cost associated with analysis for toxic metal
pollutants has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for
regulating and monitoring toxic pollutant discharges from the
nonferrous metals manufacturing category. Rather than developing
specific effluent mass limitations and standards for each of the
toxic metals found in treatable concentrations in the raw
wastewaters from a given subcategory, the Agency is proposing
effluent mass limitations only for those pollutants generated in
the greatest quantities as shown by the pollutant removal
analysis. The pollutants selected for specific limitation are
listed below:
119. chromium (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
127. thallium
titanium
fluoride
By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of control
over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
This approach is technically justified since the treatable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at very
nearly the same rate in a chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system operated for multiple metals
removal. Filtration as part of the technology, basis is likewise
justified because this technology removes metals
non-preferentially.
The following toxic pollutants are excluded from limitation on
the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed for chromium, lead, nickel, and thallium:
114. antimony
118. cadmium
120. copper
128. zinc
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The effluent concentrations achievable by the application of the
BAT treatment technology are discussed in Section VII of the
General Development Document and summarized there in Table
202
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'111-19. The treatable concentrations (both one-day maximum and
onthly average values) are multiplied by the BAT normalized
ischarge flows summarized in Table X-4 to calculate the mass of
ollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The
•esults of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per
:ilogram of product represent the BAT effluent limitations and
re presented in Table X-5 for each individual waste stream.
203
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Table X-3
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982 Dollars)
Total Required Total
Option Capital Cost Annual Cost
A 989,000 588,000
B 945,000 543,000
C 1,030,000 585,000
206
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Table X-5
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Level A
a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
>ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
^llutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl* produced
:hromium (total) 0.412 0.169
,ead 0.393 0.187
lickel 1.797 1.189
thallium 1.919 0.852
'luoride 32.760 18.720
titanium 0.412 0.168
!b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
}ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
•'ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
:hromium (total) 0.458 0.187
jead 0.437 0.208
lickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
209
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.082
0.079
0.359
0.383
6.545
0.082
0.034
0.037
0.237
0.170
3.740
0.034
(d) Sponge Crushing
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0
0
1
1
22
285
272
242
326
650
0.285
0,
0
0,
0
12
0
116
129
822
589
940
116
210
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Level B
[a] Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Ihromium
L.ead
Nickel
Thallium
"luoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
1 ,
32,
346
262
515
310
760
0,
0,
0,
0,
18
140
122
346
571
720
0.346
0. 140
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ng/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
L,ead
Uickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.385
0.291
0.572
1 .456
36.400
0.385
0.156
0.135
0.385
0.634
20.800
0. 156
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ng/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total)
Yickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0,
0,
0
0
6
069
052
103
262
545
0.069
0.028
0.024
0.069
0.114
3.740
0.028
211
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
1
1
2
5
144
1
528
157
272
782
600
528
0,
0,
1 ,
2,
82,
0,
620
537
528
519
600
620
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.787
0.595
1 .170
2.976
74.410
0.787
0.319
0.276
787
297
42.520
0.319
0,
1 ,
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0,
21
228
172
338
861
530
0.228
0.092
0.080
0.228
0.375
12.300
0.092
212
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Ihromium
,ead
ickel
thallium
'luoride
titanium
(total)
11.010
8.332
16.370
41.660
1,042.000
11 .010
4
3
11
18
595
464
868
010
150
100
4.463
h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
'ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (total)
..ead
lickel
thallium
fluoride
titanium
of titanium
0.474
0.359
0.705
1 .795
44.870
0.474
produced
0.192
0.167
0.474
0.782
25.640
0.192
!i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Ihromium (total)
^ead
lickel
'hallium
Fluoride
?itanium
of titanium
0.848
0.642
1 .261
3.209
80.220
0.848
produced
0.344
0.298
0.848
1 .398
45.840
0.344
213
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
4
3
6
16
414
4
381
315
512
580
400
381
1 .
1
4,
7.
236
1
776
539
381
222
800
776
(k) Sponge Crushing and
Control
Screening Wet Air Pollution
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.239
0.181
0.356
0.906
22.650
0.239
0.097
0.084
0.239
0.365
12.940
0.097
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.023
0.017
0.034
0.085
2.135
0.023
0.009
0.008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
214
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
ollutant or
ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
:hromium
iead
ickel
'hallium
luoride
'itanium
(total)
0.084
0.064
0.125
0.318
7.945
0.084
0.034
0.030
0.084
0.138
4.540
0.034
n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
'ollutant or.
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
!hromium
,ead
ickel
lhallium
:luoride
titanium
(total)
6.684
5.058
9.935
25.290
632.300
6.684
2,
2,
6,
11 .
361 ,
2,
710
349
684
020
300
710
o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
>ollutant
>ollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Ihromium (total)
lickel
'hallium
rluoride
titanium
0,
0,
0,
0,
16,
177
134
262
668
700
0.176
0.072
0.062
0.177
0.291
9.540
0.067
215
-------
Table X-5 (continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 27.000 10.950
Lead 20.430 9.487
Nickel 40.140 27.000
Thallium 102.200 44.510
Fluoride 2,554.000 1,460.000
Titanium 8.500 3.446
216
-------
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
'he basis for new source performance standards (NSPS) under
lection 306 of the Act is the best available demonstrated
.echnology (BDT). New plants have the opportunity to design the
>est and most efficient production processes and wastewater
.reatment technologies without facing the added costs and
estrictions encountered in retrofitting an existing plant.
'herefore, Congress direct EPA to consider the best demonstrated
rocess changes, in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment
.echnologies which reduce pollution to the maximum extent
feasible.
!his section describes the technologies for treatment of
7astewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
:or regulatory .pollutants for NSPS in the primary and secondary
;itanium subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS
ew source performance standards are generally equivalent to the
>est available technology (BAT) selected for currently existing
>lants. This is a consequence of careful review by the Agency of
wide range of technical options for new source treatment
ystems which is discussed in Section XI of the General
)evelopment Document. This review of the primary and secondary
lianium subcategory, however, found new and economically
ieasible, demonstrated technologies which are considered an
.improvement over those chosen for consideration for BAT. These
lew technologies are based on dry scrubbing and by-product
recovery of a salable product. Additionally, there was nothing
:ound to indicate that the characteristics of new plants would
lot be similar to those from existing plants, since the processes
ased by new sources are not expected to differ from those used at
existing sources. Consequently, BAT production normalized
iischarge rates, which are based on the best existing practices
3f the subcategory, can also be applied to new sources, with the
additional flow restrictions for selected waste streams based on
iry scrubbing and by-product recovery. These additional flow
reduction measures are further explained in the NSPS Option
Selection paragraph on the following page. The NSPS discharge
rates are presented in Table XI-1 at the end of this section.
Treatment technologies considered for the NSPS options are
'.dentical to the treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options. These options are:
DPTION A
221
-------
Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION B
• Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
• In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
• Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
• In-process flow reduction
• Multimedia filtration
NSPS OPTION SELECTION
We are proposing that NSPS be equal to BAT plus flow reduction
technology with additional flow reduction for four streams. Zero
discharge is proposed for chip crushing, sponge crushing and
screening, and scrap milling wet air pollution control wastewater
based on dry scrubbing. Zero discharge is also proposed for
chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control based on
by-product recovery of scrubber liquor as hypochlorous acid.
Cost for dry scrubbing air pollution control in a new facility is
no greater than the cost for wet scrubbing which was the basis
for BAT cost estimates. We believe that the proposed NSPS are
economically achievable, and that they will not pose a barrier to
the entry of new plants into this subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be found in treatable concentrations in processes within new
sources will be any different than with existing sources.
Accordingly, pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for
limitation under NSPS, in accordance with the rationale of
Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT. The
conventional pollutant parameters oil and grease, TSS, and pH are
also selected for limitation.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are shown in
Table XI-1 . The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per
mass of product is calculated by multiplying the appropriate
treatable concentration (mg/1) by the production normalized
wastewater discharge flows (1/kkg). The treatable concentrations
are listed in Table VI1-19 of the General Development Document.
222
-------
he results of these calculations are the production-based new
ource performance standards. These standards are presented in
able XI-2.
223
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Table XI-2
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
A. Level A
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.412 0.169
Lead 0.393 0.187
Nickel 1.797 1.189
Thallium 1.919 0.852
Fluoride 32.760 18.720
Titanium 0.412 0.168
Total suspended 38.380 18.250
solids
Oil and Grease 18.720 11.230
ph Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total) 0.458 0.187
Lead 0.437 0.208
Nickel 1.997 1.321
Thallium 2.132 0.946
Fluoride 36.400 20.800
Titanium 0.458 0.187
Total suspended 42.640 20.280
solids
Oil and Grease 20.800 12.280
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
226
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Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Ihromium (total) 0.082 0.034
,ead 0.079 0.037
ickel 0.359 0.237
'hallium 0.383 0.170
'luoride 6.545 3.740
'itanium 0.082 0.034
'otal suspended 7.667 3.647
solids
)il and Grease 3.740 2.244
>H Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
}ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Zhromium (total) 0.000 0.000
,ead 0.000 0.000
lickel 0.000 0.000
?hallium 0.000 0.000
Tluoride 0.000 0.000
'itanium 0.000 0.000
'otal suspended 0.000 0.000
solids
)il and Grease 0.000 0.000
3H - Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
227
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Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
B.
Level B
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.346
0.262
0.515
1 .310
32.760
0.346
9.360
14.040
0
0
0
0
18
0
9
11
140
122
346
571
720
140
360
230
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl^ produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.385
0.291
0.572
1 .456
36.400
0.385
10.400
15.600
0.
0,
0,
0.
20,
0,
10,
156
135
385
634
800
156
400
12.480
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
228
-------
Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
c) TiCl* Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
'ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
:hromium (total) 0.069 0.028
,ead 0.052 0.024
ickel 0.103 0.069
thallium 0.262 0.114
•luoride 6.545 3.740
titanium 0.069 0.028
)il and Grease 1.870 1.870
total suspended 2.805 2.244
solids
>H Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
>ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
>ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
:hromium (total) 1.528 0.620
^ad 1.157 0.537
lickel 2.272 1.528
thallium 5.782 2.519
fluoride 144.600 82.600
?itanium 1.528 0.620
)il and Grease 41.300 41.300
total suspended 61.950 49.560
solids
?H Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
a 4" a T T V -i m/ao
at all times
229
-------
Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.787 0.319
Lead 0.595 0.276
Nickel 1.170 0.787
Thallium 2.976 1.297
Fluoride 74.410 42.520
Titanium 0.787 0.319
Oil and Grease 21.260 21.260
Total suspended 31.890 25.510
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.228 0.092
Lead 0.172 0.080
Nickel 0.338 0.228
Thallium 0.861 0.375
Fluoride 21.530 12.300
Titanium 0.228 0.092
Oil and Grease 6.150 6.150
Total suspended 9.225 7.380
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
230
-------
Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Ihromium (total)
•cad
ickel
thallium
'luoride
'itanium
)il and Grease
total suspended
solids
>H
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash
'ollutant or
Ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Uckel
thallium
Fluoride
titanium
)il and Grease
total suspended
solids
0.474
0.359
0.705
1 .795
44.870
0.474
12.820
19.230
0,
0
0,
0,
25
0
12,
192
167
474
782
640
192
820
15.390
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
231
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Table XI-2 (continued,
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
Oil and Grease
Total suspended
solids
pH
4
3
6
16
414
4
1 18
177
381
315
512
580
400
381
400
600
1 .
1 ,
4.
7,
236,
1 ,
1 18,
776
539
381
222
800
776
400
142.100
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
232
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Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
ollutant or
ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Ihromium (total)
,ead
ickel
'hallium
'luoride
'itanium
11 and Grease
'otal suspended
solids
>H
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium (total)
lickel
?hallium
fluoride
?itanium
)il and Grease
total suspended
solids
0.023
0.017
0.034
0.085
2. 135
0.023
0.610
0.915
0.009
0.008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
0.610
0.732
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
233
-------
Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
Oil and Grease 0.000 0.000
Total suspended 0.000 0.000
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 6.684 2.710
Lead 5.058 2.349
Nickel 9.935 6.684
Thallium 25.290 11.020
Fluoride 632.300 361.300
Titanium 6.684 2.710
Oil and Grease 180.700 180.700
Total suspended 27UOOO 216.800
solids
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
234
-------
Table XI-2 (continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
'ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
'ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
:hromium (total) 0.177 0.072
,ead 0.134 0.062
ickel 0.262 0.177
thallium 0.668 0.291
'luoride 16.700 9.540
?itanium 0.176 0.067
)il and Grease 4.770 4.770
total suspended 7.155 5.724
solids
>H Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
'ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
'ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
:hromium (total) 27.000 10.950
^ead 20.430 9.487
Uckel 40.140 27.000
thallium 102.200 44.510
Fluoride 2,554.000 1,460.000
titanium 8.500 3.446
Dil and Grease 729.800 729.800
total suspended 1,095.000 875.700
solids
?H Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
at all times
235
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Section 307(b) of the Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment
itandards for existing sources (PSES), which must be achieved
^ithin three years of promulgation. PSES are designed to prevent
:he discharge of pollutants which pass through, interfere with,
>r are otherwise incompatible with the operation of publicly
>wned treatment works (POTW). The Clean Water Act of 1977
•equires pretreatment for pollutants, such as heavy metals, that
.imit POTW sludge management alternatives. Section 307(c) of the
ict requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment standards for new
sources (PSNS) at the same time that it promulgates NSPS. New
.ndirect discharge facilities, like new direct discharge
iacilities, have the opportunity to incorporate the best
ivailable demonstrated technologies, including process changes,
.n-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and .to
ise plant site selection to ensure adequate treatment system
.nstallation. Pretreatment standards are to be technology based,
analogous to the best available technology for removal of toxic
pollutants.
'his section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources in the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants are presented
aased on the selected control and treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing pretreatment standards, the Agency examines
whether the pollutants discharged by the industry pass through
:he POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its chosen
sludge disposal practices. In determing whether pollutants pass
:hrough a well-operated POTW achieving secondary treatment, the
\gency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
tfith the percentage removed by direct dischargers applying the
oest available technology economically achievable. A pollutant
is deemed to pass through the POTW when the average percentage
removed nationwide by well-operated POTW meeting secondary
:reatment requirements, is less than the percentage removed by
direct dischargers complying with BAT effluent limitations
guidelines for that pollutant. (See generally, 46 FR at 9415-16
(January 28, 1981)).
This definition of pass through satisfies two competing
objectives set by Congress: (1) that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers
e at the same time, (2) that the treatment capability and
237
-------
performance of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in
regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
The Agency compares percentage removal rather than the mass or
concentration of pollutants discharged because the latter would
not take into account the mass of pollutants discharged to the
POTW from non-industrial sources or the dilution of the
pollutants in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations due to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
The industry cost and pollutant removal estimates of each
treatment option were used to determine the most cost-effective
option. The methodology applied in calculating pollutant removal
estimates and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X.
Table XII-1 shows the estimated pollutant removals for indirect
dischargers. Compliance costs for indirect dischargers are
presented in Table XI1-2.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters from both existing and
new sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of
end-of-pipe treatment technologies. All in-plant changes and
applicable end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed
previously in Sections X and XI. The options for PSNS and PSES,
therefore, are the same as the BAT options discussed in Section
X.
A description of each option is presented in Section X, while a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment process is presented in Section VII of the General
Development Document.
Treatment
are:
OPTION A
OPTION B
technologies considered for the PSNS and PSES options
Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
238
-------
• Preliminary treatment with oil skimming
(where required)
• Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
• In-process flow reduction
• Multimedia filtration
SES OPTION SELECTION
e are proposing PSES equal to BAT for this subcategory. It is
ecessary to propose PSES to avoid pass-through of chromium,
ead, nickel, thallium, titanium and fluoride. The four toxic
ollutants are removed by a well-operated POTW achieving
econdary treatment at an average of 14 percent while BAT Level A
echnology removes approximately 44 percent and Level B
.echnology removes approximately 76 percent. Discharge
llowances for PSES are the same as BAT allowances, and are shown
n Table XII-3.
mplementation of the proposed PSES limitations would remove
nnually an estimated 1.7 kg of toxic pollutants and 147 kg of
:itanium.
'he costs and specific removal data for this subcategory are not
>resented here because the data on which they are based has been
rlaimed to be confidential. The proposed PSES will not result in
dverse economic impacts.
'SNS OPTION SELECTION
le are proposing Level A and Level B PSNS equivalent to NSPS.
?he technology basis for proposed PSNS is identical to NSPS. The
;ame pollutants are regulated at PSNS as at PSES and they pass
ihrough at PSNS as at PSES, for the same reasons. The PSNS and
"SPS flow allowances are based on minimization of process
fastewater wherever possible through the use of cooling towers to
recycle contact cooling water and holding tanks for wet scrubbing
/astewater. The discharge allowance for pollutants is the same
,t PSNS and NSPS (See Table XII-4). The discharges are based on
JO percent recycle of these waste streams (see Section IX
Recycle of Wet Scrubber and Contact Cooling Water). As in NSPS,
flow reduction beyond BAT is proposed for chip crushing, sponge
:rushing and screening, and scrap milling wet air pollution
:ontrol wastewater based on dry scrubbing. Zero discharge is
ilso proposed for chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control
>ased on by-product recovery of scrubber liquor as hypochlorous
icid.
<7e believe that the proposed PSNS are achievable, and that they
ire not a barrier to entry of new plants into this subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
239
-------
Pollutants selected for limitation, in accordance with the
rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected
for limitation for BAT. It is necessary to propose PSES and PSNS
to prevent the pass-through of chromium, lead, nickel, thallium,
titanium, and fluoride, which are the limited pollutants.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment standards, PSES and PSNS, are based on the treatable
concentrations from the selected treatment technology, (Option
C), and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT, and
Section XI for NSPS, respectively. A mass of pollutant per mass
of product (mg/kg) allocation is given for each subdivision
within the subcategory. This pollutant allocation is based on
the product of the treatable concentration from the proposed
treatment (mg/1) and the production normalized wastewater
discharge rate. The achievable treatment concentrations for BAT
are identical to those for PSES and PSNS. These concentrations
are listed in Tables VII-19 of the General Development Document.
PSES and PSNS are presented in Tables XI1-5 and XI1-6.
240
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m ro
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-------
Table XII-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
Compliance costs are not presented here for this subcategory
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to be
confidential.
242
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246
-------
TABLE XI1-5
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Level A
a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
:hromium (total)
ickel
thallium
•luoride
'itanium
0,
0,
1 ,
1 .
32,
412
393
797
919
760
0.412
0,
0,
1 ,
0,
18,
0,
169
187
189
852
720
168
b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
'ollutant or
>ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
..ead
Jickel
thallium
"luoride
'itanium
(total)
0.458
0.437
1 .997
2.132
36.400
0.458
0.187
0.208
1 .321
0.946
20.800
0. 187
247
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.082
0.079
0.359
0.383
6.545
0.082
0.034
0.037
0.237
0.170
3.740
0.034
(d) Sponge Crushing
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
1
1 ,
22
285
272
242
326
650
0,
0,
0
0,
12
116
129
822
589
940
0.285
0.116
248
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
J.
Level B
a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
>ollutant or
>ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Ihromium
..ead
Uckel
thallium
Tluoride
titanium
(total)
0
0
0
1
32
346
262
515
310
760
0.346
0,
0,
0,
0,
18,
140
122
346
571
720
0. 140
!b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.385
0.291
0.572
1 .456
36.400
0.385
0,
0,
0,
0,
20,
0,
156
135
385
634
800
156
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ng/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total)
Uckel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.069
0.052
0.103
0.262
6.545
0.069
0.028
0.024
0.069
0.114
3.740
0.028
249
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
1
1
2
5
144
1
528
157
272
782
600
528
0,
0,
1 .
2,
82,
620
537
528
519
600
0.620
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.787
0.595
1 .170
2.976
74.410
0.787
0.319
0.276
0.787
1 .297
42.520
0.319
(f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0
0
0
21
0
228
172
338
861
530
228
0.
0,
0,
0,
12,
0,
092
080
228
375
300
092
250
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
•ollutant
'ollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
:hromium
,ead
ickel
thallium
'luoride
'itanium
(total)
11
8
16
41
042
11
010
332
370
660
000
010
4
3
11
18
595
464
868
010
150
100
4.463
!h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
'ollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
'ollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Ihromium (total)
lickel
thallium
fluoride
titanium
0
0
0
1
44
474
359
705
795
870
0,
0,
0,
0,
25
192
167
474
782
640
0.474
0. 192
!i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Zhromium (total)
_,ead
Vickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.848
0.642
261
209
80.220
0.848
1
3
0.344
0.298
0.848
1 .398
45.840
0.344
251
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
4
3
6
16
414
4
381
315
512
580
400
381
1
1
4
7
236
1
776
539
381
222
800
776
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.239
0.181
0.356
0.906
22.650
0.239
0.097
0.084
0.239
0.395
12.940
0.097
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.023
0.017
0.034
0.085
2.135
0.023
0.009
0.008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
252
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
ollutant or
ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
!hromium
,ead
ickel
'hallium
luoride
'itanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
0,
7.
0,
084
064
125
318
945
084
0.034
0.030
0.084
0.138
4.540
0.034
n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
'ollutant or
'ollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
:hromium
,ead
ickel
'hallium
rluoride
?itanium
(total)
6.684
5.058
9.935
25.290
632.300
6.684
1 1
361
2.710
2.349
6.684
020
300
2.710
!o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or
aollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total)
lickel
?hallium
fluoride
titanium
0,
0,
0.
0,
16,
177
134
262
668
700
0.176
0.072
0.062
0.177
0.291
9.540
0.067
253
-------
TABLE XI1-5 (continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
27.000
20.430
40.140
102.200
2,554.000
8.500
10.
9,
27,
44
1,460,
950
487
000
510
000
3.446
254
-------
Table XII-6
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
A.
Level A
(a) Ch1orination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
total)
0
0
1
1 .
32
412
393
797
919
760
0.412
0,
0,
1 ,
0.
18,
0,
169
187
189
852
720
168
!b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl^ produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
total)
0,
0.
1 .
.458
,437
.997
2. 132
36.400
0.458
0. 187
0.208
1 .321
0.946
20.800
0. 187
255
-------
Table XII-6 (continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Chromium (total) 0.082 0.034
Lead 0.-Q79 0.037
Nickel 0.359 0.237
Thallium 0.383 0.170
Fluoride 6.545 3.740
Titanium 0.082 0.034
(d) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
256
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Table XII-6 (continued!
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
B. Level B
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0
0
0
1
32
346
262
515
310
760
0.346
0,
0,
0,
0,
18,
0,
140
122
346
571
720
140
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
1 ,
36,
385
291
572
456
400
0
0
0
0,
20
156
135
385
634
800
0.385
0.156
(c) TiCl4 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl* handled
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.069
0.052
0.103
0.262
6.545
0.069
0.028
0.024
0.069
0.114
3.740
0.028
257
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Table XII-6 (continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
1
1
2
5
144
1
528
157
272
782
600
528
0,
0,
1 .
2,
82,
0,
620
537
528
519
600
620
!e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
1 ,
2,
74,
787
595
170
976
410
0.787
0.
0,
0,
1 ,
42
0,
319
276
787
297
520
319
f) Cathode Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0
0
0
0
21
0
228
172
338
861
530
228
0,
0,
0,
0,
12
0
092
080
228
375
300
092
258
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Table XII-6 (continued!
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(h) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
0,
0,
0,
1
44,
474
359
705
795
870
0,
0,
0,
0,
25,
192
167
474
782
640
0.474
0. 192
i) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium (total)
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
0.000
0.000
000
000
000
0,
0
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
259
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Table XII-6 (continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
j) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
(total)
4,
3,
6
16
414
381
315
512
580
400
4.381
1 .776
1 .539
4.381
7.222
236.800
1 .776
(k) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet Air Pollution
Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
total)
0,
0,
000
000
0.000
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(1) Acid Pickle and Wash Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
! total)
0.023
0.017
0.034
085
135
0,
2.
0.023
0,
0,
009
008
0.023
0.037
1 .220
0.009
260
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Table XII-6 (continued!
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Chromium (total) 0.000 0.000
Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Fluoride 0.000 0.000
Titanium 0.000 0.000
(n) Scrap Detergent Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Chromium (total) 6.684 2.710
Lead 5.OSS 2.349
Nickel 9.935 6.684
Thallium 25.290 11.020
Fluoride 632.300 361.300
Titanium 6.684 2.710
(o) Casting Crucible Wash Water
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium (total) 0.177 0.072
Lead 0.134 0.062
Nickel 0.262 0.177
'hallium 0.668 0.291
'.uoride 16.700 9.540
tanium 0.176 0.067
261
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Table XII-6 (continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(p) Casting Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Fluoride
Titanium
total)
27.000
20.430
40.140
102.200
2,554.000
8.500
10.950
9.487
27.000
44.510
1,460.000
3.446
262
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is not proposing best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) limitations for the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory at this time.
263
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