Management Of Hazardous Waste Leachate

United States Office of Solid Waste SW-871 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response September 1982 Agency Washington DC 20460 c/EPA Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate ------- MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE by Alan J. Shuckrow, Andrew P. Pajak, and C. J. Touhill Baker/TSA Division Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. Beaver, Pennsylvania 15009 Contract No. 68-03-2766 Project Officers Stephen C. James Dirk R. Brunner Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 ------- DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the the Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. U.S. EnvircnmsntaF Protectior ori Agency ii ------- PREFACE The land disposal of hazardous waste Is subject to the requirements of Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. This Act requires that the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes after November 19, 1980 be carried out in accordance with a permit. The one exception to this rule is that facilities in existence as of November 19, 1980 may continue operations until final administrative disposition is made of the permit application (providing that the facility complies with the Interim Status Standards for disposers of hazardous waste in 40 CPR Part 265). Owners or operators of new facilities must apply for and receive a permit before beginning operation of such a facility. The Interim Status Standards (40 CPR Part 265) and some of the administrative portions of the Permit Standards (40 CFR Part 264) were published by the Environmental Protection Agency in the Federal Register on May 19, 1980. The Environmental Protection Agency published interim final rules in Part 264 for hazardous waste disposal facilities on July 26, 1982. These regulations consist primarily of two sets of performance standards. One is a set of design and operating standards separately tailored to each of the four types of facilities covered by the regulations. The other (Subpart F) is a single set of ground-water monitoring and response requirements applicable to each of these facilities. The permit official must review and evaluate permit applications to determine whether the proposed objectives, design, and operation of a land disposal facility will comply with all applicable provisions of the regulations (40 CFR 264). The Environmental Protection Agency is preparing two types of documents for permit officials responsible for hazardous waste landfills, surface impoundments, land treatment facilities and piles: Draft RCRA Guidance Documents and Technical Resource Documents. The draft RCRA guidance documents present design and operating specifications which the Agency believes comply with the requirements of Part 264, for the Design and Operating Requirements and the Closure and Post-Closure Requirements contained in these regulations. The Technical Resource Documents support the RCRA Guidance Documents in certain areas (i.e., liners, leachate management, closure, covers, water balance) by describing current technologies and methods for evaluating the performance of the applicant's design. The information and guidance presented in these manuals constitute a suggested approach for review and evaluation based on good engineering practices. There may be alternative and equivalent methods for conducting the review and evaluation. However, if the results of these ill ------- methods differ from those of the Environmental Protection Agency method, they may have to be validated by the applicant. In reviewing and evaluating the permit application, the permit official must make all decisions in a well defined and well documented manner. Once an initial decision is made to issue or deny the permit, the Subtitle C regulations (40 CFR 124.6, 124.7, and 124.8) require preparation of either a statement of basis or fact sheet that discusses the reasons behind the decision. The statement of basis or fact sheet then becomes part of the permit review process specified in 40 CPR 124.6 through 124.20. These manuals are intended to assist the permit official in arriving at a logical, well defined, and well documented decision. Checklists and logic flow diagrams are provided throughout the manuals to ensure that necessary factors are considered in the decision process. Technical data are presented to enable the permit official to identify proposed designs that may require more detailed analysis because of a deviation from suggested practices. The technical data are not meant to provide rigid guidelines for arriving at a decision. The references are cited throughout the manuals to provide further guidance for the permit officials when necessary. There was a previous version of this document dated September 1980. The new version supplies the September 1980 version. iv ------- ABSTRACT This document has been prepared to provide guidance for per- mit officials and disposal site operators on available management options for controlling, treating/ and disposing of hazardous waste leachates. It discusses considerations necessary to de- velop sound management plans for leachate generated at surface impoundments and landfills. Because hazardous waste leachate management is an area where there is little past experience, this manual draws heavily upon experience in other related areas. The manual provides a logical thought process for arriving at a reasonable treatment process train for given leachates. Furthermore, sufficient factual information is provided so that users can readily identify a few potential treatment alterna- tives. Having identified such alternatives, users then are given sufficient guidance so that final choices can be made. The manual begins with a brief discussion of factors that influence leachate generation. This is followed by a presenta- tion of data on leachate characteristics at actual waste dis- posal sites. Principal options for dealing with hazardous waste leachate are identified. Subsequently, technology profiles are developed for processes having potential application to leachate treatment. Treatability data and information on by-products, and costs supplement process descriptions and an assessment of process applicability. A key section enumerates factors which influence treatment process selections and provides a suggested approach for system- atically addressing each. Selected hypothetical and actual leachate situations are used as examples for applying the approach to the selection of appropriate treatment processes. Other sections address monitoring, safety, contingency plans/emergency provisions, equipment redundancy/backup, permits, and surface runoff. Each of these topics are important consid- erations necessary for effective management of hazardous waste leachate. v ------- CONTENTS Preface -. Abstract v Figures ^ Tables xii Acknowledgment xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 2. OVERVIEW OF LEACHATE GENERATION 2-1 2.1 General Discussion 2-1 2.2 Factors Affecting Leachate Generation and Characteristics 2-2 2.2.1 Physical Influences 2-2 2.2.1.1 Liquid Characteristics 2-2 2.2.1.2 Solid Characteristics 2-2 2.2.1.3 Physical Transformations 2-3 2.2.2 'Chemical Influences 2-3 2.2.2.1 Solubility 2-3 2.2.2.2 Chemical Transformations 2-4 2.2.3 Biological Influences 2-5 2.3 References 2-5 3. LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS 3-1 3.1 General Discussion 3-1 3.2 Leachate Characteristics at Actual Sites 3-3 3.3 Leachate Categorization 3-17 3.4 References 3-20 4. HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 4-1 4.1 General Discussion 4-1 4.2 Hazardous Waste Treatment 4-3 4.3 Disposal Site Managment 4-5 4.4 Leachate Management 4-9 4.4.1 Off-Site Treatment/Disposal Options .... 4-9 VI ------- CONTENTS (continued) 4.4.2. On-Site Treatment/Disposal 4-11 4.5 Summary 4-13 LEACHATE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 5-1 5.1 General Discussion 5-1 5.2 Treatability of Leachate Constituents 5-2 5.3 Unit Process Application Potential 5-4 5.3.1 Biological Treatment 5-5 5.3.2 Carbon Adsorption 5-6 5.3.3 Catalysis 5-6 5.3.4 Chemical Oxidation 5-6 5.3.5 Chemical Reduction 5-7 5.3.6 Chemical Precipitation 5-7 5.3.7 Crystallization 5-8 5.3.8 Density Separation 5-8 5.3.9 Dialysis/Electrodialysis 5-9 5.3.10 Distillation 5-9 5.3.11 Evaporation 5-9 5.3.12 Filtration 5-9 5.3.13 Flocculation 5-10 5.3.14 Ion Exchange 5-10 5.3.15 Resin Adsorption 5-11 5.3.16 Reverse Osmosis 5-12 5.3.17 Solvent Extraction 5-13 5.3.18 Stripping 5-13 5.3.19 Ultrafiltration 5-13 5.3.20 Wet Oxidation 5-14 5.4 Evaluation of Unit Processes 5-14 5.5 By-Product Considerations 5-18 5.6 Treatment Process Costs 5-28 5.7 References 5-31 LEACHATE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION 6-1 6.1 General Discussion 6-1 6.2 Performance Requirements 6-2 vii ------- CONTENTS (continued) 6,3 Treatment Facility Staging 6-5 6.4 Treatment Process Selection Methodology 6-6 6.4.1 Disposal Site With Existing Leachate ... 6-9 6.4.2 Disposal Site Without Existing Leachate. 6-10 6.5 Considerations Relating To Process Train Formulation 6-12 6.5.1 Biological Treatment 6-12 6.5.2 Carbon Adsorption 6-16 6.5.3 Chemical Precipitation/Coagulation 6-17 6.5.4 Density Separation 6-18 6.5.5 Filtration 6-18 6.5.6 Chemical Oxidation 6-18 6.5.7 Chemical Reduction 6-19 6.5.8 Ion Exchange 6-19 6.5.9 Membrane Processes 6-20 6 .5.10 Stripping Processes 6-20 6.5.11 Wet Oxidation 6-20 6.6 Process Train Alternatives 6-20 6.6.1 Leachate Containing Organic Contaminants 6-21 6.6.1.1 Love Canal Experience 6-21 6.6.1.2 Ott/Story Site Study 6-26 6.6.1.3 Other Possibilities 6-31 6.6.2 Leachate Containing Inorganic Contaminants 6-33 6.6.3 Leachate Containing Organic and Inorganic Pollutants 6-39 6.7 References 6-42 7. MONITORING 7-1 7.1 General Discussion 7-1 7.2 Monitoring Program Design 7-3 7.2.1 Parameters To Be Measured 7-3 7.2.2 Analytical Considerations 7-6 7.2.3 Sampling 7-6 Vlll ------- CONTENTS (continued) 7.3 Leachate Characterization 7-7 7.3.1 Wastes Received 7-8 7.3.2 In-situ Monitoring 7-8 7.3.3 Collected Leachate 7-8 7. 4 Treatment Effluent Monitoring 7-9 7.4.1 Sampling Locations 7-9 7.4.2 Parameters 7-9 7.4.3 Data Analysis 7-10 7.4.4 Process Optimization 7-10 7.4.5 Safety Considerations 7-10 7. 5 References 7-11 8. OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS 8-1 8.1 Safety 8-1 8.1.1 Degree of Risk 8-1 8.1.2 Restricted Entry 8-1 8.1.3 Safety Rules 8-2 8.1.4 Supervision 8-2 8.1.5 Inspections 8-3 8.1.6 First Aid and Medical Assistance 8-3 8.1.7 Protective Equipment 8-3 8.1.8 Ventilation 8-4 8.1.9 Housekeeping 8-5 8.2 Contingency Plans/Emergency Provisions 8-5 8.2.1 Emergency Situations 8-5 8.2.1.1 Natural Disasters 8-5 8.2.1.2 Accidents 8-6 8.2.2 Plan Development , . 8-6 8.2.2.1 Organizational Responsibilities 8-6 8.2.2.2 Plan Components 8-6 8.2.3 Fire Protection 8-9 8.2.3.1 In-Plant Measures 8-9 8.2.3.2 Training 8-10 8.2.3.3 Hazards Identification 8-10 8.3 Equipment Redundancies/Backup 8-11 IX ------- CONTENTS (continued) 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.3.1 General Discussion 8.3.2 Equipment 8.3.2.1 Control Systems 8.3.2.2 Tanks and Containers 8.3.2.3 Pipes and Transfer Lines . . . 8.3.2.4 Valves 8.3.2.5 Pumps 8.3.2.6 In-Plant Drainage 8.3.2.7 Electrical Filters Permits 8.4.1 Consolidated Permit Regulations 8.4.2 Other Permits Personnel Training Surface Runoff References ... 8-11 ... 8-12 ... 8-12 ... 8-12 ... 8-12 ... 8-12 ... 8-12 ... 8-13 ... 8-13 ... 8-13 ... 8-13 ... 8-14 ... 8-14 ... 8-15 ... 8-19 Appendices A. Summary of Reported Water Contamination Problems ... A-l B. Alphabetical Listing of RCRA Pollutants B-l C. Unit Process Summaries - Sanitary Landfill Leachate Treatment C-l D. Unit Process Summaries - Industrial Wastewater Treatment D-l E. Treatability of Leachate Constituents E-l x ------- FIGURES Number Page 3-1 Waste stream categorization matrix 3-19 4-1 Waste management options - effect on leachate generation 4-2 6-1 Methodology to select leachate treatment process ... 6-8 6-2 Love Canal Permanent Treatment System schematic flow diagram 6-22 6-3 Schematic of carbon sorption/biological process train 6-32 6-4 Schematic of biological/carbon sorption process train 6-34 6-5 Process train for leachate containing metals 6-36 6-6 Process train for leachate containing metals including hexavalent chromium 6-37 6-7 Process train for leachate containing metals including hexavalent chromium and cyanide 6-38 6-8 Process train for leachate containing metals and ammonia and requiring TDS control 6-40 6-9 Schematic of biophysical process train 6-43 XI ------- TABLES Number Page 3-1 Summary List of Contaminants Reported 3-4 3-2 List of Conventional Pollutant Concentrations Reported at Six Sites 3-16 3-3 Characterization of Harzardous Leachate and Groundwater From 43 Landfill Sites 3-17 4-1 Stabilization/Fixation Techniques 4-6 5-1 Treatment Process Applicability Matrix 5-16 5-2 Leachate Treatment Process By-Produce Streams 5-19 5-3 Residue Management Alternatives 5-29 6-1 Performance Data on Temporary Treatment System at Love Canal 6-24 6-2 Ott/Story Groundwater Characterization 6-27 8-1 Suggested Guide for an Operation and Maintenance Manual for Waste Treatment Facilities 8-16 XII ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Mr. Stephen James, Mr. Dirk Brunner, and Ms. Wendy Davis-Hoover of the U.S.-EPA MERL and Mr. Les Otte of the U.S.-EPA Office of Solid Waste for their able advice and assistance which facilitated assembly and re- view of this document. A critical review of the manuscript provided by Dr. Gary F. Bennett of the University of Toledo was especially helpful. Review comments by Mr. B.W. Mercer of Battelle-Northwest also are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks go to Mrs. Ellen M. Stempkowski who was responsible for typing and overseeing assembly of much of this document. Data contained in Appendices C and D were contributed by Monsanto Research Corporation (MRC). An unpublished draft document on leachate management prepared by MRC was consulted prior to preparation of this document. Kill ------- SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Leachate generated by water percolating through a hazard- ous waste disposal site could contain significant concentrations of toxic chemicals. Proper leachate management is essential to avoidance of contamination of surrounding soil, groundwaters, and surface waters. Consequently, this document has been pre- pared to provide guidance on available management options for controlling, treating and disposing of hazardous waste leach- ates. Leachate management options include all of the decision factors throughout the entire hazardous waste management process which have an impact on the nature or generation potential of leachate. Thus, consideration of leachate management options could begin with the manufacturing process and extend through the hazardous waste management chain to leachate treatment/ disposal. This management chain can be divided into four major areas: (1) waste generation, (2) hazardous waste treatment prior to disposal, (3) disposal site management, and (4) leach- ate treatment/disposal. Because companion permit manuals and technical resource documents address many of these aspects in detail, the central focus of this document is on leachate man- agement subsequent to leachate generation. When other aspects of leachate management are mentioned, the reader is referred to an appropriate source for details. Hazardous waste leachate management is an area where little past experience exists. Therefore, in preparing this document, it has been necessary to draw heavily upon experience in related areas. Certain pitfalls are inherent in such an approach and thus, an effort has been made to alert the reader to areas of uncertainty throughout this document. A major factor that must be taken into consideration in structuring the leachate management process is the need for post-closure operation. Closure of the hazardous waste disposal site probably will not mean terminating leachate management op- erations. Rather, leachate collection and .disposal concerns will continue subsequent to site closure. This could necessi- tate long-term post-closure operation and financial commitments. Site closure also could influence leachate composition and quan- tity and, thus, treatment facility performance. Consequently, 1-1 ------- site closure ramifications merit considerable attention early and throughout the process of managing leachate. It is recognized that some users may not wish to read this document in its entirety. Therefore, to the extent possible, sections have been prepared to be self-standing. Nevertheless, there is a necessary interrelationship among sections and a log- ical progression as information from early sections is built upon in later ones. An effort has been made to cross-reference pertinent information. There are seven subsequent sections of this document. Each of these is listed below together with a brief description of the contents of the section. Section 2, Overview of Leachate Generation - This section briefly describes factors that influence leachate genera- tion with the emphasis placed upon factors affecting leach- ate composition. It may be of interest to those wishing to predict future leachate composition at new sites. Section 3, Leachate Characteristics - This section examines hazardous waste leachate characteristics. Available data on leachates, and contaminated ground and surface waters are presented and discussed. Data presented give insight into leachate characteristics at actual hazardous waste disposal sites, and thus provide a basis for selecting and evaluating leachate treatment technologies. Section 4, Hazardous Waste Leachate Management Options - Four principal areas of hazardous waste leachate management options (i.e. waste generation, hazardous waste treatment, disposal site management, and leachate treatment/disposal) are identified in this section. Primary emphasis was placed upon the leachate treatment/disposal area wherein leachate is processed to render it acceptable for discharge or ultimate disposal. Section 5, Leachate Treatment Technologies - This section provides treatability data on compounds identified at ac- tual waste disposal sites. An initial assessment of the potential applicability of twenty unit treatment processes to leachate treatment also is made. Consideration is given to treatment process by-products, and to capital and opera- ting costs for selected technologies. Information in this section can be used to combine individual unit processes to form a treatment system appropriate for the type of leach- ate encountered. Section 6, Leachate Treatment Process Selection - This sec- tion provides an understanding offactors which influence treatment process selection. These factors are enumerated 1-2 ------- and an approach is suggested for systematically addressing each. Finally, selected hypothetical and actual leachate situations are used as examples for applying the approach to selection of appropriate treatment processes. Section 7, Monitoring - This section points out those con- siderations which are important in the design of monitoring program to support hazardous waste leachate management ef- forts. Section 8, Other Important Considerations - Subjects ad- dressedin this section are safety/ contingency plans/ emergency provisions, equipment redundancy/backup, permits, and surface runoff. Some of the topics are discussed in general terms, while others apply directly to leachate treatment facilities. The intent is to identify consider- ations which are necessary for the safe and effective treatment of hazardous waste leachate. This manual is not designed to be a prescriptive "cook book". Sufficient past experience simply is not available to permit such an approach. Thus, the reader is challenged to use the extensive information presented herein in a manner requiring considerable technical judgment. This is necessary because of the complexity of leachates likely to be encountered, and the fact that compositions vary widely from site to site, and in some cases, within given sites. On the other hand, the manual does attempt to provide a logical thought process for arriving at the most reasonable treatment process train for any leachate likely to be generated. Furthermore, sufficient factual infor- mation is provided so that the user can readily identify a few potential treatment alternatives. Having identified such alter- natives, the user then is given sufficient guidance so that final choices can be made. 1-3 ------- SECTION 2 OVERVIEW OF LEACHATE GENERATION 2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION As discussed in subsequent sections, leachate management is highly dependent upon leachate characteristics. Leachate char- acteristics, in turn, are dependent upon how the leachate is generated. Because hazardous waste management under RCRA regu- lations is in its early stages, there is a dearth of information on leachate generation. Ideally, leachate treatment alternatives should be evalu- ated using actual leachate in treatability and pilot plant studies. However, at the time of permitting new sites leachate is unavailable. Methods to select appropriate treatment tech- nologies in the absence of actual leachate for treatability studies are described in Section 6.4. The methods described in this section envision projecting leachate compositions using data on the wastes expected to be disposed of, extrapolations from analogous disposal experience, and from theoretical prin- ciples. While a complete discussion of leachate generation from a theoretical point of view is beyond the scope of this manual, this section describes factors that influence leachate genera- tion in general terms. Emphasis in this section is placed upon factors affecting leachate quality. A detailed description of methodologies for estimating leachate volume is provided in a companion document in this EPA hazardous waste series, "Hydrologic Simulation on Solid Waste Disposal Sites", SW-868. Although intended to de- scribe leachate for municipal landfills, a report by Phelps (1) discussed theoretical aspects of the change of mass in fluid and solid phases with respect to time. Phelps provided leaching curves (concentration vs. time) to describe the effects of four parameters on leachate concentrations: (1) ratio of column depth to infiltration rate, (2) mass transfer rate constant, (3) equilibrium constant, and (4) the initial amount of leachable material per unit volume of column. Manual users are referred to this reference for a detailed discussion of the theoretical principles of leachate generation, albeit for a municipal landfill. Freeze and Cherry (2) discussed leachate generated from 2-1 ------- land disposal of solid wastes, sewage disposal on land, agri- cultural activities, petroleum leakage and spills, and radio- active waste disposal. This reference also could be helpful in estimating leachate compositions. The remainder of this section is an enumeration of factors which could be important in assessing leachate generation. For details, the reader is again referred to the works by Phelps (1) and Freeze and Cherry (2). 2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING LEACHATE GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS Leachate will be generated as a result of the movement of liquids by gravity through a disposal site. Similarly, leachate will be generated as liquid contained within a disposal impound- ment moves through soil beneath the disposal area. Leachate quality is dependent upon numerous factors. It is not the in- tent to deal with such factors in detail here; rather the reader is given a brief overview for purposes of identifying consider- ations which should be explored at length elsewhere. 2.2.1 Physical Influences 2.2.1.1 Liquid Characteristics— Liquid moving through the site can be comprised of precip- itation falling upon the site, groundwater migrating through the site, and the liquid fraction of disposed materials. The quan- tity of liquid will be a major determinant of the rate at which the leachate will be generated as well as the leachate composi- tion. Liquid movement can be complicated by variations in den- sity, viscosity, and miscibility. It is possible that the liquid could be multi-phased, e.g., water, oil, and solvents with the various phases moving through the solid medium at dif- ferent rates. 2.2.1.2 Solid Characteristics— For landfills, solid waste materials could comprise a sig- nificant fraction of the medium through which the liquid passes. Thus, it should not be assumed that soil alone is the solid medium. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the solid wastes or soil are homogeneous. Because of the expected solid mixture, porosity and particle sizes are expected to be variable. This will have an influence on liquid velocity and the time in which the liquid is in contact with the solid. Initially, liquid percolating through a landfill will be absorbed by the solid material. When the absorptive (moisture- holding) capacity is reached, i.e., when the solid is saturated, then leachate quality is likely to be influenced by surface leaching. After saturation, the length of the solid column will be the major determinant of the time required for the liquid to reach the leachate collection system. 2-2 ------- 2.2.1.3 Physical Transformations— The principal physical transformation expected in the leaching process is plugging of pore spaces and the resultant influence on chemical processes and leachate flow rates. If the disposed wastes contain significant amounts of suspended solids, then the in-place material will act as a filtering medium, and percolation flow rates will decrease as the pore spaces become clogged. 2.2.2 Chemical Influences 2.2.2.1 Solubility— Solubility is one of the most important factors which in- fluence leachate quality. Solubility is a function of the chemical composition of the liquid phase, surface area contact between the liquid phase and the solid medium, contact time, pH, temperature, and chemical composition of solid material. Chem- ical composition of the leachate determines dissolution and re- action rates. For example, if the liquid phase approaches the solubility product for certain compounds, then further leaching will be limited and transfer rates from the solid to the liquid will be low. Conversely, if the liquid phase is dilute, dis- solution of the solid medium will be more rapid. If the solu- bility product is exceeded, then chemical precipitation could occur. Size of solid particles has a direct influence upon leach- ing. Smaller particles result in larger surface areas thus permitting increased contact and corresponding increased leach- ing by the liquid. Physical degradation due to aging and ero- sion processes, which break solids into smaller pieces, in- creases exposed surface area. In general, dissolution is directly proportional to the surface contact area. Porosity, defined as the volume of void spaces within a solid matrix divided by the total unit volume, influences the flow rate of liquid through the solid and thus, the contact time between the liquid and solids. As contact time increases (where there is lower porosity), dissolution increases up to the max- imum soluble concentration of the constituents in the liquid. Thus, longer contact times permit more complete chemical re- actions between the liquid and solid, until eventually an equil- ibrium concentration is reached. pH is considered a significant variable affecting leachate composition because of its effect on solubility and chemical reactions occurring in the disposal site. In general, pH af- fects solubility in two principal ways: (1) alteration of simple solution equilibria, and (2) direct participation in redox reactions. 2-3 ------- pH generally is a function of the type of waste disposed. Low- molecular weight acids and carbon dioxide which result from an aerobic digestion of organic material reduce the pH. Hazardous wastes can contribute to pH change due to their own specific characteristics or by the dissolution of waste materials into leaching water. Changes in pH can influence the solubility of the waste materials. For example, heavy metals, are solubilized in acidic solution. Normally, the solubility product for metals is lowest in mildly basic solution. Thus, acidic conditions promote the leachability of metal ions, and markedly increase the potential for appearance in the leachate collection system. Soil admixtures also can influence solubility. Acid or alkaline soils can influence solubility either positively or negatively. For example, acid soils tend to promote solubili- zation of waste constituents, whereas higher pH in alkaline soils likely will retard solubilization. A disposal site has some capacity to tolerate acids or bases before the pH of the system is markedly affected. If this buffer capacity is high, the leachate composition is more stable and predictable. Correspondingly, a low buffering capacity makes the leachate composition more difficult to predict. Temperature changes within the disposal site can occur due to the temperature of materials added, redistribution of heat by intruding extraneous water, and heat generated by waste decom- position (biological and physical/chemical activity). Tempera- ture is important because it influences reaction rates between the liquid and solid medium. Moreover, it exerts an influence biologically on microbial catalysis. Both solubility rates and microbial activity increase as temperatures rise. Hence, during warm months, leachate may contain higher concentrations of con- taminants. 2.2.2.2 Chemical Transformations— Chemical transformations occurring within the disposal site could include adsorption, oxidation and reduction, and precipi- tation. Most soils are known to have cation exchange capacity. This capacity is variable dependent upon the type of soils. To a lesser extent, some soils are known to sorb anions. While this may be an important influence during initial stages of dis- posal operations, it is expected that exchange capacity will be exhausted at about the time the solid medium is saturated by the liquid. Thereafter, exchange capacity will be at equilibrium and will not be a consequential determinant of leachate com- position. Redox potential can influence chemical and biological re- actions. In disposal sites dissolved oxygen concentrations will decrease with depth. Thus, chemical constituents will be oxi- dized in the upper zones where there is sufficient dissolved 2-4 ------- oxygen present, whereas reducing conditions may be expected in the lower depths. Correspondingly, aerobic biological activity will prevail in the upper zones giving way to anaerobic re- actions as dissolved oxygen is depleted with depth. Chemical reactions could occur in the disposal site depend- ing upon the types of materials disposed. For example, neutral- ization reactions could be evident, and metals could precipitate in alkaline solution. 2.2.3 Biological Influences Microorganisms solubilize and oxidize organic waste con- stituents. Microbes not lethally affected by the waste product may decompose both the toxic and nontoxic organic compounds into organics that can be metabolized further. The microbial population within the disposal site depends upon waste composition, nutrients available, concentration of toxic material, oxygen levels, temperature, pH, percent mois- ture, and the initial population found in the waste liquid or solids and any admixes such as soil. Aerobic microorganisms will give way to anaerobic species as oxygen is depleted. An- aerobic microorganisms which then predominate may generate sig- nificant amounts of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia that can cause both odor problems and potential explo- sion hazards. Biological activity may change substantially over time and may become more significant as a disposal site ages. Biological processes could act to reduce the levels of organic compounds which appear in leachate. This could impact the nature and dur- ation of necessary post-closure leachate management measures. 2.3 REFERENCES 1. Phelps, D. Solid Waste Leaching Model, Draft Report. University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, p. 1-25. 2. Freeze, R.A., and J.A. Cherry. Groundwater. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979, 604 pp. 2-5 ------- SECTION 3 LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION In the previous section, factors which affect leachate generation were described. This section takes the next step and attempts to relate hazardous waste leachate generation with the expected pollutant characteristics of such leachate. For pur- poses of this manual, leachate is regarded as the liquid which drains from the aqueous portion of disposed materials to the leachate collection system. Presumably, safeguards will be engineered into the disposal operation which minimize dilution of the leachate due to perco- lation of precipitation, or runoff, or flow through of extra- neous water sources such as groundwater. Moreover, the collec- tion system will intercept the leachate before migration from the site and dilution can occur. Thus, the leachate is en- visioned as a concentrated solution of chemicals representative of soluble or leachable materials contained in the disposal site. Another possible type of leachate is that from existing hazardous waste disposal sites which may have been constructed prior to implementation of RCRA regulations, and presently require upgrading and retrofitting. Leachate from such land- fills might be more dilute because of infiltration of extraneous water. Contaminated surface water which has contacted hazardous waste is expected to be even more dilute. The intent of this section is to examine leachate charac- teristics from new and existing secured landfills and surface impoundments which accept hazardous materials for disposal. This is a difficult task because little data are available on existing facilities. Consequently, it was decided to secure whatever existing data were available on leachates, and contam- inated ground and surface water problems associated with haz- ardous waste disposal operations. The belief is that current data will provide information on compounds disposed in the past and to some extent on migration of these compounds. However, the concentrations found probably will be lower than for newly permitted facilities because future efforts will be made to exclude the extraneous dilution water. Notable deficiencies in the existing data base include: 3-1 ------- • Very little data on actual hazardous waste leachate exist. Most available leachate composition data pertain to sanitary landfills. • Reported information is such that it often is difficult to distinguish between leachate and contaminated groundwater, wherein some dilution has occurred. • Most available composition data on contamination associated with hazardous waste disposal sites pertains to surrounding ground and surface wastes. • Composition is highly variable from site to site, at different sampling locations within a given site, and at a given location over a period of time. (Factors that contribute to variability were addressed in Section 2.) • Analytical testing is difficult and very costly in a complex hazardous aqueous waste pollution matrix. These factors serve to limit the data base. In addition, analytical errors and interferences also may contribute to some of the variability. • Because of the analytical complexity and expense, "complete" characterizations are nonexistent. • Comparison of leachates is hindered because no definitive listing of chemicals disposed could be developed on a site-by-site basis. • There is a general lack of information regarding the physical characteristics of each site. Thus, the existing data base is characterized primarily by its incompleteness and variability. Despite the above cited deficiencies, available information does give insight into leachate characteristics at actual haz- ardous waste disposal sites. Moreover, the available informa- tion can be used to provide guidance on the selection and eval- uation of leachate treatment technologies. Rather than attempt to formulate "typical" leachate compo- sitions, this section focuses on providing and summarizing available characterization data on leachates, and contaminated ground and surface waters associated with existing hazardous waste disposal sites. The latter categories were included be- cause they represent the preponderance of the data base and because they provide information on the types of compounds which have been associated with previous disposal operations. In summary, while it is not possible to characterize 3-2 ------- leachates precisely, sufficient information does exist to permit definition of a range of management alternatives for leachates at secured landfill sites. 3.2 LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS AT ACTUAL SITES Because concern for proper management of hazardous wastes has intensified only recently, published leachate data most frequently describe sanitary landfill leachate rather than haz- ardous waste leachate. Data from sanitary landfills was not used in this manual. Rather, this manual relies heavily on a recent report (1) which contains published and unpublished data on ongoing hazardous waste disposal site studies. Much of the data contained in that report was obtained in conjunction with recent efforts to determine the magnitude of the national haz- ardous waste disposal problem. Most often the data reflected contamination of surface and groundwater resources by migrating leachate rather than representing the characteristics of concen- trated leachate. It is believed that this type of data, while not fully elucidating leachate composition for treatability purposes, does provide insight into the types of compounds which actually have been identified in association with hazardous waste disposal operations. Characterization data on leachates, and contaminated ground and surface waters in the proximity of 30 sites containing haz- ardous wastes was compiled. Because of the large amount of data, this information is presented in Appendix A. There is a wide variation from site to site in the detail and completeness of the data contained in Appendix A since relatively few sites have been well characterized. Nevertheless, this data compila- tion represents the best information available at this time. A summary of the data contained in Appendix A is presented in Table 3-1 which lists specific pollutants identified at the 30 sites, the range of concentrations reported, and the fre- quency with which the pollutants were found. Chemical contam- inants are listed in alphabetical order with an indication of the pollutant grouping and chemical classification of each compound. Users of this manual should note that data in Appendix A and Table 3-1 include more contaminants than those dealt with by RCRA concerns. Leachate treatment processes must deal with a broader spectrum of compounds than those listed in RCRA as acutely hazardous, hazardous, or toxic. That is, treatment processes must be designed to deal with hazardous constituents in the matrix in which they occur. 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Cu PI 1 1 O rH H rH CU ^j 03 rH ------- To the extent possible, Table 3-1 identifies pollutant types as defined by: the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA), the Clean Water Act of 1977(CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), and the Treatability Manual (2). Specifically, the pollutant groups used are: • conventional pollutants* • priority pollutants • Section 311 compounds •RCRA list of acutely hazardous compounds [261.33 (e)] • RCRA list of hazardous compounds (Appendix VIII) •RCRA list of toxic compounds [261.33 (f)] In order to more easily identify RCRA compounds, the manual user is referred to Appendix B. The appendix contains an alpha- betical listing of the three categories of RCRA pollutants con- tained in Subpart D of the Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regulations (3), i.e., acutely hazardous, hazardous, and toxic. Table 3-1 serves several useful purposes: • It provides a quick reference of the various compounds identified at problem sites in alphabetical order. • It defines the pollutant group into which the compound falls. • It classifies the compounds according to twelve chemical classes similar to those used for priority pollutants. • It specifies the ranges of concentratons encountered at actual hazardous waste disposal sites. • It indicates frequency of occurrence at actual waste sites previously investigated. • It places the data in a framework useful for development conventional pollutants as used in the Treatability Manual include BOD5, COD, TOC, TSS, oil and grease, total phenol, total phosphorus, TKN, and total organic chlorine. This differs from the CWA (Section 301) list of BOD5, TSS, fecal coliform, oil and grease, and pH. 3-15 ------- of treatment alternatives. Conventional pollutant concentration data for six of the sites (5, 6, 10, 11, 22, and 23) listed in Appendix A are given in Table 3-2. Data on most of the pollutants listed in Table 3-2 were available for only six sites. Isolated conventional pollutant values from other sites were not included. The conventional pollutant parameters listed in Table 3-2 are important because they usually have a significant influence on the treatment process to be selected. The range, median and arithmatic mean values contained in Table 3-2 provide insight into the character of these wastes with respect to how they may be treated. Although the data are limited, three to five values can be useful to form at least a preliminary concept. TABLE 3-2. LIST OP CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED AT SIX SITES Pollutant BOD COD TOG Alkalinity pH TDS SS NH3-N TKN NO3-N PO^-P Range 42 24.6 10.9 20.6 6.3 320<3> <3 <0.01 0.65 <0.012 <0.01 - 10,900 - 18,600 - 4,300 - 5,400 7.9 - 15,700 - 1,000 - 1,000 984 <0.1 <0.1 Median Arithmetic Number of Value Mean Values (1) 2,000 7,100 1,160 228<2) 6.9 1,830 163 130 5.5 0.025 0.04 4,380 7,794 1,350 1,950 6.9 6,460 342 377 248 <0.05 <0.05 3 5 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 (l)Average values from specific sites. (2)Estimated from inorganic carbon and pH. (3)Estimated from conductivity (640 mmhos x 0.5). 3-16 ------- A survey of ground and surface water quality in the vicinity of 43 industrial waste disposal sites (landfills and impoundments) is summarized in Table 3-3. This summary is a further indication of the type of pollutants found at hazardous waste disposal sites. Note that these data, although less de- tailed than those shown in Appendix A, also have widely variable concentration ranges. TABLE 3-3 CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS LEACHATE AND GROUNDWATER FROM 43 LANDFILL SITES (1) Pollutant Concentration Typical Cone. No. of Sites Range (mg/1) (mg/1) Where Detected Light Halogenated Heavy As Ba Cr Co Cu CN Pb Hg Mo Ni Se Zn Organics Organics Organics 0.03 0:01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.3 0.0005 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.1 1.0 0.002 0.01 - 5.8 - 3.8 -4.20 - 0.22 - 2.8 - 14 - 19 - 0.0008 -0.24 - 0.67 - 0.59 - 240 - 1000 - 15.9 - 0.59 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.008 — 0.0006 0.15 0.04 3.0 80 0.005 0.1 5 24 10 11 15 14 3 5 2 16 21 9 10 5 8 Original Source of Data: Geraghty and Miller, Inc. The Prevalence of Subsurface Migration of Hazardous Chemical Substances at Selected Industrial Waste Land Disposal Sites. EPA/530/SW-634, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977. Even though the data base presented above has deficiencies, it does provide guidance in formulating treatment alternatives provided that data are used with caution, recognizing that leachate from secured landfills may have higher concentrations. 3.3 LEACHATE CATEGORIZATION In order to extend the usefulness of the existing data 3-17 ------- base, and to gain additional insight into the probable nature of hazardous waste leachates, a categorization system was devised to group site composition data contained in Appendix A according to the concentration of inorganic and organic constituents. In this way, treatment alternatives potentially could be visualized better. Hence, a matrix illustrated in Figure 3-1, was prepared to show the concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents in "high", "medium", and "low" ranges. In general, the working definitions of these terms are as follows: Hazardous Hazardous Inorganic Organic Constituent Constituent High greater than 5 times greater than 400 yg/1 water quality criteria Medium from 2 to 5 times from 5 to 400 yg/1 water quality criteria* Low less than water less than 5 yg/1 quality criteria* In addition to the hazardous constituents, if another parameter such as BOD or TOC was reported in significant amounts (BOD >20 mg/1 or TOC >10 mg/1), the waste stream was considered to fall into the high organic category. Although this system is not rigorous, it does permit a useful grouping of the actual waste streams. Inspection of the matrix reveals that most of the actual waste streams fall into one of two categories: high organic-low inorganic or low organic-high inorganic. Fewer sites fell into categories where both inorganic and organic components were significant. Taking into account the fact that most of the data used to construct this matrix were derived from situations where migration and dilution had occurred, it is reasonable to assume that actual hazardous waste leachates will fall into the higher concentration categories. Thus, this matrix suggests that most leachate treatment situations will involve aqueous streams con- taining primarily either inorganic or organic contaminants at relatively high concentrations. Situations will arise, however, where both organic and inorganic contaminants will be present in Water quality criteria derived from Quality Criteria for Water, U.S. E.P.A., Washington, D.C., July, 1976. 3-18 ------- FIGURE 3-1 WASTE STREAM CATEGORIZATION MATRIX o R G A N I C S C 0 N C E N T R A T I 0 N H I G H M E D I U M L 0 W INORGANICS CONCENTRATION HIGH Sites 006 Oil Site 002 Sites 004 012 014 015 016 018 MEDIUM Site 010 LOW Sites 001 002 003 005 021 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 Sites 008 009 013 3-19 ------- leachates. The exact nature of the leachate, of course, will be dependent upon the materials disposed to any given site. 3.4 REFERENCES 1. Shuckrow, A. J. , A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka. Concentration Technologies for Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment. EPA-600/2-81-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1981. 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Treatability Manual, Volume I. Treatability Data and Volume III Technologies for Control/Removal of Pollutants. EPA- 600/8-80-042a and EPA-600/8-80-042c, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., July, 1980. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permits Regulations. Federal Register. Vol. 45, No. 98, May 19, 1980. 3-20 ------- SECTION 4 HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION In the broadest sense, leachate management options include all of the decision factors throughout the entire hazardous waste management process which have an impact on the nature or generation potential of leachate. Thus, consideration of leachate management options could begin with the manufacturing process and extend through the hazardous waste management chain to leachate treatment/disposal operations. This concept is illustrated in Figure 4-1 which divides the hazardous waste management process into four elements: (1) waste generation, (2) hazardous waste treatment, (3) disposal site management, and (4) leachate treatment/disposal. As indicated in Figure 4-1, hazardous waste generation can be minimized by: • substituting raw materials, • modifying manufacturing processes to reduce waste gener- ation and/or to use recycled materials, • segregating hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, • reclaiming constituents in the hazardous waste for reuse or sale, and • exchanging wastes with entities capable of using them in their production process. Detailed consideration of the above measures is beyond the scope of this manual because source reduction is highly facility spe- cific. Moreover, leachate management is only one of a number of complex considerations which enter into decisions about changes in the manufacturing process. Therefore, this section deals with three leachate manage- ment options: 4-1 ------- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AFFECTING LEACHATE GENERATION WASTE GENERATION hazardous waste non-hazardous • raw material subsffiution • process modification • waste volume reduction • waste recovery/reuse • waste exchange HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT hazardous waste non-hazardous waste blending or segregation recovery treatment encapsulation stabilization residue/by-product destruction DISPOSAL SITE MANAGEMENT • site design to control leachate generation • segregation of wastes or leachates that complicate treatment • leachate collection leachate LEACHATE TREATMENT/ DISPOSAL • off-site treatment/disposal • on-srte treatment - effluent discharge - residue disposal Figure 4-1. Waste management options generation. - effect on leachate 4-2 ------- (1) Hazardous Waste Treatment - processing hazardous waste prior to disposal to reduce or eliminate the hazardous properties of the waste, or to reduce the potential leachability of the waste; (2) Disposal Site Management - managing the disposal site to control the quantity of leachate generated, and/or to effect the nature and treatability of the leachate; (3) Leachate Treatment/Disposal - processing the leachate to render it acceptable for discharge or ultimate dis- posal. Hence, leachate generation and its treatment/disposal is influenced directly by precedent hazardous waste treatment and disposal site options. In order to deal effectively with leachate,. it is important that the reader have a thorough under- standing of all the various options available. However, as a practical matter, site operators may not have full control over some of these options, and it is expected that leachate will be generated at most sites. Thus, the central focus of this section is upon leachate management subsequent to leachate generation. Because companion manuals in this series discuss facets of waste treatment and disposal site management in detail, this manual provides only brief descriptions of some options, referring the user to the appropriate companion manuals for details. On the other hand, information on leachate treatment/disposal options from this section forms the basis of the remainder of this report. 4.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT Treatment prior to disposal of hazardous waste can accom- plish one or more of the following: (1) detoxification of the entire waste stream; (2) concentration of hazardous constituents in a reduced volume waste stream which can be further treated, de- toxified, destroyed, or reused; (3) fixation of the waste in a matrix which will inhibit leaching; and (4) encapsulation of the waste to prevent leaching. The treatment approach chosen in any given instance depends upon numerous factors including waste characteristics, degree of treatment necessary, and availabililty and cost of materials. In addition, treatment may be undertaken at the point of gener- ation of the waste or at a central waste treatment facility. 4-3 ------- Whereas treatment at the point of generation would involve an approach highly specific to wastes generated at a given site, a central hazardous waste treatment facility generally will include several treatment operations to permit processing a variety of wastes. Decisions to treat or not to treat a hazardous waste prior to disposal and how best to accomplish such treatment involve a number of complex factors and are highly situation specific. Moreover, the factors involved encompass broader concerns than leachate management. Companion resource documents in this EPA series describe various aspects of hazardous waste treatment in detail. Perti- nent documents include: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment; Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Incineration; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration; Guide to the Disposal of Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Wastes, SW-872; and Hazardous Waste Land Treatment, SW-874. The interested reader is referred to the above resource docu- ments for in depth discussions of various hazardous waste treatment technologies. Briefly, the technologies which may be employed to accomplish detoxification or concentration of a hazardous constituent include: Air stripping Ion exchange Biological treatment Liquid ion exchange Carbon adsorption Liquid-liquid Centrifugation solvent extraction Dissolution Oxidation/Reduction Distillation Precipitation Evaporaton Resin adsorption Filtration Reverse osmosis Plocculation Sedimentation Flotation Steam stripping High gradient Ultrafiltration magnetic separation Wet oxidation Incineration This list is not exhaustive. It also should be noted that the technologies listed are unit processes which often are used as components of a larger process train (treatment system). More- over, these treatment techniques produce secondary waste streams 4-4 ------- which themselves require further treatment or disposal. Such waste residues, sludges, or brines may or may not be hazardous. Of greatest concern to the user of this manual is the nature of the secondary hazardous waste stream and its potential impact on leachate generation. Another pre-disposal treatment procedure can be used to minimize the leachability of a waste. The goal of solidifica- tion/fixation is to decrease the solubility and/or increase the volume-to-surface area ratio of the hazardous waste, limiting the mobility of a compound through the landfill or surface impoundment. This is normally accomplished by chemically or physically binding the waste to a fixing agent or by encapsu- lating the waste. The technique does not actually detoxify the waste; rather, it reduces the rate of release of toxic constit- uents. Six types of chemical stabilization methods are listed below: • silicate and cement based • lime based • self-cementing • thermoplastic based • organic polymer based • vitrification The advantages, disadvantages, and the most applicable waste type for each stabilization technique are shown in Table 4-1. Most of the listed methods are applicable primarily to inorganic wastes. Encapsulation involves combining the waste with a small amount of a binder material, forming the mixture into a suitable shape, and then coating it with a jacket of material such as polyethylene. The resulting product is very water resistant; it is also virtually leach-free as long as the jacket is intact. Encapsulation has not been demonstrated on a large scale. 4.3 DISPOSAL SITE MANAGEMENT Several opportunities exist to control or limit leachate formation at the hazardous waste landfill or impoundment. These methods generally involve limiting water percolation into and through the disposal site by means of liners, covers, and other liquid diversion techniques. The reader is referred to the fol- lowing technical resource documents for detailed discussions of 4-5 ------- H D Ol 5 £ s o s X H fc. g 5 H E-i H H g cn r_4 1 § U O g 9 cn Q U) g > q •3 Cd Sen w- 0 H Si &• •x. o rH H -c cn §s rH O 3 ° a* \| g a H 00 i O U 4> « rH tfl J2. 41 4) 0> C T3 > (0 -> 0) 41 3 rH C > X V -H 41 00 a. TJ > -H X -H J= c o c y « S t- O 4) 4/0 a) C u ^ oi u O O !-" T) i-t 01 ,fi rH 4> C X M U U O. i-* O »- <3 ft 41 6 O U 41 3 4t W W H > « ^»^ X O U rH -rl 4» rH C * 2 OC U 41 V* xIJ a c o •H C W O tO "rH X 4-» •rt q fl fH 0 t9 e 2 4) O d " ^ .1 u al •H -r rH W T •o C C 4 O •H W W S X o •* ** 41 .•a ( u * c en i u * c. a ; u o IM O 01 01 41 rH O. 01 (Q 41 -a 4i •H X « W tfl r-* (3 C4 C £ X J « U CO rH u) X .C * CJ a x UH u o C U) 20 O ^ •n j-t o >M a. 01 i* O 0 V rH U U -rt V> a. o. at -o o C g 41 U 13 O* -rl & t& < ^^ x u U «H -H « rH C * 2 a 14 «J U O C O 9) B a cs o •H B u O « « o. ca 4) •rt U 1 t a) 4) > 41 01 IM u O 4) 3 3 a* w 0 X 01 rH O Ol -rl ft. CJ 4J 41 X a ^ •H C W C X O T •g ^ g 8 ( U " M C O at 9* (J V 1 3 cn i o •^ o\| S C u) (41 u 01 O C > t. iH O ]J 4,, 4* 4> m UOU OJ ^3 > 4) rt a M y M U )U (U r4 X rH fl ^-N v- y 5) fl CO 60 «— ' )ri ^g 1-1 fl a e o X rH 1J 0) 3 ------- ~ fll 3 C •H 4J 0 *"^ •a ,c U 00 X 1 41 iH -H i-H 41 p i* «-i .c a) N u 3 -H R •rt ^ 4J Jrf U 41 M U "O -H (0 3 U O OT • w * * j- g H M 9 W C U 4 n -H ^ 01 jC *- «)O<8<9 41 X A 4> W C O" eooctrx4)gi4ia 4J M •H e «i «w v eg u o u 4 g n 41 * 5 & > (T) 41 -H T 52 i 5 y g1 fH .C 4J V x « S 5 • i-t 5 ' a ai -H «i U TS « X 5? S^ S SSf > ft. « 41 U (1 41 U * M U -•"I" W 41 -H « « u « /: t S o 41 « S O ? > 41 ^1 U A iH U n u at •H >s W i-t Vl ^f 41 U 41 U i-H C X > U « -rt U 5 93 «-* •O W 41 41 2M ^r IM u •H 4J -H O a & t a 6 4-7 ------- these various techniques: Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and Hazardous Waste, SW-867; Hydrologic Simulation on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, SW-868; Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation, SW-869? Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities, SW-870; and Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundments, SW- 873. Another disposal site management option which may impact leachate composition is waste segregation prior to disposal. That is, it may be desirable to dispose of certain types of wastes in separate cells at the site or exclude others alto- gether. Such an approach could be used to avoid combining wastes which would ultimately complicate leachate treatment. Decisions regarding waste segregation, however, include factors in addition to leachate management considerations and are, to a large degree, site specific. Therefore, such evaluations must be made on a case-by-case basis. Regardless of measures adopted to limit leachate gener- ation, a leachate is likely to be formed, especially in areas where precipitation exceeds evaporation and/or at sites used for disposal of liquid-containing hazardous wastes. Thus, leachate collection and storage systems are an integral part of disposal site management. The need for and methods of leachate collection depend on local conditions at the site. Leachate volume fluctuations make collection and storage key factors in treating hazardous waste leachate. The volume of leachate can vary significantly with time because of rainfall and snowmelt conditions that may affect the landfilled area. Effective collection allows for an equal- izing and storage capability which will reduce overloading and avoid possible reduction in subsequent treatment process effi- ciency. Collection and storage may also allow for a reduction in the necessary equipment cost by providing for periodic or batch treatment of the leachate. This potentially could permit a mobile unit to treat the leachate from several sites on a ro- tating basis, increasing treatment unit utilization and de- creasing individual site cost. The remainder of this manual focuses on managing leachate subsequent to generation and collection. 4-8 ------- 4.4 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT Once leachate has been collected, numerous alternatives exist for treatment and disposal. Treatment can be accomplished either off-site or on-site. By using off-site treatment, dis- posal from the landfill operator's perspective also is accom- plished. In the case of on-site treatment, disposal options must be examined in concert with treatment options because of the different degrees of treatment which may be required. Typi- cally, disposal can be accomplished by: • discharge to receiving surface waters, • discharge to publicly owned treatment works, • shipment to a hazardous waste treatment facility, • deep well injection, or • land treatment. In the remainder of this section, off-site treatment is discussed briefly and important considerations are identified. Then, an overview of on-site treatment is presented (available treatment technologies are discussed in Section 5) and disposal considerations are discussed. 4.4.1 Off-Site Treatment/Disposal Options Off-site treatment/disposal of leachate for purposes of this manual refers to treatment/disposal at a facility not asso- ciated with the landfill or surface impoundment operation. Pri- mary off-site treatment/disposal alternatives include: • publicly owned treatment works (POTW), • hazardous waste treatment/disposal facilities, and • industrial waste treatment facilities. Technologies used at an off-site facililty can be any of those listed in Section 5 of this manual. Other possible tech- nologies include land treatment and deep well injection. The former technology serves as both a treatment and disposal pro- cess while the latter is a disposal mechanism. Primary concerns of the owner of the leachate generating facility need not be with the technologies employed at an ap- proved off-site facility but rather with proper manifesting, on-site storage, transportation, and pretreatment of the leachate and the associated economics. The reader is reminded that if the leachate is determined to be a hazardous waste, it 4-9 ------- must be managed the same as any other hazardous waste. This means that if it is transported to another site for any purpose (treatment/disposal) the hazardous waste manifest requirements (under RCRA) must be satisfied. Additionally, if the leachate generating facility col- lects hazardous leachate in surface impoundments either for storage prior to transport off the site or as part of the on- site treatment process, the impoundment must comply with perti- nent RCRA regulations. Additional information on impoundment design and performance can be found in the following technical resource documents: • Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities, SW-870, • Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation, SW-869, and • Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundment, SW-873. Numerous factors should be evaluated before selecting or approving an off-site treatment/disposal option. Costs and guarantees provided by the off-site facility will be major con- siderations. However, other important factors (which may or may not influence costs) also should be considered: • availability and proximity of an approved off-site facility; • technologies employed at the off-site facility; • need for pretreatment prior to shipment off site; • duration of the required service; • projected operating life of the off-site facility; • regulatory agency limitations on the off-site facility including air, water, and waste permits; • capacities of the off-site facility; • reliability of service which can be provided by the off-site facility; • quantity of hazardous leachate to be transported and methods of transport; • public attitudes or other constraints to shipment of the hazardous leachate; 4-10 ------- • capability to establish on-site treatment including cap- ital, land, and qualified personnel; • disposal options if on-site treatment is feasible; • expected variations in leachate quality during the life of the disposal site including post-closure period; and • ability of the off-site facility to accept varying qual- ity leachates or availability of another facility to ac- cept leachate should quality or quantity change due to changes in disposal site practices or aging of the dis- posal site. For a number of reasons, it is expected that off-site treatment will be feasible only in a limited number of cases. In most instances, neither POTWs nor industrial waste treatment facil- ities will be available at reasonable distances or will be tech- nically capable of accepting hazardous leachate while still sat- isfying their permit requirements. It also is unlikely that such facilities will assume the potential liabilities associated with accepting a hazardous leachate which is expected to vary in composition and quantity. Therefore, stringent pretreatment re- quirements probably would be imposed making on-site treatment a necessity. Leachate treatment at a central hazardous waste treatment facility is likely to be technically feasible. Transportation costs are expected to be a key factor in determining the via- bility of this option, at least until more approved hazardous waste treatment facilities become available. 4.4.2 On-Site Treatment/Disposal On-site hazardous leachate treatment can be used to ac- complish either pretreatment of the leachate with discharge to another facility for additional treatment before disposal or treatment complete enough to meet direct discharge limitations. Pretreatment processes will be dictated by the capabilities of the subsequent off-site facility. Objectives of pretreatment could be to: • equalize leachate quality and quantity fluctuations and provide short term storage; • adjust pH to within acceptable limits for discharge to a POTW; • reduce concentrations of toxic components to acceptable levels for discharge to a POTW; 4-11 ------- • remove hazardous constituents so that a portion of the leachate can be judged non-hazardous; the hazardous or non-hazardous fraction could be shipped to off-site treatment; or • reduce the volume of leachate transported off-site. Complete treatment, on th>= other hand, should produce an effluent suitable for discharge to surface water or groundwater. Thus, the major difference between complete on-site treatment and pretreatment is likely to be the extent of the treatment. That is, the treatment technologies are essentially the same, but the extent of application will differ depending upon ef- fluent objectives. Potential leachate treatment technologies are discussed in Section 5. Unfortunately, there has been very little actual application of these technologies to hazardous waste leachate treatment. However, experience with other applications can be used to guide selection of leachate treatment schemes. Section 6 of this manual addresses the various decision factors involved in selection of leachate treatment sequences. Most leachate treatment processes will result in the pro- duction of by-products such as sludges, air pollution control residues, spent adsorption or ion exchange materials, or fouled membranes which also require disposal. Because these materials will contain hazardous constituents, they also must be dealt with as hazardous wastes. One apparent alternative is on-site disposal. Another is off-site disposal; however, manifest re- quirements and transportation costs are disadvantages. Treat- ment of the residue by dewatering, fixation, or other methods prior to disposal will be influenced by disposal site require- ments and residue handling procedures. Residue disposal con- siderations may be the determining factor in selection of a leachate management technique. In addition to treatment technology, other considerations important to design of an effective on-site leachate management program include: • sampling and monitoring of raw leachate composition and quality of effluent and by-product streams, • manifesting of hazardous leachate and residues shipped off the site, • personnel safety and training, • routine maintenance, • contingency plans and emergency provisions, and 4-12 ------- • equipment redundancies and back-up. These items are discussed in further detail in Sections 7 and 8 of this manual. One possible approach to on-site leachate management which is not discussed subsequently is leachate recycling. This approach involves the controlled collection and recirculation of leachate through a landfill for the purpose of promoting rapid landfill stabilization. The precise mode of operation of leachate recycling is poorly understood since it has only re- cently been investigated in sanitary landfill simulations. Therefore, the state of development of this technique is judged to be insufficient for it to merit further consideration as a primary approach to hazardous waste leachate management at this time. However, leachate recycling may have some merit as an interim measure under certain circumstances as discussed in Section 6. 4.5 SUMMARY This section described various hazardous waste leachate management options. Methods to 'minimize waste generation were judged to be beyond the scope of this manual. Treatment of haz- ardous wastes prior to emplacement influence leachate gener- ation, but are dealt with in detail in other technical resource documents. Likewise, disposal site management options are des- cribed in detail elsewhere. Hence, the principal focus was upon leachate management, i.e., treatment and disposal, which can be performed either off-site or at the waste disposal site. Based upon the findings of this section, on-site treatment/disposal is the most likely option. Therefore, as indicated above, this manual will emphasize the on-site treatment/disposal alterna- tive . 4-13 ------- LEACHATE 5.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION The objective of this technologies which have leachate treatment. The s information on the treatapil be present in leachate. to judge the potential unit treatment processes: section is to provide information on potential application to hazardous waste ection is organized to first present ity of specific compounds which may his and other information then is used icability of the following twenty apjl Biological Treatment Carbon Adsorpt ion Catalysis Chemical Oxidation Chemical Reduction Chemical Precipitation Crystallizatic n Density Separc tion Dialysis/Elect rodialysis Distillation These processes then are c application potential and provided to aid identificc on the basis of leachate attention leach ate Subsequently, may be formed during uals and gaseous emissions information is given for Because hazardous was tion and often contain a that process trains c nologies will be needed tc the most cost-effective in this section can be individual unit processes comprised manner used Section 6 of this maHual process for a given situation SECTION 5 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Evaporation Filtration Flocculation Ion Exchange Resin Adsorption Reverse Osmosis Solvent Extraction Stripping Ultrafiltration Wet Oxidation rganized into categories based upon operating experience. A matrix is tion of the most applicable processes dhemical composition. is directed to by-products which treatment. These include resid- Finally, capital and operating cost elected technologies. te leachates vary widely in composi- cjiversity of constituents, it is likely of several unit treatment tech- achieve high levels of treatment in Thus, the information contained to formulate process trains from each intended to fulfill a given task. addresses selection of a treatment and presents example process 5-1 ------- trains for selected situations. Although research (1,2) currently is underway to better define performance and design criteria for hazardous waste leachate treatment technologies, actual full scale treatment process applications are few. Activated carbon adsorption and chemical coagulation/precipitation are the only technologies known to have been used in larger scale applications. Experience with sanitary landfill leachate treatment is more extensive but is still somewhat limited. On the other hand, many technologies have been used to treat industrial pro- cess wastewaters containing hazardous constituents. This indus- trial experience has some applicability to leachate treatment because of similarities in chemical constituents and discharge goals. Thus, the-treatment technologies considered in this manual include those which have been applied to wastes in all three of the above categories - - hazardous waste leachate, san- itary landfill leachate, and industrial process wastewaters. Information contained in this manual should enable the user to identify treatment technologies which may be applicable in given situations and to determine approximate levels of perfor- mance. Conceptual design may be possible in some cases; how- ever, because leachate composition will be variable and process performance will be extremely wastewater specific, actual treat- ability studies are recommended to screen potential processes and develop design criteria - - if a leachate is available. 5.2 TREATABILITY OF LEACHATE CONSTITUENTS A recent Environmental Protection Agency report (1) summa- rized data on the treatability of over 500 compounds, many of which are listed in Subtitle C, Section 3001 of RCRA. Although the focus of the report is on concentration technologies and it thus does not fully address all potential leachate treatment options, much useful information is contained therein. There- fore the summary treatability data contained in this report is reproduced in Appendix Table E-l. This information can be used to guide one in the identification of potential hazardous waste leachate treatment technologies. However, because this infor- mation was derived from numerous studies, ranging from labora- tory to full scale on wastewaters ranging from pure compounds to industrial wastes and leachates, the reader is cautioned not to directly apply these published data to a leachate treatment situation. Primary organization of Appendix Table E-l is by treatment process. For each process, the treatability of individual chem- ical compounds is given with the compounds arranged in alphabet- ical order within chemical classifications. The following treatment processes are included: 5-2 ------- Process Process Code No. Used in Table E-l Biological I Coagulation/Precipitation II Reverse Osmosis III Ultrafiltration IV Stripping V Solvent Extraction VII Carbon Adsorption IX Resin Adsorption X Miscellaneous Sorbents XII The chemical classification system used is as follows: Chemical Classification Classification Code No Used in Table E-l Alcohols A Aliphatics B Amines C Aromatics D Ethers E Halocarbons F Metals G PCBs I Pesticides J Phenols K Phthalates L Polynuclear Aromatics M In order to facilitate use of Appendix Table E-l, an index has been prepared and is presented immediately before Table E-l. This index lists compounds contained in Table E-l in alphabet- ical order and indicates for each compound its pollutant group (RCRA, Section 311, or Priority Pollutant), chemical classifi- cation (alcohol, aliphatic, etc.), and the compound code number used in Appendix Table E-l. This latter number can be used to locate the compound in the main table. In order to present the large quantity of information in a concise manner, it was necessary to code some of the information in Table E-l. The coding system is explained in footnotes at the end of the Appendix. Many chemical compounds are known by several names. At- tempts were made to use preferred or generic names according to The Merck Index. However, in some cases it was necessary to use the names which were used in the reference documents. Users of Appendix E are advised to check for compounds under several po- tential alphabetic listings. 5-3 ------- Once the compounds of concern in a leachate have been iden- tified, the user can refer to Appendix E to learn which treat- ment techniques have been applied to each hazardous constitutent found in the leachate. These techniques then can be evaluated for treatment feasibility, and a treatment scheme can be pro- posed based on a combination of the treatment options for the various constituents. For example, suppose a leachate sample is analyzed and found to contain significant concentrations of acrylonitrile and 2-chlorophenol. Table E-l shows that acti- vated sludge is a common treatment technique with removal effi- ciencies of over 90% for both compounds. Thus, activated sludge is a potentially viable treatment option. However, the waste type listed in the table also must be considered because direct correlation to leachate may not be possible. In this example, the acrylonitrile treatability study was done on an industrial wastewater and the 2-chlorophenol waste type was not known. Activated sludge should be considered an option for leachate control but not installed until additional testing has been com- pleted. The information in the table should be used as a guide- line and not as a rule. Additional information on the treatability of 203 specific compounds is contained in the Treatability Manual, Volume I, Treatability Data (4). As stated in that manual, pollutants addressed were taken from the list of 297 compounds considered in Section 311 of the Water Pollution Control Act. Selection was based on a consideration of pollutant toxicity and stability in an aqueous environment. For each pollutant three items are presented: • description of the pure species, • industrial occurrence, and • treatability/removability. It should be noted that the Treatability Manual is oriented to- ward treatment of industrial wastewater rather than hazardous waste leachate. 5.3 UNIT PROCESS APPLICATION POTENTIAL As indicated in Section 5.1, twenty unit processes were identified as possibly applicable to hazardous waste leachate treatment. These unit processes were reviewed and assessed as to their potential for the application of interest. Unit pro- cess application potentials are discussed below. No attempt has been made to provide information on the theory, design, or oper- ation of the technologies. Descriptions of the technologies may be found in standard texts and design manuals. References (1) and (3) may be especially useful supplemental information sources. Application data for several technologies to sanitary 5-4 ------- landfill leachate and industrial wastewater treatment are sum- marized in Appendices C and D, respectively. 5.3.1 Biological Treatment Biological processes are, in general, the most cost-effec- tive techniques for treating aqueous waste streams containing organic constituents. They have been applied successfully at full scale to a wide variety of industrial wastes and sanitary landfill, although there are no known full scale hazardous waste treatment facilities. Environmental impacts associated with biological processes are limited. Probably of greatest concern in this regard is the potential release of volatile organic com- pounds to the atmosphere as a result of aeration. Hazardous waste leachates may contain organic compounds which are not readily biodegradable. Therefore, it may be nec- essary to acclimate a biological system to the waste to be treated prior to routine operation of the process. Moreover, leachates may contain compounds which are refractory and/or toxic to biological systems. The presence of such compounds at high concentrations may preclude use of biological treatment or may necessitate use of another treatment process in conjunction with biological treatment. For biological processes to function, several operational requirements must be satisfied. Most notable, near neutral pH must be'maintained and nutrient requirements (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as trace elements) must be satisfied. Moreover, sudden changes in loading (both concentration and flow) must be avoided. Of the biological treatment options, the activated sludge process, in one of its modifications, appears to have the great- est potential for leachate treatment because it can be con- trolled to the greatest extent and best lends itself to the de- velopment of an acclimated culture. However, anaerobic filtra- tion or anaerobic lagoons because of ease of operation, minimal sludge production, and energy efficiencies merit consideration in some situations. Thus, biological treatment is judged to be a viable technology which should be considered for treatment of hazardous wast; leachates containing organic constituents. 5-5 ------- 5.3.2 Carbon Adsorption Activated carbon adsorption is a well developed technology which has a wide range of potential waste treatment applica- tions. It is especially well suited for the removal of mixed organic contaminants from aqueous wastes. Numerous examples of full scale waste treatment applications exist. These include treatment of a variety of industrial wastewaters, cleanup of spilled hazardous materials, and treatment of leachates and ground and surface waters contaminated by hazardous wastes. No serious environmental impacts are associated with carbon systems employing regeneration. If regeneration is not carried out, impacts could result from the disposal of carbon contami- nated with hazardous materials. Energy requirements for systems employing thermal reacti- vation are significant - approximately 14,000-18,600 kJ/kg of carbon (6,000-8,000 Btu per pound). Unit costs for carbon adsorption can vary widely depending upon the waste to be treated, the adsorption system, and the regeneration technique. However, it has been shown to be an economical approach in numerous instances. Carbon adsorption must be considered a viable candidate for treatment of hazardous leachates containing organic contam- inants. Granular activated carbon is the most well developed approach and may be used to provide complete treatment, pre- treatment, or effluent polishing. Combined biological-carbon systems also appear promising for leachate treatment. 5.3.3 Catalysis Several potential applications of catalysis to waste treat- ment have been identified but commercial practicality has not been demonstrated. Catalysts generally are very selective and, while poten- tially applicable to destruction or detoxification of a given component of a complex waste stream, do not have broad spectrum applicability. 5.3.4 Chemical Oxidation Relatively poor removals of most organics are effected by chemical oxidation; although, chemical transformations may occur which could facilitate treatment by other processes. Inorganics often can be transferred to a valence state which is less toxic 5-6 ------- or which facilitates precipitation. Most chemical oxidation technologies (including ozone) are fairly well developed and have been demonstrated successfully at full scale on several industrial wastewaters and at laboratory scale on numerous organic compounds representing several chemical classifications. Applications, however, have been generally on dilute waste streams. Ozonation, especially, is judged to have potential for aqueous hazardous waste treatment. It can serve as a pretreat- ment process prior to biological treatment; it also can be used alone or in concert with UV irradiation as the primary treat- ment process. Combination of ozonation and granular activated carbon has yielded mixed results; it appears that wastewater composition greatly influences the performance of this process train. Oxidation using ozone or hydrogen peroxide does not result in the formation of chlorinated organics which may be a problem when using alkaline chlorination. Residual ozone in the effluent decomposes but off-gases containing residual ozone should be passed through activated carbon to decompose the ozone. 5.3.5 Chemical Reduction As with chemical oxidation, reduction is an effective means of removing inorganic compounds or reducing their toxic- ity. However, because compounds are concentrated in a pre- cipitated sludge, this residue may require careful management. Introduction of foreign ions into the waste is a real or potential disadvantage with many of the reducing agents. A major application for chemical reduction would be reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium using sulfur dioxide, sulfite salts, or ferrous sulfate. Precipitation of trivalent chromium as Cr(OH)3 with lime or sodium carbonate usually follows reduction. The process has little potential for organic waste streams. 5.3.6 Chemical Precipitation Precipitation processes have been in full scale operation for many years. The technique can be applied to almost any liquid waste stream containing a precipitable hazardous constit- uent. Required equipment is commercially available. Associated costs are relatively low and thus, precipitation can be applied to relatively large volumes of liquid wastes. Energy consump- tion also is relatively low. 5-7 ------- Precipitation processes result in the production of a wet sludge which may be considered hazardous and must be further processed prior to ultimate disposal. In some instances, the potential for material recovery from this sludge exists. How- ever, very often, non-target materials are precipitated together with the material of interest thus complicating or eliminating the feasibility of material recovery. Usually/ simple treatability studies must be carried out prior to applying the process to a waste stream to determine the chemical of choice, the degree of removal, and the required chemical dose. In most instances, precipitation is considered to be the technique of choice for removal of metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel) and certain anionic species (phosphates, sulfates, fluorides) from aqueous hazardous wastes. 5.3.7 Crystallization The inability of the crystallization process to respond to changing wastewater characteristics and its operational complex- ity are primary reasons why this process has not been reduced to practice. There is no ongoing research and past efforts to treat a variety of industrial wastewaters and sludges have had limited success. This process is judged to have little poten- tial for the application of interest. 5.3.8 Density Separation Density separation, as discussed herein, includes sedimen- tation and flotation because they are the most commonly used techniques for solids/liquids separation in wastewater treat- ment. Sedimentation processes have been in use for many years, are easy to operate, are low-cost, and consume little energy. Required equipment is relatively simple and commercially avail- able. The process can be applied to almost any liquid waste stream containing settleable material. It is considered to have high potential for leachate treatment. However, it is an ancil- lary process which will be utilized primarily in conjunction with some other technique such as chemical precipitation. Al- ternatively, it may be used as a pretreatment technique prior to another process such as carbon or resin adsorption. Flotation is a proven solids/liquids separation technique for certain industrial applications. It is characterized by higher operating costs and more skilled maintenance requirements than gravity sedimentation. Power requirements also are higher. 5-8 ------- This technique is judged to be potentially applicable but prob- ably only in situations where the leachate contains high concen- trations of oil and grease. 5.3.9 Dialysis/Electrodialysis Neither dialysis nor electrodialysis have been judged to have much applicability to hazardous waste leachate treatment. Being most applicable for the removal of inorganic salts, they are not well suited to mixed constituent waste streams. Both rely heavily on recovery and reuse of at least one product stream to offset costs. Other problems include membrane plug- ging and deterioration and production of two output streams neither of which can be discharged directly. 5.3.10 Distillation Distillation is judged to have limited applicability to treatment of complex hazardous waste leachate because of its high cost and energy requirements. Should the leachate consist primarily of organic solvents and halogenated organics distilla- tion may be technically feasible although costly unless recovery is practiced. 5.3.11 Evaporation Evaporation is not expected to have broad application to the treatment of hazardous waste leachate^containing moderately volatile organic constituents (BP 100°C-300°C). These organics cannot be easily separated in a pretreatment stripper and will appear in the condensate from the evaporator to some extent depending on their volatility. Therefore, good clean separation of these organics is not possible without post-treatment of the condensate. Other major disadvantages of evaporation are high capital and operating costs, and high energy requirements. This process is more adaptable to wastewaters with high concentrations of organic pollutants than to dilute wastewaters. 5.3.12 Filtration Both granular and flexible media filtration are well de- veloped processes currently being used in a wide variety of applications. A wide spectrum of filtration systems are commer- cially available. The economics of filtration are reasonable for many applications. Energy requirements are relatively low and operational parameters are well defined. Therefore, filtra- tion is judged to be a good candidate for leachate treatment. However, it is not a primary treatment process but rather will be used to support other processes either as a polishing step 5-9 ------- (granular media) subsequent to precipitation and sedimentation or as a dewatering process (flexible media) for sludges gener- ated in other processes. 5.3.13 Flocculation Flocculation must be carried out in conjunction with a solid/liquid separation process, usually sedimentation. Often, flocculation is preceded by precipitation. It is a relatively simple process to operate and has been used for many years to improve particle sedimentation. Neces- sary equipment is commercially available. Both costs and energy consumption are relatively low. The process can be applied to almost any aqueous waste stream containing precipitable and/or suspended material. Flocculation followed by sedimentation is judged to be a viable candidate process for hazardous waste leachate treatment, particularly where suspended solids and/or heavy metal removal is an objective. It may be used in conjunction with sedimenta- tion as a pretreatment step prior to a subsequent process such as activated carbon adsorption. In most instances, the applicability of the technique, the flocculating chemicals to be used, and the chemical dose can be determined based upon experience and simple laboratory treat- abililty tests. 5.3.14 Ion Exchange Ion exchange is a proven process with a long history of use. It will remove dissolved salts, primarily inorganics, from aqueous solutions. For many applications, particularly where product recovery is possible, ion exchange is a relatively eco- nomical process. Also, it is characterized by low energy re- quirements. Ion exchange is judged to have some potential for leachate treatment in situations where it is necessary to remove dis- solved inorganic species. However, other competing processes - precipitation, flocculation, and sedimentation - are more broadly applicable to mixed waste streams containing suspended solids, and a spectrum of organic and inorganic species. These competing processes also usually are more economical. Moreover, the upper concentration limit for the exchangeable ions for ef- ficient operation is generally 2,500 mg/1, expressed as calcium carbonate (or 0.05 equivalents/1). This upper limit is due pri- marily to the time requirements of the operation cycle. A high concentration of exchangeable ion results in rapid exhaustion during the service cycle, with the result that regeneration re- quirements, both for equipment and of the percentage of resin 5-10 ------- inventory undergoing regeneration at any time, become inordin- ately high. There also is an upper concentration limit (around 10,000-20,000 mg/1), which is governed by the properties of the ion exchangers themselves, in that the selectivity (preference for one ion over another) begins to decrease as the total con- centration of dissolved salts (ionic strength) increases. Synthetic resins can be damaged by oxidizing agents and heat. In addition, the stream to be treated should contain no suspended matter or other materials that will foul the resin or that cannot be removed by the backwash operation. Some organic compounds, particularly aromatics, will be irreversibly adsorbed by the resins, and this will result in a decreased capacity, as for example in the case of electroplating bath additives. Thus, the use of ion exchange probably would be limited to situations where a polishing step was required to remove an in- organic constituent which could not be reduced to satisfactory levels by preceding treatment processes or in specialized situ- ations for removal of an inorganic constituent. Therefore, while ion exchange is believed to have some potential it is not a process which should normally receive primary consideration. 5.3.15 Resin Adsorption Laboratory studies of resin adsorption have shown that phthalate esters, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, chlorinated aromatics, aromatics, esters, amines, chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, and pesticides are adsorbable. Resins adsorbed certain amines and aromatics better than activated carbon did. Resin adsorption has greatest applicability: • when color due to organic molecules must be removed; • when solute recovery is practical or thermal regenera- tion is not practical; • where selective adsorption is desired; • where low leakages are required; or • where wastewaters contain high levels of dissolved in- organics . Polymeric adsorbents are nonpolar with an affinity for nonpolar solutes in polar solvents or of intermediate polarity capable of sorbing nonpolar solutes from polar solvents and polar solutes from nonpolar solvents. Carbonaceous resins have a chemical composition which is intermediate between polymeric adsorbents and activated carbon and are available in a range of surface polarities. 5-11 ------- Because of selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and chemical regenerability, resin adsorption has a wide range of potential applications for organic waste streams. The primary disadvantage is high initial cost; although, this may be offset if recovery of the solute is practical. Costs for resins re- cently have been quoted to be $11-33 per kg ($5-15 per pound, 1980 dollars). While not economically competitive with carbon for high volume, high concentration, mixed constituent wastes, benefits may be gained by sequential resin and carbon adsorp- tion. Energy requirements are heavily dependent upon whether solute recovery from the solvent wash is practiced. Without solute recovery, energy costs account for 5% of operating costs; however, with solute recovery using distillation, energy costs could account for 50% of operating costs but solvent costs are markedly reduced. As with activated carbon, the only major environmental im- pacts relate to the regeneration process. If not reused, spent regenerant requires disposal, frequently by incineration or land disposal. Resin sorption is judged to be a potentially viable candi- date for treatment of hazardous waste leachates. The technol- ogy, however, has not been as well defined as carbon adsorption. 5.3.16 Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is a relatively new process which has been reduced to practice for some industrial wastewater treatment applications such as inorganic salt removal from rinse waters. Energy requirements for commercially available systems are ap- proximately 7.6x10 -9.5x10 J/m of product water (8-10 kwh/1000 gal). Reverse osmosis is a relatively costly process but it is capable of producing high purity water. The principal application is to concentration of dilute solutions of inorganic and some organic solutes. Problems associated with RO include concentration polarization (decreased water production with time per unit area of membrane), the need for pretreatment to remove solids (colloidal and suspended), the need for dechlorination when using polyamide membranes, and membrane fouling due to precipitation of insoluble salts. pH control is important. The state of development is such that it necessitates ex- tensive bench and pilot scale testing prior to almost any po- tential application to ascertain feasibility. Thus, reverse osmosis is judged to have limited potential for leachate treat- ment. Its use probably would be limited to polishing operations subsequent to other more conventional processes or to concentra- 5-12 ------- ting pollutants (multicharged cations and anions and moderate and high molecular weight organics) into a stream which would be processed further. 5.3.17 Solvent Extraction Solvent extraction is judged to have minimal potential for leachate treatment. Broad spectrum sorbents such as activated carbon are expected to be more effective in treating waste streams containing a diversity of organic compounds. Carbon adsorption also will be more economical unless a valuable prod- uct can be recovered which is unlikely in most leachate treat- ment situations. 5.3.18 Stripping Air stripping is judged to have potential for leachate treatment primarily when ammonia removal is desired and then only when the concentrations of other volatile compounds are low enough to avoid unacceptable environmental impacts by the air emissions. The process would be difficult to optimize for leachate containing a spectrum of volatile and non-volatile com- pounds. Air stripping does have appeal as a pretreatment prior to another process such as adsorption to extend the life of the sorbent by removing sorbable organic constituents. However, air pollution control requirements are likely to be severe thus making the economics less attractive. Some air stripping of volatile components will occur during the course of any treat- ment process and may result in safety hazards or air quality problems. These problems are expected to be most severe from biological treatment processes using aeration devices. Steam stripping has merit for wastes containing high concen- trations of highly volatile compounds. It is a proven process for some applications but will require laboratory and bench scale investigations prior to application to leachates contain- ing multiple organic compounds. Both energy requirements and costs are relatively high. By-product recovery to offset costs is unlikely. Steam stripping is judged to have greatest poten- tial as a pretreatment step to reduce the load of volatile com- pounds to a subsequent treatment process. Organics concentrated in the overhead condensate stream also would require further treatment, possibly by wet oxidation. 5.3.19 Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration is a commercially used process with several industrial applications generally involving product recovery or production of highly purified solvent. It is characterized by high capital and operating costs with membrane replacement being a major factor. Energy costs could run as high as 30% of direct operating costs. 5-13 ------- Ultrafiltration is judged to have limited potential for treating a complex leachate. Its use probably would be limited to relatively low volume leachate streams containing substantial quantities of high molecular weight (7,500 to 500,000) solutes such as oils. Concentrated organics would require further treatment possibly by wet oxidation or off-site incineration. Pilot testing is a prerequisite to use. 5.3.20 Wet Oxidation Laboratory studies indicate that the process may have poten- tial for treatment of high strength leachates or those contain- ing toxic organics, especially those waste streams too dilute for incineration but too refractory for chemical or biological oxidation. The process has been applied at pilot and full scale on numerous sludges and non-hazardous wastes. In laboratory studies substantial destruction of several organic priority pollutants was achieved. Claimed advantages of the process are that the degree of oxidation can sometimes be controlled by varying operating con- ditions and that supplemental energy requirements can be mini- mized in some situations. However, the process involves rela- tively high capital and operating costs and requires skilled operating labor. At this time, the process should be considered as poten- tially suitable for hazardous waste leachate treatment. The area of greatest potential applicability appears to be treating concentrated organic streams generated by processes such as steam stripping, ultrafiltration, or reverse osmosis; still bot- toms; biological treatment process waste sludges; and regenera- tion of powdered activated carbon used in bio-physical proc- esses. Extensive site-specific treatability studies would be required to determine efficiencies, to develop design criteria, and to provide cost data to enable comparison with alternative technologies. 5.4 EVALUATION OF UNIT PROCESSES In Section 5.3 of this manual candidate hazardous waste leachate treatment technologies were discussed and an assessment was presented of the potential applicability to leachate treat- ment. For the reasons discussed in Section 5.3, certain unit processes are judged to have minimal applicability to hazardous waste leachate treatment and thus, are not given further consid- eration herein. The remaining unit processes generally fall into one of two categories. Processes placed in Category 1 are those judged to have the broadest potential range of leachate treatment applications. Moreover, processes in this category are those for which exten- 5-14 ------- sive full scale operating experience exists, albeit for other applications. Although Category 2 processes are judged to be potentially viable hazardous waste leachate technologies, either the poten- tial applications are limited to more specialized treatment problems or less full scale experience exists. Category 1 and 2 processes are listed below together with the major area of ap- plication for the process. Category 1. More experience, broad application range biological treatment - soluble biodegradable organics and nutrients chemical precipitation - soluble metals carbon adsorption - soluble organics, especially toxics and refractories density separation - wastewater suspended solids, chem- ical precipitates, oily materials filtration - suspended solids and precipitates Category 2. Less full scale experience, limited application chemical oxidation - cyanide and organics chemical reduction - hexavalent chromium ion exchange - inorganics, especially fluoride and total dissolved solids membranes (RO) - total dissolved solids stripping (air) - ammonia nitrogen wet oxidation - high strength or toxic organic aqueous streams The approximate ability of Category 1 and 2 processes to treat compounds in the chemical classifications identified in Section 5.2 is summarized in Table 5-1. This table presents a brief overview which can be used to assist in the formulation of alternative process trains for leachates containing compounds from these chemical classifications. Appendix E, which contains more detailed information on the treatability of specific compounds by many of these unit proc- esses, also should be consulted during formulation of the proc- 5-15 ------- TABLE 5-1. TREATMENT PROCESS APPLICABILITY MATRIX Chemical Classification 1. Alcohols 2. Aliphatics 3 . Amines 4. Aromatics 5. Ethers 6. Halocarbons 7. Metals 8. Miscellaneous: Ammonia Cyanide TDS 9. PCB 10. Pesticides 11. Phenols 12. Phthalates 13. Polynuclear Aromatics r— \| Ifl -P 0 C H Hi ^ 2 0 -l-i <-i <3 O (!) H S-l CO EH E V V V G p P,F G,E F,G N N N,P G G N,P c 0 •H -P c a, 0 M .Q O M en <0 T3 0 < V V V G,E V G,E N,P N N N E E E E G,E C 0 •H 4J ITJ H 4-1 <0 -H O Oi •H -H S 0 0) 0) £ M O & F E N N N G R Chemical Oxidation i 0) (0 c c -H -H rH ^ C ------- Table 5-1 (continued) Key for Symbols: E - Excellent performance likely G - Good performance likely F - Fair performance likely P - Poor performance likely R - Reported to be removed N - Not Applicable V - Variable performance reported for different com- pounds in the class A blank indicates that no data are available to judge performance; it does not necessarily indicate that the process is not applicable Note: Use of two symbols indicates differing reports of per- formance for different compounds in the class. Source: Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka. Concentration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment. EPA-600/2-81-019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, February, 1981. 5-17 ------- ess train. Because much of the data used to prepare Table 5-1 and Appendix E are from laboratory scale studies using various wastewaters ranging from solutions of pure compounds to indus- trial wastewaters, extrapolation from these studies to full scale leachate treatment operations is risky. Preferably the basis for process design, at a minimum, should rely on labora- tory scale treatability studies using the actual leachate or a closely similar wastewater. Although all compounds in these chemical classes are not labeled as toxic or hazardous; it is expected that many of them will be present in hazardous waste leachates. Thus, treatment processes must be designed to accom- modate those compounds as well because they will impact overall treatment process performance and often will be limited in per- missible discharge amount by NPDES permits.' As a prelude to formulating treatment trains capable of addressing the complex chemical matrix of hazardous waste leach- ate, details relating to process configurations, applications, design concerns, and pre- and post-treatment requirements of Category 1 and 2 unit processes are discussed in Section 6.5. In Section 6.6, unit processes are arranged into example process trains for several selected leachate situations. 5.5 BY-PRODUCT CONSIDERATIONS In addition to a treated effluent, most leachate treatment processes will generate sludges, brines, gaseous emissions, or other by-product streams which often will contain hazardous con- stituents and thus, must be managed as hazardous waste. Methods for treatment and ultimate disposal are the same as those for hazardo-us wastes except that options probably will be more lim- ited because of the expected mixed composition of hazardous waste leachate treatment by-product streams. The objectives of this subsection are to identify by-prod- ucts generated by the treatment processes described in Section 5.3, to identify alternative management methods, and to list factors affecting selection of a management method. Table 5-2 lists by-products expected from the treatment processes described in Section 5.3. For purposes of this man- ual, the by-product streams have been divided into two cate- gories: residuals (e.g., brines, concentrates, sludges, and dis- carded materials) and gaseous emissions. Methods for dealing with these two classifications are sub- stantially different. Residues may be managed using most of the techniques available for hazardous wastes; thus, on or off-site measures may be employed. For gaseous emissions there are three basic control measures. 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N_ • CU Cn 3 H CO n t 0 CO CU •H -P S-l -H ------- ^^, T3 CU G -H -P C O ^u CN 1 in W CQ -P CQ T3 g CU 0 -P •P 03 •P H 0 -P £1 C CU M O 0) C a. o O4 O M C •P -H CQ 03 •P - G M 0 CU 0 > CU H £ rH 0-H X! S • g (d cu .p CQ C cu J3 r^ CU CO 03 CU r-l CU 0) 1 g cu -p T3 G 03 CU ^\| 3 CQ CQ CU M •o >ix: (0 CU x: cu > 0 T3 C 03 CQ U 13 •H CU C tn 03 ^ CT> (0 M XI O U CQ CU -H r~f ^ •r^ -P CU • 03 X! >i i— 1 r—i O -P -P > o o 1 G CU C C M O 03 -H C O T3 • CO •H CQ 0 g CQ O CU CQ 0) > CU M 0 M-l rQ CU M 0 a< cu i-i CO 03 cu g 03 to G O •H -P (0 -P rH •H M-l 03 S-l 4J i— f D X H X 03 g CQ M 0 a 03 [> >i X! •a CU 4J 03 ^4 CU C CU CT1 -P O C (U OS CQ CU 3 T3 •H CO cu tf c 0 •H -P 03 T3 •H X O .p cu s x' X Cri •H ,c; 0) x: 4J CQ T3 •H rH 0 CQ ^J 3 X! CO CO CU o o M p. CU X! 4J 1 •H rQ C O U CT> G •H -P m SH cu a- 0 CU !H 3 4J (0 ^ CU & M 0) 4J 03 CU -P CO 03 J5 03 H CU 3 c •H -P G CU CQ CU M pi CU fj -p T3 G 03 T3 CU > O g CU M (U 03 CQ G O •H _p • .p C CU 5 03 CU M -U ^1 cu 4J MH 03 G •H 03 g CU J_j T3 H 3 O 0 1 CO O e -P n3 0 4J T3 CU CO O a X cu CQ •H CU 4-1 CQ 03 J5 CU X5 O -P >i CU •H r-l CU }_4 03 CQ rQ •H i-H O CQ (J) CQ (U X3 EH t CQ G O •H -P -H T! G O O O •H j_l CU X! a. i c •H CJl •H H 0 CU CQ O r\| -P C X! • -P -P C •P CU M CO cu cu C tj •H a i M rH 0 rH g 03 5-26 ------- phase adsorbents. These measures may control the emission, but in many cases generate by-product waste streams. A second approach is to use a process which does not gener- ate an air emission or which generates an emission of less mag- nitude or severity. For example, gravity sedimentation is less likely to strip volatile compounds than dissolved air flotation; the same applies for trickling filtration versus diffused aera- tion activated sludge. Process selection, however, also depends upon leachate quality, treatment goals, and capabilities of the individual unit processes in the process train. The third alternative which may be possible in some instan- ces is a "do nothing" approach which allows emissions provided that concentrations of specific pollutants in the gaseous emis- sions are within acceptable limits (for many hazardous or toxic pollutants such limits have not been defined). Ensuring ade- quate dilution of the emission may be a factor in this approach. As previously stated, residues can be managed in the same manner as other liquid and solid hazardous wastes. That is, the following disposal techniques may be used: "• hazardous waste landfill, • hazardous waste treatment facility, • hazardous waste incinerator, • deep well injection, or • land application. Whether the residue has to be processed before disposal depends upon the residue characteristics, the disposal option, and eco- nomics of the situation. For example, if the leachate treatment facility is located at a hazardous waste landfill, it may be possible to pump or otherwise convey a sludge to the landfill in the form it is generated and thus avoid the costs of dewatering or chemical stabilization. However, this decision is very site specific and it is not possible to recommend a specific manage- ment technique for every residue listed in Table 5-2. It is possible to group the residues in Table 5-2 into the following broad categories, subsequently to identify alternative manage- ment approaches for each category. Residue Category Examples 1. Liquids (brines) Inorganic aqueous streams: con- centrates from membrane separa- tion processes, ion exchange regenerant streams 5-27 ------- 3. Sludges (inorganic) 4. Sludges (organic) 2. Liquids (organic Condensates from stripping, dis- laden) tillation, and evaporation operations; spent solvents from extraction and regeneration pro- cesses; concentrate from ultrafiltration Precipitates from chemical oxidation, reduction and precipitation processes; backwash from granular media filtration processes; spent ion exchange resins Excess biological treatment sludges, still bottoms from distillation and evaporation processes, spent adsorbents such as granular and powdered active carbon and resins which cannot be regenerat- ed, scum from dissolved air flotation (may also be in- organic in nature) Ion exchange resins, acti- vated carbon, adsorption resins Discarded or fouled mem- branes, contaminated pack- ings from column opera- tions Processing and disposal alternatives for each of these catego- ries are shown in Table 5-3. Engineering judgment was used to attempt to differentiate in this table between a primary or pre- ferred approach (designated with a P) and other approaches which should be considered (designated S). Blanks indicate that the alternative probably does not apply to the residue category; however, there may be exceptions. Factors to be considered when selecting a residue management alternative are the same as those considered when evaluating on or off-site leachate treatment and disposal alternatives as dis- cussed in Section14. 5.6 TREATMENT PROCESS COSTS Although many of the unit processes described in Section 5.3 have potential application to treatment of hazardous waste leachate, most of them have never been used for this purpose. 5-28 5. Reusable materials 6. Other ------- TABLE 5-3. RESIDUE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES Disposal Alternative Landfill Incinerate Deep well injection Land Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment Facil- ity Reuse Alternatives for Process- ing Before TH ennsfll None Dewater Stabilize None Dewater None None Dewater None Dewater Regenerate Brines P S P P P S RESIDUE CATEGORY CO Organic Liquids P S P S S P P S u Inorgani Sludges P S P S S S Organic Sludges P S S P S P S S _J Reuseab] P M 01 0 P P P - Primary or preferred approach S - Approach which should be considered Blank indicates alternative probably not applicable to residue category 5-29 ------- Therefore, no historical cost data exist on the use of these processes for hazardous waste leachate treatment. Consequently, one must rely on information based upon municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment experience to develop cost esti- mates. Such information, however, should not be applied direct- ly in developing cost estimates for hazardous waste leachate treatment. Nevertheless, it reflects the best available infor- mation and with care can be used to make approximate cost com- parisons among leachate treatment alternatives. Municipal and industrial treatment cost data should not be used to prepare ab- solute site specific cost estimates for any particular process. Once a process has been selected and operating conditions de- fined, detailed cost estimates should be prepared using standard engineering practices. Before preparing cost estimates for purposes of making com- parisons, the user should be aware of the following constraints to applying available municipal and industrial treatment cost data to leachate situations: 1. Cost data for many processes are presented as a function of flow rate with flow rates typically 3 ranging from 0.1 or 1.0 to 100 MGD (378 to 378,000 m /d). Leachate flow rates are expected to be les"s than 0.1 MGD in most cases. Consequently, extrapola- tion must be made to the correct size range. The reader is cautioned that a good understanding of the assumptions, formulae, constants, and exponentials used to prepare the original cost curves is necessary prior to making such extrapolations. 2. Costs for many processes have been derived from treatment of wastewater matrices less complicated than hazardous waste leachate and containing conven- tional rather than hazardous, toxic, or priority pollutants. Consequently, the levels of treatment provided may be adequate only for the conventional pollutants. For example, ozonation for municipal wastewater disinfection requires smaller ozone doses and consequently smaller ozone generators and lower capital costs than for oxidation of certain organic compounds. Also, phenomena like competitive ad- sorption may not have been recognized and taken into account in sizing an adsorption process to handle a given flow rate. 3. Costs may be presented as a function of loading of a certain wastewater constituent, e.g., BOD or COD. These may not be meaningful parameters to size and cost a hazardous waste leachate treatment process. 5-30 ------- With these cautions in mind, the reader is referred to the following references for cost information which could be of as- sistance in evaluating leachate treatment alternatives: • Treatability Manual, Volume IV, Cost Estimating (5) • Estimating Water Treatment Costs, Volume 3, Cost Curves Applicable to 2500 gpd to 1 mgd Treatment Plants (6) These documents contain capital, and operation and maintenance cost data on municipal and industrial applications of many of the unit processes described in Section 5.3 as well as ancil- lary processes such as pumping, pretreatment, and sludge han- dling. It is expected that for some processes, the capital cost curves would be more usable than operation and maintenance (O&M) cost data. This is because O&M cost components such as chemi- cals, materials, power, and even labor are more likely to be influenced by wastewater composition and treatment goals. A good example is granular carbon adsorption where contactor size and ancillary equipment is relatively independent of wastewater characteristics but the amount of carbon used is directly depen- dent on wastewater composition and treatment objectives. Ozon- ation, however, provides an exception to this generalization because even though the ozone dosage requirement is directly dependent on wastewater composition and treatment goals it also influences capital costs for ozone generators. Such relation- ships should be kept in mind when using the referenced cost data to compare leachate treatment alternatives. In general, it is believed that leachate treatment costs will be higher than for comparable municipal and industrial processes. 5.7 REFERENCES 1. Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka. Concen- tration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment. EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1980. 343 pp. 2. Baillod, G. R., R. A. Lamparter, and D. G. Leddy. Wet Oxidation of Toxic Organic Substances. Michigan Techno- logical University, College of Engineering, Houghton, Michigan. 3. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Treatability Manual, Volume III, Technologies for Control/Removal of Pollutants. EPA-600/8-80-042 C, U. S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1980. 5-31 ------- 4. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Treatability Man- ual, Volume I, Treatability Data. EPA-600/8-80-042 a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1980. 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Treatability Manual, Volume IV, Cost Estimating. EPA-600/8-80-042d, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,, Washington, D.C., 1980. 6. Hansen, S. P., R. C. Gumerman, and R. L. Gulp. Estimating Water Treatment Costs, Volume 3, Cost Curves Applicable to 2500 gpd to 1 mgd Treatment Plants. EPA - 600/2-79-162c, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979. 196 pp. 5-32 ------- SECTION 6 LEACHATE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION 6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION Selection of a leachate treatment process is not a simple task, especially in view of the fact that there is little past experience in the area of hazardous waste leachate treatment and if the facility is not yet in operation, the quality and quan- tity of the leachate to be treated must be estimated. Numerous factors must be weighed and tradeoffs made in the course of se- lecting a leachate treatment process. Important factors which must be considered include: 1. leachate characteristics; 2. discharge alternatives; 3. treatment objectives (performance requirements); 4. nature of disposal site operation and resulting impact on leachate; 5. costs of various alternatives; 6. status of the disposal facility (new or existing); and 7. post-closure care considerations. The intent of this section is to provide the reader with an un- derstanding of how each of the above factors influences treat- ment process selection. Moreover, an approach which can be fol- lowed to systematically address each factor is suggested. Fi- nally, selected hypothetical and actual leachate situations are used to provide examples of use of this approach to select treatment processes. Requirements for hazardous waste leachate treatment are ex- pected to apply to both new and existing disposal sites. How- ever, approaches to selection of leachate treatment systems for these two situations probably will differ. Each situation is addressed subsequently in this section. 6-1 ------- Although post-closure care considerations have not been dealt with explicitly in this section, such considerations should be taken into account in final treatment process selec- tion. That is, the resources necessary to maintain treatment system operations subsequent to site closure must be factored into the treatment system selection process and into the long term financial planning for the site. In addition to resource considerations, post-closure concerns which may impact treatment system selection relate to changes in flow and composition of leachate as a result of site closure. 6.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS As noted in Section 4.4, there are several options for treatment of leachate and disposal of treated effluent: 1. complete treatment with direct discharge to sur- face waters; 2. complete treatment with discharge to groundwater; or 3. pretreatment with discharge to a POTW or other fa- cility for additional treatment. Obviously, the required degree of treatment differs among the options. For option 3, the nature and capabilities of sub- sequent treatment will dictate the required degree of pretreat- ment. Currently, pretreatment standards for discharge to POTWs exist for some substances in many municipalities. Moreover, regulations require development of new pretreatment standards for most POTWs for substances such as metals, phenol, and cya- nide. That is, limits exist but are being upgraded. Therefore, leachate treatment system performance requirements will be de- fined, at least in part, by local pretreatment requirements. Pretreatment requirements for discharge to treatment systems other than POTWs will be dictated by the nature of the down- stream system and thus will be highly site specific. Therefore, leachate treatment system performance requirements would have to be developed on a case-by-case basis. In any event, pretreat- ment would represent a simplified case of complete treatment. That is, the technologies would be the same but the required de- gree of treatment would be less. Options 1 and 2 also may differ in the degree of treat- ment required. However, at this time there are no guidelines which establish discharge limitations or acceptable ground or surface water concentrations for most of the pollutants identi- fied in Sections 261.33(e), 261.33(f) and Appendix VIII of RCRA or Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. Consequently, specific limitations cannot be used to derive the required levels of per- 6-2 ------- formance. Moreover, it is likely that leachate treatment system performance objectives will encompass concerns broader than RCRA alone, e.g., NPDES. Definition of treatment system performance objectives is vital to selection of an appropriate treatment technology. Therefore, several possible approaches to establishing perfor- mance objectives are discussed below. These approaches are not intended to have any regulatory significance, but could be used in some combination to guide selection of treatment system goals until more comprehensive guidelines are developed. In the case of surface water discharges, stream water qual- ity standards, including specific pollutant water quality cri- teria, must be considered when defining the required level of treatment. Water quality criteria have been developed by states for numerous conventional and non-conventional pollutants. State standards vary and the pertinent agency must be contacted to obtain standards for the stream of concern. Some multiple of published water quality criteria could be used to establish treatment objectives. The multiple should be established on the basis of receiving stream flow taking dilution into account. Although water quality standards do not exist for many of the compounds likely to be of concern in hazardous waste leach- ate, recommended water quality criteria for 64 of the 65 prior- ity pollutants recently have been published by the Environmental Protection Agency(l). However, because criteria for these pol- lutants still must be developed and adopted by the states, uni- form treatment requirements even for these 64 pollutants do not exist. Published industrial effluent limitation guidelines also can be useful in formulating hazardous waste leachate treatment goals. Specific numerical effluent criteria have been estab- lished for some constituents in certain industrial waste cate- gories based upon state-of-the-art technology capabilities. Criteria generally are available from this source on pH, BOD, COD, SS, oil and grease, phenol, cyanide, and several heavy met- als. Primary drinking water standards also can be used as a ref- erence point in setting leachate treatment objectives. Once again, a multiplier could be applied to these water quality based criteria to establish effluent objectives. This source may prove useful for certain metals and several pesticides. Discharges to groundwater can take the form of land appli- cation, seepage pits, or disposal wells. At this time no uni- form approach has been applied to define the required degree of treatment before groundwater discharge. With adoption of a na- tional groundwater protection strategy, criteria to protect 6-3 ------- groundwater quality may evolve. A strategy has been proposed by EPA (2) but adoption and implementation by the states still is required. In this draft strategy, the following three classifi- cations of groundwater resources are identified: • first class - serves a highly valuable human use or ecological function warranting the most stringent pro- tection controls, • second class - must be protected to insure use as a drinking water source, and • third class - limited or defined contamination would be allowed for some types of contaminants. Implementation of this strategy most probably will influence leachate treatment requirements as well as hazardous waste dis- posal facility siting. It is possible that the recently pro- posed water quality criteria for 64 of the priority pollutants also could be related to groundwater quality using the "protec- tion of human health" criteria. However, it should be noted that for many of these 64 pollutants three criteria are given representing incremental cancer risks, but no "acceptable risk level" is given. In summary, the following sources may be used to guide de- velopment of leachate treatment goals: 1. existing surface water quality standards prepared by the individual state agencies, 2. water quality criteria for 64 priority pollutants recently proposed by EPA (1), 3. industrial wastewater effluent guideline documents which define state-of-the-art performance levels for various technologies and wastewater constit- uents, 4. interim primary drinking water standards, and 5. proposed groundwater protection strategy issued by EPA (2). However, in attempting to use these various sources for this purpose, care must be taken to understand the intent of the par- ticular criteria/standard and the basis for its development. Such understanding is crucial to the derivation of reasonable treatment goals from sources originally developed for other pur- poses . 6-4 ------- 6.3 TREATMENT FACILITY STAGING During the life of a disposal operation and even after clo- sure, the flow and composition of leachate from the site are likely to change. These changes can occur because of: 1. changes in hazardous wastes being disposed of at the site; 2. on-going physical, chemical, and biological reac- tions within the disposal site; and 3. ultimate sealing of the site at the time of clo- sure which further reduces entry of extraneous water. Thus, the leachate treatment facility must be capable of responding to these changes. This can be done either by prepar- ing an initial design which includes processes capable of re- sponding to all envisioned changes or by staging. Staging would involve a design which facilitates adding or deleting new treat- ment processes or changing capacity of existing processes as fu- ture conditions warrant. From both technical and economic perspectives, staging war- rants detailed consideration during both disposal facility and leachate treatment facility design. A major advantage of stag- ing would be optimum utilization of the technologies judged to be most applicable to the leachates produced at different phases in the life of the disposal site. A major disadvantage, how- ever, is the need to anticipate when a change will occur and to respond as necessary. In some cases it may not be sufficient to recognize that a change has occurred and then modify the leach- ate treatment process after the fact. An evaluation of the need to modify the leachate treatment process could be triggered by either: 1. the results from routine monitoring of leachate characteristics and leachate treatment process performance, or 2. the decision to accept a different hazardous waste it the disposal facility. If a change is needed in unit processes, process size, or opera- tional procedures, this can be determined based upon the ex- pected magnitude and duration of change in the leachate. In the case of a new disposal operation where a leachate has not yet been generated and treatability studies cannot be conducted using actual leachate samples, the initial leachate 6-5 ------- treatment facility will have to be designed from leachate quan- tity and composition projections made on the basis of types of wastes to be handled, and site construction and operational procedures. However, because performance of the leachate treat- ment system can, at best, only be estimated on the basis of available data, the system should be designed and constructed in such a way that processes can be added or deleted as necessary to respond to leachate characteristics and to meet performance requirements. One aspect of staging which should be considered for new facilities is interim storage and/or leachate recycle to the disposal site. The feasibility of these approaches will be highly site specific and in most cases can only be considered as interim. However, if some combination of storage and recycle is feasible early in the life of the disposal site operation, this approach may provide sufficient time for the conduct of treata- bility studies with the actual leachate. Consequently, treat- ment process design could be accomplished on a firmer basis. Use of this approach, however, must be evaluated on a case-by- case basis. The use of mobile or temporary treatment facilities early in the life of a disposal site prior to construction of a per- manent facility also could be considered. 6.4 TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION METHODOLOGY It is not possible to provide a prescriptive, step-by-step guide for selection of a hazardous waste leachate treatment technology. This is because site specific factors will have a significant impact on the selection procedure. Moreover, haz- ardous waste leachate treatment is an emerging area still in its infancy. Therefore, this section addresses factors which should be considered and suggests a generalized methodology which can be applied to selection of a leachate treatment process. Cau- tions and recommendations pertaining to various steps in the methodology also are provided. If possible, selection of a process to treat hazardous waste leachate should be based upon treatability studies (labo- ratory or pilot scale) using the actual leachate. This is rec- ommended for several reasons: 1. Published hazardous waste leachate treatment per- formance data are rare. In the absence of treata- bility studies, inferences must be drawn from other laboratory experimental studies, and indus- trial and municipal water and wastewater treatment experience. 6-6 ------- 2. Lacking previous experience and/or treatability data, there is no guarantee that high levels of treatment can be achieved. 3. It is likely that a combination of several unit processes will be needed to deal with the complex leachate matrix. Arriving at the optimum system is unlikely without treatability studies. 4. The complex leachate matrix may not behave like other wastewaters thus affecting design and opera- ting criteria (e.g., chemical dosage require- ments), and invalidating extrapolations from other experiences. 5. Capital investment, and especially operation and maintenance costs are likely to be greater per unit volume treated than for municipal or indus- trial wastewater. However, costs will be diffi- cult to estimate without treatment experience. Investment in a costly, unproven system that may not meet the required treatment objectives is im- prudent. In spite of these considerations, at new disposal sites or ex- isting sites where leachate has not appeared or its quality is expected to change greatly, treatability studies may not be pos- sible. Thus, a more theoretical approach (at least to concep- tual design of a treatment system) with greater dependency on published data must be taken. A general methodology which can be used for selection of a leachate treatment process is shown in Figure 6-1. This method- ology revolves around the question of existence of a leachate. The left side of the flow chart applies to cases where a leach- ate exists and can reasonably be used in treatability studies. The right side addresses the case where leachate treatability studies cannot be conducted. This suggested methodology is dis- cussed subsequently. Aside from the availability of leachate for use in treata- bility studies, several key questions must be answered as part of the leachate treatment technology selection process. Among these are: 1. Does the leachate need to be considered a hazard- ous waste? 2. What are the treated effluent discharge options and the corresponding performance or discharge limitations? 6-7 ------- yes does a leachate exist? no based on leachate quality, select applicable technologies from published data define expected leachate quality from theoretical projections or leachate generation studies conduct treability studies, evaluate results, develop costs, select process select applicable technologies based on published data conduct pilot scale studies, make cost estimates, optimize process evaluate processes, develop costs, select process design treatment facility design treatment facility Figure 6-1. Methodology to select leachate treatment process, 6-8 ------- 3. What pollutants are present in the leachate and at what concentrations? 4. Are toxic or refractory compounds present? 5. What is the leachate flow rate; how will it vary with time (diurnal, seasonal, long term)? 6. Are there any other aqueous wastes generated at the site and should they be combined with the leachate for treatment? 7. Will the leachate quality or quantity change (could be a function of disposal site operation) and does the leachate treatment process need to be able to respond to such changes and in what time- frame? 8. How much land is available for the leachate treat- ment facility and are there any special con- straints to construction? 9. Should leachates from different areas of the dis- posal site be combined or segregated for treat- ment? (Note that this will affect site and leach- ate collection system design.) 10. How will leachate treatment residues be managed? . 11. What is required to support the leachate treatment operation, e.g., analytical testing, operations personnel? 12. Will spilled material get into the leachate treat- ment system? 13. What skills and resources will be needed for post- closure operation? The leachate treatment system design process must address all these issues. 6.4.1 Disposal Site with Existing Leachate Where a leachate exists, a three-tiered selection method- ology process is shown in Figure 6-1. Initially, published in- formation (e.g., discussions given in Section 5.3 and 5.4, and the treatability data given in Section 5.2 and Appendix E) should be used to identify processes that have been reported to be capable of treating the types of constituents present in the leachate. The objective should be to focus subsequent efforts on the most promising processes. 6-9 ------- At the second level, these processes should be studied at laboratory scale individually and, if necessary, in combina- tions. Experimental studies will further screen out unsuccess- ful processes, identify viable combinations, enable development of "first cut" design criteria, identify by-products of concern, and facilitate cost projections. Depending upon the results of this step and the reliability of laboratory scale data, a pilot scale program may be warranted to develop detailed design infor- mation. The possibility of designing the pilot scale system to serve as the first stage of the full scale system should be giv- en consideration. The time required and costs associated with conduct of this three-tiered program will depend upon the number of processes examined, the ease with which the leachate can be treated, and the intensity of the effort. Physical and chemical processes generally can be studied in less time than biological processes because of acclimation or stabilization requirements usually associated with the latter process type. Other considerations in designing and conducting treatability studies include: • obtaining representative leachate samples; • quantities of leachate required; • methods for collecting, handling, and transporting leachate to avoid or minimize changes which would in- troduce experimental error or endanger personnel, e.g., volatilization of leachate constituents; • use of batch and continuous flow treatment processes; • parameters used to monitor process performance because of both the considerable costs which could be incurred by analytical testing and the need for rapid data turn-around to enable timely judgments; and • disposal of wastes (liquids, residues, gaseous emis- sions) generated in the treatability studies. 6.4.2 Disposal Site Without Existing Leachate If a leachate does not exist or if its composition is ex- pected to change greatly, the first major step is to determine what the leachate composition is expected to be. Because dis- posal site design and permit acquisition requires knowledge of what wastes will be handled at the site, incoming waste composi- tion data probably will be available. However, it still will be necessary to project which waste consituents may appear in the leachate and at what concentrations. Moreover, because treat- ment facility design probably will be based on a worst case rather than average or optimum condition, a projection of the 6-10 ------- worst condition must be made based upon anticipated chemical re- actions, physical constants for the waste constituents, a water balance for the site, and water and pollutant migration rate in- formation. For a landfill disposal operation, a second approach for determining leachate characteristics would be to simulate leach- ate generation. Various simulation techniques are available de- pending on the desired degree of correlation with the actual site. However, a one-for-one correlation is unlikely and cost increases as correlation improves. Leachate generation tests could range from "extraction procedure" type tests to larger scale lysimeter studies to measure percolation and constituents removed in the drainage. Generation tests could be conducted using individual raw wastes or they could be conducted under conditions better representing site operation by mixing, segre- gating, stabilizing, compacting, or sealing the wastes as they would be at the site. The major benefit of the larger scale, more time-consuming lysimeter test may not be the development of leachate composition data but the generation of enough leachate to enable conduct of small scale treatability studies. However, before adopting such an approach, one should be assured that good correlation with actual site conditions can be achieved. Otherwise, treatability study data may be little more useful than published data and should be used with a similar amount of caution. In that regard, published data can be used with caution to gain insight into the types of compounds likely to migrate and appear in leachate and to a lesser extent, concentration ranges. The data contained in Appendix A and summarized in Table 3-1 could serve as a starting point. As more data on hazardous waste leachate composition become available, the utility of mak- ing projections based upon experience at other sites may be im- proved. In the future, mathematical modeling, may be a viable al- ternative for projecting leachate characteristics. However, selection of input values which correlate with site conditions will be difficult. Once leachate characteristics are projected, promising technologies should be identified on the basis of published data (similar to the first step or the left side of Figure 6-1). De- tailed "desk-top" analyses then can be conducted to evaluate and select the process. These analyses could be aided by companies marketing pertinent technologies if unpublished in-house experi- ences are provided to supplement available data. In cases where treatment process design is based on the "desk-top" approach, consideration should be given to contin- gency plans for leachate treatment and disposal in the event 6-11 ------- that the original design does not perform as required. The feasibility of adopting an interim measure such as leachate storage and/or recycle until the design can be confirmed by ac- tual treatability studies as discussed earlier in this section also should be considered. 6.5 CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO PROCESS TRAIN FORMULATION Details relating to process configurations, applications, design concerns, and pre- and post-treatment requirements to assure proper performance are discussed below for those proc- esses identified in Section 5.4 as being most applicable for leachate treatment. These considerations should be taken into account when arranging unit processes into treatment trains. 6.5.1 Biological Treatment Biological treatment is expected to offer the most cost- effective approach to removal of organic matter, particularly biodegradable substances which are not amenable to sorption processes. The major problem associated with biological treat- ment is the potential presence of toxic organics and heavy met- als which may interfere with metabolic processes and render this treatment approach ineffective. There are several categories of biological treatment processes including variations within these categories which overcome toxicity problems to some extent. In addition, pretreatment or the addition of powdered activated carbon often can be applied successfully to overcome toxicity problems. For example, toxic heavy metals may be reduced below inhibiting concentrations by chemical precipitation using lime, alum, or iron salts, prior to biological treatment. Carbon sorption either by packed bed pretreatment or PAC addition to the biological treatment unit can be quite effective in dealing with organic toxic substances. Nutrient addition (e.g., phos- phorus and/or nitrogen) probably will be required in many in- stances to support biological growth. Neutralization also may be required if the pH is substantially different from 7. Biological treatments which can be used include aerobic processes such as activated sludge, trickling filters and aer- ated lagoons; and anaerobic processes such as lagoons and anaer- obic filters. Each is discussed below. Of the various activated sludge processes, completely mixed, extended aeration, and contact stabilization are used most often. The completely mixed configurations are more toler- ant of toxic substances than plug flow schemes. The impact of toxic substances in the wastewater is reduced because complete mixing in the aeration unit reduces the concentration of the toxic compound by dilution and distributes the load to a greater quantity of biomass. Non-biodegradable substances may pose more 6-12 ------- of a problem than biodegradable toxics especially if sorbed by the biological sludge where they may concentrate over a period of time and interfere with cell metabolism. Sludge produced in biological waste treatment may be a haz- ardous waste itself due to the sorption and concentration of toxic substances contained in the wastewater. The quantity of biological sludge produced normally is governed by hydraulic de- tention time and sludge age. The conventional approach focuses on maximum sludge production consistent with the desired efflu- ent quality. On the other hand, extended aeration minimizes sludge pro- duction through use of long hydraulic detention times. Extended aeration typically is used in small operations since the small sludge handling requirements minimize the amount of manpower needed for operation (manpower costs are more significant than aeration costs for small units). An additional potential problem associated with aerated systems is the stripping of volatile compounds. While this may serve as a removal mechanism, air pollution and personnel safety problems also may arise. Methods to control these emissions are limited. Aside from using a process where stripping is less likely (e.g., trickling filters or an anaerobic process), gas phase adsorption may be possible using carbon or resin, al- though this has not been studied extensively. Adsorption would require collection of off-gas and, thus, could be more easily adapted to a pure oxygen process. Chemical oxidation of emis- sions before release also may be feasible. Prior to pursuing emission control, the potential problem magnitude should be evaluated thoroughly. It is doubtful that activated sludge treatment alone will suffice to meet discharge objectives in all instances. Pre- treatment is expected to be needed to remove toxic materials which would interfere with optimum performance of the biological system. Post-treatment normally serves to polish the effluent by removing suspended solids and refractory substances. These latter substances generally are expected to be in much lower concentrations than biodegradable substances. Listed below are potentially useful pretreatment steps: 1. Addition of lime, alum, or iron salts to precipi- tate heavy metals. 2. Carbon sorption which may either be accomplished through PAC addition with or without chemical coag- ulation or by packed beds of granular carbon. The objective is reduction of chemicals toxic to bio- logical treatment; therefore, large throughputs for 6-13 ------- packed beds or small PAC additions may be all that is required to achieve this reduction if the toxic materials are strongly sorbed by the carbon. 3. Ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis are potential pretreatment candidates. These would be used to remove large molecular species which typically in- clude the toxic and refractory species while smaller species which are generally biodegradable (e.g., ethanol, acetone) carry through and are re- moved in the biological unit. 4. Aeration, sedimentation and filtration may also be useful in some instances. For example, ferrous iron may be oxidized and precipitated to scavenge other heavy metals. Sedimentation with or without filtration could then remove the precipitated fer- ric hydroxide and reduce toxic heavy metals to ac- ceptable levels. 5. Chemical oxidation, with ozone for example, may serve to detoxify certain materials; however, ozone consumption may be high due to oxidation of mate- rials which are more appropriately biodegraded at much less cost. Alkaline chlorination may be used to oxidize cyanides if present in relatively dilute concentration. 6. Wet air oxidation also may detoxify some organic substances but is expected to be a costly pretreat- ment step. 7. Ion exchange can remove toxic metal ions but is probably more expensive than chemical precipita- tion. 8. Electrochemical treatment may be useful in some in- stances, e.g., it may be preferable to chlorination for reduction of high cyanide concentrations. 9. A.P.I, separator and/or air flotation may be used to remove oil and grease. Candidate post-treatment steps include: 1. Carbon sorption has strong potential when teamed with biological. Biological treatment can substan- tially reduce the load to a carbon column and thereby minimize the cost. 6-14 ------- 2. Chemical coagulation - sedimentation - filtration would be useful for removing residual heavy metals. Some PAC addition may also be performed to clean up low residuals of toxic organics. Other steps, such as ion exchange and membrane processes may be considered processes for inorganic ion or total dissolved solids removal. Trickling filters will not produce as high a quality efflu- ent as activated sludge, but may be less troublesome from an op- erational standpoint and are less likely to cause'stripping of volatile compounds. Pre- and post-treatment comments for the activated sludge treatment process also apply to trickling fil- ters. Aerobic lagoons may be an effective process for treating the organic fraction of a leachate stream. Their large size provides dilution and buffering of load fluctuations. Capital costs and operation and maintenance requirements are less than for activated sludge but land requirements are greater and oper- ational controls are less flexible. If lagoons are aerated by mechanical means, stripping of volatile compounds could be a problem. Sludge removal may necessitate shut down of lagoon opera- tion, however, clean-out will be determined by leachate compo- sition and lagoon design and could be very infrequent (at in- tervals of several years). Effluents probably will need to be polished to accomplish the high levels of performance expected to be required. Consequently, pre- and post-treatment processes discussed for activated sludge generally apply to aerobic la- goons. The two anaerobic processes described in Section 5.2 great- ly differ in their configuration and operation. Both, however, may have advantages over aerobic treatment because of less stripping and sludge production. Methane produced could be used as fuel. Anaerobic lagoons also are easier to operate and have lower capital, and operation and maintenance costs. The diffi- culty of anaerobic filter operation may be comparable to acti- vated sludge. For upflow anaerobic filters, pre-treatment for suspended solids removal may be needed to minimize filter plug- ging. A lower quality effluent will be produced by anaerobic processes necessitating post-treatment with the considerations discussed for activated sludge applying. Successful application of anaerobic treatment followed by aerobic treatment for gross and specific organics removal has been reported at bench scale. Successful anaerobic treatment of municipal landfill leachate also has been reported at bench scale. 6-15 ------- 6.5.2 Carbon Adsorption Activated carbon sorption in packed beds is considered to be a prime candidate for leachate treatment. However, it is an- ticipated that activated carbon will be used in conjunction with other processes since it is quite expensive to treat moderate to high TOG loads with carbon alone. Furthermore, carbon is not effective for removing many highly soluble low-molecular weight organics. Although most of the low-molecular weight organics are not highly toxic, they will contribute substantially to the COD and BOD of the effluent. Carbon sorption is best suited for removal of refractory organics following biological treatment. These organics•gener- ally are adsorbed most strongly by the carbon and at the low concentrations typically found, the carbon sorption cycle can be lengthened. Consequently, the cost of carbon replacement or re- generation is lowered. There may be cases where carbon adsorption will be used be- fore biological treatment to protect the biological process from toxics. In these cases complete treatment by the carbon process is not required and organics can be allowed to "leak" from the carbon. Treatability studies, however, are necessary to define leakage levels tolerable by the downstream biological process. Powdered activated carbon added directly to the activated sludge biological system also is considered to be a potential leachate treatment process where refractory or toxic organics may inhibit biological activity. To assure adequate removal of carbon from the effluent, post-treatment using granular media filtration may be necessary. If granular carbon usage is low, it is unlikely that on- site thermal regeneration of activated carbon will be performed. Instead, commercial replacement services probably would be used. For powdered activated carbon (PAC) the quantity used also would dictate the decision between one time use of the PAC or regener- ation. Alternative pretreatment steps for the sorption process in- clude the following: 1. Biological treatment (discussed earlier); 2. Solids removed by filtration; 3. Chemical precipitation/coagulation for suspended solids and heavy metals removal followed by sedi- mentation alone or filtration alone, or a combina- tion of sedimentation and filtration; 6-16 ------- 4. Aeration followed by sedimentation/filtration for oxidation and precipitation of dissolved iron which removes heavy metals as well as suspended solids. Aeration also may remove volatile organics to re- lieve loading on activated carbon (however, emis- sions constraints must He considered); 5. Ozonation to render organics more sorbable by car- bon ; and 6. Oil removal. Processes such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis do not complement sorption and are not considered good pretreatment candidates. Ion exchange possibly may serve to remove ionic substances such as heavy metals, organic acids, amines, or cya- nide; but it is likely that alternative processes will be less expensive. Post-treatment processes which may be useful include the following: 1. Precipitation - scavenging for removal of residual heavy metals. 2. Biological - for removing biodegradable residuals. 3. Filtration - to provide complete removal of PAC from the treated effluent. 6.5.3 Chemical Precipitation/Coagulation The term chemical precipitation as used here includes the processes of chemical addition, precipitation and flocculation. Post-treatment will include sedimentation or flotation in cases of oily materials. Granular media filtration also may be in- cluded for better removal of precipitates. Typically, precipitation is used for removal of particulate matter and inorganic ions, primarily heavy metals. It is ac- complished by adding alum, lime, iron salts (ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate), or hydrogen or sodium sulfide. Organic poly- electrolytes also are used as flocculants or to aid floc- culation. A primary variable in determining chemical doses and re- moval efficiencies is pH because of its effect on pollutant sol- ubility in the wastewater matrix. Although removals equal to solubility limits are theoretically possible, the formation of organometallic complexes and the incomplete removal of precipi- tated particles limits actual removal efficiencies. 6-17 ------- When organics are present, post-treatment for organics re- moval will be required. This could take several forms including biological, sorption, or stripping. Reports indicate, however, that coagulation followed by efficient solids removal, e.g., mixed media filtration can provide moderate removals (30-60%) of numerous organic compounds; even when these compounds are present at the low milligram or microgram per liter levels. Provisions also are required to manage sludges generated by the coagulation process. For some metals, e.g., hexavalent chromium, precipitation must be preceded by a chemical reduction process. For iron, manganese and some other metals pretreatment using chemical oxi- dation may be required. 6.5.4 Density Separation Sedimentation is likely to be needed for pre- or post- treatment in concert with many of the applicable unit processes. Flotation may be used with or without chemical coagulation for leachates containing oily materials. 6.5.5 Filtration Granular media filtration also is likely to be used for pre- or post-treatment in concert with many of the applicable unit processes. 6.5.6 Chemical Oxidation Two potential applications of chemical oxidation processes to leachate treatment are cyanide destruction and oxidation of organics. Oxidation of metals is considered of secondary impor- tance because most metals are more effectively removed by chemi- cal precipitation or ion exchange. For cyanide destruction, when cyanide concentration is low and complexation with metals is possible, alkaline chlorination or ozonation may be most ap- plicable. Ozonation produces no harmful residuals (the nature of intermediate products must be assessed individually) and also may oxidize organics present in the leachate. A major disadvan- tage of alkaline chlorination is the potential for formation of chlorinated organics. The alkaline chlorination process may include two stage chlorination or a second step of acid hydrolysis. Both require close pH control. Pretreatment for metals removal by chemical precipitation may be practiced. Post-treatment (biological or carbon adsorption) for removal of organics may be required when treating leachate. 6-18 ------- The ozonation process may include chemical coagulation for metals removal and sedimentation or filtration for suspended solids or precipitate removal. Ozone is not selective and will oxidize cyanide and organics present in the leachate. The de- gree of oxidation will determine post-treatment requirement. Biological treatment and possibly carbon adsorption may be nec- essary . 6.5.7 Chemical Reduction The major leachate treatment application of chemical reduc- tion appears to be reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium using sulfur dioxide, sulfite salts, or ferrous sulfate as reducing agents. For removal of the soluble trivalent chro- mium, chemical precipitation with lime or sodium carbonate is used. This precipitation step also may remove other metals present in the leachate. If cyanide is present chemical oxidation may be a required post-treatment. If organics are present in the leachate, bio- logical or carbon adsorption also may be required post-treatment steps. Site conditions will influence the valence state of chro- mium in a leachate. Analytical determinations are necessary to identify the form of chromium in the leachate. 6.5.8 Ion Exchange Ion exchange is an effective but costly method for metallic ion removal. Consequently, the process application probably will be limited to selected situations. For purposes of leach- ate treatment, a major application could be fluoride removal us- ing activated alumina adsorption. As stated in Section 5.2, ad- sorption rather than ion exchange is the removal mechanism; how- ever, the process is operated similarly to ion exchange proc- esses. Pre-treatment steps could include sedimentation or fil- tration to remove suspended solids, or chemical precipitation to remove metals, or both. Because the process is more suited for inorganic ion removal, treatment for organics removal may be re- quired. Treatment and disposal of regenerant and neutralization streams used to regenerate the activated alumina also must be considered. Total dissolved solids removal is another potential appli- cation for ion exchange when non-precipitable dissolved solids are present and TDS levels are generally less than 5000 mg/1. In this case, the process would be used for effluent polishing. Brines or sludges resulting from regeneration require careful management. 6-19 ------- 6.5.9 Membrane Processes In cases where total dissolved solids (TDS) removal is re- quired and TDS concentration ranges from 5,000 to 50,000 mg/1 reverse osmosis could be used for effluent polishing. Concur- rent removal of some refractory organics also may be accomp- lished. When used to treat effluents with high TDS levels the concentrate stream could become very voluminous and would re- quire additional management considerations. 6.5.10 Stripping Processes Stripping processes will have limited application in leach- ate treatment. This is because of air emissions problems re- lated to air stripping and additional treatment requirements for overhead condensate and stripper bottoms in the case of steam stripping. One possible application of air stripping would be to remove ammonia nitrogen (when biological treatment is not ef- fective) if emissions would not constitute an air pollution problem. If air stripping is used, chemical precipitation and sedi- mentation may be used for pretreatment to accomplish metals re- moval, to take advantage of alkaline pH conditions, and for re- duced solids loading to the stripper. If additional alkalinity is necessary, chemicals should be selected with sludge produc- tion and disposal considerations in mind. 6.5.11 Wet Oxidation Only limited application of wet oxidation is envisioned at this time because of a lack of process experience. Where leach- ates are composed primarily of high concentrations of toxic or refractory organics but are too dilute for incineration to be cost-effective, wet oxidation could be considered. Site specif- ic treatability studies should be conducted before selecting the process. Pretreatment requirements probably will be minimal; post-treatment requirements will depend on the degree of oxida- tion achieved. Wet oxidation as a regeneration technique for powdered ac- tivated carbon used in leachate treatment does appear to be a promising potential application. 6.6 PROCESS TRAIN ALTERNATIVES Since hazardous waste leachates are expected to vary widely in composition and will often contain a variety of constituents, in general, no single unit process will be capable of providing the necessary treatment. Rather, the incorporation of individ- ual unit processes into process trains will be necessary to achieve high levels of treatment in a cost-effective manner. 6-20 ------- The most promising unit processes were identified in Section 6.5 Thus, the next step in selecting a leachate treatment system is to formulate process trains which combine unit process technolo- gies in a fashion which optimizes solution of a particular leachate treatment problem. The formulation of process trains is addressed subsequently in this section for three general types of hazardous waste leachates depending upon the type of contaminants to be treated: organic, inorganic, or combination of organic and inorganic. These are believed to be typical of the types of leachate treat- ment situations which will be encountered at most hazardous waste disposal sites. Example treatment systems are described for each of the leachate types. These systems were selected to apply to a broad range of contaminants which may be present in leachates and should be capable of achieving high levels of treatment. However, other arrangements of unit processes are possible and may be preferable in some cases as dictated by site specific conditions. Process trains presented herein are be- lieved to have broad applicability but must be evaluated in light of a specific leachate treatment problem. Descriptions of process trains and operating conditions are presented in differing levels of detail depending on the appli- cability and reliability of available data. In many cases, the generic type of process (e.g., biological treatment) is illus- trated in the process train rather than a specific process (e.g., activated sludge, trickling filter, aerated lagoon) be- cause site specific conditions will control the choice of the specific unit process. Because of the paucity of data on hazardous waste leachate composition and general lack of experience with leachate treat- ment, the examples given below were derived from a range of sources: actual leachate with a full scale process train imple- mented, contaminated groundwater similar in composition to leachate and proposed alternative process trains, and postulated leachates and alternative process trains. The user can compare these situations to the particular case at hand and make judg- ments about possible treatment approaches. 6.6.1 Leachate Containing Organic Contaminants 6.6.1.1 Love Canal Experience— Experience in the treatment of actual high strength organ- ics-containing leachate has been reported by McDougall, et al. (3,4). They report on the temporary and permanent process trains used to treat leachate from the Love Canal. The proc- esses selected for the permanent facility are listed below and the flow chart is illustrated in Figure 6-2: 6-21 ------- (C (0 •H 0 O •H 4-> (0 O cn I 4-1 CO C 0) 4-) 4J C 0) c (0 M 0) (0 (0 U CN I 10 0) 6-22 ------- • raw leachate holding tank • neutralization with caustic followed by clarification • in-line storage tank • in-line bag filters • carbon adsorption (2 beds in series) The leachate treatment facility discharges to the city sewer system which conveys the treated leachate to a physical-chemical municipal sewage treatment plant. Performance data collected during operation of a temporary system which was similar to the permanent treatment system ex- cept that granular media filters were used instead of bag fil- ters are shown in Table 6-1. Cost for permanent treatment has been reported to be $9.80/m3 (3.74/gal) which includes amortized carbon system capi- tal, replacement carbon, and equipment maintenance. The following considerations or actions taken during devel- opment of the Love Canal leachate treatment system are illustra- tive of factors which should be taken into account when select- ing a leachate treatment technology in any situation. 1. Love Canal was judged to be a public health hazard and immediate emergency actions were required. This limited the time which could be devoted to evaluating alternative approaches. 2. A leachate existed which could be used for treata- bility studies.These studies focused primarily on priority (organic) pollutant removals. 3. A physical-chemical POTW was in close proximity. This provided not only a discharge option but also additional treatment and dilution thus serving as a buffering device should the leachate treatment sys- tem ultimately selected fail to meet performance requirements. 4. Discharge to a POTW allowed for performance re- quirements likely to be less stringent than for di- rect discharge to surface waters. 5. Regular monitoring was practiced and the system was constructed so that system modifications could be made as needed at a future time. 6-23 ------- TABLE 6-1 PERFORMANCE DATA ON TEMPORARY TREATMENT SYSTEM AT LOVE CANAL (3) Pollutant Raw Leachate Ug/D Carbon System Effluent (ng/1) 2,4, 6-trichlorophenol 2, 4-dichlorophenol Phenol 1, 2, 3-trichlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene 2-chloronaphthalene 1 , 2-dichlorobenzene 1,3&1,4- dichlorobenzene Hexachlorobutad iene Anthracene and phenanthrene Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene 1,2-dichloroe thane 1 , 1 , 1- tr ichloroe thane 1,1-dichloroe thane 1, 1, 2-tr ichloroe thane 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroe thane Chloroform 1, 1-dichloroethylene 1,2- trans dichloroethylene 1, 2-dichloropropane Ethylbenzene Me thy Iene chloride Methyl chloride Chlorod ibr omome thane Tetrachloroe thy Iene Toulene Tr ichloroe thy Iene TOC 85 5,100 2,400 870 110 510 1,300 960 1,500 29 28,000 61,000 50,000 52 23 66 780 80,000 44,000 16 3,200 130 590 140 370 29 44,000 25,000 5,000 a, 1,000 mg/1 < 10 N.D. < 10 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. < 10 < 10 12 N.D. N.D. N.D. < 10 < 10 < 10 N.D. < 10 N.D. < 10 46 N.D. N.D. 12 < 10 N.D. ^ 30 mg/1 N.D. - not detected 6-24 ------- Results of limited treatability and feasibility study efforts prior to treatment system selection are summarized below: 1. A mobile treatment unit equipped for pH adjustment, clarification, sand filtration, and carbon adsorp- tion was operated at the site and produced effluent which was found to be acceptable for discharge (3). 2. Because granular activated carbon was believed to be the best available technology for priority pol- lutant removal from the leachate, carbon isotherm, dynamic column, and carbon reactivation studies were undertaken (4). Isotherms indicated that the treatment objective of 300 mg/1 TOC could be met with reasonable carbon usage. Dynamic column stud- ies indicated that the 300 mg/1 TOC limit could be achieved; that only one organic compound, methanol, was found in the effluent in the mg/1 range; that no traces of several priority pollutants were found in the effluent; and that pretreatment would be required to provide separation of oily, liquid, and sludge phases in the raw leachate. Carbon reacti- vation studies indicated that high temperature re- activation could restore most of the carbon adsorp- tive capacity, and that the reactivation furnace and afterburner could be operated to provide total destruction of the organics. 3. Biological treatability studies were conducted in small scale reactors (5). Leachate was diluted with nutrient supplemented tap water or sewage in these studies. Results indicated that biodegrada- tion was possible at 1:5 dilution with either tap water or sewage provided that nutrients were added and pH was controlled. Since the oxygen demand was high and there was a possibility that off-gases might contain undesirable compounds, a closed pure-oxygen system with scrubbing or carbon adsorp- tion of off-gases was thought to be promising (5). These initial studies also concluded that carbon adsorption treatment of raw leachate was impracti- cal because of the high carbon doses required and that pretreatment with activated sludge with carbon polishing might be reasonable. Leachate quality, however, was found to change substantially from that used in these early tests. 6-25 ------- The results of these treatability studies and the per- formance data presented in Table 6-1 illustrate the treatability of this leachate. A comparison of these results with treatabil- ity information for carbon adsorption in Appendix E leads to the following observations: 1. treatability information for 25 of the 31 compounds listed in Table 6-1 is given in Appendix E, and 2. the treatability information for these compounds very closely corresponds to the performance indi- cated in Table 6-1. While the data in Appendix E do not always indicate the best level attainable in an effluent, they do indicate which com- pounds are treatable and provide an estimate of process perfor- mance. This demonstrates the usefulness of Appendix E data in aiding initial screenings of technologies especially for those with greater application experiences. The Love Canal experience illustrates a case where acti- vated carbon treatment is an effective and relatively cost-ef- fective method for removing organic contaminates from a haz- ardous waste leachate.This approach may or may not have been the optimum choice but the emergency nature of the situation did not permit lengthy process optimization studies. Since the Love Canal leachate treatment system is an operating facility, addi- tional experience should better define the effectiveness and costs associated with this approach. 6.6.1.2 Ott/Story Site Study— On-going efforts to evaluate technologies for treating groundwater contaminated by a variety of toxic and hazardous or- ganic compounds have been reported in several references (6,7,8,9). This experience is highlighted for several reasons even though the subject wastewater is groundwater rather than leachate: 1. Many of the compounds are the same as would be ex- pected to occur in leachate. 2. Treatability studies have been conducted using groundwater obtained from the most concentrated part of the contamination plume. Therefore, con- taminant concentrations may approach those of leachate. 3. Groundwater quality data indicate compounds which are likely to migrate. 6-26 ------- 4. The compounds present include toxic and hazardous pollutants as well as other organics. Thus, treat- ability results reflect the effects of the non-tox- ic, non-hazardous organics in the matrix. 5. Numerous technologies are being screened in the laboratory using actual wastewater. 6. The site is subject to on-going remedial action work so that further information is likely to be- come available. Table 6-2 presents a summary of raw groundwater composition data as represented by composite samples from two wells in the contaminant plume which are being used in the treatability studies. Groundwater samples from other wells in the problem area differ widely in composition from those presented here. TABLE 6-2 OTT/STORY GROUNDWATER CHARACTERIZATION Parameter Composition Range** pH 10 - 12 COD 5400 mg/1 TOC 600 - 1500 mg/1 NH -N 64 mg/1 Organic N 110 mg/1 Chloride 3800 mg/1 Conductivity 18,060 mhos/cm TDS 12,000 mg/1 Volatile Organics: Vinyl chloride* 140 - 32,500 Methylene chloride* <5 - 6570 1,1-Dichloroethylene* 60 - 19,850 1,1-Dichloroethane* <5 - 14,280 1,2-Dichloroethane* 0.350 - 111 mg/1 Benzene* 6 - 7800 1,1,2-Trichloroethane* <5 - 790 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane* <5 - 1590 Toluene* <5 -5850 Ethyl benzene* <5 - 470 Chlorobenzene* <5 - 140 Trichlorofluoromethane* <5 - 18 Chloroform 1400 Trichloroethylene 40 Tetrachloroethylene 110 (continued) 6-27 ------- TABLE 6-2 (continued) Parameter Acid Extractable Organics: o-Chlorophenol* Phenol* o-sec-Butylphenol* p-Isobutylanisol* or p-Ace tonylani sol* * * p-sec-Butylphenol* p-2-oxo-n-Butylphenol m-Acetonylanisol* Isopropylphenol*** 1-Ethylpropylphenol Dimethylphenol* Benzoic acid Methylphenol Methylethylphenol Methylprophylphenol 3,4-D-Methylphenol Base Extractable Organics: Dichlorobenzene* DimethyIaniline m-Ethylaniline 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene* Naphthalene* Methylnapthalene Camphor Chloroaniline Benzylamine or o-Toluidine Phenanthrene* or Anthracene* Methylaniline Composition Range** <3 - 20 <3 - 33 <3 - 83 <3 - 86 <3 - 48 <3 - 1357 <3 - 1546 <3 - 8 <3 <3 <3 - 12,311 40 20 210 160 - 172 - 17,000 - 7640 - 28 - 66 - 290 - 7571 - 86 - 471 - 670 310 * - A priority pollutant - All concentrations in yg/1 except as noted * - Structure not validated by actual compound Because the contamination problem is solely organic in na- ture, the following processes individually and in combination have been selected for screening: • biological treatment - activated sludge, trickling fil- ter, anaerobic filter; 6-28 ------- • chemical precipitation; • granular and powdered activated carbon adsorption; resin adsorption; • air and steam stripping; and • ozonation. Results of completed studies are summarized below: 1. Chemical coagulation of raw groundwater does not achieve significant removal of organics as measured by TOC reduction. It also does not appear to be necessary in order to maintain flow through down- flow packed bed granular activated carbon (GAC) columns. 2. An aerobic biomass could not be acclimated to treat raw groundwater. Biological treatment provided about 60% TOC reduction; however, stripping due to aeration appeared to account for about two-thirds of what was accomplished in the biological treat- ment process. 3. Addition of trace elements and nutrients did not aid acclimation to raw groundwater. 4. Addition of powdered activated carbon to the aera- tion chamber at concentrations of about 10,000 mg/1 neither aided acclimation to raw groundwater nor improved TOC removal or mixed liquor appearance. 5. Batch adsorption studies for four different carbons and three resins indicated that no sorbent was able to reduce residual TOC to less than 230 mg/1. 6. Granular activated carbon (GAC) employed in contin- uous flow small columns was not capable of sustain- ing high levels of TOC removal. TOC removal de- clined to <50% after processing <5 bed volumes (BV). Within 100-160 BV TOC removal declined to 10% to 15% and remained at this level for up to 200 BV. 7. GAC adsorption was capable of sustaining high lev- els of organic priority pollutant removals even when TOC removal had declined to 35% and effluent TOC levels were approximately 600 mg/1. In both batch and continuous flow adsorption studies, some volatile priority pollutants were detected in the 6-29 ------- effluent. None of the acid or base-neutral ex- tractable organic priority pollutants detected in the raw groundwater were found in GAG effluent after processing up to 71 BV of groundwater, 8. Continuous flow, small column, resin adsorption studies demonstrated TOG breakthrough characteris- tics similar to those for GAG adsorption. However, TOG breakthrough occurred more rapidly with resin than with carbon. 9. GAG pretreatment of raw groundwater enabled devel- opment of a culture of aerobic organisms capable of further treating GAG effluent. In excess of 95% TOG removal was achieved by this process during the period which GAG removal of TOG exceeded 30%. Af- ter this initial period, process train performance declined as GAG performance declined. 10. Several organic priority pollutants were detected in off-gas from activated sludge reactors; these included methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene. No or- ganic priority pollutants were detected in an acti- vated sludge biomass sample. 11. Anaerobic treatment (upflow anaerobic filter, UAF) of GAG pretreated groundwater was possible. UAF performance appeared to decline as GAG performance declined. Overall the GAC/UAF process train per- formed more poorly than the GAC/activated sludge process train. Based upon these results, one can make several observations: 1. The removal of priority pollutants by the granular activated carbon and the air stripping unit proc- esses generally corresponds with other published information including that contained in Appendix E. 2. A considerable fraction of the TOG is made up of non-priority organic compounds. This fraction of the TOG is more difficult to remove than the prior- ity pollutants. 3. The need for removal of the TOG attributed to the non-priority pollutants needs to be closely assessed. A limited number of static bioassay tests with Daphnia Magna or carbon treated ground- water suggest significant residual toxicity; 6-30 ------- whether this is attributable to the compounds pres- ent or to low dissolved oxygen levels needs to be determined. Results of the treatability studies to date suggest that a process train consisting of granular activated carbon followed by aerobic biological treatment is the most feasible approach to treatment of this groundwater. This process train which, in general, is applicable to high TOG wastewaters in situations where waste stream components may be toxic to biological cultures is illustrated in Figure 6-3. The rationale is to utilize the activated carbon to protect the biological system from toxicity problems. Therefore, the carbon could be allowed to "leak" relatively high concentrations of TOC (organics) rather than be operated to achieve maximum reduction of organic compounds. Allowable leakage would be based upon determination of the point at which the carbon treated effluent becomes toxic to the subsequent biological process. Thus, the selection of the allowable TOC or organics leakage (i.e., break- through) from the carbon contactors is crucial to the perfor- mance and cost effectiveness of this process train. Higher or- ganic loads handled by the biological system result in greater service life of the granular carbon and consequently, lower costs related to the carbon treatment phase. The flowsheet depicted in Figure 6-3 includes a chemical coagulation step (including settling and filtration). Although not necessary in the groundwater treatment situation discussed above, these processes could be used in situations where soluble inorganics removal or particulate removal to minimize head losses and frequent backwashing in carbon contact columns may be necessary. Several disadvantages may be associated with the treatment system given in Figure 6-3 as illustrated by the above ground- water treatment case: 1. Substantial carbon utilization rates to maintain ef- fluent TOC levels below 100 mg/1; and 2. Stripping of volatile compounds in activated sludge off-gases. Other factors which must be considered in evaluating this approach include carbon regeneration feasibility and sludge dis- posal alternatives. 6.6.1.3 Other Possibilities— Several other potentially effective process trains for treatment of leachates containing primarily organic contaminants 6-31 ------- c -H (C W w 0) o o -H (0 o •H Cn O rH O •H C O •H •U Q4 ^ O C 0 o U-t o o •H 4J (13 QJ -C U CO i vo lH 3 Cn •H 6-32 ------- have been postulated elsewhere (9). One of these, believed to have high potential, is depicted in Figure 6-4 which illustrates a sequence of biological treatment followed by granular carbon sorption. This process train is applicable to treatment of wastewaters high in TOC, low in toxic (to a biomass) organics, and containing refractory organics. Chemical coagulation and pH adjustment are provided for heavy metals removal and protection of the subsequent biological system. This may not be necessary if heavy metal concentrations are below toxicity thresholds and if the moderate removal efficiencies typical of activated sludge are sufficient. Biological treatment such as activated sludge, or anaerobic filters is included to reduce BOD as well as biode- gradable toxic organics. This reduces the organic load to sub- sequent sorption processes. To prevent rapid head losses caused by accumulation of solids in the sorption columns, clarification and multi-media filtration are provided. The intent is to re- duce suspended solids to 25-50 mg/1. Granular carbon adsorption is included to remove refractory organic residuals and toxic organics. Activated carbon rather than polymeric or carbon- aceous resins has been suggested because more full scale experi- ence exists and performance as well as design and operating cri- teria have been reported. This process train is expected to be highly effective and relatively economical when compared to other alternatives. Its success, however, is dependent on bio- logical system performance. Moreover, the presence of high con- centrations of volatile organic constituents may create a poten- tial air contamination problem. Three by-product wastes are produced: chemical sludge, biological sludge, and spent carbon. Spent carbon can be regenerated but the sludge must be disposed. 6.6.2 Leachate Containing Inorganic Contaminants Disposal sites or segregated portions of sites handling solely inorganic hazardous wastes, e.g., wastes from the metals plating and finishing industry, are likely to generate leachates of predominantly inorganic nature. The most probable approach to treatment of this type of leachate would be chemical precip- itation followed by sedimentation and possibly filtration, as well. However, it may be necessary to modify/supplement this approach if any of the following conditions pertain: 1. hexavalent chromium present - addition of chemical reduction process, 2. cyanide present - addition of alkaline chlorination or ozonation, 3. total dissolved solids control required - addition of ion exchange if TDS level is less than about 5,000 mg/1 or reverse osmosis if TDS level is about 5,000 to 50,000 mg/1, or 6-33 ------- A to Q) CO CO 09 CD a z CO o O) •o J3 (0 (D O) •o _3 "« (D «rf CO CO Q) c •H (0 CO CO o H o •H u -H -p (0 e (!) CJ CO I 10 OJ S-l 3 X a 6-34 ------- 4. ammonia present - addition of air stripping or ion exchange. Several examples of leachates containing only inorganic con- taminants are discussed subsequently to illustrate process trains responsive to the above conditions. Cases discussed are as follows: 1. heavy metals only (Figure 6-5); 2. heavy metals including hexavalent chromium (Figure 6- 6); 3. heavy metals including hexavalent chromium and cyanide (Figure 6-7); and 4. heavy metals, ammonia, and TDS control (Figure 6-8). Figure 6-5 illustrates a process train for treating leach- ates containing several heavy metals. The treatment system in- cludes chemical precipitation using lime or ferric chloride. Depending upon the metals present, the pH should be adjusted to 8.0 - 9.5. Flocculation could be aided by polymer addition for more efficient precipitate removal in the subsequent sedimenta- tion step. Polishing with granular media filtration also could be provided for better solids removal. Figure 6-6 is a treatment process schematic for leachate containing heavy metals including hexavalent chromium. The first step in the process is chemical reduction at an acidic pH (pH reduced to 3.0 or less with sulfuric acid) to reduce hexa- valent chromium to the trivalent state. Sulfur dioxide is used as the reducing agent; although sodium bisulfite or metabi- sulfite can be used. Following reduction, the pH is raised to pH 8.0 to 9.5 using lime or sodium hydroxide. This results in the precipitation of trivalent chromium as well as other metals. The remainder of the process train is as shown in Figure 6-5. Figure 6-7 is a process schematic illustrating the treat- ment of a hazardous waste leachate containing cyanide and heavy metals including hexavalent chromium. Alkaline chlorination (with NaOCL or C12 gas) at pH 9.0 to 10.5 for cyanide oxidation is provided first. Complete cyanide oxidation requires close pH control and an excess of chlorine. Reaction time and chlorine requirements depend greatly on operating pH. Ozone oxidation is a potential alternative to alkaline chlorination particularly for leachates containing organic compounds which might be con- verted to chlorinated forms. Chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium to the trivalent state is accomplished next. For this step pH must be decreased to less than pH 3 using sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide is added 6-35 ------- X o CO O CD U. CD" io I f c 9 2 °° <•* . . 1 I cfl E ^m +» (0 " o 3. ~c ~o I « 3 5 ' \|i I * CO .H «3 4J ------- CO •4 X. 01 «' .a. 3 •H I S-l x; u c OJ iH 03 > 03 X 0) en c •H O c -H in rH 03 -P Q) C •H C •H 03 -P C O o 0) -P 03 x: o (0 o 1-1 •H 05 CO CO (U u o ------- 0 crisis r « 0 1~ o z o H ^N ^ g z .2 «5 * fc 1 1"! VM O E V-i^ / o E § ^ « 2 > 1 ^ * - ^ O ° rn 0 5 • ~> x — -^ 1 ! * om «5 . •H'O w OC 1 (fl 1 -P C -r V £ •» 1 MrH O U5 ' W (T3 n ^ 7 i ° » < S o h ^ ^=0) 1 ** o> X a r-' ^ t\ ^"^ 1 1 w ^ 1 ! 2 Z ( en ^ -H 6-38 ------- as the reducing agent. Care must be taken to assure complete cyanide removal prior to this process because acid conditions permit generation of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Following re- duction, pH is raised to pH 8.0 to 9.5 for precipitation of trivalent chromium and other metals. The remainder of the proc- ess train is as shown in Figure 6-5. Several alternatives for treating leachates containing met- als and ammonia and also requiring TDS control are illustrated in Figure 6-8. The first phase of the process train addresses removal of heavy metals using chemical precipitation as depicted in Figure 6-5. Two alternatives for subsequent ammonia removal then are presented. Alternative 1 involves selective ion exchange using clinoptilolite, (a natural zeolite). For removing ammonia con- centrated in the regenerant stream, air stripping can be used and the lime slurry regenerant can be reused. Alternative 2 uses an air stripping tower operated under alkaline conditions; pH adjustment can be accomplished using sodium hydroxide or lime. Use of the latter, however, can generate large volumes of sludge. The last phase of the process train in Figure 6-8 provides for TDS control using either ion exchange or reverse osmosis. Ion exchange resins would include cationic and anionic species; whether strong-acid or base, or weak-acid or base are used de- pends on the ions to be exchanged. Each of the treatment systems discussed above produces chemical sludges which may have to be handled as hazardous wastes. Disposal of these residues is discussed in Section 5,4. The primary disposal alternative is to landfill, preferably without dewatering or stabilization. However, site specifics and subsequent resolubilization concerns will influence this decision. The foregoing cases and example process trains do not en- compass every conceivable leachate treatment situation involving hazardous waste leachates containing only inorganic contami- nants. However, the examples are applicable to a broad range of leachate concerns and are illustrative of the approach to formu- lation of conceptual process flowsheets. 6.6.3 Leachate Containing Organic and Inorganic Pollutants Hazardous waste leachate is expected frequently to be more complex than the previous cases and may contain both inorganic and organic contaminants. Treatment of this leachate will involve some combination of the treatment processes discussed in Sections 6.6.1 and 6.6.2. Because possible leachate composition variations are numerous, it is not feasible to illustrate the 6-39 ------- < S 1 A 11 09 (L \| 5 I 2 a ? S q g ------- myriad of potential treatment process trains. Instead, an over- view of important considerations is presented based upon infor- mation provided throughout this manual. In general, when both inorganic and organic contaminants are present, the inorganics generally should be removed first to minimize effects on subsequent processes. Examples of such effects include metal toxicity to biological processes and cor- rosion, scaling, and inerts accumulation during carbon regenera- tion. Information on metals toxicity to biological processes is included in Appendix E and in a report by Pajak, et al. (10). The processes most suitable for inorganics removal are dis- cussed in Section 6.6.2 and are illustrated in Figures 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, and 6-8. These processes include chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation and reduction, neutralization, filtration, and sedimentation. In addition to providing inorganics removal, chemical precipitation and oxidation processes also could effect some pretreatment of organic compounds. This is especially true for chemical oxidation with ozone or hydrogen peroxide and is a factor which must be considered when chemical dosage require- ments are determined. Handling of residues generated by these processes is discussed in Sections 5.4 and 6.6.2. The two leading processes for treating organics are biolog- ical treatment and activated carbon adsorption. Whether these processes should be used separately or in combination depends upon leachate characteristics. If the organics consist solely of biodegradable compounds, then biological treatment alone would suffice; although a subsequent solids removal polishing step could be necessary in some situations. A leachate containing degradable organics only is not expected to occur frequently; consequently, the two processes most frequently will be used in series. They may be arranged with the biological process preceding granular activated carbon (GAG) to remove degradable organics and reduce the organic load to the GAG process which then is used for refractory organics removal and polishing. To.avoid GAG column plugging a sedimen- tation or filtration step should be located between the biolog- ical process and GAG. This treatment sequence could be applied when organics content is high and refractory but not when toxic organics are present. A second arrangement would be to have GAG preceding biolog- ical treatment. This sequence would be used when toxic organics would interfere with the biological process. The GAG could be operated to leak the maximum concentration of organics that the biological system could tolerate and still meet performance requirements. This results in a longer sorption cycle for the carbon. 6-41 ------- Approaches to treatment of the organic component of leach- ates have been discussed in Section 6.6.1 and process train schematics given in Figures 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4. One additional process train which merits consideration is shown schematically in Figure 6-9. This biophysical treatment approach combines simultaneous biological (activated sludge) and powdered acti- vated carbon treatments in the biological process reactor. This approach is simpler than the previously described sequential carbon-biological treatments and has the potential of achieving comparable effluent quality. Potential advantages include the use of less costly carbon (powdered vs. granular) and minimiza- tion of physical facilities required. Spent carbon-biological sludge can be regenerated or dewatered and disposed directly. However, if the latter approach is considered, it is necessary to include cost for disposal of toxics-laden carbon when making economic comparisons. Most of the considerations necessary for development of a process train for treatment of leachates containing both organic and inorganic contaminants have been previously discussed in Sections 6.6.2 and 6.6.3. The components discussed in these previous sections must be assembled in a manner so as to opti- mize the treatment process train for the leachate at hand. Probably the most important aspect is proper sequencing of unit processes to achieve an optimum result for a given situation. Careful attention should be paid to proper interfacing of com- ponents discussed in Sections 6.6.2 and 6.6.3 (e.g., pH control may be necessary from one treatment component to the next). With these cautions in mind, the reader is referred to these earlier sections to derive a basis for formulating conceptual process trains for mixed (organic and inorganic) component leachates. 6.7. REFERENCES 1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Quality Criteria Documents Availability. Federal Register,45 (231): 79318-79379. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. November 28, 1980. 2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Ground Water Protection Strategy. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. November 18, 1980. 3. McDougall, W. J., S. D. Cifrulak, R. A. Fusco, and R. P. O'Brien. Treatment of Chemical Leachate at the Love Canal Landfill Site. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Bucknell University, Lewis- burg, Pennsylvania, 1980. pp 69-75. 6-42 ------- CD « > " C o o «•£ -a « • o L. —— CD TJ $ O Q. CD 0) O) •o _3 CO 03 to CO 1 z O O p « < O tr '-= c -H (13 S-l cn en (D u O (0 u •rH CO o •H 4-1 O u •H -P 1T3 e 0) x; u i VO OJ !-l 3 Cn •H CM 6-43 ------- 4. McDougall, W. J., R. A. Fusco, and R. P. O'Brien. Con- tainment and Treatment of the Love Canal Landfill Leachate. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 52(12): 2914-2924, 1980. 5. Barth, E. F. and J. M. Cohen. Evaluation of Treatability of Industrial Landfill Leachate. Unpublished Report. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Novem- ber 30, 1978. 6. Pajak, A. P., A. J. Shuckrow, J. W. Osheka, and S. C. James. Concentration of Hazardous Constituents of Contami- nated Groundwater. Proceedings of the Twelfth Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Bucknell University, Lewis- burg, Pennsylvania. July, 1980. pp 82-87. 7. Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka. Concen- tration Technologies for Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment. EPA-600/2-81-019, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. February, 1981. 8. Pajak, A. P., A. J. Shuckrow, J. W. Osheka, and S. C. James. Assessment of Technologies for Contaminated Ground- water Treatment. Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Symposia, 53rd. Annual WPCF Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada. September, 1980. 9. Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, J.W. Osheka, and S. C. James. Bench Scale Assessment of Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater Treatment. Proceedings of National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Washington, D.C. October, 1980. pp 184-191. 10. Pajak, A. P., E. J. Martin, G. A. Brinsko, and F. J. Erny. Effect of Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment Process. EPA-600/2-77-239, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. 202 pp. 6-44 ------- SECTION 7 MONITORING 7.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION This section is intended to point out considerations which are important in the design of a monitoring program to support hazardous waste leachate management efforts. It is not intended to be a rigorous exposition of how monitoring should be accom- plished nor does it address aspects of monitoring which are not directly related to leachate management. Numerous analytical standards and texts which detail many of the specific aspects are available to guide development procedures. Moreover, the user should recognize that leachate monitoring, as discussed herein, probably will be carried out as one element in an over- all disposal site monitoring program which will encompass addi- tional considerations and objectives. Leachate monitoring is needed to characterize aqueous wastes which result from disposal of hazardous materials at per- mitted sites, to develop data necessary for design and operation of leachate treatment facilities, to evaluate the effectiveness of leachate treatment systems, to assure compliance with dis- charge permits, and to assure personnel safety in leachate handling and treatment operations. A leachate monitoring program in the broadest sense could encompass the following objectives: 1) Define materials placed within the disposal site, 2) Determine the types of compounds in the leachate and their concentration ranges, 3) Determine the variation of concentrations as a function of time, 4) Determine the factors which influence movement and concentrations, 5) Determine the rate and direction of migration, 6) Establish leachate treatment process alternatives, 7-1 ------- 7) Establish leachate treatment process operating ranges, 8) Monitor leachate treatment process effectiveness, 9) Monitor leachate containment effectiveness, 10) Assure safety in leachate handling and processing operations, and 11) Determine conformance to or accuracy of a leachate forecasting procedure. The above items are not of equal concern in the current context. Moreover, some encompass aspects of disposal site management which are broader than leachate management alone. The relative importance and potential usefulness of these objectives from a leachate management viewpoint are discussed subsequently in this section. Monitoring can be carried out at several locations in the leachate management system: 1) Wastes received for disposal, 2) In-situ monitoring for off-gas generation and leachate formation, 3) Collected leachate, 4) Leachate treatment system, 5) Treatment system effluent and residues, and 6) Areas of potential safety hazards. Reasons for monitoring at the locations noted above, and the types of information needed are described later in this section. Monitoring data are expected to be used for a variety of purposes. Data obtained on incoming wastes will permit hazard- ous waste disposal site operators to decide whether or not to accept the wastes. It also will provide an inventory of mate- rials. Given such an inventory, the site operator can have a basis for predicting the range of compounds likely to be en- countered in resultant leachate. Concentrations of certain con- taminants in the leachate might be able to be estimated based upon the amount and type of materials disposed. This aspect is important at new sites prior to the time of leachate generation. Moreover, such information can provide a basis for initial selection of parameters to be measured in subsequent leachate characterization efforts. 7-2 ------- In-situ monitoring data can be used to determine how the leachate is formed and how it moves through the disposal site. Furthermore, it may be possible to use in-situ data to char- acterize the types and concentrations of compounds in the leachate collection system. Monitoring collected leachate is one of the most important aspects of leachate monitoring. The information gained provides a baseline for treatment system in- fluent characterization; thus facilitating decisions regarding treatability (or necessary treatability studies) and optimum treatment/disposal operating ranges. Other important monitoring data obtained will be that from treatment process operations. Such data are necessary to assure proper functioning of treatment system components, to establish treatment system effectiveness, and to assure compliance with discharge permit requirements. Manual users are reminded that the discussion of monitoring herein emphasizes leachate. While other aspects are important in overall disposal site management, e.g. monitoring of the surrounding environs, other technical resource documents are expected to deal with these topics in greater detail. 7.2 MONITORING PROGRAM DESIGN To a large extent, design of a leachate monitoring program will be highly site specific. However, there are certain gen- eral elements which will be common to all monitoring programs. The following discussion addresses these general considerations. Although it is recognized that monitoring of some gaseous and solid materials may be involved in the program, the primary focus herein is on liquid streams. 7.2.1 Parameters To Be Measured Selection of parameters to be measured is the initial step in development of a monitoring program. Analytical costs can be significant. Therefore, a major objective should be to minimize the number and types of analysis performed while still gener- ating data sufficient to satisfy the objectives of the moni- toring program. Substances of potential concern in hazardous waste leachate include: 1) soluble, oxygen demanding organics; 2) soluble substances that cause tastes and odors in water supplies; 3) color and turbidity; 7-3 ------- 4) nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon; 5) toxic organic and inorganic substances; 6) refractory materials; 7) oil, grease, and immiscible liquids; 8) acids and alkalis; 9) substances resulting in atmospheric odors; 10) suspended solids; and 11) dissolved solids. Monitoring for purposes of leachate characterization should be sufficient to provide data adequate to facilitate decisions on the best approaches to leachate treatment/disposal. Re- quirements for monitoring of effluents from treatment operations prior to discharge must be rigorous enough to permit assessment of the quality of the discharge so as to assure a minimum of environmental degradation and compliance with governmental reg- ulations. The selection of parameters for other monitoring objectives need only be rigorous enough to assure that effluent quality can be maintained within discharge permit specifications. It is in this latter area that the opportunity exists to use relatively inexpensive analyses, and indicator and surrogate parameters to obtain quick and accurate information which can be used to con- trol treatment processes and disposal site operations. For ex- ample, TOC (total organic carbon) provides a rapid, relatively inexpensive measure of gross organic content of an aqueous stream. Such a measurement may be sufficient for many purposes as opposed to more expensive organic compound identification measures. Parameters which should be considered for inclusion in haz- ardous waste leachate monitoring program are as follows: 1. temperature; 2. electrical conductivity; 3. turbidity; 4. settleable solids; 5. suspended solids; 6. total dissolved solids; 7-4 ------- 7. volatile solids; 8. oils, greases and immiscible liquids; 9. odor; 10. pH; 11. Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP); 12. acidity; 13. alkalinity; 14. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); 15. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); 16. Total Organic Carbon (TOC); 17. specific organic compounds; 18. heavy metals; 19. other specific inorganic compounds; 20. nitrogen and phosphorus compounds; 21. dissolved oxygen; 22. volatile organic acids; 23. flow; and 24. toxicity. Selection of a particular parameter set will be dependent upon monitoring objectives as well as upon factors specific to a given site and leachate management program. Different parameter sets might be chosen to support leachate characterization ef- forts than for purposes of treatment process operation or for effluent discharge monitoring. As an example, TOC measurements may be more reasonable than BOD measurements for hazardous waste leachate characterization and process control purposes since the TOC measurement is rapid and the leachate may be toxic to the organisms necessary to conduct of the BOD test. On the other hand, the BOD test would provide more information on the biode- gradability of the leachate. Thus, parameters must be chosen judiciously for the specific purpose and situation. Additional information on monitoring parameters can be found in tests and handbooks (1, 2). 7-5 ------- 7.2.2 Analytical Considerations Good analytical procedures are vital to an effective mon- itoring program. Basic references for wastewater analytical procedures are contained in the EPA Methods for Analysis of Water and Wastes (3), Standard Methods (4), ASTM Standards (5), the EPA Handbook for Analytical Quality Control (6) and other EPA guidance documents (7, 8, 9). The reader is referred to these basic reference works for details since a thorough dis- cussion of analytical procedures is beyond the scope of this document. Often, there is a choice among several standard methods for measurement of a particular parameter. Among the factors to be considered in selection of an analytical method are: • sensitivity, precision and accuracy required; • interferences; • number of samples to be analyzed; • quantity of sample available; • other determinations to be made on the sample; • analytical turn-around time; and • analytical costs. Since leachate is a complex system of variable composition, there is high potential for numerous interferences in many of the chemical and biological determinations. This aspect should be given particular attention when selecting an analytical method. 7.2.3 Sampling Proper sampling is critical to any monitoring program since the validity of analytical results relies upon the validity of the samples analyzed. In order to assure valid samples, atten- tion must be paid to obtaining samples which are truly repre- sentative of the waste stream. Moreover, proper sampling tech- niques must be employed. Finally, the integrity of the sample must be maintained from the time of sampling to the time of testing. This time interval should be kept to a minimum; even then certain types of samples must be preserved through addition of chemical agents or refrigeration. Methods and equipment used for sampling will vary with the waste stream and the sampling purpose. The reader is referred to the following sources for sampling protocols: Samplers and 7-6 ------- Sampling Procedures for Hazardous Waste Streams (10) and Test Methods for the Evaluation of Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (11). Other sources (4,5) also provide useful infor- mation on sampling. Ideally, leachate samples should be ana- lyzed immediately after collection for maximum reliability of the analytical results. Leachates are such complex mixtures that it is difficult to predict precisely the physical, biolog- ical, and chemical changes that occur in the samples with time. After sample collection, pH may change significantly in a matter of minutes, sulfides and cyanides may be oxidized or evolve as gases; and hexavalent chromium may slowly be reduced to the trivalent state. Certain cations may be partly lost as a result of adsorption to the walls of sample containers. Microorganism growth also may cause changes, and volatile compounds may be lost rapidly. In many cases, the undesirable changes described above may be minimized by refrigeration of samples at 4° C, or by the addition of preservatives. Refrigeration may deter the evolu- tion of volatile components and acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, but some salts precipitated at the lower temperature may not redissolve when warmed for analysis, thus causing error in determining the actual concentrations of dissolved sample constituents. Preservatives may retard bio- chemical changes; other additives may convert some constituents to stable hydroxides, salts, or compounds. Compounds may be converted to other forms (such as the products of nitration, sulfonation, and oxidation of organic components). Upon sub- sequent analyses, the results may not reflect the original identity of the components. Thus, both advantages and disadvantages are associated with the refrigeration and/or addition of preservatives or additives to waste samples. Various methods of preservation for specific tests on selected constituents are given elsewhere (4,10). When more than one specific test is to be run on a sample, it may be necessary to divide the sample and preserve each subsample by a different method. Adequate record keeping and use of proper sample containers also are important aspects of a good sampling program. As a general rule, a detailed sampling plan should be developed prior to any sampling operations. 7.3 LEACHATE CHARACTERIZATION 7.3.1 Wastes Received RCRA regulations require an owner/operator to obtain a de- tailed chemical and physical analysis of a representative sample of a waste before placement into a disposal site. Moreover, the facility operator is required to maintain a record of the quan- 7-7 ------- tity and location of each hazardous waste placed in the disposal site. From a leachate management point of view, this type of data may be useful in predicting future leachate composition at new sites. However, it may be several years before a leachate is collected. Therefore records maintenance is important. Formalized procedures should be used to file manifests and analytical results. It may be useful to keep running inven- tories according to specific compound types, and total quanti- ties disposed for each. In this way, predictions of leachate generation would be facilitated. 7.3.2 In-situ Monitoring There are a number of questions which can be answered using in-situ monitoring: 1) what mechanisms are involved in waste modification as the leachate migrates through the disposal site and previously disposed materials; 2) at what rate and in which direction does the leachate move; 3) how do compounds and their concentrations vary with depth and time; 4) are any off-gases evolved; and 5) what factors influence movement and concentra- tions? In-situ monitoring could be incorporated within the leach- ate collection system. Sampling points should be designed to provide a representative picture of waste movement and degrada- tion throughout the site. If the site is compartmentalized, then the monitoring should be representative for each cell or separate disposal area. Emrich and Beck (12) have discussed methods used to eval- uate closure and monitoring plans for a hazardous waste disposal site. Some of these methods may be useful in conjunction with in-situ monitoring. Suction lysimeters and pan lysimeters were used to determine moisture movement. With some modification, these methods might be adaptable to in-situ monitoring. 7.3.3 Collected Leachate The leachate collection system will be a key monitoring location. Because leachate composition is expected to vary with time in terms of types and concentration of compounds, analyses of collected leachate will serve to define the unit operations used for treatment and their operating ranges. Hence, collected leachate characterizations are expected to be useful in making treatability assessments of process alternatives and in defining specific unit operations and their operating ranges. Collected leachate characterizations also provide a base- line for evaluating treatment effectiveness. Coupled with 7-8 ------- effluent analyses, this would provide an assessment of removal efficiencies for individual unit operations as well as the over- all treatment chain. 7.4 TREATMENT EFFLUENT MONITORING 7.4.1 Sampling Locations Sampling and analysis of collected leachate serves as the measure of leachate treatment plant influent. Where there are several monitoring points in the leachate collection system be- cause of the size of the disposal site, or because of compart- mentalization, the point closest to the treatment plant should be used. In this way, aggregated flow and composition will be most representative of the influent baseline. Previous sections have noted that leachate probably is not amenable to treatment by a single unit process. Instead, treat- ment probably will include several unit operations. Individual unit operations should be monitored separately to facilitate optimized operation. For example, granular activated carbon adsorption may be used prior to biological treatment in order to remove toxic constituents which could impair biological treat- ment effectiveness. Hence, it would be necessary to monitor carbon-treated effluent to prevent biological upset. Therefore, monitoring at each major point in the treatment chain is strongly suggested. Moreover, the analytical techniques selec- ted for such monitoring should have rapid turn-around times to enable timely process control decisions. 7.4.2 Parameters Experience shows that it is infeasible to analyze all pa- rameters of concern at frequent intervals. Rigorous analysis of complex organic and inorganic constituents simply is too costly to sustain at frequent intervals. As a result, an attempt should be made to identify surrogate measurements or indicator parameters which can be used inexpensively to gage treatment effectiveness. For organic constituents, such a surrogate pa- rameter could be total organic carbon (TOG). Another less well developed method could be thin layer chromatography (TLC). Sim- ilarly, for inorganic constituents selected indicator metals could be analyzed using common spectrophotometric techniques. It is recommended that such surrogates or indicators be identified using inventory information to predict likely com- pounds which are expected to appear in the collected leachate. Further refinements potentially could be made in conjunction with treatability studies if they are anticipated. It also may be possible to use biological toxicity tests to determine process effectiveness. Procedures are evolving which 7-9 ------- offer potential for evaluating residual toxicity subsequent to individual treatment operations. Although such procedures do not measure specific parameters or surrogates directly, judg- ments can be made regarding treatment capabilities by inference. Thus, indicators and surrogate parameters permit cost-ef- fective process control. However, more costly analysis using rigorous and sophisticated analytical methods will be required periodically for process refinement, and for detailed assessment of overall treatment effectiveness. The rigorous analytical techniques could include gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), atomic absorption (AA), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), or other refined methods. The frequency of the more sophisticated analytical methods will be dependent upon the types and concentrations of compounds in the leachate, their amenability to removal, mode of dis- charge, flow rates, and concentration and flow variability. Costs also will be an important determinant. Rigorous analyses also should be used to monitor any significant changes either in unit operations employed or for changes in operating procedures. Once equilibrium operation is achieved, it may be appropriate to schedule rigorous analysis at regular intervals. 7.4.3 Data Analysis Detailed performance records should be maintained for unit and overall treatment operations. A thoughtful protocol should be developed in advance of treatment plant start-up. Where nec- essary, sufficient data should be obtained to define key process control parameters. In some cases, statistical correlations could be used to insure that process interactions are appro- priate. For example, it might be possible to identify TOG levels which are required for downstream operations to function optimally. 7.4.4 Process Optimization Because leachate is characterized by expected variability in flow, types of compounds, and concentrations, process optim- ization is envisioned as an ongoing task. Detailed analysis using sophisticated measurement techniques will be used for this purpose. As mentioned earlier, process refinement is one of the principal functions of detailed analyses. Attempts should be made to verify the correlation of surrogate parameters with de- tailed actual parameter measurements. In this way, process op- timization need not wait until detailed analyses are made. 7.4.5 Safety Considerations Site operators must be aware that the function of many treatment unit operations is to concentrate hazardous leachate 7-10 ------- constituents. Therefore, detailed safety considerations are essential. Moreover, in-plant monitoring should be provided to discover the existence or evolution of hazardous materials. For example, it is possible that volatile organics will be stripped from biological treatment systems, or that gassing can occur within granular carbon columns. Hence, in-plant monitoring sys- tems should be installed, and employees thoroughly trained for emergencies. These plans should be in-place well before initi- ation of treatment operations. 7.5 REFERENCES 1. Sawyer, C.N. and P.L. McCarty. Chemistry For Sanitary Engineers. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, New York,'1967. 518 pp. 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook for Monitoring Industrial Wastewater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, Nashville, Tennessee, 1973. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for Analysis of Water and Wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979. 4. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition. Washington, DC. 1193 pp. 5. American Society For Testing and Materials. 1980 Annual Book Of ASTM Standards, Part 31, Water. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1980. 1401 pp. 6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook for Analytical Quality Control In Water and Wastewater Laboratories. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1972. 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regulations, Federal Register, Volume 45, No. 98, May 19, 1980. 8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Effluent Guidelines Division. Sampling and Analysis Procedures For Screening of Industrial Effluents For Priority Pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March 1977, revised April 1977. 9. Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures For the Analysis of Pollutants: Proposed Regulations. Federal Register, Volume 44, No. 233, pp. 69464-69575. December 3, 1979. 7-11 ------- 10. deVera, E.R., B.P. Simmons, R.D. Stephens, and D.L. Storm. Samplers and Sampling Procedures For Hazardous Waste Streams. EPA-600/2-80-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1980. 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Test Methods for the Evaluation of Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. SW-846. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 12. Emrich, G.H. and W.W. Beck, Jr. Top-Sealing to Minimize Leachate Generation Case Study of the Windham, Connecticut Landfill. In: Proceedings of U.S. EPA National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Washington, DC, October 1980. pp. 135-140. 7-12 ------- SECTION 8 OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS 8.1 SAFETY Hazardous waste leachate management operations will vary widely in complexity. Moreover, the compounds and associated hazards will differ from site to site. The following discussion outlines safety considerations which apply to the general case. The purpose is to provide guidance to the leachate manager in development of a safety program for a particular site. 8.1.1 Degree of Risk Safety considerations will vary dependent upon the degree of risk involved for plant personnel. Handling of hazardous materials is inherently dangerous; however, some areas and functions may constitute a higher degree of risk than others. For example, sampling in an area where volatile organics may be evolved is more dangerous than working in a treatment plant control room. Similarly, handling residues may be more danger- ous than handling raw leachate, simply because the hazardous materials are more concentrated in the residues. Therefore, it is necessary to identify safety procedures and protective measures commensurate with the risk involved. Prior to facility start-up, a thoughtful assessment of risks should be made for each work area and job function. Because it would be confusing and burdensome for workers to adjust for each and every work situation, safety procedures should be devised for general levels of risk. A major chemical manufacturer uses a classification system to categorize risk levels. This system is described by Morton (1). Procedures should be established for reviewing and reclas- sifying degrees of risk based upon plant experience, and infor- mation secured through the literature. 8.1.2 Restricted Entry The entire disposal site area should be fenced and posted. Entry should be granted only to authorized personnel. Security patrols could be used at night to prevent intruders from gaining access and to check all work stations at regular intervals. 8-1 ------- Arrangements should be made between plant security and local police and fire departments to provide rapid backup in the event of emergencies. Within the restricted plant area, entry to dangerous areas should be limited to those personnel directly related to spe- cific operations. For example, office workers need not be granted entry into processing areas. Specified clean areas could be provided within the plant and safeguards taken to insure that the clean areas remain un- contaminated. Generally, clean areas will include office and administrative areas, lunchrooms, lounges, and restrooms for non-operating personnel. Access to the clean areas should be through a changeroom. Moreover, operating employees should be encouraged to shower before leaving plant premises. 8.1.3 Safety Rules It is important that safety rules be communicated to all employees, and adherence to these rules be strictly enforced. Morton (1) has presented a comprehensive list of general plant safety rules which is directly applicable to hazardous waste management facilities. All employees should be trained in safety with more de- tailed instruction given to those in processing operations. Safety meetings at regular intervals are recommended. These meetings should be designed for small groups and emphasize spe- cific operating problems. Certain plants which handle hazardous materials have min- imum age limitations for employees. In some cases, individuals younger than 18 years old are not permitted on the site. Some plants do not allow employees to work alone in processing areas. Backup personnel should be available at all times for emergency evacuation of work stations. Two key rules applied at hazardous waste management facil- ities are: 1) all employees must remove protective clothing and wash thoroughly before breaks and lunch, and 2) illness must be communicated to supervision immediately, even after normal work- ing hours. 8.1.4 Supervision Effective supervision is crucial to worker safety. Super- visors must be firm and consistent in their enforcement of safe- ty procedures. No workers should be without supervision for more than two hours. Management should hold plant supervisors 8-2 ------- accountable for plant safety and security. Furthermore, super- visors should be well trained for all contingencies. 8.1.5 Inspections Designated personnel should conduct safety inspections at regular intervals. Formalized checklists should be used, and fixed procedures should be in place to rectify deficiencies within 24 hours. In the event a deficiency poses an imminent danger, work functions in the area should be terminated and the area cordoned off until the deficiency is corrected. 8.1.6 First Aid and Medical Assistance Employees who work in processing areas should have a base- line medical examination upon hiring, and should have periodic examinations at regularly scheduled intervals. Workers at pes- ticide handling facilities often have a cholinesterase baseline level established in conjunction with their initial examination. Selected plant personnel should be trained in first aid procedures related to the types of risks to which the employees are exposed. First aid treatment should be available at all times. Medical assistance also should be available both on an emergency basis and for chronic problems. Medical personnel should be contacted in advance of problems to be informed about the types of materials to which employees may be exposed. More- over, they should be given information on the behavior and nature of materials. Emergency plans should be worked out in detail prior to plant startup, if possible. 8.1.7 Protective Equipment Processing and laboratory areas should be equipped with emergency showers and eyewashers. These should be tied to an alarm system so that co-workers can come to the aid of poten- tially contaminated workers. Face-shields, safety shoes, safety glasses, gloves, aprons, coveralls, hard hats, and shoe covers should be provided to workers whose jobs require varying degrees of protection. Full suit protection should be provided for particularly hazardous tasks, and for emergency evacuation -operations. Res- piratory protective devices usually are used in conjunction with situations requiring full suit protection. There are three basic types of respiratory protective devices: 1) air-purifying respirators, 2) supplied-air respirators, and 3) self-contained breathing apparatus. The type used is dependent upon the degree of hazard involved. 8-3 ------- Acid suits consisting of a rubber coat, rubber pants, acid gloves, rubber boots up under the pants, and a rubber acid hood should be available in the event of line breaks or leaks under pressure. Similarly, such equipment may be used for repair operations. All protective clothing and equipment must remain on-site. It should be decontaminated before reuse. Reusable clothing is more durable and is preferred. Appropriate washing procedures should be used to insure complete decontamination. Protective equipment should be accessible in all work areas where contamination may be encountered so as to permit safe exit in an emergency. 8.1.8 Ventilation Adequate ventilation of work spaces is required to prevent harmful exposure to toxic materials. Morton (1) stated that ex- posures are related to threshold limit values (TLV) based upon a time-weighed concentration for a normal workday. The TLV is the level at which workers can be exposed daily without harmful ef- fect. Furthermore, a "ceiling" value is established which should not be exceeded under any circumstances. Although expo- sures above the TLV up to the ceiling value are undesirable, they can be permitted as long as an overall time-weighed average (usually for an eight-hour day) is not exceeded. Ventilating system design should account for work areas where there might be accumulation of volatile organics or haz- ardous dust. Air exchange rates will be based upon industrial hygiene ventilation parameters. Monitoring to assure that there is satisfactory ventila- tion can be performed using a number of sampling instruments. Weiby and Dickinson (2) described the major factors in specify- ing instruments for monitoring work areas as instrument speci- ficity, operational range, accuracy, response time, and special features. In a companion article, Herrick (3) discussed the following topics: portable instruments, electrolytic cell detec- tors, flame ionization detectors, catalytic cell detectors, and signaling alarms. The reader is encouraged to consult these references for detailed consideration of work area monitoring. Because toxic fumes may be evolved in some sample handling and analytical procedures, hoods should be provided in labora- tory areas. In certain cases, air cleaning equipment may be necessary for air exhausted from the hood. 8-4 ------- 8.1.9 Housekeeping Good housekeeping is an adjunct to any safety program. For the leachate treatment facility, it is especially important to keep work areas clean and free from obstructions. Spills should be cleaned up immediately, and resultant residues dis- posed safely. Exposed areas and walkways should be kept ice- free to reduce possibilities for falls. 8.2 CONTINGENCY PLANS/EMERGENCY PROVISIONS Much of the following discussion is not limited to leachate management alone but applies to hazardous waste manage- ment operations in general. The intent of the discussion is to provide the leachate manager with information sufficient to enable development of contingency/emergency plans tailored to a given site operation. Part VII of the Hazardous Waste and Con- solidated Permit Regulations also contains useful guidance in- formation on contingency/emergency plans. 8.2.1 Emergency Situations 8.2.1.1 Natural Disasters— Development of contingency plans for natural disasters is substantially different than for accidents. Accidents require action to address an incident which already has occurred, where- as planning for natural disasters usually is designed to prevent problems. Developments in predictive meteorology and hydrology permit advanced warning of hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods. However, sometimes the warning period is limited. On the other hand, earthquake planning involves other kinds of considera- tions . The thrust of contingency planning for natural disasters is to shut down plant operations, prevent escape of contamina- tion to the environment, and safeguard plant equipment. Pre- ventive measures can be designed into the plant. For example, berms and dikes can be built to prevent inundation of water from flooding. Moreover, these measures can be designed to mitigate events based upon historical data, e.g., 100-year floods. Sim- ilarly, structures can be designed to mitigate damage from earthquakes. State of California building codes have been de- vised to guide those who build in high risk areas. Plan development should include natural disaster consider- ations for areas known to be subject to possible problems. Site operators should devise procedures for determining when such risks exist by designating specific responsibilities for com- munication with the National Weather Service, the U. S. Geolog- ical Survey, or other agencies having early warning systems. 8-5 ------- Furthermore, clear decision responsibility for determining when to shut down and take protective measures should be in place. In the event that preventive measures are unable to handle the event because of its magnitude, i.e., a tornado "direct hit" or a flood beyond design criteria, emergency actions similar to those formulated for accidents should be planned for. 8.2.1.2 Accidents— Accidents include fires, explosions, leaks, and spills. Although bomb threats can be handled by shutdown and subsequent searches, actual sabotage will have to be dealt with in the same manner as accidents. Because of the dangers inherent in fires and explosions, a separate subsection of this manual will be devoted to fire pro- tection. Spills and leaks will be discussed within the context of contingency planning. 8.2.2 Plan Development 8.2.2.1 Organizational Responsibilities— The most important aspect of an effective contingency plan is clear definition of responsibilities for execution. Plant management must be fully involved, and it is highly desirable to have a company officer be responsible for insuring plan execu- tion. The chain of command should be specified in advance, along with delegation of authority and backups where needed. A job description for each responsible party should be incorpor- ated in the plan. 3.2.2.2 Plan Components— In addition to in-house contingency plans, it is expected that hazardous waste disposal sites will be required to file a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) with their state water pollution control agency. Components of a typical plan include: • responsible officials names, addresses, telephone num- bers; • facility location and site map; • potential spill dangers, pathways, remedial measures; • past spill frequency; • sources of assistance (e.g. emergency fire, cleanup con- tractors ) ; 3-6 ------- • legally required reporting requirements (names, tele- phone numbers); • schedule for installing mitigating devices; • materials inventory; and • inspection procedures. Further descriptions of contingency plan components follow. 8.2.2.2.1 Implementation Manual—Because rapid action and thor- oughness is essential in emergencies, a detailed implementation manual should be prepared to cover all expected contingencies. However, it must contain some degree of flexibility because the unexpected will normally occur. Steps for response should be written down and understood by all who are expected to partic- ipate. Not only should all the components of the plan be listed, but also the sequence of actions to be executed. The information which follows generally is arranged in the order of execution. Furthermore, once the manual is prepared, it should be reviewed and updated at regular intervals. 8.2.2.2.2 Alarm Systems—The first step in plan execution is a"n alarm system to indicate that an emergency has occurred. The primary purpose of the alarm system is to enable rapid evacu- ation of affected areas. A secondary but equally important pur- pose is to initiate the emergency response plan. 8.2.2.2.3 Communications Network—When an alarm signals an emergency condition,on-site personnel should begin response actions, and all appropriate contacts for assistance made. The responsible company official should be notified first. It is suggested that a telephone "tree" be activated so that all en- tities and agencies be notified as quickly as possible. The priority of notification will be dependent upon the nature of the emergency. For example, if a fire or explosion is involved, the local fire department and medical assistance teams should be called first. A log of telephone calls made and actions taken should be maintained. This log should be signed and witnessed. The contact list should be part of the manual and should include: plant management and supervision; fire, medical, and police personnel; local, state, and federal governments; and surrounding population if evacuation is envisioned. Manuals should specify the person to be called and their telephone num- bers . Alternate names and numbers should be provided in the event the primary contact cannot be reached. 8.2.2.2.4 Execution Checklist--During the period when plant management is on the way to the scene, fire and medical assis- tance is enroute, and contacts are being made, on-scene person- 8-7 ------- nel should be executing the contingency plan using a prepared checklist of actions. The checklist is part of the emergency implementation manual discussed above. 8.2.2.2.5 Personal Injury—The first priority of the plan is to attend to those injured in the incident. Next in priority is to prevent further injuries from occurring. Injured persons should be removed from contaminated areas and administered first aid until medical assistance arrives. 8.2.2.2.6 Information Assistance—There are a number of excel- lent information sources which can be used to assist in acci- dents involving hazardous materials. The Chemical Transporta- tion Emergency Center (CHEMTREC) can provide help in determining the nature of hazards involved, and in providing expert assis- tance on how to manage the situation. The CHEMTREC emergency number is (800) 424-9300. It is operational 24 hours a day. The National Poison Control Center (telephone (502) 589-8222) is available to provide help where there is personnel exposure to toxic materials. EPA operates OHM-TADS (Oil and Hazardous Materials Tech- nical Assistance Data System) which is a potential source of useful information on the materials involved". A similar system of the U. S. Coast Guard is CHRIS (Chemical Hazard Response Information System). It too can provide data on the materials involved. Both of the systems can be accessed in emergencies through the National Response Center, telephone (800) 424-8802. The National Fire Protection Association handbook en- titled, "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials" is a valuable resource to have on-site to guide fire protection ac- tivities. "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials" by N. I. Sax (5th ed., 1979, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.) also is a very valuable resource. Long a standard in the field of industrial hygiene, this excellent book is extremely useful in dealing with hazardous materials because it is a single, quick, up-to-date, concise hazard analysis informative guide to nearly 13,000 com- mon industrial and laboratory chemicals. Most of the above information resources were devised for response to transportation accidents where the compounds in- volved are not known in advance. Because the hazardous waste disposal site will have knowledge of what materials are ac- cepted, and presumably an inventory of these materials, it should be possible to utilize information sources in advance of an emergency, and include response and toxicity data in the implementation manual for each chemical handled. Every effort should be made to do so. 8.2.2.2.7 Plant Shutdown—Early warning of possible natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods), will dic- 8-8 ------- tate plant shutdown procedures. Time allowed for execution of shutdown orders will be specified by emergency warning agencies. For an accident situation, only certain portions of the plant might be shut down if the emergency is contained within a restricted area. The decision of whether to shut down, and how much of the plant is affected is the responsibility of the plant management in charge of plan execution. 8.2.2.2.8 Press and Media Contact List—An emergency at a haz- ardous disposal site is certain to generate public apprehension. The plan should provide for press conferences and debriefings. After the emergency is under control, a company official should contact a list of news media personnel to provide a statement of the nature of the emergency, the actions taken, and current status. The purpose should be to give factual information so that misinformation will not mislead concerned citizens in the plant locale. 8.2.2.2.9 Incident Documentation—The incident should be docu- mented fully for several purposes. Documentation will permit post-facto review of whether the plan was executed as expected. Also, it can be used to correct problems and thus avoid similar future incidents. Finally, it can serve as a legal record of what happened. 8.2.3 Fire Protection 8.2.3.1 In-Plant Measures— 8.2.3.1.1 Fire Extinguishers—Fire extinguishers should be located at strategic points throughout the plant. Extinguishers should be readily accessible, and plant personnel should be trained in their use. The type of extinguisher used is depen- dent upon the likely kinds of fires that may be encountered. For example, dry chemical and carbon dioxide extinguishers usu- ally are preferred in laboratory areas where water may react with burning chemicals. 8.2.3.1.2 Sprinkler Systems—Sprinkler systems should be in- stalled in compliance with local and state building and fire protection codes. Testing of the sprinkler systems in conjunc- tion with plant safety inspections is good practice. Just as water extinguishers are inappropriate for certain locations, sprinklers may not be useful in certain plant work areas. Dis- posal site operators should consult with loss and fire preven- tion specialists regarding the best approach for their plant. Often casualty insurance companies will provide expert assis- tance to their clients as a service, and in order to assess risks for premium determinations. Site operators should explore using this resource. 8-9 ------- 8.2.3.1.3 Use of Plant Security Personnel--Plant security per- sonnel likely will be on the scene of a fire shortly after dis- covery. They should be trained to deal with the fire on a "first response" basis, and should be responsible for notifying trained in-plant fire fighters and the local fire department. 8.2.3.2 Training— 8.2.3.2.1 Local Fire Department—Plant operating and management personnel should meet with the local fire department to inform them of the types of materials on site and to give them infor- mation on the hazards which may be involved with such materials in the event of fire (including an explosion). It would be a good idea to have fire department officials visit the plant to familiarize them with its layout, the location of high risks areas, and to inspect fire protection capabilities on-site. The local fire department could conduct training exercises using some of the actual materials which potentially could be involved. Furthermore, selected plant personnel could partic- ipate in these exercises preparatory to the formation of an emergency squad composed of fire department personnel and a few selected plant employees. 8.2.3.2.2 Emergency Squad—Based upon potential fire hazards which are evident at the disposal site, it is good practice to form an emergency squad trained for the specific purpose of dealing with known and anticipated hazardous materials. Often the emergency squad is comprised of a select crew from the local fire department and several well-trained plant employees. The reason for including plant employees is so they can begin emer- gency operations immediately, prepare for the arrival of the local fire department, and guide the fire fighting effort be- cause of their intimate knowledge of the plant. In addition to normal fire fighting, the emergency squad is responsible for rescue operations, evacuation of injured or threatened personnel, and escalation decisions in the event of broad involvement in the disposal site. This group should re- ceive specialized training in advance (e.g., use of self con- tained breathing apparatus, boom deployment). 8.2.3.3 Hazards Identification— The National Fire Protection Assocation (4) has devised a system for identifying the inherent hazards of certain chemicals and the order of severity of these hazards under emergency con- ditions such as spills, leaks, and fires. A section of the NFPA manual, "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials", provides hazardous chemicals data. There are four categories of data provided: health, flammability, reactivity, and other unusual conditions. For the first three categories, a numbering system 8-10 ------- has been devised to inform fire fighting personnel about protec- ting themselves and how to fight fires where the hazard exists. In the fourth category, special considerations are indicated. For example, fire fighters are alerted to possible hazards where there may be unusual reactivity with water and oxidizing chem- icals are noted. It would be beneficial to identify the mate- rials potentially involved in advance so that fire protection measures can be incorporated within the contingency plan and the implementations manual. Moreover, emergency squad training can proceed using identified materials. 8.3 EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCIES/BACKUP 8.3.1 General Discussion Because a leachate treatment plant will use unit opera- tions similar to those employed at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, certain reliability considerations also are similar. EPA has issued minimum standards of reliabil- ity for mechanical, electric, and fluid systems and components which may be applicable for leachate treatment plants (5). Man- ual users are referred to these criteria for details. There is a question, however, of whether the need for redundancy is as great for hazardous waste leachate treatment systems as for municipal and industrial systems. In the latter cases, it is difficult to shut-off or divert flow during emer- gencies, shutdowns, or repair. Frequently, considerable flows are involved, and the option of storage is economically in- feasible. On the other hand, leachate flows generally will be low. As a result, storage possibly could be a cost-effective substitute for certain redundant and backup systems. Therefore, during leachate treatment plant design, costs of redundant and backup systems should be balanced against costs for building storage for raw leachate. Further considered in design should be: estimated volume of incoming wastes, estimated flow of leachate, projected time periods for outages or emergencies, tankage costs, and redundant system costs. In general, there are two locations at which storage might be required: collected leachate, and treated leachate. Some storage might be designed into the plant for purposes of equal- izing flows in any case. Because concentrations of materials will be different at each location,separate storage would be required. Nevertheless, attention should be given to important equipment considerations related to redundant and backup condi- tions. Discussion on these items is found in the subsequent subsection. 8-11 ------- 8.3.2 Equipment 8.3.2.1 Control Systems— The plant control room should have redundant emergency alarms. Frequent practice is to couple display warning lights with an annunciator sound alarm. All electrical controls should have manual overrides. Electric failure backup systems will be discussed separately. 8.3.2.2 Tanks and Containers— Tanks should be fitted with gravity overflow piping in the event that pumps fail to shut off. Tank areas should be on con- crete pads, if possible, with curbs and walls sufficient in height to contain leaks, spills, or tank failures. Addition- ally, spare tanks should be used to empty the curbed area if other storage is unavailable. All containers in processing areas should have plugs in place when not being used. 8.3.2.3 Pipes and Transfer Lines-- For pipes that convey hazardous materials, failsafe trans- fer lines should be used. Such failsafe systems measure in- coming flow and discharge flow. Assuming no intervening taps, the two flows are compared. A difference noted will trip an alarm. Differences of greater than 0.5 percent commonly are used to indicate a leak. Pipes should be color-coded to avoid cross connections, and to permit easy location. 8.3.2.4 Valves— Pressure relief valves should be used wherever necessary. All valves should be located as close as possible to the source in the event they must be operated during an emergency. How- ever, the valves should be accessible if an emergency occurs. Emergency shut-off valves should be placed on all gravity trans- fer lines. 8.3.2.5 Pumps— It is good practice to locate pumps outside if possible. This reduces the possibility of being rendered inoperable due to fires or explosions. It is required in areas where there may be a build-up of potentially explosive gases. Back-up pumps may be desirable where needed to move leachate to storage during emergencies. Portable pumps are 8-12 ------- desirable to have on hand in emergencies. 8.3.2.6 In-Plant Drainage-- Leaks and spillage from equipment should be collected within the plant and returned to the appropriate unit process. Typically, leaks and spillage can be controlled by dikes, berms, and curbs. 8.3.2.7 Electrical Failures— Emergency lights on battery packs are recommended for all plant areas. Operators should judge the potential damage re- sulting from an extended electrical outage. It may be cost- effective to install an emergency back-up generator dependent upon the number of critical functions involved. 8.3.2.8 Maintenance and Repair— Wherever possible, preventive maintenance should be sched- uled so that redundancy and back-up are unnecessary. This can be done during scheduled shutdown. If major repairs can be de- ferred, they also should be performed at that time, i.e., during scheduled shutdowns. 8.4 PERMITS 8.4.1 Consolidated Permit Regulations In conjunction with issuance of final rules for the fed- eral hazardous waste management program (Federal Register, May 19, 1980), the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency established rules for a consolidated permit program. The rules governed programs authorized by the following legislation: Resource Con- servation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Underground Injection Control (UIC) under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) under the Clean Water Act (CWA), State dredge and fill (404) provisions of the CWA, and Prevention of Significant Deterioration under the Clean Air Act (CAA). There are three primary purposes of these rules: "1. To consolidate program requirements for the RCRA and UIC programs with those already established for the NPDES program. "2. To establish requirements for state programs under the RCRA, UIC, and Section 404 programs. "3. To consolidate permit issuance procedures for EPA- issued Prevention of Significant Deterioration permits under the Clean Air Act with those for the RCRA, UIC, and NPDES programs." 8-13 ------- The rules are complex and require substantial effort in order to enable complete and thorough preparation of permits. Manual users are urged to consult documents intended by EPA to clarify and define permit application requirements. Responsibilities for state program requirements also are specified by the EPA rules and regulations. Although flexibil- ity is allowed in how states implement these requirements, and they are free to impose more stringent controls, EPA has spec- ified minimum requirements consistent with RCRA provisions. Permit officials and site operators should recognize that certain aspects of the consolidated permits are ill-defined relative to hazardous waste leachate treatment. NPDES require- ments for direct discharge of treated leachate to receiving waters need to be defined in greater detail. Furthermore, if treated leachate is to be discharged into a POTW system, no guidance has been provided relative to pretreatment require- ments. There is a crucial need for defining such requirements in greater detail. As a point of departure, permit officials might deal with leachate treatment plant effluent in a manner similar to that for the chemical manufacturing industry, both organic and inorganic segments. Also, many cities are now in the process of developing pretreatment requirements for dis- charge of heavy metals, cyanide, phenols and other toxic com- pounds into POTWs. 8.4.2 Other Permits There are several other areas which manual users should consider in assuring that site operations conform with govern- mental plans and regulations. Water quality aspects should be factored into areawide waste treatment management plans (section 208), and facility planning efforts (Step I). This is espe- cially important where direct discharge or discharge to POTWs is envisioned. Other areas of concern are zoning requirements and local building permits. 8.5 PERSONNEL TRAINING Training is envisioned for personnel engaged in the fol- lowing four functional areas of leachate treatment facilities: operations and maintenance, safety, emergency response, and security. Training related to safety and emergency response has been discussed earlier in this section, and as a result, will not be repeated here. The basis for operations and maintenance training should be a well-conceived O&M manual. During training, personnel should be acquainted with key operating parameters, acceptable 8-14 ------- operating ranges, problem diagnosis, troubleshooting, repair procedures, preventive maintenance, and shutdown procedures. An example of a suggested guide for development of an O&M manual for conventional waste treatment facilities is shown in Table 8-1. Obviously, a manual for a leachate treatment plant would have to be modified to reflect the processes used, and incor- porate provisions germane to the handling of hazardous mate- rials. The table does, however, provide a good starting point for structuring an O&M manual. Security personnel should be trained not only to prevent unauthorized entry into the plant, but also in first aid, emer- gency communications and first response measures, essentials of spill containment, and some fire fighting as appropriate. Training should be conducted upon hiring, and should be updated at regular intervals. Consideration should be given to sending key personnel to formal off-site training courses and seminars. 8.6 SURFACE RUNOFF Disposal sites should be designed so that stormwater is diverted away from and around the site. This can be accom- plished through grading and the use of berms and dikes. Hence, this subsection addresses only the fate of precipitation falling directly within the disposal site. Four options exist for deal- ing with stormwater runoff, dependent upon the degree of contam- ination: 1) route uncontaminated flow to a holding or storage pond from which discharges can be made to surface water courses; 2) route mildly contaminated runoff to the same holding or stor- age area, and treat prior to discharge; 3) route contaminated runoff to the leachate treatment plant; and 4) place heavily contaminated runoff into the disposal area, or containerize and ship off-site for appropriate disposal. Work areas likely to be contaminated, e.g. loading docks, waste transfer areas, storage tank areas, should be paved and curbed to collect contaminated spillage. These curbed areas should be able to be drained by gravity. Drainage valves should remain closed until the areas are drained either to the holding ponds (when spillage has not occurred), or to treatment and dis- posal areas (when there is evidence of leaks or spillage). 8-15 ------- TABLE 8-1 SUGGESTED GUIDE FOR AN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES (5) I. INTRODUCTION A. Operation and Managerial Responsibility B. Description of Plant Type and Flow Pattern C. Percent Efficiency Expected and How Plant Should Operate D. Principal Design Criteria II. PROCESS DESCRIPTION (Function, relation to other plant units, schematic diagrams) A. Pumping B. Screening and Comminution C. Grit Removal D. Sedimentation (Primary) E. Aeration and Reaeration F. Sedimentation (Secondary) G. Trickling Filters H. Sand Filters I. Sludge Digestion J. Sludge Conditioning K. Sludge Disposal L. Gas Control and Use M. Disinfection N. By-Pass Controls and Excess Flow Treatment Facilities O. Waste Stabilization Lagoons P. Other III. DETAILED OPERATION AND CONTROLS (Routine, alternate, emergency, description of various controls, recommended settings, reference to schematic diagrams, failsafe features) A. Manual B. Automatic C. Physical D. Chemical (continued) 8-16 ------- TABLE 8-1 (continued) E. Biological (including Bacteriological) F. Industrial Wastes Monitoring G. Safety Features H. Problems, Causes, and Cures IV. LABORATORY CONTROLS (What and why tests are made, interpretation of results, and how samples are obtained) A. For Each Process Description Given Above 1. Sampling 2. Flow Controls 3. Analysis B. Monitoring of Effluent and Receiving Waters C. Water Quality Standards V. RECORDS (Importance of records, graphing test results, example and sample forms) A. Process Operations B. Laboratory C. Reports to be Submitted to State Agencies D. Maintenance E. Operating Costs VI. MAINTENANCE (Schedule—daily, weekly, monthly, etc., reference to pages in manufacturers' manuals) A. Manufacturers' Recommendations B. Preventive Maintenance Summary Schedule C. Special Tools and Equipment D. Housekeeping Schedule VII. SAFETY A. Sewers B. Electrical Equipment C. Mechanical Equipment (continued) 8-17 ------- TABLE 8-1 (continued) D. Explosion and Fire Hazards E. Health Hazards F. Chlorine Handling G. Aeration Tank Hazards H. Recommended Safety Equipment VIII. UTILITIES (Source, reliability, cost) A. Electrical B. Gas C. Water D. Heat IX. PERSONNEL (Detail of job requirements, task plan estimating man- hours per month and year) A. Manpower Requirements B. Qualifications and Background C. Certifications D. Administration and Supervision E. Laboratory X. APPENDIX A. Schematics B. Valve Indices C. Sample Forms D. Chemicals Used in Plant E. Chemicals Used in Laboratory F. Water Quality Standards G. Detailed Design Criteria H. Equipment Suppliers I. Suppliers' Manuals (may be bound separately) 8-18 ------- 8.7 REFERENCES 1. Morton, W. I. Safety Techniques for Workers Handling Haz- ardous Materials. Chemical Engineering, 83(22):127-132, 1976. 2. Weiby, P., and K. R. Dickinson. Monitoring Work Areas for Explosive and Toxic Hazards. Chemical Engineering, 83(22): 139-145, 1976 3. Herrick, L. K. Jr. Instrumentation for Monitoring Toxic and Flammable Work Areas. Chemical Engineering, 83(22): 147-152, 1976. 4. National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, Sixth Edition. Boston, MA, 1975. 5. Federal Water Quality Administration. Federal Guidelines - Design Operation and Maintenance of Waste Water Treatment Facilities. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, September 1970. 8-19 ------- APPENDICES APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF REPORTED WATER CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS (at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites) Appendix Table A-l contains data on identified hazardous waste problems and to the extent possible data on waste composi- tion. A reference list which indicates data sources and pertains only to this table follows the main body of the table. Problem sites are identified by a code number in Table A-l. The code numbers and associated problem sites are listed below. Site Number Site Description 001 Helevia Landfill adjacent to West Omerod water supply (near Allentown, PA) 002 Haverford, PA 003 Centre County, PA (near State College, PA) 004 Stringfellow Landfill, Riverside, CA 005 Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, CO 006 Geological Reclamation Operations and Waste Systems, Inc. (GROWS) landfill, Falls Township, PA 007 Wade Site, Chester, PA 008 Bridgeport Quarry, Montgomery County, PA 009 Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL 010 Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY Oil LaBounty Dump Site, Charles City, IA 012 Saco Landfill, Saco, ME 013 Whitehouse, FL 014 near Myerstown, PA 015 Undisclosed 016 Necco Park, Niagara Falls, NY 017 FMC, Middleport, NY 018 Frontier Chemical Waste Process Inc., Pendleton, NY 019 102nd Street, Niagara Falls, NY 020 Pfohl Brothers, Buffalo, NY 021 Reilly Tar & Chemical Co., St. Louis Park, MN 022 Windham Landfill, Windham, CT 023 LiPari Landfill, Gloucester County, NJ 024 Kin-Buc Landfill, Middlesex County, NJ 025 South Brunswick, NJ 026 Ott/Story site, Muskegon County, MI 027 Hooker Chemical Co., Montague, MI A-l ------- Site Number Site Description 028 Mayer Landfill, Springfield Township, PA 029 Chemcentral-Detroit, Detroit, MI 030 Bofors-Lakeway, Muskegon, MI A-2 ------- aa en S OQ O 05 04 z o H EH EH Z O u OS Da EH < 3 Q u EH 05 O CU >H OS CO PJ o z H 05 U fa U 05 t"* M J Oi Q5 pa S a z < z o EH CU M ft* £j 0} M Q 2 i-J CO O OS tu w w EH Q M O en U z o EH M Z EH H -r-l Cn 1 I-H in iw UH £ CN • CU tn 73 IH en o 4J 3 4-1 CU O i-H ^3 -iH O 3 4-i o CN en •H 0 fl 4J C 5H J2 rH 14H CU O 1-1 re) (0 O ,C 4-> O > O O Oi .» SH V£ rH 4-) T3 .X 0) 73 CTi C cu 3 Oi O C I-H eu 4-1 \ 4J rfl -H a 1-1 in in CU rd rH O CU rO O Cn ro in 4-1 CU in o -.H ra E en rO o >-i SH 4-1 3 C o cu cu eu rH 3 rH O 4J 73 O a O r-H ^ (0 C (Q "O •H n S 3 C 73 IH en >i £ £ CO • "H .C 4J ro 4-) -r) j» rH CU •— 3 CU 3 4J Cd O 0^ ro O C 73 in iH O in EH CU CU CU CT^ ^~* JM 73 4-1 4** i-H 4J U 3 ro ra ro CU -H rH 3 3 73 C £ O C en eu 3 c 73 73 (0 0) rH -H C C 4J >1 C 3 3 rH oo en .c -.H in O 0 \ vD ra 4-1 en CU M iH C71 O^ 3 C1J rO 4-1 CT* CT* E rH O 0 tn rH >H rO C C O C ro O T3 3 -H -H CN CU -.H i-H CU CU M •£ 4-1 iH 3 4J U (0 CU -K * 4-i en -H > £ a W 0) 3 >H rfl 4J CJ O 03 TI 4-1 O O EH EH rH O o en c Ja ^4 rO U O rH ro o: ro ^ CN T3 1 CU in TJ IH 4J ro CU 0 O O 4-> CU fl 4-> •n ft C C C Pu -iH CU •H &J E -H i-H 4J rfl rH • C IH CU en O en 3 E U ro C a cu IH 3 CU SH O 0 CU 4-1 T3 T3 en 4J C 4-1 en TJ 3 cu ra c o cu 3 ro £ IH ra rH H CU IH rO 4J T! rH C 3 -H C \ eu E 3 en TD T3 -H £ E (0 C rH rH 3 3 <3- O 4J CU • * >H rO IH CN -^ en cu CU M ra t U C 4J CU -H !H 4J — 0 Q! 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(0 0 ago -rH O rH rH SH ro 1 0 J3 rH 4J J3 CU 0 E 1 1 CN rH o 0 O ^D ^ r-l 00 O 0 -p -p •^j* £J 00 00 V V 1 ^-^ rH c1 cu J3 CU a c •H CU T3 M 1 G rH -Q 1 CU 0 rH C SH -* -H 4J 1 S •r' 0 rfl C >H -H 1 O T3 m rH 1 1 .C - O U "» iH •H • O t3 •fl1 rH i x; m u l n rH 0 rH CN O 4-1 0 CO V rH O ylphen 43 4-1 CU S CN 1 rH ^1 £ CU a rH G (U A a 0 M 0 ntaf lu (D a ^* en •H A CO y cu osphin 43 a •o cu 3 C 4J c 0 o 00 vD n ro V V cu c S cu cu nzoph enzen %* O rH ichlor ylhexy -TJ 4J -' & T 1 » i-H nr •— A-20 ------- T3 0) 3 C •H 4J C o o 0 < E-i w EH H W EH z z H 2 ^J F-t ™ o o U o z H a u &j w OS ^ H IH rij D a a s Q 2 ^ Z O rH EH ft H (J en U a s CQ o OS ft w Q O 0 ,_, 0 H EH O H fa H CO ^ o VO ro V 0) 01 eg G (I) XI rH \| 1 •4— ' O4 »c •H ^i Pi Q, 1 >•» tn u •H 4J Id s •rH rH < vD V 01 C 01 N C >1 4-* y 0 ^1 5 1 >-< in u •H 4-1 It) e 0 i! kO ro V 01 C 01 M 01 IH £ pj rH ^1 r^ § 1 — in c 0 XI M It! 0 o rH IT) UD V 01 G fit m N ft) •H T3 'Pi ft T3 W rH O 01 ft vQi£i£i£^iOvOiOkO tf> U> CO ro PO oo ro PO PO PO ro PO PO PO PO vvvvvvvvv vvv 1 0 rH 01 0) T3 T3 0) C >( 01 -rH 01 01C 01 0143C e OICOlCOlOICOlNiDO) <0 COlCOlNCOlCGrHrH N NGNGOINGNX10I43 01 C01G01X3G01C 4J 4-> XI ^ -^ rH ^, ^ " tO G ^-»rH/->rH>i^rH--»OrOC 0) >,4J >«\|O ftNG >\|T3CNrH tn ft 4-iUG01(2)4JOOG * ^i C 1 ft 0 0 T3 43 OC013rH430G 0)rHGrHrHOHT3rH 1 4->43 1 43 ^1 rH ^ ^ rH ^i rH ^1 rH 01 rH 0 rH ft>i434-l >ift>i43>iS d r4 >,O434-IC4JOX!4-I4J\| OO 4J^4J00)3rH-P01ft^1* QrH 43IIIIIIII43 no o "' tn ^ U T3 •H 01 •P 3 c §•41 M G IT) 0 o It) 01 0 3 G >i O 0 O CO f» (Ti rH TJI 0] O 0 O ro rH O O O H VVV •K 0) •H 0 01 H(-» ^1 43 fTJ O 43 4-1 01 0) C 5 01 o) 01 rH C -H >i 0 X) 43 4J O 4-> 0) -H 0) O 43 E (8 4J 01 •H 4J It) rH 0 O O o ^ CN •H O 0 rH f- V V 0 CM' V •K 01 * c O) 01 G •* IT) >, •P -P f\\ (\\ yj (^ 0 0 0 0 G rH rH C 43 43 0 O O <4H •H -H 0 T3 "0 !M 1 1 0 rH rH rH rH rH O O 0 IT) ^* ^D • 0 0 V rH CN •K 01 * -0 0) -rH G h it! O 43 rH •P 43 (11 M i •P X! A-21 ------- cu 3 C •H 4J C 0 o w I-I 03 rtl EH SITE EH Z ^ Z s rij EH Z O CJ W o Z w 04 U fa SH H < D a OJ EH 3 Q Z < Z o H c^ 04 H 03 DESC S Ed T m o A 04 w a 0 u Z o H EH CJ fa H CO co t-3 CJ CN CN 0 4J «=r o V xane OJ x: 0 0 o rH fH O 4J •* O V 0) C (0 4-1 C §< H O O iH ^ X! 4-1 CU E CO V CU c 4-1 c 04 CN 1 rH X! 4-> CU g •H •a ^ CN rH V ^ V enzen XI 0 0 rH XI CJ o o O 0 fH ^* m m 0 O lj tj i£ rH * • O H V V 4c CU N C * <1) 0) J3 C rH CU >< N x: c 4-1 CU CU X) en 0 ^j x; 04 -H < 0 •H 4J ra 0 < en c _§ ^ rcj o 0 rH E . tn O cu x; tn x-~ CJ T3 •H CU 4J 3 « c S -H O 4-1 S c <0 0 o ra cu rH CJ 3 c rH 0 04 4J C (0 Q4 T3 0) >< 4-1 4J O •H CU H 4J o d) •H Q < I •K O Z I Q 4J 0) cn cu M 04 i O4 A-22 ------- TABLE A-2. REFERENCES LISTED IN TABLE A-l 1. Personal Communication. Mr. Leon Oberdick, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Reading, PA. June 21, 1979. 2. Personal Communication. Mr. John Osgood, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, PA. June 19, 1979. 3. Personal Communication. Mr. Thomas Massey. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA. May 17, 1979. 4. Personal Communication. Mr. Carlyle Westlund, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, PA. June 19, 1979. 5. Hatayama, H.K., Simmons, B.P., and R.D. Stephens. The Stringfellow Industrial Waste Disposal Site: A Technical Assessment of Environmental Impact. California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA. March 1979. 6. Buhts, R.E., Malone, P.G., and D.W. Thompson. Evaluation of Ultraviolet/Ozone Treatment of Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) Groundwater (Treatability Study). Technical Report Y-78-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MI. January 1978. 7. Steiner, R.L., Keenan, J.D., and A.A. Fungaroli. Demon- strating Leachate Treatment: Report on a Full-Scale Operating Plant. SW-758, US EPA, Office of Water and Waste Management, Washington, DC. May 1979. 8. US EPA, National Enforcement Investigations Center. Partial Listing of Compounds in ABM-Wade Disposal Site Samples. Unpublished Memorandum to US EPA Region III Enforcement Division, Philadelphia, PA. April 25, 1979. 9. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Results of DER Samples of Bridgeport Quarry Taken on April 23, 1979. Unpublished Data. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Norristown, PA. April 23, 1979. 10. Personal Communication. Mr. F.A. Jones, Jr. Redstone Arsenal Carbon Treatment Plant. Unpublished Data. Depart- ment of the Army, US Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. July 2, 1979. A-23 ------- TABLE A-2 (continued) 11. Personal Communication. Ms. Marilyn A. Hewitt. Water Quality Report, Special Analyses Concerning Mayer Landfill, Springfield Township, PA. September 28, 1980. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Norristown, PA. December 26, 1980. 12. Barth, E.F. and J.M. Cohen. Evaluation of Treatability of Industrial Landfill Leachate. Unpublished Report. US Environmental Protection-Agency, Cincinnati, OH. November 30, 1978. 13. Dahl, T.O. NPDES Compliance Monitoring and Water/Waste Characterization Salsbury Laboratories/Charles City, Iowa. EPA 330/2-78-019, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver, CO. November 1978. 14. US Environmental Protection Agency. Report of Investigation Salsbury Laboratories, Charles City, Iowa. US Environmen- tal Protection Agency, Region VII Surveillance and Analyses Division, Kansas City, MO. February 1979. 15. Atwell, J.S. Identifying and Correcting Groundwater Con- tamination at a Land Disposal Site. In: Proceedings of the Fourth National Congress Waste Management Technology and Resource and Energy Recovery, Atlanta, GA. November 1975. pp. 278-301. 16. Stroud, F.B., Wilkerson, R.T., and A. Smith. Treatment and Stabilization of PCB Contaminated Water and Waste Oil: A Case Study. In: Proceedings of 1978 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Miami Beach, FL. April 1978. pp. 135-144. 17. Stover, E.L. and A.A. Metry. Hazardous Solid Waste Manage- ment Report. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Division of Solid Waste Management, Harrisburg, PA. November 1976. 18. Interagency Task Force on Hazardous Wastes. Draft Report on Hazardous Waste Disposal in Erie and Niagara Counties, New York. SW-Pll (3/79). Interagency Task Force on Hazardous Wastes, Albany, NY. March 1979. 19. Personal Communication. Mr. Steven Lees, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. August 2, 1979. 20. Beck, W.W. Jr., Evaluation of Chemical Analyses Windham Landfill, Windham, Connecticut. Letter to Mr. Donald E. Sanning. US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,OH. January 26, 1978. 21. Personal Communication. Mr. Steven Lees. Compilation of Data Related to LiPari Landfill. US Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Cincinnati, OH. August 2, 1979. A-24 ------- TABLE A-2 (continued) 22. Personal Communication. Mr. Steven Lees. Compilation of Love Canal Leachate Data. US Environmental Protection Agency/ Cincinnati, OH. August 2, 1979. 23. Brezenski, F.T. Laboratory Results - Kin Buc Landfill. Unpublished Data in Memorandum to R.D. Spear, Chief Surveillance and Monitoring Branch. US Environmental Protection Agency. January 24, 1978. 24. Isacoff, E.G. and J.A. Bittner. Resin Adsorbent Takes on Chlororganics from Well Water. Water and Sewage Works, 126 (8) : 41-42, 1979. 25. Sturino, E. Analytical Results: Samples from Story Chemicals, Data Set Others 336. Unpublished Data. US Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Central Regional Laboratory, Chicago, IL. May 1978. 26. Personal Communication. Mr. Andrew W. Hogarth. Unpub- lished Data: Report of Sampling, Hooker Chemical Corp. Monitoring Wells, Montague, Michigan. December 1978. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI. August 7, 1979. 27. O'Brien, R.P. City of Niagara Falls, New York, Love Canal Project. Unpublished Report. Calgon Corp., Calgon Environmental Systems Division, Pittsburgh, PA. 28. Recra Research Inc. Priority Pollutant Analyses Prepared for Newco Chemical Waste Systems, Inc. Unpublished Report. Recra Research Inc., Tonawanda, NY. April 16, 1979. 29. Personal Communeiation. Ms. Deborah Mulcahey. Unpublished Data: Analytical Results of Data Set - EDO 489, Collected at Bofors-Lakeway, Inc., Muskegon, Michigan by U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency Region V, February 12, 1980. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan. December 18, 1980. 30. Personal Communication. Ms. Deborah Mulcahey. Compilation of Data related to Chemcentral-Detroit. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. December 18, 1980. A-25 ------- APPENDIX B ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF RCRA POLLUTANTS The Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regulations which appeared in the May 19, 1980 Federal Register contain three lists of hazardous wastes: (1) acute hazardous {Sec. 261.33(6)}, (2) hazardous {Appendix VII}, and (3) Toxic {Sec. 261.33(f)}. These three lists are consolidated into one alpha- betical listing in this appendix to facilitate location of a compound. The RCRA category (1,2, or 3) above is indicated for each compound. Multiple entries for a compound indicate that the compound appears in more than one category. B-l ------- TABLE B-l. LIST OF RCRA POLLUTANTS Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Acetalaldehyde H, T (Acetato)phenylmercury H Acetone T Acetonitrile H, T 3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)- H, A 4-hydroxycoumarin and salts Acetophenone T 2 Acetylaminofluorene H, T Acetyl Chloride H, T l-Acetyl-2-thiourea A, H Acrolein A, H Acrylamide H, T Acetylene tetrachloride T Acetylenetrichloride T Acrylic acid T Acrylonitrile H, T AEROTHENE TT T Aflatotoxins H Agarin A Agrosan GN 5 A Aldicarb A Aldifen A Aldrin A, H Algimycin A Allyl alcohol A, H Aluminum phosphide A, H ALVIT A 4-Aminobiphenyl H 6-Amino-l,la,2,8,8a, H, T 8b-hexahydro-8-(hydroxy- methy1)-8a-methoxy-5- (methylcarbamate azirino (21,3'i3,4) pyrrolo (1,2-a)indole-4,7- doine(ester) (Mitomycin C) Aminoethylene A 5-(Aminomethyl)-3- H, A isoxazolol 4-Aminopyridine A, H Amitrole H, T Ammonium metavanadate A Ammonium picrate A Aniline T Antimony and Compounds, N.O.S.1 H ANTIMUCIN WDR A ANTURAT A AQUATHOL A Aramite H ARETIT A Arsenic and compounds, H N.O.S. Arsenic acid A, H Arsenic pentoxide A, H Arsenic trioxide A, H Asbestos T Athrombin A Auramine H, T AVITROL A Azaserine H, T Aziridene A AZOFOS A Azophos A BANTU A Barium and compounds, H N.O.S. Barium cyanide A, H BASENITE A BCME A Benz[c]acridine H, T Benz[a]anthracene H Benzal chloride T Benzene H, T Benzenearsonic acid H Benzenesulfonyl chloride T Benzenethiol A, H Benzidine H, T 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3- T one, 1,1-dioxide Benzo[a]anthracene H, T (continued) B-2 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Benzo[b]fluoranthene H Benzo[j]fluoranthene H Benzo[a]pyrene H, T Benzoepin (Endosulfan) A Benzotrichloride H, T Benzyl chloride H Beryllium and compounds H N.O.S. Beryllium dust A Bis(2-chloroethoxy) H, T methane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether H T N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)- H T 2-naphthylamine Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) H, T ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether A, H Bis(2-ethylhexyl) H, T phthalate BLADAN-M A Bromoacetone A, H Bromomethane H, T 4-Bromophenyl phenyl H, T ether Brucine A, H 2-Brutanone peroxide A, H BUFEN A Butaphene A n-Butyl alcohol T Butyl benzyl phthalate H 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dini- A, H tro-phenol (DNBP) Cadmium and compounds/ H N.O.S. Calcium chromate H, T Calcium cyanide A, H CALDON A Carbolic acid T Carbon disulfide A, H Carbon tetrachloride T Carbonyl fluoride T CERESAN A CERESAN UNIVERSAL A CHEMOX GENERAL A CHEMOX P.E. A CHEM-TOL A Chloral T Chlorambucil H, T Chlordane T Chlordane (alpha and H gamma isomers) Chlorinated benzenes, H N.O.S. Chlorinated ethane, H N.O.S. Chlorinated naphtha- H lene, N.O.S. Chlorinated phenol, H N.O.S. Chloroacetaldehyde A, H Chloroalkyl ethers H p-Chloroaniline A, H Chlorobenzene H, T Chlorobenzilate H, T l-(p-Chlorobenzoyl)-5- A, H methoxy-2-methylindole- 3-acetic acid p-Chloro-m-cresol H, T Chlorodibromomethane T l-Chloro-2,3-epoxy- H butane l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypro- T pane CHLOROETHENE NU T Chloroethyl vinyl ether T 2-Chloroethyl vinyl H ether Chloroethene T Chloroform H, T Chloromethane H, T Chloromethyl methyl H, T ether (continued) B-3 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group 2-Chloronaphthalene H, T 2-Chlorophenol H, T l-(o-Chlorophenyl) A, H thiourea 3-Chloropropionitrile A, H alpha-Chlorotoluene A, H Chlorotoluene, N.O.S. H 4-Chloro-o-toluidine T hydrochloride Chromium and compounds, H N.O.S. Chrysene H T C-I. 23060 T Citrus red No.2 H Copper cyanide A, H Creosote H, T Cresols T CRETOX A Coumadin A Coumafen A Cresylic acid T Crotonaldehyde H T Cumene ' T Cyanides (soluble salts A, H and complexes), N.O.S. Cyanogen A, H Cyanogen bromide A, H Cyanogen chloride A, H Cyanomethane T Cycasin H Cyclodan A Cyclohexane T Cyclohexanone T 2-Cyclohexyl-4 6-dini- A, H trophenol Cyclophosphamide H, T D-CON A Daunomycin H, T DETHMOR A DETHNEL A DDD H, T DDE H DDT H, T DFP A Diallate H, T Dibenz[a,h]acridine H Dibenz[a,jjacridine H Dibenz[a,h]anthracene H, T (Dibenzo[a,h]anthra- cene) 7H-Dibenzo[c,g] H carbazole Dibenzo[a,ejpyrene H Dibenzo[a,hjpyrene H Dibenzo[a,ijpyrene H, T Dibromochloromethane T l/2-Dibromo-3-chloro- H, T propane 1,2-Dibromoethane H, T Dibromomethane H, T Di-n-butyl-phthalate H, T Dichlorobenzene, N.O.S. H 1,2-Dichlorobenzene T 1,3-Dichlorobenzene T 1/4-Dichlorobenzene T 3 ,3'-Dichlorobenzidine H, T l/4-Dichloro-2-butene T 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'- T diaminobiphenyl Dichlorodifluoromethane T 1,1-Dichloroethane H T 1,2-Dichloroethane H, T trans-l,2-DichloroethaneH Dichloroethylene, N.0.S.H 1,1-Dichloroethylene H, T 1,2-trans-dichloro- T ethylene Dichloromethane H, T Dichloromethylbenzene T 2 4-Dichlorophenol H, T 2 6-Dichlorophenol H, T (continued) B-4 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group 2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxy- A, H acetic acid Dichlorophenylarsine A, H Dichloropropane H 1,2-Dichloropropane H, T Dichloropropanol , N.O.S. H Dichloropropene , N.O.S. H 1,3-Dichloropropene H, T Dicyanogen A Dieldrin A, H DIELDREX A Diepoxybutane H, T Diethylarsine A, H 0,0-Diethyl-S-[2-(ethyl- A, H thio) ethyl]ester of phosphothioic acid 1,2-Diethylhydrazine H, T 0,0-Diethyl-S-methyl- H, T ester phosphorodithioic acid 0,0-Diethylphosphoric H acid, 0-p-nitrophenyl ester Diethyl phthalate H, T 0, 0-Diethyl-0-(2-pyra- A, H zinyl)phosphorothioate 0,0-Diethyl phosphoric A acid, 0-p-nitrophenyl ester Diethyl stilbestrol H, T Dihydrosafrole H, T 3, 4-Dihydroxy-alpha- A, H (methylamino)-methyl benzyl alcohol Di-isopropylfluorophos- A, H phate (DFP) DIMETATE (Dimethoate) A 1,4:5 8-Dimethanonaph- A thalene, 1,2,3,4, 10 ,10-Hexachloro-l,4, 4a ,5 ,8 ,8a-hexahydro en do , en do Dimethaoate A, H 3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine H, T Dimethylamine T p-Dimethylaminoazoben- H, T zene 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] H, T anthracene 3,3-Dimethylbenzidine H, T alpha, alpha-Dimethyl- T benzylhydroperoxide DimethyIcarbamoyl H, T chloride 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine H, T 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine H, T 3/3-Dimethyl-l-(methyl- A, H thio)-2-butanone-0- [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime Dimethylnitrosoamine H, T alpha, alpha-Dimethyl- A, H phenethylamine 2,4-Dimethylphenol H, T Dimethyl phthalate H, T Dimethyl sulfate H, T Dinitrobenzene, N.O.S. H Dinitrocyclohexyl- A phenol 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol A, H and salts 2,4-Dinitrophenol A, H, T 2,4-Dinitrotoluene H, T 2,6-Dinitrotoluene H, T Di-n-octylphthalate H, T DINOSEB A (continued) B-5 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group DINOSEBE A 1,4 Dioxane H, T 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine H, T Dipropylamine T Di-n-propylnitrosamine H, T Disulfoton A, H 2,4 Dithiobiuret A, H DNBP A DOLCO MOUSE CEREAL A DOW GENERAL A DOW GENERAL WEED KILLER A DOW SELECTIVE WEED A KILLER DOWICIDE G A DYANICIDE A EASTERN STATES SUOCIDE A ELGETOL A EBDC T Endosulfan A, H Endrin A Endrin and metabolites H Epichlorohydrin H Epinephrine A 1 ,4-Epoxybutane T Ethyl acetate T Ethyl acrylate T Ethyl cyanide A, H Ethylenebisdithiocar- H, T bamate (EBDC) Ethylenediamine A , H Ethyleneimine A, H Ethylene oxide H , T Ethylene thiourea H , T Ethyl ether T Ethylmethacryla.te T Ethylmethanesulfonate H , T Ethylnitrile T FASCO FASCRAT POWDER A FEMMA A Ferric cyanide A Firemaster T23P T Fluoranthene H, T Fluorine A, H 2-Fluoroacetamide A, H Fluoroacetic acid, A, H sodium salt Fluorotrichloromethane T Formaldehyde H, T FOLODOL-80 A FOLODOL-M A Formic acid T FOSFERNOM A FRATOL A Fulminate of mercury A FUNGITOX OR A Furan T Furfural T FUSSOF A GALLOTOX A GEARPHOS A GERUTOX A Glycidylaldehyde H, T Halomethane , N.O.S. H Heptachlor A H Heptachlor epoxide H (alpha , beta , and gamma isomers) Hexachlorobenzene H , T Hexachlorobutadiene H , T Hexachlorocyclohexane H , T (all isomers) Hexachlorocyclopenta- H , T diene Hexachloroethane H , T 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexa- A, H chloro-1,4 ,4a ,5 /8 / 8a-hexahydro-l ,4:5/8- endo , endo-dimethanona- phthalene Hexachlorophene T (continued) B-6 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group 1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexa- A chloro-cyclic-5-nor- bornene-2, 3-dimethanol sulfite Hexachloropropene A, H Hexaethyl tetraphosphate A, H HOSTAQUICK or HOSTAQUIK A Hydrazine H, T Hydrazomethane A Hydrocyanic acid A, H Hydrofluoric acid T Hydrogen sulfide H, T Hydroxybenzene T Hydroxydimethyl arsine T oxide ILLOXOL A 4 ,4-(Imidocarbonyl) T bis(N, N-dimethyl) aniline Ideno (l,2,3-c,d) H, T pyrene INDOCI A Indomethacin A INSECTOPHENE A lodomethane H, T Iron Dextran T Isobutyl alcohol T Isocyanic acid methyl A, H ester Isodrin A Isosafrole H, T Kepone H, T KILOSEB A KOP-THIODAN A KWIK-KIL A KWIKSAN A KUMADER A Lasiocarpine H, T Lead and Compounds / H N.O.S. Lead acetate Lead phosphate H, T Lead subacetate H, T LEYTOSAN A LIQUIPHENE A Maleic anhydride H , T Maleic hydrazide T Malononitrile H, T MALIK MAREVAN MAR-FRIN A MARTIN'D MAR-FRIN A MAVERAN A MEGATOX A MEK Peroxide T Melphalan H, T Mercury and Compounds , H N.O.S. Mercury T Mercury fulminate A MERSOLITE A METACID 50 A MATAFOS A METAPHOR A METAPHOS A METASOL 30 A Methacronylonitrile T Methanethiol T Methanol T Methapyrilene H, T Methorny1 A, H 2-Methylaziridine A, H Methyl chlorocarbonate T Methyl chloroform T 3-Methylcholanthrene H, T Methyl chloroformate T METHYL-E 605 A 4, 4-Methylene-bis-(2- H, T chloroaniline) Methyl ethyl ketone H, T [MEK] (continued) B-7 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Methyl hydrazine Methyl iodide Methyl isobutyl ketore Methyl isocyanate 2-Methyllactonitrile Methyl methacrylate Methyl methanesulfonate 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde-o- (methylcarbonyl) oxime N-Methyl-N-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine METHYL NIRON Methyl parathion Methylthiouracil METRON Mitomycin C MOLE DEATH MOUSE-NOTS MOUSE-RID MOUSE-TOX MUSCIMOL Mustard gas Naphthalene 1,4-Naphthoquinone 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine l-Naphthyl-2-thiourea Nickel and compounds , N.O.S. Nickel carbonyl Nickel cyanide Nicotine and salts Nitric oxide p-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzol Nitrogen dioxide A, H T T A A, H H, T H A, H H, T A A, H H, T A T A A A A A H H , T H, T H, T H, T A, H H A, H A, H A, H A, H A, H H, T T A, H Nitrogen mustard and H hydrochloride salt Nitrogen mustard N-oxide H and hydrochloride salt Nitrogen perioxide A , H Nitrogen tetroxide A, H Nitroglycerine A , H A-Nitrophenol H, T 2-Nitropropane T 4-Nitroquinoline-l-oxide H Nitrosamine, N.O.S. H N-Nitrosodi-N-butylamine H, T N-Nitrosodiethanolamine H, T N-Nitrosodiethylamine H, T N-Nitrosodimethylamine A, H N-Nitrosodiphenylamine A, H N-Nitrosodi-N-propyla- H, T mine N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea H, T N-Nitrosomethylethyla- H mine N-Nitroso-N-methylurea H, T N-Nitroso-N-methyl- H, T urethane N-Nitrosomethylvinyla- A, H mine N-Nitrosomorpholine H N-Nitrosohornicotine H N-Nitrosopiperidine H, T N-Nitrosopyrrolidine H, T N-Nitrososarcosine H 5-Nitro-o-toluidine H, T NYLMERATE A OCTALOX A Octamethylpyrophos- A, H phoramide OCTAN A Oleyl alcohol condensed A, H with 2 moles ethylene oxide OMPA A (continued) B-8 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group OMPACIDE OMPAX Osmium tetroxide 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane-2 / 3-dicarbox- ylic acid PANIVARFIN PANORAM PANTHERINE PANWARFIN Paraldehyde Parathion PCNB PCP PENNCAP-M PENOXYL CARBON N Pentachlorobenzene Pentachloroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenate 1,3-Pentadiene PENTAKILL PENTASOL PENWAR PERMIGIDE PERMAGUARD PERMATOX PERMITE PERTOX Perc Perchloroethylene PESTOX Phenacetin PHENMAD Phenol PHENOTAN Phenyl dichloroarsine Phenyl mercaptan Phenylmercury acetate A A A, H A, H A A A A T A T A A A H, T H H, T H, T A, H A T A A A A A A A A T T A H, T A H, T A A, H A A, H N-Phenylthiourea A , H PHILIPS 1861 A PHIX A Phorate A Phosgene A, H Phosphine A, H Phosphorothioic acid, A, H 0 /0-dimethyl ester , 0-ester with N , N-dimethyl benezene sulfonamide Phosphorothioic acid 0 , A O-dimethyl-0-(p-nitro- phenyl) ester Phosphorous sulfide T Phthalic acid esters , H N.O.S. Phthalic anhydride H, T 2-Picoline T PIED PIPER MOUSE SEED A Polychlorinated bi- H phenyl, N.O.S. Potassium cyanide A, H Potassium silver cyanide A, H PREMERGE A Pronamide H, T 1/2-Propanediol A, H 1/3-Propane sultone H, T Propargyl alcohol A Propionitrile A, H n-Propylamine T Propylthiouracil H 2-Propyn-l-ol A, H PROTHROMADIN A Pyridine H, T QUICKSAM A Quinones T QUINTOX A RAT AND MICE BAIT A RAT-A-WAY A RAT-B-GON A (continued) B-9 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group RAT-0-CIDE #2 A RAT-GUARD A RAT-KILL A RAT-MIX A RATS-NO-MORE A RAT-OLA A RATOREX A RATTUNAL A RAT-TROL A RO-DETH A RO-DEX A ROSEX A ROUGH AND READY MOUSE A MIX Reserpine H, T Resorcinol T Saccharin H, T Safrole H, T SANASEED A SANTOBRITE A SANTOPHEN A SANTOPHEN 20 A SCHRADAN A Selenious acid H, T Selenium and compounds , H N.O.S. Selenium sulfide H, T Selenourea A, H Silver and compounds, H N.O.S. Silver cyanide A, H Silvex T SMITE A SPARIC A SPOR-KIL A SPRAY-TROL BRAND RODEN- A TROL SPURGE A Sodium azide A Sodium coumadin A Sodium cyanide A, H Sodium fluoracetate A SODIUM WARFARIN A SOLFARIN A SOLFOBLACK BB A SOLFOBLACK SB A Streptozotocin H , T Strontium sulfide A , H Strychnine and salts A, H SUBTEX A SYSTAM A 2 ,4 ,5-T T TAG FUNGICIDE A TEKWAISA A TEMIC A TEMIK A TERM-I-TROL A 1 ,2 ,4 ,5-Tetrachloro- H , T benzene 2 ,3 ,7 ,8-Tetrachloro- H dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Tetrachloroethane H N.O.S. 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-Tetrachloro- H ethane 1 ,1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloro H , T ethane Tetrachloroethene H , T Tetrachloroethylene H , T Tetrachloromethane H, T 2,3 ,4 ,6-Tetrachloro- H, T phenol Tetraethyldithiopyro- A, H phosphate Tetraethyl lead A, H Tetraethylpyrophosphate A, H Tetrahydrofuran T Tetranitromethane A Tetraphosphoric acid , A hexaethyl ester TETROSULFUR BLACK PB A TETROSULPHUR PER A (continued) B-10 ------- TABLE B-l (continued) Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Compound RCRA Pollutant Group Thallium and compounds , N.O.S. Thallic oxide Thallium acetate Thallium carbonate Thallium nitrate Thallium peroxide Thallium selenite Thallium sulfate THIFOR THIMUL Thiocetamide THIODAN THIOFOR THIOMUL THIONEX THIOPHENIT Thiosemicarbazide Thiosulfan tionel Thiourea Thiuram THOMPSON'S WOOD FIX TIOVEL Toluene Toluenediamine o-Toluidine hydrochloride Toluene diisocyanate Tolylene diisocyanate Toxaphene 2,4,5-TP Tribromomethane 1,2 ,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethanethiol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2/4 /6-Trichlorophenol H A, H H, T H, T H, T A A, H A, H A A H, T A A A A A A, H A H, T A/ H A A H, T H, T H, T T H H, T T H, T H H, T H T H, T H, T T A, H H, T H, T 2,4,5-Trichloro- H, T phenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichloro- H phenoxypropionic acid 2,4,5-Trichloro- T phenoxypropionic acid alpha, alpha, alpha- Trichlorotoluene Trichloropropane, N.O.S. H TRI-CLENE T 0,0,0-Triethyl phos- H phorothioate Trinitrobenzene H, T Tris(l-azridinyl) H phosphine sulfide Tris(2,3-dibromo- H, T propyl) phosphate Trypan blue H, T TWIN LIGHT RAT AWAY A Uracil mustard H, T Urethane H, T USAF-RH-8 A USAF EK-4890 A Vanadic acid , ammonium A , H salt Vanadium pentoxide A Vanadium pentoxide H (dust) Vinyl chloride H , T VOFATOX A WANADU A WARCOUMIN A WARFARIN SODIUM A WARFICIDE A WOFOTOX A Xylene T YANOCK A YASOKNOCK A ZIARNIK A Zinc cyanide A, H Zinc phospide A, H ZOOCOUMARIN A B-ll ------- TABLE B-l (continued) 1. The abbreviation N.O.S. signifies those members of the general class "not otherwise specified" by name in this listing. a. RCRA Pollutant Groups: A. Acute hazardous [Sec. 261.33 (e)] H. Hazardous [Appendix VIII] T. Toxic [Sec. 261.33 (f)] B-12 ------- APPENDIX C UNIT PROCESS SUMMARIES - SANITARY LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT Appendix C contains summaries of the treatment of sanitary landfill leachate by the following processes: • chemical oxidation • chemical precipitation • ion exchange • reverse osmosis Several applications using different oxidizing agents, coagu- lants, and exchange resins are presented. These results should not be related directly to hazardous waste leachate treatment. However, they do provide an indication of treatment effectiveness and represent another reference point which can be used in treat- ment process formulation. Tables C-l through C-24 were prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation for use in this manual. C-l ------- TABLE C-l. CHLORINE AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [I] Concentration, mq/L Parameter Dosage C12 Dosage NaClO COD Parameter Dosage C12 Dosage NaClO COD Influent 0 0 330 Concentra mg/L Influent 0 0 270 Effluent 65.5 3,430 220 tion, Effluent 47.6 2,500 120 Cook and Foree Concentration , Percent mq/L removal Influent Effluent 0 0 33 320 Cook and Foree 566 2,970 260 Concentration, Percent mg/L removal Influent Effluent 0 0 56 290 310 1,630 90 Percent removal 19 Percent removal 69 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. Chlorine dosages provided by liquid chlorine bleach. Except dosage C12 in mL/L. 02 ------- TABLE C-2. CHLORINE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2,3] Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mg/La Percent Parameter Dosage COD pH initial pH final TS Chloride Iron Parameter Dosage COD pH initial pH final TS Chloride Iron Influent 0 4,800 Concen- tration , mg/L Effluent 800 286 2.0 7.0 3,060 1,220 ND Effluent removal 2,000 3,740 22 Ho, et al Concen- tration , Percent mg/L removal Effluent 1,200 16 257 1.75 . 7.0 -J 4,200 - 1,900 >99 ND Ho, et al. Concentration, mg/L Influent 0 341 7.0 7.0 482 98.6 3.7 . Percent removal 25 - >99 Effluent 400 297 2.2 7.0 1,960 768 0.2 Concen- tration, mg/La Effluent 1,540 316 1.6 7.0 5,142 2,280 ND a Percent removal 13 b _b 95 Percent removal 7.3 K >99 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. TABLE C-3. CHLORINE AND CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2] Parameter Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mg/L Percent Influent Effluent removal Dosage C12 0 Dosage Ca (CIO)2 0 COD 139 1,000 139 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. C-3 ------- TABLE C-4. CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [3 ] Concentration, mq/La Parameter Dosage COD pH initial pH final TS Iron Parameter Dosage COD pH initial pH final TS Iron Influent 0 1,465 7.8 7.0 1,748 35 Concen- tration, rag/La Effluent 8,000 762 9.0 7.0 9,274 M3 Effluent 1,000 1,420 8.0 7.0 2,478 •^ Percent removal 48 _b >99 Percent removal 3.1 _b >99 Ho, et Concen- tration, mg/La Effluent 12,000 908 9.9 7.0 13,910 M) Concen- tration, mq/L Effluent 2,000 1,420 7.95 7.0 3,268 <\.Q al. Percent removal 38 _b >99 Percent removal 3.1 _b >99 Concen- tration, mq/La Effluent 15,000 1,000 10.2 7.0 16,700 M) Concen- tration, mq/La Percent Effluent removal 4,000 1,126 23 8.15 7.0 5,392 -b M) >99 Percent removal 32 _b >99 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. Except' for pH in pH units and hardness in mg/L CaC03. Negative percent removal. C-4 ------- m § u » r II \^ g" 2 2u w • tt Q J -^. .§21 Z 23 • W »4 a <• 1 o corf0, at o IS-SSS" «» o * in m So as o in O O irt P4 * J« PH O m s e* u • 4J e o ** ^, §221 §« « gC " "^ " 0 a O ' i o a 'at §§« Wl vO U1 o a ca So • r» •W M « O III Z 1. « A C-5 ------- on M ta H U t^ 3 * SS fib o u C Jjji Si £ z N ° • VO i S S „ M f a "g a e a ••4 ^ e a 2s 2 u 1 ru p Q c 3 CD — e ^ «4 C H e U 41 I a a. N m Soa 0 o o> a t-4 oa O m r» • en «n moooa •H r» r> r^ <« -4 4J a i •a c § f4 CJ 4J r-l S3 u • « 4) cu u § •H s«* •w J S »> ss u > e 4) 144 «4 U) C 3 i-i <44 C I-l 4J -4 e a «l 41 a. u \| •kta P ° 4J i 2 M e 1 S aw w •H 4 0 41 j m -a j i « ->4 a T4 u 3 o> c — i u o u « •-» •« o e <-> r* ss ° O «O N •H U 41 <0 •a « 10 u i 1 f * 1 1 § § 0 *^ ^ .. s- s s «l U O O 4J M N M O M O O z ------- TABLE C-7- LIME TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE []_ , 2, 3, 4] Cook and Force Concentration, mq/L Percent Parameter Doaage COO P« roc TSS vss OS BOO Orthophoaphorous alkalinity Chlorine Iron Parameter Dosage COO PH roc TSS TS vss OS BOO Orthophosphorous Alkalinity Chloride Iron Parameter Docage COD P« TOC TSS TS VSS OS BOD Orthophospnorous Alkalinity Chloride Iron Influent 0 17,000 11.0 545 Effluent concen- tration. «q/L* 1,280 10,300 10.5 6,300 3,200 569 0.5 Effluent concen- tration, •q/L* 2,700 515 11.0 4,876 2,150 HD Effluent removal 2,760 14.900 13 10.8 79 86 0 Effluent concen- Percent tration, removal ma/I. 1.390 4.6 10.700 11.0 1.7 6,930 H -? 3.290 -" 572 >99 0.5 Ho Concentration , •q/L* Influent 0 10,800 6.25 2,220 502 325 Percent removal 0.93 _b V O >99 , et al. A Concentration.' Percent mq/L renoval Influent 0 7.7 366 8.95 21 4,876 17 1,730 >99 15.0 Effluent 470 366 10.0 4,180 1,600 HD Effluent 870 10,600 9.0 2.700 530 3 Effluent concen- tration. •q/L* 1.600 10,000 11.5 7,540 3,340 593 0.5 Percent removal 0 3.2 7.5 >99 Ho, et al. Effluent Effluent concen- concen- Percent tration. Percent tration. Percent removal «q/L removal mq/L removal 1.020 1.150 1.9 10,400 3.7 9,970 7.7 9.5 10.0 h h b -5 3,020 'I 3.0M -° - 555 - 553 99 1 >99 0.5 >99 Ho. et al. Effluent concen- Concentration, Percent tration. Percent ma/L Percent removal wj/L removal Influent Effluent removal 1,840 0 1.060 , 6.5 10,420 3.5 558 563 - 12.0 7.75 9.0 -b 7.470 -b 6,188 5,340 14 h h 'b 3'92° 'b 609 - 2,580 2,240 13 >99 0.5 >99 20.0 1.7 92 Effluent concen- tration. Percent •q/L removal 1,400 260 29 11.5 3.690 15 1.670 3.5 HD >99 (continued) C-7 ------- TABLE C-7 (continued) Parameter Oosaoe COD P« TOC TSS TS TSS OS BOD Ortaophoephorouc alkalinity Chlorine Iron Effluent concen- tration, OKJ/L 1.000 S.S 708 Effluent concea- Perceat tration, removal na/L 1,800 h 8.9 -b 760 Chian and DeWalle Effluent CQRCC&" Percent tration. Percent removal na/L removal 2,000 K 9'° H -b 760 -b Effluent concen- tration, mo/L 4,000 9.8 690 Effluent coneen- Pereent tration, removal ma/L 5,000 10. S 4.2 660 Percent removal a. 3 Chian and OeWalle Parameter Doiaoe COD P« IOC TSS TS vss OS BOD Orthophoephorotu Alkalinity Chlorine Iron Effluent concen- tration, ma/L 6,000 11.8 630 Effluent concen- Perceat tration. removal no/L 7,000 12.2 13 630 Effluent concen- Percent tration, removal wj/L 7. 500 12.2 13 630 Effluent cone en- Percent tration, removal aa/I. 8,000 12.2 13 600 Percent removal 17 Note: Blank* indicate parameter not determined. ND - not detected. "Except for pH in pH unit* and alkalinity in «g/L CaCOa. Negative percent removal. lame treatment of anaerobic dioeator effluent. Lime treatment of anaerobic diqeetor effluent polished by aerated laqoon. treatment of anaerobic filter effluent. C-8 ------- TABLE C-8. LIME, FERRIC CHLORIDE, AND FERROSULFIDE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [1] Cook and Foree Concentration, mq/La Parameter Dosage lime Dosage FeCl3 Dosage Fe2(So4)3 COD pH initial pH final TSS VSS Influent 0 0 0 17,000 544 Effluent 1,640 1,000 1,450 15,100 8.0 6.2 150 75 Percent removal 11 72 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. Except pH in pH units. TABLE C-9. LIME AND POLYMER TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [1] Cook and Foree Concentration, mq/L Parameter Dosage lime COD pH initial pH final TSS VSS Orthophosphorus Influent 0 17,000 544 Effluent 1,000 15,100 8.0 7.2 156 77 0.28 Percent removal 71 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. aExcept pH in pH units. C-9 ------- TABLE C-10. LIME AND ALUM TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2,3] Ho Parameter Dosage lime Dosage alum COD pH initial pH final TSS VSS Orthophosphorus , et al. Concentration, mg/La Percent Influent Effluent removal 0 1,640 0 600 17,000 14,800 8.0 6.5 544 111 80 71 0.072 Chian and DeWalle Concentration, rag/L Influent Effluent 4,800 2,280 Percent removal 40 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. aExcept pH in pH units. TABLE Oil. LIME AND AERATION TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2] Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mg/La Percent Parameter Influent Effluent removal Dosage COD 0 1,240 1,140 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. Except for dosage in mL saturated lime/L. C-10 ------- TABLE C-12. LIME AND OZONE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [5 ] Parameter Dosage lime Dosage ozone COD PH TOG TSS TDS Aluminum Calcium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Manganese Nickel Phosphorous Potassium Silicon Sodium Zinc Concentration, mcr/L Influent Effluent 0 1,200 0 98 14,000 9,210 5.3 5,200 6,992 0.40 570 1.14 2.10 0.39 47 10.1 0.165 156 36.3 180 12.5 Bjorkman and Mavinic Effluent concen- Percent tratign. Percent removal rag/L removal 2,350 247 34 3 0.017 96 0.66 99 trace 114 27 0.003 >99 Effluent concen- tration, mg/La 2,900 108 2,740 0.036 0.010 Percent removal 47 >99 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. 'Except for pH in pH units Oil ------- g' u V0 a. c«i S S u. o a ro ^H i S • "^ ii lf1 •« S 4 « ••* W w P ass8 M u M b W E « I ------- TABLE C-14. ALUM AND AERATION TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2] Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mg/L Percent Parameter Influent Effluent removal Dosage 0 ISO COD 1,234 1,110 11 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. TABLE C-15. SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [1] Cook Parameter Dosage COD pH initial pH final TSS VSS Or thopho spho rus and Foree Concentration, mg/La Influent Effluent 0 2,660 17,000 15,400 11.0 10.7 544 58 36 0.024 Percent removal 9.4 89 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. except pH in pH units. 013 ------- ^ ^ ro ta H 3 i (14 O H U ^ U ce H td Q h-l tfc, s (-( Q O cn . rH U s CO g •3 41 o" S e a 41 > u o a. u 4J c i oa 41 a o ~i 3 41 -rt ^. •^ u 4J tr U O 4k 41 a. u 3 41 -H-^ 2 c « a >w O u U U 4J c i va en » m — H — « I- a U O 41 41 O. U S e efj S§2S M O -w W F-t II 41 41 4J e i en SC O J 4) -H -, l-< U 4J O 14 e: « a •w O u M 2 4J e a 41 > 2 i 41 41 a. u 4J c i cn 4i a o u IIP *4 O U U O <• e «9 cu i* 4J a i oo Se o J 41 -rt —, i« a * I MOW Ul 0- J ••• e o o o s x Q •-» !i ia C j< ••* a ^ a 1) U +> x O Id Z «9 a > a •> 41 fl 41 U 9 •" x u 014 ------- TABLE C-18. FERROSULFATE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2] Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mg/La Percent Parameter Influent Effluent removal Dosage 0 2,500 COD 4,800 4,100 13 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. TABLE C-19. IRON AND AERATION TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2] Chian and DeWalle Concentration, mq/La Percent Parameter Influent Effluent removal Dosage 0 1,000 COD 139 139 0 Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. C-15 ------- TABLE C-20. ANION EXCHANGE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [4] Chian and DeWalle Parameter COD pH initial pH final TOG Resin type Concen- tration, mq/L 8.8 8.9 A-7 Percent removal 6 6 Concen- tration, mg/La 6.2 6.8 A-7 Concen- Percent tration, removal mg/La 37 6.2 7.4 42 A-7 Percent removal 48 43 Chian and DeWalle COD pH initial pH final TOC Resin type Concen- tration, ma/L 8.8 8.8 IRA-938 Percent removal 59 43 Concen- tration, mq/L 8. 8. Percent removal 41 3 8 26 XE-279HP Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined. aExcept pH, in pH units, and resin type. C-16 ------- e « o o 4) 41 CU U §2 MOW e « U 41 - a. u (d i bu O tl MOW 4i e o 5S2oi >w c « i H u X u 1 c « « > CU U MOW CN i 1 a « tr /L §0 o . . (M U) at «9 §S°^ S O i-l C « o" O flO • 4> vO CM • O vO d eo o in co ^ CM &w -H 3 u u a •H iH -H V ID 3 « •O « o a * •"* HO W> iH ^ -H O> -U -O opxouiHMiao a o an < <4 u x BU 1 1 ! s 4> TJ U i-l 41 « W JM !L a •» « 0 M g w w 2 « -H S O C hi •H 3 1 tj • S S, C-17 ------- M si i (h O Ed U i Z M UJ CM 6 I » «4 e a u u •H U ** -_ iw e « o 4 i • • e o o (M r- oo A A fH A I V • O tO "* o o > f^ o c^ en i i eo o en \o i i-t A c e > o —< •< ^ oo en A o § en M •-» 1-4 tO A A f» CO t«» IP ' r-4cocnin<) 4> A TJ u ti a O O 3S ^5 ™^ fQ (0 O O •£ 3 a u aH ------- ^_ i.^ "- 02 «s 5 3 i [14 O Is s u as H Z O ^3 g Q U o 1 Pi X Ed 3E 0 M 2 C/l s o g £ on CM U s 2 H a a u o 4) U a. u 1 B B B O 41 41 -H U 3 U 4J -v. -* B IQ C7 64 O U 9 14 u 4J ta 4J -H B a u o SS a> b 1 B B c jfoj \| o w • *• U J U C fl «l > Sil 4) 41 cu u B§« S w -H «a 3 O 4J -^ r-( B « O1 41 41 a. b l S B B Old 41 4! -H J 3 O 4J -» rH S « U U 0 u a 41 4) cu u a § \| IB J U ^ S- 41 B U « B 3 O rl U IM a u 41 4J 41 U ID O. O o l-l i^° « ^t in M \| O c^ O o • o ej • in o o o o \n O o o m o O + O <-l M O O o m o S3 " o o • I-t (Q •t i-t 4iS 8, .52 a \4?inin o p^ CO CO CO 4) m ^f 11 p4 r4 JS £L in ^ r^ i i (M 04iac<4coo«oq>vifinin -a CO n'Op^'H IC£C\|QIO\|Q M 41 u z a 13 C-19 ------- )_i W I4fi B S 2 fo. 0 BH 5 TREATHEI en en 8 Cd u S . ^ CN 1 6 u 2 41 ^ 4 1 f-4 6 c u b A § ft 441 W N, g • 1 5 W s • u to — u e •» IU O b HUM J u b a .j % Effluen concen- t tratign e 4) U b £ SUM C U £ \| 44 P O « g k 44 c s C (fa u 4J IM e M r* 4 2 •f ^B g s J j I a b ) I b e 41 3 W 14 i IU e b 41 \| in at a n O 41 -4 M 3 • 0 -4 M m i-» 4) O1 O C4 09 on at e o S 4» o ~t o • « -j M o •« 09 O 3 41 ., ss w ^ (3 41 Ai ^5 s k — e \|H IU U M i c c ta «1 1 U 4 a* 03 44 03 Q 3 I P* o a S 0* ss — c,S l^g^S 09 » .•* 44 • 3 3 at t» in oo O O • O M O in c- .3 M S •« • m 3 a in vo tn * ^ M • r> — i « ^ 33 S SS 0 O O S in o a* o 00 O O • U> a as ^ o u> o ovor»o O • (M r-l W O • Ul m m ^ 3 4 £ . 4j 4> 0 g S 11 I- 40 41 -\| w x a 1 « "I ~4 4 « ^\| U •\| t- I 41 b I ^ > • b C r-4 IU IU M M I C c u 41 i f at at at o Or* o o m o • r» 1-1 a • « oo r* i in r>4 09 at Q at mo o o "i c — T x "i at at o >a o o <•) o • o — i o -in 09 at i £ r m 09 oo at mo o o r- o • v ^-t o m in at i \0 •-4 X 1 8 2 3 5 S O a 41 b -4 41 ac-> H x o. i» a. C-20 ------- V 3 e •H O U <3< CM 6 u 1 I 41 ^J 1 1 S \| « V. £ \| 2"j Concent e § At ^ g 2"j * ^S S' U a u u 04 •o 1 4M F •3 i u > 1 s M U nfluent • a i * e Bfflue \| »- e 1 j « hi A, 1 14 (S u « §" b « Ot S3 "s •Slfl S£ WS m rt o o o o • Wl Z ^ s* >n o ca i O • i« oo oo N i -a (M ^ z •o 1 2 «* >« V « 0 S 3 « u a v 2 ^4 i s S u o h 1 a> b Sii. 583? IM o h i Hu ^ W ** " iM 8 a u \| U 8 £, u u e 1 1 « kl Pi e 3 O P4 U IM e u a h I £ u v e c S O H W IH 2-j ** c g > sss s c e u §" a. ft >-i o> M u a •»< a • l> £ 1 " £ « g . . 0 - TJ « 3 - 4 -0 S o U B <5 « • X « 3 S « U O •M » ••)•> . a o S o o c u 3 3 S « 9 o o o o o a « u « « a. u u u u » « « V 0 V « u > > > > W M 41 41 41 •) o BI at x at ae a • £> o fl « C-21 ------- REFERENCES 1. Cook, E.N., and E.G. Foree. Aerobic Biostabilization of Sanitary Landfill Leachate. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 46(2):380-382, 1974. 2. Chian, E.S.K., and F.B. DeWalle. Evaluation of Leachate Treatment, Volume I, Characterization of Leachate. EPA-600/2-77-186a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1977. 210 pp. 3. HO, S., Boyle, W.D., and R.K. Ham. Chemical Treatment of Leachates From Sanitary Landfills. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 46(7):1776-1791, 1974. 4. Chian, E.S.K., and F.B. DeWalle. Evaluation of Leachate Treatment, Volume II, Biological and Physical-chemical Processes. EPA-600/2-77-186b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1977. 245 pp. 5. Bjorkmar, V.B., and D.S. Mavinic. Physiochemical Treatment of a High Strength Leachate. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1977. 6. Van Fleet, S.R., Judkins, J.F., and F.J. Molz. Discussion, Aerobic Biostabilization of Sanitary Landfill Leachate. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 46(11):2611-2612, 1974. 7. Pohland, F.G., and S.J. Kang. Sanitary Landfill Stabiliza- tion with Leachate Recycle and Residual Treatment. AIChE Symposium Series, Water-1974, II. Municipal Wastewater Treatment, 71(45):308-318, 1975. C-22 ------- APPENDIX D UNIT PROCESS SUMMARIES - INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT Appendix D contains summaries of the treatment of industrial wastewaters by the following processes: • biological treatment - activated sludge, aerated lagoon, trickling filter, facultative lagoon, anaerobic lagoon • activated carbon adsorption - granular and powdered • chemical oxidation • chemical precipitation • ion exchange • reverse osmosis Several oxidizing agents and coagulants are reported. These re- sults should not be related directly to hazardous waste leachate treatment. However, they do provide an indication of treatment effectiveness and represent another reference point which can be used in treatment process formulation. Tables D-l through D-19 were prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation for this manual using Volume III of the Treatability Manual (1). D-l ------- TABLE D-l. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOO 5 COD TOG TSS Oil and grease Total phenol TKN Total phosphorus Toxic pollutants, M9/L: Antimony Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium Zinc Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Di-n-octyl phthalate Benzidine 1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine N-nitrosodiphenylamine N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine 2-Chlorophenol 2 , 4-Dichlorophenol 2 , 4-Dimethylphenol 2-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Pentachlorophenol Number of data points 92 34 14 74 7 31 6 27 18 3 17 34 37 24 26 9 32 1 17 1 36 1 1 1 33 1 9 17 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 15 Effluent concentration Maximum 4,640 7,420 1,700 4,050 303 500 322 46.3 670 160 13 20,000 170 33,000 160 1.6 400 95 150,000 1,300 53 69 200 1.6 19 10 <10 <10 3,100 Median 49 425 230 233 25 0.023 174 3.46 3.5 13 4 23 30 23 61 0.7 40 33 180 13 3.6 <0.03 <0.03 9 <0.4 Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median >99 96 95 96 >98 >99 63 97 90 96 >99 99 >99 >90 99 >97 92 >96 92 >99 >99 >99 >99 92 >50 >95 >99 91 67 69 25 92 64 44 27 15 39 0 48 56a 0 50 >29 7 20 27 >84 >99 >99 a oa >98 (continued) D-2 ------- TABLE D-l (continued) Pollutant Number of data points Effluent concentration Maximum Median Removal efficiency , % Maximum Median Toxic pollutants, Mg/L (continued): Phenol 2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol £-Chloro-m-cresol Benzene Chlorobenzene 1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene 1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene 2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene Ethylbenzene Hexachlorobenzene Toluene 1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene Acenaphthene Anthracene/Phenanthrene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno( 1 , 2 , 3-cd)pyrene Naphthalene Pyrene 2-Chloronaphthalene Bromoform Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform D ichlo r ob r oraome thane 1 , 1-Dichloroe thane 1 , 2-Dichloropropane 1 , 3-Dichloropropane Methylene chloride 1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1, 1-Trichloroethane 1,1, 2-Trichloroe thane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluorome thane Heptachlor Isophorone 30 10 4 9 6 12 3 1 24 4 31 11 10 7 1 2 1 26 5 1 1 2 16 2 2 2 1 5 2 11 6 1 12 5 1 2 440 4,300 <10 37,000 26 69 21 3,000 0.3 1,400 920 <10 <10 <0.02 260 9 <10 53 <10 <1Q ^10 250 40 3.3 34 2,100 <10 <0.07 41 0.85 <0.2 <0.2 <0.05 0.13 <0.2 0.28 24 <6.3 <1.0 1.4 <2.3 0.2 32 9 17 <2.0 <0.5 2,100 >99 98 >98 >99 >99 >99 >99 >99 >97 >99 >99 >99 >98 >99 78 >99 >99 >0 >18 >32 99 >44 >99 >99 >99 96 >0 99 0 >49 >96 >99 >99 95 >95 >49 18 >99 >99 33 >99 a oa >2 a oa oa >85 >98 oa Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-3 ------- TABLE D-2 INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR AERATED LAGOONS [1] Number of data Pollutant points Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD TOC TSS Oil and grease TKN Total phenol Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Antimony Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Thallium Zinc Bis (2-chloroethoxy)rae thane Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Benzidine 1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine N-nitrosodiphenylamine 4-Nitrophenol Pentachlorophenol Phenol 2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol Benzene 1, 2-Dichlorobenzene 1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene 2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene 2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene Ethylbenzene Hexachlorobenzene Nitrobenzene 16 10 4 13 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 1 3 1 2 4 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum Median 869 90 1,610 591 573 126 3 155 105 0.013 1,100 15 110 26 150 30 40 32 <20 510 <80 a 28 <10a , 24 <10 <10 <20 99 >99 99 99 79 >99 99 94 91 93 50 >80 >99 96 >99 >95 >94 Median 77.5 63 46 24 91 36 0 61 >78 25 (continued) D-4 ------- TABLE D-2 (continued) Pollutant Toluene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo (b ) f luor anthene Fluoranthene Fluorene Anthracene/phenanthrene Naphthalene Pyrene 2-Chloronaphthalene Chloroform Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane Isophorone Number of data points 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 Effluent Removal concentration efficiency , % Maximum Median Maximum Median <10a <10a >95 h <10 >53 a 1,000 <10a >57 1,000 130 97 >95 >50 97 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Not detected, assumed to be <10 (jg/L. Below detection limit, assumed to be <10 TABLE D-3. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ANAEROBIC LAGOONS [I Pollutant Number of data points Effluent concentration Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD Toxic pollutants, M9/L: Benzene Other pollutants, M9/L: Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Butyric acid Propionic acid 5 4 1 3 3 2 2 2,750 488 5,910 2,300 40 35 2,600 2,300 330 500 90 47 67a oa oa oa 65 34.5 56a oa Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-5 ------- TABLE D-4. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR TERTIARY POLISHING LAGOONS [l] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, COD TSS Total phenol mg/L: 2 2 2 263 28 O.OS1 52 76 46 Toxic pollutants, jjg/L: Chromium Copper Lead Selenium Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Naphthalene Trichlorofluorome thane 1 1 1 1 2 120 2 11 1 1 86 72 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. TABLE D-5. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR FACULTATIVE LAGOONS [1] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD TSS TKN 3 2 2 2 274 152 2,110 105 100 92 63 36 67 37 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. removal is also significant. No full-scale operations for leachate treatment are currently in place. D-6 ------- TABLE D-6. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR TRICKLING FILTER [l] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD3 11 COD 3 TSS 1 Total phenol 2 Toxic pollutants, \|jg/L: Chromium 1 Copper 1 Cyanide 1 Lead . 1 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 1 Di-n-butyl phthalate 1 Diethyl phthalate 1 Pentachlorophenol 1 Phenol 1 2,4,S-Trichlorophenol 1 Naphthalene 1 Chloroform 1 Methylene chloride 1 Trichloroethylene 1 Other pollutants, yg/L: Kylenes 1 137 709 1.0 27 623 98 77 >97 92 23 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. D-7 ------- TABLE D-7. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD TOC TSS Oil and grease Total phenol TKN Total phosphorus Toxic pollutants, yg/L; Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Di-n-octyl phthalate N-nitrosodiphenylamine 2 , 4-Dimethylphenol Pentachlorophenol Phenol p_-Chloro-ra-cresol Benzene ~ Chlorobenzene 1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene Ethylbenzene Toluene 1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene Acenaphthene Anthracene Number of data points 20 40 45 28 10 19 1 5 8 7 3 5 11 12 8 7 2 6 4 6 13 9 3 7 3 5 1 1 4 5 1 3 1 2 1 8 1 1 5 Effluent concentration Maximum 37,400 109,000 66,700 2,600 14 4.26 14 590 42 5.4 22 260 360 52 79 0.4 330 50 91 6,000 410 17 5 3 340 49 1.5 210 <0.05 630 0.4 Median 12 199 83 16 7.8 0.017 2.0 42 5 2.7 9.8 36 42 99 0 95 95 >85 >90 >72 0 63 >50 36 >99 66 >99 >99 oa 96 >97 >96 >80 >99 >99 >97 Median 52 55 60 23 19 69 0 10 0 0 76 >50 54 >63 2 5 9 12 52 0 >97 76a 0 91 78 50 64 24 50 (continued) D-8 ------- TABLE D-7 (continued) Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Toxic pollutants, pg/L: (cont. Benzo ( a )pyrene Benzo ( k) f luoranthene Fluoranthene Pyrene Chloroe thane Chloroform 1 , 1-Dichlorocthane 1 , 2-Dichloroe thane 1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene 1 , 2-Dichloropropane Methylene chloride 1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane 1,1,2-Trichloroe thane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluorome thane Vinyl chloride cr-BHC ) 2 1 2 2 13 5 9 57 39 3 46 25 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 240,000 IS 45,000 1.100,000 30,000 <10 56,000 64,000 <10 <10 5 9,600 46,000 <10 <10 4,500 240 <5.4 180 4,000 <10 3,600 >97 >90 >97 >99 >99 >99 >99 >99 >99 99 >99 >99 >99 53 52 39 74 >99 42 35 65 78 85 >99 oa Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-9 ------- TABLE D-8. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION (WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE) [l] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD5 COD TOG TSS Oil and grease Total phenol TKN Toxic pollutants, \|jg/L: Antimony Cadmium Chromium Chromium (+6) Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Zinc Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2-Chlorophenol Phenol Benzene Ethylhenzene Toluene Naphthalene 1 , 2-Dichloroe thane 1 , 2-Dichloropropane Acrolein Isophorone Number of data points 24 26 25 4 4 4 1 2 1 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum Median 54 563 387 33 57 0.058 0. 150 90 20 29 45 38 22 40 140 190,000 13 98 38 54 13 013 53 <20 14 20 <10 95 Removal efficiencv , % Maximum Median >99 98 97 96 96 >99 5 97 >64 96 69 >78 >58 13 98 >85 96 91 90 oa 54 >99 88 >60 61 >67 >0 38 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-10 ------- TABLE D-9. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHLORINATION) [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: COD TSS Toxic pollutants, M9/L: Copper Cyanide Lead Other pollutants, mg/L: NH3-N Number of data points 7 2 1 17 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum Median 973 565 159 130 30 Removal efficiency . % Maximum Median 39 97 >99 28 34 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. D-ll ------- TABLE D-10. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR OZONATION [1] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD TOC TSS Oil and grease Total phenol Total phosphorus Toxic pollutants, ug/L: Antimony Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Nickel Silver Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Toluene Anthracene/pbenanthrene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(k) fluoranthene Fluoranthene Pyrene 1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene Methylene chloride Trichloroethylene 4 4 33 4 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 50 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 a 5,190 330 10 0 12,100 213 92 51 2,840 543 >75 10 140 14 33 15 0.13 0.021 >99 24 1,200 43 43 590 12,000 <320 >99 99 5,000 1,300 460 240 0 96 110 2.7 77 0.4 >97 61 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-12 ------- TABLE D-ll. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (LIME) [-1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: COD TOG TSS Oil and grease Total phenol Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Antimony Arsenic Asbestos, fibers /L Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Chromium (dissolved) Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Nickel (dissolved) Selenium Silver Thallium Zinc Other pollutants, Mg/L: Fluoride Chloride Aluminum Iron Calcium Manganese Other pollutants, ug/L Fluoride Number of data points 4 3 9 2 2 7 11 2 9 10 1 16 1 13 9 13 1 5 6 3 15 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum 37 <20 ISO 1.5 0.3 130 110 0.9 30 1,800 700 200 3 5,200 52 <10 3 3,200 12,000 500 Median 23.3 <12 12.5 4 3 3.0 40 54 40 0.7 16 3 2.6 1.1 120 9,100 Removal efficiency, % Maximum 50 37 96 66 33 33 >99 76 92 >99 99 99 >96 >99 0 >80 >80 >99 98 98 >99 Median 14 IS 71 40 63 >38 38 79 73 >60 44 0 10 53 85 72 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. D-13 ------- TABLE D-12. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (LIME, POLYMER) [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: TSS Oil and grease Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Chromium (dissolved) Copper Cyanide Lead Nickel Nickel (dissolved) Selenium Silver Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate 2 , 4-Dimethylphenol Phenol £-Chloro-ra-cresol Anthracene Benzo ( a ) pyr ene Chrysene Fluoranthene Fluorene Naphthalene Pyr ene Chloroform Methylene chloride 1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane Other pollutants, \|jg/L Fluoride Number of data points 7 3 2 3 3 1 10 3 3 3 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum 43 3.5 <10 60 360 170 39 530 330 1,400 150 42 39 Median 17 5.5 <20 75 40 2.3 130 270 260 Removal ef f iciencv , % Maximum Median >99 71 >0 93 90 >99 39 95 96 >99 99 9 oa 69 70 50 39 38 65 53 76 33 Not-?: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Acual data indicate negative removal. D-14 ------- TABLE D-13. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM) [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, rng/L: BODg COD TOC TSS Oil and grease Total phenol Total phosphorus Toxic pollutants, \|jg/L: Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Mercury Nickel Silver Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Phenol 1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene Ethylbenzene Nitrobenzene Toluene 1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene Anthracene/Phenanthrene Chlo rodih romome thane Chloroform 1 , 2-Dichloroethane Methylene chloride Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Number of data points 5 5 4 5 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum Median 2,900 7,600 1,500 122 225 0. 43 120 62 29 280 <110 <150 57 170 9,000 2, 44 <10 <10 13 4,600 2,500 70 33 416 105 50 055 <40 13 900 14 Removal efficiencv , % Maximum Median 32 71 30 99 31 15 a oa <37 >88 >98 >78 760 >56 10 35 oa >94 >90 >50 oa 93 >88 16 61 63 79 19 44 >73 30 55 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-15 ------- TABUS D-14. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM, LIME) [1] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Maximum Median Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BODS 1 COD 1 TOG 1 TSS 1 Oil and grease 1 Total phenol 1 Toxic pollutants, pg/L: Arsenic 1 Chromium 1 Copper 2 Cyanide 2 Lead 1 Mercury 1 Nickel 1 Zinc 1 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 1 Di-nrbutyl phthalate 1 Phenol 2 Benzene 1 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1 Ethylbenzene 2 Toluene 2 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1 Naphthalene 1 Carbon tetrachloride 1 Chloroform I 1,2-Dichloropropane 1 Methylene chloride 1 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1 Tetrachloroethylene 1 4,4'-DDT 1 Heptachlor 1 60 30 38 30 47 22 72 96 98 96 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. D-16 ------- TABLE D-15. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM, POLYMER) [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BODg COD TOC TSS Oil and grease Total phenol Total phosphorus Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Zinc Di-n-butyl phthalate Phenol Benzene. Ethylbenzene Toluene Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform 1, 1-Dichloroethylene 1 , 2-Dichloroethane 1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene Methylene chloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane 1,1, 2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Number of data points 5 5 4 4 4 5 1 2 4 4 1 4 3 3 1 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 4 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 Effluent concentration Maximum 3,800 30,000 4,300 6,000 380 0.15 30 130 27 , 000 300 14,000 51,000 1,000 310 460 2,900 550 90 13,000 700 120 Median 2,300 10,000 2,850 1,370 80.5 0.10 59 290 200 1,500 50 700 390 540 160 7,600 100 Removal ef f iciencv , % Maximum 65 30 71 99 99 60 76 95 30 >96 38 >97 83 >97 >94 73 >94 >60 98 >44 93 Median 25 69 53 67 30 26 90 53 69 74 9 70 75 40 40 91 0 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. D-17 ------- TABLE D-16. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (Fe2 , LIME) [1] Pollutant Toxic pollutants, pg/L: Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium Zinc Number of data points 4 4 2 4 4 6 3 2 5 2 6 2 6 Effluent concentration Maximum 30 3 3.2 4 48 <3 0.2 6 32 10 7.0 36 Median 9 <2 1.1 2.5 25 <3 3 3.1 <23 Removal efficiency, % Maximum 30 >86 >50 >95 92 >96 >60 >95 24 93 >3S >97 Median Oa 67 >24 45 83 >25 20 4.5 92 Mote: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-18 ------- TABLE D-17. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (POLYMER) [1] Pollutant Number Effluent of data concentration points Maximum Median Maximum Median Removal efficiency, % Conventional pollutants, mg/L: 300 5 1 COD 1 TOC 1 TSS 1 Oil and grease 1 Total phenol 2 0.3 S3 Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Antimony Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Mercury Nickel Zinc Bis<2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Die thy 1 phthalate Phenol Benzene Ethylbenzene Toluene Anthracene Chloroform 1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene Methylene chloride Trichloroethylene 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 I 2 2 25 400 140 140 6,000 10 <10 74 1,900 130 14 97 >89 97 99 97 >97 >99 29 39 a 0 oa Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. aActual data indicate negative removal. D-19 ------- TABLE D-18. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ION EXCHANGE Pollutant Toxic pollutants, ug/L: Cadmium Chromium Chromium (+6) Copper Cyanide Nickel Silver Zinc Number of data points 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 Effluent concentration Maximum Median <10a 60 90 200 99 >99 98 99 >99 >99 Other pollutants, M9/L: Molybdenum Radium (total) Radium (dissolved) 1 1 1 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Not detected, assumed to be <10 (jg/L. D-20 ------- TABLE D-19. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS [1] Pollutant Conventional pollutants, mg/L: BOD 5 COD TOC TSS Oil and grease Total phenol TKN Toxic pollutants, Mg/L: Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Chromium (+3) Chromium (+6) Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium Zinc Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Di-n-butyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Phenol Benzene Toluene Ac enaphthene Anthracene Pyrene Chloroform Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Trichloroethylene Number of data points 11 13 IS 2 5 6 1 11 10 2 11 13 1 1 17 10 11 3 13 4 13 3 30 5 3 2 4 3 6 3 1 1 4 1 4 1 • Effluent concentration Maximum 429 736 50 <5 17 0.020 200 49 5 43 1,500 28,000 22,000 520 0.53 210 13 78 4 8,600 31 1 170 10 3.0 29 3 31 5 Median 2.7 25.5 8 7 0.014 90 1 14 520 40 22 250 0.3 <10 4 9 2 57 3 1 0.7 1 20 0.8 13 5 Removal efficiency , % Maximum 92 >99 96 >90 >72 31 60 >99 >85 50 >99 >99 97 >99 >60 >98 85 76 89 >99 96 83 41 30 SO 12 99 79 64 Median 87 91.5 90 >50 2.5 30 >92 0 67 32 >42 >25 4 47 77 17 50 97 67 75 25 50 oa 73 a oa 10 Note: Blanks indicate data not applicable. Actual data indicate negative removal. D-21 ------- REFERENCE 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technologies For Control/removal of Pollutants, Treatability Manual, Vol.III. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1980. D-22 ------- APPENDIX E TREATABILITY OF LEACHATE CONSTITUENTS A recent Environmental Protection Agency report (1) summa- rized data on the treatability of over 500 compounds, many of which are listed in Subtitle C, Section 3001 of RCRA. Although the focus of the report was on concentration technology and it thus does not fully address all potential leachate treatment op- tions, much useful information is contained therein. Therefore, the summary treatability data contained in this report is repro- duced in Appendix Table E-l. This information can be used to guide identification of potential hazardous waste leachate treat- ment technologies. However, because this information was derived from various types of studies, ranging from laboratory to full scale on wastewaters ranging from pure compound to industrial waste and leachate, the reader is cautioned not to directly apply these published data to a leachate treatment situation. Primary organization of Appendix Table E-l is by treatment process. For each process, the treatability of individual chem- ical compounds is given with the compounds arranged in alphabet- ical order within chemical classifications. The following treat- ment processes are included: Process Process Code No. Biological I Coagulation/Precipitation II Reverse Osmosis III Ultrafiltration IV Stripping V Solvent Extraction VII Carbon Adsorption IX Resin Adsorption X Miscellaneous Sorbents XII The chemical classification system used is as follows: Chemical Classification Classification Code No. Alcohols A Aliphatics B Amines C Aromatics D Ethers E E-l ------- Chemical Classification Classification Code No. Halocarbons F Metals G PCBs I Pesticides J Phenols K Phthalates L Polynuclear Aromatics M In order to facilitate use of Appendix Table E-l, an index has been prepared and is presented immediately before Table E-l. This index lists compounds contained in Table E-l in alphabetical order and indicates for each compound it's pollutant group (RCRA, Section 311, or Priority Pollutant), chemical classification (alcohol, aliphatic, etc.), and the compound code number used in Appendix Table E-l. This latter number can be used to locate the compound in the main table. Note, some compounds inadver- tently may have been assigned to more than one chemical classi- fication in Table E-l. The index identifies these cases. Many chemical compounds are known by several names. At- tempts were made to use preferred or generic names according to The Merck Index. However, in some cases it was necessary to use the names which were used in the reference documents. Users of Table E-l are advised to check for compounds under several po- tential alphabetic listings. In order to present the large quantity of information in a concise manner, it was necessary to code some of the information in Table E-l. The coding system is explained in footnotes at the end of the Appendix. (1) Shuckrow, A.J., Pajak, A.P., and J.'W. Osheka. Concentration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment. EPA-600/2-81-019. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1981. 343pp. E-2 ------- INDEX OF CHEMICALS LISTED IN APPENDIX TABLE E-l Compound Acenaphthalene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Acetaldehyde Acetanilide Acetic Acid Acetone Acetone Cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetylglycine Acrolein Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Adipic Acid Alanine Aldrin Allyl Alcohol Allylamine p-Aminoacetanilide m-Aminobenzoic Acid o-Aminobenzoic Acid p-Aminobenzoic Acid m-Aminotoluene o-Aminotoluene p-Aminotoluene Pollutant Group* P P H,T,S S T S H,T T P,A,H,S T P,H,T,S S A,H,P,S S,A,H Chemical Class. M M M B C B B B B D B B B B B B J A C C C C C C C C Compound Code No.* XM-1 IIM-1 IIM-2 IB-1,2,3 IXB-1 IC-1 IIIB-1,2 IXB-2 IB-4,5,6 IIIB-3,4 IXB-3 IXB-4 IB-7,8 IXD-1,2 XD-1 IB-9 VIIB-1 IXB-5,6 IB-11,12,13 IXB-7 IB-14 to 17 VB-1 VIIB-2 IXB-8 IB-18 IB-19 IJ-1 IIIJ-1 IXJ-1 to 5 XJ-1 IXA-1 IXC-1 IC-2 IC-3 IC-4 IC-5 IC-6 IC-7 IC-8 (continued) E-3 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Aminotriazole Ammonium Oxalate Amyl Acetate n-Amyl Alcohol ( 1-pentanol) sec-Amy Ibenzene tert-Amylbenzene Aniline Anthracene Antimony Arochlor 1242 Arochlor 1254 Arochlor 1254 and 1260 Arsenic Arsenic (As"1"5) Atrazine Barium Benz aldehyde Benz amide Benzanthracene Benzene Benzene Sulfonate Benzene, Toluene, Xylene(BTX) Benzenethiol Benzidine Pollutant Group* S S,T P H,P H,P,S H,P,S H,P,S H,P H,P H H H,P,S,T A,H H,T Chemical Class. J B B A D D C M G I I I G G J G D C M D D D D C Compound Code No. * IJ-2 IB-20 IXB-9 IA-1, IXA-2 ID-1 ID-2 IC-9, 10,11 IIIC-1,2 IXC-2,3 XC-1 IM-1 VIIM-1 IIG-1 IXI-4 to 7 IXI-8 to 16 X 1-1,2 X 1-3 XII 1-1 IIG-2,3 IXG-1 XIIG-1 IIG-4 IIIJ-2 XJ-2 IG-1 IIG-5,6,7 IIIG-1 IXG-2 ID-3,4,5 IXD-3,4,5 XD-2 IC-12 IM-2 IIM-3 ID-6 to 10 VD-1,2 VIID-1 to 4 IXD-6 to 12 ID-11 XD-5 ID-12 IXC-13 IC-13,14 (continued) E-4 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Benzil 11 , 12-Benzof luoranthene Benzole Acid Benzonitrile Benzoperylene 1 , 12-Benzoperylene Benzo ( a) pyrene 3 , 4-Benzpyrene Benzylaraine Beryllium Biphenyl bis(Chloroethyl) Ether bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) Ether bis (Chloroisopropyl) Ether bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Bismuth Bisphenol A Borneol Brine Phenol Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Bromome thane Butanamide Butanedinitrile 1, 4-Butanediol Butanenitrile Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. D H,P M S D D M P M H,T M D C H,P G M H,T E H,T,P E E H,P,T L G K A K F P F P F H,T F C B A B Compound Code No. * IXD-14 XD-3 IIM-4 ID-13,14 IXD-15,16 XD-4 ID-15 IM-3 IIM-5 IIM-6 ID-16 IC-15 IIG-8,9 IXM-1 XM-2 VIIE-1 IXE-2 IIIE-1 IXE-1 VIIE-2 IL-1 IIL-1 VIIL-1 IXL-1,2 IIG-10 XK-1,2 I A- 2 XK-3,4 IXF-1 VF-1 VIIF-1 IXF-2 XF-3 IF-1 IXF-3,4 XF-1,2 VF-2 VIIF-2 IXF-5 IC-16 IB-21,22 IA-11 IB-23,24 (continued) E-5 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Butanol sec-Butanol tert-Butanol Butyl Acetate Butyl Acrylate Butylamine sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Butylbenzl Phthalate Butylene Oxide Butyl Ether Butyl Phenol Butyraldehyde Butyric Acid Cadmium Calcium Gluconate Caproic Acid Caprolactum Cap tan Carbon Tetrachloride Chloral Chloral Hydrate D-Chloramphenicol Chloranil Chlordane Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. T A A A S B B S C D D P,S L B E K B S B H,P G B B B S J S,T,P,H F T F F M D P,H,T,S J Compound Code No. * I A- 3 to 7 IXA-3,4,5 XA-1 IA-8 IA-9,10 IXA-6 IXB-10 IXB-11 IXC-4,5 XC-2 ID-17 ID-18 IL-2 VIIL-2 IB-25 IXE-3 IXK-1 IXB-12 IB-27,28,29 IXB-13,14 XB-1 IG-2,3,4 IIG-11, 12,13 IIIG-2 IXG-3,4 XIIG-2 IB-30 IXB-15,16 XB-2 IB-31 IIIJ-3 IF-2 IIF-1 IXF-6,7,8 XF-4 VF-3 VIIF-3 IM-4 ID-19 IJ-3 IXJ-7,8 Chlorinated Pesticides (Unspecified) XJ-3 (continued) E-6 ------- INDEX (continued) Pollutant Compound Group* m-Chloroaniline o-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene Choroethane Chloroethylene Chloroform Chloromethane 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 2-Chloronaphthalene l-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol o-Chlorophenol (2-chlorophenol) p-Chlorophenol Chromic Acid Chromium Chromium (+3) A,H A,H H,P,S,T H,P H,P,S,T H,T H H,T,P H H H H H,P,T H H,S H,P H,P Chemical Compound Class. Code No.* C C C D F F F F K M D K K K K K G G G IC-17 IC-18 IC-19 ID-20 IIID-1 VD-3,4 VIID-5 IXD-18,19,20 VF-4 VIIF-4 IXF-9 VF-5 VI IF- 5 IXF-10 IF-3 VF-6 IXF-11,12 XF-5,6 VF-7 VIIF-6 IK-1,2 VIIK-1 IXK-2 XK-5 IIM-7 IXD-21 IK-3 VK-2 IK-5 XK-6 IK-4,6,7 IIIK-1 VIIK-2 IK-8,9 IIIG-3 IG-5 IIG-14,15 IIIG-4,5 IXG-5,6 XIIG-3 IG-6 IIG-16,17 IXG-7 (continued) E-7 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Chromium (Cr6) Chrysene Citric Acid Cobalt Copper Cresol m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Crotonaldehyde Cumeme Cy c 1 ohex ano 1 Cyclohexanolone Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentanone Cystine L-Cystine 2,4-D Butyl ester 2,4-D & related herbicides 2,4-D-Isoctyl ester ODD DDE Pollutant Chemical Group Class. H,P G H,T,P M B G P G S,T K S,T K S,T K S,T K H,T B T D M A B B C B B B J S J J P,H,T J P,H J Compound Code No. * IG-7 IIG-18,19 IXG-8 IIM-8 IB-32 IG-8 IIG-20 IG-9 to 12 IIG-21 to 25 IIIG-6,7 IVG-1 IXG-9,10,11 XIIG-4,5 IXK-3 IK-10 VIIK-3 IK-11 VIIK-4,5,6 IK-12 VIIK-3 IB-33,34,35 IXB-17 IXD-22 XD-6 IXM-2 XM-3 I A- 12 IXA-7 XA-2 IB-38 IB-39 IXB-18 IXC-6 XC-3 IB-40 IB-36 IB-37 IXJ-6 XJ-4 XJ-5 IJ-4 IXJ-9,10,11 IIIJ-4 IXJ-12,13,14 (continued) E-8 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound DDT DDVp Decanoic Acid Decanol 2 , 4 -Diamino phenol Diazinon 1,2,4, 5-Dibenzpyrene Dibromochloromethane 2 , 4-Dibromophenol Dibutylamine Di-N-Butylamine Dibutylphthalate Di-N-Butylphthalate m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene 1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. P,H,S,T J J B A K S J D P,T F K C C H,P,T L P L H,P,S D H,S,T D H,S D H,T,P D H,T,P D Compound Code No. * IJ-5 IIJ-1 IIIJ-5 IXJ-15 to 19 XJ-6 IJ-6 IXB-19 XB-3 IXA-8 XA-3 IK-13 IJ-7,8 IIIJ-6 ID-21 VF-8 VIIF-7 IXF-13,14,15 XF-7 XK-7 IXC- 7 XC-4 IXC- 8 IXL-3 XL-1 IL-3 IIL-2 VIIL-3 ID-22,23 VD-5 VIID-6 IXD-25,26 XD-7 ID-24 VD-5 VIID-6 IXD-23,24 XD-8 ID-25 VD-6 VIID-6 IXD-28,29 XD-9 VD-7 VD-8 (continued) E-9 ------- INDEX (continued) Pollutant Chemical Compound Compound Group* Class. Code No.* 1,4-Dichlorobenzene H,P,T 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine P/H,T Dichlorodif luoromethane P Dichloroethane H,T 1,1-Dichloroethane H,P,T i , ^-uicnioroetnane H,P,S,T Dichloroethylene H,P,S 1,1-Dichloroethylene H,P,S,T 1,2-Dichloroethylene H,P 1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene H,T,P Dichlorof luoromethane Dichloroisopropyl Ether Dichloromethane H,P,S,T Dichlorophenol 2 , 3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol H,T,P 2 , 5-Dichlorophenol 2 , 6-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid A,H,S 2,6-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 2 , 4-Dichlorophenoxyproprionic Acid 1,2-Dichloropropane H,S,P D D F F F F F F F F F E F K K K K K D D D F VD-9 IXD-27 IXD-30 VI IF- 8 IXF-16,17 VF-9 VIIF-9 IXF-18,19 XF-8 IF-4 VF-10,11 VI IF- 10 IXF-20,21 XF-9 VIIF-11,12 VF-12,14 VIIF-13 IXF-22 IXF-23 XF-10 VF-13 VIIF-14 IXF-24 IXF-25 IXE-4 VF-15,16 VIIF-15 IXF-27 XK-8 IXK-4 XK-9 IK-14 to 18 VIIK-7,8 XK-10 IK-19 IK-20 ID-26 ID-27 ID-18 VF-17 VIIF-16 IXF-28 (continued) E-10 ------- INDEX (continued) Pollutant Compound Group* 1 , 2-Dichloropropylene Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin A,H,P,S Diethanolamine Diethylene Glycol Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl Ether Diethylhexyl Phthalate Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate P,H,T a , a-Diethylstilbenediol Dihexylamine Diisobutyl Ketone Diisopropanolamine Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate Dimethylamine T Dimethylaniline (Xylidene) 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2 , 5-Dimethylaniline 3 , 4-Dimethylaniline 9 , 10-Dimethylanthracene 7 , 9-Dimethylbenzacridine 7 , 10-Dimethylbenzacridine 9 , 10-Dimethyl-l , 2-benzanthracene Dimethylcyclohexanol Dimethylnapthalene Dimethylnitrosamine H,T Dimethylphenol S 2 , 3-Dimethylphenol 2,4-Dimethylphenol H,T,P Chemical Class. F B J C B E E C E L L L M C B C B C D C C C M D D M A M C K K K Compound Code No.* VF-18 VIIF-17 IXF-29 IXB-20 IJ-9 IIJ-2 IIIJ-7 IXJ-20 to 26 IC-20 IXC-9 IB-41 IXB-21 IXE-5 IXE-6 IXC-10 IIIE-2 XL- 2 IL-5 IL-4 VIIL-4 IM-5 IXC-11, XC-5 IXB-22 IXC-12 IXB-23 IXC-13 XC-6 IXD-31 IC-21 IC-22 IC-23 IM-6 ID-29 ID-30 IM-7 I A- 14 IXM-3 XM-4 IXC-14 IXK-5 IK-21 IK-22 VIIK-8 (continued) E-ll ------- INDEX (continued) Compound 2 , 5-Dimethylphenol 2 , 6-Dimethylphenol 3 , 4-Dimethylphenol 3 , 5-Dimethylphenol Dimethyl Phthalate Dimethyl Sulfoxide Dinitrobenzene 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid 4 , 6-Dinitro-2-Methylphenol 2 , 4-Dinitrophenol 2 , 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene 2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene Di-N-Octyl Phthalate 1 , 1-Diphenylhydrazine 1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine Di-N-Propylamine Dipropylene Glycol 2 , 3-Dithiabutane Dodecane Dulcitol Endrin Endrin and Heptachlor Erucic Acid 1 , 2-Ethanediol Ethanol Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. K K K K P,H,T L B H,S D D K H,P,S,T K D P,H,T,S D P,H,T D P,H,T L M H,T,P M T C B B B B A,P,S J A,S J B A A Compound Code No. * IK-23 IK-24 IK-25 IK-26 IK- 6 IL-6,7 IIL-3 VIIL-5 I XL- 4 XL- 3 IIIB-5 IIID-2 ID-31 VIIK-9 IK-27,28 VIIK-10 IXK-7 IIID-3 ID-32,33 VIID-7 IXD-32 VIID-8 IXD-33 IL-8 VIIL-6 IXM-4 IM-8 IXC-15 IXB-24 IB-42 IXB-25 XB-4 IB-43 IJ-10 IIJ-3 IXJ-27 to 31 XJ-7 IB-44 I A- 15 IA-16,17,18 IIIA-1,2 VIIA-1 IXA-9 (continued) E-12 ------- INDEX (continued) Ethoxytriglycol Ethyl Acetate T Ethyl Acrylate T Ethylbenzene P,S Ethylbutanol 2-Ethylbutanol Ethylene Chloride Ethylene Chlorohydrin Ethylenediamine A,H,S Ethylene Bichloride0 S h Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate Ethylene Glycol Monhexyl Ether Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Ethyl Ether T 2-Ethylhexanol 2-Ethyl-l-Hexanol 2-E thy Ihexylacry late N-Ethylmorpholine Ferbam Fluor anthrene 2-Fluorenamine Formaldehyde H,T,S Formamide E B B D A A F F C F B E E E E E E A A B C J M C B B IXE-7 IB-45,46,47 IXB-26 IB-48, 49,50 IXB-27 ID-34 to 38 IID-1 VD-10,11,12 VIID-9,10 IXD-34 to 37 IA-19,20,21 IXA-10 VIIF-18 VIIF-19 IC-24 IXC-16 VF-19,20,21 VIIF-20,21 IXF-30,31,32 XF-11 IB-51 IXB-28 IXE-8 IXE-9 IXE-10 IXE-11 IXE-12 IIIE-3 I A- 2 2 IXA-11 IXA-12 XA-4 IB-52,53,54 IXC-17 IJ-11 IXM-5 XM-5 IC-25 IB-55,56 IIIB-6,7 IXB-29 IB-57 (continued) E-13 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Formic Acid Furfuryl Alcohol Glutamic Acid Glycerine Glycerol Glycine Heptanoic Acid Heptachlor Heptachlorepoxide Heptane m-Heptanol Herbicides (Unspecified) Herbicide Orange Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Hexadecane Hexanol 1-Hexanol m-Hexanol Hexylamine Hexylene Glycol Hydracrylonitrile Hydroquinone 4-Hydroxybenzenecarbonitrile Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. S,T B A B B B B B A,H,P,S J H,P J B A J J H,P,T D H,P,T F H,P,S,T F H,T,P F B A A A C B B D ! D Compound Code No.* IB- 58 IXB-30 IA-23,24 IB-59 IB-60 IIIB-8,9 IB-61 IXB-31 XB-5 IJ-12 IIIJ-8 IXJ-32,33 IIIJ-9 IB-62 to 65 IXA-13 XA-5 IXJ-34,35 IJ-13 ID-39,40 IIID-4 VD-13 VIID-11,12 IXD-38 VF-22 VIIF-22 IXF-33 XF-12 VF-23 VIIF-23 IXF-34,35 XF-13 IXF-32 XF-6 I A- 2 5 IA-26,27 IXA-14 IXC-18 XC-7 IXB-33 IB-66 IIID-5,6 IXD-39 ID-41 (continued) E-14 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. Compound Code No.* Iron Iron (Fe+2) Iron (Fe+3) Isobutanol Isobutyl Acetate Isophorone Isophthalic Acid Isoprene Isopropanol Isopropyl Acetate Isopropyl Ether Kepone Lactic Acid Laurie Acid Lead T P H,S,T H,P Lindane Malathion L-Malic Acid DL-Malic Acid Malonic Acid Maneb Manganese G G A B B D L B A B E J B B B B B J G IG-15 IIG-26,27,28 IIIG-8 IVG-2 IXG-12,13 IG-13 IG-14 IXA-15 IXB-34 IB-67 VIIB-3 IXD-40,41 IL-9 IXB-35 IA-28 to 32 IXA-16 IXB-36 IE-1,2,3 IXE-13 IXJ-36 IB-68 IB-69 IXB-37 XB-7 IG-16,17 IIG-29 to 33 IIIG-9,10 IXG-14,15,16 XIIG-6,7 IJ-14 IIJ-4 IIIJ-10 IXJ-37,38 IJ-15,16 IIIJ-11 IB-70 IB-71 IB-72 IJ-17 IG-18,19 IIG-34,35,36 IVG-3 IXG-17,18,19 (continued) E-15 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Mercury Methanol Methyl Acetate 7-Methyl-l , 1-benzanthracene 2-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile 3-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile 4-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile Methyl Butyl Ketone 20-Methylcholanthrene 4-Methylcyclohexanol Methyl Decanoate Methyl Dodecanoate 4,4'-Methylene bis- ( 2-Chloroaniline) Methylene Chloride Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methylethylpyridine 2-Methyl-5-Ethylpyridine Methyl Hexadecanoate Methyl Isoamyl Ketone N-Methyl Morpholine Methyl Octadecanoate Methyl Parathion Methyl Propyl Ketone Molybdenum Monoethanolamine Monoisopropanolamine Morpholine Myristic Acid Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. H,P,T G T A B M D D D B M A B B H,T D P F H,T B D C B T B C B A,H,S J B G C C C B Compound Code No. * IG-20,21 IIG-37, 38,39 VIIG-1 IXG-20 to 24 XIIG-8 IA-33 to 38 IIIA-3,4 IXA-17,18 IIIB-10,11 IXB-38 IM-9 ID-42 ID-43 ID-44 IXB-39 IM-10 I A- 3 9 IXB-40 XB-8 IXB-41 XB-9 IXD-42 IF- 5 IXF-36 VIIB-4,5 IXB-42 ID-45 IXC- 19 IXB-43 XB-10 IXB-44 IXC-20 IXB-45 XB-11 IJ-18,19 IIIJ-12 IXB-46 IIG-40 IXC-21 IXC-22 IXC-23 XC-8 IXB-47 XB-12 (continued) E-16 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Napthalene B-Napthol B-Napthylamine Nickel Nitrilo triacetate o-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline m-Nitrobenzaldehyde o-Nitrobenz aldehyde p-Nitrobenzaldehyde Nitrobenzene m-Nitrobenzoic Acid o-Nitrobenzoic Acid p-Nitrobenzoic Acid Nitrof luorine m-Nitrophenol o-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrotoluene o-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Nonylphenol Octadecane Octanoic Acid Octanol Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. H,P,S,T M K H,T C H,P G B C A,H C D D D H,P,S,T D D D D D S K P,S K P,H,T,S K S D S D S D K B B A Compound Code No. * IM-11 to IIM-9 VM-1 IXM-6,7 XK-11 IXC-24 IG-22 to IIG-41 to IIIG-11 IXG-25 IB-73 IC-26 IC-27 ID-46 ID-47 ID-47 ID- 4 8 to IID-2 VD-14 VIID-12 IXD-43,44 ID-53 ID-54 ID-55 ID-58 IK-29 IK-30,31 VIIK-11 IK-29, 32 IIIK-2 VIIK-12 XK-12,13 ID-56 ID-57 ID-57 IXK-8 IXB-48 XB-13 IXB-49 XB-14 IA-40,41 IXA-19 XA-6 14 26 44 52 ,45 (continued) E-17 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Octylamine Oleic Acid Oxalic Acid Paraldehyde Parathion PCB (Unspecified) Pent achlor ethane Pentachlorophenol Pentamethylbenzene Pentan amide Pentane Pentanedinitrile Pentanitrile Pentanol Pentarylthritol Perchloroethylene Phenanthrene Phenol p-(Phenylazo) aniline p-Phenylazophenol 2,3-o-Phenylene Pyrene Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine o-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Phenyl Methyl Carbinol Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. C B B T D A,H,S J I H,T F A,H,P,S K J D C B B B A A P,T P P M H,P,S,T K C K M C C C C A Compound Code No. * IXC-25 XC-9 IB-74 IB-75 ID- 5 9 IXD-46 IJ-20,21 IIJ-5 IIIJ-13 IXJ-39,40 IXI-1,2,3 VIIF-24 IK-33,34 VIIK-13 IXK-9,10 XK-14 IJ-22 ID-60 IC-29 IB-76 IB-77,78 IB-79 IXA-20 XA-7 I A- 4 2 VF-24 VIIF-25 IXM-8 XM-6 IK-35 to 43 IIIK-3,4,5 IVK-1 VK-1 VIIK-14 to 19 IXK-11 to 23 XK-15,16,17 IC-28 IK-44 IIM-10 IC-30 IC-31 IC-32 IC-33 I A- 4 3 (continued) E-18 ------- INDEX (continued) Pollutant Compound Group* Phthalic Acid H Phthalimide Piperidine Propanedinitrile Propanenitrile Propanol i-Propanol n-Propanol Propionaldehyde Propionic Acid S Propoxur B-Propriolactone Propyl Acetate n-Propylbenzene Propylene Dichloride Propylene Glycol Propylene Oxide S Pyrene P • Pyridine H,T Pyrrole Pyruvic Acid Randox Resorcinol S,T Selenium H,P Silver H,P Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Sodium Alkyl Sulfate Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium-N-Oleyl-N-Methyl Taurate Sodium Pentachlorophenol Sodium a Sulfo Methyl Myristate Strontium Chemical Class. L L C B B A A A B B J B B D F B B M D C C B J K G G D B B B K B G Compound Code No.* IL-11 IL-12 IXC -26 XC-10 IB-80 IB-81 IXA-21,22 XA-8 IIIA-5,6 I A- 4 4 IXB-50 IXB-51,52 XB-15 IJ-23 IB-82 IXB-53 ID-61 IXF-37 IXB-54 IXB-55 IIM-11 IXM-9 XM-7 IXD-47,48 IXC-27 IXC-28 XC-11 IXB-56 XB-16 IIIJ-14 IXK-24 XK-18 IIG-45,46,47 IXG-26 IIG-48,49,50 ID- 6 2 IB-83 IB-84 IB-85 IK-45 IB-86 IG-27 (continued) E-19 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Styrene Styrene Oxide Tannic Acid 2,4,5-T Ester 1,2,3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene Glycol Tetrachloromethane Tetradecane Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate Thallium Thanite Thioacet amide Thioglycollic Acid Thiouracil Thiourea Tin Titanium Toluene m-Toluidine Toxaphene Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. S D D B S J D D H,T D H F H,T F H,P,T F P F B H,P,S,T F B J H,P G J H,T C B B H,T B G G H,P,S,T D D P,H,T,S D J Compound Code No. * ID-63,64 VD-15 VIID-13 IXD-49,50,51 IXD-52 IB-87 IIJ-6 IXJ-41,42 ID-65 ID-66 ID-67,68 VIIF-26 IXF-38 XF-14 VF-25 VF-26 VIIF-27 IXF-39 VF-27 VIIF-28 IXF-40,41 XF-15 IXB-58 VF-28 VIIF-29 IXB-57 XB-17 IJ-24 IIG-51,52 IXG-27 IJ-25 IC-34 IB-88 IB-89 IB-90 IIG-53 IIG-54 ID-69 to 75 VD-16,17 VIID-14,15 IXD-53,54,55 ID- 7 6 IXD-56 IXJ-43,44,45 XJ-8 (continued) E-20 ------- INDEX (continued) Compound Pollutant Chemical Group* Class. Compound Code No.* Tribromomethane H,P,T Tributylamine Trichloroacetic Acid 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene H,P 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Trichloroethane H,P,T 1,1,1-Trichloroethane H,P,T 1,1,2-Trichloroethane H,P,T Trichloroethylene P,H,T,S Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid H,T 2,4,6-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid F C D D D F F H,P,T H,P,S S H,S,T P,H,T,S F F K K K J D VF-29 VIIF-30 IXF-42,43 IXC-29. XC-12 IIIF-1 IC-35,36 ID-77 ID-78 VD-18,19 VIID-16 IXD-57,58,59 XD-10 ID-79,80 VIIF-31 IF-6 VF-30,31 VIIF-32 IXF-44,45 XF-16 IF-7 VF-32,33 VIIF-33 IXF-46 IF-8,9 IIF-2 VF-34,35 VIIF-34,35 IXF-47,48 VIIF-36 IXF-49 VF-36 VIIF-37 IK-46,47 IK-48 IK-49 to 52 VIIK-20 IXK-25 XK-19,20 IJ-26,27 ID-82 (continued) E-21 ------- INDEX (continued) Pollutant Chemical Compound Group* Class. Compound Code No.* 2,4, 5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic Acid 1,2, 3-Trichloropropane Triethanolamine Triethylene Glycol Trif luralin T r ime t hy Ipheno 1 2,4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2,6, 6-Trinitrotoluene Urea Urethane Valeric Acid Vanadium Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Chloride Vinylidene Chloride Xylene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene Xylenol Zinc Ziram Zireb * Pollutant Groups A RCRA List - H RCRA List - H H S (TNT) H,T S H,P,T H,T,S S,T S,T S,T S,T S P Acute hazardous {Sec. D F C B J K D D B B B G B F F D D D D K G J J 261.33 ID- 81 IXF-50 XF-17 IXC- 30 IB- 91 IXB-59 IIIJ-15 IXK-26 IVD-1 IXD-60,61 XD-11,12 ID-83 IB-92 IB-93 IXB-60,61 XB-18 IIG-55 IXB-62 IF-10 VIIF-38 ID-85 VIID-17,18 IXD-62,63 ID-84 ID-84 ID-84 VIIK-21 IG-28 to 34 IIG-56 to 61 IIIG-12,13 IVG-4 IXG-28,29 XIIG-9 IJ-28 IJ-29 (e) } Hazardous {Appendix VII} P Priority Pollutant (Consent Decree) S Section 311 T RCRA List - Compound Toxic {Sec. 261. 33 (f) : (a blank indicates that the compound fall into one of the above groups) does not E-22 ------- INDEX (continued) Chemical Classifications A Alcohol B Aliphatic C Amine D Aromatic E Ether F Halocarbon G I J K Metal PCB Pesticide Phenol Phthalate M Polynuclear Aromatic * a b c d Compound Code Number - Refers to Compound Code Number used in Appendix Table E-l Also see Ethylene Glycol Also see 1,2-Ethanediol Also see 1,2-Dichloroethane Also see Ethylene Bichloride Caution: Because a compound may have many synonyms as given in The Merck Index the reader should check for a compound under several names. This also applies to the pollutant group codes assigned to each compound because a complete crosscheck between synonyms was not undertaken. 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W iH 1 U CN ra m H T3 01 3 •H jj Q U E-33 ------- "O (U 3 C •H 4J r" O o I a ^ H ^•^ 4J C 0) E m CQ o> ~— in EH tn U rH -H Cfl 4J O cfl •H rC cn a 0 -rt rH rH o < •H CQ C •• O in -H tn 4-1 0) cfl u o O -H \ 1 11 1 CM -H c w 0 cfl •H rH jj r_) CO )H rH 4J Cfl c o 0) -H o S C 01 O _C U U >! •c 4J MH G 0 •H 4J a •H U CD Q MH 0) 05 W H"^ c w E E 0 U t^l T> 4J co MH O in 4J rH 3 tn 01 05 _p C 01 3 • rH M MH Cfl H O -o 0) 4-> 0) tn Oi 3 EH ^V,O T3 0) D C^i 4-1 >, CO EH ,Q . CO rj • r-j g tt) jR CO . u z rH oo i tn C 0) 01 -H 01 01 SH tn E cfl E C •H -H X tn co 01 c E E O •H 0 >i 4-> CT cfl co T3 C -H 0 rH -H MH CN 4J 0 . C o •H o 3 n 01 * m en Q U • EH 01 C 0 i-l 0 a o tn H ^ CQ ^ I-H M 0) MH cfl •a 0) 4-1 0) X 01 a p MH tn o n cM3 C ^* O CN 1 O CN ^ J •a H 0 ^ o H 4J O J co CO ^ M g 0) 4J MH m •o 0) 4-1 iH 0) X Oi Q P MH • o tn rH & CN a a 0 o m Q O •O H U * o H SH 3 CO cn 03 ^ —1 rH iH 01 4J MH cfl •0 4J \4 0) X 0) Q g MH 0 • in CO J3 • ^T O rH "8 •iH 0) a Iji • CO T3 rH OI 4- r4 CC £ t. vD 'C rH C 1 -rl O rH If, rC 3 iH 0) 4J MH co t) 01 4J \|q 01 X 01 Q MH 0 • tn CO rC • O Tf CN CN a o 0 m Q O 'O H O c o H H CO 3 I ** i •- — i 0 i— i CN O Tl 0) 4-1 •H •H C •H rH rfl . U 01 •H ,* 6 CO 01 4J £ a O 3 a a o 0 in Q o TD H U rij U H C o rH CO S CN CQ ^ IH i-H rH rH 0) •U 4_j (0 C 0 4-1 C U 0 3 -H O) CO JH E •H <#> rH 0 U CTt U A CO a o a 4J 0 0 O CN m w J 1 H i^ 4-V O 0) i— 1 4-> H CO 4-1 01 H 0 S CO 1 ^ co f~- H O rH •o JJ •H r3 •H fj C •H 0) m 4-1 a CN O ro O rH 'O Oi 4-1 •rH •H (-• "c •H Cfl 4J a 3 CN O 1 O m CN o T3 H U O H 0) rH O 0 rH T3 0) 4-1 •rH r3 •H •C C •H 0) JJ a CN 0 a 0 o in Q o rH in "8 •H (1) a c o •H • 4-i in CO iH T3 £. •H X CN O r- 4J 0 CO 4-1 u a •H 3 X 0 MH EH 0 a o o m a rj T3 H U o H rH cfl 0 . ^r m i1- H CQ ^ M O a) c CO 4J c 0) 0, v£> CO ^ M o rH C H 0) C CO Oi 4-1 rH C -H 0) iH OH 4J ^ CQ ^ H ID O rH tn iH <> £ • ^* CN CN JC SH 4J 01 •H 4-> 3 MH CO 01 T3 N 0) . •H 4J C •H 01 -H X X -P O 01 cfl TJ >, Q -H rH O X S EH 0 0 rH UH UH WOO a a o o m Q 0 ^ C •H 'O 01 c IB 01 4J rH C -H 01 SH p, t jj oo CO ^ M o rH in i i. •H £ X 0 T CN 4J fl C .p 0) "- •o 3 tn •H CN -M o a 0 0 H -H X 4-1 0 CO EH T3 a a o 0 m Q O OI rH H J H U 3 4J 3 O rH tn T3 0 »,. 01 a c o •H 4J cfl T! •H x w 0 SH 0 CN 0 0 •H 4-1 X o a EH 3 a a o 0 m Q o >H H 0) c CO 0) a rH 0 -iH in SH a, 4J CTl j . O H CD jQ H T5 O) 3 C •rH 4J 0 •— E-35 ------- •U 0) 3 C •H JJ C O O U Biological Treatment (I) : Aliphatics (B) c •• o M -H tn jj 13 JJ CO M-J 0 M JJ rH 3 in £ >i TD 3 JJ Cfl 4-1 0 c o H JJ a H x-l u tn a) JJ c 0) 3 • rH M UJ fl C .C H U T3 a) JJ 0) tn a it >i 3 E-« 5r,° T3 0) 3 a JJ >1 CO &n ja ,H (0 (j •iH s 0) O (3 • o z 8 •~H tn Toxic for oxidation period up to 72 hrs. 1 a o o in Q -co 0 rH 02 uptake inhibited. s, a 0 tn Q o •H 0 H §• M Q< 1 SI i CN i oo H 01 rH rH 22% of TOD exerted after 5 days . o H >i X H i in 3 t) H- tn CN >, m re 1 T3 •^ m 0 rH >! JS JJ 0) 1 S Z I Z (1) E I -P 3 rH IB H >, H • T3 OJ 3 0 rH tO J3 O E-« i m ioo H CM rH rH )H 0) JJ >4H ! fl TJ ro m in o O 4H H 3 U3 0) 8 JJ * E -H JJ 3 >i tn H £ -H U -P SH 0 0) >, A 2 2 i ^> iffl H tn 0 rH I 02 uptake inhibited. o 73 iH J i 1 r~ CO p-> o rH 02 uptake inhibited within 24 hrs. r4 o H rH rH 0 u >1 H en O T3 H -H C U =H < , CO i33 H OB O rH Chemical was oxidized but very slowly. 12.8% of TOD exerted after 144 hrs of oxidation. \| O o m Q O H H u (0 M 3 ^ -i , c^ i* H TO O , — I 0 uptake was inhibited by chemical for up to 144 hrs of oxidation. \| o --j in Q O rrj a) rJ 3 O H C-, O i* H rH CO U) M 0) U 0 ^1 a 0) cr> T3 3 ™H U) 73 0) JJ ro -H JJ O < Q 97.7% reduction based on CO rate of biodegradation was 27 mg COD/g hr . dl O Q) Q 0) P.J ^sl, -C rH -P O (1) CJ H >i Ij rH EH O rH 1 CTl CQ H ro O 0 uptake inhibited. 1 o ~^i rH J i J H CM I Cfi m H 13. ------- -v T3 01 3 C •H 4-> C 0 u r-l 1 H U PQ S ^H M 4J C OJ •0 — - (0 05 O> «— EH CD U r-l -r-( (0 4J u a •H .C tT> OH 0 -H 1 — j 0 < •H ffl C •• o CD -H CD 4-> 01 (0 0 U 0 -H !-{ U-l O4 -H c en O K! •H r-l 4J U (0 4-1 ft] C O 0) -H U 6 c cu O £ U 0 5s tj 3 4J w M-l c o H 4J OH H i-i U CD 01 X fl y-i 0) 05 CD 4-1 C cu o u -a 3 4J CO <•( 0 CO 4J r-t 3 CD 0) 05 4J C 0) 3 • rH M K-l It) C J3 M O 13 Q} 4-1 O) CD Oi 3 H1 £,CJ T3 CU 3 ft W EH emical u C3 a? 9 S , jy- 3 C •H C o u o 0) 4-1 •r^ • H J= c •H cu (fl d) 3 CN O Q 0 01 a ------- p c cu 73 0) 3 C -H P C 0 o rH H W j S £H ^_, jH --^ o rH ^ IB u in •H CU 0i C 0 -H 'o 1 CQ C •• 0 w -H CO JJ CU 10 U 0 0 -H i. LI l CU -H cn C 10 O iO •H rH P U (0 t-l rH P 10 C U CU -H 0 S c cu O Si U 0 >1 73 3 P C/} M-J C O •H P a •H U U 10 0) x II 1 cu oi 4J c cu E 5 o o ^1 73 3 CO U-4 O M P rH 3 10 CU « P c cu 3 • rH M 14-1 IB C /" M O 73 CU P CU co a (0 >i S EH ^O 73 CU 3 a P >1 1 J r~1 nJ o CD (M —' 10 . u rH co cu 0> 73 3 rH 10 73 CU • P in (B 10 > cu •H U P O O < ft c o •H C P o IB CU X) T3 O C -H • O XI M •H x: P M-J U O Cn 3 X. 73 CU Q CU P O >u iO CJ rt° ^> m •« E • Q & O CTl U rH Cu D CU 73 •H rH •H C (0 P cu u 1 H rH CO cu cn 73 3 ^J CO "8 - P CO 10 in > cu •H O P 0 U M < a ,^ Q O U C C o o •H 73 P CU (0 in 73 IB (B M Q M i"! Cn C cu Cn 0 73 \ •H 0 Q P -H O o xi cj rO ^W O^ cu 0 E ^ CU fl eSP P • f1 IB rH 01 ij rH CU a 1 c (0 P CO u 10 o c •H 0) E 73 rt; -H 1 rH a -H , U cu •H U P O U M < a c o •H C P O IB 73 T3 fl3 CU M in cn 10 CU X) 73 • 0 H C -H ,C O X) •H cn P IH X. ODD 3 O 73 CU U CU P M (0 C71 W E <> in •• rH • Q • r- O r- H rH CO CU cn 3 r _l in cu • P 10 (0 (fl > cu •H U P 0 CJ M <=c a c 0 •H C P O IB 73 73 (B CU >-i u) cn (B CU 0 • C -H M 0 A £ •H P in Cn U 0 X. 3 Q 73 CU O cu P O M 10 M Cn dP E in — • Q 0 Z8^ Cu a o •H O N C JS o c • r-\| E 73 < -H 1 U 0 < 1 CJ •* H rH co cu cn 73 3 r—l CO 73 CU • P in IB W > cu -H U P 0 U W < a c o •H C P O IB 73 73 IB CU ^ • in 01 IB CU J3 73 • 0 r-l c -H x: o n •H Cn P M-l X. D 0 Q 3 O 73 CU O CU P &H (B Cn ^i S (#> IN .» m • Q • v£ O CN O O rH Cu a u •H 0 N C CU O C •H E 73 < -H 1 U a < i C) m H rH CO cu Cn 73 3 rH w 73 CU • P 10 IB m t> cu •H U P O 0 in < a c o •H C P 0 IB 73 73 (0 CU M 10 Cn IB CU J3 73 O C -H • 0 X! 1-1 4-J '\| i o o cn 3 X, 73 CU Q CU P O M IB U of cn r- •- E • Q r- O O O^ O CO Cu 3 CO CU 3 rH 0 JJ 0 c -H P 3, 1 E I CJ £> H rH 0) CU CT> 73 3 jn-l r™1 CO 73 0 • -u in IB in > cu •H u P O 0 U < a c o •H C P O IB 73 73 IB CU !H CO Cn (0 CU XI 73 • 0 M C -H S 0 X! •H Cn \| 1 1\| i *k U 0 Q 3 O 73 CU U CU P H IB CT> ^ E of t-~ - rH • Q • r- O m CTl CJ rH Cu 3 cu cu 3 rH 0 P 0 c •H P f^ 1 0 1 CJ r- H rH co cu cn 3 rH in 73 cu • p in IB W > cu •H O P 0 U M < a c 0 •H C P 0 IB 73 73 IB CU S in cn IB CU Xt 73 0 C -H • O .Q M •H .e P M-l O 0 0i 3 X. 73 CU Q CU P O H 3 X, 73 CU Q CU P O )H IB U dP 01 in •» £ • Q •r O & 01 CJ rH Cu a cu c •H rH • H C -3 i O CTi H M CN CTl 1 3 £ . XI in ------- T3 CU C •H P C o u ^™ M ogical Treatment ( lines (C) M 5 O < •H CQ C .. o Cn -rH tn 4J CU «J o o 0 •* dl H c cn O KS •H rH 4J U 10 IH rH 4-> (0 C U 0) -r< u e C CU O -G U U U-l cu K CO c cu § rj U •a 3 4J 0 tn rH 3 cn cu >< T3 3 cn UH c o H jj ft H 0 tn S X 4J C CU 3 • rH iH IM (0 c x: M O T3 CU •P 0) cn ft HJ ^t 2 EH >«,O •a cu 3 ft •P >i 03 EH ) rH ItJ U •H e S r "i 00 0 rH ft 3 M 0 uptake inhibited f 72 hrs. CN 0 O -P 1 O o m o o cu G •H rH •rH c ** 1 rH U H CO 0 rH Q UH go uptake inhibited f st 6 hrs. 63% of rted after 144 hrs dation. » cu •H O -P O U rl < a reduction. <#> a i ^ • rH Q U tT cu 2 H T5 iH 1 * ) CQ rH 1 CO o rH uptake inhibited. N O \| ft O o m Q o 0) 2 H 2 H ^ £ ) ffl in ^ o rH •4-1 0 cn iH <> J3 wly oxidized w/6.4 exerted after 24 oxidation . O Q rH O MH W EH O \| i O o m Q o cu TJ •H f 3 j 3 CQ 0 ^ tH co cu Cn •o 3 cn T) cu • •P cn (0 tn > cu •H O -P 0 CJ M < ft C o •H C P 0 (0 13 2% reduction based ; rate of "biodegra mg COD/g hr . • Q CN (-- 0 • CTi U v£ 1, 3 H 0 5 •i 0 rH 43 CU O C -H S H r- iH rH co CD 13 3 tn "O cu • •P cn nj cn > cu •H U •P 0 O >-l <\| ft c 0 •rH C -P o rd T3 2% reduction based ; rate of biodegra 7 mg COD/g hr. • a r- O vo 01 U rH eu D H ^ (0 3 3 £ CU U C •H O rH co rH co cu •a 3 tn TJ cu • •P tn m cn > •H U •P 0 u ^ < ft c o •H C -P 0 (0 T! 5% reduction based ,- rate of biodegra< mg COD/g hr . • Q r~ «i) O • cn u m OH D rH d o M 0 s cu U C • H ft rH cn rH 1 r-l CO cu rrt 3 cn •0 cu • •P cn (0 tn > cu •H O •P O U M < ft .„ Q o O C C reduction based o e of biodegradatio 5 mg COD/g hr. oP 4J • r- it) CT> Cn M rH •4 3 o; H j rH o 3 3 j H Q O CN rH co CU Cn T3 rH tn T3 0) • •P cn (0 tn > cu •H U •P 0 U M pf£ ft Q o U C o C 5% reduction based e of biodegradatio: 7 mg COD/g hr. • jj • i£> rt) CN CTl rJ rH CU 3 rH -4 J 1 = cu rt C Q -H rH "O -H C 1 n3 rH O4 1 H . . -o. cu a c. c o o E-39 ------- •a 01 3 C •H 4-1 O U I a ^ H •^^ ^J c 0) E 4-1 (0 CU ^ EH ^-. U rH — tO O CO •H 01 Cn c O -H r-l E O < •H ffl C •• O tn -H cn 4J 01 id % ° 0 -H !M 'i-i ft -r4 C M O 10 •H rH 4J CJ M rH 4-1 10 q O 01 -H U E C 0) O .C u u UH cu 3 4J M UH O C 0 •H ft H ^4 0 cn 0) a X rc tn 4-> c 0> € g o u ^ rrj 3 4J CO 1[ 1 o tn 4-1 i— t 3 tn O) K 4J c 0) 3 • rH H M-I id C J= H cj TJ 01 4J 0) tn ft id >i 3 EH >«,o -a a) 3 ft •P >, CO EH 1 rH id o •H E 0) X O o z r— 1 co O) cn 13 3 r-4 cn T) 0) • 4-i tn ia tn > 0) •H CJ •U 0 U -I < ft c 0 •rH C -P o id •a •a (0 0) iH tn en 10 0) J3 TJ * 0 ^4 C -H .q O J3 ±J * in •» in . Q . v£ O CO cn O Cu D 1 rH ^ r; 4J (U E cu •H C Q -r4 1 rH m -H > c CN 10 1 CN O CN H rH CO CU Cn 3 rH tn TJ CU • •P tn m cn > 0) •H O 4-1 O O -j < ft c o •H C 4J o 10 •a TJ id 01 r4 tn cn id cu ja TJ 0 • C -H H o xi x •H 4-1 14H Cn 0 0 \ 3 Q TJ 0> O 0) 4J CJ r< id >H en E * Q £88 04 D 1 rH ^ r; 4-1 01 E Oi •H q Q -H 1 rH ^< -r4 » C m (0 1 m O CN H rH CO 01 en T! 3 rH cn T3 cu • 4-1 cn 10 tn > 0) •H U 4J 0 O Vl < ft c o •H C 4-1 0 n3 TJ T> 10 0) r4 tn cn tO 0) »Q T) O * q -H M o a A •H 4-> M-I en u O v. 3 Q t) 0) O 0) 4J U U 10 r4 01 dP E in •* • Q 03 r- O • cn o cn CM P I 01 q cu 0) C rH -rt ^< E c"j flj 4J -H W 13 1 TJ" U CN H CO 0 rH ^ W 1 0 0 4J -H •H ja J-3 •H >, A rH C 3 • •HOT) T3 tn N 0) -H 3 tn T! 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C •H CU CO 4J a 3 c\j O c 1 a o o rH 0 in in rH rH in 4J H g \| g ^ 0 H O W • to 10 T3 m c •H c 0 •H 4-1 o 3 TJ (U <> CM cn Q J , o 2 o M rH EH 0 1 C U3 0) > XI -a- a » 0 CN iH CN X ^ H ^^ Tl 01 3 C •H •p C O o E-62 ------- •o 0) 3 C •H U i u o 0 -H co c co O (0 •H rH JJ U m SH rH JJ rfl C U 0) -H u e C 0) o x; CJ O t •o 3 4-> CO H-l o C 0 •H a •H U CO (U Q £. n: HH Q) 05 CO c Q) 2 o (j .^ Tl 0 CO IJ ] , D CO (V til C 0) 3 • rH S-l IM (fl C -S H a 0) 4-1 (U co a, fO >i 2 E-" ^U •o a) 3 a, 4-1 >i W H } rH (0 CJ •H E 0) JS o o 2 0 CTi 0) Cn 'O 3 rH tn T3 0) . jj tn (fl CO > 0) •H U 4J 0 U iH < a « c 0 •H 4-> O 3 TJ (U <#> CO 1 0 (Ti • 0) rH •a •o 03 ^l D^ 0) 0 O -H O CT\ 1 O O Vt •H rH J> 0) (]} rH c i (0 CO • VH E Cn rH !">( 3 OS 1 X 01 0) XI 4J rH <0 ^«« ^J f1 r"l 4-1 XI 0) 4-1 1 XI i 1 rH j_^ H 0 a; rH N V C 4J a) ifl Q rH rH flj ^1 XI 4-1 4-> 3 XI CQ fii 1 i 0) i 1 M 3 (0 OQ rH 1 (fl Z XI 1 4-> H X3 Q ft m j H O a\ • (U rH A (0 T3 (Q rl tP (U "8 •H ffl 3 OH 0) rH (fl >, rH J3 (0 4-1 r QJ 4J •H x: Q ft •r j H 0 o rH T3 0) 4J (0 rH 0) (0 J31 'O • 0) C •»-> 0 (0 0 •0) Oi r< (t c o -H ,J o •a (U rl ^p 0 1 o m H &"! 1 X (1) 0) 4-1 rH rH >< , i in , ^ H 0 CTl C 0 •H JJ •H 4-l •Q O •H x: co C rH •H 0) ^ O 0) C rH > 4J 0) ifl rH J3 (fl Ifl -H (fl 0) E O^ U Q D (fl T3 -Q O 0 0 -H 4 O 03 O rH D 05 0) rH 4J >i (0 XI rH 4J (0 0) X! E 4J H X! Q ft 1 \D , ~] H rH fN • C 0 •H U 3 •0 (U * o o rH £, O< in , — i (N CO £2 0) rH 4J >! (0 x: H 4J (0 a) x: S i^ H x; •2 ttj i r^ , ] H O , 0 0 -H rH > 0) C > 0) 0) 1—4 c (0 (0 C 4J •H (0 0) E .rH (U (fl CO rfl CO M cn rH g 0) (0 Oi 13 4-1 Qj 0 C •H 0) ro ff) gs vfl D ^ >i 0) U ifl O rH 1 (0 Z X! 1 4-> H s: Q ft 1 CO , ~] H rH CO 0) Cn T3 3 rH CO TJ 0) • 4-> CO (0 CO > 0) •H O 4-» O U IH < a a 0 o c c 0 0 •H rQ JJ 0) -H U 4J 0 U rl < a Q 8 c 0 c T3 0 OJ -H CO 4J (fl (0 X) 'O • (0 M c >H x; O Cn •H 0) Cn 4J T) \ U O Q 3 -H O TD X) O r-4 H-4 0^ O E (N (1) CO • 4J • 140 (0 O tTi iH IM ft •-j 0) H E H rH Ifl P rj ft 1 0 hi rH H rH CO 0) Cn •0 3 rH CO T3 0) • 4J CO (fl CO > 0) •H U 4J 0 U M •a: a Q" 8 c 0 C T3 O 0) -H CO JJ (0 (0 J3 T3 • ifl >-t c ri x; 0 Cn •H 0) Cn 0 O Q 3 -H O T3 X) U 0) M <-i Cn O S co o) r • jj • \£ ifl CO CA in r^ ft D rrj H U < O H rH (0 p x; ft 1 rH r-5 rH IH -. TS _ ID 3 C -H JJ C O U -^ E-63 ------- ^^ 73 cu 3 C •H 4-1 C O o rH 1 K W f-l cp S EH H CO -^ U H 4J 4J C <0 cu £ £ 0 ft3 rfj 0) LJ LJ EH fl CU rH rH (0 O O 3 •H C cn >i 0 rH rH 0 0 CW CO c •• o en -H tn 4J cu m o o O •-! 0. -H c tn 0 0 •H rH 4J O 03 to rH ±1 (0 C CJ CU ->H 0 £ C CU O A 0 U 4-1 CU OS 73 3 jj co M-l C 0 •H 4J a -H U CO f. CO ^* c 1 TD 3 co MH O CO u rH 3 CO cu A C cu rH to M-l (Q C A M 0 •o 0) 4-> CU co a 10 >, S EH 73 CU 3 a CO EH j rH fl3 o •H S G) .C ^ z CO O rH Oi 3 M 0 4-1 ^X( 0 4J •H XI •H x; c •H CO to iH 0 rG U 'J' •H CM X 0 O EH 4J E & O o m Q O cu C cu o m iH Xl 4J c < 1 rH 2 H CD O MH M-l 0 0 CO <> to rH A t CN -a1 cu c N -H •H 73 73 •H 0) • X -P C OHO CU -H ^_ S/ t t rH CU (0 S 73 0 Q -H rH O X CO EH O E a o o m Q O CU c cu u 10 1-1 A 4J C (0 N C cu CQ 1 (N 2 H 0 t o c 0 CJ fl 0 • 4-1 \ Cn CU E rH fO 1 73 O 10 rH to cn x cu 73 TT O CQ O 3 « CU c cu rH 21 to CU a 0 N C cu CQ 1 ro 2 M rH CO CU cn •a 3 ,_{ 73 CU • 4-> CO 10 CQ > CU •H O 4J 0 U * < a c 0 •H C 4J 0 fl 'O 73 10 CU »H co cn (0 CU G -H to 0 XI XT •H O O \ 3 Q 73 CU O CU 4J U rH (0 M cn dP E CN •• • Q ro O O • CO O PI CM D 1 CU x; a fu L^ 0 H rH A 0 U 0 1 -H Q C I ^ 2 H CD 0 • 73 CU 4-> •H XI •H A C •H CU (fl 4J C^i 3 (N O Q O 1 rH rH >. 0 A -H 4-> 73 CU CU H C Q CU 1 XI r-l a -H 8 CO i m 2 H CO O 73 CU 4J -H XI M-l •H CO 0 A <0 S 3 to •H x; Q 4-1 O T 0 EH ^T G rH 4-1 co o to to cu 3 > 4-1 in M-I cu • (0 c ^ cn o fO r-l 73 -H 4-> CU 4-1 a 0 4J (0 3 4-1 M T3 CU -H M a x x O 3 CU O S a 0 o in Q O 1 r-l ^N, A 4J CU CU C E CU H U Q (0 1 r-l 0 A rH 4-1 > C cn to 1 >£> 2 H 4-1 O to dP r"* ^ • ^* CN rH rH •> CU 73 4-1 CU 4-1 N 10 •H C 73 73 O •H CU -H X 4-> 4-1 0 to (0 CU 73 >i X -H rH CU X 3 0 0 Q rH O 4-1 to EH O E O 0 in Q 0 1 rH ^ -C 1 4-1 C CU (0 £ N 0) H C C O CU CU 1 X! 0 O 1 10 rH CN rH - » A Cn rH 4J i r^ 2 H rH CD CU 73 3 <— 1 CO 73 CU 4J CO <0 CO > CU •H O 4J O U SH < a . C 0 •H 4-1 O 3 CU op CD 04 Q rQ O a 2 a in ^* m ca Q CJ 1 rH C CU CU x: c a -H H N Q co 1 to CN 73 •» ^1 rH XI i co 2 H co o -U iO 73 cu 4-J •H X! •H A • C CO j— ^ CU rO 1 4-1 x; c 4-1 (0 CU N 2 C 1 CU r> X! i cn 2 M CO O u cu •H A X 4-> 0 S 4J (J) 0 rH A 4-1 CO C 4J O O O CU 0 -H XI 4H tn 4J 4H to <0 73 CU CU 73 CU 73 -H 3 >. C X O to 3 O x; o CO 4-> 0 r-l •rH 4-1 tO rH XI U (0 -H >, -H o A 4-1 cn -H G -H 0 E -rH rH rH CU -HO A to XI -H O 0 co X! E a a o o m Q o cu 1 CU rH to A 4-1 4J £ cu O (0 O cu cn to (0 EH rH C 0 •H 4-1 U 3 CU <> O cn i o M EM CU CU rH (0 X! 4-1 A a (0 1 rH 2 rH H , , CU 3 C 4J C O o """ ' E-64 ------- d) 3 C •i-l 4J C 0 u § M tn — u •rH •P 4-1 C rfl 0) g g 0 4J SH rfl ff, V EH ro 0) rH rH <0 O U 3 •rl C en > 0 rH H O O ft •H CQ C •• 0 tn -rH tn 4-> 0) rfl o u O -H (H 4-1 ft H cn c cn 0 ITJ 4-1 U rfl (H rH 4J . TD 3 4J co <4H o c o H 4J ft rl M U cn s tn c 0) g o a ^i 'U 3 4-1 to U-l 0 in 4J rH 3 OT (1) Oi -P C 0) 3 • rH SH 4H ro C ,C M O •a 0) 4J 0) cn a rO >t 3 EH >S,O 73 CU 3 a 4J >t cn EH XI 1 rO ^ CU U (0 • O M O rH T> 0) •rt O S 0 cn rH rH cu 4-> T3 CU CU rH 4-1 a H 3 x: Csl ^ O (N g a a o 0 in Q 0 0) C CU i-H x; 4-1 x; rfl Z ro S ^ M 0 in 0) cn T3 3 rH tn T3 U . 4-1 tn ro tn > cu •H 0 •U 0 U rH < a c 0 •rl 4-1 0 3 TD (U SH tfP in cn i in CO \ H3 jjJVn O \ ^w ^ ^ _j O a ^o O 'W CN O aa o ^r rH H CM 0) C 0) r-l rfl 4J XI a rO z T 2 ^ H t ^ T) 1) 3 C O o E-65 ------- 0) 3 G C o o w J DQ £ M M C O •H 4J nj 4-* •H 0, ~ •H Q O — cu M CO CM U •H rH 4J (0 tO o e •H 0 E b 0) sq .C U ess : ation u u 0 -H i-l U-l CM -H en c to O TJ -H r-l 4J 0 1X5 C O O> -H u e c a) O J= o u 1 O 3 J3 -H cn 4-1 fO T3 TC O 0) M U S 4J O rH rH rH -H n "a o r— \| Q /v 1 ^— « (U c (1) N •-« CU ^ -M 4J w 1 rH M Q M Q) C <1) N C X) o 4J H z 1 (N -i Q H _^ (U 3 C •H 4J C O u -^ E-66 ------- T3 !] UJ c « O <& •H rH -P U fB .p (t) C Cl 0) -rH 0 g C o x: U 0 H-l OS 10 4J c <1) 5 0 u >, 'O 3 .p 00 <4H o tn P rH 3 tn H W >W IXJ c x: 14-1 M U 0 TJ C 0) O -P 1) •H w ft ft 3 EH rH (H ~ U >,U W fO 0) i 00 EH X) Chemical o z , 3 .0 r™ rt? >O 0 P O rH rH rH r- fl> rH IM 0 0 -H HH rB g -H ------- T3 0) 3 C -H JJ C 0 u 1 H U t-3 ffj f& EH C O •H JJ rd JJ •H O CU rH CU rd O •H E CU .c o •• in in CU u 0 SH CU C 0 JJ id SH jj C Ci) 0 c 0 0 _ u "~* etals s c 0 •H JJ id 0 •H UH •H in tn rrj U rH rd u •H £ ^ O CU OS 3 JJ OI UH O c o •rH JJ ft •H O in CU Q 0) JJ c CU 3 ^t •o 3 JJ CO UH 0 in jj rH 3 in CU cu JJ r* Inf luei Char. T3 tu •P (U OJ ft ro >i 3 EH >i° T3 CU 3 ft -P >. C/3 E-i J3 r"i id o •rH £ a) ,£« CJ O 2 cn ro 0 1 £ , O 3 SH - rH 3 X) -H ® rH CN \|\| 01 -P in cu • Z (d T3 id JJ £ UH >£ ftOCU SH C 3 II O 3 JJ Id rH UH 3 C2J 0 rH rH Id 0 ft rH rH -H 3 CU (d rH UH Cn UH g ca E u 0 rd O ft -H -H UH rd O ft CU rH S -H U E TJ CU tn T3 a O -rH UH J3 id CU mft^HOUSE ^p CO 1 G Q S H 4J 5 H CJ '~l H m iQ o id UH 1 rd Id)- CJ 0) 0 -H -H in tii o 'O E E T3 m ^i • QJ oj UH -H £ CU tn QJ EtOlOvOinojOrHft^rdS CU rd II 3 fci ftU3-H •PCS E £ JJ to 0 £ Qj E ^w Cii O^ O C i~"f ->i SM p-j ^) C1J O Q-j H O • 0 3 W M Qj 4J 3^ i^Q LT) -H £ ro ui QJ O • JJ •^ U^ >-H >i[j-)^ TD i— ( (0 >t • C •• ^3* ^" W CN • Q) rH i—4 _Q C fOTJ o co own a o D CO OJ — ' £ O C^a3tl3-U 03 DaJrHQ^-^n 0)rT5aja-H ro 3 4J Q j oj •— ' cs* W CJ U U-i U-i •• 1 dft C O VO O 3 r- •H T3 JJ CU 1 U ^ £ 3 0) rQ rJP JJ cu o in >H CO >l in dP 1 0 E Q) cu E JJ -H 1 CO rH £ > 0) W JC • •P tn c in cu -H o >i E B -H tn -H jj rH »^ CJ C C 3 O 3 0 T3 rH 0 -H CU M J JJ SH s cs/ E E • p( Oj P^ & t7» II S in ^ o^ j^ H- _J QJ "^ O H C cu in < H a01 H n E ft ft o o 1 O 0) in T3 m -H UH o 0 tn -H 0 U m rQ rH Id rH CU U rH E II •H in a J id ft • cu E •rH rH 3 G O •H JJ U T3 CU ^ dP in ft in 0 <7> JJ a ft rH CN a ^ OH O r-( ^-* C ^ CU+ w tn rH ------- 13 c (U I TJ S CO 14-1 O CO 4-1 rH 3 en cu OS •a c o 4J ft •r-\| 0 CO cu Q Influent Char . T3 0) 4-1 i 5 EH j^O T3 CU 3 Q-t > t ^_ CO EH XI i— i (0 o •H E 0) u (0 . o •* U3 en 4-1 c ? 1 0 I H O H U (1) W CO O en <«-i 49% reduction w/lime. •a & co 36% reduction w/lime. XI S •H CO o CJ b § H CQ 1 IT M CJ 1 M t ro 0 CQ 4J (M C M S •» O 1 Iron system- 94% reduction Low lime sytem-99% reducti High lime system-78% reduc tion. H h 0 H ^ en n CO 4-> . c •-I Q) o i H 0 H O cu t-i (1) 0 CO IM 1 0) 0 £ 98.1% reduction w/alum; 94% reduction w/ferric chl ride; 99.4% reduction w/li X) ft ft 0 o CO ft \| r-\| -4 -1 M 0) a CTi m CO 4J _. C -t 0) O E H 0 H U CU U CU 0 W IH 95.5% reduction w/ alum. 95.3% reduction w/lime. XI o 0 10 1 94% reduction w/ferric \|_chloride. ft ft o in co ft c 4J 3 35 a 1 CTi 1 O -1 O -1 h H O rH H 01 CO CO _i C * 53 o M H 0 H U cu M cu 0 CO >W 45% reduction by ferric chloride . X a o o CO ft E H 3 r J < 1 l-t -1 CJ r-H > H ^ ro CO 4J ~, C ™ § CJ E H 0 H 0 CU 1-1 CU 0 CO M-l C o •« -H 1 Iron system- 93% reduction Low lime system-95% reduct High lime system-98% reduc tion. o i ft r~- ft CP II X in rr ft 4 Q ft - ,-t 3 j 1 CN H (J ^ H f VO W 4J ^ CU (j g H 0 H U CU M CU 0 CO m 0) -H 1— 1 3 3 •H 4J O 3 U rg CTl 1, ft CN 68% reduction w/lime. XI ft Q U fr4 g 3 3 j 1 ro •HO1"* -1 ^^ "0. 01 3 C •H C o 0 E-69 ------- 0) 3 C •H 4-) C o u a 3 hH — 0 H _\|j fT3 j •r-f ft •rl U 0) ~ rl O Chemical : Metals Process : ;if ication UJ C 01 O 10 •rl rH 4-1 CJ (0 rl rH 4-> i S EH >,o T3 0) 3 ft -U >i CO &H X! u •H E (1) O 6 U3 rH E a ft o in M-l 0 (U 01 0 T3 . "O (1) -i cn (N 1 ft CN in co CJ e •H E O rl CJ 1 •* M CJ rH H V VD rl 5 rO 1 01 CJ 4-1 H JS H 0) o) i (U O CO O i •H rH \s ction w 3 •O 0) <> m in rH i •rl rH "^s. ction w 3 CO <> in XI ft CM cn rH Q CJ E >r_j E 0 _£ O i in H O -H cn n M O UH rH . 1 01 CJ 4-1 H C M 0) (U 1 0) 0 CO U o •H rl M (1) <4H \ 3 duction 97.6% re chloride 9? ft o o CO ft 3 5 m 0 + M >H £ U ' i >— ' 1 VO M U rH H H n vD rl 0 (N • 1 01 CJ 4-> H C M a) 0) s 0) 0 CO O — i c u 0 3 •n -o 4-> 0) 1 U rl 3 E 13 > <]J 0) CO 4-1 >-i cn 01 >•( OP 1 01 cn cn E 0) 0) E • I -M -H c 01 rH O E S-i -H- 0) 01 x; 4-> •u cn o 01 0) -H 3 >i E SB T3 01 -r\| 0) H •» M C C 0 3 0 !H 0 -H CO H J 4-i cn O EU E Cn II pt \|T* p. ^» p^. uO GJ S^ ft Q ft \| H ^^ E <> 0 + XI U U — i r- M 13 rH H cn n M O rH 1 01 C3 4J M C M ^j 0 (N 1 01 C3 4-1 H C H 0) 1 01 in ^D g 0) 0) S • 1 -P -H C 01 rH O E >i -rl 0) 01 £ 4-> 4J D1 U 01 0) -H 3 N E X T3 01 -rl 0) 0 3 O <> in 0 -ri tN M tJ JJ (N O E E 7 a ft s a, cn a, in cs* G^ ft Q ft E •rl ^^ E 10 0 + JS U CJ — i cn H U rH H cn n i. 0 U-l rH • 1 0] 13 4-1 H C M 0) 0) g 0) O co o c O 0 •rl .rl !H 4-> SH U (1) 3 l\|-! rrj ^X. QJ 3 )H 0 rH •H cn u •> 18% redu chloride w/lime . ft 0 o in i „_! (C 0 •H 4J O 3 T3 rl dP cn ft ft o 0 co CO ft 4-> rH K) 0 1 O H cn ( Ul 4J rH Q) (J g H O H O 0) rl 0) O CO <4H E rH (0 3 c 0 •rl 4J U 3 •a cu rl XI ft ft o o CO ft ^ 0) ft ft o 1 r-H I-H CJ (N H r_\| T? <1J 3 C •H 4J C 0 u — ' .^ o lH rH • I 01 CJ 4-1 H C H 0) 0) g 0) 0 co u . d) E •H i-H 3 duction (1) s-i co 7\ 1 ft CO CJ ^ I, 0) ft ft o U 1 (N M C3 CN H E-70 ------- 0) 3 C •H -U r* 0 o 03 •»» H M "— c 0 •H 4J 4J •H ft Chemical Preci : Metals (G) c 'rocess : f icatio &4 -H C M O <0 •H .H 4-1 0 <0 i-l rH 4-1 rO C U 0) -H u e C CJ O J3 U U U-l oi cn ji +j c 0) 0 u >, T3 3 4-1 CO 0 Results 4J > C T3 CJ 3 3 • 4-1 rH U CO MH 03 C fi MH M U 0 -a C CJ O 4J CJ •H co a 4-1 rO 21 a 2 EH o >,° cn ro QJ CJ 3 ft a 4J SM co E-1 £3 r— 1 ro O •H g 0) o rn . o o cn _ ft ft o o M-l 0 0) cn 0 •a • •a CJ (U e TJ •H "^ t-3 (Tl • CJ •H rH C 0 94.4% reducti s ft o m a QH ^ CJ J i . PO cn rn cn 4-1 C rH CJ CJ g H 0 H O CJ )H 0) o CO MH • \| rH r3 X. c 0 95.5% reducti A a o 0 co CM (0 O O 00 •H 3 cn 4-1 'O 1 U 0) S 3 >H CJ -0 4J cj * cn S-i n >, cn co of 1 co e cj rH CJ £ Iron system- Low lime syst tion; High li reduction . o e s • ft ft r^ ft D> II in T ft PL, Q If CJ cn CJ ^ Hi Jl 3 ^ niS ^* C i H 3 D 1) ni^ "xf ^ cn 4-1 C m cj 0 1 H 0 H U 0) M CJ O co m E •H rH X. 3 71% reduction ft ft CD g r-l X^ s 25% reduction ft ft CS] r-l Q O ^ >, SH 3 O 0) 1 cn ro cn 4-1 c rH CJ U 1 M 0 H U CJ S-l CJ 0 CO MH CJ -H i-H Xt^ 3 70% reduction ft a o 0 in r-l X- s 94% reduction A a a 0 o CJ M-l S 98% reduction chloride. a a o m CO ^ >, SH 3 •J I) 1 cn ro cn 4-1 C rH CJ M 0 M O 0) S-l 0) 0 CO M-l 1 o rH js e U 3 O (0 CJ C MH 0 X. -H S 4-1 O 68% reduction ride; 0% redui a o o CJ E •H r-H a 0% reduction < ja a a o o in co cu e c CJ 'O ^ Q 2 M^r T3 CJ 3 C '\|"j C o u E-72 ------- ••^ M t-H "^ 0 •H JJ E-l (continued) Chemical Precipi : Metals (G) TABLE Process: 3if ication UJ c tn O "3 -rl rH 4-> CJ (0 VH rH 4J ct3 C U 0) -rl u e C 0) o x: CJ U LUI 0) >1 T3 3 4-1 CO M-l C 0 rH -P ft rH rH O in 01 Q X 10 w c a; g o o -P CO Results oi Influent Char. T) 0) -P 0) M ft A3 £" 2 EH ^CJ T3 O) 3 ft -P >i CO EH 1 T-H rH £ ^1 tn in ^* >H Iron system- 10 Low lime system tion; High lime reduction. 0 3-t 0-t r*- ft en II m ft ^ Q ^ 1 1 ) ~t ^ O 0^ g ft ft o o •r UH O ^ w o •o • 0) 0) e -a •H -a r-l (0 • w/lime 52.4% reduction = ^ i m w 1 1 , C '"I 0) o s M 0 H O OI iH 0) 0 CO MH 1 0 rH 0 /ferric 75% reduction w, ride . 24 a 0 o rH <^p CO 0) •H i-H \ p 35% reduction w, reduction w/alui ft ft o o m co 3 I 1 1 1 & tn -P c <"> 0) H 0 M O 0) )H 01 0 co MH OJ •H r— 1 0% reduction w/: a in (U e> I H 0 M U Oi VH ------- •a cu 3 C •H 4J C O U u u a H H 0 •H 4J 10 4J •H ft •rl U CU -* )-i U cu ~- rH 01 (0 r-l O H3 •H -U) g w cu s: .c •• 0 en -H u -u (0 V4 r-l •P (0 C U CU -H U E C CD O X u u 0) CO 4J cu 5 8 T3 4J W 4-1 0 Results 4J H c 'O CU 3 3 • JJ i a s H •H lM — — O >iu en i en E-I X) o •H g CU 0 o 2 s w •y <1 CU 0 1 H O H O cu Vi CO o w rl _£ ft a o CO ro Q O &T u c •H N H 0 0^ H ' » 0 o 0 • reducti entation dP g yrt >r^ • ^ o cu T CO D DS U C rl tf -i o -1 ^ 1 o g CX\| p^ o o U-l 0 cu 10 0 T3 CU CU g ^ •H TJ J (tl CU •rl r-l 3 c 0 reducti ^P ^* . rH CTi D A O C H ^ H 0 ^ H , — , 0) 3 •H -U C o o E-75 ------- — T3 CU 3 C •H 4J C 0 u rH 1 a u -j CQ jtf EH C 0 •H 4J m 4J •H ~- •H »— U cu tn S-l CU PH 'D •H rH O (13 -H U 4J •H tn E cu CU PH JS u c •• o tn -H CO 4J CU (0 u u o -H PH -H c tn o U (0 i-l rH 4-> as C 0 U E C CU 0 J3 CJ U T3 4-> CO IM C o •H 4J Qj •H U CO 0) Q 0) OS CO 4-1 c CU 5 8 13 3 4J CO U-f O CO 4J rH 3 CO cu OS c cu 3 • iH S-i MH iQ c x: H U TD 0) 4-1 CD to a, tO >i 3. E-I >>0 T3 0) 3 a -p >1 to E-i J3 . rrt U -H E £ O ro . r-» w vo C T3 0 C •H (0 4-1 CO rO rH >i 3 X> CP 0 0) • U 3 C 0 0 rH rH -H (0 rH 4J O 0 <0 -H M-l i-l E •U CU CO rH .C Ifl -H 0 3 M-I E 3 iH frj *J 3 C 0 •H 4-1 U 3 t: 0) i-J dP CO CTl a o iH PH OS U ^ g Q 1 rH H 1-3 H ^ CO 4J C cu 1 o u 1-1 0 rH fi, H H U 3 'O CU ^ CrP in m .a a 0 rH A, U ^ •H rH 0) •H Q 1 CM M 1-3 M ^ ^ j tn 4J C cu 0 u V-l o M-I rH 1 1-3 IH H CU 0) CO s 3 iH a 3 C 0 -H 4-1 O 3 'O cu Vl dP in ro & 0 rH + O ^ C H M C W I m H (-3 H 05 4J C CU o u ^1 0 M-I rH ^L, M M CU cu 3 rH (0 3 c o •H 4_) 0 3 T3 Q) ^) <#> O rH V ft o rH PH U J CU C c H i rr M 1-3 «5 CO 4J C OJ 0 o ^ 0 H-l rH 1 H H CU cu co . E 3 13 \ 3 C 0 •H 4J O 3 'O cu dP m 9- cu o iH CH O -^ C 0 4J 13 i in H 1-3 M M 0 to 4-) C cu o o V-l o iH t-3 (H H Q) CU cn rH \^ 3 C o •H 4J U 3 T3 0) ^1 ^P m vo A Qj 0 rH OH OS U CU 4J to cu E-i in (N 1 vD M h3 H (^K T3 CU p C --( JJ 0 u E-76 ------- •a CU 3 C •rH 4J C o 0 rH u H ( ~] cq ^H C 0 •iH 4-1 rd •H ^. a hH1 u cu en O4 4J nj rH fH (0 (0 l 'e js CU CM 6 c •• 0 en -rH en 4-> cu t) o u O -H M W O4 -H c en O 'O •H rH 4J 0 ID SH rH 4J <0 c o u E c cu O -C U U CO TJ 3 4J MH O C o 4J 04 •H rH U U) CU Q en 4-> c cu 0 u >, T3 3 4-1 CO MH 0 en 4J rH 3 0) & 4-1 £ cu 3 • 14 It] C £ M CJ T3 CU 4-1 CU en a, 3 EH ^,0 •a cu 3 Q4 en £-. ja rH (0 o •H s cu .c u nj . p z o CTi ro "5. o C/J (SI rH "C \ c o 4J u 3 T3 0) rH 0> o 1 o GO in o ro CS> O 1 rH m .a u • Q< I o a, cu = fyl 1 1 rH (0 .G 4J 4-1 JS CU 04 1 '-» (N rH ~~ >i CU en x 4-> •H CD (0 CQ rH H J ^ H O m J- 0 cn Cvl rH \|rf X,^ s c o 4-1 o 3 T3 CU ^1 dP O 1 O ^ tn o •* a 1 rH • a, s CM Oi Q4 => Oil U< r-H >. , O 3 -3 -H en 4-> (0 T3 al 0 0 i-4 rH rH -H (3 i-f UH U 0 •H >t-l (0 e -H ey CQ T3 r^ flj ( use • f£ y rH (0 3 C 0 -H 4J U 3 T3 0) M t> fj rH _Q 04 04 n CO rH CM ^ ^ 0) rH JJ M rH J fO CU J5 e 4-1 H £ Q ft, H rj M H T3 OJ 3 C •rH 4J C o o "^ E-77 ------- 0) 3 C •H 4-> O U H x-x ~. M 2 tj. v"* tn c u O -H •H 4-1 4J (B It) g 4-> 0 04 < -H U (H Chemical Pre : Polynuclea c •• o tn -H tn 4J 0) fl U O O -H )-l UH 04 -H c tn O R3 •r4 rH 4-> O (0 >H rH 4J ffl C O 4 c T3 , Q4 3 EH -H U >i° to >t3 a; 0) 3 Oi Q 4J >i en E-i b Chemical IB . 0 25 0 t p rH (8 S C Precipitatio c Precipitatio o\ o t • 0. O &4 D OS 0) c 0) Acenaphthyl i 1 (N H S H 0 C (B tn M o ^ 4-> •H > (8 Separable by filtration. D a (U ~j a) Benzanthrac 1 n H 2 H 0 en C (B tn j_! 0 ^ 4-1 •H > (8 Separable by filtration . D a 1 0) 11,12-Benzo f luoranthen \| M2" H O ffl -0 (8 01 j_! 0 ^ 4J •H (8 SH Separable by filtration. o OS 1,12-Benzo- perylene H SLO M O T3 'B 01 j_l 0 !>H 4-) •H IB Separable by filtration . D OS Benzo(a) i- pyrene H S "° -1 o • \| /rl 'U s Precipitatior CT o 4 a o a D as 2-Chloro- Napthalene H 2 — H 0 en •g rd 01 ^ 0 ,- 4J > It Separable by filtration. o OS Chrysene H S °° H O ffi T3 (8 01 ^ 0 ^ -H <8 iH Separable by filtration . p OS Naphthalene H i OT -4 ^^ 0) 3 C O O E-78 ------- n 01 3 C •H 4-> C o o H S M - in c u 0 -H •H 4J 4-1 US frt £ 4J 0 •H M a < •H O !-! 0) 10 SH (1) &( rH U -H 3 18 C 0 >i •H rH e o 0) 04 fj U c •• o W -H in 4-> ,° tn t3 i CO EH rH ITS O •H g ^c u o z o 01 c ITS to ^ o 5s 4-> •H TS rji ^1 Q • C 0) O rH -H Q Jj OS (T) tl M IB -P 0, rH 0) -H CO >4H- D OS (U C (U r-4 c S 0^ 1 0) 0 C i a) ro i-i Ol Dj M S ° M O en C (8 (0 ^ O >i -P •H frj J-\| CTi ^ -Q • c 0) 0 H -H .Q 4-> ITS (0 >M M 18 -P 04 rH 0) -H CO «-l D OS 0) "1 1) 04 H 1 rH H ^ 0) 3 C •H 4J C o u E-79 ------- ~ tn 13 cu 3 C •H JJ 0 CJ a •H tn < tn tn O rH en O M u CU rH c •• o en -H en jj cu n] o o O -H tfl c tn 0 (0 -U U SH rH 4J iO C O s tn 4J C CU 1 o CJ T3 3 4J CO UH 0 tn 4J rH 3 tn 0) « SHI T3 _^j CO 4-1 C 0 •H JJ o. •rH U tn cu Q JJ c 3 • rH M C £ M CJ 0) j-> cu tn d, (0 >i S EH ^u 'O QJ 3 a -w >, CO EH jq rH iu u •H E 0) .C o 03 . u Z co rH tn QJ C cn d) rO -H M s-i tn 3 .g 04 4J £3 ro 0) O S-\| £ o a •H £ W 4-> CU QJ rt] JJ 1 CJ T3 E CU O -O JJ O C (0 M it] M H A S 2 S E 04 04 o o o rH Ol ^ " rH O ^ a. j w H 04 H 1 H ft, CO rH tn , 4J 7 C '< € M £ H O M U (I) W 0) O co 'w 3% reduction w/CA membrane; % reduction w/C-PEI mem- ane. • O >H r~ CN ja E rH 0< E 0, o o in O rH 0 rH (3) Cu -Q rH O £ 2 ij i; n ro H 1 O -40% reduction w/B-9, NS- 0 & NS-IOOT membranes; 0% reduction w/B-10, AP, PO, PBI, NS-100 membranes; reduction w/CA, CA-T, CAB CA3 membranes. O O CN CU * (N O4 V CO O ^ g §4 O 0 o 1-1 04 w rH 0 •y ^ ^j V H ^r H 1 H ------- 'O 0) 3 •H 4J C o D Ed H H H - CO S -H —» e Osmos hatics to a M ri CU rH S •• 0 CO -H CO JJ 0) ITJ U U O -H ^4 ^M CM -H C (0 O T! •H rH -P O (8 1-1 rH 4J T! C O 0) -rt U E C CU o x: CJ 0 cu >1 T: 3 jj CO 4-1 0 c 0 •H a -H ^ U to 01 Q CO JJ c 0> g o CJ T31 4J 00 4-1 O m Result! .p c 0) 3 • •H ^ 14-1 (0 C -C M CJ T3 cu -P 0) to a to >< S EH £>^U TD 0) 3 a •p >i CO EH 4 r-l (Tj U •1-1 E cu x: u (0 . 0 z oo r-( tO LS 0) c cr (8 -H i-l CO xi a g ( CU O M go: i-4 IT H 4J H CM <0 CU i a CJ -C E 0) 0 •O -P -P C it) fl ~l £ Uj c < a o u o n .. 01 fQ 1 S fl) QJ g T CJ U 1 X^ 3 C 0 C -H 0 -P •H U •P 3 U T3 • 3 01 0) 73 i-l C 0) It V4 P k-4 r-t X • E cu i 7 0 C 03 1 jjj i£> ffl CU Z O XI O* 03 - T £ O4 <> < CM 0) 04 O CJ < - g 00 CN \ to \ v » co 3 0) O 3 n o) CO - < C C H) rH C to CJ IT! O J-l 1 0 01 M •H Xi 00 -rt C - X 4-1 S Z 4-> (0 M E 0 0> X, CJ In fl] 01 3 S 3 3 5 04 S T3 -O £ x, CU EH C 0) 01 3 ft § .g * B c 0 * H -P tfP O 0 <3 O 1 O O r-l -rl CO C/3 3 ^T 1 -P EH 1 S TJ 1 ffl CJ 1 o cu o 3 <: O ^3 r«4 fN ^J rtj CJ a a o 0 o ^J CM r-3. 3 H O f£ U H 4J L) O < M 1 fxl M 03 H 00 r-t CO , 4J c 1 CU 03 g H g H 0 M U 0) M 01 O tO ov E \ O O O 01 3 ^ H O 00 £ 1 •* 03 • (N i C O 0) 04 W 1 O O O -i 3 E •H it! XI rn O O r^ O 01 CJ O CJ 3 E \ U3 g \ -H T3 01 3 1 3 -P U) 0> S O 0 U H C T rH C 3 EH EH O 1 O T3 1 <#> 1 -r-t •• O3 -1-4 0) < O O JJ to JJ V-l CJ o o u cu ta o rH rH 3 C 3 - 1 \ T3 IT! CTi T3 O CQ O 00 0) ^1 1 01 CN < OOZ^X103rHVU a a 0 o rH CM ^5 0) -• O J ]J U < M 1 H CQ H oo rH to JJ rH C T 01 03 E H E H 0 H O 0) i-i 01 O to w 1 01 g C 0 < -H 0 P 73 0) C 01 C 0 IH it! •H ^4 •P * X! U n £ 3 • 01 T3 ro g CU VD >-( M - W <P 0> CM -l "X CO X! 3 g Q. »H 0 LO CN CU 03 1 rH 3 00 rH ^, r\| JJ 0) 0) T3 E -H •H X Q 0 M ' LO h-4 00 rH CO JJ rH C T 01 03 E M g H O M O 01 r-l 01 O CO M-l [ \__ cu E § < -H CJ -P \ 0 3 3 C 0) • O ^ 0) •H C reduct ; 56.7% membra: <> 01 H CP1 C H • (0 04 fN XI CJ a a o 0 o r-\| CM m . CU TT ^ 01 TJ rH It) ^ -I O ^ IH 1 ~* 03 H O OJ~ 3 C •H JJ C o o ^-* EH 1 C O 000 O -H rH (M JJ 1 i u oo \ (U 1-3 3 fc 03 0 0 CJ •H IO JJ \| U 0 O 3 V O 01 - 1 ^ oi co c z > rO O JH » CO X! O4 1 g < O CU X. VO E 3 1 a o 0 o r-t CM ,_P OJ T3 r\| 0) iH it! c ^ 0 i« M 1 ~^ 03 ^ H E-81 ------- 3 •H 4J C O u W H H M 03 01 •H -~ 03 O tfl e o 03 -H O 4J 0) JS W ft r>) 'H > < o en :ocess: •ication M M-l CU -H c w O 13 •H rH 4J U (fl rH rH 4-1 Tj C O 0) -H U g C (1) O £ 0 U t3 3 4-> CO M-l O C o 4-1 ft -H ^4 U I/I (U Q M^" 0> 05 OJ 4J C 0) o u >t T3 4J CO M-l 0 03 4J 3 03 0) OS if luent mr . M 0 •O i to H X) rH (U O .J g JS CJ ifl . O 2 20-40% reduction & CA-T membranes; tion w/CA, PBI, 0 membranes. •- ro U rH 03 < 3 1 0) O T3 CQ C tt) fQ * }»<] c3 M ^^ g fl) O 0. 0) \ CN Ol g S V CO M ' I- C M CQ S . . O M u oo rH U3 4-1 r-1 C 1 0) CQ g H g H 0 H O HI M d) 0 CO M-l ction w/CA mem- 8% reduction mbrane . 3 • 0) T3 r- g 01 O> V4 M dP (1) Oi cn c i • ifl U Tl ^ "S^. 00 J3 ^ a g % o o in O rH 0 rH O O4 CQ rH 0 (1) U ^, rH O H I m H CQ H O n duction w/CA-T, NS-100, NS-IOOT, , B-9 & B-10 mem- -80% reduction ane; 40-60% re- PBI membrane; 20- ion w/SPPO membrane 0) Oj O r-l \ 4J <1 E 3 0 O O 03 g O 0) 0 O 0) -H M >H - (N C < 4-1 1 CQ 1 rt! (J O O r^ CO r-l \ 3 O 00 CJ 2 XI S T3 'S1 ft ft 0 o o rH CM [ 1 rH 0 OJ U >^ rH U CT\ ~H CQ H co rH 03 -1 C 1 OJ m g H 0 H O 0) M 0) 0 CO 1 ^ 4J 0) H 1 Q H M 0 rn uction w/NS-200, NS-100 membranes; uction w/B-9 mem- 40% reduction & CA-T membranes; tion w/SPPO, PBI & nes; 0% reduction membranes. TJ ^ T3 I O. O 5T3 CQ 01 0) O < 3 M < M £H ^ (N T3 n rj 1 - 0) S O O O 0) rH g 00 rH \£> C 1 df> < 1 1 1 ID ffl O ro O OtOO ^\CN<\ 1 ft o o rH a. ^ 01 4J 15 4J o rH JZ 4J 0) 21 H « ^ H --1 ^-v T1 01 3 •H 4J c o o E-82 ------- T3 0) D C •H JJ C O u x-^t M H H """ * en •H en g £7 w -^ O en CU 0) en c ^•J -H OJ g ^ ^ CU c •• o en -H en 4-j 0) (0 o u O -H &l -H C en O o en 4J a en OS >ij C 3 3 • •U rH M C .C M-l M CJ C (1) O -P ey H en a, ±> , a, s Si H J-l O XU en T3 cu CD 3 Qi Q 4J > c/5 E-I r-S (0 o -H £ cu Tf-^ a 10 . o •z. CO ,—1 Ui tn en CU -H G en « a, ^-4 C A O t* go; CD vO -P g it) •U ^l H (0 0) W C a* 13 e i cu a O 4J -P (8 0) C - 0 0\ S 3 • a 't? ^J g cu co •• K cP H) CU • C 1 • to o ro V\| X. g -H S, g Q O LO O M o a, 03 cu c •H r-t -H § 1 . 1 H a ^ H o ro EH 1 1 1 g g O C CU 1 CU <> 0 0 g CU g 0 •H -H C U 1 4J O 0 CD C/J UO-H<>< C M Z 3-HJJOU O CUEH \ T3 1 U ^ -H C 1 S-l Z T3 O O )H U G cu CN on 3 .q •HO - o cu cu •P CO O dft CU M g (^ U 1 0 O C « U T3 ^£> 1 1 M S O CO S cu c/} o J3 \ CN a. ^•»Z^J"SSV CW CU 0) 0 CU <" G » •> g q •« -H c otoocn ocno-Pt O ^ r^ CU CTt "H CU CXj 0 ^" i— ( J3 \| G 1 4-J G 0^ 3 J- 1 gCQ'OpQO(tleOrO£ O CU \ ^ \ 3 J- \ CU Cl 1 Oi o o o rH a, 1 1 cu ^ H rH H 5 H 0 ^ H , — . -a. CJ ^ c •H Jj C 0 o E-83 ------- ^-^. T3 0) 3 C •rH JJ C o CJ — ' r-H 1 W a ^ § EH cn — •HO Q E in en u 0-.H 4J CU (T3 en e ^ 0 01 M Oi C •• o Cn -rH en jJ 0) n3 U U 0 -H tj (j_l Oj -rH CO C tn 0 t! •H r^ JJ O ^H rH JJ 03 C O 0) -rH o e C 0) 0 £ u u 01 cd jj £ Ol s o CJ jj to I+H 0 en 4J i-H 3 cn 0) cd >J TD 3 4J C/3 U-l C o •H JJ ft •H U cn Q X ^J c 0) 3 • MH 10 c x: M U CU JJ O) CO ft <0 >i 3 EH >>° T3 0) 3 ft JJ >i cn EH 5 Q e r^ 03 . o z 0 o^ o o i-H 1 o 97-100% reduction @ kg/cm2 . £ 0, O ^0 00 1 v I D j CO rH CO 0) en C -H (d cn rM ft 0) ja ^i e o 3 0) O -U E ^ ^ M , M X^ H rH Q >, 1 C 0) T cu c - x; -H N ft N H i n -I Q -i O CT\ 52% reduction. i. oo ro vD D A O _j O -H 0) C C U E O ; 01 O -u £ \D ft H ^3j < U i 1 0> i U -u -u HJ ^S ^4 ! 0) o < ft 0 U O (H O) membran PEI mem- -2.5% reduction w/CA 79.7% reduction w/C- brane. E ft ft O o o i-H p-l cn 01 c 0 c H 3 8* >H T3 H* H i ui t -i Q r •H t O ro 1 [ ii o> a M ca M O CQ 1 EH <> OOOrQ O 1 O — -H S OiCOOvD 0> UJ JJ •. 01 < i o i c u cn e 80-100% reduction w/ NS-200 membranes; 60 iduction w/B-10, NS-1 NS-100 membranes; 40 duction w/B-9 membra 40% reduction w/SPPO membranes; <20% redu< 'w/PBI & CA3 membrane; Lduction w/CA & CA-T i a o o o rH V r3 ) 5 I 3 71 ^ -1 1 v£> -( Q H ^__ TJ 3 •J C o o E-84 ------- 3 •H 4-1 £ o o I a w rj § H H H tn -H W 0 •" * o "" 0) (U to tn a) rH JS > W « rocess: f ication ft -H c 01 0 n3 •H rH 4-1 U (0 r-l 1 — 1 4J fd c u (D -H u e C 0) O A u u U-l 0) tn c o >. 3 1 > t/! M-l O to t --J 3 W (V P-* Study nf luent har. 1 MH M CJ 0 -0 C 0) O 4-> 01 H 0! O\| 4-1 03 >i ft 3 £-1 H ^-( O >,° oj TJ qj aj 3 a, Q 4-1 >i W EH £) r-t 0 •H e a) u 4-1 U U 3 3 TD • T3 0) 0) 0) )-i C M 13 df3 ^ rn X in • £ • O 0 O^ O^ £ S --i ft e a o o m O rH 0 ft 03 M 0) .c 4J W rH ^K, XI 4-1 OI H Q ~~^ O4 H W H 0 d C 1 C 00) O O -H S-\| H -H * O 4J ffl 4J O • rH O t> ft U IN ft 1 3 O 3V X z oi i o; •« u 3 V4 o O M v> C <> ft <#> C OEnO — WO a) fr •H 1 CO (U ^ ^ 1 4J O 1 C • 1 i < OOO fflCTtO EO 3 H \^? ^i 1 Csi Q) \ T3 1 a 03 E 3 <0 W •• g \ - 01 S 0) C CCU-HC OOroOOm 4J (C OO !MrH-H Lt (Ji O ^ rH CN A I 4-1 A 3 ,Q 1 1 S CQ U E CO 13 E COZES'aEUr.E Si ft o o ,— 1 ft J .4 y w rH £x, ^ J W H 1 H ]V] H -a 3 C -H 4J C o u E-85 ------- ! continued] «~i i TABLE _^ H H W rse Osmosi CU > CU w in 0) u 0 c o •H 4J nJ ^ 4J c CU 0 c o u E locarbons (0 I ation u •H t/3 in 10 •H O 1 — 1 <8 U -H E CU o T3 3 cn o c o •r-t 4-1 a -H M U UJ S U-l 0) a CO 4J c 1 o CJ jx, TJ jj cn 4-1 0 Results -M C 01 3 • rH ^ <-! <8 C 4= M U TJ 0) 4J 0) cn a (8 > S Ei >,O T3 (U 0 Oi 4J > cn EH .a •-I U •H g 0) x: u 18 . o 2 oo 1-1 U) c (8 M Q E 0) E M H CU 1 O O 1 g CU e < u 3 0 3% reducti • CTi ^ a a o in CN U! cn •H to a o o vD 4-1 (8 "O CU 4-1 (8 (U 0 H 1 O v^ 3 c o •H 4J U 3 TJ 0) CU f8 ^4 ^ "s O rH ca CU ^ ; 4- rt ^ CU a e, CU 4-> £ C brane . E 0) E a. m i CU (8 0 0 i-( .C U • rH S-l H •H u ------- T3 CU 3 •H JJ C o o H H M " tn •H tn 0 ^ Ern v«/ cn ^ O cn CU rH tn ta SH JJ co cu F ocess: ication )H i a 2 H H SH ~ U .x1- in T3 cu cu 3 ft Q JJ >. C/3 (H ja ] (0 o •rH E CU c CJ fl . o z co r- T3 CU JJ it) S^ i £ O rH CO O 0 n in Pi r\ ._ 200 hrs membrane . cu SH rH CU O > N O 10 'O £ "H 0 S JJ N O £ CU CU •r—i ,13 CU >l SH rH 0 co 3 ft SJ o \ O CN rH O—J 10 CN rrt • (Q cri ja ft in rH 04 m 3 H 3 0 H ~ U H 1 H 0 M ( CU 3 JJ cfl SH cu a E jj l cu H a 04 i o X^ 3 £ 0 O • •H rH ^ 1 ,_ U II 3 E T3 ft CU lH CSJ dP Ct f) C CTi £ a ft in rH <3- CO rH r- 1 O M M H CU CU C/3 A membr.ane u X. 3 £ 0 •H JJ 3 CU ^_) fjft CTI cn 1 ft •"3- cn O P4 CQ §" H ...: 3 -( ^ u H M M . tn jj c cu S o o i^ o IIH A membrane \| o \ 3 £ 0 JJ 3 ^ 0 m cn € ft rH O rH 1 O A membrane \| CJ \ 3 C 0 •H JJ o 3 CU df CN 0. ft ft in >£> 03 in A membrane CJ \ 3 £ C 4- c a dp rH m CO ft ft in CU cn £ a> s-i ft m CN rH CM m ^ 0) ft ft 0 H 1 vD H CJ H CO rH rH 1 O M M H CU CU C/3 membrane ] ^ CJ 3 C O •H JJ o 3 T3 0) dP 6 a m o P4 CQ _^ U ft ft o H M H . U. JJ c CD g 0 o SH 0 IJH A membrane \| u \ £ O •H JJ U 3 13 CU aft CO •sr cn ft O 1 A membrane CJ \ 3 £ O • H JJ O 3 T3 CU <#= cn A membrane \| O \ 3 £ O • H JJ U 3 t3 CU dP CN cn cn a a m VO CO , — 1 , tn jj i cu i § H Q H U CU SH CU 0 W MH 1 E 0) M &J o O4 • 1 rH CJ rH 3 <-3 £ O o •rH CO JJ II U E 3 ft T3 CU CS) CU iP £ O (0 0 SH rH .a I in CN rH O4 CQ £ 0 IH H 1 m H CJ H T3 0) 3 • H 4-1 C 0 u — - E-87 ------- CJ 3 4J O U w w M H M -^ 10 •H CO 0 ~ £ U to >— O CO CO rH CQ rO M -P CU CO > S S5 .. Process: ;if ication W C tn O it) •rH J-H -P U rd >-l rH JJ fD c u CO -H u E C CU O .C CJ U >1 3 p co U-l c o •H JJ a -H IM U CO CO Q f. IT CO Qj CO •p c CO 1 0 u 3 CO IP o cn JJ 3 cn Influent Char. T3 CO •P CO cn a us >t S EH ^,O 'O GJ 3 a •p >t tO EH 3 rtS O "E cu ,£ CJ 3 • O Z co rH a 4- ^* c 1 CU u g H £ H O H U CO M CO C W UH 1 £ E H W 0 04 • 1 rH CJ rH ^ ^ C O 0 • -H CO •p II U B 3 0 CO © M CO cf C O ft3 0 M "H & 1 a in CN rH 04 CQ T3 05 CU ^ M °^ M cc rH 1 O M M M CU CO to CO c (0 rM £ CO (^J u x^ 3 0 jj reduc dP in cn cn a m cn 0 04 CQ 3 ra CO ^ M M M CO JJ c Q) § c o o ^ 0 <4-4 CO c (0 M 1 E ^ CJ "\ ? c 0 •H JJ reduc dft CO r- cn 1 a rH i-H 1 O CO IT) )h\| E CO (^ CJ N^ 5 c o •H reduc cn cn CTv a a in 3 H CO c (T, Vi E a E 3 u ""X. 3 c c reduc d° CO [^ cn E a n cn CO CO 4J ^ G 1 CO H 1 H 0 H U CU M CO 0 CO <4H , E CO E H o< 1 u \ 3 C • O O •H •P 00 0 II T3 a cu of CO 00 C "^ V^ cn xi 1 a -4 CO 0 CO MH 1 E cu E H O4 1 U x^ ? 0 0 •H -P CO U II 3 ra t3 a CO r4 © CU VO C VO V4 cn & a a m CN rH 04 CQ (_) ^J H N M 1 c H CJ r H 1 E CO M O4 1 CJ \ 0 0 rH •H rH •P II u as 3 a •a CO © cu <> c O T3 C2 rH rH J3 a a in CM rH N H co ^. r-t \| U H M M CO CO CO ID J3 CO ^ CJ 3 C 0 •H JJ reduc <#> cn ^ cn 1 a cn o, CQ J H N M H M cn JJ cu c 0 0 ^ 0 U-l CO in cn cn a a co , — ^ T! 0) •H JJ C O U E-88 ------- cu 3 C •H 4J C o o W J § M H H s~ CO ^0 •H —* CO 0 to E 0. cu K c •• 0 CO -H CO 4-1 0) > 3 4J cn UH O C o •rH 4J a •rH rH U in Q U-l cu 04 CO 4J c cu 2 o u •^ T3 .p CO '[ 1 o CO Jj 1 to cu 04 4-1 C cu 3 • UH (8 C .C H O T3 CU 4-1 CU en a, 10 >i 3 EH >»,U T3 CU 3 a 4-1 >i CO EH A rH <8 U •r-l s cu CJ (0 . 0 z 03 rH 13 tn 01 CU -rH C en (0 ft . VH cu J3 0 rH £03 CU kO 4-1 E j_ 1 t H (8 a W A OH -O E i cu a. O 4-1 4-1 (8 ^ -M G CU 0 < ft 0 O 0 rH cu C 1 <0 E tH CU J3 £ £ CU H £ W cu gi 3 3 c c 0 0 •H -rH 4J 4-1 u u 3 3 cu cu M rH • cu df <> C O O 18 O O rH rH i-H J3 en 3 (N r-l CU 03 c •H ^ r0 i— 1 < M 1 ,_, M l"3 H CO rH • to 4-1 1-1 C i cu M £ H 0 H U CU rH CU 0 CO UH \| CU £ C I) (8 £ ^H XI M £ U CJ r-L\| S I < \ O 3 3 C O C -H O 4-1 •rH CJ -P 3 o -a 3 CU T3 >H CU rH CU co c <» • (8 ^ [^ rH a> cn ,Q In VJ1 3 CN O rH rH Cu 03 CU C H N (8 M 4-1 < H 1 (M H t^ H CO rH • CO 4J H C 1 CU H 0 H 0 CU M CU 0 W UH cu C (8 1 rH £ J3 cu £ E cu e H < Cu "4 3 C 0 C •H 0 4-1 -H U 4J 3 U T3 3 CU T3 rH CU df> CU CO # C • O (8 00 O )H CTl rH J3 CP 3 23 v° Cu CQ C m 4-J ft (8 CJ M 1 rri -1 ^ H CO r— I • CO , 4-> rH C 1 CU ^ B M 0 H O CU M CU O CO UH cu C 1 <8 £ k CU n g E CU H E W PH gi 3 3 G C 0 0 -H -H 4-1 4-J O U 3 3 13 tj CU CU k rH • cu <> G O 0 (8 O O rH rH rH A s 01 vO Cu 03 jj Q Q H 1 «, H rj H CO r-H • to 4-1 <-< c i cu H £ H 0 M O cu !H cu o W UH CU (8 £ rH CU •Q £ E CU H E td OH < 1 u u 3 ^ G C 0 0 •H -H -M 4-J U U 3 3 CU CU CU O O (8 O O rH S CM ""* Cu CQ EH Q Q H 1 H "} -< CO r-H • CO 4-> -1 C 1 CU M g M 0 H 0 C • O 18 CJ1 0 M CTl r-H J3 3. rH -} H 03 r-H , CO •-I C i cu ^ i M E H 0 M U Q> M CU 0 W UH M Oi CJ CJ ^ c o •H o • 3 CO T3 CD CU C in (8 jq 0 E o (H O1 0) 01 £ DI 3. O CO OH 03 1 M 0 r-l .C CU U t3 t8 -H •M X ft O cu cii a: cu H 1 H f~3 H 03 rH ( to 4-1 <-< c i cu M £ H 0 H U cu :-, cu o to UH cu G 1 <8 £ !H cu c CU H £ H CU < 1 CJ CJ 3 3 C C 0 0 •rH -H 4J 4J O O 3 3 'O 'O cu cu !H W t#> o(P Cl) m o c • . (8 ON O1 SH Oi Oi jQ CT> 3 O in Cu 03 CU C (8 13 H M 1 ° -1 ~3 -1 .— - -3 O •r-l 4-1 C O o — ' E-89 ------- T3 :ontinue u "™^ rH 1 H W cn S EH U) se Osmo ticides ,H tn cu cu ^ ft 0) OS c •• o CO "'H tn jJ 0) « 3 JJ cn UH O C o a -H i-l u in cu Q X UH CU c< CO 1 1 c cu o o ~ 13 JJ CO HH O JJ 3 1 jj C cu 3 • •H IH IH (0 C jC rH CJ CU JJ CO tn a 3 H ^,0 T3 CU 3 a jj > 5 rH «J O •rH E cu ,c fl . O 2 CO rH CO JJ •-I C 1 CU r} E H E H 0 H O CU M CU O W tH CU C 1 m E H cu XI E s CU M E W ft < 1 U O ^ 3 C C 0 0 •H -H JJ JJ o u 3 3 •O TJ CU CU • tfP rfP 0) r\j r» C • • (0 cn cn M cn cn X] cn a. CO to o ft CQ C 0 •rH j£ JJ (0 rH (C M 1 I"! M 1-5 M CO r-H tn jj 1—1 C i cu 1-3 § H E M 0 H O CU Vj CU O W IH rH W 1 O g 3 C o -H •P U 3 • cu cu IH C a <#> M vD _Q • E cn. cu cn E tji 3. ro rH cn ft CQ C 0 •H rH .fi >< JJ ^ fO J ^ cu (0 S ft M 1 21 M 1-3 M CO rH tn JJ '-' c 1 CU H O H U CU )H CU 0 w IH cu C 1 (0 E u cu XI E E 0) M E U ft U U 3 3 C C 0 0 •H -H -P JJ U O 3 3 'O 'O cu cu • <> <p cu cn co c • rfl 0s C"\ M cn cn XI cn 3. ^ S ft CQ £ 0 H f, JJ m (0 ft H 1 ^\ H CO rH tn ^ c 1 CU •^ i H E H 0 H U CU M CU 0 w IH 1 CU E c cu nS E M XI H £ W CU ft < \ O 3 3 C 0 C -H O -P •rH 0 •P 3 O T3 3 CU CU M Of CU vD C <# • ffl rvl CO W r- cn Xi cn 3. .^ ^ ft CQ X 0 C rO 05 H l-j1"* H CO rH tn jj -" c 1 CU M c H 0 M U cu u CU 0 W MH cu rO 1 !H E XI CU E E cu E H W ff A. O l 3 \ 3 0 C •H 0 •P -H . T! •3 O o 0 -P 3 O i tJ 3 CU T3 IH CU dP CU r- > c • O t^ cn o M cn rH xi cn a .^ n ft cu H rH m i^ 3 rH ^ H ^ ^ M 1 ^ M E-90 ------- -a 01 3 C •H 4J c 0 u H a fm^ M H H tn •rH tn ^~. 0 « S — tn O w rH 01 0 tn c in 0> ^ ft 0> c •• 0 tn -H 10 4-1 (U 10 D U O -H W MH ft -H c tn O (0 •H rH 4J CJ 03 4J (0 c u Ol -H U E C Q) O J3 u u 0) B; t/1 4-J 1 'O 44 CO 4-1 o tn 4-1 rH 3 tn 0) OS ' 4-1 >J c 73 0) 3 3 • 4J rH VH CO <4H (0 C £ «H M U 0 -0 C Ol o 44 o> •H tn D< 4J 10 >1 Q< 3 E-> •H U >>U tn 73 o> 0) 3 CU Q 4-1 >•* co H 43 1— { (0 O •H e 0) .C u ITJ . o z a 0"* , c o •H 4J o 3 0) S-l rfP ro . {Q \.Q £3 <& rH O C 0) 43 a o M 0 rH fj U 1 CN 1 rH H ^* H H O ^ tn •H w Q g w o 0) w H > O) ^ >1 JQ 0> rH frj ^ O e 0) ^ OS D 1) « H( o ^ J H .3 1 •* 1 (N H &4 M M O (T\ . C O •H JJ O 3 rrj 0) crf> 03 •"* ^ 3 Pi rH 0 ^ OJ M ft 1 ro H ^4 M H CO rH C 1 10 E rH 0) g 0) M E W ft \|5i c c 0 0 •H -H Ij L 1 U U 3 3 T3 73 0) (U « sK> df s 04 53 O o o 1, CQ iH O 5 1) ^ ft 1 ^f H 1^ M M ^ IT) rH . I — ~ -C en E > rn O -H 01 M C OJ M vO W 2 -^ 0 0) 4J 1 CU J-1 UH o >H 01 tn \ O • CS3 C T3 •• tn tn 10 tn • CUCCT Cutn M tn4-> £P O 1 >H 3 43 O) in •HO 0 E -H O ^3 4-J LO L^l V^ OJ C PH ro fl c^ r^ rO £ M P-I rH SH >, 10 3 1 3 •• •• X < 4J W o Q o) >i < tn UD V-l 4J •• ft CO 3 -H tn i c os •• • tn u rH(0-H^in •H rH ^ 0) SH X 10 i 0) C 0,4401 CCrHI rH •Hft 4S 01Ctn-H(OrH0440 4-> O4->0)MlOn3-PO) -H-H 10 4-1 r* tn f\| QJ O M 73 4-1 rH 4J v^io oJM^H44VHOJcnoio o (0 44 44 oi CJ o "i"") in o* 0 o SSMri44S'W4=V tn S Q 'H M H 44 (0 r-t 0) rH iP44 C M-0) C 0) U M O Pi "4H -H C T3 C ? X -H rH C 01 CTlOO 001X003 4JO£ ^X tn H U 3 'H &-< rH 3J 4J QJ 44 • U-l3i-H 44Q OlOOXOi-H C-HrHrHWCO] X U 3 MH^OM-l344lBOlM443 X wC rH rH CO -H (T3 W ,C 01 -H O rH 0) Pi 4n • 0) ~H 44MtnO^^-444XOi MH IN O\|(nG44H 0 0 U o £ c o tn oi rH U (U 10 » 0) 4-1 1 (0 -C 01 rH i-\| (0 rH 01 Qj >H 0 O O CO ft rH 0 ^ 0> 5 ft 1 IT) H ^ M H , — n (1) 3 c • H 4J c o (J E-91 ------- 0) 3 C 0 U w ~ H "•^ C -- 0 Q -H ^- JJ <0 CO SH O 4J -H rH 4J •H fl i\| \| g nj o SH >H [__1 (^ H 3 Process : sif ication C CO o , "0 JJ CO o c o •H 4J a • H ^J o CO CU Q f. CO c CU c o cj >1 m co 1. 1 0 CO JJ _ CO IX Influent Char. T3 CJ -P 0) en o< n3 ^ 2 EH ^,U T3 0) 3 a 4J >i CO EH 3 (0 O •H e cu x: u to . o z o rH • O rH £ VD Ifl a i i cji ft in 4-) ITJ CN CO M O O O CU O o •• o a o CN CU O rH r-l iH TD \ 3 cu cu in CO CO 4J r-H CD (0 CO to (0 • 5 CU g U rH M -H CO t/> • a -P u co r-H en C 0) W rH (0 0 CP 33 O 03 <4H SH • C en cu -H SH o Q > en o -H EH «s; a *-i -p J < cu co co ft O 1 r™i > 3 rH C 0) 0 0 •H C •P 0 u c 3 "O -^ CU 0) U SH • O CU o a c O -H rO EH rH SH rH P -H g 0 2 CU 00 •- g O a © rH a rH O II o o s (N EH Q, < CU co en ft 0 _j r^ ^Q r^ rH c cu o o "H C •P 0 u c T3 ~ cu cu )H M • 0 CU E~* rH M rH J3 crP -H E n 2 cu Q M M T1 CU 3 r^ •H JJ C o o '' E-92 ------- 13 0) 3 C •H 4J C o o I KL rf— ^ 5> H x~* § •H 4-1 — nj O M ^-^ 4J r-l 01 •H r-t 4^ (0 fl! 4-> M CU 4-J £ a c •• o Ul -H W 4J CU (3 CJ U 0 -H rj 4-1 0< -H q M O 03 q u CU -H U E C 0) O £ 0 0 4-1 cu X T3 3 W 4-1 q 0 H 4-> OH r-l U cn ° X U) 4J q 0) o u o 3 4-1 cn 4-1 O CO 4-1 2 CO £ 4J q (U 3 • H q x: H U -a (U 4J QJ CO OH (0 >, S t- ^,O T3 0) 3 Q< 4-> >, cn E-I •-H (0 0 •H 6 01 A U CO . 0 2 CT> in o G 0 U 4-1 q 0) 3 4-( 4-1 CU a OH CD 0 O e OH 5 O H °1 0 r-l CU OH 8- u 1 I-) > o H O M CT> in O 0 U 4J q cu 3 r-l 4-( 4-1 CU OH OH co O 1 OH CO rH H O, O o N > CJ5 M -9 CU 3 C -H 4-1 q o 0 E-93 ------- TJ (U 3 •H 4J C 0 CJ a «-s t^ Ht "•' 0 •H 4J id M jj rH -iH M-l id jj r-H 3 Process: c o •r-l 4J id >-l 4J c cu o O U - '£i "^ en i— i o c cu x: ;if ication Ul id rH u rH id u •H Q cu u M-l 0) K >1 13 3 4-> en U-l o c o 4J a •H M u in s CO 4J c cu o u ^ T) 3 4J en M-l o CO JJ rH 3 in cu I Influent Char. T3 CU 4J CU in a, id >i S & >V,O T3 CU 3 a 4-1 >, C/l EH A rH It U •rH E CU j^ O 0 2 IT) CM 4-1 M-l •a a o vX3 rH 1 O m »• CU N -rH W 4-1 id <#> m [•^ en id G 0 •H 4J 0 CU •n CU g •H X id S 1 O o rH 1 rH S-I O O CN \| O • • c 0 •H 4J id 3 Q * ^ 3 rH M-l Tl CU CO (d cu o C • r-t c 0 •r-l 4J O cu •r-i CU ^ .* O ^ X a M-l 0 U id cu . C71 •H CO Q 0 o O4 • • CO 3 CO co cu ^ ft 0) °T 4J u •H c o H 9 no CU CQ (d cu u c •iH X CQ id phenol , CO p! 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CN . cn p CN C 1 CD a E H E H 0 > 0 CO i-l cu o co 1 r"^ p H M 1 _ H Q > 0 cn CO r— ( id ,u •H 3 01 S cu rH id • P P D C id cu P rH X 0 i] 01 D « CU (U N ~ CU XI rH >l 2 J H H 1 (-5 H Q Zj > 0 cn CO ,_4 id 4J -H 3 0) 3 cu rH XI (d • -P P 0 C ro cu P rH X 0 U 01 D « 1 0 i-l o rH CO rC C CJ CU id N X C CU CO a xi H 1 H 03 0 cn 0) rH id jj •H •3 tfl 5 0) rH 10 ' P P CJ C id cu P rH X 0 ca cn p cc cu u N •« cu XI 0 M J H 12 H ' CM H Q M ^ CN . cn ^j CN C 1 CU Q S M £ M 0 > CJ CO M CO 0 co m c 0 •H CJ 3 TJ CO PI A M O _Q CO ^ cu -1 ^ J co M 1 H Q LJ > O cn CO 'rH id •H 3 cn 3 CO rH m • P P 0 C id cu ^ > P rH X 0 M cn o « cu ^ cu 3 rH 0 &•" M \| H Q rH > ^ CN ^ , CJ CU M CO 0 CO »J . c 0 -r-l u 3 0 cu rH Xl id P •H 3 01 5 CO rH XI rd • p p o c id cu n > 1 i _J X 0 Ed VI D « CU c 1 M •H -. i, C E-i " 1 •• ^y N j CN ° rH M "u M I H O Ij > CN , cn 4J n c 1 CU Q S 1^1 g M 0 > CJ CN J-s T) ' CU 3 C O 0 tn P 1 (U Q E H S H 0 > 0 CO rH CU 0 CO 4-1 c o •H u 3 T3 cu r.^ cn A H O (_-^ CO q cu r— \| X M 1 -t Q 2 > E-112 ------- >^ H H ^f C 0 •H — » U T3 ifl <1) i^ _< 2 4J w c x •— • a c n 0 c 0> u 4J H H fd 1 0 H w Cd C J •• O m CO -H 3 CO 4J £-* o> rtj o u 0 -H M W C en O rt) -H rH 4J CJ (0 S-l r-l 4J ITJ c u (U -H U g C 0) o x; u u U-l 0) cd CO c 0) 0 o >^ TD a 4J CO 0 CO rH 3 0) OS 4-> H c T3 CU 3 3 ' 4J ^ ^ co M-I a C -C UH M CJ 0 n c ,u CO T3 0) (1) 3 ft Q -U >, CO &H ja ,_^ fW u -H £ 01 -C CJ (0 . o 2 O O CU f^ 4J 0) (H rC 4J 0) >* 01 rH £> CU (0 G -U 0) U M (C C M 0) 4J J^ X Cd ^! p^ cs O CU ^4 JfcH 0 4J rH Cd CJ rH ( 1 £1 CO JZ •H 4J ja cu j H 1 , r H W ^ h > 0 G^ (-1 . H 0, G O Oi 01 W O rG H CO 4-1 a -H w H Cd ^ > ^-» T^ HI 3 4J C 0 0 E-113 ------- T3 0) 3 C •H 4-1 C o o Ed § M Solvent Extraction (V] • Halocarbons (F) c •• o tn -H tn 4-> 0) n 0 0 O -H ^ <4-i Ol -rH rft C tfl O 10 •H r-l 4J U Vl rH 4-1 10 G O 0) -, T3 3 4J cn c o •H a •H >-l 0 tn (D Q 4J c 01 3 • rH M IW (0 C A M O T3 0) 4-1 Q) tn a S E-i >^O T3 OJ 3 Q, jj ^ w e« Chemical in . 0 z o en w O Soluble in most organi OS 1 0 rH £0) uc •HIT) •OC O4-1 §1 HO CQH M Ir-t M fa O en tn O Soluble in most organi 3 ^ ^ Bromomethane t -t J CM -I fa CN .— -. i ^5 rH ° (C C M i .2 ^ o ^ 3 4J " 3 •H -H yj. 4-1 >-4 tn M O 0 3 rH 0 i-l 0 4J c ,c n c o O O 01 , 4J X rj 4J X (0 0) 4J 0 0 S .C X (0 0) rH 01 4J 0) in .C CJ X N 3 j j 3 V-i 0 •H 1 -k ' TJ< O in o Soluble in most organi 3 •« 0) i! rH J 0) 3 3 o H j in H fa 0 en tn o Soluble in most organic p ^ O) Chloromethan rH 1 VD > 0 (Ti Extractable w/organics ethers and alcohols. D 4 O Dlbromochlor methane — i jr~ HQ.4 r^ 0 en Extractable w/organics ethers and alcohols. 1 D ^ 0) Dichlorodi- fluorometham ~\ J CO l_l Ltj —1 I— t 0 CTl C IB Extractable w/alcohols aromatics. 1 i D H 1 ,1-Dichloro ethane H i, w > 'C- 0) 3 C •H 4-1 O O """* E-114 ------- TJ CU 3 C •H JJ C 0 u I — H H C o — •H fa -P — U io tn •P O w "S (0 JJ O C 0 0) rH > ro rH B o c •• o CO -H tn .P 0) (0 u u 0 -H a< -H CO C CO O iO -H r-H -P U (0 M rH -P (0 C U 01 -H u e C 0) o x: u u U-l 0) a; >J 'O 3 JJ cn UH C 0 •rH JJ a •H r-l O in 0) Q X CO JJ QJ O ^ •O 3 JJ W MH O CO -p rH 3 (U CM JJ C 0) 3 • rH t\| iu ro c x: M U -a QJ JJ 0) co a (0 ^i 3: £•• >>O 'C OJ D CL JJ >! cn E-i 5 rH ro O •H QJ U « . O Z 0 ON T3 C (0 Icohols rO X 11) rH • X! CO rO O 1 1 .^J U JJ (0 (0 i e Sr4 Ij w in 1 T3 >H 0) 0) 1 rH 0) ,y O •• iH 3 X M P> 0) 3 T3 4J C >, -P rfl O -H XI (0 3 •rH (1) d) •p c CM w jj u c — -P w rfl 3 U C rfl >H "H 1 0) 3 JJ o > X >1 -.rH O a> M u o -P o cn C rfl c C rfl C XI > -H rH a 0) rH -H JJ 0 0) CO rfl O <« cn co o u tn M 1 JJ • c O 0 0) rH 0) O cn MH . 0 • H JJ U 3 T3 (1) rji CTl A 2 "V T O o in rH M u J 0 H C 0 (U rH rH J JG H JJ Q 0) H \| CM H fa rH 0 CTi * Icohols thers. rfl 0 t tn u organi JJ CO i •rH 0) rH 3 rH 0 a ^ 0) ™ i j ; ' 5 3 H 1 1 1 I LT> 1 fij rH O ^ CO u organi _p CO c CJ rH D ,_.] w 0 ^ o H O rH J 0) H C Q (0 a H a H 1 ^> H fa H ^ O t tn o organii jj to G fll ^ ^3 3 "o cn ^ 3 3 rH 0) 3 4) H rH Q >1 a •N O H a H 1 <~~ H fa ^ > T3 . 0) 3 C -P C O o E-115 ------- ^ CD 3 C -H 4J 0 U ' ' 1 u rj CO ^ EH 4J — U IB cn -P O X XI fB -P U c o CD t— 1 > IB 0 C •• 0 tn -H U! 4-1 H r-H 4J IB C. U CD -H U E C 1 T3 3 -P U2 UH C O •H -P a •rH U tn 0) Q I U-l CU DZ. tn 4J £ CD 2 o •^ rn y "{ C/3 UH 0 m UJ 4J r-H 3 rn UJ CD CX 4J C 0) 3 • r— 1 SH UH rO C -C M O CU 4-) i S E-< j^U T3 CD 3 a 4J >, W EH 1 rH IB o •H E CD r* U 3 4J C \ -H U C o O 0 IB 3 — < tn 4J rH UH CJ •P C -P 0 X >i O G -H 0) SH X> O H > (B 4J 4J C (B rH SH C (B CO O 0 cu SH tn o tn .H > IB 0 rH CD r-H a SH T3 •-! 4J O 0) CD >i •• (B to tn M x: r~ 3 c ( Q „£) • M O (C C U O 0 O 1M 'O • -p >i e CD d 3 CN UH CJ UH 1 rH — < i 0) O C -P (D -v c tn £ CD o a 3 SH a UH CD UH « rH CD E p^ a ro M to «. ] "] CD T3 •rH SH O r— i -C u rH I>^ r~; 4J W M 1 03 M fa rH > 1 r- CN • W -P c CD o CJ tH o U-l ro 1 fa H M ^ CD CD W * C O 4J u 3 T) CD M cW3 rH CN a a o ^ VO rH M U •h ^q G •H SH TJ CU N C .C QJ O rH rH >i 0 4J X! W O M 1 O> -H fa rH > in Oi • in 4J G CD 0 O ^ 0 UH Oi 1 fa H H ^ 0) cu w 1 1 0 0 in in T3 • i 6 "X ."< C^ a G l JS X O 4J -rH W Q rH 1 O -1 fa CN > in Oi T) 1 iic; T3 I U] -rH (B ID 1 CU CN < CU Ui SH 'OC C- rOOUHUO CU-H cBCN SH-PCJOO Q G g.C'OC O Cnca •H tn a 4-1 ' — 1 CD -P CD fB ^ 4J C focacu »CU3 m tn -H n3 C XI OSn XISHUHi>roO3SH O SH Ln o £ 4J 4J G fB ^/^ rH a) O fB ro rH pi . a) ^ -fH ,C rH O ^ CJIXiaOcU UHCflCO (HOOU SH EOO3-HO QJrHro-Hr~OCa4J C CD n3X)tT4JrHX:E t3tnn3O 3 CIIU\OCCDro\-HiBOi-l4-l S 0 UrHfB4Jin 34J4J4J<«--H U j- '5 1 0 « O rH -H 2 -, .. 4J 4J M U m c u -P CD 3 C 4J > T3 CD • ro i-H CD > C 0 SH —i 0 -U tn O -H C OP cn 4J CD o o\ O > 4J csi 4J rB -H Q its < Cn O 4J SH vO ^T • O ro CO <3) 1 C r-H VD -rH i E r~ £ CN Q< CM r— 1 H u A. 0) ^3 CD -H C SH CD O rH rH >l X! £ O 4-1 -H Cd Q M I r-H H fa CN > O , tn u •H c (B ^ 0 4-1 •Jj 0 £-1 •H CD rH X) 3 rH o W 3 OH 1 0 SH 0) 0 C rH CD X! -H O TD fB fB X -P CU 3 E X! M I CN H fa CN > O cn ~ T! CU 3 C -H 4J C O u ^ W u •H 4J (B w c SH 0 CU IB 4J \ CD T3 CD C rH fB X) ------- 13 CU 3 C •H JJ C O rH I H a j CQ ^^ H Solvent Extraction (VI : Halocarbons (P) c •• o en -H w .p cu ra u u o -H CU -H CO c tn O fO -— * f-H -^ O .T3 E! --i -' s -i L> ~ r^-i •Z cj 4H 0) a en -p c cu g 6 s^ Results of Studj 4>J >.i c; TD CU 3 3 • W £ fO c x: 4H M U 0H°~t C QJ C +J 1) 1 •H en a -p ro >i a 2 H U IN0 10 ts m cu 3 a Q P >, ja r— I (0 u •rt 0) U ra . 0 tn en tn •P en c 1 CU fa e n E M O > 0 CU M CU 0 10 4-1 c • •H 4J C • U CU SH 0) 0 to MH c Q \| Q ^ . rd • Kerosene effluent cone 2 pp..-,; r10-G12 hydroc i eff heat cone. - 1 ppm f" r\ ^ ^ 1 -i i hi fJQ N ij 1 0 >H CU O C -H CU fi rH U >i M £ 0) -P i cu H i in H t, CN > m en en 4J en c 1 U cu M CU 0 CO 4H C 1 O Q • M • c u a o o a U M i j ^^ c x; i 3 o en » en Ext , actable w/aromatic •-LC hols; and ethers. i D Qi 1 rO M 0) •P C 0 ro EH £ 1 -P fN CD - O "N r>-j - O H rH * r^ -H 0 H i r- H fci CN 0 en . en u •H C r3 CT> M o 4-1 en O C -H 0) tn D « 1 O O H CU c c o cu (0 rH M >i P £ cu -P =H CD -1 1 CO H fa CN > O en . en o •H C rO O> W 0 4-1 en i c •H CU rH rH O OS I 0 )H O rH -G O 0 C rfl rrj 4J P cu cu H E H i en H En CN o en . en u •H C rO DI M 0 4J en 0 •H 0) rH rH 0 3 ^ i r. K 4J O E C o ; n r-i M H H 1 O H fjL, OO > in en en 4J en c 1 CU M E M O > 0 eu i-i cu o CO 4H c 1 O • u . I erouene effluent cone 2 ppm; CiQ-C\2 hydroca: effluent cone. - 1 ppm a in H 03 •j 1 Z- C1 1 u H r H H 1 rH H Cu oo t > : o en rrt c rO Llxtractable w/alcohols aromatics. .-i ^ " ' , o —4 r: u H u eu — i c "i ro H ,C H 0) - O H M H 1 CN H Cn 00 > o en ^ in 1 xl.ractable w/aromatic; methanol and ethers. —j -^ ""* i o ,- Q H M 0) rO "N .C •H CJ » O •H JH H 1 ro H fa m > T3 CU 3 C •H 4J C O o E-117 ------- 0) C •H 4J O O S 03 ^t H H ••-' C o .— •H Cn 4J — - 0 03 lfl 'H rn 0 cn c •• 0 U) -rl CO 4-> CO (0 o u O -H 0, -H C/l c tn O 0 •H rH 4J CJ <0 SH rH 4J (0 C U CU -rl 0 £ c cu 0 .C 0 0 01 06 >i 3 4J cn <4H O C o 4J a SH U tn CU Q S. cn cu O U T3 3 4-« cn MH O in 4J rH 3 tn cu K 4-» c cu 3 • rH SH M-i rQ C £ M CJ 13 CU 4-1 0) tn a (0 > S EH ^S^ TD O 2 P\| 4-1 >, cn EH 3 f~j CJ E U (0 . 2 LO cn tn 1 CU fa I KH ^ H 0 > U cu SH CU 0 cn MH c Q \| jj ' M ' O <0 E c u a o o a O SH T3 '•f 4J ^ C A \ CU 3 CM • rH rH U MH CJ C MH 1 O CU o O CU U 4J C C cu .- cu w e 3 O a rH •H a M-t CU MH X ^D CU a a ^* fN M CO hj 1 0 M CU 0 C rH CU U >! 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JJ u c • 3 -H JJ T3 CO C CU CU CU rH rH > rH <> e o o o cn 0 rH X XI a o o cu T ^ CQ cu c cy V-l ^ CU r-. 2 X T1 111 3 c •H JJ c o CJ "— E-201 ------- T3 CU C •H 4J C o o EL) ^ X "™" CO rj cu TJ w cn 3 — O CJ aj — • c 18 CO rH rH rH (8 CU -U O CU co S •H S c .. o M -H CO -U CU (0 CJ CJ O -H Vl M-l ft -H C CO O •H rH 4-1 O 10 Vl rH -U (8 C O CU -H U E c cu O A 0 0 <-! >1 3 -U CO U-l C o •i-l •p ft •rH VI 0 CO cu Q S. cn 4J c g o CJ >, •o 3 cn 4H 0 CO •U 2 cn cu « c cu 3 • rH Vl <4-l ft d Si W U •o (J) 4J CU W ft <8 >"i 2 H ^CJ T3 01 3 ft •U >i CO EH } rH m O •H £ XT CJ (0 . o z o CTi • "0 cu Ul 3 ^1 0 rH rH (8 c o CJ •rH rH •H CO g ft ft 0 • rH M-l o • o c 0 CJ • •U T3 C CU CO > 3 CU i-H -H <H £ <4H U W (8 ft ft m CN D rt o •H c O c cu 0) > 3 CU rH -H HH ff, <H U H (8 E ft ft If) CM D « S 3 H E ry i^ CJ H 1 ^ M CJ X O cn TJ cu cn 3 rH •H 0 CO >1 18 rH U A cn •H S • rH (8 > O £ cu Vl tff? o o rH S ft ft o o m D « E 3 H E O Vl £ CJ M 1 m H CJ x; 0 cn 73 cu CO 3 rH •rl 0 CO >, (8 rH CJ J3 cn •H X • i-H 10 > 0 E CU Vl <> o o rH E ft ft o o m 3 a ^ CU ft ft 0 CJ H 1 " H CJ V O cn • TJ CU CO 3 ^, O rH rH (8 C 0 u •H rH •r) CO £ ft ft O • rH UH 0 • O c 0 u . 4J T3 C CU CU > 3 CU i-H -H <H J! tH CJ W <8 E ft ft (N a K ^4 CU ft ft 0 CJ M I ^ H CJ X o cn ^ Vl nj q T3 O 0 3 •O CU Vl T3 C • 3 -0 O CU Vl V) CJ 3 rH \ cn E o • in V V4-I O . rH 'Q rd 0) 3 > 73 a) •rH -fH cn x: cu o a; ro D a: t3 (0 0) ,4 M I ^ M CJ X 0 cn • rQ 0) W 3 Di 0 rH rH t8 C 0 u •H rH •rl CO g ft ft o • rH IM O • a c o u . 4-1 T3 C CU CU > 3 CU rH -H <4H A 4-1 O U rO E ft ft in CM D a; TD 18 CU J M 1 ^ H CJ X O . •o cu W 3 J>^ 0. i-H rH (8 C 0 O •rl rH •r( CO & ft ft o i-H \±4 O . CJ c • O T3 U CU rH CU <8 -rH C A •H O fa 18 E ft ft in CN D a >i SH 3 U Vl cu S M 1 °° O cn w (8 rH cn 0 (0 u (JS . (Sjrrj O CU •H cn cn 3 O 4-1 TJ CU O 3 T3 CU Vi , O C 0 • U J3 ft rH ft C rH •H fa O £ ft ft o rH D f£ U C H tS3 M 1 <* M CJ M CJ TJ cu 3 C •^ O O — " x 1 x E-202 ------- CU 3 C C o o I W i-l 1 H — H cn H rH X Sh — fi 1 &i 3« £•* JH o >,° W T3 CO CU 3 04 Q 4J >, XI nj O •>H § .C O fl • O 2 ^ in ^ cu e i -H 3 T3 \ 0 3 rH C «H o x •H i—l rn I 1 I Uj 4—1 ** 3 U IT] 0 3 1 S-l H 01 CJ CU ^1 ^ 3 0) ro 3 M * 3 +1 rH >l G 0 ir> •iH PH ro C T3 0 • 0) P 0,^ O -H O 3 sz tn 'O O T! CU (0 M 0 i^3 CU (y n \ O t> r-1 j3 0< OH Ul CN 1 i— 1 S CJ ^ in rH rl O i— 1 O CJ CN O rH < 1-3 H 1 rH H M X I O -P cn JH SH T3 fO S •H O rH PL, O O CU rH r{ CO i— ( res £-( • CO fO 3 T3 CU U T3 0 G U -H -rH -p 3 O g > O >H cu -H cn CU CU-C 13 C E U C -H O C -H T3 O O CU M -H x: x; o ,-< 4J 4J O O fcj (0 to O O in O 0) (0 •rl -P -P S G >H >i cu cu cn o H X! 0 C 4H rH O G -H (0 O 'O SH M rH U C CU (U (0 O J3 C 3 CU Cu E CU 'O X3 C/3 3 0^ •H 4J CU C •H O >H CU CU T3 -P O 3 'U C 0 CT M •H OJ -H O 'O r^ G x; c 1 rH t3 5 fO 0 3 CU 0 -P -P -H -H cn > £ T3 CU CU CU H 05 X! T3 CU CU U C 4J rH CU 0) CU (0 M • cn cu cn S CU T3 OS CU JT* f^J C^ G C CU • rH SH (U 03 CU C ««J Mi 03 4J CU C G SH cu O 4J CU TD H o x; cu SH Cu 4J rH CU CU rH G rH 4H S rH O CU tO O O (0 IH CP rH rH -P O 4J cu cu u w cn c SH > rH cu O cn O O 3 rH SH "C cn i— i o 03 E O 4-i CU M fr i rj f) J.J 1 1 Q SHCU cu Gcncuosz SH T3 x; XI -H x! SH CUC 4J O4->r-H4-)Or2 4H 3 4-J G rH O 0 O CU CO n3O3cnrSr-f SHTJ CU CQCJfarHr^pLl CU C Q 3 -H 1 1 1 1 1 1 X O SH (UCu O fflOfaHr4!2 O £ cn GO CU HO Q . O E-203 ------- • • -~N TJ 0) 3 C -H -P C O u v- • CO 0) -p o C 4J O 0 CM ater used in the referenced study 5 CD 41 CO to > M-l O CU cu £k, 4J CD r; -P CO CD A •H S-l O CO CD Q • t3 rH rH -H a M CO CD M cu -p 03 > 0) -p CO (0 5 O •rH 4J CO d) s o Q 1 Q rH <0 -H ^ 0) .p (0 s CO 3 O t3 ^ m N US EC 1 EC 41 (0 5 Q) 4J CO id S rH 10 •H J_l 4J CO 3 T3 C M 1 H solute in a solvent) 0) C O 13 C 3 M O 0) p, 4J g (0 0 5 5-1 0) 0) M £> 3 -H 1 1 Dj OH M CD +J to ? S .p CO rd ? O •H 4J ------- REFERENCES TO TABLE E-l 1. Anderson, G.L., Bair, W.G., and J.A. Hudziak. Ultrafil- tration for Coal Gasification Plants. Chemical Engine'er- ing Progress, 74(8):66-72, 1978. 2. Anderson, R.K., Nystron, J.M., McDonnell, R.P., and B.W. Stevens. Explosives Removal from Munitions Wastewater. 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US EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1979. 22. Contos, G., Durfee, R.L., Hackman, E.E., and K. Price. Assessment of Wastewater Management, Treatment Technology, and Associated Costs for Abatement of PCS's Concentrations in Industrial Effluents. EPA 560/6-76-006, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 1976. 227 pp. 23. Crook, E.H., McDonnell, R.P., and J.T. McNulty. Removal and Recovery of Phenols from Industrial Waste Effluents with Amberlite XAD Polymeric Adsorbents. I & EC Product Research and Development. 14:113, 1975. 24. Davis, H.J., Model, F.S., and J.R. Leal. FBI Reverse Os- mosis Membrane for Chromium Plating Rinse Water. EPA- 600/2-78-040, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978. 28 pp. 25. Dence, C.W., Wang, C.J., and P.R. Durkin. Toxicity Reduc- tion Through Chemical and Biological Modification of Spent Pulp Bleaching Liquors. EPA Project R 804779, Preliminary Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 26. 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Fochtman, E.G./and R.A. Dobbs. Adsorption of Carcinogenic Compounds by Activated Carbon. US EPA, MERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. 32. Fox, C.R. Toxic Organic Removal from Waste Waters with Polymeric Adsorbent Resins. Presentation at 86th National American Institute of Chemical Engineers Meeting, Houston, Texas, 1979. 33. Fox, C.R. Plant Uses Prove Phenol Recovery with Resins. Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 269-273, November, 1978. 34. Gehr, R. /and J.G. Henry. Measuring and Predicting Flota- tion Performance. Journal Water Pollution Control Federa- tion, 50 (2) .-203-215, 1978. 35. Giusti, D.M., Conway, R.A., and C.T. Lawson. Activated Carbon Adsorption of Petrochemicals. Journal Water Pollu- tion Control Federation, 46 (5) :947-965, 1974. 36. Givens, D.P. /and L.D. Lash. What to Look for in Granular Media Filters. Chemical Engineering Progress, 74(12):50-54, 1978. 37. Gurvitch, M.M. Description of an Advanced Treatment Plant to Produce Recycle Water at a Chemical R & D Facility. 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1979. 38. Hager, D.G. Waste Water Treatment Via Activated Carbon. Chemical Engineering Progress, 72(10):57-60, 1976. 39. Hannah, S.A., Jelus, M., and J.M. Cohen. Removal of Un- common Trace Metals by Physical and Chemical Treatment Processes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 49(11):2297-2309, 1977. 40. Heck, R.P. II. Munitions Plant Uses Adsorption in Waste- water Treatment. Industrial Wastes, pp. 35-39, March/April 1978. 41. Helsel, R.W. A New Process for Recovering Acetic Acid from Dilute Aqueous Waste Streams. In: Proceedings of the 31st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 1059-1067. 42. Hewes, C.G., Smith, W.H., and R.R. Davison. Comparative Anaylsis of Solvent Extraction and Stripping in Wastewater Treatment. Water - 1974, 70 (144):54-60, 1974. E-208 ------- 43. Huang, J.C.,and J.T. Garrett Jr. Effects of Colloidal Materials and Polyelectrolytes on Carbon Adsorption in Aqueous Solution. In: Proceedings of the 30th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1975. pp. 1111-1121. 44. Huang, J.C.,and C.T. Steffans. Competitive Adsorption of Organic Materials by Activated Carbon. In: Proceedings 31st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 107-121. 45. Huang, C.P.,and M.H. Wu. Chromium Removal by Carbon Ad- sorption. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 47(10) .-2437-2446, 1975. 46. Isacoff, E.G.,and J.A. Bittner. Resin Adsorbent Takes on Chlororganics from Well Water. Water and Sewage Works, 126 (8) :41-42, 1979. 47. Jones, M.L. Jr. Techniques for Qualitative Economic Com- parison of Reverse Osmosis Membranes. Water - 1975, 71(151):145-152, 1975. 48. Jordan, Edward C. Co. Inc. Literature Review, Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Wastewater. EPA Project No. 68-03-2605, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979. 49. Kennedy, D.C. Treatment of Effluent from Manufacture of Chlorinated Pesticides with a Synthetic, Polymeric Adsor- bent, Amberlite XAD-4. Environmental Science and Tech- nology, 7(2) :138-141, 1973. 50. Kennedy, D.C., Kimler, M.A., and C.A. Hammer. Functional Design of a Zero Discharge Wastewater Treatment System for the National Center for Toxicological Research. In: Pro- ceedings of the 31st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 823-830. 51. Kessick, M.A., Characklis, W.G., and W. Elvey. Treatment of Wastewater from Torpedo Refueling Facilities. In: Pro- ceedings 32nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue Univer- sity, Lafayette, Indiana, 1977. pp. 442-449. 52. Kim, B.R., Snoeyink, V.L., and F.M. Saunders. Adsorption of Organic Compounds by Synthetic Resins. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 48 (1) :120-133, 1976. E-209 ------- 53. Kim, B.R., Snoeyink, V.L., and R.A. Schmitz. Removal of Dichloramine and Ammonia by Granular Carbon. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 50 (1):122-133, 1978. 54. Klemetson, S.L.,and M.D. Scharbow. Removal of Phenolic Compounds in Coal Gasification Wastewaters Using a Dynamic Membrane Filtration Process. In: Proceedings 32nd Indus- trial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1977. pp. 786-796. 55. Klinkowski, P.R. Ultrafiltration: An Emerging Unit-Opera- tion. Chemical Engineering, 85 (11) :165-173, 1978. 56. Kimke, G.W., Hall, J.F., and R.W. Oeben. Conversion to Activated Sludge at Union Carbide's Institute Plant. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 40(8):1408-1422 1968. 57. Lawrence, J.,and H.M. Tosine. Adsorption of Polychlori- nated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solutions and Sewage. Environmental Science and Technology, 10 (4):381-383, 1976. 58. Leipzig, N.A.,and M.R. Hockenbury. Powdered Activated Carbon/Activated Sludge Treatment of Chemical Production Wastewaters. In: Proceedings 34th Industrial Waste Con- ference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1979. 59. Lopez, C.X.,and R. Johnston. Industrial Wastewater Re- cycling with Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis. In: Proceedings 32nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue Uni- versity, Lafayette, Indiana, 1977. pp. 81-91. 60. Luther, P.A., Kennedy, D.C., E. Edgerley Jr. Treatability and Functional Design of a Physical-Chemical Wastewater Treatment System for a Printing and Photodeveloping Plant. In: Proceedings 31st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 816-884. 61. Luthy, R.G., Selleck, R.E., and T.R. Galloway. Removal of Emulsified Oil with Organic Coagulants and Dissolved Air Flotation. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 50(2):331-346, 1978. 62. Markind, J., Neri, J.S., and R.R. Stana. Use of Reverse Osmosis for Concentrating Waste-Soluble Oil Coolants. Water - 1975, 71 (151):70-75, 1975. 63. Maruyama, T., Hannah, S.A., and J. M. Cohen. Metal Remov- al by Physical and Chemical Treatment Processes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 47 (5) : 962-975, 1975. E-210 ------- 64. McCarty, P.L., Reinhard, M., Dolce, C., Nguyen, H.,and D.G. Argo. Water Factory 21: Reclaimed Water, Volatile Organics, Virus, and Treatment Performance. EPA-600/2-78-076, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978. 100 pp. 65. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, US EPA. Sur- vey of Two Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants for Toxic Substances. Cincinnati, Ohio. March 1977. 66. Nathan, M.F. Choosing a Process for Chloride Removal. Chemical Engineering, 85(3):93, 1978. 67. Naylor, L.M.,and R.R. Dague. Simulation of Lead Removal by Chemical Treatment. Journal American Water Works Association, 67 (10) : 560-565, 1975. 68. Neufeld, R.D.,and P. Yodnane. Enhanced Wastewater Purifi- cation via the Addition of Granular Coals and Chars to Activated Sludge. Journal Water Pollution Control Federa- tion, 50 (3) :559-568, 1978. 69 Ng, K.S., Mueller, J.C., and C.C. Walden. Foam Separation for Detoxification of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 48 (3) : 458-472, 1976. 70. Ott, C., Gingras, R., and R. Litman. Removal of Chromium from Wastewater Using Activated Carbon. In: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 177th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1979. pp. 708-709. 71. Pajak, A.P., Martin, E.J., Brinsko,G.A., and F.J. Erny. Effect of Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment Processes, EPA-600/2-77-239, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. 202 pp. 72. Pilie, R.J., Baier, R.E., Ziegler, R.C., Leonard, R.P., Michalovic, J.G., Pek, S.L., and D.H. Bock. Methods to Treat, Control,and Monitor Spilled Hazardous Materials. EPA-670/2-75-042. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 138 pp. 73. Ramirez, E.R. Comparative Physio-Chemical Study of Indus- trial Waste Water Treatment by Electrolytic, Dispersed Air, and Dissolved Air Flotation Technologies. In: Proceedings 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1979. E-211 ------- 74. Ramirez, E.R., Barber, L.K., and O.A. Clemens. Physio- chemical Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagu- lation. In: Proceedings 32nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1977. pp.183-188. 75. Reismers, R.S., Englande, A.J., and H.B. Miles. A Quick Method for Evaluating the Suitability of Activated Carbon Adsorption for Wastewaters. In: Proceedings 31st Indus- trial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 395-407. 76. Sandhu, S.S.,and P. Nelson, Concentration and Separation of Arsenic from Polluted Aqueous Samples by Ion Exchange. In: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 177th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Honolulu, Hawaii 1979. 77. Schulte, G.R., Hoehn, R.C., and C.W. Randall. The Treat- ability of a Munitions-Manufacturing Waste with Activated Carbon. In: Proceedings 28th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1973. pp. 150-162. 78. Sigworth, E.A.,and S.B. Smith. Adsorption of Inorganic Compounds by Activated Carbon. Journal American Water Works Association, 64 (6) :386-391, 1972. 79. Slejko, F.L.,and G.F. Meigs. Economic Analysis of Employ- ing Ambersorb XE-340 Carbonaceous Adsorbent in Trace Organics Removal from Drinking Water. In: Proceedings 176th National Meeting American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, 1978. 80. Snyder, D.D., and R.A. Willihnganz. A New Electrochemical Process for Treating Spent Emulsions. In: Proceedings 31st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1976. pp. 782-791. 81. SCS Engineers. Selected Biodegradation Techniques for Treatment and/or Ultimate Disposal of Organic Material. EPA-600/2-79-006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979. 377 pp. 82. Sorg, T.J., Csanady, Mihaly, and G.S. Logsdon. Treat- ment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics. Part 3. Journal American Water Works Association, 70:12, 680, 1978. 83. Sorg, T.J., and G.S. Logsdon. Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics. Part 2. Journal American Water Works E-212 ------- Association, 70(7):379, 1978. 84. Steiner, J.L., Bennett, G.F., Mohler, E.F., and L.T. Clere. Air Flotation Treatment of Refinery Waste Water. Chemical Engineering Progress, 74(12):39-45, 1978. 85. Suler, D. Composting Hazardous Industrial Wastes. Compost Science/Land Utilization, 20(4):25-27, 1979. 86. Swedes, R.G. Jr. Report on Carbon Adsorption Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater at Rocky Mountain Arsenal, De- partment of Army, 1977-781-590/139, 1977. 87. Thiem, L., Badorek, D., and J.T. O'Connor. Removal of Mercury from Drinking Water Using Activated Carbon. Journal American Water Works Association, 68 (8) :447-451, 1976. 88. Volesky, B.> Czornyj, N., Constantine, T.A., Zajic, J.E., and K. Ya. Model Treatability Study of Refinery Phenolic Wastewater. Water - 1974, 70(144):31-38, 1974. 89. Wahl, J.R., Hayes, T.C., Kleper, M.H., and S.D. Pinto. Ultrafiltration for Today's Oily Wastewaters: A Survey of Current Ultrafiltration Systems. In: Proceedings 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1979. 90. Dryden, F.E., Mayes, J.H., Planchet, R.J., andC.H. Woodard Priority Pollutant Treatability Review. EPA Contract No. 68-03-2579, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978. 91. Westrick, J.J., and J.M. Cohen. Comparative Effects of Chemical Pretreatment on Carbon Adsorption. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 48 (2) :323-338, 1976. 92. Wilkinson, R.R., Kelso, G.L., and F.C. Hopkins. State-of- the-Art Report, Pesticide Disposal Research. EPA-600/2-78-183, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978. 247 pp. 93. Zahka, J., and L. Mir. Ultraf iltration of Latex Emulsions. Chemical Engineering Progress, 72(12):53-55, 1977. 94. Zogorski, J.S., and S.D. Faust. Removing Phenols via Activated Carbon. Chemical Engineering Progress, 73(5):65-66, 1977. E-213 ------- 95. Coco, J.H., e±. alT Development of Treatment and Control Technology for Refractory Petrochemical Wastes. EPA-600/2-79-080, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, 1979. 236 pp. 96. Chan, P.C., Dresnack, R., Liskowitz, J.W., Perna, A., and R. Trattner. Sorbents for Fluoride, Metal Finishing, and Petroleum Sludge Leachate Contaminant Control. EPA-600/2-78-024, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978. 94 pp. 97. Chian, E.S.K. , and F.B. DeWalle. Evaluation of Leachate Treatment, Volume II: Biological and Physical Chemical Process. EPA-600/2-77-186b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. 265 pp. 98. Chian, E.S.K., and F.B. DeWalle. Evaluation of Leachate Treatment, Volume 1: Characterization of Leachate. EPA-600/2-77-186a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. 226 pp. 99. Lund, H.F. Industrial Pollution Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 1971. 100. Bess, F.D., and R.A. Conway. Aerated Stabilization of Synthetic Organic Chemical Wastes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 38(6):939-956, 1966. 101. Kumke, G.W. , e_t al. Conversion to Activated Sludge at Union Carbide's Institute Plant. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 40 (8) :1408-1422, 1968. 102. Manufacturing Chemists Association. The Effects of Chlo- rination on Selected Organic Chemicals. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12020 EXG-03/72, March 1972. 103. Placak, O.R., and C.C. Ruchhoft. Studies of Sewage Puri- fication, XVII: The Utilization of Organic Substrates by Activated Sludge. Sewage Works Journal, 19(3):440, 1947. 104. Dickerson, B.W., e_t al. Further Operating Experiences in Biological Purification of Formaldehyde Wastes. In: Pro- ceedings 9th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue Univer- sity, Lafayette, Indiana, 1954. pp. 331-351. 105. Bogan, R.H., and C.N. Sawyer. The Biochemical Oxidation of Synthetic Detergents. In: Proceedings 10th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1955. pp. 231-243. E-214 ------- 106. Lutin, P.A. Removal of Organic Nitrites from Wastewater Systems. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 42(9):1632-1642, 1970. 107. Malaney, G.W., and R.M. Gerhold. Structural Determinants in the Oxidation of Aliphatic Compounds by Activated Sludge. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 41(2) .-R18-R33, 1969. 108. Malaney, G.W. Resistance of Carcinogenic Organic Com- pounds to Oxidation by Activated Sludge. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 39(12):2029, 1967. 109. Dawson, P.S., and S.H. Jenkins. The Oxygen Requirements of Activated Sludge Determined by Monometric Methods. II: Chemical Factors Affecting Oxygen Uptake. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 22(4) :490, 1950. 110. Sawyer, C.N., Frame, J.D., and J.P. Wold. Industrial Wastes, Revised Concepts on Biological Treatment. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 27 (8):929, 1955. 111. Swisher, R.D., et al. Biodegradation of Nitrilotriace- tate in Activated Sludge. Environmental Science and Technology, 1(10):820-827, 1967. 112. Hunter, J.V., and H. Heukelekian. Determination of Bio- degradability Using Warburg Respirometric Techniques. In: Proceedings 19th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1964. pp. 616-627, 113. Marion, C.V., and G.W. Malaney. Ability of Activated Sludge to Oxidize Aromatic Organic Compounds. In: Pro- ceedings 18th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue Univer- sity, Lafayette, Indiana, 1963. pp. 297-308. 114. Hydroscience, Inc. The Impacts of Oily Materials on Activated Sludge Systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12050 DSH 03/71, March 1971. 115. The City of Jacksonville, Arkansas. The Demonstration of a Facility for the Biological Treatment of a Complex Chlorophenolic Waste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 12130 EGK 06/71, June 1971. 116. Hay, M.W., et al. Factors Affecting Color Development During Treatment of TNT Wastes. Industrial Wastes, 18(5), September/October 1972. E-215 ------- 117. Teng-Chung, W. Factors Affecting Growth and Respiration in the Activated Sludge Process. Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963. 118. Masselli, J.W., et a1. The Effect of Industrial Waste On Sewage Treatment. Prepared for the New England Inter- state Water Pollution Control Commission by Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, No. TR-13, June,1965. 119. Ling, J.T. Pilot Study of Treating Chemical Wastes with an Aerated Lagoon. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 35 (8) :963-972, 1963. 120. Heidman, J.A., et al. Metabolic Response of Activated Sludge to Sodium Pentachlorophenol. In: Proceedings 22nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1967. pp. 661-674. 121. Okey, R.W., and R.W. Bogan. Synthetic Organic Pesticides, An Evaluation of Their Persistence in Natural Waters. In: Proceedings llth Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1963. pp. 222-251. 122. Earth, E.F. , e_t al. Field Survey of Four Municipal Waste- water Treatment Plants Receiving Metallic Wastes. Jour- nal Water Pollution Control Federation, 37 (8):1101-1117, 1965. 123. Bailey, D.A., and K.S. Robinson. The Influence of Triva- lent Chromium on the Biological Treatment of Domestic Sewage. Water Pollution Control (G.B.), 69:100ff, 1970. 124. Loveless, J.E, and N.A. Painter. The Influence of Metal Ion Concentration and pH Value on the Growth of a Nitro- somonas Strain Isolated from Activated Sludge. Journal General Microbiology, 52(3):lff, 1968. 125. Barth, E.F., et al. Summary Report on the Effects of Heavy Metals on the Biological Treatment Processes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(1):86, 1965 126. Leary, R.D. Phosphorus Removal with Pickle Liquor in an Activated Sludge Plant. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series, EPA Report No. 11010 FLQ 3/71, March 1971. 127. Lamb, J.C.,III, e_t a. 1. A Technique for Evaluating the Biological Treatability of Industrial Wastes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 36(10) :1263-1284 ,1964 . E-216 ------- 128. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Chemistry and Physics Center. Interaction of Heavy Metals and Biologi- cal Sewage Treatment Processes. U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio. May 1965. 129. Stones, T. The Fate of Nickel During the Treatment of Sewage. J. & Proc. Inst. Sew. Purif. (Brit.), Part 2, pp. 252ff, 1959. 130. McDermott, G.N. Zinc in Relation to Activated Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion Processes. In: Proceedings 17th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette Indiana, 1963. pp. 461-475. 131. Stones, T. The Fate of Zinc During the Treatment of Sewage. J. & Proc. Inst. Sew. Purif. (Brit.), Part 2, pp. 254ff, 1959. 132. Ghosh, M.M., and P.O. Zugger. Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Activated Sludge Process. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 45 (3) : 424-433, 1973. 133. Fitter, P. Determination of Biological Degradability of Organic Substrates. Water Res., 10:231-235, 1976. 134. Arthur D. Little, Inc. Physical, Chemical, and Biologi- cal Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract/Grant No. 68-01-3554, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1976. 135. Rohm and Haas Company. Ambersorb Carbonaceous Adsorbents. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1977. 20 pp. 136. New Jersey Hazardous Waste Advisory Commission. Report of the Hazardous Waste Advisory Commission to Governor Brendan Byrne. Trenton, New Jersey, January, 1980. 137. Geraghty and Miller, Inc. The Prevalence of Subsurface Migration of Hazardous Chemical Substances at Selected Industrial Waste Land Disposal Sites. EPA/530/SW-634, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977. E-217 *U.S. OOVEKNMEN1' PRINTING Ol'PIOE: 198d-0-3b1-08 ------- Agency -------

             United States         Office of Solid Waste      SW-871
             Environmental Protection     and Emergency Response    September 1982
             Agency           Washington DC 20460
c/EPA       Management of
             Hazardous Waste Leachate

-------
               MANAGEMENT OF
         HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE
                    by

    Alan J. Shuckrow, Andrew P. Pajak,
             and C. J. Touhill
            Baker/TSA Division
         Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.
        Beaver, Pennsylvania  15009
          Contract No. 68-03-2766
             Project Officers
             Stephen C. James
             Dirk R. Brunner
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
          Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           CINCINNATI, OHIO  45268

-------
                          DISCLAIMER
     This report has been  reviewed  by the the Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication.   Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not  constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
      U.S. EnvircnmsntaF Protectior
ori Agency
                               ii

-------
                           PREFACE

     The land disposal of hazardous waste Is subject to the
requirements of Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act of 1976.  This Act requires that the treatment,
storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes after November 19,
1980 be carried out in accordance with a permit.  The one
exception to this rule is that facilities in existence as of
November 19, 1980 may continue operations until final
administrative disposition is made of the permit application
(providing that the facility complies with the Interim Status
Standards for disposers of hazardous waste in 40 CPR Part
265).  Owners or operators of new facilities must apply for
and receive a permit before beginning operation of such a
facility.

     The Interim Status Standards (40 CPR Part 265) and some
of the administrative portions of the Permit Standards (40
CFR Part 264) were published by the Environmental Protection
Agency in the Federal Register on May 19, 1980.  The
Environmental Protection Agency published interim final rules
in Part 264 for hazardous waste disposal facilities on July
26, 1982.  These regulations consist primarily of two sets of
performance standards.  One is a set of design and operating
standards separately tailored to each of the four types of
facilities covered by the regulations.  The other (Subpart F)
is a single set of ground-water monitoring and response
requirements applicable to each of these facilities.  The
permit official must review and evaluate permit applications
to determine whether the proposed objectives, design, and
operation of a land disposal facility will comply with all
applicable provisions of the regulations (40 CFR 264).

     The Environmental Protection Agency is preparing two
types of documents for permit officials responsible for
hazardous waste landfills, surface impoundments, land treatment
facilities and piles:  Draft RCRA Guidance Documents and
Technical Resource Documents.  The draft RCRA guidance
documents present design and operating specifications which
the Agency believes comply with the requirements of Part 264,
for the Design and Operating Requirements and the Closure and
Post-Closure Requirements contained in these regulations.
The Technical Resource Documents support the RCRA Guidance
Documents in certain areas (i.e., liners, leachate management,
closure, covers, water balance) by describing current
technologies and methods for evaluating the performance of the
applicant's design.  The information and guidance presented
in these manuals constitute a suggested approach for review
and evaluation based on good engineering practices.  There
may be alternative and equivalent methods for conducting the
review and evaluation.  However, if the results of these

                             ill

-------
methods differ from those of the Environmental Protection
Agency method, they may have to be validated by the applicant.

     In reviewing and evaluating the permit application, the
permit official must make all decisions in a well defined and
well documented manner.  Once an initial decision is made to
issue or deny the permit, the Subtitle C regulations (40 CFR
124.6, 124.7, and 124.8) require preparation of either a
statement of basis or fact sheet that discusses the reasons behind
the decision.  The statement of basis or fact sheet then becomes
part of the permit review process specified in 40 CPR 124.6 through
124.20.

     These manuals are intended to assist the permit official
in arriving at a logical, well defined, and well documented
decision.  Checklists and logic flow diagrams are provided
throughout the manuals to ensure that necessary factors are
considered in the decision process.  Technical data are
presented to enable the permit official to identify proposed
designs that may require more detailed analysis because of a
deviation from suggested practices.  The technical data are
not meant to provide rigid guidelines for arriving at a
decision.  The references are cited throughout the manuals to
provide further guidance for the permit officials when necessary.

     There was a previous version of this document dated
September 1980.  The new version supplies the September 1980
version.
                              iv

-------
                            ABSTRACT
     This document has been prepared to provide guidance for per-
mit officials and disposal site operators on available management
options for controlling, treating/ and disposing of hazardous
waste leachates.  It discusses  considerations necessary to de-
velop sound management plans for leachate generated at surface
impoundments and landfills.  Because hazardous waste leachate
management is an area where there is little past experience, this
manual draws heavily upon experience in other related areas.

     The manual provides a logical thought process for arriving
at a reasonable treatment process train for given leachates.
Furthermore, sufficient factual information is provided so that
users can readily identify a few potential treatment alterna-
tives.  Having identified such alternatives, users then are given
sufficient guidance so that final choices can be made.

     The manual begins with a brief discussion of factors that
influence leachate generation.  This is followed by a presenta-
tion of data on leachate characteristics at actual waste dis-
posal sites.  Principal options for dealing with hazardous waste
leachate are identified.  Subsequently, technology profiles are
developed for processes having potential application to leachate
treatment.  Treatability data and information on by-products,
and costs supplement process descriptions and an assessment of
process applicability.

     A key section enumerates factors which influence treatment
process selections and provides a suggested approach for system-
atically addressing each.  Selected hypothetical and actual
leachate situations are used as examples for applying the
approach to the selection of appropriate treatment processes.

     Other sections address monitoring, safety, contingency
plans/emergency provisions, equipment redundancy/backup, permits,
and surface runoff.   Each of these topics are important consid-
erations necessary for effective management of hazardous waste
leachate.
                               v

-------
                            CONTENTS
Preface	-.	
Abstract	  v
Figures 	  ^
Tables 	  xii
Acknowledgment 	 xiii
   1.  INTRODUCTION 	 1-1
   2.  OVERVIEW OF LEACHATE GENERATION	 2-1
       2.1  General Discussion 	 2-1
       2.2  Factors Affecting Leachate Generation and
            Characteristics 	 2-2
            2.2.1  Physical Influences 	 2-2
                   2.2.1.1  Liquid Characteristics 	 2-2
                   2.2.1.2  Solid Characteristics 	 2-2
                   2.2.1.3  Physical Transformations 	 2-3
            2.2.2  'Chemical Influences 	 2-3
                   2.2.2.1  Solubility 	 2-3
                   2.2.2.2  Chemical Transformations 	 2-4
            2.2.3  Biological Influences 	 2-5
       2.3  References 	 2-5
   3.  LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS 	 3-1
       3.1  General Discussion 	 3-1
       3.2  Leachate Characteristics at Actual Sites 	 3-3
       3.3  Leachate Categorization 	 3-17
       3.4  References 	 3-20
   4.  HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 	 4-1
       4.1  General Discussion	 4-1
       4.2  Hazardous Waste Treatment	 4-3
       4.3  Disposal Site Managment 	 4-5
       4.4  Leachate Management 	 4-9
            4.4.1  Off-Site Treatment/Disposal Options .... 4-9
                              VI

-------
              CONTENTS (continued)

     4.4.2.  On-Site Treatment/Disposal 	 4-11
4.5  Summary 	 4-13
LEACHATE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 	 5-1
5.1  General Discussion 	 5-1
5.2  Treatability of Leachate Constituents 	 5-2
5.3  Unit Process Application Potential	 5-4
     5.3.1  Biological Treatment 	 5-5
     5.3.2  Carbon Adsorption 	 5-6
     5.3.3  Catalysis	 5-6
     5.3.4  Chemical Oxidation 	 5-6
     5.3.5  Chemical Reduction 	 5-7
     5.3.6  Chemical Precipitation 	 5-7
     5.3.7  Crystallization  	 5-8
     5.3.8  Density Separation 	 5-8
     5.3.9  Dialysis/Electrodialysis 	 5-9
     5.3.10 Distillation 	 5-9
     5.3.11 Evaporation 	 5-9
     5.3.12 Filtration 	 5-9
     5.3.13 Flocculation 	 5-10
     5.3.14 Ion Exchange 	 5-10
     5.3.15 Resin Adsorption 	 5-11
     5.3.16 Reverse Osmosis 	 5-12
     5.3.17 Solvent Extraction 	 5-13
     5.3.18 Stripping 	 5-13
     5.3.19 Ultrafiltration 	 5-13
     5.3.20 Wet Oxidation 	 5-14
5.4  Evaluation of Unit Processes 	 5-14
5.5  By-Product Considerations 	 5-18
5.6  Treatment Process Costs 	 5-28
5.7  References 	 5-31
LEACHATE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION 	 6-1
6.1  General Discussion 	 6-1
6.2  Performance Requirements 	 6-2
                       vii

-------
                  CONTENTS  (continued)

    6,3  Treatment Facility Staging  	 6-5
    6.4  Treatment Process Selection Methodology  	 6-6
        6.4.1  Disposal Site With Existing Leachate  ... 6-9
        6.4.2  Disposal Site Without Existing Leachate. 6-10
    6.5  Considerations Relating To Process Train
        Formulation  	 6-12
        6.5.1  Biological Treatment  	 6-12
        6.5.2  Carbon Adsorption  	 6-16
        6.5.3  Chemical Precipitation/Coagulation  	 6-17
        6.5.4  Density Separation  	 6-18
        6.5.5  Filtration  	 6-18
        6.5.6  Chemical Oxidation  	 6-18
        6.5.7  Chemical Reduction  	 6-19
        6.5.8  Ion Exchange  	 6-19
        6.5.9  Membrane Processes  	 6-20
        6 .5.10 Stripping Processes  	 6-20
        6.5.11 Wet Oxidation  	 6-20
    6.6  Process  Train Alternatives  	 6-20
        6.6.1  Leachate Containing Organic Contaminants 6-21
               6.6.1.1  Love Canal Experience  	 6-21
               6.6.1.2  Ott/Story Site Study  	 6-26
               6.6.1.3  Other Possibilities  	 6-31
        6.6.2  Leachate Containing  Inorganic
               Contaminants  	 6-33
        6.6.3  Leachate Containing Organic and
               Inorganic Pollutants  	 6-39
    6.7  References  	 6-42
7.   MONITORING  	 7-1
    7.1  General  Discussion  	 7-1
    7.2  Monitoring Program  Design  	 7-3
         7.2.1  Parameters To Be Measured 	 7-3
         7.2.2  Analytical Considerations 	 7-6
         7.2.3  Sampling  	 7-6
                           Vlll

-------
                   CONTENTS (continued)

    7.3  Leachate Characterization 	  7-7
         7.3.1  Wastes Received 	  7-8
         7.3.2  In-situ Monitoring 	  7-8
         7.3.3  Collected Leachate 	  7-8
    7. 4  Treatment Effluent Monitoring	  7-9
         7.4.1  Sampling Locations 	  7-9
         7.4.2  Parameters 	  7-9
         7.4.3  Data Analysis 	  7-10
         7.4.4  Process Optimization 	  7-10
         7.4.5  Safety Considerations 	  7-10
    7. 5  References 	  7-11
8.   OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS 	  8-1
    8.1  Safety 	  8-1
         8.1.1  Degree of Risk 	  8-1
         8.1.2  Restricted Entry 	  8-1
         8.1.3  Safety Rules 	  8-2
         8.1.4  Supervision 	  8-2
         8.1.5  Inspections 	  8-3
         8.1.6  First Aid and Medical Assistance 	  8-3
         8.1.7  Protective Equipment	  8-3
         8.1.8  Ventilation 	  8-4
         8.1.9  Housekeeping 	  8-5
    8.2  Contingency Plans/Emergency Provisions 	  8-5
         8.2.1  Emergency Situations 	  8-5
                8.2.1.1  Natural Disasters 	  8-5
                8.2.1.2  Accidents 	  8-6
         8.2.2  Plan Development 	, .  8-6
                8.2.2.1  Organizational Responsibilities  8-6
                8.2.2.2  Plan Components 	  8-6
         8.2.3  Fire Protection 	  8-9
                8.2.3.1  In-Plant Measures 	  8-9
                8.2.3.2  Training 	  8-10
                8.2.3.3  Hazards Identification 	  8-10
    8.3  Equipment Redundancies/Backup 	  8-11
                           IX

-------
                     CONTENTS (continued)









8.4


8.5
8.6
8.7
8.3.1 General Discussion 	
8.3.2 Equipment 	
8.3.2.1 Control Systems 	
8.3.2.2 Tanks and Containers 	
8.3.2.3 Pipes and Transfer Lines . . .
8.3.2.4 Valves 	
8.3.2.5 Pumps 	
8.3.2.6 In-Plant Drainage 	
8.3.2.7 Electrical Filters 	
Permits 	
8.4.1 Consolidated Permit Regulations 	
8.4.2 Other Permits 	
Personnel Training 	
Surface Runoff 	
References 	
... 8-11
... 8-12
... 8-12
... 8-12
... 8-12
... 8-12
... 8-12
... 8-13
... 8-13
... 8-13
... 8-13
... 8-14
... 8-14
... 8-15
... 8-19
Appendices

   A.  Summary of Reported Water Contamination Problems ... A-l

   B.  Alphabetical Listing of RCRA Pollutants 	 B-l

   C.  Unit Process Summaries - Sanitary Landfill
       Leachate Treatment 	 C-l

   D.  Unit Process Summaries - Industrial Wastewater
       Treatment	 D-l
   E.  Treatability of Leachate Constituents 	 E-l
                               x

-------
                            FIGURES


Number                                                     Page
3-1   Waste stream categorization matrix 	  3-19
4-1   Waste management options - effect on leachate
      generation 	  4-2
6-1   Methodology to select leachate treatment process ...  6-8
6-2   Love Canal Permanent Treatment System schematic
      flow diagram	  6-22
6-3   Schematic of carbon sorption/biological process
      train 	  6-32
6-4   Schematic of biological/carbon sorption process
      train 	  6-34
6-5   Process train for leachate containing metals 	  6-36
6-6   Process train for leachate containing metals
      including hexavalent chromium 	  6-37
6-7   Process train for leachate containing metals
      including hexavalent chromium and cyanide 	  6-38
6-8   Process train for leachate containing metals and
      ammonia and requiring TDS control 	  6-40
6-9   Schematic of biophysical process train 	  6-43
                              XI

-------
                            TABLES
Number                                                     Page
3-1   Summary List of Contaminants Reported	 3-4
3-2   List of Conventional Pollutant Concentrations
      Reported at Six Sites 	 3-16
3-3   Characterization of Harzardous Leachate and
      Groundwater From 43 Landfill Sites 	 3-17
4-1   Stabilization/Fixation Techniques 	 4-6
5-1   Treatment Process Applicability Matrix 	 5-16
5-2   Leachate Treatment Process By-Produce Streams 	 5-19
5-3   Residue Management Alternatives 	 5-29
6-1   Performance Data on Temporary Treatment System
      at Love Canal 	 6-24
6-2   Ott/Story Groundwater Characterization 	 6-27
8-1   Suggested Guide for an Operation and Maintenance
      Manual for Waste Treatment Facilities 	 8-16
                             XII

-------
                        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     The authors wish to thank Mr. Stephen James, Mr. Dirk
Brunner, and Ms. Wendy Davis-Hoover of the U.S.-EPA MERL and
Mr. Les Otte of the U.S.-EPA Office of Solid Waste for their
able advice and assistance which facilitated assembly and re-
view of this document.

     A critical review of the manuscript provided by Dr. Gary
F. Bennett of the University of Toledo was especially helpful.

     Review comments by Mr. B.W. Mercer of Battelle-Northwest
also are gratefully acknowledged.

     Special thanks go to Mrs. Ellen M. Stempkowski who was
responsible for typing and overseeing assembly of much of
this document.

     Data contained in Appendices C and D were contributed
by Monsanto Research Corporation  (MRC).  An unpublished draft
document on leachate management prepared by MRC was consulted
prior to preparation of this document.
                              Kill

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                            SECTION 1

                          INTRODUCTION
     Leachate generated by water percolating through a hazard-
ous waste disposal site could contain significant concentrations
of toxic chemicals.  Proper leachate management is essential  to
avoidance of contamination of surrounding soil, groundwaters,
and surface waters.  Consequently, this document has been pre-
pared to provide guidance on available management options for
controlling, treating and disposing of hazardous waste leach-
ates.

     Leachate management options include all of the decision
factors throughout the entire hazardous waste management process
which have an impact on the nature or generation potential of
leachate.  Thus, consideration of leachate management options
could begin with the manufacturing process and extend through
the hazardous waste management chain to leachate treatment/
disposal.  This management chain can be divided into four major
areas:  (1) waste generation, (2) hazardous waste treatment
prior to disposal, (3) disposal site management, and (4) leach-
ate treatment/disposal.  Because companion permit manuals and
technical resource documents address many of these aspects in
detail, the central focus of this document is on leachate man-
agement subsequent to leachate generation.  When other aspects
of leachate management are mentioned, the reader is referred  to
an appropriate source for details.

     Hazardous waste leachate management is an area where little
past experience exists.  Therefore, in preparing this document,
it has been necessary to draw heavily upon experience in related
areas.  Certain pitfalls are inherent in such an approach and
thus, an effort has been made to alert the reader to areas of
uncertainty throughout this document.

     A major factor that must be taken into consideration in
structuring the leachate management process is the need for
post-closure operation.  Closure of the hazardous waste disposal
site probably will not mean terminating leachate management op-
erations.  Rather, leachate collection and .disposal concerns
will continue subsequent to site closure.  This could necessi-
tate long-term post-closure operation and financial commitments.
Site closure also could influence leachate composition and quan-
tity and, thus, treatment facility performance.  Consequently,

                               1-1

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site closure ramifications merit considerable attention early
and throughout the process of managing leachate.

     It is recognized that some users may not wish to read this
document in its entirety.  Therefore, to the extent possible,
sections have been prepared to be self-standing.  Nevertheless,
there is a necessary interrelationship among sections and a log-
ical progression as information from early sections is built
upon in later ones.  An effort has been made to cross-reference
pertinent information.

     There are seven subsequent sections of this document.  Each
of these is listed below together with a brief description of
the contents of the section.

     Section 2, Overview of Leachate Generation - This section
     briefly describes factors that influence leachate genera-
     tion with the emphasis placed upon factors affecting leach-
     ate composition.  It may be of interest to those wishing to
     predict future leachate composition at new sites.

     Section 3, Leachate Characteristics - This section examines
     hazardous waste leachate characteristics.  Available data
     on leachates, and contaminated ground and surface waters
     are presented and discussed.  Data presented give insight
     into leachate characteristics at actual hazardous waste
     disposal sites, and thus provide a basis for selecting and
     evaluating leachate treatment technologies.

     Section 4, Hazardous Waste Leachate Management Options -
     Four principal areas of hazardous waste leachate management
     options (i.e. waste generation, hazardous waste treatment,
     disposal site management, and leachate treatment/disposal)
     are identified in this section.  Primary emphasis was
     placed upon the leachate treatment/disposal area wherein
     leachate is processed to render it acceptable for discharge
     or ultimate disposal.

     Section 5, Leachate Treatment Technologies - This section
     provides treatability data on compounds identified at ac-
     tual waste disposal sites.  An initial assessment of the
     potential applicability of twenty unit treatment processes
     to leachate treatment also is made.  Consideration is given
     to treatment process by-products, and to capital and opera-
     ting costs for selected technologies.  Information in this
     section can be used to combine individual unit processes to
     form a treatment system appropriate for the type of leach-
     ate encountered.

     Section 6, Leachate Treatment Process Selection - This sec-
     tion provides an understanding offactors which influence
     treatment process selection.  These factors are enumerated

                               1-2

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     and an approach is suggested for systematically addressing
     each.  Finally, selected hypothetical and actual  leachate
     situations are used as examples for applying  the  approach
     to selection of appropriate treatment processes.

     Section 7, Monitoring - This section points out those  con-
     siderations which are important in the design of  monitoring
     program to support hazardous waste leachate management ef-
     forts.

     Section 8, Other Important Considerations - Subjects ad-
     dressedin this section are safety/ contingency plans/
     emergency provisions, equipment redundancy/backup, permits,
     and surface runoff.  Some of the topics are discussed  in
     general terms, while others apply directly to leachate
     treatment facilities.  The intent is to identify  consider-
     ations which are necessary for the safe and effective
     treatment of hazardous waste leachate.

     This manual is not designed to be a prescriptive  "cook
book".  Sufficient past experience simply is not available  to
permit such an approach.  Thus, the reader is challenged  to use
the extensive information presented herein in a manner requiring
considerable technical judgment.  This is necessary because of
the complexity of leachates likely to be encountered,  and the
fact that compositions vary widely from site to site,  and in
some cases, within given sites.  On the other hand, the manual
does attempt to provide a logical thought process  for  arriving
at the most reasonable treatment process train for any leachate
likely to be generated.  Furthermore, sufficient factual  infor-
mation is provided so that the user can readily identify  a  few
potential treatment alternatives.  Having identified such alter-
natives, the user then is given sufficient guidance so that
final choices can be made.
                               1-3

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                            SECTION 2

                 OVERVIEW OF LEACHATE GENERATION
2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION

     As discussed in subsequent sections, leachate management  is
highly dependent upon leachate characteristics.  Leachate char-
acteristics, in turn, are dependent upon how the leachate is
generated.  Because hazardous waste management under RCRA regu-
lations is in its early stages, there is a dearth of information
on leachate generation.

     Ideally, leachate treatment alternatives should be evalu-
ated using actual leachate in treatability and pilot plant
studies.  However, at the time of permitting new sites leachate
is unavailable.  Methods to select appropriate treatment tech-
nologies in the absence of actual leachate for treatability
studies are described in Section 6.4.  The methods described in
this section envision projecting leachate compositions using
data on the wastes expected to be disposed of, extrapolations
from analogous disposal experience, and from theoretical prin-
ciples.  While a complete discussion of leachate generation from
a theoretical point of view is beyond the scope of this manual,
this section describes factors that influence leachate genera-
tion in general terms.

     Emphasis in this section is placed upon factors affecting
leachate quality.  A detailed description of methodologies for
estimating leachate volume is provided in a companion document
in this EPA hazardous waste series, "Hydrologic Simulation on
Solid Waste Disposal Sites", SW-868.  Although intended to de-
scribe leachate for municipal landfills, a report by Phelps (1)
discussed theoretical aspects of the change of mass in fluid and
solid phases with respect to time.  Phelps provided leaching
curves (concentration vs. time) to describe the effects of four
parameters on leachate concentrations:  (1) ratio of column
depth to infiltration rate, (2) mass transfer rate constant, (3)
equilibrium constant, and (4) the initial amount of leachable
material per unit volume of column.  Manual users are referred
to this reference for a detailed discussion of the theoretical
principles of leachate generation, albeit for a municipal
landfill.

     Freeze and Cherry (2) discussed leachate generated from

                               2-1

-------
land disposal of solid wastes, sewage disposal on land, agri-
cultural activities, petroleum leakage and spills, and radio-
active waste disposal.  This reference also could be helpful in
estimating leachate compositions.

     The remainder of this section is an enumeration of factors
which could be important in assessing leachate generation.  For
details, the reader is again referred to the works by Phelps (1)
and Freeze and Cherry (2).

2.2  FACTORS AFFECTING LEACHATE GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

     Leachate will be generated as a result of the movement of
liquids by gravity through a disposal site.  Similarly, leachate
will be generated as liquid contained within a disposal impound-
ment moves through soil beneath the disposal area.  Leachate
quality is dependent upon numerous factors.  It is not the in-
tent to deal with such factors in detail here; rather the reader
is given a brief overview for purposes of identifying consider-
ations which should be explored at length elsewhere.

2.2.1  Physical Influences

2.2.1.1  Liquid Characteristics—
     Liquid moving through the site can be comprised of precip-
itation falling upon the site, groundwater migrating through the
site, and the liquid fraction of disposed materials.  The quan-
tity of liquid will be a major determinant of the rate at which
the leachate will be generated as well as the leachate composi-
tion.  Liquid movement can be complicated by variations in den-
sity, viscosity, and miscibility.  It is possible that the
liquid could be multi-phased, e.g., water, oil, and solvents
with the various phases moving through the solid medium at dif-
ferent rates.

2.2.1.2  Solid Characteristics—
     For landfills, solid waste materials could comprise a sig-
nificant fraction of the medium through which the liquid passes.
Thus, it should not be assumed that soil alone is the solid
medium.  Furthermore, it is unlikely that the solid wastes or
soil are homogeneous.  Because of the expected solid mixture,
porosity and particle sizes are expected to be variable.  This
will have an influence on liquid velocity and the time in which
the liquid is in contact with the solid.

     Initially, liquid percolating through a landfill will be
absorbed by the solid material.  When the absorptive  (moisture-
holding) capacity is reached, i.e., when the solid is saturated,
then leachate quality is likely to be influenced by surface
leaching.  After saturation, the length of the solid column will
be the major determinant of the time required for the liquid to
reach the leachate collection system.

                               2-2

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2.2.1.3  Physical Transformations—
     The principal physical transformation expected  in  the
leaching process is plugging of pore spaces  and  the  resultant
influence on chemical processes and leachate  flow  rates.   If the
disposed wastes contain significant amounts  of suspended  solids,
then the in-place material will act as a  filtering medium,  and
percolation flow rates will decrease as the  pore spaces become
clogged.

2.2.2  Chemical Influences

2.2.2.1  Solubility—
     Solubility is one of the most important  factors which  in-
fluence leachate quality.  Solubility is  a function  of  the
chemical composition of the liquid phase, surface  area  contact
between the liquid phase and the solid medium, contact  time, pH,
temperature, and chemical composition of  solid material.  Chem-
ical composition of the leachate determines  dissolution and re-
action rates.  For example, if the liquid phase  approaches  the
solubility product for certain compounds, then further  leaching
will be limited and transfer rates from the  solid  to the  liquid
will be low.  Conversely, if the liquid phase is dilute,  dis-
solution of the solid medium will be more rapid.   If the  solu-
bility product is exceeded, then chemical precipitation could
occur.

     Size of solid particles has a direct influence  upon  leach-
ing.  Smaller particles result in larger  surface areas  thus
permitting increased contact and corresponding increased  leach-
ing by the liquid.  Physical degradation  due  to  aging and ero-
sion processes, which break solids into smaller  pieces, in-
creases exposed surface area.  In general, dissolution  is
directly proportional to the surface contact  area.

     Porosity, defined as the volume of void  spaces within  a
solid matrix divided by the total unit volume, influences the
flow rate of liquid through the solid and thus,  the  contact time
between the liquid and solids.  As contact time  increases (where
there is lower porosity), dissolution increases  up to the max-
imum soluble concentration of the constituents in  the liquid.
Thus, longer contact times permit more complete  chemical  re-
actions between the liquid and solid, until  eventually  an equil-
ibrium concentration is reached.

     pH is considered a significant variable  affecting  leachate
composition because of its effect on solubility  and  chemical
reactions occurring in the disposal site.  In general,  pH af-
fects solubility in two principal ways:

     (1)  alteration of simple solution equilibria,  and

     (2)  direct participation in redox reactions.

                               2-3

-------
pH generally is a function of the type of waste disposed.  Low-
molecular weight acids and carbon dioxide which result  from  an
aerobic digestion of organic material reduce the pH.  Hazardous
wastes can contribute to pH change due to their own specific
characteristics or by the dissolution of waste materials  into
leaching water.  Changes in pH can influence the solubility  of
the waste materials.  For example, heavy metals, are  solubilized
in acidic solution.  Normally, the solubility product for metals
is lowest in mildly basic solution.  Thus, acidic conditions
promote the leachability of metal ions, and markedly  increase
the potential for appearance in the leachate collection system.

     Soil admixtures also can influence solubility.   Acid or
alkaline soils can influence solubility either positively or
negatively.  For example, acid soils tend to promote  solubili-
zation of waste constituents, whereas higher pH in alkaline
soils likely will retard solubilization.

     A disposal site has some capacity to tolerate acids  or
bases before the pH of the system is markedly affected.   If  this
buffer capacity is high, the leachate composition is  more stable
and predictable.  Correspondingly, a low buffering capacity
makes the leachate composition more difficult to predict.

     Temperature changes within the disposal site can occur  due
to the temperature of materials added, redistribution of  heat by
intruding extraneous water, and heat generated by waste decom-
position (biological and physical/chemical activity).   Tempera-
ture is important because it influences reaction rates  between
the liquid and solid medium.  Moreover, it exerts an  influence
biologically on microbial catalysis.  Both solubility rates  and
microbial activity increase as temperatures rise.  Hence, during
warm months, leachate may contain higher concentrations of con-
taminants.

2.2.2.2  Chemical Transformations—
     Chemical transformations occurring within the disposal  site
could include adsorption, oxidation and reduction, and  precipi-
tation.  Most soils are known to have cation exchange capacity.
This capacity is variable dependent upon the type of  soils.   To
a lesser extent, some soils are known to sorb anions.   While
this may be an important influence during initial stages  of  dis-
posal operations, it is expected that exchange capacity will be
exhausted at about the time the solid medium is saturated by the
liquid.  Thereafter, exchange capacity will be at equilibrium
and will not be a consequential determinant of leachate com-
position.

     Redox potential can influence chemical and biological re-
actions.  In disposal sites dissolved oxygen concentrations  will
decrease with depth.  Thus, chemical constituents will  be oxi-
dized in the upper zones where there is sufficient dissolved

                               2-4

-------
oxygen present, whereas reducing conditions may be  expected  in
the lower depths.  Correspondingly, aerobic biological  activity
will prevail in the upper  zones giving way to  anaerobic  re-
actions as dissolved oxygen  is depleted with depth.

     Chemical reactions could occur in the disposal  site  depend-
ing upon the types of materials disposed.  For example,  neutral-
ization reactions could be evident, and metals could precipitate
in alkaline solution.

2.2.3  Biological Influences

     Microorganisms solubilize and oxidize organic waste  con-
stituents.  Microbes not lethally affected by  the waste  product
may decompose both the toxic and nontoxic organic compounds  into
organics that can be metabolized further.

     The microbial population within  the disposal site  depends
upon waste composition, nutrients available, concentration of
toxic material, oxygen levels, temperature, pH, percent  mois-
ture, and the initial population found in the  waste  liquid or
solids and any admixes such  as soil.  Aerobic  microorganisms
will give way to anaerobic species as oxygen is depleted.  An-
aerobic microorganisms which then predominate  may generate sig-
nificant amounts of gases such as methane, hydrogen  sulfide, and
ammonia that can cause both  odor problems and  potential  explo-
sion hazards.

     Biological activity may change substantially over  time and
may become more significant  as a disposal site ages.  Biological
processes could act to reduce the levels of organic  compounds
which appear in leachate.  This could impact the nature  and dur-
ation of necessary post-closure leachate management  measures.

2.3  REFERENCES

1.   Phelps, D. Solid Waste  Leaching Model, Draft Report.
     University of British Columbia, Department of Civil
     Engineering, Vancouver, Canada,  p. 1-25.

2.   Freeze, R.A., and J.A.  Cherry.  Groundwater.  Prentice
     Hall.  Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979, 604  pp.
                               2-5

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                            SECTION 3

                    LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS
3.1  GENERAL DISCUSSION

     In the previous section, factors which affect leachate
generation were described.  This section takes the next step and
attempts to relate hazardous waste leachate generation with the
expected pollutant characteristics of such leachate.  For pur-
poses of this manual, leachate is regarded as the liquid which
drains from the aqueous portion of disposed materials to the
leachate collection system.

     Presumably, safeguards will be engineered into the disposal
operation which minimize dilution of the leachate due to perco-
lation of precipitation, or runoff, or flow through of extra-
neous water sources such as groundwater.  Moreover, the collec-
tion system will intercept the leachate before migration from
the site and dilution can occur.  Thus, the leachate is en-
visioned as a concentrated solution of chemicals representative
of soluble or leachable materials contained in the disposal
site.  Another possible type of leachate is that from existing
hazardous waste disposal sites which may have been constructed
prior to implementation of RCRA regulations, and  presently
require upgrading and retrofitting.  Leachate from such land-
fills might be more dilute because of infiltration of extraneous
water.  Contaminated surface water which has contacted hazardous
waste is expected to be even more dilute.

     The intent of this section is to examine leachate charac-
teristics from new and existing secured landfills and surface
impoundments which accept hazardous materials for disposal.
This is a difficult task because little data are available on
existing facilities.  Consequently, it was decided to secure
whatever existing data were available on leachates, and contam-
inated ground and surface water problems associated with haz-
ardous waste disposal operations.  The belief is that current
data will provide information on compounds disposed in the past
and to some extent on migration of these compounds.  However,
the concentrations found probably will be lower than for newly
permitted facilities because future efforts will be made to
exclude the extraneous dilution water.

     Notable deficiencies in the existing data base include:

                               3-1

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    •  Very little data on actual hazardous waste leachate
       exist.   Most available leachate composition data pertain
       to sanitary landfills.

    •  Reported information is such that it often is difficult
       to distinguish between leachate and contaminated
       groundwater, wherein some dilution has occurred.

    •  Most available composition data on contamination
       associated with hazardous waste disposal sites pertains
       to surrounding ground and surface wastes.

    •  Composition is highly variable from site to site, at
       different sampling locations within a given site, and at
       a given location over a period of time.  (Factors that
       contribute to variability were addressed in Section 2.)

    •  Analytical testing is difficult and very costly in a
       complex hazardous aqueous waste pollution matrix.  These
       factors serve to limit the data base.  In addition,
       analytical errors and interferences also may contribute
       to some of the variability.

    •  Because of the analytical complexity and expense,
       "complete" characterizations are nonexistent.

    •  Comparison of leachates is hindered because no definitive
       listing of chemicals disposed could be developed on a
       site-by-site basis.

    •  There is a general lack of information regarding the
       physical characteristics of each site.

Thus,  the existing data base is characterized primarily by its
incompleteness and variability.

     Despite the above cited deficiencies, available information
does give insight into leachate characteristics at actual haz-
ardous waste disposal sites.  Moreover, the available informa-
tion can be used to provide guidance on the selection and eval-
uation of leachate treatment technologies.

     Rather than attempt to  formulate "typical" leachate compo-
sitions, this section focuses on providing and  summarizing
available characterization data on leachates, and contaminated
ground and surface waters associated with existing hazardous
waste disposal sites.  The latter categories were included be-
cause they represent the preponderance of the data base and
because they provide information on the types of compounds which
have been associated with previous disposal operations.

     In summary, while it is not possible to characterize

                               3-2

-------
leachates precisely, sufficient information does exist  to permit
definition of a range of management alternatives for  leachates
at secured landfill sites.

3.2   LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS AT ACTUAL SITES

     Because concern for proper management of hazardous wastes
has intensified only recently, published leachate data  most
frequently describe sanitary landfill leachate rather than haz-
ardous waste leachate.  Data from sanitary landfills  was not
used in this manual.  Rather, this manual relies heavily on a
recent report (1) which contains published and unpublished data
on ongoing hazardous waste disposal site studies.  Much of the
data contained in that report was obtained in conjunction with
recent efforts to determine the magnitude of the national haz-
ardous waste disposal problem.  Most often the data reflected
contamination of surface and groundwater resources by migrating
leachate rather than representing the characteristics of concen-
trated leachate.  It is believed that this type of data, while
not fully elucidating leachate composition for treatability
purposes, does provide insight into the types of compounds which
actually have been  identified in association with hazardous
waste disposal operations.

     Characterization data on leachates, and contaminated ground
and surface waters  in the proximity of 30 sites containing haz-
ardous wastes was compiled.  Because of the large amount of
data, this information is presented in Appendix A.  There is a
wide variation from site to site in the detail and completeness
of the data contained in Appendix A since relatively  few sites
have been well characterized.  Nevertheless, this data  compila-
tion represents the best information available at this  time.

     A summary of the data contained in Appendix A is presented
in Table 3-1 which  lists specific pollutants identified at the
30 sites, the range of concentrations reported, and the fre-
quency with which the pollutants were found.  Chemical  contam-
inants are listed in alphabetical order with an indication of
the pollutant grouping and chemical classification of each
compound.

     Users of this  manual should note that data in Appendix A
and Table 3-1 include more contaminants than those dealt with by
RCRA concerns.  Leachate treatment processes must deal  with a
broader spectrum of compounds than those listed in RCRA as
acutely hazardous,  hazardous, or toxic.  That is, treatment
processes must be designed to deal with hazardous constituents
in the matrix in which they occur.  Moreover, it is likely that
effluent from a leachate treatment process 'will have  to meet
requirements in addition to RCRA regulations (e.g., NPDES, pre-
treatment).
                               3-3

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     To the extent possible, Table 3-1 identifies pollutant
types as defined by:  the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972  (FWPCA), the Clean Water Act of 1977(CWA),
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), and
the Treatability Manual (2).  Specifically, the pollutant groups
used are:

    • conventional pollutants*

    • priority pollutants

    • Section 311 compounds

    •RCRA list of acutely hazardous compounds [261.33  (e)]

    • RCRA list of hazardous compounds  (Appendix VIII)

    •RCRA list of toxic compounds [261.33  (f)]

     In order to more easily identify RCRA compounds,  the manual
user is referred to Appendix B.  The appendix contains an alpha-
betical listing of  the three categories of RCRA pollutants con-
tained in Subpart D of the Hazardous Waste and Consolidated
Permit Regulations  (3), i.e., acutely hazardous, hazardous,  and
toxic.

     Table 3-1 serves several useful purposes:

     •   It provides a quick reference of the various compounds
        identified  at problem sites in alphabetical order.

     •   It defines  the pollutant group into which the  compound
        falls.

     •   It classifies the compounds according to  twelve chemical
        classes similar to those used  for priority pollutants.

     •   It specifies the  ranges of concentratons  encountered at
        actual hazardous waste disposal sites.

     •   It indicates frequency of occurrence at actual waste
        sites previously  investigated.

     •   It places the data in a framework useful  for development
*conventional pollutants  as  used  in  the  Treatability  Manual
include BOD5, COD, TOC, TSS, oil  and grease,  total  phenol,  total
phosphorus, TKN,  and   total  organic  chlorine.   This differs  from
the CWA (Section  301)  list of  BOD5,  TSS,  fecal  coliform,  oil and
grease, and pH.

                               3-15
-------
        of treatment alternatives.

     Conventional pollutant concentration data for six of the
sites (5, 6, 10, 11, 22, and 23) listed in Appendix A are given
in Table 3-2.  Data on most of the pollutants listed in Table
3-2 were available for only six sites.  Isolated conventional
pollutant values from other sites were not included.

     The conventional pollutant parameters listed in Table  3-2
are important because they usually have a significant influence
on the treatment process to be selected.  The range, median and
arithmatic mean values contained in Table 3-2 provide insight
into the character of these wastes with respect to how they may
be treated.  Although the data are limited, three to five values
can be useful to form at least a preliminary concept.
           TABLE 3-2.  LIST OP CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT
                 CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED AT SIX  SITES
Pollutant
BOD
COD
TOG
Alkalinity
pH
TDS
SS
NH3-N
TKN
NO3-N
PO^-P
Range
42
24.6
10.9
20.6
6.3
320<3>
<3
<0.01
0.65
<0.012
<0.01
- 10,900
- 18,600
- 4,300
- 5,400
7.9
- 15,700
- 1,000
- 1,000
984
<0.1
<0.1
Median Arithmetic Number of
Value Mean Values (1)
2,000
7,100
1,160
228<2)
6.9
1,830
163
130
5.5
0.025
0.04
4,380
7,794
1,350
1,950
6.9
6,460
342
377
248
<0.05
<0.05
3
5
4
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
3
  (l)Average values  from  specific  sites.
  (2)Estimated  from  inorganic  carbon  and  pH.
  (3)Estimated  from  conductivity  (640 mmhos  x 0.5).

                               3-16
-------
     A survey of ground and surface water quality in the
vicinity of 43 industrial waste disposal sites (landfills and
impoundments) is summarized in Table 3-3.  This summary is a
further indication of the type of pollutants found at hazardous
waste disposal sites.  Note that these data, although less de-
tailed than those shown in Appendix A, also have widely variable
concentration ranges.
                            TABLE 3-3
     CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS LEACHATE AND GROUNDWATER
                   FROM 43 LANDFILL SITES  (1)
          Pollutant
Concentration Typical Cone. No. of Sites
Range  (mg/1)    (mg/1)     Where Detected











Light
Halogenated
Heavy
As
Ba
Cr
Co
Cu
CN
Pb
Hg
Mo
Ni
Se
Zn
Organics
Organics
Organics
0.03
0:01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.3
0.0005
0.15
0.02
0.01
0.1
1.0
0.002
0.01
- 5.8
- 3.8
-4.20
- 0.22
- 2.8
- 14
- 19
- 0.0008
-0.24
- 0.67
- 0.59
- 240
- 1000
- 15.9
- 0.59
0.2
0.25
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.008
—
0.0006
0.15
0.04
3.0
80
0.005
0.1
5
24
10
11
15
14
3
5
2
16
21
9
10
5
8
Original Source of Data:

      Geraghty and Miller, Inc.  The Prevalence of  Subsurface
      Migration of Hazardous Chemical Substances at Selected
      Industrial Waste Land Disposal Sites.  EPA/530/SW-634,
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  1977.
     Even though the data base presented above has deficiencies,
it does provide guidance in  formulating treatment alternatives
provided that data are used  with caution, recognizing  that
leachate from secured landfills may have higher concentrations.

3.3   LEACHATE CATEGORIZATION

     In order to extend the  usefulness of the existing data

                              3-17
-------
base, and to gain additional insight into the probable nature of
hazardous waste leachates, a categorization system was devised
to group site composition data contained in Appendix A according
to the concentration of inorganic and organic constituents.  In
this way, treatment alternatives potentially could be visualized
better.  Hence, a matrix illustrated in Figure 3-1, was prepared
to show the concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents
in "high", "medium", and "low" ranges.  In general, the working
definitions of these terms are as follows:

           Hazardous                    Hazardous
           Inorganic                    Organic
           Constituent                  Constituent


High      greater than 5 times      greater than 400 yg/1
          water quality
          criteria*

Medium    from 2 to 5 times         from 5 to 400 yg/1
          water quality
          criteria*

Low       less than water           less than 5 yg/1
          quality criteria*

In addition to the hazardous constituents, if another parameter
such as BOD or TOC was reported in significant amounts  (BOD  >20
mg/1 or TOC >10 mg/1), the waste stream was considered to  fall
into the high organic category.  Although this system is not
rigorous, it does permit a useful grouping of the actual waste
streams.

     Inspection of the matrix reveals that most of the actual
waste streams fall into one of two categories:  high organic-low
inorganic or low organic-high inorganic.  Fewer sites fell into
categories where both inorganic and organic components were
significant.  Taking into account the fact that most of the  data
used to construct this matrix were derived from situations where
migration and dilution had occurred, it is reasonable to assume
that actual hazardous waste leachates will fall into the higher
concentration categories.  Thus, this matrix suggests that most
leachate treatment situations will involve aqueous streams con-
taining primarily either inorganic or organic contaminants at
relatively high concentrations.  Situations will arise, however,
where both organic and inorganic contaminants will be present  in
*Water quality criteria derived  from Quality  Criteria  for Water,
U.S. E.P.A., Washington, D.C., July, 1976.


                               3-18
-------
             FIGURE 3-1



WASTE STREAM CATEGORIZATION MATRIX








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Sites 006
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Sites 001
002
003
005
021
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030


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009
013













                 3-19
-------
leachates.  The exact nature of the leachate, of course, will be
dependent upon the materials disposed to any given site.

3.4  REFERENCES

     1.  Shuckrow, A. J. ,  A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka.
         Concentration Technologies for Hazardous Aqueous Waste
         Treatment.  EPA-600/2-81-019, U.S. Environmental
         Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1981.

     2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Treatability
        Manual, Volume I.   Treatability Data and Volume III
        Technologies for Control/Removal of Pollutants.  EPA-
        600/8-80-042a and EPA-600/8-80-042c, U.S. Environmental
        Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., July, 1980.

     3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Hazardous Waste
        and Consolidated Permits Regulations.  Federal Register.
        Vol. 45, No. 98, May 19, 1980.
                              3-20
-------
                            SECTION 4

           HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
4.1   GENERAL DISCUSSION

      In the broadest sense, leachate management options include
all of the decision factors throughout the entire hazardous
waste management process which have an impact on the nature or
generation potential of leachate.  Thus, consideration of
leachate management options could begin with the manufacturing
process and extend through the hazardous waste management chain
to leachate treatment/disposal operations. This concept is
illustrated in Figure 4-1 which divides the hazardous waste
management process into four elements:  (1) waste generation,  (2)
hazardous waste treatment, (3) disposal site management, and  (4)
leachate treatment/disposal.

      As indicated in Figure 4-1, hazardous waste generation  can
be minimized by:

      • substituting raw materials,

      • modifying manufacturing processes to reduce waste gener-
        ation and/or to use recycled materials,

      • segregating hazardous and non-hazardous wastes,

      • reclaiming constituents in the hazardous waste for reuse
        or sale, and

      • exchanging wastes with entities capable of using them in
        their production process.

Detailed consideration of the above measures is beyond the scope
of this manual because source reduction is highly facility spe-
cific.  Moreover, leachate management is only one of a number of
complex considerations which enter into decisions about changes
in the manufacturing process.

      Therefore, this section deals with three leachate manage-
ment options:
                               4-1
-------
                                            MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
                                       AFFECTING LEACHATE GENERATION
              WASTE
            GENERATION
         hazardous
           waste
         non-hazardous
•  raw material subsffiution
•  process modification
•  waste volume reduction
•  waste recovery/reuse
•  waste exchange
            HAZARDOUS
              WASTE
            TREATMENT
         hazardous
           waste
         non-hazardous
   waste blending or segregation
   recovery
   treatment
   encapsulation
   stabilization
   residue/by-product destruction
              DISPOSAL
                SITE
            MANAGEMENT
                          •  site design to control
                                leachate generation
                          •  segregation of wastes or leachates
                                that complicate treatment
                          •  leachate collection
                  leachate
             LEACHATE
             TREATMENT/
              DISPOSAL
                          •  off-site treatment/disposal
                          •  on-srte treatment
                               - effluent discharge
                               - residue disposal
Figure 4-1.
Waste management options
generation.
    - effect on leachate
                                   4-2
-------
     (1)  Hazardous Waste Treatment - processing hazardous waste
          prior to disposal to reduce or eliminate the hazardous
          properties of the waste, or to reduce the potential
          leachability of the waste;

     (2)  Disposal Site Management - managing the disposal site
          to control the quantity of leachate generated, and/or
          to effect the nature and treatability of the leachate;

     (3)  Leachate Treatment/Disposal - processing the leachate
          to render it acceptable for discharge or ultimate dis-
          posal.

      Hence, leachate generation and its treatment/disposal is
influenced directly by precedent hazardous waste treatment and
disposal site options.  In order to deal effectively with
leachate,. it is important that the reader have a thorough under-
standing of all the various options available.  However, as a
practical matter, site operators may not have full control over
some of these options, and it is expected that leachate will be
generated at most sites.

      Thus, the central focus of this section is upon leachate
management subsequent to leachate generation.  Because companion
manuals in this series discuss facets of waste treatment and
disposal site management in detail, this manual provides only
brief descriptions of some options, referring the user to the
appropriate companion manuals for details.  On the other hand,
information on leachate treatment/disposal options from this
section forms the basis of the remainder of this report.

4.2   HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT

      Treatment prior to disposal of hazardous waste can accom-
plish one or more of the following:

      (1)  detoxification of the entire waste stream;

      (2)  concentration of hazardous constituents in a reduced
           volume waste stream which can be further treated, de-
           toxified, destroyed, or reused;

      (3)  fixation of the waste in a matrix which will inhibit
           leaching; and

      (4)  encapsulation of the waste to prevent leaching.

The treatment approach chosen in any given instance depends upon
numerous factors including waste characteristics, degree of
treatment necessary, and availabililty and cost of materials.
In addition, treatment may be undertaken at the point of gener-
ation of the waste or at a central waste treatment facility.

                               4-3
-------
Whereas treatment at the point of generation would involve an
approach highly specific to wastes generated at a given site, a
central hazardous waste treatment facility generally will
include several treatment operations to permit processing a
variety of wastes.

      Decisions to treat or not to treat a hazardous waste prior
to disposal and how best to accomplish such treatment involve a
number of complex factors and are highly situation specific.
Moreover, the factors involved encompass broader concerns than
leachate management.

      Companion resource documents in this EPA series describe
various aspects of hazardous waste treatment in detail.  Perti-
nent documents include:

           Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment;

           Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Incineration;

           Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste
           Incineration;

           Guide to the Disposal of Chemically Stabilized and
           Solidified Wastes, SW-872; and

           Hazardous Waste Land Treatment, SW-874.

The interested reader is referred to the above resource docu-
ments for in depth discussions of various hazardous waste
treatment technologies.  Briefly, the technologies which may be
employed to accomplish detoxification or concentration of a
hazardous constituent include:

        Air stripping              Ion exchange
        Biological treatment       Liquid ion exchange
        Carbon adsorption          Liquid-liquid
        Centrifugation              solvent extraction
        Dissolution                Oxidation/Reduction
        Distillation               Precipitation
        Evaporaton                 Resin adsorption
        Filtration                 Reverse osmosis
        Plocculation               Sedimentation
        Flotation                  Steam stripping
        High gradient              Ultrafiltration
         magnetic separation       Wet oxidation
        Incineration

This list is not exhaustive.  It also should be noted that the
technologies listed are unit processes which often are used as
components of a larger process train (treatment system).  More-
over, these treatment techniques produce secondary waste streams

                               4-4
-------
which themselves require further treatment or disposal.  Such
waste residues, sludges, or brines may or may not be hazardous.
Of greatest concern to the user of this manual is the nature of
the secondary hazardous waste stream and its potential  impact on
leachate generation.

      Another pre-disposal treatment procedure can be used  to
minimize the leachability of a waste.  The goal of solidifica-
tion/fixation is to decrease the solubility and/or increase the
volume-to-surface area ratio of the hazardous waste, limiting
the mobility of a compound through the landfill or surface
impoundment.  This is normally accomplished by chemically or
physically binding the waste to a fixing agent or by encapsu-
lating the waste.  The technique does not actually detoxify the
waste; rather, it reduces the rate of release of toxic  constit-
uents.

      Six types of chemical stabilization methods are listed
below:

      • silicate and cement based

      • lime based

      • self-cementing

      • thermoplastic based

      • organic polymer based

      • vitrification

The advantages, disadvantages, and the most applicable  waste
type for each stabilization technique are shown in Table 4-1.
Most of the listed methods are applicable primarily to  inorganic
wastes.

      Encapsulation involves combining the waste with a small
amount of a binder material, forming the mixture into a suitable
shape, and then coating it with a jacket of material such as
polyethylene.  The resulting product is very water resistant; it
is also virtually leach-free as long as the jacket is intact.
Encapsulation has not been demonstrated on a large scale.

4.3   DISPOSAL SITE MANAGEMENT

      Several opportunities exist to control or limit leachate
formation at the hazardous waste landfill or impoundment.   These
methods generally involve limiting water percolation into and
through the disposal site by means of liners, covers, and other
liquid diversion techniques.  The reader is referred to the fol-
lowing technical resource documents for detailed discussions of

                               4-5
-------





























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                            4-7
-------
these various techniques:

        Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and Hazardous Waste,
        SW-867;

        Hydrologic Simulation on Solid Waste Disposal Sites,
        SW-868;

        Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation,
        SW-869?

        Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities,
        SW-870; and

        Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundments,  SW-
        873.

      Another disposal site management option which may impact
leachate composition is waste segregation prior to disposal.
That is, it may be desirable to dispose of certain types of
wastes in separate cells at the site or exclude others alto-
gether.  Such an approach could be used to avoid combining
wastes which would ultimately complicate leachate treatment.
Decisions regarding waste segregation, however, include factors
in addition to leachate management considerations and are, to a
large degree, site specific.  Therefore, such evaluations must
be made on a case-by-case basis.

      Regardless of measures adopted to limit leachate gener-
ation, a leachate is likely to be formed, especially in areas
where precipitation exceeds evaporation and/or at sites used  for
disposal of liquid-containing hazardous wastes.  Thus, leachate
collection and storage systems are an integral part of disposal
site management.

      The need for and methods of leachate collection depend  on
local conditions at the  site.  Leachate volume fluctuations make
collection and storage key factors in treating hazardous waste
leachate.  The volume of leachate can vary significantly with
time because of rainfall and snowmelt conditions that may affect
the landfilled area.  Effective collection allows for an equal-
izing and storage capability which will reduce overloading  and
avoid possible reduction in subsequent treatment process effi-
ciency.  Collection and  storage may also allow for a reduction
in the necessary equipment cost by providing  for periodic or
batch treatment of the leachate.  This potentially could permit
a mobile unit to treat the leachate from several sites on a ro-
tating basis, increasing treatment unit utilization and de-
creasing individual site cost.

      The remainder of this manual focuses on managing leachate
subsequent to generation and collection.

                               4-8
-------
4.4   LEACHATE MANAGEMENT

      Once leachate has been collected, numerous alternatives
exist for treatment and disposal.  Treatment can be accomplished
either off-site or on-site.  By using off-site treatment, dis-
posal from the landfill operator's perspective also is accom-
plished. In the case of on-site treatment, disposal options must
be examined in concert with treatment options because of the
different degrees of treatment which may be required.  Typi-
cally, disposal can be accomplished by:

      •  discharge to receiving surface waters,

      •  discharge to publicly owned treatment works,

      •  shipment to a hazardous waste treatment facility,

      •  deep well injection, or

      •  land treatment.

      In the remainder of this section, off-site treatment  is
discussed briefly and important considerations are identified.
Then, an overview of on-site treatment is presented  (available
treatment technologies are discussed in Section 5) and disposal
considerations are discussed.

4.4.1   Off-Site Treatment/Disposal Options

      Off-site treatment/disposal of leachate for purposes  of
this manual refers to treatment/disposal at a facility not  asso-
ciated with the landfill or surface impoundment operation.  Pri-
mary off-site treatment/disposal alternatives include:

      •  publicly owned treatment works (POTW),

      •  hazardous waste treatment/disposal facilities, and

      •  industrial waste treatment facilities.

      Technologies used at an off-site facililty can be  any of
those listed in Section 5 of this manual.  Other possible tech-
nologies include land treatment and deep well injection.  The
former technology serves as both a treatment and disposal pro-
cess while the latter is a disposal mechanism.

      Primary concerns of the owner of the leachate generating
facility need not be with the technologies employed at an ap-
proved off-site facility but rather with proper manifesting,
on-site storage, transportation, and pretreatment of the
leachate and the associated economics.  The reader is reminded
that if the leachate is determined to be a hazardous waste, it

                               4-9
-------
must be managed the same as any other hazardous waste.  This
means that if it is transported to another site for any purpose
(treatment/disposal) the hazardous waste manifest requirements
(under RCRA) must be satisfied.

        Additionally, if the leachate generating facility col-
lects hazardous leachate in surface impoundments either for
storage prior to transport off the site or as part of the on-
site treatment process, the impoundment must comply with perti-
nent RCRA regulations.  Additional information on impoundment
design and performance can be found in the following technical
resource documents:

      •  Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities,
        SW-870,

      •  Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation,
        SW-869, and

      •  Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundment, SW-873.

      Numerous factors should be evaluated before selecting or
approving an off-site treatment/disposal option.  Costs and
guarantees provided by the off-site facility will be major con-
siderations.  However, other important  factors  (which may or may
not influence costs) also should be considered:

      •  availability and proximity of an approved off-site
        facility;

      •  technologies employed at the off-site  facility;

      •  need for pretreatment prior to  shipment off site;

      •  duration of the required service;

      •  projected operating life of the off-site facility;

      •  regulatory agency limitations on the off-site  facility
        including air, water, and waste permits;

      •  capacities of the off-site facility;

      •  reliability of service which can be provided by the
        off-site facility;

      •  quantity of hazardous  leachate  to be transported  and
        methods of transport;

      •  public attitudes or other constraints  to shipment of  the
        hazardous leachate;
                                4-10
-------
     •  capability to establish on-site treatment including cap-
        ital, land, and qualified personnel;

     •  disposal options if on-site treatment is feasible;

     •  expected variations in leachate quality during the life
        of the disposal site including post-closure period; and

     •  ability of the off-site facility to accept varying qual-
        ity leachates or availability of another facility to ac-
        cept leachate should quality or quantity change due to
        changes in disposal site practices or aging of the dis-
        posal site.

For a number of reasons, it is expected that off-site treatment
will be feasible only in a limited number of cases.  In most
instances, neither POTWs nor industrial waste treatment facil-
ities will be available at reasonable distances or will be tech-
nically capable of accepting hazardous leachate while still sat-
isfying their permit requirements.  It also is unlikely that
such facilities will assume the potential liabilities associated
with accepting a hazardous leachate which is expected to vary in
composition and quantity.  Therefore, stringent pretreatment re-
quirements probably would be imposed making on-site treatment a
necessity.

      Leachate treatment at a central hazardous waste treatment
facility is likely to be technically feasible.  Transportation
costs are expected to be a key factor in determining the via-
bility of this option, at least until more approved hazardous
waste treatment facilities become available.

4.4.2   On-Site Treatment/Disposal

      On-site hazardous leachate treatment can be used to ac-
complish either pretreatment of the leachate with discharge to
another facility for additional treatment before disposal or
treatment complete enough to meet direct discharge limitations.
Pretreatment processes will be dictated by the capabilities of
the subsequent off-site facility.  Objectives of pretreatment
could be to:

     •  equalize leachate quality and quantity fluctuations and
        provide short term storage;

     •  adjust pH to within acceptable limits for discharge
        to a POTW;

     •  reduce concentrations of toxic components to acceptable
        levels for discharge to a POTW;
                               4-11
-------
     •  remove hazardous constituents so that a portion of the
        leachate can be judged non-hazardous; the hazardous or
        non-hazardous fraction could be shipped to off-site
        treatment; or

     •  reduce the volume of leachate transported off-site.

      Complete treatment, on th>= other hand, should produce an
effluent suitable for discharge to surface water or groundwater.
Thus, the major difference between complete on-site treatment
and pretreatment is likely to be the extent of the treatment.
That is, the treatment technologies are essentially the same,
but the extent of application will differ depending upon ef-
fluent objectives.

      Potential leachate treatment technologies are discussed in
Section 5.  Unfortunately, there has been very little actual
application of these technologies to hazardous waste leachate
treatment.  However, experience with other applications can be
used to guide selection of leachate treatment schemes.  Section
6 of this manual addresses the various decision factors involved
in selection of leachate treatment sequences.

      Most leachate treatment processes will result in the pro-
duction of by-products such as sludges, air pollution control
residues, spent adsorption or ion exchange materials, or fouled
membranes which also require disposal.  Because these materials
will contain hazardous constituents, they also must be dealt
with as hazardous wastes.  One apparent alternative is on-site
disposal.  Another is off-site disposal; however, manifest re-
quirements and transportation costs are disadvantages.  Treat-
ment of the residue by dewatering, fixation, or other methods
prior to disposal will be influenced by disposal site require-
ments and residue handling procedures.  Residue disposal con-
siderations may be the determining factor in selection of  a
leachate management technique.

      In addition to treatment technology, other considerations
important to design of an effective on-site leachate management
program include:

     •  sampling and monitoring of raw leachate composition  and
        quality of effluent and by-product streams,

     •  manifesting of hazardous leachate and residues shipped
        off the site,

     •  personnel safety and training,

     •  routine maintenance,

     •  contingency plans and emergency provisions, and

                               4-12
-------
     •  equipment redundancies and back-up.

These items are discussed in further detail in Sections 7 and 8
of this manual.

        One possible approach to on-site leachate management
which is not discussed subsequently is leachate recycling.  This
approach involves the controlled collection and recirculation of
leachate through a landfill for the purpose of promoting rapid
landfill stabilization.  The precise mode of operation of
leachate recycling is poorly understood since it has only re-
cently been investigated in sanitary landfill simulations.
Therefore,  the state of development of this technique is judged
to be insufficient for it to merit further consideration as a
primary approach to hazardous waste leachate management at this
time.  However, leachate recycling may have some merit as an
interim measure under certain circumstances as discussed in
Section 6.

4.5   SUMMARY

      This section described various hazardous waste leachate
management options.  Methods to 'minimize waste generation were
judged to be beyond the scope of this manual.  Treatment of haz-
ardous wastes prior to emplacement influence leachate gener-
ation, but are dealt with in detail in other technical resource
documents.   Likewise, disposal site management options are des-
cribed in detail elsewhere.  Hence, the principal focus was upon
leachate management, i.e., treatment and disposal, which can be
performed either off-site or at the waste disposal site.  Based
upon the findings of this section, on-site treatment/disposal is
the most likely option.  Therefore, as indicated above, this
manual will emphasize the on-site treatment/disposal alterna-
tive .
                               4-13
-------
                 LEACHATE
5.1  GENERAL DISCUSSION

     The objective of this
technologies which have
leachate treatment.  The  s
information on the treatapil
be present in leachate.
to judge the potential
unit treatment processes:
                           section  is  to provide  information  on
                        potential application  to  hazardous waste
                          ection is organized  to  first  present
                            ity of  specific compounds which may
                          his and other  information  then  is used
                           icability of  the following twenty
apjl
            Biological Treatment
            Carbon Adsorpt ion
            Catalysis
            Chemical Oxidation
            Chemical Reduction
            Chemical Precipitation
            Crystallizatic n
            Density Separc tion
            Dialysis/Elect rodialysis
            Distillation
These processes then are c
application potential and
provided to aid identificc
on the basis of leachate
                   attention
                     leach ate
     Subsequently,
may be formed during
uals and gaseous emissions
information is given for
     Because hazardous was
tion and often contain a
that process trains c
nologies will be needed tc
the most cost-effective
in this section can be
individual unit processes
                     comprised
                        manner
                       used
     Section 6 of this maHual
process for a given situation
                            SECTION  5
                          TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                                       Evaporation
                                       Filtration
                                       Flocculation
                                       Ion  Exchange
                                       Resin Adsorption
                                       Reverse Osmosis
                                       Solvent Extraction
                                       Stripping
                                       Ultrafiltration
                                       Wet  Oxidation
                          rganized  into categories  based  upon
                          operating experience.  A  matrix  is
                          tion of the most applicable  processes
                         dhemical composition.
      is directed to by-products which
       treatment.  These include resid-
      Finally, capital and operating cost
   elected technologies.
   te leachates vary widely in composi-
  cjiversity of constituents, it is likely
       of several unit treatment tech-
    achieve high levels of treatment in
          Thus, the information contained
     to formulate process trains from
   each intended to fulfill a given task.
                              addresses selection of a  treatment
                              and presents example process

                               5-1
-------
trains for selected situations.

     Although research (1,2) currently is underway to better
define performance and design criteria for hazardous waste
leachate treatment technologies, actual full scale treatment
process applications are few.  Activated carbon adsorption and
chemical coagulation/precipitation are the only technologies
known to have been used in larger scale applications.

     Experience with sanitary landfill leachate treatment  is
more extensive but is still somewhat limited.  On the other
hand, many technologies have been used to treat industrial pro-
cess wastewaters containing hazardous constituents.  This  indus-
trial experience has some applicability to leachate  treatment
because of similarities in chemical constituents and discharge
goals.  Thus, the-treatment technologies considered  in  this
manual include those which have been applied to wastes  in  all
three of the above categories - - hazardous waste leachate, san-
itary landfill leachate, and industrial process wastewaters.

     Information contained in this manual should enable  the user
to identify treatment technologies which may be applicable in
given situations and to determine approximate levels of  perfor-
mance.  Conceptual design may be possible in some cases; how-
ever, because leachate composition will be variable  and  process
performance will be extremely wastewater specific, actual  treat-
ability studies are recommended to screen potential  processes
and develop design criteria - - if a leachate is available.

5.2  TREATABILITY OF LEACHATE CONSTITUENTS

     A recent Environmental Protection Agency report  (1) summa-
rized data on the treatability of over 500 compounds, many of
which are listed in Subtitle C, Section 3001 of RCRA.   Although
the focus of the report is on concentration technologies and  it
thus does not fully address all potential leachate treatment
options, much useful information is contained therein.   There-
fore the summary treatability data contained in this report is
reproduced in Appendix Table E-l.  This information  can  be used
to guide one in the identification of potential hazardous waste
leachate treatment technologies.  However, because this  infor-
mation was derived from numerous studies, ranging from  labora-
tory to full scale on wastewaters ranging from pure  compounds  to
industrial wastes and leachates, the reader is cautioned not  to
directly apply these published data to a leachate treatment
situation.

     Primary organization of Appendix Table E-l is by treatment
process.  For each process, the treatability of individual chem-
ical compounds is given with the compounds arranged  in  alphabet-
ical order within chemical classifications.  The following
treatment processes are included:

                               5-2
-------
          Process                   Process  Code  No.
                                    Used  in  Table E-l

     Biological                             I
     Coagulation/Precipitation             II
     Reverse Osmosis                      III
     Ultrafiltration                       IV
     Stripping                              V
     Solvent Extraction                   VII
     Carbon Adsorption                     IX
     Resin Adsorption                       X
     Miscellaneous Sorbents               XII

The chemical classification  system  used  is  as  follows:

     Chemical Classification        Classification Code  No
                                       Used  in  Table  E-l
     Alcohols                                 A
     Aliphatics                               B
     Amines                                   C
     Aromatics                                D
     Ethers                                   E
     Halocarbons                              F
     Metals                                   G
     PCBs                                     I
     Pesticides                               J
     Phenols                                  K
     Phthalates                               L
     Polynuclear Aromatics                    M

     In order to facilitate use of Appendix  Table  E-l,  an  index
has been prepared and is presented immediately  before  Table  E-l.
This index lists compounds contained  in Table E-l  in alphabet-
ical order and indicates for each compound  its  pollutant group
(RCRA, Section 311, or Priority Pollutant),  chemical classifi-
cation (alcohol, aliphatic, etc.), and the compound code number
used in Appendix Table E-l.  This latter number can be  used  to
locate the compound in the main table.

     In order to present the large quantity  of  information in  a
concise manner, it was necessary to code some of the information
in Table E-l.  The coding system is explained in footnotes at
the end of the Appendix.

     Many chemical compounds are known by several  names.   At-
tempts were made to use preferred or  generic names according to
The Merck Index.  However, in some cases it  was necessary  to use
the names which were used in the reference documents.   Users of
Appendix E are advised to check for compounds under several  po-
tential alphabetic listings.


                               5-3
-------
     Once the compounds of concern in a leachate have been  iden-
tified, the user can refer to Appendix E  to learn which  treat-
ment techniques have been applied to each hazardous  constitutent
found in the leachate.  These techniques  then can be evaluated
for treatment feasibility, and a treatment scheme can be  pro-
posed based on a combination of the treatment options for the
various constituents.  For example, suppose a leachate sample  is
analyzed and found to contain significant concentrations  of
acrylonitrile and 2-chlorophenol.  Table  E-l shows that  acti-
vated sludge is a common treatment technique with removal effi-
ciencies of over 90% for both compounds.  Thus, activated sludge
is a potentially viable treatment option.  However,  the waste
type listed in the table also must be considered because  direct
correlation to leachate may not be possible.  In this example,
the acrylonitrile treatability study was  done on an  industrial
wastewater and the 2-chlorophenol waste type was not known.
Activated sludge should be considered an  option for  leachate
control but not installed until additional testing has been com-
pleted.  The information in the table should be used as  a guide-
line and not as a rule.

     Additional information on the treatability of 203 specific
compounds is contained in the Treatability Manual, Volume I,
Treatability Data (4).  As stated in that manual, pollutants
addressed were taken from the list of 297 compounds  considered
in Section 311 of the Water Pollution Control Act.   Selection
was based on a consideration of pollutant toxicity and stability
in an aqueous environment.  For each pollutant three items  are
presented:

        • description of the pure species,

        • industrial occurrence, and

        • treatability/removability.

It should be noted that the Treatability  Manual is oriented to-
ward treatment of industrial wastewater rather than  hazardous
waste leachate.

5.3  UNIT PROCESS APPLICATION POTENTIAL

     As indicated in Section 5.1, twenty  unit processes  were
identified as possibly applicable to hazardous waste leachate
treatment.  These unit processes were reviewed and assessed as
to their potential for the application of interest.  Unit pro-
cess application potentials are discussed below.  No attempt  has
been made to provide  information on the theory, design,  or  oper-
ation of the technologies.  Descriptions  of  the technologies  may
be found in standard  texts and design manuals.  References  (1)
and  (3) may be especially useful supplemental information
sources.  Application data for several technologies  to sanitary

                               5-4
-------
landfill leachate and industrial wastewater  treatment are  sum-
marized in Appendices C and D, respectively.


5.3.1  Biological Treatment


     Biological processes are, in general, the most cost-effec-
tive techniques for treating aqueous waste streams containing
organic constituents.  They have been applied successfully at
full scale to a wide variety of industrial wastes and sanitary
landfill, although there are no known full scale hazardous waste
treatment facilities.  Environmental impacts associated with
biological processes are limited.  Probably of greatest concern
in this regard is the potential release of volatile organic com-
pounds to the atmosphere as a result of aeration.

     Hazardous waste leachates may contain organic compounds
which are not readily biodegradable.  Therefore, it may be nec-
essary to acclimate a biological system to the waste to be
treated prior to routine operation of the process.  Moreover,
leachates may contain compounds which are refractory and/or
toxic to biological systems.  The presence of such compounds at
high concentrations may preclude use of biological treatment or
may necessitate use of another treatment process in conjunction
with biological treatment.

     For biological processes to function, several operational
requirements must be satisfied.  Most notable, near neutral pH
must be'maintained and nutrient requirements (carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus as well as trace elements) must be satisfied.
Moreover, sudden changes in loading (both concentration and
flow) must be avoided.

     Of the biological treatment options, the activated sludge
process, in one of its modifications, appears to have the  great-
est potential for leachate treatment because it can be con-
trolled to the greatest extent and best lends itself to the de-
velopment of an acclimated culture.  However, anaerobic filtra-
tion or anaerobic lagoons because of ease of operation, minimal
sludge production, and energy efficiencies merit consideration
in some situations. Thus, biological treatment is judged to be a
viable technology which should be considered for treatment of
hazardous wast*; leachates containing organic constituents.
                                5-5
-------
5.3.2  Carbon Adsorption

     Activated carbon adsorption  is a well developed  technology
which has a wide range of potential waste treatment applica-
tions.  It is especially well suited for the removal  of mixed
organic contaminants from aqueous wastes.  Numerous examples of
full scale waste treatment applications exist.  These  include
treatment of a variety of industrial wastewaters, cleanup of
spilled hazardous materials, and  treatment of leachates and
ground and surface waters contaminated by hazardous wastes.

     No serious environmental impacts are associated with carbon
systems employing regeneration.   If regeneration is not carried
out, impacts could result from the disposal of carbon  contami-
nated with hazardous materials.

     Energy requirements for systems employing thermal reacti-
vation are significant - approximately 14,000-18,600 kJ/kg of
carbon (6,000-8,000 Btu per pound).

     Unit costs for carbon adsorption can vary widely  depending
upon the waste to be treated, the adsorption system, and the
regeneration technique.  However, it has been shown to be an
economical approach in numerous instances.

     Carbon adsorption must be considered a viable candidate for
treatment of hazardous leachates  containing organic contam-
inants.  Granular activated carbon is the most well developed
approach and may be used to provide complete treatment, pre-
treatment, or effluent polishing.  Combined biological-carbon
systems also appear promising for leachate treatment.

5.3.3  Catalysis

     Several potential applications of catalysis to waste treat-
ment have been identified but commercial practicality  has not
been demonstrated.

     Catalysts generally are very selective and, while poten-
tially applicable to destruction  or detoxification of  a given
component of a complex waste stream, do not have broad spectrum
applicability.

5.3.4  Chemical Oxidation

     Relatively poor removals of  most organics are effected by
chemical oxidation; although, chemical transformations may occur
which could facilitate treatment  by other processes.   Inorganics
often can be transferred to a valence state which is  less toxic
                               5-6
-------
or which facilitates precipitation.  Most chemical oxidation
technologies (including ozone) are fairly well developed and
have been demonstrated successfully at full scale on several
industrial wastewaters and at laboratory scale on numerous
organic compounds representing several chemical classifications.
Applications, however, have been generally on dilute waste
streams.

     Ozonation, especially, is judged to have potential for
aqueous hazardous waste treatment.  It can serve as a pretreat-
ment process prior to biological treatment; it also can be used
alone or in concert with UV irradiation as the primary treat-
ment process.  Combination of ozonation and granular activated
carbon has yielded mixed results; it appears that wastewater
composition greatly influences the performance of this process
train.


     Oxidation using ozone or hydrogen peroxide does not
result in the formation of chlorinated organics which may be
a problem when using alkaline chlorination.  Residual ozone
in the effluent decomposes but off-gases containing residual
ozone should be passed through activated carbon to decompose
the ozone.


5.3.5  Chemical Reduction


     As with chemical oxidation, reduction is an effective
means of removing inorganic compounds or reducing their toxic-
ity.  However,  because compounds are concentrated in a pre-
cipitated sludge, this residue may require careful management.
Introduction of foreign ions into the waste is a real or
potential disadvantage with many of the reducing agents.  A
major application for chemical reduction would be reduction
of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium using sulfur
dioxide, sulfite salts, or ferrous sulfate.  Precipitation of
trivalent chromium as Cr(OH)3  with lime or sodium carbonate
usually follows reduction.

     The process has little potential for organic waste streams.

5.3.6  Chemical Precipitation

     Precipitation processes have been in full scale operation
for many years.   The technique can be applied to almost any
liquid waste stream containing a precipitable hazardous constit-
uent.  Required equipment is commercially available.  Associated
costs are relatively low and thus, precipitation can be applied
to relatively large volumes of liquid wastes.  Energy consump-
tion also is relatively low.
                              5-7
-------
     Precipitation processes result in the production of a wet
sludge which may be considered hazardous and must be further
processed prior to ultimate disposal.  In some  instances, the
potential for material recovery from this sludge exists.  How-
ever, very often, non-target materials are precipitated together
with the material of interest thus complicating or eliminating
the feasibility of material recovery.

     Usually/ simple treatability studies must  be carried out
prior to applying the process to a waste stream to determine the
chemical of choice, the degree of removal, and  the required
chemical dose.

     In most instances, precipitation  is considered  to be the
technique of choice for removal of metals (arsenic,  cadmium,
chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel)
and certain anionic species (phosphates, sulfates, fluorides)
from aqueous hazardous wastes.

5.3.7  Crystallization

     The inability of the crystallization process to respond to
changing wastewater characteristics and its operational complex-
ity are primary reasons why this process has not been reduced  to
practice.  There is no ongoing research and past efforts to
treat a variety of industrial wastewaters and sludges have had
limited success.  This process is judged to have little poten-
tial for the application of interest.

5.3.8  Density Separation

     Density separation, as discussed  herein, includes sedimen-
tation and flotation because they are  the most  commonly used
techniques for solids/liquids separation in wastewater treat-
ment.

     Sedimentation processes have been in use for many years,
are easy to operate, are low-cost, and consume  little energy.
Required equipment is relatively simple and commercially avail-
able. The process can be applied to almost any  liquid waste
stream containing settleable material.  It is considered to  have
high potential for leachate treatment.  However, it  is an ancil-
lary process which will be utilized primarily in conjunction
with some other technique such as chemical precipitation.  Al-
ternatively, it may be used as a pretreatment technique prior  to
another process such as carbon or resin adsorption.

     Flotation is a proven solids/liquids separation technique
for certain industrial applications.   It is characterized by
higher operating costs and more skilled maintenance  requirements
than gravity sedimentation.  Power requirements also are higher.


                               5-8
-------
This technique is judged to be potentially applicable but prob-
ably only in situations where the leachate contains high concen-
trations of oil and grease.

5.3.9  Dialysis/Electrodialysis

     Neither dialysis nor electrodialysis have been judged to
have much applicability to hazardous waste leachate treatment.
Being most applicable for the removal of inorganic salts, they
are not well suited to mixed constituent waste streams.  Both
rely heavily on recovery and reuse of at least one product
stream to offset costs.  Other problems include membrane plug-
ging and deterioration and production of two output streams
neither of which can be discharged directly.

5.3.10  Distillation

     Distillation is judged to have limited applicability to
treatment of complex hazardous waste leachate because of its
high cost and energy requirements.  Should the leachate consist
primarily of organic solvents and halogenated organics distilla-
tion may be technically feasible although costly unless recovery
is practiced.

5.3.11  Evaporation

Evaporation is not expected to have broad application to the
treatment of hazardous waste leachate^containing moderately
volatile organic constituents (BP 100°C-300°C).  These organics
cannot be easily separated in a pretreatment stripper and will
appear in the condensate from the evaporator to some extent
depending on their volatility.  Therefore, good clean separation
of these organics is not possible without post-treatment of the
condensate.

     Other major disadvantages of evaporation are high capital
and operating costs, and high energy requirements.  This process
is more adaptable to wastewaters with high concentrations of
organic pollutants than to dilute wastewaters.

5.3.12  Filtration

     Both granular and flexible media filtration are well de-
veloped processes currently being used in a wide variety of
applications.  A wide spectrum of filtration systems are commer-
cially available.  The economics of filtration are reasonable
for many applications.  Energy requirements are relatively low
and operational parameters are well defined.  Therefore, filtra-
tion is judged to be a good candidate for leachate treatment.
However, it is not a primary treatment process but rather will
be used to support other processes either as a polishing step


                              5-9
-------
(granular media) subsequent to precipitation and sedimentation
or as a dewatering process (flexible media) for sludges gener-
ated in other processes.

5.3.13  Flocculation

     Flocculation must be carried out in conjunction with a
solid/liquid separation process, usually sedimentation.  Often,
flocculation is preceded by precipitation.

     It is a relatively simple process to operate and has been
used for many years to improve particle sedimentation.  Neces-
sary equipment is commercially available.  Both costs and energy
consumption are relatively low.  The process can be applied  to
almost any aqueous waste stream containing precipitable and/or
suspended material.

     Flocculation followed by sedimentation is judged to be  a
viable candidate process for hazardous waste leachate treatment,
particularly where suspended solids and/or heavy metal removal
is an objective.  It may be used in conjunction with sedimenta-
tion as a pretreatment step prior to a subsequent process such
as activated carbon adsorption.

     In most instances, the applicability of the technique,  the
flocculating chemicals to be used, and the chemical dose can be
determined based upon experience and simple laboratory treat-
abililty tests.

5.3.14  Ion Exchange

     Ion exchange is a proven process with a long history of
use.  It will remove dissolved salts, primarily inorganics,  from
aqueous solutions.  For many applications, particularly where
product recovery is possible, ion exchange is a relatively eco-
nomical process.  Also, it is characterized by low energy re-
quirements.

     Ion exchange is judged to have some potential for leachate
treatment in situations where it is necessary to remove dis-
solved inorganic species.  However, other competing processes -
precipitation, flocculation, and sedimentation - are more
broadly applicable to mixed waste streams containing suspended
solids, and a spectrum of organic and inorganic species.  These
competing processes also usually are more economical.  Moreover,
the upper concentration limit for the exchangeable ions for  ef-
ficient operation is generally 2,500 mg/1, expressed as calcium
carbonate (or 0.05 equivalents/1).  This upper limit is due  pri-
marily to the time requirements of the operation cycle.  A high
concentration of exchangeable ion results in rapid exhaustion
during the service cycle, with the result that regeneration  re-
quirements, both for equipment and of the percentage of resin

                              5-10
-------
inventory undergoing regeneration at any time, become  inordin-
ately high.  There also is an upper concentration  limit  (around
10,000-20,000 mg/1), which is governed by the properties of  the
ion exchangers themselves, in that the selectivity  (preference
for one ion over another) begins to decrease as  the  total  con-
centration of dissolved salts (ionic strength) increases.

     Synthetic resins can be damaged by oxidizing  agents and
heat.  In addition, the stream to be treated should  contain  no
suspended matter or other materials that will foul  the resin or
that cannot be removed by the backwash operation.   Some organic
compounds, particularly aromatics, will be irreversibly adsorbed
by the resins, and this will result in a decreased  capacity, as
for example in the case of electroplating bath additives.

     Thus, the use of ion exchange probably would  be limited to
situations where a polishing step was required to  remove an  in-
organic constituent which could not be reduced to  satisfactory
levels by preceding treatment processes or in specialized  situ-
ations for removal of an inorganic constituent.  Therefore,
while ion exchange is believed to have some potential  it is  not
a process which should normally receive primary  consideration.

5.3.15  Resin Adsorption

     Laboratory studies of resin adsorption have shown that
phthalate esters, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols,  chlorinated
aromatics, aromatics, esters, amines, chlorinated  alkanes  and
alkenes, and pesticides are adsorbable.  Resins  adsorbed certain
amines and aromatics better than activated carbon  did.

     Resin adsorption has greatest applicability:

     •  when color due to organic molecules must be  removed;

     •  when solute recovery is practical or thermal regenera-
        tion is not practical;

     •  where selective adsorption is desired;

     •  where low leakages are required; or

     •  where wastewaters contain high levels of dissolved in-
        organics .

Polymeric adsorbents are nonpolar with an affinity  for nonpolar
solutes in polar solvents or of intermediate polarity  capable of
sorbing nonpolar solutes from polar solvents and polar solutes
from nonpolar solvents.  Carbonaceous resins have  a  chemical
composition which is intermediate between polymeric  adsorbents
and activated carbon and are available in a range  of surface
polarities.

                              5-11
-------
     Because of selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and
chemical regenerability, resin adsorption has a wide range of
potential applications for organic waste streams.  The primary
disadvantage is high initial cost; although, this may be offset
if recovery of the solute is practical.  Costs for resins re-
cently have been quoted to be $11-33 per kg ($5-15 per pound,
1980 dollars).  While not economically competitive with carbon
for high volume, high concentration, mixed constituent wastes,
benefits may be gained by sequential resin and carbon adsorp-
tion.

     Energy requirements are heavily dependent upon whether
solute recovery from the solvent wash is practiced.  Without
solute recovery, energy costs account for 5% of operating costs;
however, with solute recovery using distillation, energy costs
could account for 50% of operating costs but solvent costs are
markedly reduced.

     As with activated carbon, the only major environmental im-
pacts relate to the regeneration process.  If not reused, spent
regenerant requires disposal, frequently by incineration or land
disposal.

     Resin sorption is judged to be a potentially viable candi-
date for treatment of hazardous waste leachates.  The technol-
ogy, however, has not been as well defined as carbon adsorption.

5.3.16  Reverse Osmosis

     Reverse osmosis is a relatively new process which has been
reduced to practice for some industrial wastewater treatment
applications such as inorganic salt removal from rinse waters.
Energy requirements for commercially available systems are ap-
proximately 7.6x10  -9.5x10  J/m  of product water  (8-10
kwh/1000 gal).  Reverse osmosis is a relatively costly process
but it is capable of producing high purity water.  The principal
application is to concentration of dilute solutions of inorganic
and some organic solutes.  Problems associated with RO include
concentration polarization (decreased water production with time
per unit area of membrane), the need for pretreatment to remove
solids (colloidal and suspended), the need for dechlorination
when using polyamide membranes, and membrane fouling due to
precipitation of insoluble salts.  pH control is important.

     The state of development is such that it necessitates ex-
tensive bench and pilot scale testing prior to almost any po-
tential application to ascertain feasibility.  Thus, reverse
osmosis is judged to have limited potential for leachate treat-
ment.  Its use probably would be limited to polishing operations
subsequent to other more conventional processes or to concentra-
                               5-12
-------
ting pollutants (multicharged cations and anions and moderate
and high molecular weight organics) into a stream which would be
processed further.

5.3.17  Solvent Extraction

     Solvent extraction is judged to have minimal potential  for
leachate treatment.  Broad spectrum sorbents such as activated
carbon are expected to be more effective in treating waste
streams containing a diversity of organic compounds.  Carbon
adsorption also will be more economical unless a valuable prod-
uct can be recovered which is unlikely in most leachate treat-
ment situations.

5.3.18  Stripping

     Air stripping is judged to have potential for leachate
treatment primarily when ammonia removal is desired and then
only when the concentrations of other volatile compounds are low
enough to avoid unacceptable environmental impacts by the air
emissions.  The process would be difficult to optimize for
leachate containing a spectrum of volatile and non-volatile  com-
pounds.  Air stripping does have appeal as a pretreatment prior
to another process such as adsorption to extend the life of  the
sorbent by removing sorbable organic constituents.  However, air
pollution control requirements are likely to be severe thus
making the economics less attractive.  Some air stripping of
volatile components will occur during the course of any treat-
ment process and may result in safety hazards or air quality
problems.  These problems are expected to be most severe from
biological treatment processes using aeration devices.

    Steam stripping has merit for wastes containing high concen-
trations of highly volatile compounds.  It is a proven process
for some applications but will require laboratory and bench
scale investigations prior to application to leachates contain-
ing multiple organic compounds.  Both energy requirements and
costs are relatively high.  By-product recovery to offset costs
is unlikely.  Steam stripping is judged to have greatest poten-
tial as a pretreatment step to reduce the load of volatile com-
pounds to a subsequent treatment process.  Organics concentrated
in the overhead condensate stream also would require further
treatment, possibly by wet oxidation.

5.3.19  Ultrafiltration

    Ultrafiltration is a commercially used process with several
industrial applications generally involving product recovery or
production of highly purified solvent.  It is characterized  by
high capital and operating costs with membrane replacement being
a major factor.  Energy costs could run as high as 30% of direct
operating costs.

                              5-13
-------
    Ultrafiltration is judged to have limited potential  for
treating a complex leachate.   Its use probably would be limited
to relatively low volume leachate streams containing substantial
quantities of high molecular weight  (7,500 to 500,000) solutes
such as oils.  Concentrated organics would require further
treatment possibly by wet oxidation or off-site incineration.
Pilot testing is a prerequisite to use.

5.3.20  Wet Oxidation

    Laboratory studies indicate that the process may have poten-
tial for treatment of high strength leachates or those contain-
ing toxic organics, especially those waste streams too dilute
for incineration but too refractory for chemical or biological
oxidation.  The process has been applied at pilot and full scale
on numerous sludges and non-hazardous wastes.  In laboratory
studies substantial destruction of several organic priority
pollutants was achieved.

    Claimed advantages of the process are that the degree of
oxidation can sometimes be controlled by varying operating con-
ditions and that supplemental energy requirements can be mini-
mized in some situations.  However, the process involves rela-
tively high capital and operating costs and requires skilled
operating labor.

    At this time, the process should be considered as poten-
tially suitable for hazardous waste leachate treatment.  The
area of greatest potential applicability appears to be treating
concentrated organic streams generated by processes such as
steam stripping, ultrafiltration, or reverse osmosis; still bot-
toms; biological treatment process waste sludges; and regenera-
tion of powdered activated carbon used in bio-physical proc-
esses.  Extensive site-specific treatability studies would be
required to determine efficiencies, to develop design criteria,
and to provide cost data to enable comparison with alternative
technologies.

5.4  EVALUATION OF UNIT PROCESSES

     In Section 5.3 of this manual candidate hazardous waste
leachate treatment technologies were discussed and an assessment
was presented of the potential applicability to leachate treat-
ment.  For the reasons discussed in Section 5.3, certain unit
processes are judged to have minimal applicability to hazardous
waste leachate treatment and thus, are not given further consid-
eration herein.  The remaining unit processes generally  fall
into one of two categories.

     Processes placed in Category 1 are those judged to  have  the
broadest potential range of leachate treatment applications.
Moreover, processes in this category are those for which exten-

                              5-14
-------
sive full scale operating experience exists, albeit for other
applications.

     Although Category 2 processes are judged to be potentially
viable hazardous waste leachate technologies, either the poten-
tial applications are limited to more specialized treatment
problems or less full scale experience exists.  Category 1 and 2
processes are listed below together with the major area of ap-
plication for the process.

     Category 1.  More experience, broad application range

        biological treatment - soluble biodegradable organics
        and nutrients

        chemical precipitation - soluble metals

        carbon adsorption - soluble organics, especially toxics
        and refractories

        density separation - wastewater suspended solids, chem-
        ical precipitates, oily materials

        filtration - suspended solids and precipitates

     Category 2.  Less full scale experience, limited
     application

        chemical oxidation - cyanide and organics

        chemical reduction - hexavalent chromium

        ion exchange - inorganics, especially fluoride and total
        dissolved solids

        membranes (RO) - total dissolved solids

        stripping (air) - ammonia nitrogen

        wet oxidation - high strength or toxic organic aqueous
        streams

     The approximate ability of Category 1 and 2 processes to
treat compounds in the chemical classifications identified in
Section 5.2 is summarized in Table 5-1.  This table presents a
brief overview which can be used to assist in the formulation of
alternative process trains for leachates containing compounds
from these chemical classifications.

     Appendix E, which contains more detailed information on the
treatability of specific compounds by many of these unit proc-
esses, also should be consulted during formulation of the proc-

                              5-15
-------
TABLE 5-1.  TREATMENT PROCESS APPLICABILITY  MATRIX









Chemical
Classification


1. Alcohols
2. Aliphatics
3 . Amines
4. Aromatics
5. Ethers
6. Halocarbons
7. Metals
8. Miscellaneous:
Ammonia
Cyanide
TDS
9. PCB
10. Pesticides
11. Phenols
12. Phthalates
13. Polynuclear
Aromatics

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                         Table 5-1 (continued)
      Key for Symbols:

          E - Excellent performance likely
          G - Good performance likely
          F - Fair performance likely
          P - Poor performance likely
          R - Reported to be removed
          N - Not Applicable
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Note:  Use of two symbols indicates differing reports of per-
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Source:  Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka.
         Concentration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste
         Treatment.  EPA-600/2-81-019.  U.S. Environmental
         Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, February, 1981.
                              5-17
-------
ess train.  Because much of the data used to prepare Table  5-1
and Appendix E are from laboratory scale studies using various
wastewaters ranging from solutions of pure compounds to  indus-
trial wastewaters, extrapolation from these studies to full
scale leachate treatment operations is risky.  Preferably the
basis for process design, at a minimum, should rely on labora-
tory scale treatability studies using the actual leachate or a
closely similar wastewater.  Although all compounds in these
chemical classes are not labeled as toxic or hazardous;  it  is
expected that many of them will be present in hazardous  waste
leachates.  Thus, treatment processes must be designed to accom-
modate those compounds as well because they will impact  overall
treatment process performance and often will be limited  in  per-
missible discharge amount by NPDES permits.'

     As a prelude to formulating treatment trains capable of
addressing the complex chemical matrix of hazardous waste leach-
ate, details relating to process configurations, applications,
design concerns, and pre- and post-treatment requirements of
Category 1 and 2 unit processes are discussed in Section 6.5.
In Section 6.6, unit processes are arranged into example process
trains for several selected leachate situations.

5.5  BY-PRODUCT CONSIDERATIONS

    In addition to a treated effluent, most leachate treatment
processes will generate sludges, brines, gaseous emissions, or
other by-product streams which often will contain hazardous con-
stituents and thus, must be managed as hazardous waste.  Methods
for treatment and ultimate disposal are the same as those for
hazardo-us wastes except that options probably will be more  lim-
ited because of the expected mixed composition of hazardous
waste leachate treatment by-product streams.

    The objectives of this subsection are to identify by-prod-
ucts generated by the treatment processes described  in Section
5.3, to identify alternative management methods, and to  list
factors affecting selection of a management method.

    Table 5-2 lists by-products expected from the treatment
processes described in Section 5.3.  For purposes of this man-
ual, the by-product streams have been divided into  two cate-
gories: residuals (e.g., brines, concentrates, sludges,  and dis-
carded materials) and gaseous emissions.

    Methods for dealing with these two classifications are  sub-
stantially different.  Residues may be managed using most of  the
techniques available for hazardous wastes; thus, on or off-site
measures may be employed.  For gaseous emissions there are  three
basic control measures.  One is to attempt to control or treat
the emission using air pollution control technologies, e.g.,
scrubbers, precipitators, chemical or thermal oxidation, or gas

                              5-18
-------














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phase adsorbents.  These measures may control  the  emission,  but
in many cases generate by-product waste  streams.

    A second approach is to use a process which does not gener-
ate an air emission or which generates an emission of  less mag-
nitude or severity.  For example, gravity sedimentation is less
likely to strip volatile compounds than  dissolved  air  flotation;
the same applies for trickling filtration versus diffused aera-
tion activated sludge.  Process selection, however, also depends
upon leachate quality, treatment goals,  and capabilities of  the
individual unit processes in the process train.

    The third alternative which may be possible in some instan-
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that concentrations of specific pollutants in  the  gaseous emis-
sions are within acceptable limits (for  many hazardous or toxic
pollutants such limits have not been defined).  Ensuring ade-
quate dilution of the emission may be a  factor in  this approach.

    As previously stated, residues can be managed  in the same
manner as other liquid and solid hazardous wastes.  That is, the
following disposal techniques may be used:

      "• hazardous waste landfill,

      • hazardous waste treatment facility,

      • hazardous waste incinerator,

      • deep well injection, or

      • land application.

Whether the residue has to be processed  before disposal depends
upon the residue characteristics, the disposal option, and eco-
nomics of the situation.  For example, if the  leachate treatment
facility is located at a hazardous waste landfill, it  may be
possible to pump or otherwise convey a sludge  to the landfill  in
the form it is generated and thus avoid  the costs  of dewatering
or chemical stabilization.  However, this decision is  very site
specific and it is not possible to recommend a specific manage-
ment technique for every residue listed  in Table 5-2.  It is
possible to group the residues in Table  5-2 into the following
broad categories, subsequently to identify alternative manage-
ment approaches for each category.

    Residue Category                Examples

    1. Liquids (brines)         Inorganic aqueous  streams: con-
                                centrates from membrane separa-
                                tion processes, ion exchange
                                regenerant streams

                              5-27
-------
3. Sludges (inorganic)
4. Sludges (organic)
    2. Liquids (organic         Condensates from stripping, dis-
       laden)                   tillation, and evaporation
                                operations; spent solvents from
                                extraction and regeneration pro-
                                cesses; concentrate from
                                ultrafiltration

                                Precipitates from chemical
                                oxidation, reduction and
                                precipitation processes;
                                backwash from granular
                                media filtration processes;
                                spent ion exchange resins

                                Excess biological treatment
                                sludges, still bottoms from
                                distillation and evaporation
                                processes, spent adsorbents
                                such as granular and powdered
                                active carbon and resins
                                which cannot be regenerat-
                                ed, scum from dissolved air
                                flotation (may also be in-
                                organic in nature)

                                Ion exchange resins, acti-
                                vated carbon, adsorption
                                resins

                                Discarded or fouled mem-
                                branes, contaminated pack-
                                ings from column opera-
                                tions

Processing and disposal alternatives for each of these catego-
ries are shown in Table 5-3.  Engineering judgment was used to
attempt to differentiate in this table between a primary or pre-
ferred approach (designated with a P) and other approaches which
should be considered (designated S).  Blanks indicate that the
alternative probably does not apply to the residue category;
however, there may be exceptions.

    Factors to be considered when selecting a residue management
alternative are the same as those considered when evaluating on
or off-site leachate treatment and disposal alternatives as dis-
cussed in Section14.

5.6  TREATMENT PROCESS COSTS

    Although many of the unit processes described in Section 5.3
have potential application to treatment of hazardous waste
leachate, most of them have never been used for this purpose.

                              5-28
5. Reusable materials
6. Other
-------
                 TABLE 5-3.   RESIDUE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES



Disposal
Alternative
Landfill


Incinerate

Deep well
injection
Land
Treatment

Hazardous Waste
Treatment Facil-
ity

Reuse



Alternatives
for Process-
ing Before
TH ennsfll
None
Dewater
Stabilize
None
Dewater

None

None
Dewater


None
Dewater
Regenerate



Brines
P
S
P



P





P
S

RESIDUE CATEGORY
CO

Organic
Liquids
P
S

P
S

S

P



P
S

u
Inorgani
Sludges
P
S
P





S



S
S


Organic
Sludges
P
S
S
P
S



P



S
S

_J
Reuseab]














P



M
01
0
P


P











P - Primary or preferred approach




S - Approach which should be considered






Blank  indicates alternative probably not applicable to  residue  category
                                      5-29
-------
Therefore, no historical cost data exist on the use of these
processes for hazardous waste leachate treatment.  Consequently,
one must rely on information based upon municipal and industrial
water and wastewater treatment experience to develop cost esti-
mates.  Such information, however, should not be applied direct-
ly in developing cost estimates for hazardous waste leachate
treatment.  Nevertheless, it reflects the best available infor-
mation and with care can be used to make approximate cost com-
parisons among leachate treatment alternatives.  Municipal  and
industrial treatment cost data should not be used to prepare  ab-
solute site specific cost estimates for any particular process.
Once a process has been selected and operating conditions de-
fined, detailed cost estimates should be prepared using  standard
engineering practices.

    Before preparing cost estimates for purposes of making  com-
parisons, the user should be aware of the following constraints
to applying available municipal and industrial treatment cost
data to leachate situations:

           1.  Cost data for many processes are presented as  a
           function of flow rate with flow rates typically     3
           ranging from 0.1 or 1.0 to 100 MGD (378 to 378,000 m
           /d).  Leachate flow rates are expected to be  les"s
           than 0.1 MGD in most cases.  Consequently, extrapola-
           tion must be made to the correct size range.  The
           reader  is cautioned that a good understanding of the
           assumptions, formulae, constants, and exponentials
           used to prepare the original cost curves is necessary
           prior to making such extrapolations.

           2.  Costs for many processes have been derived from
           treatment of wastewater matrices less complicated
           than hazardous waste leachate and containing  conven-
           tional  rather than hazardous, toxic, or priority
           pollutants.   Consequently, the levels of treatment
           provided may be adequate only for the conventional
           pollutants.  For example, ozonation for municipal
           wastewater disinfection requires smaller ozone doses
           and consequently smaller ozone generators and lower
           capital costs than for oxidation of certain organic
           compounds.  Also, phenomena like competitive  ad-
           sorption may not have been recognized and taken  into
           account in sizing an adsorption  process to handle a
           given flow rate.

           3.  Costs may be presented as a function of loading
           of a certain wastewater constituent, e.g., BOD or
           COD.  These may not be meaningful parameters  to  size
           and cost a hazardous waste leachate treatment
           process.


                              5-30
-------
    With these cautions in mind, the reader  is referred  to  the
following references for cost information which could be of as-
sistance in evaluating leachate treatment alternatives:

      • Treatability Manual, Volume IV, Cost Estimating  (5)

      • Estimating Water Treatment Costs, Volume 3, Cost Curves
        Applicable to 2500 gpd to 1 mgd Treatment Plants (6)

These documents contain capital, and operation and maintenance
cost data on municipal and industrial applications of many of
the unit processes described in Section 5.3 as  well as  ancil-
lary processes such as pumping, pretreatment, and sludge han-
dling.  It is expected that for some processes, the capital cost
curves would be more usable than operation and maintenance  (O&M)
cost data.  This is because O&M cost components such as  chemi-
cals, materials, power, and even labor are more likely to be
influenced by wastewater composition and treatment goals.  A
good example is granular carbon adsorption where contactor size
and ancillary equipment is relatively independent of wastewater
characteristics but the amount of carbon used is directly depen-
dent on wastewater composition and treatment objectives.  Ozon-
ation, however, provides an exception to this generalization
because even though the ozone dosage requirement is directly
dependent on wastewater composition and treatment goals  it also
influences capital costs for ozone generators.  Such relation-
ships should be kept in mind when using the referenced cost data
to compare leachate treatment alternatives.

    In general, it is believed that leachate treatment costs
will be higher than for comparable municipal and industrial
processes.

5.7  REFERENCES

 1.  Shuckrow, A. J., A. P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka.  Concen-
     tration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment.
     EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766.  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1980.  343 pp.

 2.  Baillod, G. R., R. A. Lamparter, and D. G. Leddy.   Wet
     Oxidation of Toxic Organic Substances.  Michigan Techno-
     logical University, College of Engineering, Houghton,
     Michigan.

 3.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Treatability
     Manual, Volume III, Technologies for Control/Removal of
     Pollutants.  EPA-600/8-80-042 C, U. S. Environmental Pro-
     tection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1980.
                              5-31
-------
4.    U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency.  Treatability Man-
     ual, Volume I, Treatability Data.  EPA-600/8-80-042 a, U.
     S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
     1980.

 5.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Treatability Manual,
     Volume IV, Cost Estimating.  EPA-600/8-80-042d, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,, Washington, D.C., 1980.

 6.   Hansen, S. P., R. C. Gumerman, and R. L. Gulp.  Estimating
     Water Treatment Costs, Volume 3, Cost Curves Applicable  to
     2500 gpd to 1 mgd Treatment Plants.  EPA - 600/2-79-162c,
     U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
     1979.   196 pp.
                               5-32
-------
                            SECTION 6

              LEACHATE TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION
6.1  GENERAL DISCUSSION

     Selection of a leachate treatment process  is not  a  simple
task, especially in view of the fact that there  is  little  past
experience in the area of hazardous waste leachate  treatment  and
if the facility is not yet in operation, the quality and quan-
tity of the leachate to be treated must be estimated.  Numerous
factors must be weighed and tradeoffs made in the course of se-
lecting a leachate treatment process.  Important factors which
must be considered include:

          1.  leachate characteristics;

          2.  discharge alternatives;

          3.  treatment objectives (performance  requirements);

          4.  nature of disposal site operation  and resulting
              impact on leachate;

          5.  costs of various alternatives;

          6.  status of the disposal facility (new  or  existing);
              and

          7.  post-closure care considerations.

The  intent of this section is to provide the reader with an un-
derstanding of how each of the above factors influences  treat-
ment process selection.  Moreover, an approach which can be fol-
lowed to systematically address each factor  is  suggested.   Fi-
nally, selected hypothetical and actual leachate situations are
used to provide examples of use of this approach to select
treatment processes.

     Requirements for hazardous waste leachate  treatment are  ex-
pected to apply to both new and existing disposal sites.   How-
ever, approaches to selection of leachate treatment systems for
these two situations probably will differ.   Each situation is
addressed subsequently in this section.


                               6-1
-------
     Although post-closure care considerations have not been
dealt with explicitly in this section, such considerations
should be taken into account in final treatment process selec-
tion.  That is, the resources necessary to maintain treatment
system operations subsequent to site closure must be  factored
into the treatment system selection process and into  the long
term financial planning for the site.  In addition to resource
considerations, post-closure concerns which may impact treatment
system selection relate to changes in flow and composition of
leachate as a result of site closure.

6.2  PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

     As noted in Section 4.4, there are several options for
treatment of leachate and disposal of treated effluent:

          1.  complete treatment with direct discharge to sur-
              face waters;

          2.  complete treatment with discharge to groundwater;
              or

          3.  pretreatment with discharge to a POTW or other fa-
              cility for additional treatment.

     Obviously, the required degree of treatment differs among
the options.  For option 3, the nature and capabilities of sub-
sequent treatment will dictate the required degree of pretreat-
ment.  Currently, pretreatment standards for discharge to POTWs
exist for some substances in many municipalities.  Moreover,
regulations require development of new pretreatment standards
for most POTWs for substances such as metals, phenol, and cya-
nide.  That is, limits exist but are being upgraded.  Therefore,
leachate treatment system performance requirements will be de-
fined, at least in part, by local pretreatment requirements.
Pretreatment requirements for discharge to treatment  systems
other than POTWs will be dictated by the nature of the down-
stream system and thus will be highly site specific.  Therefore,
leachate treatment system performance requirements would have  to
be developed on a case-by-case basis.  In any event,  pretreat-
ment would represent a simplified case of complete treatment.
That is, the technologies would be the same but the required de-
gree of treatment would be less.

       Options 1 and 2 also may differ in the degree  of treat-
ment required.  However, at this time there are no guidelines
which establish discharge limitations or acceptable ground or
surface water concentrations for most of the pollutants  identi-
fied in Sections 261.33(e), 261.33(f) and Appendix VIII of RCRA
or Section 311 of the Clean Water Act.  Consequently, specific
limitations cannot be used to derive  the required  levels of  per-


                               6-2
-------
formance.  Moreover, it is likely that leachate  treatment  system
performance objectives will encompass concerns broader  than RCRA
alone, e.g., NPDES.

     Definition of treatment system performance  objectives is
vital to selection of an appropriate treatment technology.
Therefore, several possible approaches to establishing  perfor-
mance objectives are discussed below.  These approaches are not
intended to have any regulatory significance, but could be used
in some combination to guide selection of treatment  system goals
until more comprehensive guidelines are developed.

     In the case of surface water discharges, stream water qual-
ity standards, including specific pollutant water quality cri-
teria, must be considered when defining the required level of
treatment.  Water quality criteria have been developed  by states
for numerous conventional and non-conventional pollutants.
State standards vary and the pertinent agency must be contacted
to obtain standards for the stream of concern.   Some multiple of
published water quality criteria could be used to establish
treatment objectives.  The multiple should be established on the
basis of receiving stream flow taking dilution into  account.

     Although water quality standards do not exist for  many of
the compounds likely to be of concern in hazardous waste leach-
ate, recommended water quality criteria for 64 of the 65 prior-
ity pollutants recently have been published by the Environmental
Protection Agency(l).  However, because criteria for these pol-
lutants still must be developed and adopted by the states, uni-
form treatment requirements even for these 64 pollutants do not
exist.

     Published industrial effluent limitation guidelines also
can be useful in formulating hazardous waste leachate treatment
goals.  Specific numerical effluent criteria have been  estab-
lished for some constituents in certain industrial waste cate-
gories based upon state-of-the-art technology capabilities.
Criteria generally are available from this source on pH, BOD,
COD, SS, oil and grease, phenol, cyanide, and several heavy met-
als.

     Primary drinking water standards also can be used  as  a ref-
erence point in setting leachate treatment objectives.  Once
again, a multiplier could be applied to these water  quality
based criteria to establish effluent objectives.  This  source
may prove useful for certain metals and several  pesticides.

     Discharges to groundwater can take the form of  land appli-
cation, seepage pits, or disposal wells.  At this time  no  uni-
form approach has been applied to define the required degree of
treatment before groundwater discharge.  With adoption  of  a na-
tional groundwater protection strategy, criteria to  protect

                               6-3
-------
groundwater quality may evolve.  A strategy has been proposed by
EPA (2) but adoption and implementation by the states still  is
required.  In this draft strategy, the following three classifi-
cations of groundwater resources are identified:

        • first class - serves a highly valuable human use or
          ecological function warranting the most stringent  pro-
          tection controls,

        • second class - must be protected to insure use as  a
          drinking water source, and

        • third class - limited or defined contamination would
          be allowed for some types of contaminants.

Implementation of this strategy most probably will  influence
leachate treatment requirements as well as hazardous waste dis-
posal facility siting.  It is possible that the recently pro-
posed water quality criteria for 64 of the priority pollutants
also could be related to groundwater quality using  the "protec-
tion of human health" criteria.  However, it should be noted
that for many of these 64 pollutants three criteria are given
representing incremental cancer risks, but no "acceptable risk
level" is given.

     In summary, the following sources may be used  to guide  de-
velopment of leachate treatment goals:

          1.  existing surface water quality standards prepared
              by the individual state agencies,

          2.  water quality criteria for 64 priority pollutants
              recently proposed by EPA (1),

          3.  industrial wastewater effluent guideline documents
              which define state-of-the-art performance levels
              for various technologies and wastewater constit-
              uents,

          4.  interim primary drinking water standards, and

          5.  proposed groundwater protection strategy issued by
              EPA (2).

However, in attempting to use these various sources for this
purpose, care must be taken to understand the intent of the  par-
ticular criteria/standard and the basis for its development.
Such understanding is crucial to the derivation of  reasonable
treatment goals from sources originally developed for other  pur-
poses .
                                6-4
-------
6.3  TREATMENT FACILITY STAGING

     During the life of a disposal operation and even  after  clo-
sure, the flow and composition of leachate from the  site  are
likely to change.  These changes can occur because of:

          1.  changes in hazardous wastes being disposed  of  at
              the site;

          2.  on-going physical, chemical, and biological  reac-
              tions within the disposal site; and

          3.  ultimate sealing of the site at the time of  clo-
              sure which further reduces entry of extraneous
              water.

     Thus, the leachate treatment facility must be capable of
responding to these changes.  This can be done either  by  prepar-
ing an initial design which includes processes capable of  re-
sponding to all envisioned changes or by staging.  Staging would
involve a design which facilitates adding or deleting  new  treat-
ment processes or changing capacity of existing processes  as fu-
ture conditions warrant.

     From both technical and economic perspectives,  staging  war-
rants detailed consideration during both disposal facility and
leachate treatment facility design.  A major advantage of  stag-
ing would be optimum utilization of the technologies judged  to
be most applicable to the leachates produced at different  phases
in the life of the disposal site.  A major disadvantage,  how-
ever, is the need to anticipate when a change will occur  and to
respond as necessary.  In some cases it may not be sufficient to
recognize that a change has occurred and then modify the  leach-
ate treatment process after the fact.

     An evaluation of the need to modify the leachate  treatment
process could be triggered by either:

          1.  the results from routine monitoring of leachate
              characteristics and leachate treatment process
              performance, or

          2.  the decision to accept a different hazardous waste
               it the disposal facility.

If a change is needed in unit processes, process size, or  opera-
tional procedures, this can be determined based upon the  ex-
pected magnitude and duration of change in the leachate.

     In the case of a new disposal operation where a leachate
has not yet been generated and treatability studies  cannot be
conducted using actual leachate samples, the initial leachate

                               6-5
-------
treatment facility will have to be designed  from  leachate  quan-
tity and composition projections made on  the basis  of  types  of
wastes to be handled, and site construction  and operational
procedures.  However, because performance of the  leachate  treat-
ment system can, at best, only be estimated  on the  basis of
available data, the system should be designed and constructed  in
such a way that processes can be added or deleted as necessary
to respond to leachate characteristics and to meet  performance
requirements.

     One aspect of staging which should be considered  for  new
facilities is interim storage and/or leachate recycle  to the
disposal site.  The feasibility of these  approaches will be
highly site specific and in most cases can only be  considered  as
interim.  However, if some combination of storage and  recycle  is
feasible early in the life of the disposal site operation,  this
approach may provide sufficient time for  the conduct of treata-
bility studies with the actual leachate.  Consequently, treat-
ment process design could be accomplished on a firmer  basis.
Use of this approach, however, must be evaluated  on a  case-by-
case basis.

     The use of mobile or temporary treatment facilities early
in the life of a disposal site prior to construction of a  per-
manent facility also could be considered.

6.4  TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION METHODOLOGY

     It is not possible to provide a prescriptive,  step-by-step
guide for selection of a hazardous waste  leachate treatment
technology.  This is because site specific factors  will have a
significant impact on the selection procedure.  Moreover,  haz-
ardous waste leachate treatment is an emerging area still  in its
infancy.  Therefore, this section addresses  factors which  should
be considered and suggests a generalized  methodology which can
be applied to selection of a leachate treatment process.   Cau-
tions and recommendations pertaining to various steps  in  the
methodology also are provided.

     If possible, selection of a process  to  treat hazardous
waste leachate should be based upon treatability  studies  (labo-
ratory or pilot scale) using the actual leachate.   This  is rec-
ommended for several reasons:

          1.  Published hazardous waste leachate  treatment per-
              formance data are rare.  In the absence  of  treata-
              bility studies, inferences  must be  drawn from
              other laboratory experimental  studies,  and  indus-
              trial and municipal water and  wastewater treatment
              experience.
                                6-6
-------
          2.  Lacking previous experience and/or  treatability
              data, there is no guarantee that high  levels of
              treatment can be achieved.

          3.  It is likely that a combination of  several  unit
              processes will be needed to deal with  the complex
              leachate matrix.  Arriving at the optimum system
              is unlikely without treatability studies.

          4.  The complex leachate matrix may not behave  like
              other wastewaters thus affecting design and opera-
              ting criteria (e.g., chemical dosage require-
              ments), and invalidating extrapolations from other
              experiences.

          5.  Capital investment, and especially  operation and
              maintenance costs are likely to be  greater  per
              unit volume treated than for municipal or indus-
              trial wastewater.  However, costs will be diffi-
              cult to estimate without treatment  experience.
              Investment in a costly, unproven system that may
              not meet the required treatment objectives  is im-
              prudent.

In spite of these considerations, at new disposal sites or ex-
isting sites where leachate has not appeared or its quality is
expected to change greatly, treatability studies  may not  be pos-
sible.  Thus, a more theoretical approach (at least  to concep-
tual design of a treatment system) with greater dependency on
published data must be taken.

     A general methodology which can be used for  selection of a
leachate treatment process is shown in Figure 6-1.  This  method-
ology revolves around the question of existence of a leachate.
The left side of the flow chart applies to cases where a  leach-
ate exists and can reasonably be used in treatability studies.
The right side addresses the case where leachate  treatability
studies cannot be conducted.  This suggested methodology  is dis-
cussed subsequently.

     Aside from the availability of leachate for  use in treata-
bility studies,  several key questions must be answered as part
of the leachate treatment technology selection process.   Among
these are:

          1.  Does the leachate need to be considered a hazard-
              ous waste?

          2.  What are the treated effluent discharge options
              and the corresponding performance or discharge
              limitations?
                               6-7
-------
                    yes
does a
leachate
 exist?
                                                 no
     based  on leachate quality,
   select applicable technologies
        from published data
           define expected leachate
             quality from theoretical
             projections or leachate
               generation studies
     conduct treability studies,
         evaluate results,
          develop costs,
          select process
         select applicable technologies
            based on published data
     conduct pilot scale studies,
       make cost estimates,
         optimize process
              evaluate processes,
                 develop costs,
                 select process
      design treatment facility
            design treatment facility
Figure 6-1.   Methodology  to select leachate  treatment process,
                                   6-8
-------
          3.  What pollutants are present  in  the  leachate  and  at
              what concentrations?

          4.  Are toxic or refractory compounds present?

          5.  What is the leachate flow rate; how will  it  vary
              with time (diurnal, seasonal, long  term)?

          6.  Are there any other aqueous wastes generated  at
              the site and should they be combined with the
              leachate for treatment?

          7.  Will the leachate quality or quantity change
              (could be a function of disposal site operation)
              and does the leachate treatment process need  to  be
              able to respond to such changes and in what  time-
              frame?

          8.  How much land is available for  the  leachate  treat-
              ment facility and are there any special con-
              straints to construction?

          9.  Should leachates from different areas of  the  dis-
              posal site be combined or segregated for  treat-
              ment?  (Note that this will affect  site and  leach-
              ate collection system design.)

         10.  How will leachate treatment residues be managed?

        . 11.  What is required to support  the leachate  treatment
              operation, e.g., analytical testing, operations
              personnel?

         12.  Will spilled material get into  the  leachate  treat-
              ment system?

         13.  What skills and resources will  be needed  for  post-
              closure operation?

The leachate treatment system design process  must address  all
these issues.

6.4.1  Disposal Site with Existing Leachate

     Where a leachate exists, a three-tiered  selection  method-
ology process is shown in Figure 6-1.  Initially, published in-
formation (e.g., discussions given in Section 5.3 and 5.4,  and
the treatability data given in Section 5.2 and Appendix E)
should be used to identify processes that have been reported  to
be capable of treating the types of constituents present in the
leachate.  The objective should be to focus subsequent  efforts
on the most promising processes.

                               6-9
-------
       At the second level, these processes should be studied at
laboratory scale individually and, if necessary, in combina-
tions.  Experimental studies will further screen out unsuccess-
ful processes, identify viable combinations, enable development
of "first cut" design criteria, identify by-products of concern,
and facilitate cost projections.  Depending upon the results of
this step and the reliability of laboratory scale data, a pilot
scale program may be warranted to develop detailed design infor-
mation.  The possibility of designing the pilot scale system to
serve as the first stage of the full scale system should be giv-
en consideration.

     The time required and costs associated with conduct of this
three-tiered program will depend upon the number of processes
examined, the ease with which the leachate can be treated, and
the intensity of the effort.  Physical and chemical processes
generally can be studied in less time than biological processes
because of acclimation or stabilization requirements usually
associated with the latter process type.  Other considerations
in designing and conducting treatability studies include:

        • obtaining representative leachate samples;

        • quantities of leachate required;

        • methods for collecting, handling, and transporting
          leachate to avoid or minimize changes which would in-
          troduce experimental error or endanger personnel,
          e.g., volatilization of leachate constituents;

        • use of batch and continuous flow treatment processes;

        • parameters used to monitor process performance because
          of both the considerable costs which could be incurred
          by analytical testing and the need for rapid data
          turn-around to enable timely judgments; and

        • disposal of wastes (liquids, residues, gaseous emis-
          sions) generated in the treatability studies.

6.4.2  Disposal Site Without Existing Leachate

     If a leachate does not exist or if its composition is ex-
pected to change greatly, the first major step is to determine
what the leachate composition is expected to be.  Because dis-
posal site design and permit acquisition requires knowledge of
what wastes will be handled at the site, incoming waste composi-
tion data probably will be available.  However, it still will be
necessary to project which waste consituents may appear in the
leachate and at what concentrations.  Moreover, because treat-
ment facility design probably will be based on a worst case
rather than average or optimum condition, a projection of the

                              6-10
-------
worst condition must be made based  upon  anticipated  chemical  re-
actions, physical constants for the waste  constituents,  a water
balance for the site, and water and pollutant migration  rate  in-
formation.

     For a landfill disposal operation,  a  second  approach  for
determining leachate characteristics would be to  simulate  leach-
ate generation.  Various simulation techniques  are available  de-
pending on the desired degree of correlation with the  actual
site.  However, a one-for-one correlation  is unlikely  and  cost
increases as correlation improves.  Leachate generation  tests
could range from "extraction procedure"  type tests to  larger
scale lysimeter studies to measure percolation  and constituents
removed in the drainage.  Generation tests could  be  conducted
using individual raw wastes or they could  be conducted under
conditions better representing site operation by  mixing, segre-
gating, stabilizing, compacting, or sealing the wastes as  they
would be at the site.  The major benefit of the larger scale,
more time-consuming lysimeter test may not be the development of
leachate composition data but the generation of enough leachate
to enable conduct of small scale treatability studies.   However,
before adopting such an approach, one should be assured  that
good correlation with actual site conditions can  be  achieved.
Otherwise, treatability study data may be  little  more  useful
than published data and should be used with a similar  amount  of
caution.

     In that regard, published data can  be used with caution  to
gain insight into the types of compounds likely to migrate  and
appear in leachate and to a lesser extent, concentration ranges.
The data contained in Appendix A and summarized in Table 3-1
could serve as a starting point.  As more  data  on hazardous
waste leachate composition become available, the  utility of mak-
ing projections based upon experience at other  sites may be im-
proved.

     In the future, mathematical modeling, may  be a  viable  al-
ternative for projecting leachate characteristics.   However,
selection of input values which correlate with  site  conditions
will be difficult.

     Once leachate characteristics are projected, promising
technologies should be identified on the basis  of published data
(similar to the first step or the left side of  Figure  6-1).  De-
tailed "desk-top" analyses then can be conducted  to  evaluate  and
select the process.  These analyses could  be aided by  companies
marketing pertinent technologies if unpublished in-house experi-
ences are provided to supplement available data.

     In cases where treatment process design is based  on the
"desk-top" approach, consideration should  be given to  contin-
gency plans for leachate treatment and disposal in the event

                              6-11
-------
that the original design does not perform as required.  The
feasibility of adopting an interim measure such as leachate
storage and/or recycle until the design can be confirmed  by  ac-
tual treatability studies as discussed earlier in this  section
also should be considered.

6.5  CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO PROCESS TRAIN FORMULATION

     Details relating to process configurations, applications,
design concerns, and pre- and post-treatment requirements to
assure proper performance are discussed below for those proc-
esses identified in Section 5.4 as being most applicable  for
leachate treatment.  These considerations should be  taken into
account when arranging unit processes into treatment trains.

6.5.1  Biological Treatment

     Biological treatment is expected to offer the most cost-
effective approach to removal of organic matter, particularly
biodegradable substances which are not amenable to sorption
processes.  The major problem associated with biological  treat-
ment is the potential presence of toxic organics and heavy met-
als which may interfere with metabolic processes and render  this
treatment approach ineffective.  There are several categories of
biological treatment processes including variations  within these
categories which overcome toxicity problems to some  extent.  In
addition, pretreatment or the addition of powdered activated
carbon often can be applied successfully to overcome toxicity
problems.   For example, toxic heavy metals may be reduced below
inhibiting concentrations by chemical precipitation  using lime,
alum, or iron salts, prior to biological treatment.   Carbon
sorption either by packed bed pretreatment or PAC addition to
the biological treatment unit can be quite effective in dealing
with organic toxic substances.  Nutrient addition (e.g.,  phos-
phorus and/or nitrogen) probably will be required in many in-
stances to support biological growth.  Neutralization also may
be required if the pH is substantially different from 7.

     Biological treatments which can be used include aerobic
processes such as activated sludge, trickling filters and aer-
ated lagoons; and anaerobic processes such as lagoons and anaer-
obic filters.  Each is discussed below.

     Of the various activated sludge processes, completely
mixed, extended aeration, and contact stabilization  are used
most often.  The completely mixed configurations are more toler-
ant of toxic substances than plug flow schemes.  The impact  of
toxic substances in the wastewater is reduced because complete
mixing in the aeration unit reduces the concentration of  the
toxic compound by dilution and distributes the load  to  a  greater
quantity of biomass.  Non-biodegradable substances may  pose  more


                              6-12
-------
of a problem than biodegradable toxics especially  if sorbed  by
the biological sludge where they may concentrate over a period
of time and interfere with cell metabolism.

     Sludge produced in biological waste treatment may be a  haz-
ardous waste itself due to the sorption and concentration of
toxic substances contained in the wastewater.  The quantity  of
biological sludge produced normally is governed by hydraulic de-
tention time and sludge age.  The conventional approach focuses
on maximum sludge production consistent with the desired efflu-
ent quality.

     On the other hand, extended aeration minimizes sludge pro-
duction through use of long hydraulic detention times.  Extended
aeration typically is used in small operations since the small
sludge handling requirements minimize the amount of manpower
needed for operation (manpower costs are more significant than
aeration costs for small units).

     An additional potential problem associated with aerated
systems is the stripping of volatile compounds.  While this  may
serve as a removal mechanism, air pollution and personnel safety
problems also may arise.  Methods to control these emissions are
limited.  Aside from using a process where stripping is less
likely (e.g., trickling filters or an anaerobic process), gas
phase adsorption may be possible using carbon or resin, al-
though this has not been studied extensively.  Adsorption would
require collection of off-gas and, thus, could be more easily
adapted to a pure oxygen process.  Chemical oxidation of emis-
sions before release also may be feasible.  Prior  to pursuing
emission control, the potential problem magnitude  should be
evaluated thoroughly.

     It is doubtful that activated sludge treatment alone will
suffice to meet discharge objectives in all instances.  Pre-
treatment is expected to be needed to remove toxic materials
which would interfere with optimum performance of  the biological
system.  Post-treatment normally serves to polish  the effluent
by removing suspended solids and refractory substances.  These
latter substances generally are expected to be in much lower
concentrations than biodegradable substances.  Listed below  are
potentially useful pretreatment steps:

         1.  Addition of lime, alum, or iron salts to precipi-
             tate heavy metals.

         2.  Carbon sorption which may either be accomplished
             through PAC addition with or without chemical coag-
             ulation or by packed beds of granular carbon.   The
             objective is reduction of chemicals toxic to bio-
             logical treatment; therefore, large throughputs for
                              6-13
-------
        packed beds or small PAC additions may be all that
        is required to achieve this reduction if the toxic
        materials are strongly sorbed by the carbon.

    3.   Ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis are potential
        pretreatment candidates.  These would be used to
        remove large molecular species which typically in-
        clude the toxic and refractory species while
        smaller species which are generally biodegradable
        (e.g., ethanol, acetone) carry through and are re-
        moved in the biological unit.

    4.   Aeration, sedimentation and filtration may also be
        useful in some instances.  For example, ferrous
        iron may be oxidized and precipitated to scavenge
        other heavy metals.  Sedimentation with or without
        filtration could then remove the precipitated fer-
        ric hydroxide and reduce toxic heavy metals to ac-
        ceptable levels.

    5.   Chemical oxidation, with ozone for example, may
        serve to detoxify certain materials; however, ozone
        consumption may be high due to oxidation of mate-
        rials which are more appropriately biodegraded at
        much less cost.  Alkaline chlorination may be used
        to oxidize cyanides if present in relatively dilute
        concentration.

    6.   Wet air oxidation also may detoxify some organic
        substances but is expected to be a costly pretreat-
        ment step.

    7.   Ion exchange can remove toxic metal ions but is
        probably more expensive than chemical precipita-
        tion.

    8.   Electrochemical treatment may be useful in some in-
        stances, e.g., it may be preferable to chlorination
        for reduction of high cyanide concentrations.

    9.   A.P.I, separator and/or air flotation may be used
        to remove oil and grease.

Candidate post-treatment steps include:

    1.   Carbon sorption has strong potential when teamed
        with biological.  Biological treatment can substan-
        tially reduce the load to a carbon column and
        thereby minimize the cost.
                          6-14
-------
         2.  Chemical coagulation - sedimentation  -  filtration
             would be useful for removing  residual heavy  metals.
             Some PAC addition may also be  performed  to clean up
             low residuals of toxic organics.

Other steps, such as ion exchange and membrane  processes  may be
considered processes for inorganic ion or  total  dissolved solids
removal.

     Trickling filters will not produce as  high  a  quality efflu-
ent as activated sludge, but may be less troublesome  from an op-
erational standpoint and are less likely to cause'stripping of
volatile compounds.  Pre- and post-treatment comments  for the
activated sludge treatment process also apply to trickling fil-
ters.

     Aerobic lagoons may be an effective process for  treating
the organic fraction of a leachate stream.  Their  large size
provides dilution and buffering of load fluctuations.  Capital
costs and operation and maintenance requirements are  less than
for activated sludge but land requirements  are  greater and oper-
ational controls are less flexible.  If lagoons  are  aerated by
mechanical means, stripping of volatile compounds  could be a
problem.

     Sludge removal may necessitate shut down of lagoon opera-
tion, however, clean-out will be determined by  leachate compo-
sition and lagoon design and could be very  infrequent  (at in-
tervals of several years).  Effluents probably will  need  to be
polished to accomplish the high levels of  performance  expected
to be required.  Consequently, pre- and post-treatment processes
discussed for activated sludge generally apply  to  aerobic la-
goons.

     The two anaerobic processes described  in Section  5.2 great-
ly differ in their configuration and operation.   Both, however,
may have advantages over aerobic treatment  because of  less
stripping and sludge production.  Methane  produced could  be used
as fuel.  Anaerobic lagoons also are easier to  operate and have
lower capital, and operation and maintenance costs.   The  diffi-
culty of anaerobic filter operation may be  comparable  to  acti-
vated sludge.  For upflow anaerobic filters, pre-treatment for
suspended solids removal may be needed to  minimize filter plug-
ging.  A lower quality effluent will be produced by  anaerobic
processes necessitating post-treatment with the  considerations
discussed for activated sludge applying.

     Successful application of anaerobic treatment followed by
aerobic treatment for gross and specific organics  removal has
been reported at bench scale.  Successful  anaerobic  treatment of
municipal landfill leachate also has been  reported at  bench
scale.

                              6-15
-------
6.5.2  Carbon Adsorption

     Activated carbon sorption in packed beds is considered  to
be a prime candidate for leachate treatment.  However, it is an-
ticipated that activated carbon will be used in conjunction with
other processes since it is quite expensive to treat moderate to
high TOG loads with carbon alone.  Furthermore, carbon is not
effective for removing many highly soluble low-molecular weight
organics.  Although most of the low-molecular weight organics
are not highly toxic, they will contribute substantially to  the
COD and BOD of the effluent.

     Carbon sorption is best suited for removal of refractory
organics following biological treatment.  These organics•gener-
ally are adsorbed most strongly by the carbon and at the low
concentrations typically found, the carbon sorption cycle can be
lengthened.  Consequently, the cost of carbon replacement or re-
generation is lowered.

     There may be cases where carbon adsorption will be  used be-
fore biological treatment to protect the biological process  from
toxics.  In these cases complete treatment by the carbon process
is not required and organics can be allowed to "leak" from the
carbon.  Treatability studies, however, are necessary to define
leakage levels tolerable by the downstream biological process.

     Powdered activated carbon added directly to the activated
sludge biological system also is considered to be a potential
leachate treatment process where refractory or toxic organics
may inhibit biological activity.  To assure adequate removal of
carbon from the effluent, post-treatment using granular  media
filtration may be necessary.

     If granular carbon usage is low,  it is unlikely that on-
site thermal regeneration of activated carbon will be performed.
Instead, commercial replacement services probably would  be used.
For powdered activated carbon (PAC) the quantity used also would
dictate the decision between one time  use of the PAC or  regener-
ation.

     Alternative pretreatment steps for the sorption process in-
clude the following:

         1.  Biological treatment (discussed earlier);

         2.  Solids removed by filtration;

         3.  Chemical precipitation/coagulation  for  suspended
             solids and heavy metals removal followed by sedi-
             mentation alone or filtration alone, or a combina-
             tion of sedimentation and filtration;
                              6-16
-------
         4.  Aeration followed by sedimentation/filtration  for
             oxidation and precipitation of dissolved  iron  which
             removes heavy metals as well as  suspended  solids.
             Aeration also may remove volatile organics  to  re-
             lieve loading on activated carbon (however, emis-
             sions constraints must He considered);

         5.  Ozonation to render organics more sorbable  by  car-
             bon ; and

         6.  Oil removal.

Processes  such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis  do not
complement sorption and  are not considered good pretreatment
candidates.  Ion exchange possibly may serve  to remove  ionic
substances such as heavy metals, organic acids, amines,  or  cya-
nide; but  it is likely that alternative processes will  be less
expensive.

     Post-treatment processes which may be useful include the
following:

         1.  Precipitation - scavenging for removal of  residual
             heavy metals.

         2.  Biological  - for removing biodegradable residuals.

         3.  Filtration  - to provide complete removal  of PAC
             from the treated effluent.

6.5.3  Chemical Precipitation/Coagulation

     The term chemical precipitation as used  here includes  the
processes  of chemical addition, precipitation and flocculation.
Post-treatment will include sedimentation or  flotation  in cases
of oily materials.  Granular media filtration also may  be in-
cluded for better removal of precipitates.

     Typically, precipitation is used for removal of particulate
matter and inorganic ions, primarily heavy metals.  It  is ac-
complished by adding alum, lime, iron salts (ferric chloride,
ferrous sulfate), or hydrogen or sodium sulfide.  Organic poly-
electrolytes also are used as flocculants or  to aid floc-
culation.

     A primary variable  in determining chemical doses  and re-
moval efficiencies is pH because of its effect on pollutant sol-
ubility in the wastewater matrix.  Although removals equal  to
solubility limits are theoretically possible, the formation of
organometallic complexes and the incomplete removal of  precipi-
tated particles limits actual removal efficiencies.


                               6-17
-------
     When organics are present, post-treatment for organics re-
moval will be required.  This could take several forms including
biological, sorption, or stripping.  Reports indicate, however,
that coagulation followed by efficient solids removal, e.g.,
mixed media filtration can provide moderate removals  (30-60%) of
numerous organic compounds; even when these compounds are
present at the low milligram or microgram per liter levels.
Provisions also are required to manage sludges generated by the
coagulation process.

     For some metals, e.g., hexavalent chromium, precipitation
must be preceded by a chemical reduction process.  For iron,
manganese and some other metals pretreatment using chemical oxi-
dation may be required.

6.5.4  Density Separation

     Sedimentation is likely to be needed for pre- or post-
treatment in concert with many of the applicable unit processes.
Flotation may be used with or without chemical coagulation  for
leachates containing oily materials.

6.5.5  Filtration

     Granular media filtration also is likely to be used for
pre- or post-treatment in concert with many of the applicable
unit processes.

6.5.6  Chemical Oxidation

     Two potential applications of chemical oxidation processes
to leachate treatment are cyanide destruction and oxidation of
organics.  Oxidation of metals is considered of secondary  impor-
tance because most metals are more effectively removed by  chemi-
cal precipitation or ion exchange.  For cyanide destruction,
when cyanide concentration is low and complexation with metals
is possible, alkaline chlorination or ozonation may be most ap-
plicable.  Ozonation produces no harmful residuals (the nature
of intermediate products must be assessed individually) and also
may oxidize organics present in the leachate.  A major disadvan-
tage of alkaline chlorination is the potential for formation of
chlorinated organics.

     The alkaline chlorination process may include two stage
chlorination or a second step of acid hydrolysis.  Both require
close pH control.  Pretreatment for metals removal by chemical
precipitation may be practiced.  Post-treatment (biological or
carbon adsorption) for removal of organics may be required  when
treating leachate.
                               6-18
-------
     The ozonation process may  include chemical  coagulation  for
metals removal and sedimentation or filtration for  suspended
solids or precipitate removal.  Ozone  is not selective  and will
oxidize cyanide and organics present in the leachate.   The de-
gree of oxidation will determine post-treatment  requirement.
Biological treatment and possibly carbon adsorption may be nec-
essary .

6.5.7  Chemical Reduction

     The major leachate treatment application of chemical reduc-
tion appears to be reduction of hexavalent chromium to  trivalent
chromium using sulfur dioxide,  sulfite salts, or ferrous sulfate
as reducing agents.  For removal of the soluble  trivalent chro-
mium, chemical precipitation with lime or sodium carbonate is
used.  This precipitation step  also may remove other metals
present in the leachate.

     If cyanide is present chemical oxidation may be a  required
post-treatment.  If organics are present in the  leachate, bio-
logical or carbon adsorption also may  be required post-treatment
steps.

     Site conditions will influence the valence  state of chro-
mium in a leachate.  Analytical determinations are  necessary to
identify the form of chromium in the leachate.

6.5.8  Ion Exchange

     Ion exchange is an effective but  costly method for metallic
ion removal.  Consequently, the process application probably
will be limited to selected situations.  For purposes of leach-
ate treatment, a major application could be fluoride removal us-
ing activated alumina adsorption.  As  stated in  Section 5.2, ad-
sorption rather than ion exchange is the removal mechanism;  how-
ever, the process is operated similarly to ion exchange proc-
esses.  Pre-treatment steps could include sedimentation or fil-
tration to remove suspended solids, or chemical  precipitation to
remove metals, or both.  Because the process is more suited  for
inorganic ion removal, treatment for organics removal may be re-
quired.  Treatment and disposal of regenerant and neutralization
streams used to regenerate the  activated alumina also must be
considered.

     Total dissolved solids removal is another potential appli-
cation for ion exchange when non-precipitable dissolved solids
are present and TDS levels are  generally less than  5000 mg/1.
In this case, the process would be used for effluent polishing.
Brines or sludges resulting from regeneration require careful
management.
                              6-19
-------
6.5.9  Membrane Processes

     In cases where total dissolved solids (TDS) removal is re-
quired and TDS concentration ranges from 5,000 to 50,000 mg/1
reverse osmosis could be used for effluent polishing.  Concur-
rent removal of some refractory organics also may be accomp-
lished.  When used to treat effluents with high TDS levels the
concentrate stream could become very voluminous and would re-
quire additional management considerations.

6.5.10  Stripping Processes

     Stripping processes will have limited application in leach-
ate treatment.  This is because of air emissions problems re-
lated to air stripping and additional treatment requirements for
overhead condensate and stripper bottoms in the case of steam
stripping.  One possible application of air stripping would be
to remove ammonia nitrogen (when biological treatment is not ef-
fective) if emissions would not constitute an air pollution
problem.

     If air stripping is used, chemical precipitation and sedi-
mentation may be used for pretreatment to accomplish metals re-
moval, to take advantage of alkaline pH conditions, and for re-
duced solids loading to the stripper.  If additional alkalinity
is necessary, chemicals should be selected with sludge produc-
tion and disposal considerations in mind.

6.5.11  Wet Oxidation

     Only limited application of wet oxidation is envisioned at
this time because of a lack of process experience.  Where leach-
ates are composed primarily of high concentrations of toxic or
refractory organics but are too dilute for incineration to be
cost-effective, wet oxidation could be considered.  Site specif-
ic treatability studies should be conducted before selecting the
process.  Pretreatment requirements probably will be minimal;
post-treatment requirements will depend on the degree of oxida-
tion achieved.

     Wet oxidation as a regeneration technique for powdered ac-
tivated carbon used in leachate treatment does appear to be a
promising potential application.

6.6  PROCESS TRAIN ALTERNATIVES

     Since hazardous waste leachates are expected to vary widely
in composition and will often contain a variety of constituents,
in general, no single unit process will be capable of providing
the necessary treatment.  Rather, the incorporation of individ-
ual unit processes into process trains will be necessary to
achieve high levels of treatment in a cost-effective manner.

                              6-20
-------
The most promising unit processes were  identified  in  Section  6.5
Thus, the next step in selecting a leachate  treatment  system  is
to formulate process trains which combine  unit  process technolo-
gies in a fashion which optimizes solution of a particular
leachate treatment problem.

     The formulation of process trains  is  addressed subsequently
in this section for three general types of hazardous waste
leachates depending upon the type of contaminants  to  be  treated:
organic, inorganic, or combination of organic and  inorganic.
These are believed to be typical of the types of leachate treat-
ment situations which will be encountered  at most  hazardous
waste disposal sites.  Example treatment systems are  described
for each of the leachate types.  These  systems were selected  to
apply to a broad range of contaminants which may be present  in
leachates and should be capable of achieving high  levels of
treatment.  However, other arrangements of unit processes are
possible and may be preferable in some  cases as dictated by  site
specific conditions.  Process trains presented  herein  are be-
lieved to have broad applicability but must  be  evaluated in
light of a specific leachate treatment  problem.

     Descriptions of process trains and operating  conditions  are
presented in differing levels of detail depending  on  the appli-
cability and reliability of available data.  In many  cases,  the
generic type of process (e.g., biological  treatment)  is  illus-
trated in the process train rather than a  specific process
(e.g., activated sludge, trickling filter, aerated lagoon) be-
cause site specific conditions will control  the choice of the
specific unit process.

     Because of the paucity of data on  hazardous waste leachate
composition and general lack of experience with leachate treat-
ment, the examples given below were derived  from a range of
sources:  actual leachate with a full scale  process train imple-
mented, contaminated groundwater similar in  composition  to
leachate and proposed alternative process  trains,  and  postulated
leachates and alternative process trains.  The  user can  compare
these situations to the particular case at hand and make judg-
ments about possible treatment approaches.

6.6.1  Leachate Containing Organic Contaminants

6.6.1.1  Love Canal Experience—
     Experience in the treatment of actual high strength organ-
ics-containing leachate has been reported  by McDougall,  et al.
(3,4).  They report on the temporary and permanent process
trains used to treat leachate from the  Love  Canal.  The  proc-
esses selected for the permanent facility  are listed  below and
the flow chart is illustrated in Figure 6-2:
                              6-21
-------
                                           (C
                                           (0
                                          •H
                                           0
                                           O
                                          •H
                                          4->
                                           (0
                                           O
                                           cn

                                           I
                                           4-1
                                           CO
                                           C
                                           0)

                                           4-)
                                          4J
                                           C
                                           0)
                                           c
                                           (0

                                           M
                                           0)
                                           (0

                                           (0
                                           U
                                          CN
                                           I
                                          10

                                           0)
6-22
-------
      •  raw leachate holding tank

      •  neutralization with caustic followed by clarification

      •  in-line storage tank

      •  in-line bag filters

      •  carbon adsorption (2 beds in series)

The leachate treatment facility discharges to the city sewer
system which conveys the treated leachate to a physical-chemical
municipal sewage treatment plant.

     Performance data collected during operation of a temporary
system which was similar to the permanent treatment system ex-
cept that granular media filters were used instead of bag fil-
ters are shown in Table 6-1.

     Cost for permanent treatment has been reported to be
$9.80/m3 (3.74/gal) which includes amortized carbon system capi-
tal, replacement carbon, and equipment maintenance.

     The following considerations or actions taken during devel-
opment of the Love Canal leachate treatment system are illustra-
tive of factors which should be taken into account when select-
ing a leachate treatment technology in any situation.

         1.  Love Canal was judged to be a public health hazard
             and immediate emergency actions were required.
             This limited the time which could be devoted to
             evaluating alternative approaches.

         2.  A leachate existed which could be used for treata-
             bility studies.These studies focused primarily on
             priority (organic) pollutant removals.

         3.  A physical-chemical POTW was in close proximity.
             This provided not only a discharge option but also
             additional treatment and dilution thus serving as a
             buffering device should the leachate treatment sys-
             tem ultimately selected fail to meet performance
             requirements.

         4.  Discharge to a POTW allowed for performance re-
             quirements likely to be less stringent than for di-
             rect discharge to surface waters.

         5.  Regular monitoring was practiced and the system was
             constructed so that system modifications could be
             made as needed at a future time.
                               6-23
-------
            TABLE 6-1 PERFORMANCE  DATA  ON  TEMPORARY TREATMENT

                         SYSTEM AT LOVE CANAL  (3)
     Pollutant
Raw Leachate
  Ug/D
 Carbon System
Effluent (ng/1)
2,4, 6-trichlorophenol
2, 4-dichlorophenol
Phenol
1, 2, 3-trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
2-chloronaphthalene
1 , 2-dichlorobenzene
1,3&1,4-
dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutad iene
Anthracene and
phenanthrene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
1,2-dichloroe thane
1 , 1 , 1- tr ichloroe thane
1,1-dichloroe thane
1, 1, 2-tr ichloroe thane
1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroe thane
Chloroform
1, 1-dichloroethylene
1,2- trans
dichloroethylene
1, 2-dichloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Me thy Iene chloride
Methyl chloride
Chlorod ibr omome thane
Tetrachloroe thy Iene
Toulene
Tr ichloroe thy Iene
TOC
85
5,100
2,400
870
110
510
1,300

960
1,500

29
28,000
61,000
50,000
52
23
66
780

80,000
44,000
16

3,200
130
590
140
370
29
44,000
25,000
5,000
a, 1,000 mg/1
< 10
N.D.
< 10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.

N.D.
N.D.

N.D.
< 10
< 10
12
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
< 10

< 10
< 10
N.D.

< 10
N.D.
< 10
46
N.D.
N.D.
12
< 10
N.D.
^ 30 mg/1
N.D. - not detected
                               6-24
-------
         Results of limited treatability and feasibility study
efforts prior to treatment system selection are summarized
below:

         1.  A mobile treatment unit equipped for pH adjustment,
             clarification, sand filtration, and carbon adsorp-
             tion was operated at the site and produced effluent
             which was found to be acceptable for discharge  (3).

         2.  Because granular activated carbon was believed  to
             be the best available technology for priority pol-
             lutant removal from the leachate, carbon isotherm,
             dynamic column, and carbon reactivation studies
             were undertaken (4).  Isotherms indicated that  the
             treatment objective of 300 mg/1 TOC  could be met
             with reasonable carbon usage.  Dynamic column stud-
             ies indicated that the 300 mg/1 TOC limit could be
             achieved; that only one organic compound, methanol,
             was found in the effluent in the mg/1 range; that
             no traces of several priority pollutants were found
             in the effluent; and that pretreatment would be
             required to provide separation of oily, liquid, and
             sludge phases in the raw leachate.  Carbon reacti-
             vation studies indicated that high temperature  re-
             activation could restore most of the carbon adsorp-
             tive capacity, and that the reactivation furnace
             and afterburner could be operated to provide total
             destruction of the organics.

         3.  Biological treatability studies were conducted  in
             small scale reactors (5).  Leachate was diluted
             with nutrient supplemented tap water or sewage  in
             these studies.  Results indicated that biodegrada-
             tion was possible at 1:5 dilution with either tap
             water or sewage provided that nutrients were added
             and pH was controlled.  Since the oxygen demand was
             high and there was a possibility that off-gases
             might contain undesirable compounds, a closed
             pure-oxygen system with scrubbing or carbon adsorp-
             tion of off-gases was thought to be promising (5).
             These initial studies also concluded that carbon
             adsorption treatment of raw leachate was impracti-
             cal because of the high carbon doses required and
             that pretreatment with activated sludge with carbon
             polishing might be reasonable. Leachate quality,
             however, was found to change substantially from
             that used in these early tests.
                              6-25
-------
     The results of these treatability studies and the per-
formance data presented in Table 6-1 illustrate  the  treatability
of this leachate.  A comparison of these results with treatabil-
ity information for carbon adsorption in Appendix E  leads  to  the
following observations:

         1.  treatability information for 25 of  the  31 compounds
             listed in Table 6-1 is given in Appendix E, and

         2.  the treatability information for these  compounds
             very closely corresponds to the performance indi-
             cated in Table 6-1.

While the data in Appendix E do not always  indicate  the best
level attainable in an effluent, they do indicate which com-
pounds are treatable and provide an estimate of  process perfor-
mance.  This demonstrates the usefulness of Appendix E data  in
aiding initial screenings of technologies especially for those
with greater application experiences.

     The Love Canal experience  illustrates  a case where acti-
vated carbon treatment is an effective and  relatively cost-ef-
fective method for removing organic contaminates from a haz-
ardous waste leachate.This approach may or may not have  been
the optimum choice but the emergency nature of the situation  did
not permit lengthy process optimization studies.  Since the  Love
Canal leachate treatment system is an operating  facility,  addi-
tional experience should better define the  effectiveness and
costs associated with this approach.

6.6.1.2  Ott/Story Site Study—
     On-going efforts to evaluate technologies for treating
groundwater contaminated by a variety of toxic and hazardous  or-
ganic compounds have been reported in several references
(6,7,8,9).  This experience is  highlighted  for several reasons
even though the subject wastewater is groundwater rather than
leachate:

         1.  Many of the compounds are the  same  as would be  ex-
             pected to occur in leachate.

         2.  Treatability studies have been conducted using
             groundwater obtained from the  most  concentrated
             part of the contamination plume.  Therefore,  con-
             taminant concentrations may approach those of
             leachate.

         3.  Groundwater quality data indicate compounds which
             are likely to migrate.
                               6-26
-------
         4.  The compounds present include toxic and hazardous
             pollutants as well as other organics.  Thus,  treat-
             ability results reflect the effects of the non-tox-
             ic, non-hazardous organics in the matrix.

         5.  Numerous technologies are being screened  in the
             laboratory using actual wastewater.

         6.  The site is subject to on-going remedial  action
             work so that further information is likely to be-
             come available.

     Table 6-2 presents a summary of raw groundwater composition
data as represented by composite samples from two wells in the
contaminant plume which are being used in the treatability
studies.  Groundwater samples from other wells in the  problem
area differ widely in composition from those presented here.

        TABLE 6-2 OTT/STORY GROUNDWATER CHARACTERIZATION
             Parameter                Composition Range**

    pH                                  10 - 12
    COD                                 5400 mg/1
    TOC                                 600 - 1500 mg/1
    NH -N                               64 mg/1
    Organic N                           110 mg/1
    Chloride                            3800 mg/1
    Conductivity                        18,060  mhos/cm
    TDS                                 12,000 mg/1

    Volatile Organics:

    Vinyl chloride*                     140 - 32,500
    Methylene chloride*                 <5 - 6570
    1,1-Dichloroethylene*               60 - 19,850
    1,1-Dichloroethane*                 <5 - 14,280
    1,2-Dichloroethane*                 0.350 - 111 mg/1
    Benzene*                            6 - 7800
    1,1,2-Trichloroethane*              <5 - 790
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane*          <5 - 1590
    Toluene*                            <5 -5850
    Ethyl benzene*                      <5 - 470
    Chlorobenzene*                      <5 - 140
    Trichlorofluoromethane*             <5 - 18
    Chloroform                          1400
    Trichloroethylene                   40
    Tetrachloroethylene                 110

                                                (continued)

                              6-27
-------
                      TABLE 6-2 (continued)
         Parameter

Acid Extractable Organics:

o-Chlorophenol*
Phenol*
o-sec-Butylphenol***
p-Isobutylanisol*** or
p-Ace tonylani sol* * *
p-sec-Butylphenol***
p-2-oxo-n-Butylphenol
m-Acetonylanisol***
Isopropylphenol***
1-Ethylpropylphenol
Dimethylphenol*
Benzoic acid
Methylphenol
Methylethylphenol
Methylprophylphenol
3,4-D-Methylphenol

Base Extractable Organics:

Dichlorobenzene*
DimethyIaniline
m-Ethylaniline
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene*
Naphthalene*
Methylnapthalene
Camphor
Chloroaniline
Benzylamine or o-Toluidine
Phenanthrene* or
Anthracene*
Methylaniline
                                      Composition Range**
                                        <3 - 20
                                        <3 - 33
                                        <3 - 83

                                        <3 - 86
                                        <3 - 48
                                        <3 - 1357
                                        <3 - 1546
                                        <3 - 8
                                        <3
                                        <3
                                       <3 - 12,311
                                        40
                                        20
                                        210
                                        160
                                            - 172
                                            - 17,000
                                            - 7640
                                            - 28
                                            - 66
                                            - 290
                                            - 7571
                                            - 86
                                            - 471

                                            - 670
                                        310
      * - A priority pollutant
     ** - All concentrations in yg/1 except as noted
    *** - Structure not validated by actual compound
     Because the contamination problem is solely organic  in na-
ture, the following processes individually and in combination
have been selected for screening:

     •  biological treatment - activated sludge, trickling fil-
        ter, anaerobic filter;
                              6-28
-------
     •  chemical precipitation;

     •  granular and powdered activated carbon adsorption;
        resin adsorption;

     •  air and steam stripping; and

     •  ozonation.

Results of completed studies are summarized below:

         1.  Chemical coagulation of raw groundwater does not
             achieve significant removal of organics as measured
             by TOC reduction.  It also does not appear to be
             necessary in order to maintain flow through down-
             flow packed bed granular activated carbon (GAC)
             columns.

         2.  An aerobic biomass could not be acclimated to treat
             raw groundwater.  Biological treatment provided
             about 60% TOC reduction; however, stripping due to
             aeration appeared to account for about two-thirds
             of what was accomplished in the biological treat-
             ment process.

         3.  Addition of trace elements and nutrients did not
             aid acclimation to raw groundwater.

         4.  Addition of powdered activated carbon to the aera-
             tion chamber at concentrations of about 10,000 mg/1
             neither aided acclimation to raw groundwater nor
             improved TOC removal or mixed liquor appearance.

         5.  Batch adsorption studies for four different carbons
             and three resins indicated that no sorbent was able
             to reduce residual TOC to less than 230 mg/1.

         6.  Granular activated carbon (GAC) employed in contin-
             uous flow small columns was not capable of sustain-
             ing high levels of TOC removal.  TOC removal de-
             clined to <50% after processing <5 bed volumes
             (BV).  Within 100-160 BV TOC removal declined to
             10% to 15% and remained at this level for up to 200
             BV.

         7.  GAC adsorption was capable of sustaining high lev-
             els of organic priority pollutant removals even
             when TOC removal had declined to 35% and effluent
             TOC levels were approximately 600 mg/1.  In both
             batch and continuous flow adsorption studies, some
             volatile priority pollutants were detected in the
                             6-29
-------
             effluent.  None of the acid or base-neutral ex-
             tractable organic priority pollutants detected in
             the raw groundwater were found in GAG effluent
             after processing up to 71 BV of groundwater,

         8.  Continuous flow, small column, resin adsorption
             studies demonstrated TOG breakthrough characteris-
             tics similar to those for GAG adsorption.  However,
             TOG breakthrough occurred more rapidly with resin
             than with carbon.

         9.  GAG pretreatment of raw groundwater enabled devel-
             opment of a culture of aerobic organisms capable of
             further treating GAG effluent.  In excess of 95%
             TOG removal was achieved by this process during the
             period which GAG removal of TOG exceeded 30%.  Af-
             ter this initial period, process train performance
             declined as GAG performance declined.

        10.  Several organic priority pollutants were detected
             in off-gas from activated sludge reactors; these
             included methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane,
             benzene, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene.  No or-
             ganic priority pollutants were detected in an acti-
             vated sludge biomass sample.

        11.  Anaerobic treatment (upflow anaerobic filter, UAF)
             of GAG pretreated groundwater was possible.  UAF
             performance appeared to decline as GAG performance
             declined.  Overall the GAC/UAF process train per-
             formed more poorly than the GAC/activated sludge
             process train.

Based upon these results, one can make several observations:

          1.  The removal of priority pollutants by the granular
              activated carbon and the air stripping unit proc-
              esses generally corresponds with other published
              information including that contained in Appendix E.

          2.  A considerable fraction of the TOG is made up of
              non-priority organic compounds.  This fraction of
              the TOG is more difficult to remove than the prior-
              ity pollutants.

          3.  The need for removal of the TOG attributed to the
              non-priority pollutants needs to be closely
              assessed.  A limited number of static bioassay
              tests with Daphnia Magna or carbon treated ground-
              water suggest significant residual toxicity;
                              6-30
-------
              whether this is attributable to the compounds pres-
              ent or to low dissolved oxygen levels needs  to be
              determined.

     Results of the treatability studies to date suggest that a
process train consisting of granular activated carbon followed by
aerobic biological treatment is the most feasible approach to
treatment of this groundwater.

     This process train which, in general, is applicable to high
TOG wastewaters in situations where waste stream components may
be toxic to biological cultures is illustrated in Figure 6-3.

The rationale is to utilize the activated carbon to protect the
biological system from toxicity problems.  Therefore, the  carbon
could be allowed to "leak" relatively high concentrations  of TOC
(organics) rather than be operated to achieve maximum reduction
of organic compounds.  Allowable leakage would be based upon
determination of the point at which the carbon treated effluent
becomes toxic to the subsequent biological process.  Thus, the
selection of the allowable TOC or organics leakage  (i.e.,  break-
through) from the carbon contactors is crucial to the perfor-
mance and cost effectiveness of this process train.  Higher or-
ganic loads handled by the biological system result in greater
service life of the granular carbon and consequently, lower
costs related to the carbon treatment phase.

     The flowsheet depicted in Figure 6-3 includes  a chemical
coagulation step (including settling and filtration).  Although
not necessary in the groundwater treatment situation discussed
above, these processes could be used in situations where soluble
inorganics removal or particulate removal to minimize head
losses and frequent backwashing in carbon contact columns  may be
necessary.

     Several disadvantages may be associated with the treatment
system given in Figure 6-3 as illustrated by the above ground-
water treatment case:

      1.  Substantial carbon utilization rates to maintain ef-
          fluent TOC levels below 100 mg/1; and

      2.  Stripping of volatile compounds in activated sludge
          off-gases.

Other factors which must be considered in evaluating this
approach include carbon regeneration feasibility and sludge dis-
posal alternatives.

6.6.1.3  Other Possibilities—
     Several other potentially effective process trains for
treatment of leachates containing primarily organic contaminants

                              6-31
-------
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6-32
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have been postulated elsewhere  (9).  One of these, believed  to
have high potential, is depicted in Figure 6-4 which  illustrates
a sequence of biological treatment followed by granular carbon
sorption.  This process train is applicable to treatment of
wastewaters high in TOC, low in toxic  (to a biomass)  organics,
and containing refractory organics.  Chemical coagulation and pH
adjustment are provided for heavy metals removal and  protection
of the subsequent biological system.   This may not be necessary
if heavy metal concentrations are below toxicity thresholds  and
if the moderate removal efficiencies typical of activated sludge
are sufficient.  Biological treatment  such as activated sludge,
or anaerobic filters is included to reduce BOD as well as biode-
gradable toxic organics.  This reduces the organic load to sub-
sequent sorption processes.  To prevent rapid head losses caused
by accumulation of solids in the sorption columns, clarification
and multi-media filtration are provided.  The intent  is to re-
duce suspended solids to 25-50 mg/1.   Granular carbon adsorption
is included to remove refractory organic residuals and toxic
organics.  Activated carbon rather than polymeric or  carbon-
aceous resins has been suggested because more full scale experi-
ence exists and performance as well as design and operating  cri-
teria have been reported.  This process train is expected to be
highly effective and relatively economical when compared to
other alternatives.  Its success, however, is dependent on bio-
logical system performance.  Moreover, the presence of high  con-
centrations of volatile organic constituents may create a poten-
tial air contamination problem.  Three by-product wastes are
produced:  chemical sludge, biological sludge, and spent carbon.
Spent carbon can be regenerated but the sludge must be disposed.

6.6.2  Leachate Containing Inorganic Contaminants

     Disposal sites or segregated portions of sites handling
solely inorganic hazardous wastes, e.g., wastes from  the metals
plating and finishing industry, are likely to generate leachates
of predominantly inorganic nature.  The most probable approach
to treatment of this type of leachate would be chemical precip-
itation followed by sedimentation and  possibly filtration, as
well.  However, it may be necessary to modify/supplement this
approach if any of the following conditions pertain:

      1.  hexavalent chromium present  - addition of chemical
          reduction process,

      2.  cyanide present - addition of alkaline chlorination or
          ozonation,

      3.  total dissolved solids control required - addition of
          ion exchange if TDS level is less than about 5,000
          mg/1 or reverse osmosis if TDS level is about 5,000 to
          50,000 mg/1, or
                               6-33
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      4.  ammonia present - addition of air stripping or  ion
          exchange.

    Several examples of leachates containing only  inorganic con-
taminants are discussed subsequently to illustrate process
trains responsive to the above conditions.  Cases  discussed are
as follows:

      1.  heavy metals only (Figure 6-5);

      2.  heavy metals including hexavalent chromium  (Figure  6-
          6);

      3.  heavy metals including hexavalent chromium  and  cyanide
          (Figure 6-7); and

      4.  heavy metals, ammonia, and TDS control  (Figure  6-8).

     Figure 6-5 illustrates a process train for treating  leach-
ates containing several heavy metals.  The treatment  system in-
cludes chemical precipitation using lime or ferric chloride.
Depending upon the metals present, the pH should  be adjusted  to
8.0 - 9.5.  Flocculation could be aided by polymer addition for
more efficient precipitate removal in the subsequent  sedimenta-
tion step.  Polishing with granular media filtration  also could
be provided for better solids removal.

     Figure 6-6 is a treatment process schematic  for  leachate
containing heavy metals including hexavalent chromium.  The
first step in the process is chemical reduction at an acidic  pH
(pH reduced to 3.0 or less with sulfuric acid) to  reduce  hexa-
valent chromium to the trivalent state.  Sulfur dioxide is used
as the reducing agent; although sodium bisulfite  or metabi-
sulfite can be used.  Following reduction, the pH  is  raised to
pH 8.0 to 9.5 using lime or sodium hydroxide.  This results in
the precipitation of trivalent chromium as well as other  metals.
The remainder of the process train is as shown in  Figure  6-5.

     Figure 6-7 is a process schematic illustrating the treat-
ment of a hazardous waste leachate containing cyanide and heavy
metals including hexavalent chromium.  Alkaline chlorination
(with NaOCL or C12 gas) at pH 9.0 to 10.5 for cyanide oxidation
is provided first.  Complete cyanide oxidation requires close pH
control and an excess of chlorine.  Reaction time  and chlorine
requirements depend greatly on operating pH.  Ozone oxidation is
a potential alternative to alkaline chlorination  particularly
for leachates containing organic compounds which might be con-
verted to chlorinated forms.

     Chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium to  the trivalent
state is accomplished next.  For this step pH must be decreased
to less than pH 3 using sulfuric acid.  Sulfur dioxide is added

                              6-35
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as the reducing agent.  Care must be  taken  to assure  complete
cyanide removal prior to this process because acid conditions
permit generation of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.  Following  re-
duction, pH is raised to pH 8.0 to 9.5 for  precipitation of
trivalent chromium and other metals.  The remainder of  the proc-
ess train is as shown in Figure 6-5.

     Several alternatives for treating leachates containing  met-
als and ammonia and also requiring TDS control are illustrated
in Figure 6-8.  The first phase of the process train  addresses
removal of heavy metals using chemical precipitation  as depicted
in Figure 6-5.

     Two alternatives for subsequent  ammonia removal  then are
presented.  Alternative 1 involves selective ion exchange using
clinoptilolite, (a natural zeolite).  For removing ammonia con-
centrated in the regenerant stream, air  stripping can be used
and the lime slurry regenerant can be reused.  Alternative 2
uses an air stripping tower operated  under  alkaline conditions;
pH adjustment can be accomplished using  sodium hydroxide or
lime.   Use of the latter, however, can generate large volumes of
sludge.

     The last phase of the process train in Figure 6-8  provides
for TDS control using either ion exchange or reverse  osmosis.
Ion exchange resins would include cationic  and anionic  species;
whether strong-acid or base, or weak-acid or base are used de-
pends on the ions to be exchanged.

     Each of the treatment systems discussed above produces
chemical sludges which may have to be handled as hazardous
wastes.  Disposal of these residues is discussed in Section  5,4.
The primary disposal alternative is to landfill, preferably
without dewatering or stabilization.  However, site specifics
and subsequent resolubilization concerns will influence  this
decision.

     The foregoing cases and example  process trains do  not en-
compass every conceivable leachate treatment situation  involving
hazardous waste leachates containing  only inorganic contami-
nants.  However, the examples are applicable to a broad range of
leachate concerns and are illustrative of the approach  to formu-
lation of conceptual process flowsheets.

6.6.3  Leachate Containing Organic and Inorganic Pollutants

     Hazardous waste leachate is expected frequently  to be more
complex than the previous cases and may  contain both  inorganic
and organic contaminants.  Treatment  of  this leachate will
involve some combination of the treatment processes discussed in
Sections 6.6.1 and 6.6.2.  Because possible leachate  composition
variations are numerous, it is not feasible to illustrate the

                              6-39
-------
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myriad of potential treatment process trains.   Instead, an  over-
view of important considerations is presented based upon  infor-
mation provided throughout this manual.

     In general, when both inorganic and organic contaminants
are present, the inorganics generally should be removed first  to
minimize effects on subsequent processes.  Examples of such
effects include metal toxicity to biological processes and  cor-
rosion, scaling, and inerts accumulation during carbon regenera-
tion.  Information on metals toxicity to biological processes  is
included in Appendix E and in a report by Pajak, et al. (10).

     The processes most suitable for inorganics removal are dis-
cussed in Section 6.6.2 and are illustrated in  Figures 6-5, 6-6,
6-7, and 6-8.  These processes include chemical precipitation,
chemical oxidation and reduction, neutralization, filtration,
and sedimentation.  In addition to providing inorganics removal,
chemical precipitation and oxidation processes  also could effect
some pretreatment of organic compounds.  This is especially true
for chemical oxidation with ozone or hydrogen peroxide and  is  a
factor which must be considered when chemical dosage require-
ments are determined.  Handling of residues generated by  these
processes is discussed in Sections 5.4 and 6.6.2.

     The two leading processes for treating organics are  biolog-
ical treatment and activated carbon adsorption.  Whether  these
processes should be used separately or in combination depends
upon leachate characteristics.  If the organics consist solely
of biodegradable compounds, then biological treatment alone
would suffice; although a subsequent solids removal polishing
step could be necessary in some situations.

     A leachate containing degradable organics  only is not
expected to occur frequently; consequently, the two processes
most frequently will be used in series.  They may be arranged
with the biological process preceding granular  activated  carbon
(GAG) to remove degradable organics and reduce  the organic  load
to the GAG process which then is used for refractory organics
removal and polishing.  To.avoid GAG column plugging a sedimen-
tation or filtration step should be located between the biolog-
ical process and GAG.  This treatment sequence  could be applied
when organics content is high and refractory but not when toxic
organics are present.

     A second arrangement would be to have GAG  preceding  biolog-
ical treatment.  This sequence would be used when toxic organics
would interfere with the biological process.  The GAG could be
operated to leak the maximum concentration of organics that the
biological system could tolerate and still meet performance
requirements.  This results in a longer sorption cycle for  the
carbon.
                               6-41
-------
     Approaches to treatment of the organic component of  leach-
ates have been discussed in Section 6.6.1 and process train
schematics given in Figures 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4.  One additional
process train which merits consideration is shown schematically
in Figure 6-9.  This biophysical treatment approach combines
simultaneous biological (activated sludge) and powdered acti-
vated carbon treatments in the biological process reactor.  This
approach is simpler than the previously described sequential
carbon-biological treatments and has the potential of achieving
comparable effluent quality.  Potential advantages include the
use of less costly carbon (powdered vs. granular) and minimiza-
tion of physical facilities required.  Spent carbon-biological
sludge can be regenerated or dewatered and disposed directly.
However, if the latter approach is considered, it is necessary
to include cost for disposal of toxics-laden carbon when  making
economic comparisons.

     Most of the considerations necessary for development of a
process train for treatment of leachates containing both  organic
and inorganic contaminants have been previously discussed in
Sections 6.6.2 and 6.6.3.  The components discussed in these
previous sections must be assembled in a manner so as to  opti-
mize the treatment process train for the leachate at hand.
Probably the most important aspect is proper sequencing of unit
processes to achieve an optimum result for a given situation.
Careful attention should be paid to proper interfacing of com-
ponents discussed in Sections 6.6.2 and 6.6.3 (e.g., pH control
may be necessary from one treatment component to the next).
With these cautions in mind, the reader is referred to these
earlier sections to derive a basis for formulating conceptual
process trains for mixed (organic and inorganic) component
leachates.

6.7. REFERENCES

 1.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Water Quality
     Criteria Documents Availability.  Federal Register,45
     (231): 79318-79379.  U. S. Government Printing Office,
     Washington, D.C. November 28, 1980.

 2.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Proposed Ground
     Water Protection Strategy.  U. S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Washington, D.C. November 18, 1980.

 3.  McDougall, W. J., S. D. Cifrulak, R. A. Fusco, and R. P.
     O'Brien.  Treatment of Chemical Leachate at the Love Canal
     Landfill Site.  In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Mid-Atlantic
     Industrial Waste Conference, Bucknell University, Lewis-
     burg, Pennsylvania, 1980.  pp 69-75.
                               6-42
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 4.   McDougall,  W.  J.,  R.  A.  Fusco, and R. P. O'Brien.  Con-
     tainment and Treatment of the Love Canal Landfill Leachate.
     Journal of  the Water  Pollution Control Federation, 52(12):
     2914-2924,  1980.

 5.   Barth,  E.  F. and  J.  M. Cohen.  Evaluation of Treatability
     of Industrial  Landfill Leachate. Unpublished Report. U. S.
     Environmental  Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.  Novem-
     ber 30, 1978.

 6.   Pajak,  A.  P.,  A.  J.  Shuckrow, J. W. Osheka, and S. C.
     James.   Concentration of Hazardous Constituents of Contami-
     nated Groundwater.  Proceedings of the Twelfth Mid-Atlantic
     Industrial  Waste  Conference, Bucknell University, Lewis-
     burg, Pennsylvania.  July, 1980. pp 82-87.

 7.   Shuckrow,  A. J.,  A.  P. Pajak, and J. W. Osheka.  Concen-
     tration Technologies  for Hazardous Aqueous Waste Treatment.
     EPA-600/2-81-019,  U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency,
     Cincinnati, Ohio.   February, 1981.

 8.   Pajak,  A.  P.,  A.  J.  Shuckrow, J. W. Osheka, and S. C.
     James.  Assessment of  Technologies for Contaminated Ground-
     water Treatment.   Proceedings of the Industrial Waste
     Symposia,  53rd. Annual WPCF Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.
     September,  1980.

 9.   Shuckrow,  A. J.,  A.  P. Pajak, J.W. Osheka, and S. C. James.
     Bench Scale Assessment of Technologies for Contaminated
     Groundwater Treatment.  Proceedings of National Conference
     on Management of  Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites,
     Washington, D.C.  October, 1980.  pp 184-191.

10.   Pajak,  A.  P.,  E.  J.  Martin, G. A. Brinsko, and F. J. Erny.
     Effect of Hazardous  Material Spills on Biological Treatment
     Process.  EPA-600/2-77-239, U. S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio, 1977.  202 pp.
                               6-44
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                            SECTION 7

                           MONITORING
7.1  GENERAL DISCUSSION

     This section is intended to point out considerations which
are important in the design of a monitoring program to support
hazardous waste leachate management efforts.  It is not  intended
to be a rigorous exposition of how monitoring should be  accom-
plished nor does it address aspects of monitoring which  are not
directly related to leachate management.  Numerous analytical
standards and texts which detail many of the specific aspects
are available to guide development procedures.  Moreover, the
user should recognize that leachate monitoring, as discussed
herein, probably will be carried out as one element in an over-
all disposal site monitoring program which will encompass addi-
tional considerations and objectives.

     Leachate monitoring is needed to characterize aqueous
wastes which result from disposal of hazardous materials at per-
mitted sites, to develop data necessary for design and operation
of leachate treatment facilities, to evaluate the effectiveness
of leachate treatment systems, to assure compliance with dis-
charge permits, and to assure personnel safety in leachate
handling and treatment operations.

     A leachate monitoring program in the broadest sense could
encompass the following objectives:

     1)  Define materials placed within the disposal site,

     2)  Determine the types of compounds in the leachate and
         their concentration ranges,

     3)  Determine the variation of concentrations as a  function
         of time,

     4)  Determine the factors which influence movement  and
         concentrations,

     5)  Determine the rate and direction of migration,

     6)  Establish leachate treatment process alternatives,


                               7-1
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     7)  Establish leachate treatment process operating ranges,

     8)  Monitor leachate treatment process effectiveness,

     9)  Monitor leachate containment effectiveness,

    10)  Assure safety in leachate handling and processing
         operations, and

    11)  Determine conformance to or accuracy of a leachate
         forecasting procedure.

The above items are not of equal concern in the current context.
Moreover, some encompass aspects of disposal site management
which are broader than leachate management alone.  The relative
importance and potential usefulness of these objectives from a
leachate management viewpoint are discussed subsequently  in this
section.

     Monitoring can be carried out at several locations in the
leachate management system:

     1)  Wastes received for disposal,

     2)  In-situ monitoring for off-gas generation and leachate
         formation,

     3)  Collected leachate,

     4)  Leachate treatment system,

     5)  Treatment system effluent and residues, and

     6)  Areas of potential safety hazards.

Reasons  for monitoring at the locations noted above,  and  the
types  of information needed are described later in this section.

     Monitoring data are expected to be used for a variety of
purposes.  Data obtained on incoming wastes will permit hazard-
ous waste disposal site operators to decide whether or not to
accept the wastes.  It also will provide an inventory of  mate-
rials.   Given such an inventory, the site operator can have a
basis  for predicting the range of compounds likely to be  en-
countered in resultant leachate.  Concentrations of certain con-
taminants in the leachate might be able to be estimated based
upon the amount and type of materials disposed.  This aspect is
important at new sites prior to the time of leachate  generation.
Moreover, such information can provide a basis  for  initial
selection of parameters to be measured in subsequent  leachate
characterization efforts.
                                7-2
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     In-situ monitoring data can be used to determine how the
leachate is formed and how it moves through the disposal site.
Furthermore, it may be possible to use in-situ data to char-
acterize the types and concentrations of compounds in the
leachate collection system.  Monitoring collected leachate is
one of the most important aspects of leachate monitoring.  The
information gained provides a baseline for treatment system in-
fluent characterization; thus facilitating decisions regarding
treatability (or necessary treatability studies) and optimum
treatment/disposal operating ranges.

     Other important monitoring data obtained will be that from
treatment process operations.  Such data are necessary to assure
proper functioning of treatment system components, to establish
treatment system effectiveness, and to assure compliance with
discharge permit requirements.

     Manual users are reminded that the discussion of monitoring
herein emphasizes leachate.  While other aspects are important
in overall disposal site management, e.g. monitoring of the
surrounding environs, other technical resource documents are
expected to deal with these topics in greater detail.

7.2  MONITORING PROGRAM DESIGN

     To a large extent, design of a leachate monitoring program
will be highly site specific.  However, there are certain gen-
eral elements which will be common to all monitoring programs.
The following discussion addresses these general considerations.
Although it is recognized that monitoring of some gaseous and
solid materials may be involved in the program, the primary
focus herein is on liquid streams.

7.2.1  Parameters To Be Measured

     Selection of parameters to be measured is the initial step
in development of a monitoring program.  Analytical costs can be
significant.  Therefore, a major objective should be to minimize
the number and types of analysis performed while still gener-
ating data sufficient to satisfy the objectives of the moni-
toring program.

     Substances of potential concern in hazardous waste leachate
include:

     1)  soluble, oxygen demanding organics;

     2)  soluble substances that cause tastes and odors in water
         supplies;

     3)  color and turbidity;
                               7-3
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     4)   nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon;

     5)   toxic organic and inorganic substances;

     6)   refractory materials;

     7)   oil, grease, and immiscible liquids;

     8)   acids and alkalis;

     9)   substances resulting in atmospheric odors;

    10)   suspended solids; and

    11)   dissolved solids.

     Monitoring for purposes of leachate characterization  should
be sufficient to provide data adequate to facilitate decisions
on the best approaches to leachate  treatment/disposal.  Re-
quirements for monitoring of effluents from treatment operations
prior to discharge must be rigorous enough to permit assessment
of the quality of the discharge so  as to assure a minimum  of
environmental degradation and compliance with governmental  reg-
ulations.

     The selection of parameters for other monitoring objectives
need only be rigorous enough to assure that effluent quality  can
be maintained within discharge permit specifications.   It  is  in
this latter area that the opportunity exists to use relatively
inexpensive analyses, and indicator and surrogate parameters  to
obtain quick and accurate information which can be used to con-
trol treatment processes and disposal site operations.  For ex-
ample, TOC (total organic carbon) provides a rapid, relatively
inexpensive measure of gross organic content of an aqueous
stream.   Such a measurement may be  sufficient for many  purposes
as opposed to more expensive organic compound identification
measures.

     Parameters which should be considered for  inclusion  in haz-
ardous waste leachate monitoring program are as follows:

               1.  temperature;

               2.  electrical conductivity;

               3.  turbidity;

               4.  settleable solids;

               5.  suspended  solids;

               6.  total dissolved  solids;

                               7-4
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               7.   volatile solids;

               8.   oils,  greases and immiscible liquids;

               9.   odor;

              10.   pH;

              11.   Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP);

              12.   acidity;

              13.   alkalinity;

              14.   Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD);

              15.   Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD);

              16.   Total Organic Carbon (TOC);

              17.   specific organic compounds;

              18.   heavy metals;

              19.   other specific inorganic compounds;

              20.   nitrogen and phosphorus compounds;

              21.   dissolved oxygen;

              22.   volatile organic acids;

              23.   flow; and

              24.   toxicity.

Selection of a particular parameter set will be dependent upon
monitoring objectives as well as upon factors specific  to a
given site and leachate management program.  Different  parameter
sets might be chosen to support leachate characterization ef-
forts than for purposes of treatment process operation  or for
effluent discharge monitoring.  As an example, TOC measurements
may be more reasonable than BOD measurements for hazardous waste
leachate characterization and process control purposes  since the
TOC measurement is rapid and the leachate may be toxic  to the
organisms necessary to conduct of the BOD test.  On the other
hand, the BOD test would provide more information on the biode-
gradability of the leachate.  Thus, parameters must be  chosen
judiciously for the specific purpose and situation.

     Additional information on monitoring parameters can be
found in tests and handbooks (1, 2).

                               7-5
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7.2.2  Analytical Considerations

     Good analytical procedures are vital to an effective mon-
itoring program.  Basic references for wastewater analytical
procedures are contained in the EPA Methods for Analysis of
Water and Wastes (3), Standard Methods (4), ASTM Standards  (5),
the EPA Handbook for Analytical Quality Control (6) and other
EPA guidance documents (7, 8, 9).  The reader is referred to
these basic reference works for details since a thorough dis-
cussion of analytical procedures is beyond the scope of this
document.

     Often, there is a choice among several standard methods for
measurement of a particular parameter.  Among the factors to be
considered in selection of an analytical method are:

     •  sensitivity, precision and accuracy required;

     •  interferences;

     •  number of samples to be analyzed;

     •  quantity of sample available;

     •  other determinations to be made on the sample;

     •  analytical turn-around time; and

     •  analytical costs.

Since leachate  is a complex system of variable composition,
there is high potential for numerous interferences  in many  of
the chemical and biological determinations.  This aspect should
be given particular attention when selecting an analytical
method.

7.2.3  Sampling

     Proper sampling is critical to any monitoring  program  since
the validity of analytical results relies upon the  validity of
the samples analyzed.  In order to assure valid samples, atten-
tion must be paid to obtaining samples which are truly repre-
sentative of the waste stream.  Moreover, proper sampling tech-
niques must be  employed.  Finally, the integrity of the  sample
must be maintained from the time of sampling to the time of
testing.  This  time interval should be kept to a minimum; even
then certain types of samples must be preserved through  addition
of chemical agents or refrigeration.

     Methods and equipment used for sampling will vary with the
waste stream and the sampling purpose.  The reader  is referred
to the following sources  for sampling protocols:  Samplers  and

                               7-6
-------
Sampling Procedures for Hazardous Waste Streams  (10) and Test
Methods for the Evaluation of Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical
Methods (11).  Other sources (4,5) also provide useful infor-
mation on sampling.  Ideally, leachate samples should be ana-
lyzed immediately after collection for maximum reliability of
the analytical results.  Leachates are such complex mixtures
that it is difficult to predict precisely the physical, biolog-
ical, and chemical changes that occur in the samples with time.
After sample collection, pH may change significantly in a matter
of minutes, sulfides and cyanides may be oxidized or evolve as
gases; and hexavalent chromium may slowly be reduced to the
trivalent state.  Certain cations may be partly lost as a result
of adsorption to the walls of sample containers.  Microorganism
growth also may cause changes, and volatile compounds may be
lost rapidly.

     In many cases, the undesirable changes described above may
be minimized by refrigeration of samples at 4° C, or by the
addition of preservatives.  Refrigeration may deter the evolu-
tion of volatile components and acid gases such as hydrogen
sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, but some salts precipitated at the
lower temperature may not redissolve when warmed for analysis,
thus causing error in determining the actual concentrations of
dissolved sample constituents.  Preservatives may retard bio-
chemical changes; other additives may convert some constituents
to stable hydroxides, salts, or compounds.  Compounds may be
converted to other forms (such as the products of nitration,
sulfonation, and oxidation of organic components).  Upon sub-
sequent analyses, the results may not reflect the original
identity of the components.

     Thus, both advantages and disadvantages are associated with
the refrigeration and/or addition of preservatives or additives
to waste samples.  Various methods of preservation for specific
tests on selected constituents are given elsewhere (4,10).  When
more than one specific test is to be run on a sample, it may be
necessary to divide the sample and preserve each subsample by a
different method.

     Adequate record keeping and use of proper sample containers
also are important aspects of a good sampling program.  As a
general rule, a detailed sampling plan should be developed prior
to any sampling operations.

7.3  LEACHATE CHARACTERIZATION

7.3.1  Wastes Received

     RCRA regulations require an owner/operator to obtain a de-
tailed chemical and physical analysis of a representative sample
of a waste before placement into a disposal site.  Moreover, the
facility operator is required to maintain a record of the quan-

                               7-7
-------
tity and location of each hazardous waste placed in the disposal
site.

     From a leachate management point of view, this type of data
may be useful in predicting future leachate composition at new
sites.  However, it may be several years before a leachate is
collected.  Therefore records maintenance is important.

     Formalized procedures should be used to file manifests and
analytical results.  It may be useful to keep running inven-
tories according to specific compound types, and total quanti-
ties disposed for each.  In this way, predictions of leachate
generation would be facilitated.

7.3.2  In-situ Monitoring

     There are a number of questions which can be answered using
in-situ monitoring:  1) what mechanisms are involved in waste
modification as the leachate migrates through the disposal site
and previously disposed materials; 2) at what rate and in which
direction does the leachate move; 3) how do compounds and their
concentrations vary with depth and time; 4) are any off-gases
evolved; and 5) what factors influence movement and concentra-
tions?

     In-situ monitoring could be incorporated within the leach-
ate collection system.  Sampling points should be designed to
provide a representative picture of waste movement and degrada-
tion throughout the site.  If the site is compartmentalized,
then the monitoring should be representative  for each cell or
separate disposal area.

     Emrich and Beck (12) have discussed methods used to eval-
uate closure and monitoring plans for a hazardous waste disposal
site.  Some of these methods may be useful  in conjunction with
in-situ monitoring.  Suction lysimeters and pan lysimeters were
used to determine moisture movement.  With  some modification,
these methods might be adaptable to in-situ monitoring.

7.3.3  Collected Leachate

     The leachate collection system will be a key monitoring
location.  Because leachate composition is  expected to vary with
time in terms of types and concentration of compounds, analyses
of collected leachate will serve to define  the unit operations
used for treatment and their operating ranges.  Hence, collected
leachate characterizations are expected to be useful in making
treatability assessments of process alternatives and in defining
specific unit operations and their operating  ranges.

     Collected  leachate characterizations also provide a base-
line for  evaluating treatment effectiveness.  Coupled with

                               7-8
-------
effluent analyses, this would provide an assessment of removal
efficiencies for individual unit operations as well as the over-
all treatment chain.

7.4  TREATMENT EFFLUENT MONITORING

7.4.1  Sampling Locations

     Sampling and analysis of collected leachate serves as the
measure of leachate treatment plant influent.  Where there are
several monitoring points in the leachate collection system be-
cause of the size of the disposal site, or because of compart-
mentalization, the point closest to the treatment plant should
be used.  In this way, aggregated flow and composition will be
most representative of the influent baseline.

     Previous sections have noted that leachate probably is not
amenable to treatment by a single unit process.  Instead, treat-
ment probably will include several unit operations.  Individual
unit operations should be monitored separately to facilitate
optimized operation.  For example, granular activated carbon
adsorption may be used prior to biological treatment in order to
remove toxic constituents which could impair biological treat-
ment effectiveness.  Hence, it would be necessary to monitor
carbon-treated effluent to prevent biological upset.  Therefore,
monitoring at each major point in the treatment chain is
strongly suggested.  Moreover, the analytical techniques selec-
ted for such monitoring should have rapid turn-around times to
enable timely process control decisions.

7.4.2  Parameters

     Experience shows that it is infeasible to analyze all pa-
rameters of concern at frequent intervals.  Rigorous analysis of
complex organic and inorganic constituents simply is too costly
to sustain at frequent intervals.  As a result, an attempt
should be made to identify surrogate measurements or indicator
parameters which can be used inexpensively to gage treatment
effectiveness.  For organic constituents, such a surrogate pa-
rameter could be total organic carbon (TOG).  Another less well
developed method could be thin layer chromatography (TLC).  Sim-
ilarly, for inorganic constituents selected indicator metals
could be analyzed using common spectrophotometric techniques.

     It is recommended that such surrogates or indicators be
identified using inventory information to predict likely com-
pounds which are expected to appear in the collected leachate.
Further refinements potentially could be made in conjunction
with treatability studies if they are anticipated.

     It also may be possible to use biological toxicity tests to
determine process effectiveness.  Procedures are evolving which

                               7-9
-------
offer potential for evaluating residual toxicity subsequent to
individual treatment operations.  Although such procedures do
not measure specific parameters or surrogates directly, judg-
ments can be made regarding treatment capabilities by inference.

     Thus, indicators and surrogate parameters permit cost-ef-
fective process control.  However, more costly analysis using
rigorous and sophisticated analytical methods will be required
periodically for process refinement, and for detailed assessment
of overall treatment effectiveness.  The rigorous analytical
techniques could include gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS), atomic absorption (AA), x-ray fluorescence  (XRF), or
other refined methods.

     The frequency of the more sophisticated analytical methods
will be dependent upon the types and concentrations  of compounds
in the leachate, their amenability to removal, mode  of dis-
charge, flow rates, and concentration and flow variability.
Costs also will be an important determinant.  Rigorous analyses
also should be used to monitor any significant changes either in
unit operations employed or for changes in operating procedures.
Once equilibrium operation is achieved, it may be appropriate to
schedule rigorous analysis at regular intervals.

7.4.3  Data Analysis

     Detailed performance records should be maintained for unit
and overall treatment operations.  A thoughtful protocol  should
be developed in advance of treatment plant start-up.  Where nec-
essary, sufficient data should be obtained to define key  process
control parameters.  In some cases, statistical correlations
could be used to insure that process interactions are appro-
priate.  For example, it might be possible to identify TOG
levels which are required for downstream operations  to function
optimally.

7.4.4  Process Optimization

     Because leachate is characterized by expected variability
in flow, types of compounds, and concentrations, process  optim-
ization is envisioned as an ongoing task.  Detailed  analysis
using sophisticated measurement techniques will be used for this
purpose.  As mentioned earlier, process refinement is one of the
principal functions of detailed analyses.  Attempts  should be
made to verify the correlation of surrogate parameters with de-
tailed actual parameter measurements.  In this way,  process op-
timization need not wait until detailed analyses are made.

7.4.5  Safety Considerations

     Site operators must be aware that the function  of many
treatment unit operations is to concentrate hazardous leachate

                               7-10
-------
constituents.  Therefore, detailed safety considerations are
essential.  Moreover, in-plant monitoring should be provided to
discover the existence or evolution of hazardous materials.  For
example, it is possible that volatile organics will be stripped
from biological treatment systems, or that gassing can occur
within granular carbon columns.  Hence, in-plant monitoring sys-
tems should be installed, and employees thoroughly trained for
emergencies.  These plans should be in-place well before initi-
ation of treatment operations.

7.5  REFERENCES

 1.  Sawyer, C.N. and P.L. McCarty.  Chemistry For Sanitary
     Engineers.  McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, New York,'1967.
     518 pp.

 2.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Handbook for
     Monitoring Industrial Wastewater.  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, Nashville,
     Tennessee, 1973.

 3.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Methods for Analysis
     of Water and Wastes.  EPA-600/4-79-020, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979.

 4.  American Public Health Association, American Water Works
     Association and Water Pollution Control Federation.
     Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and
     Wastewater, 15th Edition.  Washington, DC.  1193 pp.

 5.  American Society For Testing and Materials.  1980 Annual
     Book Of ASTM Standards, Part 31, Water.  Philadelphia,
     Pennsylvania, 1980.  1401 pp.

 6.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Handbook for
     Analytical Quality Control In Water and Wastewater
     Laboratories.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     Technology Transfer, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1972.

 7.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Hazardous Waste and
     Consolidated Permit Regulations, Federal Register, Volume
     45, No. 98, May 19, 1980.

 8.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Effluent Guidelines
     Division.  Sampling and Analysis Procedures For Screening
     of Industrial Effluents For Priority Pollutants.  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March
     1977, revised April 1977.

 9.  Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures For the Analysis of
     Pollutants:  Proposed Regulations.  Federal Register,
     Volume 44, No. 233, pp. 69464-69575.  December 3, 1979.

                               7-11
-------
10.   deVera,  E.R.,  B.P.  Simmons,  R.D.  Stephens,  and D.L.  Storm.
     Samplers and Sampling Procedures  For Hazardous Waste
     Streams.  EPA-600/2-80-018,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1980.

11.   U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  Office of Solid
     Waste.  Test Methods for the Evaluation of Solid Waste,
     Physical/Chemical Methods.   SW-846.  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency,  Washington, DC.
12.   Emrich,  G.H. and W.W. Beck,  Jr.   Top-Sealing to Minimize
     Leachate Generation Case Study of the Windham, Connecticut
     Landfill.  In:  Proceedings  of U.S. EPA National Conference
     on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites,
     Washington, DC, October 1980.  pp. 135-140.
                               7-12
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                            SECTION 8

                 OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
8.1   SAFETY

      Hazardous waste leachate management operations will vary
widely in complexity.  Moreover, the compounds and associated
hazards will differ from site to site.  The  following  discussion
outlines safety considerations which apply to the general case.
The purpose is to provide guidance to the leachate manager  in
development of a safety program for a particular site.

8.1.1  Degree of Risk

      Safety considerations will vary dependent upon the degree
of risk involved for plant personnel.  Handling of hazardous
materials is inherently dangerous; however,  some areas  and
functions may constitute a higher degree of  risk than  others.
For example, sampling in an area where volatile organics may be
evolved is more dangerous than working in a  treatment  plant
control room.  Similarly, handling residues  may be more danger-
ous than handling raw leachate, simply because the hazardous
materials are more concentrated in the residues.

      Therefore, it is necessary to identify safety procedures
and protective measures commensurate with the risk involved.
Prior to facility start-up, a thoughtful assessment of  risks
should be made for each work area and job function.  Because it
would be confusing and burdensome for workers to adjust for each
and every work situation, safety procedures  should be  devised
for general levels of risk.  A major chemical manufacturer  uses
a classification system to categorize risk levels.  This system
is described by Morton (1).

      Procedures should be established for reviewing and reclas-
sifying degrees of risk based upon plant experience, and infor-
mation secured through the literature.

8.1.2  Restricted Entry

      The entire disposal site area should be fenced and posted.
Entry should be granted only to authorized personnel.   Security
patrols could be used at night to prevent intruders from gaining
access and to check all work stations at regular intervals.

                               8-1
-------
Arrangements should be made between plant security and local
police and fire departments to provide rapid backup in the  event
of emergencies.

      Within the restricted plant area, entry to dangerous  areas
should be limited to those personnel directly related to spe-
cific operations.  For example, office workers need not be
granted entry into processing areas.

      Specified clean areas could be provided within the plant
and safeguards taken to insure that the clean areas remain  un-
contaminated.  Generally, clean areas will include office and
administrative areas, lunchrooms, lounges, and restrooms for
non-operating personnel.  Access to the clean areas should  be
through a changeroom.  Moreover, operating employees should be
encouraged to shower before leaving plant premises.

8.1.3  Safety Rules

      It is important that safety rules be communicated to  all
employees, and adherence to these rules be strictly enforced.
Morton (1) has presented a comprehensive list of general plant
safety rules which is directly applicable to hazardous waste
management facilities.

      All employees should be trained in safety with more de-
tailed instruction given to those in processing operations.
Safety meetings at regular intervals are recommended.  These
meetings should be designed for small groups and emphasize  spe-
cific operating problems.

      Certain plants which handle hazardous materials have  min-
imum age limitations for employees.  In some cases, individuals
younger than 18 years old are not permitted on the site.

         Some plants do not allow employees to work alone in
processing areas.  Backup personnel should be available at  all
times for emergency evacuation of work stations.

      Two key rules applied at hazardous waste management facil-
ities are: 1) all employees must remove protective clothing and
wash thoroughly before breaks and lunch, and 2) illness must be
communicated to supervision immediately, even after normal  work-
ing hours.

8.1.4  Supervision

      Effective supervision is crucial to worker safety.  Super-
visors must be firm and consistent  in their enforcement of  safe-
ty procedures.  No workers should be without supervision  for
more than two hours.  Management should hold plant supervisors


                               8-2
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accountable for plant safety and security.  Furthermore, super-
visors should be well trained for all contingencies.

8.1.5  Inspections

      Designated personnel should conduct safety inspections at
regular intervals.  Formalized checklists should be used, and
fixed procedures should be in place to rectify deficiencies
within 24 hours.  In the event a deficiency poses an imminent
danger, work functions in the area should be terminated and the
area cordoned off until the deficiency is corrected.

8.1.6  First Aid and Medical Assistance
      Employees who work in processing areas should have a base-
line medical examination upon hiring, and should have periodic
examinations at regularly scheduled intervals.  Workers at pes-
ticide handling facilities often have a cholinesterase baseline
level established in conjunction with their initial examination.

      Selected plant personnel should be trained in first aid
procedures related to the types of risks to which the employees
are exposed.  First aid treatment should be available at all
times.

      Medical assistance also should be available both on an
emergency basis and for chronic problems.  Medical personnel
should be contacted in advance of problems to be informed about
the types of materials to which employees may be exposed.  More-
over, they should be given information on the behavior and
nature of materials.  Emergency plans should be worked out in
detail prior to plant startup, if possible.

8.1.7  Protective Equipment

      Processing and laboratory areas should be equipped with
emergency showers and eyewashers.  These should be tied to an
alarm system so that co-workers can come to the aid of poten-
tially contaminated workers.  Face-shields, safety shoes, safety
glasses, gloves, aprons, coveralls, hard hats, and shoe covers
should be provided to workers whose jobs require varying degrees
of protection.

      Full suit protection should be provided for particularly
hazardous tasks, and for emergency evacuation -operations.  Res-
piratory protective devices usually are used in conjunction with
situations requiring full suit protection.  There are three
basic types of respiratory protective devices: 1) air-purifying
respirators, 2) supplied-air respirators, and 3) self-contained
breathing apparatus.  The type used is dependent upon the degree
of hazard involved.
                               8-3
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      Acid suits consisting of a rubber coat, rubber pants,  acid
gloves, rubber boots up under the pants, and a rubber acid hood
should be available in the event of line breaks or leaks under
pressure.  Similarly, such equipment may be used for repair
operations.

      All protective clothing and equipment must remain on-site.
It should be decontaminated before reuse.  Reusable clothing is
more durable and is preferred.  Appropriate washing procedures
should be used to insure complete decontamination.

      Protective equipment should be accessible in all work
areas where contamination may be encountered so as to permit
safe exit in an emergency.

8.1.8  Ventilation

      Adequate ventilation of work spaces is required to prevent
harmful exposure to toxic materials.  Morton (1) stated that ex-
posures are related to threshold limit values (TLV) based upon a
time-weighed concentration for a normal workday.  The TLV is the
level at which workers can be exposed daily without harmful  ef-
fect.  Furthermore, a "ceiling" value is established which
should not be exceeded under any circumstances.  Although expo-
sures above the TLV up to the ceiling value are undesirable,
they can be permitted as long as an overall time-weighed average
(usually for an eight-hour day) is not exceeded.

      Ventilating system design should account for work areas
where there might be accumulation of volatile organics or haz-
ardous dust.  Air exchange rates will be based upon industrial
hygiene ventilation parameters.

      Monitoring to assure that there is satisfactory ventila-
tion can be performed using a number of sampling instruments.
Weiby and Dickinson (2) described the major factors in specify-
ing instruments for monitoring work areas as instrument speci-
ficity, operational range, accuracy, response time, and special
features.  In a companion article, Herrick (3) discussed the
following topics: portable instruments, electrolytic cell detec-
tors, flame ionization detectors, catalytic cell detectors,  and
signaling alarms.  The reader is encouraged to consult these
references for detailed consideration of work area monitoring.

      Because toxic fumes may be evolved in some sample handling
and analytical procedures, hoods should be provided in labora-
tory areas.  In certain cases, air cleaning equipment may be
necessary for air exhausted from the hood.
                               8-4
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8.1.9  Housekeeping

      Good housekeeping is an adjunct to any safety program.
For the leachate treatment facility, it is especially important
to keep work areas clean and free from obstructions.  Spills
should be cleaned up immediately, and resultant residues dis-
posed safely.  Exposed areas and walkways should be kept ice-
free to reduce possibilities for falls.

8.2  CONTINGENCY PLANS/EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

      Much of the following discussion is not limited to
leachate management alone but applies to hazardous waste manage-
ment operations in general.  The intent of the discussion is to
provide the leachate manager with information sufficient to
enable development of contingency/emergency plans tailored to a
given site operation.  Part VII of the Hazardous Waste and Con-
solidated Permit Regulations also contains useful guidance in-
formation on contingency/emergency plans.

8.2.1  Emergency Situations

8.2.1.1  Natural Disasters—

      Development of contingency plans for natural disasters is
substantially different than for accidents.  Accidents require
action to address an incident which already has occurred, where-
as planning for natural disasters usually is designed to prevent
problems.  Developments in predictive meteorology and hydrology
permit advanced warning of hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods.
However, sometimes the warning period is limited.  On the other
hand, earthquake planning involves other kinds of considera-
tions .

      The thrust of contingency planning for natural disasters
is to shut down plant operations, prevent escape of contamina-
tion to the environment, and safeguard plant equipment.  Pre-
ventive measures can be designed into the plant.  For example,
berms and dikes can be built to prevent inundation of water  from
flooding.  Moreover, these measures can be designed to mitigate
events based upon historical data,  e.g., 100-year floods.   Sim-
ilarly, structures can be designed to mitigate damage from
earthquakes.  State of California building codes have been de-
vised to guide those who build in high risk areas.

      Plan development should include natural disaster consider-
ations for areas known to be subject to possible problems.   Site
operators should devise procedures for determining when such
risks exist by designating specific responsibilities for com-
munication with the National Weather Service, the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey, or other agencies having early warning systems.


                               8-5
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Furthermore, clear decision responsibility for determining when
to shut down and take protective measures should be in place.

      In the event that preventive measures are unable to handle
the event because of its magnitude, i.e., a tornado "direct hit"
or a flood beyond design criteria, emergency actions similar to
those formulated for accidents should be planned for.

8.2.1.2  Accidents—

      Accidents include fires, explosions, leaks, and spills.
Although bomb threats can be handled by shutdown and subsequent
searches, actual sabotage will have to be dealt with in the same
manner as accidents.

      Because of the dangers inherent in fires and explosions, a
separate subsection of this manual will be devoted to fire pro-
tection.  Spills and leaks will be discussed within the context
of contingency planning.

8.2.2  Plan Development

8.2.2.1  Organizational Responsibilities—

      The most important aspect of an effective contingency plan
is clear definition of responsibilities for execution.  Plant
management must be fully involved, and it is highly desirable to
have a company officer be responsible for insuring plan execu-
tion.  The chain of command should be specified in advance,
along with delegation of authority and backups where needed.  A
job description for each responsible party should be incorpor-
ated in the plan.

3.2.2.2  Plan Components—

      In addition to in-house contingency plans, it is expected
that hazardous waste disposal sites will be required to file a
Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) with
their state water pollution control agency.  Components of a
typical plan include:

      • responsible officials names, addresses, telephone num-
        bers;

      • facility location and site map;

      • potential spill dangers, pathways, remedial measures;

      • past spill frequency;

      • sources of assistance (e.g. emergency  fire, cleanup con-
        tractors ) ;

                               3-6
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      • legally required reporting requirements  (names, tele-
        phone numbers);

      • schedule for installing mitigating devices;

      • materials inventory; and

      • inspection procedures.

Further descriptions of contingency plan components follow.

8.2.2.2.1  Implementation Manual—Because rapid  action and thor-
oughness is essential in emergencies, a detailed implementation
manual should be prepared to cover all expected  contingencies.
However, it must contain some degree of flexibility because the
unexpected will normally occur.  Steps for response should be
written down and understood by all who are expected to partic-
ipate.  Not only should all the components of the plan be
listed,  but also the sequence of actions to be executed.  The
information which follows generally is arranged  in the order of
execution.  Furthermore, once the manual is prepared, it should
be reviewed and updated at regular intervals.

8.2.2.2.2  Alarm Systems—The first step in plan execution is a"n
alarm system to indicate that an emergency has occurred.  The
primary purpose of the alarm system is to enable rapid evacu-
ation of affected areas.  A secondary but equally important pur-
pose is to initiate the emergency response plan.

8.2.2.2.3  Communications Network—When an alarm signals an
emergency condition,on-site personnel should begin response
actions, and all appropriate contacts for assistance made.  The
responsible company official should be notified  first.  It is
suggested that a telephone "tree" be activated so that all en-
tities and agencies be notified as quickly as possible.  The
priority of notification will be dependent upon  the nature of
the emergency.  For example, if a fire or explosion is involved,
the local fire department and medical assistance teams should be
called first.  A log of telephone calls made and actions taken
should be maintained.  This log should be signed and witnessed.

      The contact list should be part of the manual and should
include: plant management and supervision; fire, medical, and
police personnel; local, state, and federal governments; and
surrounding population if evacuation is envisioned.  Manuals
should specify the person to be called and their telephone num-
bers .   Alternate names and numbers should be provided in the
event the primary contact cannot be reached.

8.2.2.2.4  Execution Checklist--During the period when plant
management is on the way to the scene, fire and medical assis-
tance is enroute, and contacts are being made, on-scene person-

                               8-7
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nel should be executing the contingency plan using a prepared
checklist of actions.  The checklist is part of the emergency
implementation manual discussed above.

8.2.2.2.5  Personal Injury—The first priority of the plan is to
attend to those injured in the incident.  Next in priority is to
prevent further injuries from occurring.  Injured persons should
be removed from contaminated areas and administered first aid
until medical assistance arrives.

8.2.2.2.6  Information Assistance—There are a number of excel-
lent information sources which can be used to assist in acci-
dents involving hazardous materials.  The Chemical Transporta-
tion Emergency Center (CHEMTREC) can provide help in determining
the nature of hazards involved, and in providing expert assis-
tance on how to manage the situation. The CHEMTREC emergency
number is (800) 424-9300.  It is operational 24 hours a day.
The National Poison Control Center (telephone (502) 589-8222) is
available to provide help where there is personnel exposure to
toxic materials.

      EPA operates OHM-TADS (Oil and Hazardous Materials Tech-
nical Assistance Data System) which is a potential source of
useful information on the materials involved".  A similar system
of the U. S. Coast Guard is CHRIS (Chemical Hazard Response
Information System). It too can provide data on the materials
involved.  Both of the systems can be accessed in emergencies
through the National Response Center, telephone (800) 424-8802.

      The National Fire Protection Association handbook en-
titled, "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials" is a
valuable resource to have on-site to guide fire protection ac-
tivities.  "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials" by N.
I. Sax (5th ed., 1979, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.) also is a very
valuable resource.  Long a standard in the field of industrial
hygiene,  this excellent book is extremely useful in dealing with
hazardous materials because it is a single, quick, up-to-date,
concise hazard analysis informative guide to nearly 13,000 com-
mon industrial and laboratory chemicals.

      Most of the above information resources were devised for
response to transportation accidents where the compounds in-
volved are not known in advance.  Because the hazardous waste
disposal site will have knowledge of what materials are ac-
cepted, and presumably an inventory of these materials, it
should be possible to utilize information sources in advance of
an emergency, and include response and toxicity data in the
implementation manual for each chemical handled.  Every effort
should be made to do so.

8.2.2.2.7  Plant Shutdown—Early warning of possible natural
disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods), will dic-

                               8-8
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tate plant shutdown procedures.  Time allowed  for execution of
shutdown orders will be specified by emergency warning agencies.

      For an accident situation, only certain portions of the
plant might be shut down if the emergency is contained within a
restricted area.  The decision of whether to shut down, and how
much of the plant is affected is the responsibility of the plant
management in charge of plan execution.

8.2.2.2.8  Press and Media Contact List—An emergency at a haz-
ardous disposal site is certain to generate public apprehension.
The plan should provide for press conferences and debriefings.
After the emergency is under control, a company official should
contact a list of news media personnel to provide a statement of
the nature of the emergency, the actions taken, and current
status.  The purpose should be to give factual information so
that misinformation will not mislead concerned citizens in the
plant locale.

8.2.2.2.9  Incident Documentation—The incident should be docu-
mented fully for several purposes.  Documentation will permit
post-facto review of whether the plan was executed as expected.
Also, it can be used to correct problems and thus avoid similar
future incidents.  Finally, it can serve as a legal record of
what happened.

8.2.3  Fire Protection

8.2.3.1  In-Plant Measures—

8.2.3.1.1  Fire Extinguishers—Fire extinguishers should be
located at strategic points throughout the plant.  Extinguishers
should be readily accessible, and plant personnel should be
trained in their use.  The type of extinguisher used is depen-
dent upon the likely kinds of fires that may be encountered.
For example, dry chemical and carbon dioxide extinguishers usu-
ally are preferred in laboratory areas where water may react
with burning chemicals.

8.2.3.1.2  Sprinkler Systems—Sprinkler systems should be in-
stalled in compliance with local and state building and fire
protection codes.  Testing of the sprinkler systems in conjunc-
tion with plant safety inspections is good practice.  Just as
water extinguishers are inappropriate for certain locations,
sprinklers may not be useful in certain plant work areas.  Dis-
posal site operators should consult with loss and fire preven-
tion specialists regarding the best approach for their plant.
Often casualty insurance companies will provide expert assis-
tance to their clients as a service, and in order to assess
risks for premium determinations.  Site operators should explore
using this resource.
                               8-9
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8.2.3.1.3  Use of Plant Security Personnel--Plant security per-
sonnel likely will be on the scene of a fire shortly after dis-
covery.  They should be trained to deal with the fire on a
"first response" basis, and should be responsible for notifying
trained in-plant fire fighters and the local fire department.

8.2.3.2  Training—

8.2.3.2.1  Local Fire Department—Plant operating and management
personnel should meet with the local fire department to inform
them of the types of materials on site and to give them infor-
mation on the hazards which may be involved with such materials
in the event of fire (including an explosion).  It would be a
good idea to have fire department officials visit the plant to
familiarize them with its layout, the location of high risks
areas, and to inspect fire protection capabilities on-site.

      The local fire department could conduct training exercises
using some of the actual materials which potentially could be
involved.  Furthermore, selected plant personnel could partic-
ipate in these exercises preparatory to the formation of an
emergency squad composed of fire department personnel and a few
selected plant employees.

8.2.3.2.2  Emergency Squad—Based upon potential fire hazards
which are evident at the disposal site, it is good practice to
form an emergency squad trained for the specific purpose of
dealing with known and anticipated hazardous materials.  Often
the emergency squad is comprised of a select crew from the local
fire department and several well-trained plant employees.  The
reason for including plant employees is so they can begin emer-
gency operations immediately, prepare for the arrival of the
local fire department, and guide the fire fighting effort be-
cause of their intimate knowledge of the plant.

      In addition to normal fire fighting, the emergency squad
is responsible for rescue operations, evacuation of injured or
threatened personnel, and escalation decisions in the event of
broad involvement in the disposal site.  This group should re-
ceive specialized training in advance (e.g., use of self con-
tained breathing apparatus, boom deployment).

8.2.3.3  Hazards Identification—

      The National Fire Protection Assocation (4) has devised a
system for identifying the inherent hazards of certain chemicals
and the order of severity of these hazards under emergency con-
ditions such as spills, leaks, and fires.  A section of the NFPA
manual, "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials", provides
hazardous chemicals data.  There are four categories of data
provided: health, flammability, reactivity, and other unusual
conditions.  For the first three categories, a numbering system

                               8-10
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has been devised to inform fire fighting personnel  about protec-
ting themselves and how to fight fires where the hazard exists.
In the fourth category, special considerations are  indicated.
For example, fire fighters are alerted to possible  hazards where
there may be unusual reactivity with water and oxidizing chem-
icals are noted.  It would be beneficial to identify the mate-
rials potentially involved in advance so that fire  protection
measures can be incorporated within the contingency plan and the
implementations manual.  Moreover, emergency squad  training can
proceed using identified materials.

8.3  EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCIES/BACKUP

8.3.1  General Discussion

      Because a leachate treatment plant will use unit opera-
tions similar to those employed at municipal and industrial
wastewater treatment plants, certain reliability considerations
also are similar.  EPA has issued minimum standards of reliabil-
ity for mechanical, electric, and fluid systems and components
which may be applicable for leachate treatment plants (5).  Man-
ual users are referred to these criteria for details.

      There is a question, however, of whether the  need for
redundancy is as great for hazardous waste leachate treatment
systems as for municipal and industrial systems.  In the latter
cases, it is difficult to shut-off or divert flow during emer-
gencies, shutdowns, or repair.  Frequently, considerable flows
are involved, and the option of storage is economically in-
feasible.  On the other hand, leachate flows generally will be
low.  As a result, storage possibly could be a cost-effective
substitute for certain redundant and backup systems.  Therefore,
during leachate treatment plant design, costs of redundant and
backup systems should be balanced against costs for building
storage for raw leachate.  Further considered in design should
be: estimated volume of incoming wastes, estimated  flow of
leachate, projected time periods for outages or emergencies,
tankage costs, and redundant system costs.

      In general, there are two locations at which  storage might
be required: collected leachate, and treated leachate.  Some
storage might be designed into the plant for purposes of equal-
izing flows in any case.  Because concentrations of materials
will be different at each location,separate storage would be
required.

      Nevertheless, attention should be given to important
equipment considerations related to redundant and backup condi-
tions.  Discussion on these items is found in the subsequent
subsection.
                               8-11
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8.3.2  Equipment

8.3.2.1  Control Systems—

      The plant control room should have redundant emergency
alarms.  Frequent practice is to couple display warning lights
with an annunciator sound alarm.  All electrical controls  should
have manual overrides.  Electric failure backup systems will be
discussed separately.

8.3.2.2  Tanks and Containers—

      Tanks should be fitted with gravity overflow piping  in the
event that pumps fail to shut off.  Tank areas should be on con-
crete pads, if possible, with curbs and walls sufficient in
height to contain leaks, spills, or tank failures.  Addition-
ally, spare tanks should be used to empty the curbed area  if
other storage is unavailable.

      All containers in processing areas should have plugs in
place when not being used.

8.3.2.3  Pipes and Transfer Lines--

      For pipes that convey hazardous materials, failsafe  trans-
fer lines should be used.  Such failsafe systems measure in-
coming flow and discharge flow.  Assuming no intervening taps,
the two flows are compared.  A difference noted will trip  an
alarm.  Differences of greater than 0.5 percent commonly are
used to indicate a leak.

      Pipes should be color-coded to avoid cross connections,
and to permit easy location.

8.3.2.4  Valves—

      Pressure relief valves should be used wherever necessary.
All valves should be located as close as possible to the source
in the event they must be operated during an emergency.  How-
ever, the valves should be accessible if an emergency occurs.
Emergency shut-off valves should be placed on all gravity  trans-
fer lines.

8.3.2.5  Pumps—

      It is good practice to locate pumps outside if possible.
This reduces the possibility of being rendered inoperable  due  to
fires or explosions.  It is required in areas where there  may  be
a build-up of potentially explosive gases.

      Back-up pumps may be desirable where needed to move
leachate to storage during emergencies.  Portable pumps are

                               8-12
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desirable to have on hand in emergencies.

8.3.2.6  In-Plant Drainage--

      Leaks and spillage from equipment should be collected
within the plant and returned to the appropriate unit  process.
Typically, leaks and spillage can be controlled by dikes, berms,
and curbs.

8.3.2.7  Electrical Failures—

      Emergency lights on battery packs are recommended  for all
plant areas.  Operators should judge the potential damage re-
sulting from an extended electrical outage.  It may be cost-
effective to install an emergency back-up generator dependent
upon the number of critical functions involved.

8.3.2.8  Maintenance and Repair—

      Wherever possible, preventive maintenance should be sched-
uled so that redundancy and back-up are unnecessary.  This can
be done during scheduled shutdown.  If major repairs can be de-
ferred, they also should be performed at that time, i.e., during
scheduled shutdowns.

8.4  PERMITS

8.4.1  Consolidated Permit Regulations

      In conjunction with issuance of final rules for the fed-
eral hazardous waste management program (Federal Register, May
19, 1980), the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency established
rules for a consolidated permit program.  The rules governed
programs authorized by the following legislation: Resource Con-
servation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Underground Injection Control
(UIC) under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) under the Clean
Water Act (CWA), State dredge and fill (404) provisions  of the
CWA, and Prevention of Significant Deterioration under the Clean
Air Act (CAA).  There are three primary purposes of these rules:

        "1.  To consolidate program requirements for the RCRA
        and UIC programs with those already established  for the
        NPDES program.

        "2.  To establish requirements for state programs under
        the RCRA, UIC, and Section 404 programs.

        "3.  To consolidate permit issuance procedures for EPA-
        issued Prevention of Significant Deterioration permits
        under the Clean Air Act with those for the RCRA, UIC,
        and NPDES programs."

                               8-13
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      The rules are complex and require substantial effort in
order to enable complete and thorough preparation of permits.
Manual users are urged to consult documents intended by EPA to
clarify and define permit application requirements.

      Responsibilities for state program requirements also are
specified by the EPA rules and regulations.  Although flexibil-
ity is allowed in how states implement these requirements, and
they are free to impose more stringent controls, EPA has spec-
ified minimum requirements consistent with RCRA provisions.

      Permit officials and site operators should recognize that
certain aspects of the consolidated permits are ill-defined
relative to hazardous waste leachate treatment.  NPDES require-
ments for direct discharge of treated leachate to receiving
waters need to be defined in greater detail.  Furthermore, if
treated leachate is to be discharged into a POTW system, no
guidance has been provided relative to pretreatment require-
ments.  There is a crucial need for defining such requirements
in greater detail.  As a point of departure, permit officials
might deal with leachate treatment plant effluent in a manner
similar to that for the chemical manufacturing industry, both
organic and inorganic segments.  Also, many cities are now in
the process of developing pretreatment requirements for dis-
charge of heavy metals, cyanide, phenols and other toxic com-
pounds into POTWs.

8.4.2  Other Permits

      There are several other areas which manual users should
consider in assuring that site operations conform with govern-
mental plans and regulations.  Water quality aspects should be
factored into areawide waste treatment management plans (section
208), and facility planning efforts (Step I).  This is espe-
cially important where direct discharge or discharge to POTWs is
envisioned.  Other areas of concern are zoning requirements and
local building permits.

8.5  PERSONNEL TRAINING

      Training is envisioned for personnel engaged in the  fol-
lowing four functional areas of leachate treatment facilities:
operations and maintenance, safety, emergency response, and
security.  Training related to safety and emergency response has
been discussed earlier in this section, and as a result, will
not be repeated here.

      The basis for operations and maintenance training should
be a well-conceived O&M manual.  During training, personnel
should be acquainted with key operating parameters, acceptable
                               8-14
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operating ranges, problem diagnosis, troubleshooting,  repair
procedures, preventive maintenance, and  shutdown  procedures.   An
example of a suggested guide for development of an O&M manual
for conventional waste treatment facilities is shown  in Table
8-1.  Obviously, a manual for a leachate treatment plant would
have to be modified to reflect the processes used, and incor-
porate provisions germane to the handling of hazardous mate-
rials.  The table does, however, provide a good starting point
for structuring an O&M manual.

      Security personnel should be trained not only to prevent
unauthorized entry into the plant, but also in first  aid,  emer-
gency communications and first response measures, essentials of
spill containment, and some fire fighting as appropriate.

      Training should be conducted upon hiring, and should be
updated at regular intervals.  Consideration should be given to
sending key personnel to formal off-site training courses  and
seminars.

8.6  SURFACE RUNOFF

      Disposal sites should be designed  so that stormwater is
diverted away from and around the site.  This can be  accom-
plished through grading and the use of berms and dikes.  Hence,
this subsection addresses only the fate of precipitation falling
directly within the disposal site.  Four options  exist for deal-
ing with stormwater runoff, dependent upon the degree of contam-
ination: 1) route uncontaminated flow to a holding or storage
pond from which discharges can be made to surface water courses;
2) route mildly contaminated runoff to the same holding or stor-
age area, and treat prior to discharge; 3) route contaminated
runoff to the leachate treatment plant; and 4) place  heavily
contaminated runoff into the disposal area, or containerize and
ship off-site for appropriate disposal.

      Work areas likely to be contaminated, e.g.  loading docks,
waste transfer areas, storage tank areas, should be paved  and
curbed to collect contaminated spillage.  These curbed areas
should be able to be drained by gravity.  Drainage valves  should
remain closed until the areas are drained either to the holding
ponds (when spillage has not occurred), or to treatment and dis-
posal areas (when there is evidence of leaks or spillage).
                               8-15
-------
                           TABLE 8-1

    SUGGESTED GUIDE FOR AN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

                FOR WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES (5)


  I.   INTRODUCTION

      A.   Operation and Managerial Responsibility
      B.   Description of Plant Type and Flow Pattern
      C.   Percent Efficiency Expected and How Plant Should
          Operate
      D.   Principal Design Criteria


 II.   PROCESS DESCRIPTION
      (Function,  relation to other plant units, schematic
      diagrams)

      A.   Pumping
      B.   Screening and Comminution
      C.   Grit Removal
      D.   Sedimentation (Primary)
      E.   Aeration and Reaeration
      F.   Sedimentation (Secondary)
      G.   Trickling Filters
      H.   Sand Filters
      I.   Sludge Digestion
      J.   Sludge Conditioning
      K.   Sludge Disposal
      L.   Gas Control and Use
      M.   Disinfection
      N.   By-Pass Controls and Excess Flow Treatment Facilities
      O.   Waste Stabilization Lagoons
      P.   Other
III.  DETAILED OPERATION AND CONTROLS

      (Routine, alternate, emergency, description of various
      controls, recommended settings, reference to schematic
      diagrams, failsafe features)

      A.  Manual
      B.  Automatic
      C.  Physical
      D.  Chemical

                                                  (continued)

                              8-16
-------
                          TABLE 8-1 (continued)
       E.  Biological (including Bacteriological)
       F.  Industrial Wastes Monitoring
       G.  Safety Features
       H.  Problems, Causes, and Cures
  IV.  LABORATORY CONTROLS

       (What and why tests are made, interpretation of results,
       and how samples are obtained)

       A.  For Each Process Description Given Above

           1.  Sampling
           2.  Flow Controls
           3.  Analysis

       B.  Monitoring of Effluent and Receiving Waters
       C.  Water Quality Standards
   V.  RECORDS

       (Importance of records, graphing test results, example
       and sample forms)

       A.  Process Operations
       B.  Laboratory
       C.  Reports to be Submitted to State Agencies
       D.  Maintenance
       E.  Operating Costs
  VI.  MAINTENANCE

       (Schedule—daily, weekly, monthly, etc., reference to
       pages in manufacturers' manuals)

       A.  Manufacturers' Recommendations
       B.  Preventive Maintenance Summary Schedule
       C.  Special Tools and Equipment
       D.  Housekeeping Schedule

VII.  SAFETY

       A.  Sewers
       B.  Electrical Equipment
       C.  Mechanical Equipment
                                                  (continued)

                               8-17
-------
                      TABLE 8-1 (continued)
       D.  Explosion and Fire Hazards
       E.  Health Hazards
       F.  Chlorine Handling
       G.  Aeration Tank Hazards
       H.  Recommended Safety Equipment
VIII.  UTILITIES
       (Source, reliability, cost)

       A.  Electrical
       B.  Gas
       C.  Water
       D.  Heat
  IX.  PERSONNEL

       (Detail of job requirements, task plan estimating man-
       hours per month and year)

       A.  Manpower Requirements
       B.  Qualifications and Background
       C.  Certifications
       D.  Administration and Supervision
       E.  Laboratory
   X.  APPENDIX

       A.  Schematics
       B.  Valve Indices
       C.  Sample Forms
       D.  Chemicals Used in Plant
       E.  Chemicals Used in Laboratory
       F.  Water Quality Standards
       G.  Detailed Design Criteria
       H.  Equipment Suppliers
       I.  Suppliers' Manuals
           (may be bound separately)
                               8-18
-------
8.7  REFERENCES

 1.  Morton, W. I.   Safety Techniques for Workers Handling Haz-
     ardous Materials.  Chemical Engineering, 83(22):127-132,
     1976.

 2.  Weiby, P., and K. R.  Dickinson.  Monitoring Work Areas for
     Explosive and Toxic Hazards.  Chemical Engineering, 83(22):
     139-145, 1976

 3.  Herrick, L. K. Jr.  Instrumentation for Monitoring Toxic
     and Flammable Work Areas.  Chemical Engineering, 83(22):
     147-152, 1976.

 4.  National Fire Protection Association.  Fire Protection
     Guide on Hazardous Materials, Sixth Edition.  Boston, MA,
     1975.

 5.  Federal Water Quality Administration.  Federal Guidelines -
     Design Operation and Maintenance of Waste Water Treatment
     Facilities.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
     DC, September 1970.
                               8-19
-------
                       APPENDICES

                          APPENDIX A

             SUMMARY OF REPORTED WATER CONTAMINATION
          PROBLEMS (at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites)


     Appendix Table A-l contains data on identified hazardous
waste problems and to the extent possible data on waste composi-
tion.  A reference list which indicates data sources and pertains
only to this table follows the main body of the table.

     Problem sites are identified by a code number in Table A-l.
The code numbers and associated problem sites are listed below.

Site Number                   Site Description

   001      Helevia Landfill adjacent to West Omerod water supply
               (near Allentown, PA)
   002      Haverford, PA
   003      Centre County, PA (near State College, PA)
   004      Stringfellow Landfill, Riverside, CA
   005      Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, CO
   006      Geological Reclamation Operations and Waste Systems,
               Inc. (GROWS)  landfill, Falls Township, PA
   007      Wade Site, Chester, PA
   008      Bridgeport Quarry, Montgomery County, PA
   009      Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL
   010      Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY
   Oil      LaBounty Dump Site, Charles City, IA
   012      Saco Landfill, Saco, ME
   013      Whitehouse, FL
   014      near Myerstown,  PA
   015      Undisclosed
   016      Necco Park, Niagara Falls, NY
   017      FMC, Middleport, NY
   018      Frontier Chemical Waste Process Inc., Pendleton, NY
   019      102nd Street, Niagara Falls, NY
   020      Pfohl Brothers,  Buffalo, NY
   021      Reilly Tar & Chemical Co., St.  Louis Park,  MN
   022      Windham Landfill, Windham, CT
   023      LiPari Landfill, Gloucester County, NJ
   024      Kin-Buc Landfill, Middlesex County, NJ
   025      South Brunswick, NJ
   026      Ott/Story site,  Muskegon County, MI
   027      Hooker Chemical  Co., Montague,  MI


                               A-l
-------
Site Number                  Site Description

   028      Mayer Landfill,  Springfield Township,  PA
   029      Chemcentral-Detroit,  Detroit,  MI
   030      Bofors-Lakeway,  Muskegon,  MI
                              A-2
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         TABLE A-2.   REFERENCES LISTED IN TABLE A-l
 1. Personal Communication.  Mr. Leon Oberdick, Pennsylvania
    Department of Environmental Resources, Reading, PA.
    June 21, 1979.
 2. Personal Communication.  Mr. John Osgood, Pennsylvania
    Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, PA.
    June 19, 1979.
 3. Personal Communication.  Mr. Thomas Massey.  U.S. Environ-
    mental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA. May 17, 1979.

 4. Personal Communication.  Mr. Carlyle Westlund, Pennsylvania
    Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, PA.
    June 19, 1979.
 5. Hatayama, H.K., Simmons, B.P., and R.D. Stephens.  The
    Stringfellow Industrial Waste Disposal Site:  A Technical
    Assessment of Environmental Impact.  California Department
    of Health Services, Berkeley, CA.  March 1979.

 6. Buhts, R.E., Malone, P.G., and D.W. Thompson.  Evaluation of
    Ultraviolet/Ozone Treatment of Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA)
    Groundwater (Treatability Study).  Technical Report Y-78-1,
    U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
    MI.  January 1978.
 7. Steiner, R.L., Keenan, J.D., and A.A. Fungaroli.  Demon-
    strating Leachate Treatment:  Report on a Full-Scale
    Operating Plant.  SW-758, US EPA, Office of Water and Waste
    Management, Washington, DC.  May 1979.
 8. US EPA, National Enforcement Investigations Center.  Partial
    Listing of Compounds in ABM-Wade Disposal Site Samples.
    Unpublished Memorandum to US EPA Region III Enforcement
    Division, Philadelphia, PA.  April 25, 1979.

 9. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.  Results
    of DER Samples of Bridgeport Quarry Taken on April 23, 1979.
    Unpublished Data.  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
    Resources,  Norristown, PA.  April 23, 1979.

10. Personal Communication.  Mr. F.A. Jones,  Jr.  Redstone
    Arsenal Carbon Treatment Plant.   Unpublished Data.  Depart-
    ment of the Army, US Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials
    Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground,  MD.   July 2, 1979.

                            A-23
-------
                   TABLE A-2 (continued)


11.   Personal Communication.  Ms.  Marilyn  A. Hewitt.  Water Quality
     Report, Special Analyses Concerning Mayer Landfill, Springfield
     Township, PA.  September 28,  1980.  Pennsylvania Department of
     Environmental Resources, Norristown,  PA.  December 26, 1980.

 12.  Barth,  E.F.  and  J.M.  Cohen.   Evaluation  of Treatability of
     Industrial  Landfill Leachate.   Unpublished Report.
     US  Environmental Protection-Agency,  Cincinnati,  OH.
     November  30,  1978.

 13.  Dahl, T.O.   NPDES Compliance Monitoring  and Water/Waste
     Characterization Salsbury  Laboratories/Charles  City, Iowa.
     EPA 330/2-78-019, US  Environmental Protection Agency,
     National Enforcement  Investigations  Center, Denver,  CO.
     November  1978.

 14.  US  Environmental Protection  Agency.  Report of Investigation
     Salsbury Laboratories,  Charles  City, Iowa.  US  Environmen-
     tal Protection Agency,  Region VII Surveillance  and Analyses
     Division, Kansas City,  MO.   February 1979.

 15.  Atwell, J.S.  Identifying  and Correcting Groundwater Con-
     tamination  at a  Land  Disposal Site.   In:   Proceedings  of
     the Fourth  National Congress Waste Management Technology
     and Resource  and Energy Recovery, Atlanta, GA.
     November 1975.   pp.  278-301.

 16.  Stroud, F.B., Wilkerson, R.T.,  and A.  Smith.  Treatment and
     Stabilization of PCB  Contaminated Water  and Waste Oil:   A
     Case Study.   In:   Proceedings of 1978  National  Conference
     on  Control  of Hazardous Material Spills, Miami  Beach,  FL.
     April 1978.  pp.  135-144.
 17.  Stover, E.L. and A.A.  Metry.  Hazardous  Solid Waste  Manage-
     ment Report.  Pennsylvania Department  of Environmental
     Resources,  Division of  Solid Waste Management,  Harrisburg,
     PA.  November 1976.
 18.  Interagency Task Force  on Hazardous  Wastes.   Draft Report
     on  Hazardous Waste  Disposal  in  Erie  and Niagara  Counties,
     New York.   SW-Pll (3/79).  Interagency Task Force on
     Hazardous Wastes, Albany, NY.   March 1979.

 19.  Personal Communication.  Mr.  Steven  Lees,  US  Environmental
     Protection Agency,  Cincinnati,  OH.   August 2, 1979.

 20.  Beck, W.W. Jr.,  Evaluation of Chemical Analyses  Windham
     Landfill, Windham,  Connecticut.  Letter to Mr.  Donald  E.
     Sanning.  US Environmental Protection  Agency, Cincinnati,OH.
     January 26, 1978.

 21.  Personal Communication.  Mr.  Steven  Lees.   Compilation  of
     Data Related to  LiPari  Landfill.  US Environmental Protec-
     tion Agency, Cincinnati, OH.  August 2, 1979.

                            A-24
-------
                      TABLE A-2  (continued)
 22. Personal Communication.  Mr. Steven Lees.   Compilation  of
     Love Canal Leachate Data.  US Environmental Protection
     Agency/ Cincinnati, OH.  August  2, 1979.

 23. Brezenski, F.T.  Laboratory Results - Kin Buc Landfill.
     Unpublished Data in Memorandum to R.D. Spear, Chief
     Surveillance and Monitoring Branch.  US Environmental
     Protection Agency.  January 24,  1978.

 24. Isacoff, E.G. and J.A. Bittner.  Resin Adsorbent Takes  on
     Chlororganics from Well Water.   Water and Sewage Works,
     126 (8) : 41-42, 1979.

 25. Sturino, E.  Analytical Results:  Samples from Story
     Chemicals, Data Set Others 336.  Unpublished Data.
     US Environmental Protection Agency, Region  V, Central
     Regional Laboratory, Chicago, IL.  May 1978.

 26. Personal Communication.  Mr.  Andrew W. Hogarth.  Unpub-
     lished Data:   Report of Sampling, Hooker Chemical Corp.
     Monitoring Wells,  Montague, Michigan.  December 1978.
     Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI.
     August 7,  1979.

 27. O'Brien,  R.P.  City of Niagara Falls, New York, Love Canal
     Project.   Unpublished Report.   Calgon Corp., Calgon
     Environmental Systems Division, Pittsburgh, PA.

 28. Recra  Research Inc.  Priority Pollutant Analyses Prepared
     for Newco  Chemical Waste Systems, Inc.  Unpublished Report.
     Recra  Research Inc., Tonawanda, NY.   April  16,  1979.


29.   Personal Communeiation.  Ms. Deborah Mulcahey.  Unpublished
     Data:   Analytical Results of Data Set - EDO 489,  Collected
     at Bofors-Lakeway,  Inc., Muskegon, Michigan by U.S.  Environ-
     mental Protection Agency Region V, February 12,  1980.
     Michigan Department  of Natural Resources,  Lansing,  Michigan.
     December 18,  1980.

30.   Personal Communication.  Ms. Deborah Mulcahey.  Compilation
     of Data related to Chemcentral-Detroit.   Michigan Department
     of Natural  Resources.  December 18,  1980.
                            A-25
-------
                           APPENDIX B

            ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF RCRA POLLUTANTS
     The Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regulations
which appeared in the May 19, 1980 Federal Register contain
three lists of hazardous wastes:  (1) acute hazardous {Sec.
261.33(6)}, (2) hazardous {Appendix VII}, and  (3) Toxic {Sec.
261.33(f)}.  These three lists are consolidated into one alpha-
betical listing in this appendix to facilitate location of a
compound.  The RCRA category (1,2, or 3) above is indicated for
each compound.  Multiple entries for a compound indicate that
the compound appears in more than one category.
                              B-l
-------
               TABLE B-l.  LIST OF RCRA POLLUTANTS
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Acetalaldehyde             H, T
(Acetato)phenylmercury     H
Acetone                    T
Acetonitrile               H, T
3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-  H, A
 4-hydroxycoumarin and
 salts
Acetophenone               T
2 Acetylaminofluorene      H, T
Acetyl Chloride            H, T
l-Acetyl-2-thiourea        A, H
Acrolein                   A, H
Acrylamide                 H, T
Acetylene tetrachloride    T
Acetylenetrichloride       T
Acrylic acid               T
Acrylonitrile              H, T
AEROTHENE TT               T
Aflatotoxins               H
Agarin                     A
Agrosan GN 5               A
Aldicarb                   A
Aldifen                    A
Aldrin                     A, H
Algimycin                  A
Allyl alcohol              A, H
Aluminum phosphide         A, H
ALVIT                      A
4-Aminobiphenyl            H
6-Amino-l,la,2,8,8a,       H, T
 8b-hexahydro-8-(hydroxy-
 methy1)-8a-methoxy-5-
 (methylcarbamate azirino
 (21,3'i3,4) pyrrolo
 (1,2-a)indole-4,7-
 doine(ester)
 (Mitomycin C)
Aminoethylene              A
5-(Aminomethyl)-3-         H, A
 isoxazolol
4-Aminopyridine            A, H
          Amitrole                 H,  T
          Ammonium metavanadate    A
          Ammonium picrate         A
          Aniline                  T
          Antimony and Compounds,
           N.O.S.1                 H
          ANTIMUCIN WDR            A
          ANTURAT                  A
          AQUATHOL                 A
          Aramite                  H
          ARETIT                   A
          Arsenic and compounds,   H
           N.O.S.
          Arsenic acid             A,  H
          Arsenic pentoxide        A,  H
          Arsenic trioxide         A,  H
          Asbestos                 T
          Athrombin                A
          Auramine                 H,  T
          AVITROL                  A
          Azaserine                H,  T
          Aziridene                A
          AZOFOS                   A
          Azophos                  A
          BANTU                    A
          Barium and compounds,    H
           N.O.S.
          Barium cyanide           A,  H
          BASENITE                 A
          BCME                     A
          Benz[c]acridine          H,  T
          Benz[a]anthracene        H
          Benzal chloride          T
          Benzene                  H,  T
          Benzenearsonic acid      H
          Benzenesulfonyl chloride T
          Benzenethiol             A,  H
          Benzidine                H,  T
          1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-  T
           one,  1,1-dioxide
          Benzo[a]anthracene       H,  T

                             (continued)
                              B-2
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Benzo[b]fluoranthene        H
Benzo[j]fluoranthene        H
Benzo[a]pyrene              H, T
Benzoepin (Endosulfan)      A
Benzotrichloride            H, T
Benzyl chloride             H
Beryllium and compounds     H
 N.O.S.
Beryllium dust              A
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)         H, T
 methane
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether    H  T
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-     H  T
 2-naphthylamine
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)      H, T
 ether
Bis(chloromethyl) ether     A, H
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)           H, T
 phthalate
BLADAN-M                    A
Bromoacetone                A, H
Bromomethane                H, T
4-Bromophenyl phenyl        H, T
 ether
Brucine                     A, H
2-Brutanone peroxide        A, H
BUFEN                       A
Butaphene                   A
n-Butyl alcohol             T
Butyl benzyl phthalate      H
2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dini-       A, H
 tro-phenol (DNBP)
Cadmium and compounds/      H
 N.O.S.
Calcium chromate            H, T
Calcium cyanide             A, H
CALDON                      A
Carbolic acid               T
Carbon disulfide            A, H
Carbon tetrachloride        T
Carbonyl fluoride           T
           CERESAN                 A
           CERESAN UNIVERSAL       A
           CHEMOX GENERAL          A
           CHEMOX P.E.              A
           CHEM-TOL                A
           Chloral                 T
           Chlorambucil            H, T
           Chlordane               T
           Chlordane (alpha and    H
            gamma isomers)
           Chlorinated  benzenes,    H
            N.O.S.
           Chlorinated  ethane,      H
            N.O.S.
           Chlorinated  naphtha-    H
            lene, N.O.S.
           Chlorinated  phenol,      H
            N.O.S.
           Chloroacetaldehyde      A, H
           Chloroalkyl  ethers      H
           p-Chloroaniline          A, H
           Chlorobenzene            H, T
           Chlorobenzilate          H, T
           l-(p-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-   A, H
            methoxy-2-methylindole-
            3-acetic acid
           p-Chloro-m-cresol       H, T
           Chlorodibromomethane    T
           l-Chloro-2,3-epoxy-      H
            butane
           l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypro-   T
            pane
           CHLOROETHENE NU          T
           Chloroethyl  vinyl ether T
           2-Chloroethyl  vinyl      H
            ether
           Chloroethene            T
           Chloroform              H, T
           Chloromethane            H, T
           Chloromethyl methyl      H, T
            ether

                            (continued)
                              B-3
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
Compound
RCRA
Pollutant
Group
Compound
RCRA
Pollutant
Group
2-Chloronaphthalene         H, T
2-Chlorophenol              H, T
l-(o-Chlorophenyl)          A, H
 thiourea
3-Chloropropionitrile       A, H
alpha-Chlorotoluene         A, H
Chlorotoluene, N.O.S.       H
4-Chloro-o-toluidine        T
 hydrochloride
Chromium and compounds,     H
 N.O.S.
Chrysene                    H  T
C-I.  23060                  T
Citrus red No.2             H
Copper cyanide              A, H
Creosote                    H, T
Cresols                      T
CRETOX                      A
Coumadin                    A
Coumafen                    A
Cresylic acid               T
Crotonaldehyde              H  T
Cumene    '                  T
Cyanides (soluble salts     A, H
 and complexes), N.O.S.
Cyanogen                    A, H
Cyanogen bromide            A, H
Cyanogen chloride           A, H
Cyanomethane                T
Cycasin                      H
Cyclodan                    A
Cyclohexane                 T
Cyclohexanone               T
2-Cyclohexyl-4 6-dini-      A, H
 trophenol
Cyclophosphamide            H, T
D-CON                       A
Daunomycin                  H, T
DETHMOR                     A
DETHNEL                      A
DDD                         H, T
DDE                     H
DDT                     H, T
DFP                     A
Diallate                H, T
Dibenz[a,h]acridine     H
Dibenz[a,jjacridine     H
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene   H, T
 (Dibenzo[a,h]anthra-
 cene)
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]         H
 carbazole
Dibenzo[a,ejpyrene      H
Dibenzo[a,hjpyrene      H
Dibenzo[a,ijpyrene      H, T
Dibromochloromethane    T
l/2-Dibromo-3-chloro-   H, T
 propane
1,2-Dibromoethane       H, T
Dibromomethane          H, T
Di-n-butyl-phthalate    H, T
Dichlorobenzene, N.O.S. H
1,2-Dichlorobenzene     T
1,3-Dichlorobenzene     T
1/4-Dichlorobenzene     T
3 ,3'-Dichlorobenzidine  H, T
l/4-Dichloro-2-butene   T
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-     T
 diaminobiphenyl
Dichlorodifluoromethane T
1,1-Dichloroethane      H  T
1,2-Dichloroethane      H, T
trans-l,2-DichloroethaneH
Dichloroethylene, N.0.S.H
1,1-Dichloroethylene    H, T
1,2-trans-dichloro-     T
 ethylene
Dichloromethane         H, T
Dichloromethylbenzene   T
2 4-Dichlorophenol      H, T
2 6-Dichlorophenol      H, T

                 (continued)
                               B-4
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
Compound
RCRA
Pollutant
Group
Compound
RCRA
Pollutant
Group
2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxy-        A, H
 acetic acid
Dichlorophenylarsine        A, H
Dichloropropane             H
1,2-Dichloropropane         H, T
Dichloropropanol , N.O.S.    H
Dichloropropene , N.O.S.     H
1,3-Dichloropropene         H, T
Dicyanogen                  A
Dieldrin                    A, H
DIELDREX                    A
Diepoxybutane               H, T
Diethylarsine               A, H
0,0-Diethyl-S-[2-(ethyl-    A, H
 thio) ethyl]ester of
 phosphothioic acid
1,2-Diethylhydrazine        H, T
0,0-Diethyl-S-methyl-       H, T
 ester phosphorodithioic
 acid
0,0-Diethylphosphoric       H
 acid, 0-p-nitrophenyl
 ester
Diethyl phthalate           H, T
0, 0-Diethyl-0-(2-pyra-      A, H
 zinyl)phosphorothioate
0,0-Diethyl phosphoric      A
 acid, 0-p-nitrophenyl
 ester
Diethyl stilbestrol         H, T
Dihydrosafrole              H, T
3, 4-Dihydroxy-alpha-        A, H
 (methylamino)-methyl
 benzyl alcohol
Di-isopropylfluorophos-     A, H
 phate (DFP)
DIMETATE (Dimethoate)       A
1,4:5 8-Dimethanonaph-   A
 thalene, 1,2,3,4,
 10 ,10-Hexachloro-l,4,
 4a ,5 ,8 ,8a-hexahydro
 en do , en do
Dimethaoate              A, H
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine   H, T
Dimethylamine            T
p-Dimethylaminoazoben-   H, T
 zene
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]     H, T
 anthracene
3,3-Dimethylbenzidine    H, T
alpha, alpha-Dimethyl-   T
 benzylhydroperoxide
DimethyIcarbamoyl        H, T
 chloride
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine    H, T
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine    H, T
3/3-Dimethyl-l-(methyl-  A, H
 thio)-2-butanone-0-
 [(methylamino)carbonyl]
 oxime
Dimethylnitrosoamine     H, T
alpha, alpha-Dimethyl-   A, H
 phenethylamine
2,4-Dimethylphenol       H, T
Dimethyl phthalate       H, T
Dimethyl sulfate         H, T
Dinitrobenzene, N.O.S.   H
Dinitrocyclohexyl-       A
 phenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol     A, H
 and salts
2,4-Dinitrophenol       A, H, T
2,4-Dinitrotoluene       H, T
2,6-Dinitrotoluene       H, T
Di-n-octylphthalate      H, T
DINOSEB                  A

                  (continued)
                              B-5
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
DINOSEBE                    A
1,4 Dioxane                 H, T
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine       H, T
Dipropylamine               T
Di-n-propylnitrosamine      H, T
Disulfoton                  A, H
2,4 Dithiobiuret            A, H
DNBP                        A
DOLCO MOUSE CEREAL          A
DOW GENERAL                 A
DOW GENERAL WEED KILLER     A
DOW SELECTIVE WEED          A
 KILLER
DOWICIDE G                  A
DYANICIDE                   A
EASTERN STATES SUOCIDE      A
ELGETOL                     A
EBDC                        T
Endosulfan                  A, H
Endrin                      A
Endrin and metabolites      H
Epichlorohydrin             H
Epinephrine                 A
1 ,4-Epoxybutane             T
Ethyl acetate               T
Ethyl acrylate              T
Ethyl cyanide               A, H
Ethylenebisdithiocar-       H, T
 bamate (EBDC)
Ethylenediamine             A , H
Ethyleneimine               A, H
Ethylene oxide              H , T
Ethylene thiourea           H , T
Ethyl ether                 T
Ethylmethacryla.te           T
Ethylmethanesulfonate       H , T
Ethylnitrile                T
FASCO FASCRAT POWDER        A
FEMMA                       A
Ferric cyanide              A
Firemaster T23P             T
          Fluoranthene             H, T
          Fluorine                 A, H
          2-Fluoroacetamide        A, H
          Fluoroacetic acid,       A, H
           sodium salt
          Fluorotrichloromethane   T
          Formaldehyde             H, T
          FOLODOL-80               A
          FOLODOL-M                A
          Formic acid              T
          FOSFERNOM                A
          FRATOL                   A
          Fulminate of mercury     A
          FUNGITOX OR              A
          Furan                    T
          Furfural                 T
          FUSSOF                   A
          GALLOTOX                 A
          GEARPHOS                 A
          GERUTOX                  A
          Glycidylaldehyde         H, T
          Halomethane , N.O.S.      H
          Heptachlor               A  H
          Heptachlor epoxide       H
           (alpha , beta , and gamma
           isomers)
          Hexachlorobenzene        H , T
          Hexachlorobutadiene      H , T
          Hexachlorocyclohexane    H , T
           (all isomers)
          Hexachlorocyclopenta-    H , T
           diene
          Hexachloroethane         H , T
          1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexa-      A, H
           chloro-1,4 ,4a ,5 /8 /
           8a-hexahydro-l ,4:5/8-
           endo , endo-dimethanona-
           phthalene
          Hexachlorophene          T

                            (continued)
                               B-6
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexa-           A
 chloro-cyclic-5-nor-
 bornene-2, 3-dimethanol
 sulfite
Hexachloropropene           A, H
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate    A, H
HOSTAQUICK or HOSTAQUIK     A
Hydrazine                   H, T
Hydrazomethane              A
Hydrocyanic acid            A, H
Hydrofluoric acid           T
Hydrogen sulfide            H, T
Hydroxybenzene              T
Hydroxydimethyl arsine      T
 oxide
ILLOXOL                     A
4 ,4-(Imidocarbonyl)         T
 bis(N, N-dimethyl)
 aniline
Ideno (l,2,3-c,d)           H, T
 pyrene
INDOCI                      A
Indomethacin                A
INSECTOPHENE                A
lodomethane                 H, T
Iron Dextran                T
Isobutyl alcohol            T
Isocyanic acid  methyl      A, H
 ester
Isodrin                     A
Isosafrole                  H, T
Kepone                      H, T
KILOSEB                     A
KOP-THIODAN                 A
KWIK-KIL                    A
KWIKSAN                     A
KUMADER                     A
Lasiocarpine                H, T
Lead and Compounds /         H
 N.O.S.
Lead acetate
          Lead phosphate           H, T
          Lead subacetate          H, T
          LEYTOSAN                 A
          LIQUIPHENE               A
          Maleic anhydride         H , T
          Maleic hydrazide         T
          Malononitrile            H, T
          MALIK
          MAREVAN
          MAR-FRIN                 A
          MARTIN'D MAR-FRIN        A
          MAVERAN                  A
          MEGATOX                  A
          MEK Peroxide             T
          Melphalan                H, T
          Mercury and Compounds ,   H
           N.O.S.
          Mercury                  T
          Mercury fulminate        A
          MERSOLITE                A
          METACID 50               A
          MATAFOS                  A
          METAPHOR                 A
          METAPHOS                 A
          METASOL 30               A
          Methacronylonitrile      T
          Methanethiol             T
          Methanol                 T
          Methapyrilene            H, T
          Methorny1                 A, H
          2-Methylaziridine        A, H
          Methyl chlorocarbonate   T
          Methyl chloroform        T
          3-Methylcholanthrene     H, T
          Methyl chloroformate     T
          METHYL-E 605             A
          4, 4-Methylene-bis-(2-   H, T
           chloroaniline)
          Methyl ethyl ketone      H, T
           [MEK]

                           (continued)
                              B-7
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
       Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Methyl ethyl ketone
 peroxide
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide
Methyl isobutyl ketore
Methyl isocyanate
2-Methyllactonitrile
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methanesulfonate
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)
 propionaldehyde-o-
 (methylcarbonyl) oxime
N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-
 nitrosoguanidine
METHYL NIRON
Methyl parathion
Methylthiouracil
METRON
Mitomycin C
MOLE DEATH
MOUSE-NOTS
MOUSE-RID
MOUSE-TOX
MUSCIMOL
Mustard gas
Naphthalene
1,4-Naphthoquinone
1-Naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine
l-Naphthyl-2-thiourea
Nickel and compounds ,
 N.O.S.
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel cyanide
Nicotine and salts
Nitric oxide
p-Nitroaniline
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzol
Nitrogen dioxide
   A, H
   T
   T
   A
   A, H
   H, T
   H
   A, H
   H, T

   A
   A, H
   H, T
   A
   T
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   H
   H , T
   H, T
   H, T
   H, T
   A, H
   H

   A, H
   A, H
   A, H
   A, H
   A, H
   H, T
      T
   A, H
Nitrogen mustard and     H
 hydrochloride salt
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide H
 and hydrochloride salt
Nitrogen perioxide       A , H
Nitrogen tetroxide       A, H
Nitroglycerine           A , H
A-Nitrophenol            H, T
2-Nitropropane           T
4-Nitroquinoline-l-oxide H
Nitrosamine, N.O.S.      H
N-Nitrosodi-N-butylamine H, T
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine  H, T
N-Nitrosodiethylamine    H, T
N-Nitrosodimethylamine   A, H
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine   A, H
N-Nitrosodi-N-propyla-   H, T
 mine
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea    H, T
N-Nitrosomethylethyla-   H
 mine
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea   H, T
N-Nitroso-N-methyl-      H, T
 urethane
N-Nitrosomethylvinyla-   A, H
 mine
N-Nitrosomorpholine      H
N-Nitrosohornicotine     H
N-Nitrosopiperidine      H, T
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine     H, T
N-Nitrososarcosine       H
5-Nitro-o-toluidine      H, T
NYLMERATE                A
OCTALOX                  A
Octamethylpyrophos-      A, H
 phoramide
OCTAN                    A
Oleyl alcohol condensed  A, H
 with 2 moles ethylene
 oxide
OMPA                     A

                  (continued)
                              B-8
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
           Compound
                        RCRA
                      Pollutant
                        Group
OMPACIDE
OMPAX
Osmium tetroxide
7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]
 heptane-2 / 3-dicarbox-
 ylic acid
PANIVARFIN
PANORAM
PANTHERINE
PANWARFIN
Paraldehyde
Parathion
PCNB
PCP
PENNCAP-M
PENOXYL CARBON N
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachloroethane
Pentachloronitrobenzene
 (PCNB)
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenate
1,3-Pentadiene
PENTAKILL
PENTASOL
PENWAR
PERMIGIDE
PERMAGUARD
PERMATOX
PERMITE
PERTOX
Perc
Perchloroethylene
PESTOX
Phenacetin
PHENMAD
Phenol
PHENOTAN
Phenyl dichloroarsine
Phenyl mercaptan
Phenylmercury acetate
   A
   A
   A, H
   A, H
   A
   A
   A
   A
   T
   A
   T
   A
   A
   A
   H, T
H
   H, T
   H, T
   A, H
   A
   T
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   T
   T
   A
   H, T
   A
   H, T
   A
   A, H
   A
   A, H
N-Phenylthiourea         A , H
PHILIPS 1861             A
PHIX                     A
Phorate                  A
Phosgene                 A, H
Phosphine                A, H
Phosphorothioic acid,    A, H
 0 /0-dimethyl ester ,
 0-ester with N ,
 N-dimethyl benezene
 sulfonamide
Phosphorothioic acid 0 ,  A
 O-dimethyl-0-(p-nitro-
 phenyl) ester
Phosphorous sulfide      T
Phthalic acid esters ,    H
 N.O.S.
Phthalic anhydride       H, T
2-Picoline               T
PIED PIPER MOUSE SEED    A
Polychlorinated bi-      H
 phenyl, N.O.S.
Potassium cyanide        A, H
Potassium silver cyanide A, H
PREMERGE                 A
Pronamide                H, T
1/2-Propanediol          A, H
1/3-Propane sultone      H, T
Propargyl alcohol        A
Propionitrile            A, H
n-Propylamine            T
Propylthiouracil         H
2-Propyn-l-ol            A, H
PROTHROMADIN             A
Pyridine                 H, T
QUICKSAM                 A
Quinones                 T
QUINTOX                  A
RAT AND MICE BAIT        A
RAT-A-WAY                A
RAT-B-GON                A

                 (continued)
                              B-9
-------
                       TABLE B-l (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
RAT-0-CIDE #2               A
RAT-GUARD                   A
RAT-KILL                    A
RAT-MIX                     A
RATS-NO-MORE                A
RAT-OLA                     A
RATOREX                     A
RATTUNAL                    A
RAT-TROL                    A
RO-DETH                     A
RO-DEX                      A
ROSEX                       A
ROUGH AND READY MOUSE       A
 MIX
Reserpine                   H, T
Resorcinol                  T
Saccharin                   H, T
Safrole                     H, T
SANASEED                    A
SANTOBRITE                  A
SANTOPHEN                   A
SANTOPHEN 20                A
SCHRADAN                    A
Selenious acid              H, T
Selenium and compounds ,     H
 N.O.S.
Selenium sulfide            H, T
Selenourea                  A, H
Silver and compounds,       H
 N.O.S.
Silver cyanide              A, H
Silvex                      T
SMITE                       A
SPARIC                      A
SPOR-KIL                    A
SPRAY-TROL BRAND RODEN-     A
 TROL
SPURGE                      A
Sodium azide                A
Sodium coumadin             A
Sodium cyanide              A, H
          Sodium fluoracetate      A
          SODIUM WARFARIN          A
          SOLFARIN                 A
          SOLFOBLACK BB            A
          SOLFOBLACK SB            A
          Streptozotocin           H , T
          Strontium sulfide        A , H
          Strychnine and salts     A, H
          SUBTEX                   A
          SYSTAM                   A
          2 ,4 ,5-T                  T
          TAG FUNGICIDE            A
          TEKWAISA                 A
          TEMIC                    A
          TEMIK                    A
          TERM-I-TROL              A
          1 ,2 ,4 ,5-Tetrachloro-     H , T
           benzene
          2 ,3 ,7 ,8-Tetrachloro-     H
           dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
          Tetrachloroethane        H
           N.O.S.
          1 ,1 ,1 ,2-Tetrachloro-     H
           ethane
          1 ,1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloro      H , T
           ethane
          Tetrachloroethene        H , T
          Tetrachloroethylene      H , T
          Tetrachloromethane       H, T
          2,3 ,4 ,6-Tetrachloro-     H, T
           phenol
          Tetraethyldithiopyro-    A, H
           phosphate
          Tetraethyl lead          A, H
          Tetraethylpyrophosphate  A, H
          Tetrahydrofuran          T
          Tetranitromethane        A
          Tetraphosphoric acid ,    A
           hexaethyl ester
          TETROSULFUR BLACK PB     A
          TETROSULPHUR PER         A

                            (continued)
                              B-10
-------
                       TABLE B-l  (continued)
      Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
       Compound
  RCRA
Pollutant
  Group
Thallium and compounds ,
 N.O.S.
Thallic oxide
Thallium acetate
Thallium carbonate
Thallium nitrate
Thallium peroxide
Thallium selenite
Thallium sulfate
THIFOR
THIMUL
Thiocetamide
THIODAN
THIOFOR
THIOMUL
THIONEX
THIOPHENIT
Thiosemicarbazide
Thiosulfan tionel
Thiourea
Thiuram
THOMPSON'S WOOD FIX
TIOVEL
Toluene
Toluenediamine
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
Toluene diisocyanate
Tolylene diisocyanate
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP
Tribromomethane
1,2 ,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichloromethanethiol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2/4 /6-Trichlorophenol
   H

   A, H
   H, T
   H, T
   H, T
   A
   A, H
   A, H
   A
   A
   H, T
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A
   A, H
   A
   H, T
   A/ H
   A
   A
   H, T
   H, T
   H, T
      T
   H
   H, T
   T
   H, T
   H
   H, T
   H  T
   H, T
   H, T
   T
   A, H
   H, T
   H, T
2,4,5-Trichloro-         H, T
 phenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-Trichloro-         H
 phenoxypropionic acid
2,4,5-Trichloro-         T
 phenoxypropionic acid
 alpha, alpha, alpha-
 Trichlorotoluene
Trichloropropane, N.O.S. H
TRI-CLENE                T
0,0,0-Triethyl phos-     H
 phorothioate
Trinitrobenzene          H, T
Tris(l-azridinyl)        H
 phosphine sulfide
Tris(2,3-dibromo-        H, T
 propyl) phosphate
Trypan blue              H, T
TWIN LIGHT RAT AWAY      A
Uracil mustard           H, T
Urethane                 H, T
USAF-RH-8                A
USAF EK-4890             A
Vanadic acid , ammonium   A , H
 salt
Vanadium pentoxide       A
Vanadium pentoxide       H
 (dust)
Vinyl chloride           H , T
VOFATOX                  A
WANADU                   A
WARCOUMIN                A
WARFARIN SODIUM          A
WARFICIDE                A
WOFOTOX                  A
Xylene                   T
YANOCK                   A
YASOKNOCK                A
ZIARNIK                  A
Zinc cyanide             A, H
Zinc phospide            A, H
ZOOCOUMARIN              A
                              B-ll
-------
                          TABLE B-l (continued)

1.  The abbreviation N.O.S. signifies those members of the general
   class "not otherwise specified" by name in this listing.

   a.   RCRA Pollutant Groups:

       A.   Acute hazardous
           [Sec. 261.33 (e)]

       H.   Hazardous
           [Appendix VIII]

       T.   Toxic
           [Sec. 261.33 (f)]
                                    B-12
-------
                          APPENDIX C

                    UNIT PROCESS SUMMARIES -
              SANITARY LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT
     Appendix C contains summaries of the treatment of sanitary
landfill leachate by the following processes:

                   •  chemical oxidation
                   •  chemical precipitation
                   •  ion exchange
                   •  reverse osmosis

Several applications using different oxidizing agents, coagu-
lants, and exchange resins are presented.  These results should
not be related directly to hazardous waste leachate treatment.
However, they do provide an indication of treatment effectiveness
and represent another reference point which can be used in treat-
ment process formulation.  Tables C-l through C-24 were prepared
by Monsanto Research Corporation for use in this manual.
                              C-l
-------
 TABLE C-l.    CHLORINE AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [I]




Concentration,
mq/L
Parameter
Dosage C12
Dosage NaClO
COD
Parameter
Dosage C12
Dosage NaClO
COD
Influent
0
0
330
Concentra
mg/L
Influent
0
0
270
Effluent
65.5
3,430
220
tion,
Effluent
47.6
2,500
120
Cook and Foree

Concentration ,
Percent mq/L
removal Influent Effluent
0
0
33 320
Cook and Foree
566
2,970
260
Concentration,
Percent mg/L
removal Influent Effluent
0
0
56 290
310
1,630
90

Percent
removal
19
Percent
removal
69

Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
 Chlorine dosages provided by liquid chlorine bleach.
 Except dosage C12 in mL/L.
                                   02
-------
            TABLE C-2.    CHLORINE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2,3]

Chian and DeWalle
Concentration, mg/La Percent
Parameter
Dosage
COD
pH initial
pH final
TS
Chloride
Iron

Parameter
Dosage
COD
pH initial
pH final

TS
Chloride
Iron
Influent
0
4,800






Concen-
tration ,
mg/L
Effluent
800
286
2.0
7.0

3,060
1,220
ND
Effluent removal
2,000
3,740 22





Ho, et al
Concen-
tration ,
Percent mg/L
removal Effluent
1,200
16 257
1.75
. 7.0

-J 4,200
- 1,900
>99 ND
Ho, et al.
Concentration, mg/L
Influent
0
341
7.0
7.0
482
98.6
3.7
.
Percent
removal

25




-
>99
Effluent
400
297
2.2
7.0
1,960
768
0.2

Concen-
tration,
mg/La
Effluent
1,540
316
1.6
7.0

5,142
2,280
ND
a Percent
removal

13

b

_b
95

Percent
removal

7.3



*K

>99

Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
 TABLE C-3.    CHLORINE AND CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [2]
                   Parameter
                                      Chian and DeWalle
   Concentration,
	mg/L	   Percent
Influent   Effluent   removal
               Dosage C12             0
               Dosage Ca (CIO)2       0
               COD                  139
             1,000
               139
               Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
                                     C-3
-------
       TABLE C-4.    CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [3 ]




Concentration,
mq/La
Parameter
Dosage
COD
pH initial
pH final
TS
Iron
Parameter
Dosage
COD
pH initial
pH final
TS
Iron
Influent
0
1,465
7.8
7.0
1,748
35

Concen-
tration,
rag/La
Effluent
8,000
762
9.0
7.0
9,274
M3
Effluent
1,000
1,420
8.0
7.0
2,478
•^


Percent
removal

48

_b
>99

Percent
removal

3.1

_b
>99
Ho, et
Concen-
tration,
mg/La
Effluent
12,000
908
9.9
7.0
13,910
M)
Concen-
tration,
mq/L
Effluent
2,000
1,420
7.95
7.0
3,268
<\.Q
al.

Percent
removal

38

_b
>99

Percent
removal

3.1

_b
>99

Concen-
tration,
mq/La
Effluent
15,000
1,000
10.2
7.0
16,700
M)
Concen-
tration,
mq/La Percent
Effluent removal
4,000
1,126 23
8.15
7.0
5,392 -b
M) >99


Percent
removal

32

_b
>99

Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
 Except' for pH in pH units and hardness in mg/L CaC03.
 Negative percent removal.
                                    C-4
-------
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-------
TABLE C-7-    LIME TREATMENT OF RAW  LEACHATE  []_ , 2,  3, 4]



Cook

and Force
Concentration,
mq/L Percent
Parameter
Doaage
COO
P«
roc
TSS
vss
OS
BOO
Orthophoaphorous
alkalinity
Chlorine
Iron


Parameter
Dosage
COO
PH
roc
TSS
TS
vss
OS
BOO
Orthophosphorous
Alkalinity
Chloride
Iron

Parameter
Docage
COD
P«
TOC
TSS
TS
VSS
OS
BOD
Orthophospnorous
Alkalinity
Chloride
Iron
Influent
0
17,000
11.0

545








Effluent
concen-
tration.
«q/L*
1,280
10,300
10.5

6,300




3,200
569
0.5

Effluent
concen-
tration,
•q/L*
2,700
515
11.0


4,876





2,150
HD
Effluent removal
2,760
14.900 13
10.8

79 86



0




Effluent
concen-
Percent tration,
removal ma/I.
1.390
4.6 10.700
11.0

1.7 6,930



H
-? 3.290
-" 572
>99 0.5
Ho





Concentration ,
•q/L*
Influent
0
10,800
6.25






2,220
502
325



Percent
removal

0.93


_b




*V
O
>99
, et al.
A
Concentration.'*
Percent mq/L
renoval Influent
0
7.7 366
8.95


21 4,876





17 1,730
>99 15.0
Effluent
470
366
10.0


4,180





1,600
HD
Effluent
870
10,600
9.0






2.700
530
3

Effluent
concen-
tration.
•q/L*
1.600
10,000
11.5

7,540




3,340
593
0.5


Percent
removal

0



3.2





7.5
>99
Ho, et al.
Effluent Effluent
concen- concen-
Percent tration. Percent tration. Percent
removal «q/L removal mq/L removal
1.020 1.150
1.9 10,400 3.7 9,970 7.7
9.5 10.0





h h b
-5 3,020 'I 3.0M -°
- 555 - 553
99 1 >99 0.5 >99
Ho. et al.
Effluent
concen- Concentration,
Percent tration. Percent ma/L Percent
removal wj/L removal Influent Effluent removal
1,840 0 1.060 ,
6.5 10,420 3.5 558 563 -
12.0 7.75 9.0

-b 7.470 -b 6,188 5,340 14



h h
'b 3'92° 'b
609 - 2,580 2,240 13
>99 0.5 >99 20.0 1.7 92

Effluent
concen-
tration. Percent
•q/L removal
1,400
260 29
11.5


3.690 15





1.670 3.5
HD >99
                                                               (continued)
                           C-7
-------
                                    TABLE  C-7    (continued)



Parameter
Oosaoe
COD
P«
TOC
TSS
TS
TSS
OS
BOD
Ortaophoephorouc
alkalinity
Chlorine
Iron

Effluent
concen-
tration,
OKJ/L
1.000

S.S
708










Effluent
concea-
Perceat tration,
removal na/L
1,800

h 8.9
-b 760









Chian and DeWalle
Effluent
CQRCC&"
Percent tration. Percent
removal na/L removal
2,000

K 9'° H
-b 760 -b










Effluent
concen-
tration,
mo/L
4,000

9.8
690










Effluent
coneen-
Pereent tration,
removal ma/L
5,000

10. S
4.2 660












Percent
removal



a. 3









Chian and OeWalle
Parameter
Doiaoe
COD
P«
IOC
TSS
TS
vss
OS
BOD
Orthophoephorotu
Alkalinity
Chlorine
Iron
Effluent
concen-
tration,
ma/L
6,000
11.8
630
Effluent
concen-
Perceat tration.
removal no/L
7,000
12.2
13 630
Effluent
concen-
Percent tration,
removal wj/L
7. 500
12.2
13 630
Effluent
cone en-
Percent tration,
removal aa/I.
8,000
12.2
13 600
Percent
removal
17
Note:   Blank* indicate parameter not determined.
       ND - not detected.
"Except for pH in pH unit* and alkalinity  in «g/L CaCOa.
 Negative percent removal.
 lame  treatment of anaerobic dioeator effluent.
 Lime  treatment of anaerobic diqeetor effluent polished by aerated laqoon.
      treatment of anaerobic filter effluent.
                                              C-8
-------
TABLE C-8.   LIME, FERRIC CHLORIDE, AND FERROSULFIDE
             TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [1]

                 Cook and Foree
Concentration,
mq/La
Parameter
Dosage lime
Dosage FeCl3
Dosage Fe2(So4)3
COD
pH initial
pH final
TSS
VSS
Influent
0
0
0
17,000


544

Effluent
1,640
1,000
1,450
15,100
8.0
6.2
150
75
Percent
removal



11


72


  Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
  *Except pH in pH units.
       TABLE C-9.    LIME AND POLYMER TREATMENT
                    OF RAW LEACHATE [1]


                 Cook and Foree
Concentration,
mq/L
Parameter
Dosage lime
COD
pH initial
pH final
TSS
VSS
Orthophosphorus
Influent
0
17,000


544


Effluent
1,000
15,100
8.0
7.2
156
77
0.28
Percent
removal




71



   Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
   aExcept pH in pH units.
                          C-9
-------
                     TABLE C-10.   LIME AND ALUM TREATMENT
                                  OF RAW LEACHATE [2,3]

Ho


Parameter
Dosage lime
Dosage alum
COD
pH initial
pH final
TSS
VSS
Orthophosphorus
, et al.
Concentration,
mg/La Percent
Influent Effluent removal
0 1,640
0 600
17,000 14,800
8.0
6.5
544 111 80
71
0.072
Chian and DeWalle
Concentration,
rag/L
Influent Effluent
4,800 2,280









Percent
removal
40








Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
aExcept pH in pH units.
                   TABLE Oil.  LIME AND AERATION TREATMENT
                                OF RAW LEACHATE [2]


                  	 Chian and DeWalle
                                Concentration,
                                    mg/La
                     Percent
                  Parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal
                  Dosage
                  COD
    0
1,240
1,140
                  Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not
                         determined.
                   Except for dosage in mL saturated lime/L.
                                    C-10
-------
           TABLE C-12.   LIME AND OZONE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [5 ]

Parameter
Dosage lime
Dosage ozone
COD
PH
TOG
TSS
TDS
Aluminum
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Phosphorous
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Zinc

Concentration,
mcr/L*
Influent Effluent
0 1,200
0 98
14,000 9,210
5.3
5,200

6,992
0.40
570
1.14
2.10
0.39
47

10.1
0.165

156
36.3
180
12.5
Bjorkman and Mavinic
Effluent
concen-
Percent tratign. Percent
removal rag/L removal
2,350
247
34


3



0.017 96


0.66 99
trace



114 27


0.003 >99

Effluent
concen-
tration,
mg/La
2,900
108


2,740









0.036

0.010





Percent
removal




47









>99







Note: Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
'Except for pH in pH units
                                   Oil
-------
        g'
        u
V0

a.
c«i
S
S
u.
o
    a
ro
^H

i

S
   *• "^

   ii
*lf1
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     ••* W w P
     ass8
M u M b
W E « I
-------
    TABLE C-14.   ALUM AND AERATION TREATMENT
                 OF RAW LEACHATE [2]


             Chian and DeWalle
                 Concentration,
               	mg/L	   Percent
   Parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

   Dosage           0        ISO
   COD          1,234      1,110        11
   Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not
          determined.
     TABLE C-15.  SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
                  OF RAW LEACHATE [1]

Cook


Parameter
Dosage
COD
pH initial
pH final
TSS
VSS
Or thopho spho rus
and Foree
Concentration,
mg/La
Influent Effluent
0 2,660
17,000 15,400
11.0
10.7
544 58
36
0.024


Percent
removal

9.4


89



Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
 except pH in pH units.
                 013
-------









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4J
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-------
  TABLE C-18.   FERROSULFATE TREATMENT OF
               RAW LEACHATE [2]

          Chian and DeWalle    	
              Concentration,
            	mg/La	   Percent
Parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

Dosage           0      2,500
COD          4,800      4,100       13
Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not
       determined.
 TABLE C-19.  IRON AND AERATION TREATMENT
              OF RAW LEACHATE [2]

          Chian and DeWalle
              Concentration,
            	mq/La	   Percent
Parameter   Influent   Effluent   removal

Dosage           0      1,000
COD            139        139       0
Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not
       determined.
                   C-15
-------
       TABLE C-20.   ANION EXCHANGE TREATMENT OF RAW LEACHATE [4]

Chian and DeWalle

Parameter
COD
pH initial
pH final
TOG
Resin type
Concen-
tration,
mq/L

8.8
8.9

A-7

Percent
removal
6


6

Concen-
tration,
mg/La

6.2
6.8

A-7
Concen-
Percent tration,
removal mg/La
37
6.2
7.4
42
A-7

Percent
removal
48


43

Chian and DeWalle


COD
pH initial
pH final
TOC
Resin type
Concen-
tration,
ma/L

8.8
8.8

IRA-938

Percent
removal
59


43
Concen-
tration,
mq/L

8.
8.


Percent
removal
41
3
8
26






XE-279HP

Note:  Blanks indicate parameter not determined.
aExcept pH, in pH units, and resin type.
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C-21
-------
REFERENCES
1.  Cook, E.N., and E.G. Foree.  Aerobic Biostabilization of
    Sanitary Landfill Leachate.  Journal of the Water Pollution
    Control Federation, 46(2):380-382, 1974.

2.  Chian, E.S.K., and F.B. DeWalle.  Evaluation of Leachate
    Treatment, Volume I, Characterization of Leachate.
    EPA-600/2-77-186a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    Cincinnati, Ohio.  1977.  210 pp.

3.  HO, S., Boyle, W.D., and R.K. Ham.  Chemical Treatment of
    Leachates From Sanitary Landfills.  Journal of the Water
    Pollution Control Federation, 46(7):1776-1791, 1974.

4.  Chian, E.S.K., and F.B. DeWalle.  Evaluation of Leachate
    Treatment, Volume II, Biological and Physical-chemical
    Processes.  EPA-600/2-77-186b, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.  1977. 245 pp.

5.  Bjorkmar,  V.B.,  and D.S. Mavinic.  Physiochemical Treatment
    of a High Strength Leachate.   In:  Proceedings of the 32nd
    Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,  West Lafayette,
    Indiana,  1977.

6.  Van Fleet, S.R., Judkins, J.F.,  and F.J. Molz.  Discussion,
    Aerobic Biostabilization of  Sanitary Landfill Leachate.
    Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
    46(11):2611-2612, 1974.

7.  Pohland, F.G., and S.J. Kang.  Sanitary Landfill Stabiliza-
    tion with Leachate Recycle and Residual Treatment.  AIChE
    Symposium Series, Water-1974, II. Municipal Wastewater
    Treatment, 71(45):308-318, 1975.
                              C-22
-------
                          APPENDIX D

                    UNIT PROCESS SUMMARIES -
                INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT


     Appendix D contains summaries of the treatment of industrial
wastewaters by the following processes:

          •  biological treatment - activated sludge, aerated
                  lagoon, trickling filter, facultative lagoon,
                  anaerobic lagoon

          •  activated carbon adsorption - granular and powdered

          •  chemical oxidation

          •  chemical precipitation

          •  ion exchange

          •  reverse osmosis

Several oxidizing agents and coagulants are reported.  These re-
sults should not be related directly to hazardous waste leachate
treatment.  However, they do provide an indication of treatment
effectiveness and represent another reference point which can be
used in treatment process formulation.

     Tables D-l through D-19 were prepared by Monsanto Research
Corporation for this manual using Volume III of the Treatability
Manual (1).
                              D-l
-------
TABLE D-l.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOO 5
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
TKN
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, M9/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Benzidine
1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine
2-Chlorophenol
2 , 4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol

Number
of data
points

92
34
14
74
7
31
6
27

18
3
17
34
37
24
26
9
32
1
17
1
36
1
1
1
33
1
9
17
9
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
15

Effluent
concentration
Maximum

4,640
7,420
1,700
4,050
303
500
322
46.3

670
160
13
20,000
170
33,000
160
1.6
400

95

150,000



1,300

53
69
200



1.6
19
10
<10
<10


3,100

Median

49
425
230
233
25
0.023
174
3.46

3.5
13
4
23
30
23
61
0.7
40

33

180



13

3.6
<0.03
<0.03







9


<0.4

Removal
efficiency, %
Maximum Median

>99
96
95
96
>98
>99
63
97

90
96
>99
99
>99
>90
99
>97
92

>96

92





>99
>99
>99



>99

92
>50
>95


>99


91
67
69
25
92
64
44
27

15
39
0
48
56a
0
50
>29
7

20

27





>84
>99
>99






a
oa


>98
(continued)
                                    D-2
-------
                           TABLE D-l  (continued)

Pollutant
Number
of data
points
Effluent
concentration
Maximum
Median
Removal
efficiency
, %
Maximum Median
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L (continued):
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
£-Chloro-m-cresol
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 , 2 , 3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Bromoform
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
D ichlo r ob r oraome thane
1 , 1-Dichloroe thane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
1 , 3-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
1,1, 2-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Heptachlor
Isophorone
30
10
4
9
6
12
3
1
24
4
31
11
10
7
1
2
1
26
5
1
1
2
16
2
2
2
1
5
2
11
6
1
12
5
1
2
440
4,300
<10
37,000
26
69
21

3,000
0.3
1,400
920
<10
<10

<0.02

260
9


<10
53
<10
<1Q
^10

250

40
3.3

34
2,100

<10
<0.07
41
0.85
<0.2
<0.2
<0.05
0.13

<0.2
0.28
24
<6.3
<1.0
1.4



<2.3
0.2



32




9

17
<2.0

<0.5
2,100


>99
98
>98
>99
>99
>99
>99

>99
>97
>99
>99
>99
>98



>99
78


>99
>99
>0
>18
>32

99
>44
>99
>99

>99
96

>0
99
0
>49
>96
>99
>99
95

>95
>49
18
>99
>99
33



>99
a
oa



>2



a
oa

oa
>85

>98
oa



Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                      D-3
-------
TABLE  D-2  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR AERATED LAGOONS [1]

Number
of data
Pollutant points
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
TKN
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
Bis (2-chloroethoxy)rae thane
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Benzidine
1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
Benzene
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene

16
10
4
13
1
2
2

1
1
1
3
5
2
2
1
3
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median

869 90
1,610 591
573 126
3 155

105
0.013




1,100 15
110 26
150
30

40 32

<20
510 <80

a
28 <10a








,
24 <10

<10 <20




99
>99
99
99

79
>99




99
94
91
93

50

>80
>99


96









>99

>95




>94


Median

77.5
63
46
24







91
36



0


61


>78









25









                                                                  (continued)
                                     D-4
-------
                            TABLE D-2  (continued)

Pollutant
Toluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (b ) f luor anthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Anthracene/phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Chloroform
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Isophorone
Number
of data
points
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
Effluent Removal
concentration efficiency
, %
Maximum Median Maximum Median
<10a <10a >95






h
<10 >53

a
1,000 <10a >57

1,000 130 97



>95










>50

97




Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
*Not detected, assumed to be <10 (jg/L.
 Below detection limit, assumed to be <10
 TABLE D-3.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ANAEROBIC LAGOONS [I

Pollutant
Number
of data
points
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median
Removal
efficiency, %
Maximum
Median
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
Toxic pollutants, M9/L:
Benzene
Other pollutants, M9/L:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
5
4

1

3
3
2
2
2,750 488
5,910 2,300



40 35
2,600 2,300
330
500
90
47



67a
oa
oa
oa
65
34.5



56a
oa



Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                       D-5
-------
            TABLE D-4.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR
                        TERTIARY POLISHING LAGOONS [l]
           Pollutant
       Number        Effluent
       of data     concentration
       points    Maximum	Median
                      Removal
                   efficiency, %
                  Maximum   Median
Conventional pollutants,
  COD
  TSS
  Total phenol
mg/L:
          2
          2
          2
  263
   28
O.OS1
52
76
46
Toxic pollutants, jjg/L:
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Naphthalene
Trichlorofluorome thane

1
1
1
1
2 120
2 11
1
1





86
72



Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
              TABLE D-5.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY
                          FOR FACULTATIVE LAGOONS [1]
           Pollutant
       Number        Effluent
       of data     concentration
       points    Maximum   Median
                      Removal
                   efficiency, %
                  Maximum   Median
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TSS
TKN
3
2
2
2
274 152
2,110
105
100
92
63
36
67
37




Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
removal is also significant.  No full-scale operations for leachate treatment
are currently in place.
                                     D-6
-------
 TABLE D-6.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR TRICKLING FILTER  [l]
           Pollutant
Number        Effluent
of data     concentration
points    Maximum   Median
             Removal
          efficiency, %
         Maximum   Median
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
  BOD3                            11
  COD                              3
  TSS                              1
  Total phenol                     2

Toxic pollutants, |jg/L:
  Chromium                         1
  Copper                           1
  Cyanide                          1
  Lead  .                           1
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate      1
  Di-n-butyl phthalate             1
  Diethyl phthalate                1
  Pentachlorophenol                1
  Phenol                           1
  2,4,S-Trichlorophenol            1
  Naphthalene                      1
  Chloroform                       1
  Methylene chloride               1
  Trichloroethylene                1

Other pollutants, yg/L:
  Kylenes                          1
             137
             709

             1.0
 27
623
 98
 77

>97
92
23
Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
                                    D-7
-------
TABLE D-7.    INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR
             GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
TKN
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, yg/L;
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p_-Chloro-ra-cresol
Benzene ~
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Number
of data
points

20
40
45
28
10
19
1
5

8
7
3
5
11
12
8
7
2
6
4
6
13
9
3
7
3
5
1
1
4
5
1
3
1
2
1
8
1
1
5
Effluent
concentration
Maximum

37,400
109,000
66,700
2,600
14
4.26

14

590
42
5.4
22
260
360
52
79
0.4
330
50
91
6,000
410
17
5
3
340


49
1.5

210

<0.05

630


0.4
Median

12
199
83
16
7.8
0.017

2.0

42
5
2.7
9.8
36
42
99
0
95
95
>85
>90
>72
0
63
>50
36
>99
66
>99
>99
oa
96


>97
>96

>80

>99

>99


>97
Median

52
55
60
23
19
69

0

10
0
0
76
>50
54
>63
2

5
9
12
52
0
>97
76a
0
91


78
50

64



24


50
                                                        (continued)
                        D-8
-------
                            TABLE D-7  (continued)
           Pollutant
Number        Effluent
of data     concentration
points    Maximum   Median
    Removal
 efficiency, %
Maximum   Median
Toxic pollutants, pg/L: (cont.
Benzo ( a )pyrene
Benzo ( k) f luoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Chloroe thane
Chloroform
1 , 1-Dichlorocthane
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
1,1,2-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Vinyl chloride
cr-BHC
)
2
1
2
2
13
5
9
57
39
3
46
25
1
2
3
2
1
3
1

<0.02

<0.02
<0.01
240,000
IS
45,000
1.100,000
30,000
<10
56,000
64,000

<10
<10
5

9,600






46,000
<10
<10
4,500
240
<5.4
180
4,000


<10


3,600


>97

>90
>97
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
>99
99
>99

>99
>99
53

52






39
74
>99
42
35
65
78
85


>99


oa


Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.

 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                 D-9
-------
  TABLE D-8.    INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR POWDERED ACTIVATED
               CARBON ADSORPTION (WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE) [l]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD5
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
TKN
Toxic pollutants, |jg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
2-Chlorophenol
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylhenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Acrolein
Isophorone
Number
of data
points

24
26
25
4
4
4
1

2
1
4
3
3
3
2
1
3
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median

54
563
387
33
57
0.058 0.


150

90
20
29
45
38

22
40
140



190,000









13
98
38
54
13
013




53
<20
14
20


<10

95












Removal
efficiencv
, %
Maximum Median

>99
98
97
96
96
>99


5

97
>64
96
69
>78

>58
13
98



>85









96
91
90
oa
54
>99




88
>60
61
>67


>0

38













Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                   D-10
-------
            TABLE D-9.    INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR
                         CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHLORINATION)  [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TSS
Toxic pollutants, M9/L:
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Other pollutants, mg/L:
NH3-N
Number
of data
points

7
2

1
17
1

1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median

973 565
159


130 30



Removal
efficiency
. %
Maximum Median

39
97


>99




28



34




Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
                                  D-ll
-------
     TABLE D-10.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR  OZONATION [1]
           Pollutant
Number        Effluent
of data     concentration
points    Maximum   Median
    Removal
 efficiency, %
Maximum   Median
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Toluene
Anthracene/pbenanthrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k) fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene

4
4
33
4
1
3
1

2
2
1
1
2
50
1
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
a
5,190 330 10 0
12,100 213 92 51
2,840 543 >75 10
140 14 33 15

0.13 0.021 >99 24


1,200
43 43


590
12,000 <320 >99 99

5,000
1,300
460 240 0 96
110

2.7 77

0.4 >97





61


Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.

 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                   D-12
-------
     TABLE D-ll.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (LIME) [-1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
COD
TOG
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos, fibers /L
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (dissolved)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Nickel (dissolved)
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Other pollutants, Mg/L:
Fluoride
Chloride
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Manganese
Other pollutants, ug/L
Fluoride
Number
of data
points

4
3
9
2
2

7
11

2
9
10
1
16
1
13
9
13
1
5
6
3
15

3
1
2
2
1
1

1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum

37
<20
ISO
1.5
0.3

130
110

0.9
30
1,800

700

200
3
5,200

52
<10
3
3,200

12,000

500





Median

23.3
<12
12.5



4
3


3.0
40

54

40
0.7
16

3
2.6
1.1
120

9,100







Removal
efficiency, %
Maximum

50
37
96
66
33

33
>99

76
92
>99

99

99
>96
>99

0
>80
>80
>99

98

98
>99




Median

14
IS
71



40
63


>38
38

79

73
>60
44

0
10
53
85

72








Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
                                   D-13
-------
     TABLE D-12.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (LIME, POLYMER) [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
TSS
Oil and grease
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (dissolved)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Nickel (dissolved)
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
Phenol
£-Chloro-ra-cresol
Anthracene
Benzo ( a ) pyr ene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Pyr ene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Other pollutants, |jg/L
Fluoride
Number
of data
points

7
3

2
3
3
1
10
3
3
3
1
1
1
9
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1

1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum

43
3.5

<10
60
360

170
39
530
330



1,400
150













42
39



Median

17
5.5


<20
75

40
2.3
130
270



260



















Removal
ef f iciencv ,
%
Maximum Median

>99
71

>0
93
90

>99
39
95
96



>99
99













9
oa




69
70


50
39

38
65
53
76



33




















Not-?:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Ac*ual data indicate negative removal.
                                  D-14
-------
         TABLE D-13.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                      WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM) [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, rng/L:
BODg
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, |jg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Anthracene/Phenanthrene
Chlo rodih romome thane
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Number
of data
points

5
5
4
5
1
4
2

2
2
1
2
4
4
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
I
1
1
1
2
1
1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median

2,900
7,600
1,500
122

225 0.
43

120
62

29
280
<110
<150
57
170
9,000 2,
44
<10
<10
13
4,600

2,500





70



33
416
105
50

055






<40
13



900






14








Removal
efficiencv
, %
Maximum Median

32
71
30
99

31
15
a
oa
<37

>88
>98
>78
760
>56
10
35
oa
>94
>90
>50
oa

93





>88



16
61
63
79

19






44
>73



30






55









Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                  D-15
-------
     TABUS D-14.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM, LIME)  [1]
           Pollutant
Number       Effluent
of data     concentration
points    Maximum   Median
   Removal
 efficiency, %
Maximum   Median
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
  BODS                             1
  COD                              1
  TOG                              1
  TSS                              1
  Oil and grease                   1
  Total phenol                     1

Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
  Arsenic                          1
  Chromium                         1
  Copper                           2
  Cyanide                          2
  Lead                             1
  Mercury                          1
  Nickel                           1
  Zinc                             1
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate      1
  Di-nrbutyl phthalate             1
  Phenol                           2
  Benzene                          1
  1,2-Dichlorobenzene              1
  Ethylbenzene                     2
  Toluene                          2
  1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene           1
  Naphthalene                      1
  Carbon tetrachloride             1
  Chloroform                       I
  1,2-Dichloropropane              1
  Methylene chloride               1
  1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane        1
  Tetrachloroethylene              1
  4,4'-DDT                         1
  Heptachlor                       1
              60
              30
   38
   30
              47
              22
              72
   96
   98
   96
Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
                                   D-16
-------
     TABLE D-15.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (ALUM, POLYMER) [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BODg
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
Total phosphorus
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene.
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1, 1-Dichloroethylene
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Number
of data
points

5
5
4
4
4
5
1

2
4
4
1
4
3
3
1
4
1
1
2
3
4
1
4
1
2
1
4
3
2
1
1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum

3,800
30,000
4,300
6,000
380
0.15


30
130
27 , 000

300
14,000
51,000

1,000


310
460
2,900

550

90

13,000
700
120


Median

2,300
10,000
2,850
1,370
80.5
0.10



59
290

200
1,500
50

700



390
540

160



7,600
100



Removal
ef f iciencv , %
Maximum

65
30
71
99
99
60


76
95
30

>96
38
>97

83


>97
>94
73

>94

>60

98
>44
93


Median

25
69
53
67
30
26



90
53

69
74
9

70



75
40

40



91
0




Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
                                   D-17
-------
     TABLE D-16.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (Fe2 ,  LIME)  [1]

Pollutant
Toxic pollutants, pg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Number
of data
points
4
4
2
4
4
6
3
2
5
2
6
2
6
Effluent
concentration
Maximum
30
3
3.2
4
48
<3
0.2
6
32
10
7.0
36
Median
9
<2
1.1
2.5
25
<3
3

3.1

<23
Removal
efficiency, %
Maximum
30
>86
>50
>95
92
>96
>60
>95
24
93
>3S
>97
Median
Oa
67
>24
45
83
>25
20

4.5

92

Mote:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                    D-18
-------
     TABLE D-17.  INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR SEDIMENTATION
                  WITH CHEMICAL ADDITION (POLYMER) [1]
           Pollutant
Number        Effluent
of data     concentration
points    Maximum   Median   Maximum   Median
                                                                Removal
                                                              efficiency,  %
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
  300 5                             1
  COD                              1
  TOC                              1
  TSS                              1
  Oil and grease                   1
  Total phenol                     2
             0.3
S3
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Bis<2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Die thy 1 phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Anthracene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene

1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
I
2
2



25
400
140
140

6,000
10
<10

74


1,900



130
14



97
>89
97
99

97
>97
>99

29


39


a
0
oa

Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.

aActual data indicate negative removal.
                                  D-19
-------
     TABLE D-18.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR ION EXCHANGE

Pollutant
Toxic pollutants, ug/L:
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Number
of data
points

2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
Effluent
concentration
Maximum Median

<10a
60

90
200
99
>99

98
99
>99
>99

Other pollutants, M9/L:
  Molybdenum
  Radium (total)
  Radium (dissolved)
1
1
1
Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
*Not detected, assumed to be <10 (jg/L.
                                  D-20
-------
  TABLE D-19.   INDUSTRIAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS [1]

Pollutant
Conventional pollutants, mg/L:
BOD 5
COD
TOC
TSS
Oil and grease
Total phenol
TKN
Toxic pollutants, Mg/L:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (+3)
Chromium (+6)
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Ac enaphthene
Anthracene
Pyrene
Chloroform
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Number
of data
points

11
13
IS
2
5
6
1

11
10
2
11
13
1
1
17
10
11
3
13
4
13
3
30
5
3
2
4
3
6
3
1
1
4
1
4
1
• Effluent
concentration
Maximum

429
736
50
<5
17
0.020


200
49
5
43
1,500


28,000
22,000
520
0.53
210
13
78
4
8,600
31
1
170
10
3.0
29
3


31

5

Median

2.7
25.5
8

7
0.014


90
1

14
520


40
22
250
0.3
<10
4
9
2
57
3
1

0.7
1
20
0.8


13

5

Removal
efficiency , %
Maximum

92
>99
96
>90
>72
31


60
>99
>85
50
>99


>99
97
>99
>60
>98
85
76
89
>99
96
83
41
30
SO
12
99


79

64

Median

87
91.5
90

>50
2.5


30
>92

0
67


32
>42
>25
4
47
77
17
50
97
67
75

25
50
oa
73

a
oa

10


Note:  Blanks indicate data not applicable.
 Actual data indicate negative removal.
                                  D-21
-------
REFERENCE
1.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Technologies For
    Control/removal of Pollutants, Treatability Manual, Vol.III.
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1980.
                              D-22
-------
                          APPENDIX E

               TREATABILITY OF LEACHATE CONSTITUENTS
     A recent Environmental Protection Agency report (1) summa-
rized data on the treatability of over 500 compounds, many of
which are listed in Subtitle C, Section 3001 of RCRA.  Although
the focus of the report was on concentration technology and it
thus does not fully address all potential leachate treatment op-
tions, much useful information is contained therein.  Therefore,
the summary treatability data contained in this report is repro-
duced in Appendix Table E-l.  This information can be used to
guide identification of potential hazardous waste leachate treat-
ment technologies.  However, because this information was derived
from various types of studies, ranging from laboratory to full
scale on wastewaters ranging from pure compound to industrial
waste and leachate, the reader is cautioned not to directly apply
these published data to a leachate treatment situation.

     Primary organization of Appendix Table E-l is by treatment
process.  For each process, the treatability of individual chem-
ical compounds is given with the compounds arranged in alphabet-
ical order within chemical classifications.  The following treat-
ment processes are included:

     Process                     Process Code No.
     Biological                         I
     Coagulation/Precipitation          II
     Reverse Osmosis                    III
     Ultrafiltration                    IV
     Stripping                          V
     Solvent Extraction                 VII
     Carbon Adsorption                  IX
     Resin Adsorption                   X
     Miscellaneous Sorbents             XII

The chemical classification system used is as follows:

     Chemical Classification     Classification Code No.
     Alcohols                           A
     Aliphatics                         B
     Amines                             C
     Aromatics                          D
     Ethers                             E
                              E-l
-------
     Chemical Classification     Classification Code No.
     Halocarbons                        F
     Metals                             G
     PCBs                               I
     Pesticides                         J
     Phenols                            K
     Phthalates                         L
     Polynuclear Aromatics              M

     In order to facilitate use of Appendix Table E-l, an index
has been prepared and is presented immediately before Table E-l.
This index lists compounds contained in Table E-l in alphabetical
order and indicates for each compound it's pollutant group (RCRA,
Section 311, or Priority Pollutant), chemical classification
(alcohol, aliphatic, etc.), and the compound code number used in
Appendix Table E-l.  This latter number can be used to locate
the compound in the main table.  Note, some compounds inadver-
tently may have been assigned to more than one chemical classi-
fication in Table E-l.  The index identifies these cases.

     Many chemical compounds are known by several names.  At-
tempts were made to use preferred or generic names according to
The Merck Index.  However, in some cases it was necessary to use
the names which were used in the reference documents.  Users of
Table E-l are advised to check for compounds under several po-
tential alphabetic listings.

     In order to present the large quantity of information in a
concise manner, it was necessary to code some of the information
in Table E-l.  The coding system is explained in footnotes at
the end of the Appendix.
(1)   Shuckrow, A.J., Pajak, A.P., and J.'W. Osheka.
     Concentration Technologies For Hazardous Aqueous Waste
     Treatment.  EPA-600/2-81-019.             U.S. Environ-
     mental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1981.  343pp.
                             E-2
-------
INDEX OF CHEMICALS LISTED IN APPENDIX TABLE E-l

Compound
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde

Acetanilide
Acetic Acid

Acetone


Acetone Cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone

Acetylglycine
Acrolein

Acrylic Acid

Acrylonitrile



Adipic Acid
Alanine
Aldrin



Allyl Alcohol
Allylamine
p-Aminoacetanilide
m-Aminobenzoic Acid
o-Aminobenzoic Acid
p-Aminobenzoic Acid
m-Aminotoluene
o-Aminotoluene
p-Aminotoluene

Pollutant
Group*

P
P
H,T,S


S

T


S
H,T
T


P,A,H,S

T

P,H,T,S



S

A,H,P,S



S,A,H









Chemical
Class.**
M
M
M
B

C
B

B


B
B
D

B
B

B

B



B
B
J



A
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

Compound
Code No.***
XM-1
IIM-1
IIM-2
IB-1,2,3
IXB-1
IC-1
IIIB-1,2
IXB-2
IB-4,5,6
IIIB-3,4
IXB-3
IXB-4
IB-7,8
IXD-1,2
XD-1
IB-9
VIIB-1
IXB-5,6
IB-11,12,13
IXB-7
IB-14 to 17
VB-1
VIIB-2
IXB-8
IB-18
IB-19
IJ-1
IIIJ-1
IXJ-1 to 5
XJ-1
IXA-1
IXC-1
IC-2
IC-3
IC-4
IC-5
IC-6
IC-7
IC-8
(continued)
                     E-3
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Aminotriazole
Ammonium Oxalate
Amyl Acetate
n-Amyl Alcohol ( 1-pentanol)
sec-Amy Ibenzene
tert-Amylbenzene
Aniline



Anthracene

Antimony
Arochlor 1242
Arochlor 1254

Arochlor 1254 and 1260

Arsenic


Arsenic (As"1"5)
Atrazine

Barium



Benz aldehyde


Benz amide
Benzanthracene

Benzene



Benzene Sulfonate
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene(BTX)
Benzenethiol
Benzidine


Pollutant
Group*


S



S,T



P

H,P
H,P,S
H,P,S

H,P,S

H,P


H,P


H







H

H,P,S,T





A,H
H,T


Chemical
Class. **
J
B
B
A
D
D
C



M

G
I
I

I

G


G
J

G



D


C
M

D



D
D
D
C


Compound
Code No. ***
IJ-2
IB-20
IXB-9
IA-1, IXA-2
ID-1
ID-2
IC-9, 10,11
IIIC-1,2
IXC-2,3
XC-1
IM-1
VIIM-1
IIG-1
IXI-4 to 7
IXI-8 to 16
X 1-1,2
X 1-3
XII 1-1
IIG-2,3
IXG-1
XIIG-1
IIG-4
IIIJ-2
XJ-2
IG-1
IIG-5,6,7
IIIG-1
IXG-2
ID-3,4,5
IXD-3,4,5
XD-2
IC-12
IM-2
IIM-3
ID-6 to 10
VD-1,2
VIID-1 to 4
IXD-6 to 12
ID-11
XD-5
ID-12
IXC-13
IC-13,14
(continued)
      E-4
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Benzil

11 , 12-Benzof luoranthene
Benzole Acid


Benzonitrile
Benzoperylene
1 , 12-Benzoperylene
Benzo ( a) pyrene
3 , 4-Benzpyrene
Benzylaraine
Beryllium
Biphenyl

bis(Chloroethyl) Ether

bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) Ether

bis (Chloroisopropyl) Ether
bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate



Bismuth
Bisphenol A
Borneol
Brine Phenol
Bromochloromethane
Bromodichloromethane



Bromoform


Bromome thane


Butanamide
Butanedinitrile
1, 4-Butanediol
Butanenitrile

Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
D

H,P M
S D


D
M
P M
H,T M
D
C
H,P G
M

H,T E

H,T,P E

E
H,P,T L



G
K
A
K
F
P F



P F


H,T F


C
B
A
B

Compound
Code No. ***
IXD-14
XD-3
IIM-4
ID-13,14
IXD-15,16
XD-4
ID-15
IM-3
IIM-5
IIM-6
ID-16
IC-15
IIG-8,9
IXM-1
XM-2
VIIE-1
IXE-2
IIIE-1
IXE-1
VIIE-2
IL-1
IIL-1
VIIL-1
IXL-1,2
IIG-10
XK-1,2
I A- 2
XK-3,4
IXF-1
VF-1
VIIF-1
IXF-2
XF-3
IF-1
IXF-3,4
XF-1,2
VF-2
VIIF-2
IXF-5
IC-16
IB-21,22
IA-11
IB-23,24
(continued)
       E-5
-------
                        INDEX (continued)
Compound
Butanol


sec-Butanol
tert-Butanol

Butyl Acetate
Butyl Acrylate
Butylamine

sec-Butylbenzene
tert-Butylbenzene
Butylbenzl Phthalate

Butylene Oxide
Butyl Ether
Butyl Phenol
Butyraldehyde
Butyric Acid


Cadmium




Calcium Gluconate
Caproic Acid

Caprolactum
Cap tan
Carbon Tetrachloride



Chloral
Chloral Hydrate
D-Chloramphenicol
Chloranil
Chlordane

Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
T A


A
A

S B
B
S C

D
D
P,S L

B
E
K
B
S B


H,P G




B
B

B
S J
S,T,P,H F



T F
F
M
D
P,H,T,S J

Compound
Code No. ***
I A- 3 to 7
IXA-3,4,5
XA-1
IA-8
IA-9,10
IXA-6
IXB-10
IXB-11
IXC-4,5
XC-2
ID-17
ID-18
IL-2
VIIL-2
IB-25
IXE-3
IXK-1
IXB-12
IB-27,28,29
IXB-13,14
XB-1
IG-2,3,4
IIG-11, 12,13
IIIG-2
IXG-3,4
XIIG-2
IB-30
IXB-15,16
XB-2
IB-31
IIIJ-3
IF-2
IIF-1
IXF-6,7,8
XF-4
VF-3
VIIF-3
IM-4
ID-19
IJ-3
IXJ-7,8
Chlorinated Pesticides
    (Unspecified)
XJ-3
                                                      (continued)
                               E-6
-------
INDEX (continued)
Pollutant
Compound Group*
m-Chloroaniline
o-Chloroaniline
p-Chloroaniline
Chlorobenzene




Choroethane


Chloroethylene


Chloroform



Chloromethane

4-Chloro-3-methylphenol



2-Chloronaphthalene
l-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol
Chlorophenol
m-Chlorophenol

o-Chlorophenol (2-chlorophenol)


p-Chlorophenol
Chromic Acid
Chromium




Chromium (+3)



A,H
A,H
H,P,S,T




H,P





H,P,S,T



H,T

H



H,T,P
H
H
H
H

H,P,T


H
H,S
H,P




H,P


Chemical Compound
Class.** Code No.***
C
C
C
D




F


F


F



F

K



M
D
K
K
K

K


K
G
G




G


IC-17
IC-18
IC-19
ID-20
IIID-1
VD-3,4
VIID-5
IXD-18,19,20
VF-4
VIIF-4
IXF-9
VF-5
VI IF- 5
IXF-10
IF-3
VF-6
IXF-11,12
XF-5,6
VF-7
VIIF-6
IK-1,2
VIIK-1
IXK-2
XK-5
IIM-7
IXD-21
IK-3
VK-2
IK-5
XK-6
IK-4,6,7
IIIK-1
VIIK-2
IK-8,9
IIIG-3
IG-5
IIG-14,15
IIIG-4,5
IXG-5,6
XIIG-3
IG-6
IIG-16,17
IXG-7
                              (continued)
      E-7
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Chromium (Cr*6)


Chrysene
Citric Acid
Cobalt

Copper





Cresol
m-Cresol

o-Cresol

p-Cresol

Crotonaldehyde

Cumeme



Cy c 1 ohex ano 1


Cyclohexanolone
Cyclohexanone

Cyclohexylamine

Cyclopentanone
Cystine
L-Cystine
2,4-D Butyl ester

2,4-D & related herbicides
2,4-D-Isoctyl ester
ODD
DDE


Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
H,P G


H,T,P M
B
G

P G





S,T K
S,T K

S,T K

S,T K

H,T B

T D

M

A


B
B

C

B
B
B
J

S J
J
P,H,T J
P,H J


Compound
Code No. ***
IG-7
IIG-18,19
IXG-8
IIM-8
IB-32
IG-8
IIG-20
IG-9 to 12
IIG-21 to 25
IIIG-6,7
IVG-1
IXG-9,10,11
XIIG-4,5
IXK-3
IK-10
VIIK-3
IK-11
VIIK-4,5,6
IK-12
VIIK-3
IB-33,34,35
IXB-17
IXD-22
XD-6
IXM-2
XM-3
I A- 12
IXA-7
XA-2
IB-38
IB-39
IXB-18
IXC-6
XC-3
IB-40
IB-36
IB-37
IXJ-6
XJ-4
XJ-5
IJ-4
IXJ-9,10,11
IIIJ-4
IXJ-12,13,14
(continued)
      E-8
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
DDT




DDVp
Decanoic Acid

Decanol

2 , 4 -Diamino phenol
Diazinon

1,2,4, 5-Dibenzpyrene
Dibromochloromethane



2 , 4-Dibromophenol
Dibutylamine

Di-N-Butylamine
Dibutylphthalate

Di-N-Butylphthalate


m-Dichlorobenzene




o-Dichlorobenzene




p-Dichlorobenzene




1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene

Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
P,H,S,T J




J
B

A

K
S J

D
P,T F



K
C

C
H,P,T L

P L


H,P,S D




H,S,T D




H,S D




H,T,P D
H,T,P D

Compound
Code No. ***
IJ-5
IIJ-1
IIIJ-5
IXJ-15 to 19
XJ-6
IJ-6
IXB-19
XB-3
IXA-8
XA-3
IK-13
IJ-7,8
IIIJ-6
ID-21
VF-8
VIIF-7
IXF-13,14,15
XF-7
XK-7
IXC- 7
XC-4
IXC- 8
IXL-3
XL-1
IL-3
IIL-2
VIIL-3
ID-22,23
VD-5
VIID-6
IXD-25,26
XD-7
ID-24
VD-5
VIID-6
IXD-23,24
XD-8
ID-25
VD-6
VIID-6
IXD-28,29
XD-9
VD-7
VD-8
(continued)
      E-9
-------
INDEX (continued)
Pollutant Chemical Compound
Compound Group* Class.** Code No.***
1,4-Dichlorobenzene H,P,T

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine P/H,T
Dichlorodif luoromethane P
Dichloroethane H,T
1,1-Dichloroethane H,P,T




i , ^-uicnioroetnane H,P,S,T




Dichloroethylene H,P,S
1,1-Dichloroethylene H,P,S,T


1,2-Dichloroethylene H,P

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene H,T,P


Dichlorof luoromethane
Dichloroisopropyl Ether
Dichloromethane H,P,S,T


Dichlorophenol
2 , 3-Dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenol H,T,P


2 , 5-Dichlorophenol
2 , 6-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid A,H,S
2,6-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2 , 4-Dichlorophenoxyproprionic
Acid
1,2-Dichloropropane H,S,P


D

D
F
F
F




F




F
F


F

F


F
E
F


K
K

K


K
K
D
D

D
F


VD-9
IXD-27
IXD-30
VI IF- 8
IXF-16,17
VF-9
VIIF-9
IXF-18,19
XF-8

IF-4
VF-10,11
VI IF- 10
IXF-20,21
XF-9
VIIF-11,12
VF-12,14
VIIF-13
IXF-22
IXF-23
XF-10
VF-13
VIIF-14
IXF-24
IXF-25
IXE-4
VF-15,16
VIIF-15
IXF-27
XK-8
IXK-4
XK-9
IK-14 to 18
VIIK-7,8
XK-10
IK-19
IK-20
ID-26
ID-27

ID-18
VF-17
VIIF-16
IXF-28
                              (continued)
       E-10
-------
INDEX (continued)
Pollutant
Compound Group*
1 , 2-Dichloropropylene


Dicyclopentadiene
Dieldrin A,H,P,S



Diethanolamine

Diethylene Glycol

Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl
Ether
Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether
Diethylenetriamine
Diethyl Ether
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate P,H,T

a , a-Diethylstilbenediol
Dihexylamine
Diisobutyl Ketone
Diisopropanolamine
Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate
Dimethylamine T

Dimethylaniline (Xylidene)
2,3-Dimethylaniline
2 , 5-Dimethylaniline
3 , 4-Dimethylaniline
9 , 10-Dimethylanthracene
7 , 9-Dimethylbenzacridine
7 , 10-Dimethylbenzacridine
9 , 10-Dimethyl-l , 2-benzanthracene
Dimethylcyclohexanol
Dimethylnapthalene

Dimethylnitrosamine H,T
Dimethylphenol S
2 , 3-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol H,T,P


Chemical
Class.**
F


B
J



C

B


E

E
C
E
L
L
L

M
C
B
C
B
C

D
C
C
C
M
D
D
M
A
M

C
K
K
K


Compound
Code No.***
VF-18
VIIF-17
IXF-29
IXB-20
IJ-9
IIJ-2
IIIJ-7
IXJ-20 to 26
IC-20
IXC-9
IB-41
IXB-21

IXE-5

IXE-6
IXC-10
IIIE-2
XL- 2
IL-5
IL-4
VIIL-4
IM-5
IXC-11, XC-5
IXB-22
IXC-12
IXB-23
IXC-13
XC-6
IXD-31
IC-21
IC-22
IC-23
IM-6
ID-29
ID-30
IM-7
I A- 14
IXM-3
XM-4
IXC-14
IXK-5
IK-21
IK-22
VIIK-8
(continued)
      E-ll
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
2 , 5-Dimethylphenol
2 , 6-Dimethylphenol
3 , 4-Dimethylphenol
3 , 5-Dimethylphenol

Dimethyl Phthalate




Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Dinitrobenzene
3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid
4 , 6-Dinitro-2-Methylphenol
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol


2 , 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene


2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene

Di-N-Octyl Phthalate

1 , 1-Diphenylhydrazine
1 , 2-Diphenylhydrazine
Di-N-Propylamine
Dipropylene Glycol
2 , 3-Dithiabutane
Dodecane

Dulcitol
Endrin


Endrin and Heptachlor
Erucic Acid
1 , 2-Ethanediol
Ethanol



Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
K
K
K
K

P,H,T L




B
H,S D
D
K
H,P,S,T K


D
P,H,T,S D


P,H,T D

P,H,T L

M
H,T,P M
T C
B
B
B

B
A,P,S J


A,S J
B
A
A



Compound
Code No. ***
IK-23
IK-24
IK-25
IK-26
IK- 6
IL-6,7
IIL-3
VIIL-5
I XL- 4
XL- 3
IIIB-5
IIID-2
ID-31
VIIK-9
IK-27,28
VIIK-10
IXK-7
IIID-3
ID-32,33
VIID-7
IXD-32
VIID-8
IXD-33
IL-8
VIIL-6
IXM-4
IM-8
IXC-15
IXB-24
IB-42
IXB-25
XB-4
IB-43
IJ-10
IIJ-3
IXJ-27 to 31
XJ-7
IB-44
I A- 15
IA-16,17,18
IIIA-1,2
VIIA-1
IXA-9
                              (continued)
      E-12
-------
INDEX (continued)
Ethoxytriglycol
Ethyl Acetate T

Ethyl Acrylate T

Ethylbenzene P,S




Ethylbutanol
2-Ethylbutanol
Ethylene Chloride
Ethylene Chlorohydrin
Ethylenediamine A,H,S

Ethylene Bichloride0 S


h
Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Monhexyl Ether
Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Ethyl Ether T
2-Ethylhexanol

2-Ethyl-l-Hexanol

2-E thy Ihexylacry late
N-Ethylmorpholine
Ferbam
Fluor anthrene

2-Fluorenamine
Formaldehyde H,T,S


Formamide
E
B

B

D




A
A
F
F
C

F



B

E
E

E
E
E
E
A

A

B
C
J
M

C
B


B
IXE-7
IB-45,46,47
IXB-26
IB-48, 49,50
IXB-27
ID-34 to 38
IID-1
VD-10,11,12
VIID-9,10
IXD-34 to 37
IA-19,20,21
IXA-10
VIIF-18
VIIF-19
IC-24
IXC-16
VF-19,20,21
VIIF-20,21
IXF-30,31,32
XF-11
IB-51
IXB-28
IXE-8
IXE-9

IXE-10
IXE-11
IXE-12
IIIE-3
I A- 2 2
IXA-11
IXA-12
XA-4
IB-52,53,54
IXC-17
IJ-11
IXM-5
XM-5
IC-25
IB-55,56
IIIB-6,7
IXB-29
IB-57
                              (continued)
       E-13
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Formic Acid

Furfuryl Alcohol
Glutamic Acid
Glycerine
Glycerol
Glycine
Heptanoic Acid

Heptachlor


Heptachlorepoxide
Heptane
m-Heptanol

Herbicides (Unspecified)
Herbicide Orange
Hexachlorobenzene




Hexachlorobutadiene



Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane


Hexadecane

Hexanol
1-Hexanol
m-Hexanol
Hexylamine

Hexylene Glycol
Hydracrylonitrile
Hydroquinone

4-Hydroxybenzenecarbonitrile
Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
S,T B

A
B
B
B
B
B

A,H,P,S J


H,P J
B
A

J
J
H,P,T D




H,P,T F



H,P,S,T F
H,T,P F


B

A
A
A
C

B
B
D

! D
Compound
Code No.***
IB- 58
IXB-30
IA-23,24
IB-59
IB-60
IIIB-8,9
IB-61
IXB-31
XB-5
IJ-12
IIIJ-8
IXJ-32,33
IIIJ-9
IB-62 to 65
IXA-13
XA-5
IXJ-34,35
IJ-13
ID-39,40
IIID-4
VD-13
VIID-11,12
IXD-38
VF-22
VIIF-22
IXF-33
XF-12
VF-23
VIIF-23
IXF-34,35
XF-13
IXF-32
XF-6
I A- 2 5
IA-26,27
IXA-14
IXC-18
XC-7
IXB-33
IB-66
IIID-5,6
IXD-39
ID-41
                             (continued)
      E-14
-------
                        INDEX  (continued)
        Compound
Pollutant  Chemical
 Group*    Class.**
        Compound
        Code No.***
Iron
Iron  (Fe+2)
Iron  (Fe+3)
Isobutanol
Isobutyl Acetate
Isophorone
Isophthalic Acid
Isoprene
Isopropanol

Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Ether

Kepone
Lactic Acid
Laurie Acid
Lead
 T

 P
 H,S,T
 H,P
Lindane
Malathion

L-Malic Acid
DL-Malic Acid
Malonic Acid
Maneb
Manganese
G
G
A
B
B

D
L
B
A

B
E

J
B
B
              B
              B
              B
              J
              G
IG-15
IIG-26,27,28
IIIG-8
IVG-2
IXG-12,13
IG-13
IG-14
IXA-15
IXB-34
IB-67
VIIB-3
IXD-40,41
IL-9
IXB-35
IA-28 to 32
IXA-16
IXB-36
IE-1,2,3
IXE-13
IXJ-36
IB-68
IB-69
IXB-37
XB-7
IG-16,17
IIG-29 to 33
IIIG-9,10
IXG-14,15,16
XIIG-6,7
IJ-14
IIJ-4
IIIJ-10
IXJ-37,38
IJ-15,16
IIIJ-11
IB-70
IB-71
IB-72
IJ-17
IG-18,19
IIG-34,35,36
IVG-3
IXG-17,18,19

(continued)
                              E-15
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Mercury




Methanol


Methyl Acetate

7-Methyl-l , 1-benzanthracene
2-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile
3-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile
4-Methylbenzenecarbonitrile
Methyl Butyl Ketone
20-Methylcholanthrene
4-Methylcyclohexanol
Methyl Decanoate

Methyl Dodecanoate

4,4'-Methylene bis-
( 2-Chloroaniline)
Methylene Chloride

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

Methylethylpyridine
2-Methyl-5-Ethylpyridine
Methyl Hexadecanoate

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone
N-Methyl Morpholine
Methyl Octadecanoate

Methyl Parathion

Methyl Propyl Ketone
Molybdenum
Monoethanolamine
Monoisopropanolamine
Morpholine

Myristic Acid


Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
H,P,T G




T A


B

M
D
D
D
B
M
A
B

B


H,T D
P F

H,T B

D
C
B

T B
C
B

A,H,S J

B
G
C
C
C

B


Compound
Code No. ***
IG-20,21
IIG-37, 38,39
VIIG-1
IXG-20 to 24
XIIG-8
IA-33 to 38
IIIA-3,4
IXA-17,18
IIIB-10,11
IXB-38
IM-9
ID-42
ID-43
ID-44
IXB-39
IM-10
I A- 3 9
IXB-40
XB-8
IXB-41
XB-9

IXD-42
IF- 5
IXF-36
VIIB-4,5
IXB-42
ID-45
IXC- 19
IXB-43
XB-10
IXB-44
IXC-20
IXB-45
XB-11
IJ-18,19
IIIJ-12
IXB-46
IIG-40
IXC-21
IXC-22
IXC-23
XC-8
IXB-47
XB-12
(continued)
       E-16
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Napthalene



B-Napthol
B-Napthylamine
Nickel



Nitrilo triacetate
o-Nitroaniline
p-Nitroaniline
m-Nitrobenzaldehyde
o-Nitrobenz aldehyde
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Nitrobenzene




m-Nitrobenzoic Acid
o-Nitrobenzoic Acid
p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
Nitrof luorine
m-Nitrophenol
o-Nitrophenol

p-Nitrophenol



m-Nitrotoluene
o-Nitrotoluene
p-Nitrotoluene
Nonylphenol
Octadecane

Octanoic Acid

Octanol


Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
H,P,S,T M



K
H,T C
H,P G



B
C
A,H C
D
D
D
H,P,S,T D




D
D
D
D
S K
P,S K

P,H,T,S K



S D
S D
S D
K
B

B

A


Compound
Code No. ***
IM-11 to
IIM-9
VM-1
IXM-6,7
XK-11
IXC-24
IG-22 to
IIG-41 to
IIIG-11
IXG-25
IB-73
IC-26
IC-27
ID-46
ID-47
ID-47
ID- 4 8 to
IID-2
VD-14
VIID-12
IXD-43,44
ID-53
ID-54
ID-55
ID-58
IK-29
IK-30,31
VIIK-11
IK-29, 32
IIIK-2
VIIK-12
XK-12,13
ID-56
ID-57
ID-57
IXK-8
IXB-48
XB-13
IXB-49
XB-14
IA-40,41
IXA-19
XA-6
14





26
44








52



,45






















                             (continued)
      E-17
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Octylamine

Oleic Acid
Oxalic Acid
Paraldehyde

Parathion



PCB (Unspecified)
Pent achlor ethane
Pentachlorophenol




Pentamethylbenzene
Pentan amide
Pentane
Pentanedinitrile
Pentanitrile
Pentanol

Pentarylthritol
Perchloroethylene

Phenanthrene

Phenol






p-(Phenylazo) aniline
p-Phenylazophenol
2,3-o-Phenylene Pyrene
Phenylenediamine
m-Phenylenediamine
o-Phenylenediamine
p-Phenylenediamine
Phenyl Methyl Carbinol

Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
C

B
B
T D

A,H,S J



I
H,T F
A,H,P,S K



J
D
C
B
B
B
A

A
P,T P

P M

H,P,S,T K






C
K
M
C
C
C
C
A

Compound
Code No. ***
IXC-25
XC-9
IB-74
IB-75
ID- 5 9
IXD-46
IJ-20,21
IIJ-5
IIIJ-13
IXJ-39,40
IXI-1,2,3
VIIF-24
IK-33,34
VIIK-13
IXK-9,10
XK-14
IJ-22
ID-60
IC-29
IB-76
IB-77,78
IB-79
IXA-20
XA-7
I A- 4 2
VF-24
VIIF-25
IXM-8
XM-6
IK-35 to 43
IIIK-3,4,5
IVK-1
VK-1
VIIK-14 to 19
IXK-11 to 23
XK-15,16,17
IC-28
IK-44
IIM-10
IC-30
IC-31
IC-32
IC-33
I A- 4 3
(continued)
      E-18
-------
INDEX (continued)
Pollutant
Compound Group*
Phthalic Acid H
Phthalimide
Piperidine

Propanedinitrile
Propanenitrile
Propanol

i-Propanol
n-Propanol
Propionaldehyde
Propionic Acid S

Propoxur
B-Propriolactone
Propyl Acetate
n-Propylbenzene
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Glycol
Propylene Oxide S
Pyrene P

•
Pyridine H,T

Pyrrole

Pyruvic Acid

Randox
Resorcinol S,T

Selenium H,P

Silver H,P
Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate
Sodium Alkyl Sulfate
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Sodium-N-Oleyl-N-Methyl Taurate
Sodium Pentachlorophenol
Sodium a Sulfo Methyl Myristate
Strontium
Chemical
Class.**
L
L
C

B
B
A

A
A
B
B

J
B
B
D
F
B
B
M


D
C
C

B

J
K

G

G
D
B
B
B
K
B
G
Compound
Code No.***
IL-11
IL-12
IXC -26
XC-10
IB-80
IB-81
IXA-21,22
XA-8
IIIA-5,6
I A- 4 4
IXB-50
IXB-51,52
XB-15
IJ-23
IB-82
IXB-53
ID-61
IXF-37
IXB-54
IXB-55
IIM-11
IXM-9
XM-7
IXD-47,48
IXC-27
IXC-28
XC-11
IXB-56
XB-16
IIIJ-14
IXK-24
XK-18
IIG-45,46,47
IXG-26
IIG-48,49,50
ID- 6 2
IB-83
IB-84
IB-85
IK-45
IB-86
IG-27
                             (continued)
      E-19
-------
INDEX (continued)
Compound
Styrene



Styrene Oxide
Tannic Acid
2,4,5-T Ester

1,2,3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethane


1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachloroethane


Tetrachloroethylene



Tetraethylene Glycol
Tetrachloromethane

Tetradecane

Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate
Thallium

Thanite
Thioacet amide
Thioglycollic Acid
Thiouracil
Thiourea
Tin
Titanium
Toluene



m-Toluidine
Toxaphene



Pollutant Chemical
Group* Class.**
S D



D
B
S J

D
D
H,T D
H F


H,T F
H,P,T F


P F



B
H,P,S,T F

B

J
H,P G

J
H,T C
B
B
H,T B
G
G
H,P,S,T D



D
P,H,T,S D
J


Compound
Code No. ***
ID-63,64
VD-15
VIID-13
IXD-49,50,51
IXD-52
IB-87
IIJ-6
IXJ-41,42
ID-65
ID-66
ID-67,68
VIIF-26
IXF-38
XF-14
VF-25
VF-26
VIIF-27
IXF-39
VF-27
VIIF-28
IXF-40,41
XF-15
IXB-58
VF-28
VIIF-29
IXB-57
XB-17
IJ-24
IIG-51,52
IXG-27
IJ-25
IC-34
IB-88
IB-89
IB-90
IIG-53
IIG-54
ID-69 to 75
VD-16,17
VIID-14,15
IXD-53,54,55
ID- 7 6
IXD-56
IXJ-43,44,45
XJ-8
(continued)
      E-20
-------
                        INDEX (continued)
        Compound
Pollutant  Chemical
 Group*    Class.**
Compound
Code No.***
Tribromomethane                 H,P,T
Tributylamine

Trichloroacetic Acid
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene          H,P
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethane                 H,P,T
1,1,1-Trichloroethane           H,P,T
1,1,2-Trichloroethane           H,P,T
Trichloroethylene               P,H,T,S
Trichlorofluoromethane

Trichloromethane

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic
    Acid                        H,T
2,4,6-Trichlorophenoxyacetic
    Acid
              F
              C
              D
              D
              D
              F
              F
H,P,T
H,P,S
S
H,S,T
P,H,T,S
F
F
K
K
K
              J

              D
VF-29
VIIF-30
IXF-42,43
IXC-29.
XC-12
IIIF-1
IC-35,36
ID-77
ID-78
VD-18,19
VIID-16
IXD-57,58,59
XD-10
ID-79,80
VIIF-31
IF-6
VF-30,31
VIIF-32
IXF-44,45
XF-16
IF-7
VF-32,33
VIIF-33
IXF-46
IF-8,9
IIF-2
VF-34,35
VIIF-34,35
IXF-47,48
VIIF-36
IXF-49
VF-36
VIIF-37
IK-46,47
IK-48
IK-49 to 52
VIIK-20
IXK-25
XK-19,20

IJ-26,27

ID-82

(continued)
                             E-21
-------
INDEX (continued)
Pollutant Chemical
Compound
Group* Class.**
Compound
Code No.***
2,4, 5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic
Acid
1,2, 3-Trichloropropane

Triethanolamine
Triethylene Glycol

Trif luralin
T r ime t hy Ipheno 1
2,4, 6-Trinitrotoluene


2,6, 6-Trinitrotoluene
Urea
Urethane
Valeric Acid

Vanadium
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylene


m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Xylenol
Zinc





Ziram
Zireb
* Pollutant Groups
A RCRA List -
H RCRA List -
H
H

S




(TNT)




H,T



S
H,P,T
H,T,S
S,T


S,T
S,T
S,T
S
P








Acute hazardous {Sec.
D
F

C
B

J
K
D


D
B
B
B

G
B
F
F
D


D
D
D
K
G





J
J

261.33
ID- 81
IXF-50
XF-17
IXC- 30
IB- 91
IXB-59
IIIJ-15
IXK-26
IVD-1
IXD-60,61
XD-11,12
ID-83
IB-92
IB-93
IXB-60,61
XB-18
IIG-55
IXB-62
IF-10
VIIF-38
ID-85
VIID-17,18
IXD-62,63
ID-84
ID-84
ID-84
VIIK-21
IG-28 to 34
IIG-56 to 61
IIIG-12,13
IVG-4
IXG-28,29
XIIG-9
IJ-28
IJ-29

(e) }
Hazardous {Appendix VII}
P Priority Pollutant (Consent Decree)
S Section 311
T RCRA List -
Compound
Toxic {Sec. 261. 33 (f) :
(a blank indicates that the compound
fall into one
of the above groups)




does not


      E-22
-------
                        INDEX (continued)
 **  Chemical Classifications
        A  Alcohol
        B  Aliphatic
        C  Amine
        D  Aromatic
        E  Ether
        F  Halocarbon
                            G
                            I
                            J
                            K
Metal
PCB
Pesticide
Phenol
Phthalate
                            M  Polynuclear Aromatic
***

a
b
c
d
  Compound Code Number - Refers to Compound Code Number used
                         in Appendix Table E-l
Also see Ethylene Glycol
Also see 1,2-Ethanediol
Also see 1,2-Dichloroethane
Also see Ethylene Bichloride
Caution:   Because a compound may have many synonyms as given
in The Merck Index the reader should check for a compound under
several names.   This also applies to the pollutant group codes
assigned to each compound because a complete crosscheck between
synonyms was not undertaken.
                              E-23
-------
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: Aliphatics (B)
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tion.

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Chemical Precipi
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TABLE
Process:
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c
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: Halocarbons (P)
c
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                  REFERENCES TO TABLE  E-l


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Agency
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