AP4222
 SUPPLEMENT NO. 2
         FOR
    COMPILATION
 OF AIR POLLUTANT
 EMISSION FACTORS
  SECOND EDITION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    Office of Air and Water Programs
  Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
   Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
        September 1973

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                            INSTRUCTIONS
             FOR INSERTING  SUPPLEMENT NO. 2
                                  INTO
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION  FACTORS

 1.  Replace pages 111 - iv dated 7/73 with pages in - iv dated 9/73.
 2.  Replace undated pages 1 - 2 with pages 1 - 2 dated 9/73.
 3.  Replace pages 3.1.1-5 - 3.1.1-8 dated 4/73 with pages 3.1.1-5 - 3.1.1-8 dated 9/73.
 4.  Replace pages 3.1.2-1 - 3.1.2-8 dated 4/73 with pages 3.1.2-1 - 3.1.2-8 dated 9/73.
 5.  Replace pages A-l - A-2 dated 4/73 with pages A-l - A-2 dated 9/73.
ii
                                                                            9/73

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                                           PREFACE


   This document reports data available on those atmospheric emissions for which sufficient information exists to
establish  realistic  emission  factors. The information contained herein is based on Public Health  Service
Publication 999-AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, by R. L. Duprey, and on a revised and
expanded  version of Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors that was published by the Environmental
Protection Agency in February 1972. The scope of this second edition has been broadened to reflect expanding
knowledge of emissions.

   Chapters and sections of this document have been arranged in a format that permits easy and convenient
replacement  of material as information reflecting more  accurate and refined emission factors is published and
distributed. To speed dissemination  of emission information, chapters or sections that  contain new data will !•>(•
issued   separate from the parent report   whenevei they are leviscd


   To facilitate the addition of  future materials, the punched, loose-leaf formal was selected. This .ippnuic!'
permits the document to  be placed in a three-ring  binder  or to  be secured by  rings, rivets, or other fa
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                           ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
   Because this document is a product of the efforts of many individuals, it is  im-
possible to acknowledge each individual who has  contributed.  Special recognition
is given, however, to Environmental Protection Agency employees M. J.  McGraw,
A. J. Hoffman,  J.  H. Southerland, and R. L. Dupre-y  for their efforts in the pro-
duction of this work.   Bylines identify the contributions of individual authors  who
revised specific sections and chapters.
                        Issuance                                             Release Date
 Compilation of Emission Fdctorx. Second Edition                                         4/73

 Supplement No. 1
   Section 4.3. Srorj.ije of Petroleum Products                                             7/73
   Section 4.4, Marketing and Transportation of Petroleum Products

 Supplement No. 2
   Introduction
   Section 3.1. Highwjv Vehicles
   Appendix. Table A-l                                                              9/73
9/73                                      iv

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                              COMPILATION
                                        OF
          AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTORS
                               INTRODUCTION
    In the assessment of community air pollution, there is a critical need for accurate data
on the quantity and characteristics of emissions from the numerous sources that contribute
to the problem.  The large number of individual sources and the diversity of source types
make conducting field measurements of emissions  on  a source-by-source basis at the point
of release impractical.  The  only feasible method  of  determining pollutant emissions for a
given community is  to  make generalized estimates of typical emissions from each of the
source types.

    One  of the most useful (and logical) tools for estimating typical emissions is the "emis-
sion factor, " \vhich is an estimate of the rate at which a pollutant is  released to the atmos-
phere as a result of some activity, such as combustion or industrial production, divided by
the level of that activity (also expressed in terms of a temporal rate).  In other words, the
emission factor relates  the quantity of pollutants emitted to some indicator (activity level)
such as production capacity,  quantity of  fuel burned, or vehicle miles traveled.   In most
cases,  these  factors  are simply given as statistical or estimated averages; that is, no em-
pirical information on the  various process parameters (temperature, reactant concentra-
tions, etc. )  is  considered  in  their calculation.  However, for a few cases,  such as in the
estimation of hydrocarbon emissions from petroleum  storage tanks, precise empirical for-
mulas relating emissions  to  such variables as tank diameter,  liquid storage  temperature,
and wind velocity have been developed.  Because of their superior precision,  emission fac-
tors based on empirical formulas are more desirable  to obtain and can usually be given the
highest accuracy  rating.  Factors derived from statistical averages, however, if based on
an adequate number  of  field  measurements ("source tests"),  can also be both precise and
accurate within practical and  useful limits.

    An example should illustrate how the factors are to be used:

    Suppose a sulfuric acid plant, with a production  rate of 200 Ions/day of 100 percent acid,
    operates at an overall SC^ to SO-j  conversion elficiency of 97 percent.  Using the formu-
    la given as a footnote to Table 5.17-1 on page 5. 17-5 of this publication, the uncontrolled
    sulfur dioxide emissions can be calculated:

 9/73                                    1

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       SC>2 emissions = [ -13, 65 (% conversion efficiency) + 1365]  x production rate

                      = [ -13. 65 (97%) + 1365]  Ib/ton acid x 200 tons acid/day

                      = 40 Ib/ton acid x 200 tons acid/day

                      = 8000 Ib/day (3632 kg/day)

    The emission factors presented in this report have been estimated using a wide spectrum
of techniques available for their determination.  The  preparation/revision of  each factor
section involves, first of all, the search for and obtainment of all the  known -written infor-
mation on that source category from such sources as the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center literature, Environmental Protection Agency technical  reports  (including emission
test reports), and the  National Emissions Data System point source file.   After these data
are reviewed, organized,  and  analyzed,  the process descriptions, process  flowsheets, and
other background portions of the section are prepared.   Then, using the compiled informa-
tion,  representative emission  factors are developed  for each pollutant emitted by each point
source of  the process category.  As  stated above, these factors are usually  obtained by
simply averaging the respective numerical data obtained.  When feasible, the ranges in the
factors are presented for further clarity.   Occasionally,  enough data  exist  to permit the
development of either empirical or  theoretical formulas (or  graphs) relating emissions fac-
tors to various process parameters such as stream temperature, sulfur  content,  or catalyst.
In these cases, representative values of these process  parameters are selected  and substi-
tuted  into the  formulas or graphs that, in turn, yield representative emission factors which
are then tabulated within.   The pertinent formulas and  graphical data are  also  included  in
the section to allow the estimation  of emission factors when the  process  conditions differ
from  those selected by the author(s).

    After the draft of a section is completed, it is circulated for technical review to various
personnel  routinely  familiar with the emission aspects of the particular activity.  After these
review comments are  obtained and evaluated, the  final draft  is written and submitted for
editing and publication.

    The limitations and applicability of emission factors must be understood.  To give some
notion of the accuracy of the  factors for a  specific  process, each process  has been ranked
as  "A, "  "B, " "C, " "D, " or "E, "  For a process -with an "A" ranking, the emission factor
should be  considered  excellent,  i.  e. ,  based on field  measurements of a  large number of
sources.   A process ranked "B" should be considered  above average, i. e. , based on a lim-
ited number of  field measurements.   A ranking of  "C" is considered average; "D, " below
average; and  "E, "poor.  These rankings are presented below the table  titles throughout the
report.

    The reader must be herein cautioned not to use these emission factors indiscriminately.
That  is,  the factors  generally will not permit the calculation of accurate emissions measure-
ments from an  individual installation.  Only an on-site source test can provide data suffi-
ciently accurate and precise to use in such undertakings as the design and purchase of control
equipment or the initiation of a legal action.  Factors are more valid when applied to a large
number of processes,  as,  for example, when emission inventories are  conducted as part of
community or nationwide  air pollution studies.
                                   EMISSION FACTORS                            9/73

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3.1.1  Average Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles                           by David S. Kircher
                                                                                  and  Charles C. Masser
3.1.1.1  General - Emission factors in this section  update  emission factors for gasoline-powered  motor vehicles
presented in the February  1972 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission factors.' These new factois are based on
nationwide statistical data  for  light-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles; heavy-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles; and
heavy-duty,  dicsel-powercd  vehicles  Average  emission  factors  arc  intended   to assist  those  individuals
interested in  compiling approximate emission estimates for large areas, such as an  individual state or the nation.
The emission factor  calculation techniques presented in sections 3.1.2 through 3.1.7 of this chapter are strongly
recommended for the formulation of localized emission estimates required for air quality modeling or for the
evaluation of air pollutant control strategies.

3.1.1.2  Emissions — Average emission factors by calendar  year based on  statistical data for the United States are
presented in Table 3.1.1-1. These factors were  calculated using the techniques described in sections 3.1.2, 3.1.4,
and 3.1.5 of this chapter. Because the majority of highway vehicle emissions are produced (on a nationwide basis)
by gasoline-powered  light-duty  vehicles and heavy-duty, gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles, these are the only
vehicles considered in Table  3.1.1-1. The  emission  contribution from diesel-powered, light-duty vehicles, from
gaseous-fucl-powered vehicles, and from motorcycles is assumed to be insignificant for the purpose of developing
these appioximate factors.

   The exhaust emission values presented  in Table 3.1.1-1 for carbon  monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen
oxides are for an average speed of approximately  19.6 mi/hr (31.5 km/hr). These values can be modified to make
them  representative  of the area for which  emission  estimates arc  being prepared, by using the average speed
adjustment factors contained in  Figure 3.1.1-1.  For example, if carbon monoxide emissions in  1970 are to be
estimated for a state where the average speed is 35 mi/hr,  the appropriate emission factor would be 0.6 times 78
or 47 grams per mile. This value would then be  multiplied by  the total vehicle miles of travel (VMT) to arrive at a
carbon monoxide emission estimate.

   Crankcase and evaporative hydrocarbons, participate, and  sulfur oxide emission  factors are average values that
can be considered independent  of speed. Emission estimates  for these pollutants are calculated by simply multi-
plying the VMT by the emission factor.

Note: The emission  factor data presented for highway vehicles in this  chapter are based on a generalized test
cycle  that  involves  operation  typical of every-day  driving patterns. Because this drivrng cycle  is intended to
represent typical  driving, it cannot apply in specific instances, i.e. to a particular segment of a particular roadway
at a particular time.  In order to estimate vehicular emissions under a specific set of conditions, "modal" emission
factor data are  icquired.  Driving modes include: idle, constant  speed, acceleration, and deceleration. Because all
driving patterns can  be divided  into one of these four modes, emissions can be determined by summing the modal
emissions for a particular driving pattern.

   The Environmental  Protection Agency is currently evaluating the use  of modal emission data. Emission data
for idle,  various constant speeds, and various initial and final speeds (accelerations and decelerations) are being
collected and analyzed. It  is anticipated that these data will be published  in  Sections 3.1.2  and  3  1.4 in subse-
quent revisions of this publication Modal data for light-duty  vehicles (Section 3.1.2) will be published during
1973, and data for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles will be published at a later date.
9/73                           Internal Combustion Engine Sources                           3.1.1-5

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        AVERAGE ROUTE SPEED, km/hr

       40             60             80
                                                                100       120
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Figure 3.1.1-1. Average speed correction factors for all model years.5-7
9/73
Internal Combustion Engine Sources
                                                                      3.1.1-7

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References for Section 3.1.1


1.  Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Pro-
    grams. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication Number AP-42. February 1972.

2.  Highway  Statistics 1970. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Washington.
    D.C. 1971.

3.  Census of Transportation  — Truck Inventory and Use  Survey. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
    Census. Washington, D.C. July 1970.

4.  Automotive Facts and Figures. Automobile Manufacturers Association. Washington, D.C. July 1970.

5.  McMichael, W.F. and A.M. Rose, Jr. A Comparison of Emissions from Automobiles in Cities at Two Different
    Altitudes. U.S. Department of Health, Education and  Welfare, Public Health Service. Cincinnati. Ohio. July
    1965.

6.  Study of Emissions from Light-Duty  Vehicles in  Six Cities. Automotive Environmental Systems Inc. San
    Bernadmo,  Calif. Prepared for  the Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C.. under
    Contract  Number 68-04-0042. June 1972.

7.  Walsh,  M.P., Unpublished data  on emissions from a catalyst-equipped light duty vehicle. The City of New
    York Department of Air Resources, Bureau of Motor Vehicle Pollution Control. New York, N.Y. November
    1972.
3.1.1-8                               EMISSION FACTORS                                  9/73

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 3.1.2 Light-Duty, Gasoline-Powered Vehicles                                    by David S. Kirclier
                                                                                 and Charles C. ,W;),s.ser

 3.1.2.1 General — Because of their widespread use, light-duty, gasohnc-poweied highway vehicles uie responsible
 for a large percentage  of the total emissions from highway vehicles on a nationwide as well as on a icgionwidc
 basis.  The information contained in this section  permits the calculation of emission factors for  this class of
 highway vehicles operated in a specific geographic area undei study. Section 3.1.1 provided geneiah/ed emission
 factors for all highway vehicles combined; this section provides the information necessary to calculate emission
 factors for one class of vehicles by using the technique outlined below.

 3.1.2.2 Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon, and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions    The calculation of light-duty vehicle
 exhaust  emission  factors  for  carbon  monoxide,  hydrocarbons,  and nitrogen  oxides  can be  expressed
 mathematically as:

                 n+ 1
           enp = H      q d; nij Sj                                                                   (1)
                i = n

where:     e   = Emjsslon factor in grams pci vehicle mile for calendar year (n), and pollutant (p)

            Cj = The  1975 Federal test procedure emission  rate for pollutant (p) in g/mi for the itn model year
                at low mileage 1 '2


            d[=The  controlled vehicle pollutant  (p) emission deterioration factor for the i'"1  model year
                at calendar  year  (n)

            nij=The  weighted annual  travel of the i"1 model year during calendar year (n) The detemnnation
                of this variable involves the use of the vehicle model year distribution

             Sj =The weighted speed adjustment factor for the i"1 model year vehicles

   In addition to exhaust emission factors, the calculation of hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline motor vehicles
involves evaporative and ciankcase hydrocaibon emission tales.  Evaporation and crankcase emissions can  be
determined using:

                n + 1
           fn= E     Iviij                                                                        (2)
                i = n-l 2

where:     fn  = The  combined evaporative and  ciankcase hydrocarbon emission factor for calendar year (n)

           hj  = The combined evaporative and crankcase emission rate for the rn model year

          m,  = The weighted annual travel of the i"1 model year during calendar year (n)

   A brief discussion of each  of the variables presented in  the above equations is necessary to help clarify  their
formulation  and use.  These  discussions amplify the definitions  at  the beginning  of the chapter.


    Test cycle emission  rates  (c and h). A recent study of light-duty vehicle exhaust  emission rates in six cities
resulted in the  data for  1971  and  earlier model years that arc presented in Tables 3.1.2-1 and 3.1 2-2.3  Emission

9/93                           Internal Combustion  Engine Sources                          3.1.2-1

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9/73
Internal Combustion Engine Sources
                                                                                    3.1.2-3

-------
                           Table 3.1.2-3. LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE
                      CRANKCASE AND EVAPORATIVE HYDROCARBON
                            EMISSIONS BY MODEL YEAR FOR
                           ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA3
                             EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C
Model
year
Pre-1963
1963 through 1967
1968 through 1970
1971
1972
Post- 1972
Hydi ocai bons
g/mi
7 1
3.8
30
05
0.2
0.2
g/km
4.4
2.4
1 9
0.3
0 1
0 1
                      a Reference 7.
                           Table 3.1.2-4.  LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE
                      CRANKCASE AND EVAPORATIVE HYDROCARBON
                            EMISSIONS BY MODEL YEAR FOR
                                    CALIFORNIA3
                             EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C
Model
year
Pre-1961
1961 through 1963
1964 through 1967
1968 through 1969
1970 through 1971
1972
Post- 1972
Hydrocarbons
9/mi
7 1
3.8
3.0
3.0
0.5
02
02
g/km
4.4
2.4
1.9
1 9
03
0.1
0.1
                      a Reference 7.
3.1.2-4
EMISSION FACTORS
9/73

-------
 rates for  1972 and  later vehicles in these tables  are  based  primarily on  the applicable California and Federal
 emission  standards. These  standards  were modified  to  reflect low-mileage emission rates  using  information
 provided  in the references.^ Reference 4 also provided the information necessary to modify  the  1971 and
 earlier test results to low-mileage emission rates. Evaporative and  crankcase hydrocarbon emission values are
 shown in Tables 3.1.2-3 and 3.1.2-4. Test cycle  emission rates are presented  for both low and high altitudes
 (exhaust  emissions) and for  California and  all areas except California (exhaust,  evaporative, and  crankcase
 emissions). High-altitude areas are considered  separately because of  the significant impact altitude has on carbon
 monoxide,  hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxide  exhaust emissions. California is considered separately  because
 emission control standards were implemented there  on a different and somewhat more acceleiated schedule than
 were the Federal emission standards.

 Deterioration factors  (d). Exhaust deterioration factors  for  emission  controlled vehicles by  model year and
 pollutant are presented in Tables  3.1.2-5  and 3.1.2-6.  Deterioration factors  enable  the  modification of low
 mileage emission  rates  to account for the  ageing  or deterioration of exhaust emission  control devices. The
 deterioration rates presented were derived primarily from testing done by the California Air Resources Board.4


 Weighted annual mileage (m).  The determination  of the weighted annual  mileage is best illustrated by the
 example in Table  3.1.2-7. In  this example, the  model year distribution as of July 1  (in this case nationwide) is
 combined  with nationwide annual travel by model year, unless localized annual mileages by model year are
 available.  In the calculation  of  city-specific  emission factors, the model year distribution for the area under
 consideration should be obtained from registration statistics and combined with the  annual mileages as in Table
 3.1.2-7.

 Weighted speed adjustment factor (s).  The weighted speed adjustment factor enables the calculation of a region-
 wide emission factor that takes into account variation in average route speed. This variable is calculated using:

                  n
           Sj =  £   fjVj                                                                             (3)


 where:     Sj =  The weighted speed adjustment factor for the i"1 model year

           f; =  The fraction of total annual vehicle miles traveled at speed (j)

           v: =  The vehicular average speed correction factor for average speed (j)



  The values for the  vehicular  speed adjustment factor (v) are  contained in Figure 3.1.1-1.

3.1.2.3 Paniculate  and  Sulfur Oxide  Emissions —  Light-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles emit relatively small
quantities of participate and  sulfur oxides in comparison with the three pollutants discussed  above. For this
reason,  average rather  than  calculated emission factors should be sufficiently accurate for approximating.
particulate and sulfur  oxide emissions  from light-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles. Average emission factors for
these pollutants are  presented in Table 3.1.2-8. No Federal  standards for these two  pollutants  are presently in
effect, although many areas do have opacity (antismoke) regulations applicable to motor vehicles.
9/73                           Internal Combustion Engine Sources                           3.1.2-5

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9/73
Internal Combustion Engine Sources
3.1.2-7

-------
Table 3.1.2-7. SAMPLE CALCULATION OF WEIGHTED LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE
                             ANNUAL TRAVEL3
Age,
years
Oe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
>13
Fraction of total
vehicles in use
nationwide (a)"
0.000
0.078
0.116
0.110
0.098
0.106
0.106
0.088
0.078
0.063
0.041
0.035
0.021
0.060
Average annual
miles driven (b)c
1 5,900
15,900
15,000
14,000
13,100
1 2,200
11,300
10,300
9,400
8,500
7,600
6,700
6,700
6,700
a x b
0
1,240
1,740
1,540
1,284
1,293
1,198
906
733
536
312
235
141
402
Annual
travel (m)d
0.000
0.107
0.151
0.133
0.111
0.112
0.104
0.078
0.063
0.046
0.027
0.020
0.012
0.036
References 8 and 9.
bThese data are for July  1, 1970, from Reference 8 and represent the US population of light-
 duty vehicles by model year.
GMileage values are the results of at least squares analysis of data in Reference 9.
     Xab
eRefers to "next" year's models introduced in the fall
             Table 3.1.2-8. PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDES
                   EMISSION FACTORS FOR  LIGHT-DUTY,
                       GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES
                       EMISSION FACTOR RATING:  C

Pollutant
Particulate3
Exhaust
Tire wear
Sulfur oxidesb
(SOX as S02)
Emissions
g/mi

0.34
0.20
0.13

g/km

0.21
0.12
0.08

             a R eferences 10, 11, a nd 12.
              Based on an average fuel consumption of 13.6 mi/gal
              (5.8 km/liter) from Reference 8 and on the use of a
              fuel  with a 0.032 percent sulfur content from Refer-
              ences 13 through 15,  and  a density  of 6 1 Ib/gal
              (0.73 kg/liter) from References 1f! i-.J  ' "
                           EMISSION FACTORS
9/73

-------