FEDERAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAMS IN SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE
Prepared by the
Federal Interagency Surface
Transportation Noise Research Panel
February 1978
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Washington, D.C. 20460
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PREFACE
One of the purposes of the Noise Control Act of 1972
was to establish a means for effective coordination of
Federal research, development, and demonstration activities
for noise control. As part of this coordination role, the
Act directs the Administrator of EPA to compile and publish,
from time to time, a report on the status and progress of
Federal research and noise control programs and to assess
the contributions of these programs to the Federal Govern-
ment's overall efforts to control noise.
In partial fulfillment of its responsibility, EPA
established four interagency ad hoc research panels in
early 1974 in the areas of aviation, surface transportation,
machinery and construction, and noise effects. Reports were
issued by the panels in the March-June 1975 time period.
The reports summarized the ongoing or planned noise research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) programs within the
various agencies of the Federal Government through FY 75.
During 1976, the four panels were reestablished for
the purpose of updating and extending the program and fiscal
data base through FY 78. The primary objectives of the panels
were broadened to include assessment of the RD&D programs in
light of each agency's mandates, goals, and objectives as well
as the overall goals of the Federal Government to control noise.
The Surface Transportation Noise Research Panel included
representative^ of the Department of Transportation (DOT); the
Department of Defense (DOD); the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA); the Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards
(DOC/NBS); the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD);
and the Department of Energy (DOE). With the exception of HUD
and DOE, these agencies sponsor and/or conduct the majority of
surface transportation noise research development, and demonstra-
tion activities in the Federal Government. In addition, the
Department of Agriculture,-U. S. Forest Service (USDA/USFS), and
the Department of Justice (DOJ) provided the panel with pertinent
noise research information. Mr. W. Harry Close of DOT, the lead
department within the Federal Government for surface transporta-
tion noise RD&D, was chairman of the panel; EPA served as the
secretariat.
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The information, assessments, and recommendations are
the consensus of the panel members and are not necessarily
the official views of each of the Federal agencies.
PREFACE BIBLIOGRAPHY
These reports are available from the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA. 22151.
First Report on Status and Progress of Noise Research and Control
Programs in the Federal Government, Volumes I and II, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, NTIS No. PB-243447/AS (Vol. 1), PB-243448/AS
(Vol. 2), June 1975
Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development and Demonstration
Programs: FY73-FY75, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS No.
PB-234992/AS, March 1975
Federal Aircraft Noise Research, Development and Demonstration Pro-
grams: FY73-75, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS No.
PB-244904/LK, March 1975
Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development and Demonstration Pro-
grams; FY73-FY75, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS No.
PB-243523/LK, May 1975
Federal Noise Effects Research: FY73-FY75, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, NTIS No. PB-241751/LK, March 1975
An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research, Development and Demon-
stration Activities; FY73-75, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
NTIS No. PB-246894/LK, June 1975
IV
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FEDERAL INTERAGENCY SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERSHIP
Chairman: W. Harry Close
Director, Office of Noise Abatement
Department of Transportation
Timothy M. Barry
George L. Bonvallet
Roger D. Kilmer
William A. Leasure, Jr.
Robert L. Mason
Daniel P. Maxfield
William E. Roper
Paul R. Spencer
George E. Winzer
DOT/FHWA
DOD/USATARADCOM
DOC/NBS
DOT/ONA
DOT/TSC
DOE/TEC
EPA/ONAC
DOT/UMTA
HUD
Secretariat: Harvey J. Nozick EPA/ONAC
Roger W. Heymann
Thomas L. Quindry
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Support was provided by Mr. G. L. McLennan and Ms. A,
L. Keiley of Booz, Allen Applied Research.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
PREFACE iii
PANEL MEMBERSHIP V
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1-1
1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1-2
2.0 SUMMARY 2-1
3.0 ASSESSMENT 3-1
3.1 BASIS FOR ASSESSMENT 3-1
3.2 AGENCY ASSESSMENTS 3-5
3.2.1 Department of Transpor-
tation 3-5
3.2.2 Environmental Protec-
tion Agency 3-10
3.2.3 Department of Defense 3-14
3.2.4 Department of Agriculture 3-16
3.2.5 Department of Justice 3-16
3.2.6 Department of Housing and
Urban Development 3-17
3.2.7 Department of Energy 3-18
3.2.8 Department of Commerce 3-19
3.3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT 3-2]
3.4 ADEQUACY OF FUNDING 3-23
3.5 FUTURE RD&D NEEDS 3-25
3.6 INTERAGENCY COOPERATION 3-27
4.0 AGENCY PROGRAMS 4-1
4.1 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 4-3
4.1.1. Office of the Secretary/
Office of Noise Abatement 4-4
vii
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4.1.2 Office of the Secretary/
Office of Environmental
Affairs
4.1.3 Federal Highway Admin-
istration/Offices of Envi-
ronmental Policy, Research
and Implementation
4.1.4 Federal Railroad Admin-
istration/Office of
Research and Develop-
ment
4.1.5 Urban Mass Transporta-
tion Administration/
Office of Technology
Development and Deploy-
ment
4.1.6 DOT Concluding Statement
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
4.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
4.4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
4.5 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
4.6 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
4.7 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
4.8 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
4.9 AGENCY REFERENCES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
APPENDICES
Page
Number
4-19
4-21
4-34
4-38
4-42
4-45
4-49
4-53
4-55
4-57
4-59
4-61
4-65
A Agency Funding Totals and Index to Projects A-l
B Department of Transportation RD&D Programs B-l
C Environmental Protection Agency RD&D Programs c-1
D Department of Defense RD&D Programs D-l
E Department of Agriculture RD&D Programs E^-l
F Department of'Justice RD&D Programs F*-l
G Department of Housing and Urban Affairs RD&D Programs G-l
H Department of Commerce RD&D Programs H-l
I Surface Transportation Noise Regulatory Programs i-i
viii
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The United States Government is involved in research,
development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities related to
surface transportation noise abatement and control through a
number of. its agencies and departments. These agency pro-
grams have varying goals and objectives according to their
individual agency charters, statutory authorities, and other
priorities.
Section 4 of the Noise Control Act of 1972
"...authorizes and directs that Federal agen-
cies shall, to the fullest extent consistent with
their authority under Federal laws administered
by them, carry out the programs within their
control in such a manner as to further the
policy ... to promote an environment for all
Americans free from noise that jeopardizes
their health or welfare."
The Act further requires the Administrator of EPA to
"...coordinate the programs of all Federal agen-
cies relating to noise research and noise control
and "On the basis of regular consultation with
appropriate Federal agencies .., shall compile and
publish, from time to time, a report on the status
and progress of Federal activities relating to noise
research and noise control. This report shall
describe ... and assess the contributions of those
programs to the Federal Government's overall efforts
to control noise."
1.1 BACKGROUND
In partial fulfillment of its responsibility for coor-
dinating Federal noise research, the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency has reconvened the Interagency Surface
Transportation Noise Research Panel. After its original
establishment in 1974, that panel produced the first report
summarizing ongoing and planned noise research, development,
and demonstration programs within the various agencies and
departments of the Federal Government through FY 75. In
addition to brief descriptions and fiscal data for the
agencies' programs, references of reports and publications
resulting from the Federal RD&D activities were included.
The data through FY 73 were firm. FY 74 resource allocations
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were best estimates in many cases, FY 75 funding resources
were estimates and project descriptions were incomplete.
This report is a continuation of the first report. py 75
programs are reexamined. FY 74 funding is identified for
those projects underway in FY 74 and continuing into the time
frame of this report (FY 75-78).
1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
When the reestablished panel met to charter its course
of action as a consultative body, they significantly
broadened the panel's objectives—in addition to updating
the status and progress of ongoing Federal surface trans-
portation noise research activities—to include (1) iden-
tification of each agency's statutory mandates, goals, and
objectives; (2) assessment of each agency's noise program
in light of these mandates; (3) assessment of the contri-
butions of each agency's noise RD&D program to the Federal
Government's overall effort to control noise; and (4) recom-
mendation of future Federal Government research programs
in the area of surface transportation noise abatement and
control. It is hoped that by involving many Federal agencies
in the preparation of such a report, in addition to ful-
filling the mandate of the Act to provide information to
the public, a vehicle will be provided to inform and increase
the dialogue among Federal agency officials concerning the
relationship of noise research programs. In this regard,
these published reports contribute to the coordination of
Federal research activities.
The research programs undertaken by each agency during
the FY 75-78 period are at the end of this report in appen-
dices B through H. Appendix A contains a summary of the
funds expended by the agencies and an Index of Surface
Transportation Noise Projects. The Index is grouped into
six categories as follows:
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicles
Rail Vehicles
Surface Vehicle Components
Measurement and Enforcement
Acoustic Properties.
This report is directed toward noise research, development
and demonstration programs; however, a significant portion
of the EPA effort is for regulatory noise control programs.
Appendix I provides brief descriptions of EPA regulatory
projects.
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2 . 0 SUMMARY
This report is a compilation of the research, devel-
opment, and demonstration (RD&D) activities of Federal
agencies and departments in the area of surface transpor-
tation noise from FY 75-78. It also contains assessments of
these activities and recommendations for future areas of
work.
Federal agencies and departments with surface trans-
portation noise RD&D programs during this time period are as
follows:
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Justice (DOJ)
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Commerce (DOC).
The various RD&D activities undertaken by these agen-
cies and departments are implemented under their various
mandates as well as in accordance with the intent of the
Congress as expressed in Section 2(b) of the Noise Control
Act of 1972:
". . . it is the policy of the United States
to promote an environment for all Americans
free from noise that jeopardizes their health
or welfare ..."
The extent of the activity on surface transportation
noise RD&D as indicated by the levels of funding is shown in
Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. Figure 2-1 shows the total
combined levels of noise RD&D funding of all Federal agen-
cies and departments from FY 75 through FY 78. Figure 2-2
shows the level of funding for each individual Federal
agency and department during this time period.
The three most active participants in terms of funding
surface transportation noise RD&D are DOT, EPA, and the
Department of the Army. The DOT effort is significantly
larger than that of other Federal agencies and departments.
2-1
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Note - Funding levels are exclusive of
except
2.632*
1978
Funding data are incomplete.
FIGURE 2-1
TOTAL FEDERAL FISCAL YEAR FUNDING
FOR SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE RD&D
2-2
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Within DOT, the Office of the Secretary of Transporta-
tion, the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Rail-
road Administration, and the Urban Mass Transportation
Administration are engaged in surface transportation noise
RD&D. .DOT has undertaken considerable expenditures in the
areas'of highway vehicles, rail, surface vehicle components,
and measurement and enforcement. DOT has, for example,
undertaken major RD&D noise programs on medium and heavy
trucks and related truck components such as mufflers, tires,
and engines; on guided mass transit systems such as urban
rail rapid transit systems; on railroad systems; and on
highway noise prediction, measurement, and mitigation.
EPA's activities are conducted principally to support
the regulatory process, but also to advance the state-of-
the-art of noise control technology, and to demonstrate the
existing state-of-the-art. EPA has, for example, undertaken
technology and measurement methodology studies to support
the regulatory process for medium and heavy trucks and
related truck components, buses, motorcycles, tires, light
vehicles, snowmobiles, motor boats, and guided mass transit.
Research and demonstration have been conducted on such items
as medium and heavy trucks and engines. Demonstration
programs have involved noise mitigation methods for highways
and transit malls.
DOD's surface transportation RD&D noise progreims prin-
cipally support their combat and tactical support and
training mission requirements, but also support their com-
munity, environmental, and occupational protection needs.
The RD&D program efforts are undertaken to increase: sur-
vivability through reduced detection, to protect the hearing
of personnel, to improve speech communication, and to reduce
the environmental impact of their base operations on the
civilian public.
The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) is the organiz5ition
within USDA concerned about the effect of surface vehicle
noise on the environment. The USFS efforts in surface
transportation noise RD&D are small compared to those of
DOT, EPA, DOD, and DOC. These efforts for the most part
contribute to the development of noise measurement meth-
odologies for recreational vehicles and identifying hearing
hazards. Although few funds have been expended on noise
control, the USFS has tried to influence manufacturers to
develop quiet recreational equipment.
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During the period FY 75-77, the DOJ engaged in one sur-
face transportation noise RD&D activity in the area of
warning signals for emergency vehicles.
HDD's efforts relating to surface transportation noise
RD&D are associated with developing policies and techniques
for compatible land use and building construction practices
to attenuate urban noise.
DOE's surface transportation noise program is ancillary
to their primary mission of energy RD&D. Noise efforts are
undertaken when needs are identified in DOE's technology
development programs.
DOC's National Bureau of Standards (NBS) performs RD&D
efforts in surface transportation noise to support the pro-
grams of other Federal agencies and departments. NBS activ-
ities principally involved development of measurement meth-
odologies as well as measuring equipment. NBS has provided
technical assistance to DOT, EPA, and DOJ in the area of
surface transportation noise. NBS has been involved in
studies dealing with medium and heavy trucks, railroads,
tires, and sirens.
Many interagency and interdepartment cooperative
efforts were undertaken during the FY 75-78 time period.
DOT and DOC, for example, provided assistance to EPA during
development of the 1976 medium and heavy-truck regulation.
NBS supported EPA's truck regulation efforts in the area of
noise measurement and methodology. DOJ supported an eval-
uation of emergency vehicle warning sirens carried out by
NBS. Besides collaborating with other Federal activities
for regulatory actions, EPA has been cooperating on demon-
stration programs. These programs are undertaken to en-
courage development and implementation of improved noise
mitigation measures. Cooperating with UMTA, EPA will demon-
strate noise abatement measures on a transit mall in New
York City. In conjunction with FHWA, EPA will demonstrate
noise abatement measures on a New York State highway.
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3.0 ASSESSMENT
3.1 BASIS FOR ASSESSMENT
The majority of Federal agencies currently involved in
research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities
related to surface transportation vehicle noise abatement
and control had active programs directed toward satisfac-
tion of the individual agency's statutory mandates, opera-
tional authorities, goals, and objectives prior to the
passage of the Noise Control Act of 1972. For the most
part, these programs have continued along the same lines
since passage of the Act.
The Congress was cognizant of these responsibilities
and authorities as evidenced by the explicit wording in
various sections of the Act. For example, Sections 4(a)
and 14 of the Act state:
"The Congress authorizes and directs that
Federal agencies shall, to the fullest extent
consistent with their authority under Federal
laws administered by them, carry out the pro-
grams within their control in such a manner as
to further the policy...to promote an environ-
ment for all Americans free from noise that
jeopardizes their health and welfare..."
The Act authorizes the Administrator (of EPA) to conduct
and/or carry out research, technical assistance, and public
information"...to complement, as necessary, the noise-
research programs of other Federal agencies..."
For these reasons, any assessment of Federal programs
must be carried out on two levels, namely:
Assessment of RD&D programs in light of each
agency's mandates, goals, and objectives
Assessment of the contributions of each agency's
noise programs to the Federal Government's over-
all effort to control noise.
In general, the Federal agencies have utilized their RD&D
funds to carry out those programs necessary to meet the
mandates of their individual agencies. The programs in the
past have resulted in significant advances in the develop-
ment and demonstration of noise control technology applicable
3-1
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to surface vehicles. Each agency establishes its priorities
and applies its existing funding and manpower to its most
significant problem areas. The noise from surface trans-
portation vehicles affects operator/passengers of the
vehicle, passengers waiting at pick-up locations (in the
case of buses, transit vehicles, etc.), other pedestrians,
motorists, and persons living or working along the routes
used by such vehicles. These problems exist to some extent
in all areas of concern to this panel whether it be highway
vehicles such as trucks, buses and cars; or off-highway
vehicles such as off-road motorcycles, snowmobiles,, boats,
trains, or mass transit systems.
With regard to environmental, or community noise ex-
posure, EPA estimates close to half the Nation's population,
103 million Americans, experience noise levels that may
interfere periodically with normal activities such as speech
communication, sleep, relaxation, and privacy--'- Of these
estimated 103 million Americans, urba^traffic noise is the
primary noise problem for 97.5 million. EPA estimeites that
13.5 million Americans have noise exposures (Leq(8f^ 75
decibels) that are considered to be hazardous to hearing as
a result of riding in transportation or recreationcil vehicles1
Most people, of course, are exposed to many sources in
addition to surface vehicles, including machinery, construc-
tion equipment, and aviation noise sources, and noises
generated by the multitude of people activities. In general,
the Federal agencies and departments listed in this report
are concerned with both operator/passenger, and environ-
mental noise, but a particular agency may focus most of its
attention on one or the other area. Through proper bud-
geting, planning, and coordination, most needs can be
addressed by joint and/or complementary programs.
The noise RD&D efforts of the Federal Government pro-
vide technological answers, which can and do solve noise
problems. However, there are many cases where research is
not fully implemented. To understand why problems still
exist in spite of technological solutions, it is necessary
to understand the steps in effecting technological change.
The process of technological change is comprised of three
stages:
Lea/ equivalent sound level, is the average A-weighted energy level
of sound over a given period of time. The period of time is shown
in parentheses; in this case, it is 8 hours.
A list of numbered references may be found at the end of this section.
3-2
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RD&D which provides the knowledge basis for tech-
nological change.
Production in which new knowledge and its re-
sources are incorporated in goods, productive
processes, or services; and
Market use, whereby the fruits of production enter
the market place and provide social and economic
benefits.
This report deals only with the first stage, RD&D.
Any break within these three stages stops the process
of technological change. If the technology to solve a noise
problem does not exist, then there is no first stage and no
basis for technological change to take place. However,
having the noise technology available does not, in itself,
ensure technological change. There are many problems which
can arise to forestall efforts to implement known noise
technology. A principal problem is economics. The ratio of
cost versus benefit is a vital trade-off parameter.
The following assessments have been prepared collec-
tively by members of the Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise
RD&D Panel. These assessments are the consensus of the
panel members and are not necessarily the official views of
the Federal agencies.
3-3
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3.2 AGENCY ASSESSMENTS
3.2.1 Department of Transportation
The Department of Transportation plays a variety of
roles in the field of surface transportation noise control.
It is a regulator; it is the administrator of large trust
funds which finance the building of roads and mass transit
systems; it is the developer of new transportation systems;
it is a research organization seeking technology to improve
the effective discharge of its various responsibilities; it
is the enforcement agency for the interstate motor carrier
and railroad noise standards promulgated by EPA; and it is,
by law, a technical consultant to EPA.
Each element of the Department, Office of the Secre-
tary, the Federal Highway Administration, the Urban Mass
Transportation Administration, and the Federal Railroad
Administration, integrates noise control within its policy,
program criteria, and project requirements. The Office of
the Secretary provides technical and policy assistance to
all elements of the department as appropriate; including
the administration of the Transportation Systems Center in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, where much of the Department's
research is performed or managed. This diffusion of re-
sponsibilities throughout the Department places responsi-
bility where new technology is most likely to be implemented
but presents some difficulties to those interested solely in
noise control.
Office of the Secretary
The DOT/Office of the Secretary, Office of Noise Abate-
ment*, provides centralized Department level leadership and
direction in the development of programs for the abatement
of environmental noise caused by transportation systems.
This office also provides policy guidance to, and coordi-
nation among, the operating administrations and their indi-
vidual noise abatement programs to ensure the timely devel-
opment of effective Department policies and programs for the
abatement of noise generated by all modes of transportation.
This office is also responsible for liaison and coordination
between DOT and other Federal agencies in the consideration
of the technical aspects of the environmental impact of
transportation systems and facilities.
* DOT's Office of Noise Abatement was disestablished in December 1977.
3- 5
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Although both staff and funding of the Office of
Noise Abatement have been decreasing in recent years, the
accomplishments of the program remain significant and in-
clude the following:
Demonstrated in actual revenue service practical
design techniques for reducing noise levels of
heavy trucks by as much as 15 decibels* at 50
feet
Demonstrated practical modifications to existing
trucks and buses (retrofit) for reducing noise
levels to comply with Federal interstate motor
carrier noise emission standards
Developed practical procedures for enforcing com-
pliance with Federal interstate motor and rail
carrier noise emission standards
Provided technical and economic assistance in
support of new truck and interstate motor carrier
noise emission standards promulgated by EPA
Provided technical and economic bases for poten-
tial regulatory efforts by California and/or EPA
regarding automobile and truck noise (the domi-
nant high speed highway noise source)
Demonstrated practical noise reduction techniques
for railroad retarder facilities, identified
major locomotive noise sources, and hence, poten-
tial for application-of noise control modifica-
tions for railroad locomotives
Added to the data base of transportation related
noise and continued to upgrade computer predic-
tion methods to provide valid, reliable informa-
tion on which to base transportation noise-related
decisions.
The funding restraints have hindered research efforts
across the board; however, two areas are particularly im-
pacted: development of necessary data to design quieter
tires and definition of the site and environment effects
on sound propagation.
A-weighted levels are used throughout this report unless otherwise
noted.
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Federal Highway Administration
As administrator of the Highway Trust Fund, a major
goal of the Federal Highway Administration is the reduc-
tion of community exposure to traffic noise and vibration.
In direct response to the legislative requirements of the
Federal Aid Highway Acts, FHWA noise research programs are
directed toward the development of highway noise and vibra-
tion impact criteria, prediction methodologies, and abate-
ment measures.
The FHWA noise research program has had a significant
level of activity since 1975. The program is beginning to
have an influence on the highway noise problem as informa-
tion resulting from the research programs is brought to
the field and implemented. Some of the accomplishments and
significant programs to date include:"
Developed a simple non-computer oriented method
for predicting sound levels of freely flowing
traffic as a design tool for the highway engineer
Identified and evaluated the variables associated
with current design and/or construction practice
for wall-type barriers and developed a highway
barrier design manual to disseminate this infor-
mation to the highway designer and state agencies
To complement the highway barrier design manual, a
program is underway within the National Coopera-
tive Highway Research Program(NCHRP) to define the
influence of factors not included in barrier
design methods; e.g., cross-section shape and
surface characteristics. The importance of this
and the barrier design manual is emphasized when
the high costs associated with highway barrier
construction ($100 to $200 per foot) are considered,
FHWA maximizes the results of its research work through
its organizational structure. The Office of Engineering,
utilizing the results of research programs, provides tech-
nical assistance to the state highway administrations in
resolving noise problems. The Demonstration Projects Divi-
sion undertakes programs to demonstrate the availability of
technology. The Implementation Division has the respon-
sibility for disseminating the research results.
3-7
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Many of the highway noise problems that need to be
addressed, e.g., noise propagation in cities, noise in
tunnels, effects of environment and site on sound propaga-
tion, etc., are complex and require sustained efforts and
substantial funding. Ongoing research programs, in general,
can be characterized as being limited in scope and/or
underfunded. Additional funding would allow for more com-
prehensive approaches to the problems and would provide
more immediate solutions. However, major increases in
funding will require attendant increases in manpower. Such
additional in-house capability would allow for more timely
response to technical/policy needs. In general, contracting
out does not provide for timely response to critical issues
of this type.
The current program is gaining momentum, and steps
are being taken to improve long range planning, to improve
the means for anticipating policy needs, and to identify
the research necessary to support such policy.
With the enactment of the Noise Control Act of 1972,
DOT became the agency to assure compliance with the Inter-
state Motor Carrier Noise Standards which were to be estab-
lished by EPA. Even though the number of Bureau of Motor
Carrier Safety (BMCS) enforcement officers is limited,
enforcement experience has shown positive results. Initial
enforcement efforts found 6.7 percent of the vehicles tested
in 1974-75 to be out of compliance, while more recent data
show only 2.8 percent of the 15,000 vehicles tested in
1976 to be out of compliance. These same inspectors also
enforce the BMCS promulgated in-cab noise standards.
Federal Railroad Administration
The Federal Railroad Administration is the enforce-
ment agency for the railroad noise emission standards pro-
mulgated by EPA. The final railroad noise emission com-
pliance regulations were published in the Federal Register
on August 23, 1977. Until the Noise Control Act of 1972,
noise was not a major consideration within FRA programs.
Current and planned programs in the noise area are
directed toward identifying and reducing the noise from
rolling stock, maintenance-of-way equipment, and railroad
yards and toward the development of practical measurement
methodologies for use in enforcing the Federal Interstate
Railroad Noise Emission Standards. Additional programs
deal with workplace noise—either in locomotive cabs and/or
cabooses and layover sleeping quarters.
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Because noise is not a high priority within FRA, fund-
ing and manpower limitations and conflicts in priorities
have forced the time frames of these programs to be exten-
ded. Furthermore, large scale noise abatement demonstra-
tion programs are not envisioned.
Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Noise is just one of a myriad of considerations in
the majority of UMTA's programs. One notable exception
is the Urban Rail Noise Abatement Program. This program
is successful in addressing both current technology and
long-term development of innovative methods for control
of urban rail noise. The major accomplishments of this
program to date include:
Development of a basic understanding of wheel-
rail noise generation, resulting in identifica-
tion of innovative noise control techniques
Determination of current noise levels and estima-
ted costs to achieve reduced levels for each U.S.
urban rail rapid transit system
Performance of in-service evaluative tests of
currently available treatments for reducing
wheel-rail noise at the source
Development of an analytic framework to evaluate
noise reduction options for elevated transit
structures
Dissemination, through reports and workshops, of
information for prediction and control of urban
rail noise
Establishment of uniform noise specifications
for the purchase of new transit buses.
Existing noise control methods are being evaluated
in-service, resulting in the identification of problems as
well as benefits associated with these techniques. The
fundamental research into the cause of wheel-rail noise
has led to the identification of new, potentially effective
methods for the control of the major noise source on urban
rail systems.
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Analytical models have been developed that are capable
of predicting the effects of structural changes and noise
control treatments on the noise radiated from elevated
transit structures. These models together with field data
will now be used to develop noise control recommendations
for elevated structures existing in U.S. transit systems.
Noise assessment of the U.S. transit systems provides
UMTA with a basis for forming long range plans on urban rail
noise reduction as well as for evaluating noise-related
capital grant requests from the transit properties. This
assessment also provides EPA with an important part of the
data necessary for the evaluation of guided mass transit
system noise.
Future emphasis of the program is aimed at (1) evalu-
ating new, potentially more effective methods of noise
control, first on a test track and then on an operating
property and (2) integrating available noise control data
and methods into an easily usable and accessible format.
In the transit bus area, noise considerations need to
be given a higher priority than in the past. Since UMTA
provides capital grants covering approximately 80 percent of
all transit coach purchases (and up to 50 percent of main-
tenance and operating costs) and must approve the proposed
specifications for such coaches; UMTA has established
"83dB(A)"* for Advanced Design Bus purchases (effective now)
and "80dB(A)" for Transbus purchases (effective 1979) under
their capital grant authority. Thus, significant advances
are to be made in the reduction of noise from transit
vehicles as a result of the UMTA program. In general, the
UMTA programs are adequately funded, but are understaffed.
3.2.2 Environmental Protection Agency
The primary noise research and control efforts under-
taken at EPA have been directed for the most part in support
of regulatory actions. EPA's noise RD&D activities are con-
ducted at EPA's Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC)
and are undertaken to complement the noise research programs
of other Federal agencies as well as to support regulatory
activities at EPA/ONAC.
* At 50 feet to the side of the bus center line per SAE J366b proce-
dures.
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Regulatory
Surface transportation vehicles already identified
as major noise sources by EPA as of February 1977, for
which initial technology assessments have been completed,
include medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motorcycles (street,
off-road, and mopeds), and buses. Additional technology
assessment efforts are underway for medium- and heavy-duty
trucks to determine the feasibility of better noise control
for these vehicles in the 1985 time frame. Surface trans-
portation vehicles under investigation to determine if they
represent major noise sources and for which technology
assessments are currently underway include the following:
automobiles, light trucks, tires, guided mass transit,
motorboats, and snowmobiles. Additionally, EPA has assessed
noise control technology applicable to in-use noise reduc-
tion for interstate rail and motor carrier vehicular opera-
tion. Studies are underway at this time in both the rail
and motor carrier area to update and expand the best avail-
able technology application assessments for both of these
in-use vehicle categories. The Agency is also pursuing
various approaches to product noise emission labeling under
Section 8 authority of the Noise Control Act. In the sur-
face transportation area, the product category of exhaust
system/muffler is being studied as a potential candidate
for labeling. The technology related work is concentrated
on development of suitable measurement methodologies for
defining the products' acoustical performance and the
assessment of what constitutes best available technology.
Some of the EPA's principal regulatory accomplishments
to date for transportation vehicles have been through the
establishment of a series of uniform Federal noise control
standards setting specific vehicle operational requirements
and have resulted in surface transportation vehicles of
quieter design. Standards promulgated to date include:
Railroad Noise Emission Standards. EPA promul-
gated on December 31, 1975, regulations setting
specific maximum in-use standards applicable to
locomotives and railcars operated by interstate
rail carriers. The Department of Transportation,
through the FRA, is responsible for the enforce-
ment of this regulation.
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Motor Carrier Noise Emission Standard. On
October 29, 1974, EPA promulgated regulations
setting specific maximum in-use noise standards
applicable to vehicles over 10,000 pounds Gross
Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) operated by inter-
state motor carriers. EPA estimates that this
regulation will lessen the noise impact for
approximately 10 million people. The regulation
also requires vehicle exhaust systems riot to be
defective and bans the use of noisy tires on
vehicles subject to the regulation. The Depart-
ment of Transportation's Bureau of Motor Carrier
Safety (BMCS) is responsible for enforcement of
this regulation.
Medium and Heavy Truck Noise Emission Standards.
On April 13, 1976, the Agency published noise
regulations for medium and heavy trucks. EPA
estimates that these regulations will reduce the
urban traffic noise impact for 97 million people.
Bus Noise Emission Standards. On September 12,
1977, EPA published the proposed standards for
buses establishing noise control levels for the
interior and exterior of newly manufactured buses
over 10,000 pounds GVWR.
Light Vehicle Test Procedure. EPA has developed
a light vehicle urban noise test procedure repre-
sentative of the way light vehicles are operated
in the low speed urban traffic situation. The
procedure provides a more realistic measure of
the light vehicle noise contribution to the envi-
ronment compared with the existing SAE J986 and
ISO 362 test procedures.
Noise RD&D
In the past ONAC has elected not to request research
funds but to depend on existing resources and research
commitments in other agencies. With the de-emphasis that
is taking place in other agencies in noise RD&D, there is
a greater heed for EPA to provide the needed research
support.
In 1976 the initial noise research and demonstration
program related to surface transportation noise was under-
taken. This study involved engine enclosures for noise
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control. Since FY 77 EPA has initiated demonstration pro-
grams for the mitigation of noise in transit malls, on
recreational land, and along highways. EPA has also initi-
ated a Quiet Truck Technology Demonstration Program as an
extension of the earlier DOT program. Research programs
to advance the state-of-the-art in noise control of tires
and internal combustion engines, including demonstrating
the developed noise reduction techniques applicable to these
components, has also been initiated. Since the engine
program will advance the state-of-the-art of noise control
for internal combustion engines common to machinery and
construction equipment as well as surface vehicles, accom-
plishments will result in significant benefits in both of
these areas.
Noise technology RD&D efforts are needed for a wide
range of products in the surface transportation area to
reduce excessive noise levels. Standards are limited by
and based upon available technology. The lack of demon-
strated technology is a constraint in establishing the
necessary national source control standards. There are
several areas where EPA has identified future needs for
technology demonstration which could appropriately be
initiated at this time to provide some assurance that ad-
vance technologies would be available to meet future needs:
Noise control technology demonstration program
for 70 to 72 dB transit buses in order to meet
the future needs of major urban bus transit
authorities.
Initiate new technology demonstration programs
to identify what can be done to reduce noise
from light vehicle configurations and still meet
fuel economy goals. Current projections for the
mid-1980 period are that fuel economy requirements
will cause and increase in the total population
of higher noise diesel and four cylinder gaso-
line powered automobiles.
Provide RD&D support for noise control to ensure
advanced design energy efficient tires continue
to be quiet at the same time that their rolling
resistance is being decreased.
Development of an accurate simulation or para-
metric test procedure for exhaust systems appli-
cable to a bench test would provide a number of
benefits to the muffler manufacturing industry,
marketers, and the public.
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3.2.3 Department of Defense
Only the Department of the Army has identified surface
transportation research programs underway or planned within
DOD. The Army recognizes the importance of noise related
to: detection avoidance in combat; possible risk of hearing
loss of military personnel; speech communication and re-
lated mission requirements; and the impact of peace time
military operations on the surrounding communities. It
must be recognized, however, that combat capability, relia-
bility, and maintainability are the prime requisites for
Army vehicles and that noise control cannot be given an
equal priority in design.
Survivability of man and machine under combat condi-
tions is paramount and dictates certain requirements in
terms of vehicle design, mission performance, and cost
that are quite different from those which respond solely
to the national goals for health and welfare as expressed
by EPA. There are no standards or generalized goals for
noise where survivability is concerned. The Noise Control
Act of 1972 specifically excludes vehicles which are de-
signed for combat use; hence, Federal noise emission stan-
dards do not apply to such vehicles. Beyond survivability,
the Army has documented requirements which are contained in
Military Standard MIL STD 1474A, Noise Limits for Army
Materiel. The coverage, with regard to risk to hearing,
conforms to the Surgeon General's office medical document
TB MED 251, Noise and Conservation of Hearing. The mili-
tary standard also contains suggested limits for vehicle
exterior noise. The military standard is employed for
design and conformance purposes where suitable.
Since 1965, the Army has pursued a program to charac-
terize the noise emission of the existing fleet of mili-
tary vehicles, to investigate noise reduction techniques,
and to develop noise reduction kits suitable for installa-
tion in the field or during production as funding was avail-
able and priorities dictated.
Prior year's efforts on noise reduction in the Army
fleet of vehicles has emphasized survivability of man and
vehicle for optimum mission performance, reduced exposure
to hearing-hazardous noise, and improved environmental
conditions. The work has been performed on both tracked and
wheeled vehicles. Some of the accomplishments and signi-
ficant programs to date include:
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Tracked combat vehicles generate interior and
exterior noise that is higher than that of any
other Army vehicle type. The effort to reduce
tracked vehicle noise has concentrated on the
armored personnel carrier class of vehicles.
Interior and exterior sources of noise have been
identified. A major finding from these efforts is
that noise reduction may be possible. The studies
have shown that softer compliance between idler
wheels and the track, lowering of sprocket wheel
stiffness, and reductions of road wheel noise provid
the potential for noise reductions.
Preliminary results of a study to reduce fueling
hydraulic system noise of the M559 GOER fuel
servicing truck shows that a field modification
can reduce exterior noise emissions by approxi-
mately 6 dB and can reduce operator noise levels
by approximately 20 dB.
A computer program has been developed that pre-
dicts the distances for vehicle inaudibility.
It utilizes variables such as noise levels, hear-
ing threshold, terrain, atmospheric variables,
vegetation effects and barriers.
Noise reduction kits, suitable for field imple-
mentation have been developed for a number of
vehicles: M 35 vehicles series (2% ton class),
520 GOER cargo and fuel servicing trucks, M561/
M792 GAMA Goat (1% ton) cargo/ambulance, and M746/
M747 heavy equipment transporter.
New vehicles that incorporated noise reduction
measures were developed (XM963 and XM939 cargo
trucks).
Because of the military requirements, retrofit of
surface vehicles now in the field for reduced noise is a
difficult and costly process. Concept vehicles, now on the
drawing board, can and will benefit by past and current
noise control research, development, and demonstration.
Continued attention to noise control on a fleet-wide basis,
rather than on an as-required basis—especially in the
design, development, and specification of new vehicles—is
encouraged. Army vehicles purchased commercially, however,
are built to meet current Federal regulations.
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The Army takes advantage of noise control technology
resulting from other Federal Government programs; however,
noise abatement techniques applicable to military vehicles
are, in general, so specialized as to have little carry-
over to non-DOD industry. For similar reasons, there is
little chance for duplication of effort.
3.2.4 Department of Agriculture
The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) has as one of its objec-
tives the protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment of land under its management. Current work in
the surface transportation noise area is focused on off-road
vehicles and their noise impact on the sylvan environment.
The priority given off-road vehicle noise research within
the USFS has been very low, and available funding has been
limited.
Even though funding levels and manpower allocations
have not been very large, through active participation on
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards committees,
USFS personnel have been able to participate actively in
the development of measurement procedures for such vehicles
as motorcycles and snowmobiles which are of direct interest
in forest areas. Emphasis is also being placed on the de-
velopment of prediction models for evaluating the impact
of vehicles and machines utilized within the forest on the
users of outdoor recreation areas. However, current under-
standing of sound propagation through a forest environment
coupled with a lack of acceptability criteria for the sylvan
environment limits the usefulness of such models.
Current regulatory efforts for on-highway vehicles
will not contribute to a reduction of off-road vehicle
noise; therefore, the USFS needs to expand their efforts
to address adequately the problems at hand. As more and
more people utilize our nation's limited forest lands,
sound land management and environmental impact assessment
takes on added significance.
3.2.5 Department of Justice
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
of the Department of Justice (DOJ) is, in general, not
involved in surface transportation noise RD&D. The one
exception is in the area of emergency vehicle warning sig-
nals. This work conducted by NBS under the sponsorship
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of DOJ, in conjunction with'a complementary program spon-
sored by DOT, has provided information on the characteris-
tics and effectiveness of emergency vehicle warning signals
and has pointed out the necessity for training operators of
emergency vehicles not to rely on their sirens totally for
recognition—and, thus, accident avoidance—in emergency
situations. It is not anticipated that DOJ/LEAA would have
any future programs in the surface transportation noise
area.
3.2.6 Department of Housing and Urban Development
The activities of the Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) in environmental research and planning
pertain directly to the overall national goal of "a decent
home and a suitable living environment for every American
family."3 Noise abatement activities focus on achieving
a suitable auditory environment in and around our homes
through land use and construction practices that will
ameliorate noise impact on people. These activities include
the development of policies, criteria, standards and envi-
ronmental assessment guidelines and procedures, and coordi-
nation with the Council of Environmental Quality and other
Federal agencies.
Specific accomplishments include:
Development and promulgation of a noise abatement
and control policy that encourages land use
patterns compatible with uncontrollable noise
sources through withholding HUD support for new
construction on sites having unacceptable noise
exposures
Noise assessment guidelines and a noise measure-
ments system for use by a staff not specifically
trained in acoustics has been developed to assist
in the implementation of departmental policy. The
development of the noise measurement system was
a joint program with NBS.
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HUD'S noise abatement and control policy has been
successful in discouraging new residential development with
Federal assistance in areas with unacceptably high noise
levels. HUP programs, however, involve only a portion of
the national housing market and some new residential con-
struction may still take place in unacceptably noisy loca-
tions. HUD frequently depends upon state and local agencies
for specific acoustic data. Coordination with these agen-
cies must be given a high priority to ensure that specific
community objectives are met.
HUD's efforts in noise abatement and control research
have been severely reduced; yet additional research is
needed in the areas of land use and building construction
practices—areas of concern that are HUD's responsibility.
These are especially important with the increased emphasis
on revitalization and rehabilitation of our cities and the
increased emphasis on the use of mass transit. Construction
and rehabilitation practices that provide noise attenuation
without increasing energy consumption, play an important
role in achieving a suitable auditory environment.
3.2.7 Department of Energy
The primary objective of the Department of Energy (DOE)
is to develop energy-efficient systems. DOE has a mandate
to support environmental and safety research (including
noise research) related to the development of energy tech-
nology; however, since noise reduction is not a primary
responsibility, the priorities assigned to the prime ob-
jectives place a limitation on the noise related effort.
Various Federal agencies have utilized the capabilities
of DOE's Bartlesville Energy Research Center for the conduct
of noise research on engines.
While national concerns for reductions in energy uti-
lization are real, the technology being developed for the
future must consider the noise implications of alternative
energy systems and their applications. Future technology
should result in products that are no noisier and hopefully
quieter than those currently existing.
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3.2.8 Department of Commerce
The National Bureau of Standards does not directly fund
any surface transportation noise research. However, they do
conduct research on surface transportation noise through
agreements with other Federal agencies and non-governmental
organizations. This support role is in keeping with legis-
lation which directs NBS to provide an advisory service to
the Federal government on scientific and technical matters,
and with the Noise Control Act of 1972 which encourages
cooperation between NBS and EPA in the development of im-
proved methods for measuring and monitoring noise. The
limitation criteria in regard to undertaking such support
are that NBS should not compete with the private sector but
should only provide support in those areas where it has
unique expertise and/or responsibility, or in those matters
where an unbiased third party opinion is required.
The technical data resulting from such measurement
programs, especially those dealing with truck and tire
noise, have contributed to the total data bases which were
utilized—in conjunction with other technological, economic,
and political data—to develop the BMCS in-cab truck noise
regulation and the EPA interstate motor carrier noise emis-
sion regulation. Other areas in which NBS has made signi-
ficant contributions are:
Assistance to DOT in the establishment of an
extensive truck tire noise data base
Assistance to EPA in the evaluation and develop-
ment of a measurement methodology for the medium-
and heavy-duty truck regulation
Assistance to DOJ in the design and development
of directional sirens for use on emergency
vehicles.
Measurement accuracy and instrumentation performance
are continuing needs to support noise control research and
regulatory actions. However, the accuracy and precision
required of a given measurement must be tempered by prac-
ticality.
NBS does not have the ultimate responsibility for
improving the noise climate in either the workplace or the
environment. Therefore, they must work closely with those
agencies having the ultimate responsibility to ensure that
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the measurements are accurate and precise for the purpose at
hand. The restraints of field measurements must be con-
sidered, and it must be recognized that people cannot, in
general, discern a 2-dB change in level. Precise measure-
ments are useless unless there is an end environmental/
workplace benefit that is cost effective. At the same time,
it must be recognized that once a regulation is in effect,
failing to meet the regulated level by any amount, due to
inadequate measurement procedures or instrumentation limi-
tations, has serious consequences to the affected industry
and to the public.
There are a number of items which need urgent atten-
tion. These include development of acoustic instrumentation
performance requirements which are not adequately covered by
existing domestic and international standards; quantifica-
tion of the meteorological and site effects on the genera-
tion, radiation, and propagation of sound; and assessment of
the resultant instrumentation and meteorological effects on
the accuracy and precision of surface vehicle noise mea-
surements. NBS, as the nation's measurement laboratory, is
uniquely suited to perform the basic research necessary to
investigate these items. In order to adequately serve the
transportation noise community and the public, NBS should
significantly increase its effort in these areas using in-
house funding.
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3.3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT
Despite the fact that surface transportation repre-
sents one of the most pervasive noise sources throughout
the nation, the Federal noise research effort in this area
continues to be relatively small.
There has been a steady decline in the total level
of Federal surface transportation noise RD&D funding from
FY 74*through FY 77. The estimated FY 78 funding, however,
restores the dollar level to approximately that of FY 74;
but inflation reduces its value. This restoration is only
a result of a significant increase by EPA with an estimated
funding of 1.2 million dollars in FY 78. Most notable is
the continuing decline in the level of surface transporta-
tion noise RD&D funding by DOT, the lead Federal agency
responsible for surface transportation activities.
The noise RD&D efforts of both industry and the Federal
Government can provide technological answers to solve both
present and future problems. However, the demonstration
of this technology may not have evolved to the point where
it has been practically shown to provide the degree of noise
reduction which is necessary. Also, attempts to demonstrate
feasibility may never have been made. There currently
appears to be an insufficient number of noise abatement
technology demonstration programs. Federal efforts to
develop and demonstrate noise control technology for future
noise abatement actions should be increased significantly.
There are many reasons why the Federal Government
should have a greater involvement in noise research and
development. While the major responsibility for developing
the needed technology should rest with industry, invest-
ment by the Federal Government is necessary in some cases
to help bring new technology into the market-place or to
stimulate industry developments. This Federal initiative
is appropriate when:
The market is not responsive to the demands
(needs) of society
A directed effort is needed to meet a national
objective
Development costs exceed the financial capability
of any one manufacturer
See Table A-l in Appendix A.
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Feasible noise-reducing technology exists for
enforcement of regulations.
Two specific benefits of Federal research sponsorship
are:
The results of Federally funded RD&D programs are
equally available to all manufacturers whereas
results of industry RD&D are generally proprietary
and, even if implemented, would not provide a
broad base of application
The potential for technology transfer to other
products.
Without its own research the Federal Government has limited
basis for judgment regarding industrial claims as to the
extent that noise control measures are feasible in a parti-
cular area. Without involvement in noise research and
especially involvement in the development and demonstration
of new noise technology, the Federal Government becomes
particularly vulnerable when promulgation and enforcement of
regulations become an issue. For example, a present Occu-
pational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) ruling
against the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) reversed earlier assertions that OSHA could write
"technology-forcing" regulations; i.e., the Secretary of
Labor could require improvements in existing technologies or
the development of new technology in order to meet OSHA
regulations. The recent ruling substantially nullified
these principals and now requires that, in order for en-
forcement, feasible noise-reducing technology must exist.
Though this ruling was in the area of industrial machinery,
the implications exist that the demonstration of noise
control technology in all areas including surface vehicles
is imperative to reducing noise levels.
Another reason for Federal involvement is that a myriad
of noise sources remains to be addressed. It will be nec-
essary to initiate noise research in new areas in addition
to continuing research in areas where some accomplishments
have already been made; but, in order to reduce noise levels
of surface vehicles to levels that will meet future noise
goals, more research is needed. In fact, all vehicular
traffic noise sources will require further noise reduction
to meet goals for the year 2000. All studies of future
noise impact indicate that just maintaining present noise
levels of surface vehicles would result in increased noise
levels- to the community due to increased traffic flow.
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3.4 ADEQUACY OF FUNDING
In 1974 the requirements of the Noise Control Act of
1972 began to have an impact on the budget cycle of Federal
agencies. The charge to EPA/ONAC by the Act was interpreted
by the other agencies as a lessening of the charges to their
agencies. The end result of this misinterpretation was a
change in priorities among the other Federal agencies in
the area of noise RD&D in the belief that EPA/ONAC could
solve all noise problems. This slackening interest in
noise was coupled with a steady decrease in the available
funds. In addition, other priorities have occurred which
have resulted in changes of emphasis such as:
The National Science Foundation, which was one
of the earliest proponents of noise RD&D has
significantly reduced its emphasis in this area.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development
has significantly reduced its efforts in the area
of noise control research.
The recent reorganization of the Secretary's
Office in the Department of Transportation dis-
established the Office of Noise Abatement which pro-
vided effective centralized coordinating func-
tions for all of the operating administrations
of DOT.
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3.5 FUTURE RD&D NEEDS
Research programs for surface transportation noise RD&D
should be planned and shaped to fill existing voids.
There must be a balance between exploratory research and the
demonstration of noise control technology. In order to
encourage general acceptance of the findings of noise re-
search, it must be demonstrated that the noise control
methodologies are both technologically and economically
feasible. Demonstration programs should go beyond the
laboratory demonstration stage and should prove practicality
under actual use conditions including production type
processes.
In the past, the benefits of demonstrated noise control
have been significant and their value has greatly exceeded
the investment of both funding and manpower. Perhaps one of
the more publicized noise demonstration programs is the
highly successful "Quiet Truck Demonstration Program" of
DOT. Much momentum has been gained by the success of the
program; however, on the basis of existing funding levels,
this momentum cannot be translated into successful demon-
stration programs for other vehicles. Demonstration pro-
grams are much needed for other types of trucks and surface
vehicles such as buses, automobiles, rapid rail, light rail,
and elevated train structures. There is also a need for
demonstration programs in related areas such as highway
noise mitigation procedures, including roadway design,
barriers, land use planning, and highway and building con-
struction practices. The hardware to quiet many surface
vehicles and highways has been developed. Without the
demonstration of this hardware many factors such as cost of
implementation, production penalties, and degree of quieting
available remain unknown.
Another area where there should be more Federal involve-
ment is in the transfer and dissemination of developed noise
RD&D to industry. One effective means of ensuring the
transfer of noise RD&D is through purchase specification.
UMTA, for example, has the capital grant authority to write
purchase specifications for transit vehicles. Using this
authority, UMTA will influence the design and procurement of
virtually all transit vehicles and effect significant ad-
vances in the reduction of noise from these vehicles.
Accomplishments of noise RD&D should also be dissemi-
nated through participation in noise conferences, symposia,
and publication in trade and acoustic journals. Specific
areas of research which are anticipatory of future noise
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problems include the need for quieter buses for compati-
bility with urban noise requirements along major mass tran-
sit routes; quieting of energy efficient vehicles, partic-
ularly automobiles and light trucks powered by four cylin-
der or diesel engines; more insight into tire noise genera-
tion mechanisms by the development and validation of a
tire/road interaction noise model; compatability between
noise and energy considerations such as quieting of tires
which have energy efficient configurations; and measurement
methodologies for bench testing the acoustic performance of
components such as exhaust systems.
To facilitate the measurement of noise emissions,
especially as it relates to roadside noise enforcement for
both highway and rail, significant experimental investiga-
tion is needed on the effects of ground surface (topography)
and meteorological effects on sound propagation.
Noise RD&D efforts of the Federal Government have just
begun to address the many problems which exist. Much re-
search is still needed to achieve lower noise levels of
already quieted vehicles, and to find less expensive, more
practical abatement techniques as well as to address those
vehicles which have not yet been quieted.
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3.6 INTERAGENCY COOPERATION
In order for the Federal agencies involved in surface
transportation noise RD&D to meet effectively national ob-
jectives for noise abatement, continued cooperation is
essential. EPA/ONAC will continue to take a lead role in
coordinating the activities of all Federal agencies for
surface transportation noise RD&D primarily because of its
role in the promulgation of regulations. The technological
accomplishments of the other Federal agencies are most im-
portant in forming the bases for regulatory legislation.
EPA/ONAC must collaborate with all agencies: (1) to gain
knowledge on noise control techniques as well as measure-
ment methodologies and (2) to disseminate information to
other agencies for their use in either setting priorities
for research, setting policy for land use planning, or en-
forcement of regulations. DOC/NBS should play a major role
in determining measurement accuracies of different method-
ologies. As a result of the disestablishment of the Office
of Noise Abatement, DOT has lost its coordinator for noise.
It is hoped that coordination between Federal agencies will
continue despite the loss of the DOT centralized coordinating
element (Office of Noise Abatement). Examples of the type
of interagency cooperation that have occurred with noise
mitigation demonstration projects are: a joint UMTA and EPA
program on a transit mall in New York City, FHWA and EPA
cooperation on a New York State highway; and a cooperative
program by USFS and EPA on recreational land use in public
forests.
3-27
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ASSESSMENT REFERENCES
1. Toward a National Strategy for Noise Control,'GPO No. 1977-720-
117/1999, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 1977
2. Noise in America, Draft Report No. 3318, Bolt, Beranek and Newman,
Inc., June 1976
3. Housing Act of 1949, P.L. 171 St. 413, 42 U.S.C. 1441
3-28
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4.0 AGENCY PROGRAMS
Noise research programs conducted or sponsored by each
Agency, while contributing to the national objectives of
noise reduction in general, are primarily focused on the
specific Agency's needs for complying with its legislative
mandates. The noise RD&D activities are directly related
to their civilian or military constituency needs.
This section of the report discusses the overall noise
program objectives of each Agency with respect to their
noise control mandates.
4-1
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4.1 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
The Department of Transportation plays a variety of
roles in the field of surface transportation noise control.
It is an independent regulator; it is the administrator of
large trust funds which finance road building and urban mass
transit grants; it is the developer of new transportation
systems; it is a research organization seeking technology to
improve the effective discharge of its various responsi-
bilities; it is the enforcement agency for the interstate
motor carrier and railroad noise standards promulgated by
EPA; and, it is by law a technical consultant to EPA. These
various Departmental responsibilities are presently carried
out by the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal
Railroad Administration, the Urban Mass Transportation
Administration, and the Office of the Secretary of Trans-
portation.
The diffusion of responsibilities throughout the
Department presents some difficulties to those interested
solely in noise control; however, one must consider that the
Department of Transportation was created by the Department
of Transportation Act of 1966, Public Law 89-670, October
15, 1966, in the interest of the general welfare, economic
growth, and national stability to develop:
"...national transportation policies and programs
conducive to the provision of fast, safe, efficient,
and convenient transportation at the lowest cost con-
sistent therewith and with other national objectives
(such as noise control) including efficient utiliza-
tion and conservation of the nation's resources..."
To accomplish these basic mission goals and other specific
Congressional mandates, each element of the Department is
expected to integrate noise control within its policy,
program criteria, and project requirements. The Office of
the Secretary provides technical and policy assistance, as
appropriate to the administrations within DOT, including
the administration of the Transportation Systems Center in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, where much of the Department's
research is performed or managed.
4- 3
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4.1.1 Office of the Secretary/Office of Noise Abatement
The Office of Noise Abatement (ONA) was established in
response to .the Department of Transportation Act of 1966
(P.L. 89-670, October 15, 1966), Section 4(a) which autho-
rized and directed the Secretary to "...undertake research
and development relating to transportation, including noise
abatement...". The mission of this Office is to provide
Department level leadership and direction in the development
of programs for the abatement of environmental noise caused
by transportation systems and to provide policy guidance to,
and coordination among, the operating administrations and
their individual noise abatement programs to ensure the
timely development of effective Department policies and
programs for the abatement of noise generated by all modes
of transportation. This office is also responsible for
liaison and coordination between DOT and other Federal
agencies in the consideration of the technical aspects of
the environmental impact of transportation systems and
facilities.
Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Noise
Although the research activities of the Office of Noise
Abatement cover the broad spectrum of surface transportation
noise, major emphasis had been on the control of highway
noise, especially the control of heavy-duty truck and bus
noises, which have been identified as the major highway
noise sources. In February 1972, the DOT issued a request
for a proposal to industry to undertake a program to demon-
strate the lowest practical noise levels that could be
engineered into heavy-duty trucks.
As part of the Quiet Truck RD&D Program, Freightliner
Corporation, International Harvester Company and White Motor
Company were awarded contracts to identify individual noise
sources (exclusive of tire noise), to develop efficient
means for reducing these noises to the lowest level con-
sistent with reasonable operational constraints, and to
demonstrate and evaluate in line-haul service for a 1-year
period. The findings were thoroughly documented in the open
literature.l~16t Table 4-1 illustrates the initial, inter-
mediate (or unenclosed engine) configuration and final
DOT's Office of Noise Abatement was disestablished in December,
1977.
All references appear at the end of the section.
4-4
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TABLE 4-1. INITIAL, UNENCLOSED, AND ENCLOSED ENGINE
CONFIGURATION (A-Weighted Sound Levels-dB)*
BASELINE
Initial, Total
Vehicle Noise
Level
Unmuffled Exhaust
Noise Level
Installed Exhaust
Noise Level
Installed Engine
Noise Level
Installed Cooling
System Noise
Level
FREIGHTLINER
CUMMINS NTC
350
88
93
82
84
83
INTERNATIONAL
DDA 8V-7IN 65
88
104
83
78
86
WHITE MOTORStt
CUMMINS NTC
270CT
86
92
76
77
83
PROTOTYPE
Unenclosed Engine
Total Vehicle Noise not
Level available
Exhaust Noise not
Level available
Engine Noise not
Level available
Cooling System not
Noise Level available
Enclosed Engine
Total Vehicle Noise
Level 72t
Exhaust Noise
Level 71
Engine Noise
Level 69
Cooling System Noise
Level 68
79
73
75
70
77
73
73
68
79
68
75
76
76
68
74.5
*
t
tt
Measured 50 feet to side per SAE J366b test procedures.
Final configuration not subjected to noise source diagnostic
tests—subsources listed related to 75dB configuration.
Due to site differences 2dB should be added to these results
for comparability with other data.
4-5
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enclosed engine configuration noise levels for the total
vehicle and the major noise sources of each of the three
truck types.
The fleet evaluation program showed that the noise
abatement components generally performed well and service-
ability was good. No unusual maintenance problems or com-
plaints were observed in the program. Driver reaction was
favorable.
Based on the initial results of the Quiet Truck program
and previous evaluation of a wide range of commercially
available exhaust mufflers and intake silencers, DOT/ONA
sponsored (Cambridge Collaborative) the development of a
noise control handbook (DOT-TSC-74-5) for diesel powered
vehicles. The purpose of the handbook was to assist the
truck fleet operator and the independent truck owner/operator
in understanding and diagnosing noise problems and in selecting
retrofitable components to lower truck exterior and interior
noise levels. The handbook includes procedures for identifying
and evaluating major truck noise sources, considerations for
selection of acoustic materials, procedures for minimizing
exhaust, intake, and cooling fan noise, and methods for the
minimization of in-cab noise levels. The handbook's appendices
give standard noise measurement procedures, muffler and
intake filter selection data, cooling system design con-
siderations, and a list of known manufacturers of acoustic
materials.
In addition to the development of noise abatement
technology for future vehicles, retrofit packages have been
demonstrated for some twenty trucks and buses which could be
used today to lower the noise of existing vehicles. In FY
74, cost sharing contracts were obtained with five heavy-
duty truck and bus manufacturers. The intent of these
contracts was to determine optimum intake, exhaust, and fan
designs applicable to existing and present production ve-
hicles and to inform vehicle owners, through services bulletins,
of the expected noise reduction and vehicle operational
effects of those recommended components. The contractors
completed this work during FY 75 and submitted final reports
on their programs. A symposium on this program, together
with the FY 74 work performed by the Stemco Manufacturing
Company and Donaldson Company on truck intake and exhaust
noise reduction was held at the DOT Transportation Systems
Center (TSC) on June 26, 1975. The results are shown in
Table 4-2.
4-6
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TABLE 4-2. RESULTS OF TRUCK/BUS RETROFIT PROGRAM
(a) General Motors, Truck and Coach Division, Report
No. DOT-TSC-OST-75-51.
A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVEL
INITIAL/FINAL
VEHICLE ENGINE PER SAE J366b, dB
DH 9502 (Cab Over) Detroit Diesel 94/87
8V-71
JN 9500 Cummins 87/83
(Conventional) NAC-250
JI 9500 Detroit Diesel 84/82
(Conventional) 6-71
T8H5305 Detroit Diesel 86/82
(Transit Bus) 8V-71
(b) PACCAR, Inc., Report No. DOT-TSC-OST-76-21
Peterbilt Detroit Diesel 89/85
352A86 8V-71T
Kenworth Cummins 91/87
K-123 NTC-350
(c) Rohr Industries, Report No. DOT-TSC-OST-76-5
Flexible Detroit Diesel 83/77
(Transit Coach) 6V-71
(d) International Harvester Co., Report No. DOT-TSC-OST-76-14,
I-I I
COF 4070A Cummins 87/83
(Cab Over) NHC-250
2000D Detroit Diesel 87/83
(Conventional) 6-71N65
(e) McDonnell-Douglas, Report No. DOT-TSC-OST-76-3, I-II
White Motor Corp. Cummins 90/86
9564TDV V-903
4-7
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Neither tire noise nor inherent engine noise were
addressed in the Quiet Truck Demonstration Program. En-
gine noise was reduced on the quiet trucks through the use
of enclosures which added unwanted extra weight to the
vehicles.
Tire Noise
The importance of tire noise as a contributor to total
vehicle noise was appreciated by DOT/ONA, as evidenced by
the initiation of tire noise research efforts in 1969
through an interagency agreement with NBS.
The initial catalog of maximum A-weighted sound levels
for typical bias-ply rib and cross-bar truck tires was
expanded to include one-third octave and narrow band spec-
tral data and directionality data in the form of octave
band and equal A-weighted sound level contours. These data
provide additional information for understanding tire noise
generation mechanisms and serve as input data for the pre-
diction of noise levels in communities near present and
proposed highways.17
Pavement surface was identified as a major factor which
influences tire-road interaction noise. Although this
dependence has been noted, the lack of an appropriate method
for characterizing the pavement texture in a quantitative
manner had hindered the understanding of the effect of
surface texture on the generation of tire noise.
In cooperation with the Society of Automotive En-
gineers (SAE) Truck Noise Subcommittee, DOT/NBS parti-
cipated in a series of truck tire noise tests on various
surfaces at the Automative Proving Grounds, Inc., Pecos,
Texas1** and DOT-NBS conducted an extensive tire noise
versus surface texture study on the special skid surfaces
at the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), Bryan, Texas19
in order to place bounds on the extent of the pavement sur-
face effect. In addition to noise measurements, surface
profile measurements^ were also made (for the TTI surfaces)
and an attempt--only partially successful--was made to
correlate pavement surface texture with tire noise. Up to
a certain macrotexture scale the generated noise appears to
be tire dependent, while above this value the pavement
macrotexture appears to be the controlling factor.
Utilizing the extensive Wallops Island truck tire
noise data base, DOT/NBS developed an empirical model to
allow the prediction of in-service noise levels on the
4-8
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21-22
basis of SAE J57 type tests. This full scale model
validation program was conducted at the U.S. Army Proving
Ground, Yuma, Arizona. The usefulness and expected accuracy
of the predictive model are shown through a comparison of
the predicted and measured maximum A-weighted sound levels
for a variety of truck/tire combinations.
In order to be able to compare the parametric trends
between truck tires (for which extensive data exist) and
automobile tires (for which limited data exist), a pilot
measurement program was conducted in conjunction with a
review of the open literature.23 Load and wear effects
were found to be less important for automobile tire noise,
while pavement surface was found to be more important. All
automobile tires generate approximately the same noise
level regardless of carcass type/tread design which was
not the case for truck tires.
The truck tire noise data base was further expanded
to provide data on the noise levels of radial tires and
the effect of load and/or inflation pressure and tire
size on tire noise levels.
NBS conducted noise measurements on the radial tires
utilized by the Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI)
of the University of Michigan in the tire traction study.
Measurements were made at the Dana Test Track, Ottawa Lake,
Michigan. Radial rib tires were found to be slightly
quieter than comparable bias-ply rib tires.
The available data on the effects of tire size and
load and/or inflation pressure on tire noise levels were
not sufficient to determine how they should be addressed
in any measurement procedure. Utilizing tires loaned by
manufacturers and American Trucking Associations (ATA)
member fleets, measurements were made by NBS at Yuma. The
variation in sound level with tire size (for both automobile
and truck tires) was approximately IdB. Thus, it appears
that compliance testing utilizing a single tire size should
be feasible. For tire loads greater than 70-75 percent of
the maximum rated loads, smaller variations of the measured
sound levels xvere observed when constant inflation pressure
was maintained than when the inflation pressure was adjusted
to either Tire and Rim Association (T&RA) recommendations
or to maintain constant tire deflections. Reports on these
two studies are in preparation; however, the results have
been summarized.24
4-9
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DOT has just completed a two-year cooperative study
with ATA, Consolidated Freightways, Firestone, Goodyear,
Michelin, and NBS to generate data from fleet service which
can be used .to compare both the wear rates and noise
levels of bias-ply rib, bias-ply cross-bar, and radial rib
tires. Work on the final report was initiated during the
first quarter of FY 78.
These tire noise efforts have quantified the important
physical parameters which affect the noise generation
characteristics of tires, have developed an extensive data
base which led to standardized tire noise testing proce-
dures, and have investigated the regulatory impliccitions.
However, the matter of specific tire noise generation
mechanisms would remain unanswered unless more specific
research was successfully conducted. Accordingly, in
1972 DOT awarded a grant to North Carolina State Univer-
sity to undertake an experimental and theoretical study
of tire noise generation mechanisms.
The emphasis of the program has been on tire vibra-
tion as opposed to air pumping or other turbulent aero-
dynamic phenomena. The investigation has pointed out the
difficulties associated with an experimental program to
measure tire vibration/noise and has led to some rather
sophisticated data collection and analysis schemes.
The results of the program to date have been docu-
mented in a series of technical reports/papers.25-31 Con-
tinued experimental evaluation of energy propagation mech-
anisms in the time structure is planned. Specific goals
include (1) assessment of the importance of the sidewall
and tread regions of the tire through evaluation of tread-
sidewall transfer functions, (2) definition of vibration
noise source size through coherence analyses, (3) investi-
gation of tire wave motion, and (4) prediction of the base
line sound produced by the tire tread and sidewall based
on experimental and theoretical considerations.
In order to fully evaluate the technical and economic
implications of tire noise regulations, non-noise items
such as tire traction, power consumption, and life cycle
costs need to be assessed.
The body of data currently available concerning truck
tire traction is limited; however, since tradeoffs between
vehicle safety and tire noise reduction are difficult if
not impossible to justify, there exists a need to critically
evaluate the statement that "tires with good traction make
more noise."
4-10
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To satisfy this need, a tire traction test program
was initiated by DOT in FY 76. A contract was written
with HSRI for the conduct of a comprehensive set of longi-
tudinal and lateral force measurements on both dry and wet
pavement for a sample of six popular truck tires of radial
construction. The specialized HSRI laboratory and mobile
dynamometers represent the only such hardware that can be
utilized to develop traction data of high statistical
quality.
The data obtained in this study directly complement
a similar set of measurements on a sample of bias-ply
truck tires conducted by HSRI under sponsorship of the
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA).
Data analysis shows that for both wet and dry condi-
tions, tires exhibiting improved traction performance are
generally those whose tread patterns yield lower noise
output. Regarding both lateral and longitudinal traction
properties, the common usage of cross-bar tires on rear
driving axles (with rib tires on the steering axle) results
in a typically disadvantageous arrangement from an on-highway
vehicle control point of view, i.e., braking and cornering
maneuvers.32-33
It is well documented that radial rib tires are appreci-
ably quieter than bias-ply cross-bar tires and slightly
quieter than bias-ply rib tires. In addition, radial tires
provide a high potential for lower tire power consumption
which has important implications on fuel economy.
To date, only limited data have been generated and
published in the open literature which evaluate the true
potential of radial tires applied to trucks and buses
specifically to achieve improved fuel economy.
To overcome problems associated with measuring roll-
ing resistance during road tests with actual trucks (i.e.,
it is difficult to separate the tire losses from the aero-
dynamic and drive-line losses), DOT contracted with Calspan
to utilize their Tire Research Facility (TIRF) which is a
laboratory flat road test machine which completely defines
and measures the forces and moments transmitted between
the roadway and the tire over a wide range of operating
conditions.
The objective of the program is the provision of
power loss data of truck tires as a function of tire design
(bias-ply, radial), tread design (rib, cross-bar), state
4-11
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of tread wear and tire operational parameters (load, in-
flation pressure), speed, road surface (flat belt versus
drum), tire temperature, slip angle, torque and trip
length.
The data-^4-35 indicate approximately 50 percent lower
rolling resistance for radial tires. For actual in-service
operations, the power loss would be approximately 25 per-
cent less for radial tires than for bias-ply tires.
Since any noise regulation for pneumatic tires would
have to be technologically and economically feasible, the
life cycle costs associated with tires of various carcass
construction/tread design need to be documented. Few cost
data are presently available to serve as a base against
which tire noise reduction benefits can be judged; there-
fore, DOT has contracted with Wyle Laboratories to quanti-
fy the costs associated both with current tire use practices
and with revisions to these use practices which may be
necessary to comply with future noise regulations.
Typical tire use practice for both local and long haul
service will be depicted, including tire and wheel purchas-
ing, maintenance, and inventory; vehicle running gear main-
tenance, vehicle mileage, fuel usage, etc. Significant
variables in tire economics such as vehicle configuration
and power, regional roadway and/or terrain, maintenance
practices, recapping practices, etc., will be determined.
Cross-bar replacement strategies will be postulated and the
tire use and variable factor scenarios will be extrapolated
to California and the nation to obtain an aggregate cost
picture of the present and regulated future. The contract
was awarded in the first quarter of FY 77 with completion
scheduled for the second quarter of FY 78.
The findings of the DOT tire noise research programs
will serve as the basis for a report on tire noise regula-
tory implications which will provide supporting information
for California tire noise regulations. Such regulations
will be written by the California Highway Patrol in accord-
ance with Sections 27502 and 27503 of the California Motor
Vehicle Code which specifically call for the regulations to
be based upon DOT research results and recommendations.
To complement and supplement the DOT report to the
State of California, a contract was written with the
Society of Automotive Engineers to organize and conduct an
open forum symposium to address current and pertinent in-
formation regarding technical, economic, regulatory, and
4-12
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social aspects of motor vehicle tire noise. The proceed-
ings of such a meeting would serve as a vehicle for further
dissemination of the information brought forward.
The technical program of this symposium was organized
by an ad-hoc panel whose members represented tire and
vehicle manufacturers, truck fleet operators and govern-
ment. This symposium—SAE Highway Tire Noise Symposium—
was held November 10-12, 1976, in San Francisco, California.
The proceedings were published in May 1977. The symposium
served as a unique opportunity for all parties to pool
their professional thoughts, data and engineering recommenda-
tions to ensure that the best information is available to
the public servants charged with the responsibility to
develop economically and technically reasonable tire noise
regulations.
On the basis of work under this program as well as
related programs in the traction, rolling resistance, and
economics areas, additional papers have been generated
which discuss the technical and economic considerations
and their implications on possible future tire noise regu-
latory developments.36-38
Diesel Engine Noise
Initial diesel engine noise abatement work carried
out as part of an interagency agreement with the Bartles-
ville Energy Research Center has produced a variety of
information on the performance and air emissions of similar
diesel engines with specific attention paid to effects of
noise reduction components. Bartlesville personnel also
participated in program planning for future diesel engine
noise research.
The next major thrust in this area was initiated when
the Calspan Corporation was awarded a three year contract
dealing with the abatement of truck diesel engine noise.
Abatement work is being performed on four popular in-service
heavy-duty truck engines (GM, Cummins, Mack, Caterpillar).
The work is structured in two phases. The first phase con-
centrates on noise reduction that can be achieved by surface
modification and replacement or relocation of attachments
connected externally to three of the engines. The second
phase will continue with Phase I type of work on a Cater-
pillar engine and will concentrate on the reduction of
noise and vibration by modification to head and functioning
mechanisms and components internal to the engine and attached
engine operating components.
4- 13
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To date, Calspan efforts have accomplished the follow-
ing: (1) procurement of engines and a truck, (2) design,
construction, and qualification of a unique engine noise
evaluation facility, (3) development and implementation
of test procedure instrumentation for engine noise, vibra-
tion, and performance measurements, (4) development of data
reduction and analysis software for measurement interpre-
tation, (5) comparison of various noise source ranking
techniques, (6) measurement of engine damping characteris-
tics as a design aid for noise abatement treatments, and
(7) performance and acoustic testing on a Detroit Diesel
(8V71TT) engine, a Cummins (Formula 290) engine, and a
Mack (676) engine.
TSC has contracted with the Automotive Engineering
Advisory Group of the Institute of Sound and Vibration
(ISVR) to provide engineering and design data to assist
TSC in guiding and evaluating the engine noise reduction
programs. In addition, engineering data will be provided
to assist TSC in solving related technical problems involv-
ing engine design improvements. Data will be provided on
a task item basis as required. As examples: ISVR has
produced two reports on automobile and truck diesel en-
gines. One report, A Comprehensive Review of Diesel
Combustion Models for NOX and Smoke Emissions, presents
a state-of-the-art review on modeling of combustion for
emissions and smoke which includes recommendations for
test programs on selected engines leading to a practical
usable model for the prediction of emissions, smoke, and
noise related to particular combustion systems. Another
report, Rate of Heat Release in Diesel Engines,-39 presents
a review of heat release modeling which includes a descrip-
tion of the combustion model developed at ISVR specifically
for noise control purposes. These two reports will be pub-
lished during the first quarter of FY 78.
The results of these truck noise reduction programs
provided technical and economic assistance in support of
new truck and interstate motor carrier noise emission
standards promulgated by EPA. The regulations are based
upon known means of design and maintenance which represent
best current practice and consider cost of compliance;
however, even if all trucks were in compliance with these
regulations, thousands of Americans would still be exposed
to levels of truck-generated noise in excess of the criteria
for acceptable community noise.
4-14
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Future Truck Noise Research
The DOT is exploring more effective and less costly
means to reduce truck noise. To develop the needed addi-
tional information which will make possible informed deci-
sions regarding the levels and timing of future truck
noise regulations and aid motor carrier and manufacturer
design choices which will minimize the cost of compliance
with present and/or future truck noise regulations, DOT
is cooperating with the United Parcel Service (UPS)—at no
cost to the government—in demonstrating the feasibility
of integrating low noise requirements into the purchase
specifications for new trucks.
Measurement and Enforcement Programs
Sections 17 and 18 of the Noise Control Act of 1972
charge the Secretary of Transportation to promulgate and
enforce regulations to ensure compliance with noise stan-
dards promulgated by EPA for interstate railroads and
motor carriers, respectively.
To support DOT in their responsibilities for highway
noise reduction enforcement, TSC performed field noise
measurements to define the requirements for acceptable
interstate motor carrier noise enforcement sites along
highways. The measurement program to categorize the high-
way sites was conducted by TSC at Fort Wayne, Indiana,
during the period July 8-20, 1974. Data recorded at eight
microphone locations at each of ten different measurement
sites were reduced, tabulated, and analyzed. A civil
engineering firm was obtained to conduct a detailed topo-
graphical survey of each of the measured sites. A techni-
cal report entitled An Investigation of Site Effects on
Roadside Measurement of Truck Noise (DOT-TSC-OST-76-6)
was published in January 1977.
As a complementary approach to this problem a contract
was awarded to Cambridge Collaborative, Inc. in April 1975
for the construction of detailed acoustic models of two
designated highway sites, the conduct of acoustic measure-
ments utilizing these scale models, and the comparison of
scale model noise propogation with field measurement data
previously obtained by TSC at sites in the Fort Wayne,
Indiana, area.
The objective of this study was to investigate the
possibility of using scale models to determine the effects
of site topography near roadways on the propagation of
4-15
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noise from trucks. A final report will be published during
the second quarter of FY 78. A general finding was that
representation of a vehicle as a point source, because of
strong interference patterns, is not workable in modeling
but that a distributed source (several point sources)
correlates reasonably well with field measurement data.
An additional contract with the Calspan Corporation
involves tests and evaluation of vehicle and engine noise
levels against operating performance of typical high speed
automobile engines. The Ricardo and Company Engineers
Ltd. is a major subcontractor for this work.
The Ricardo Company will test a Saab 99E with a fuel
injected engine of 2.0 liters displacement and a design
rating of 110 hp at 5500 RPM and a Peugeot 504D with a
prechamber type diesel engine of 2.1 liters displacement
and a design rating of 65 hp at 4500 RPM.
Following the testing of these two vehicles a series
of vehicles with a variety of power-to-weight ratios will
be evaluated to define the span of noise produced by
accelerating vehicles.
The contractor will integrate all engine and vehicle
test results regarding noise, fuel economy, and emissions
and make projections and recommendations for optimized
vehicle/power plant configurations. A final technical re-
port on this program is scheduled for the third quarter of
FY 78.
Roadside Noise Barriers
In addition to vehicle noise abatement and enforcement
activities, the Office of Noise Abatement also has programs
on roadside barrier effectiveness, highway noise prediction,
and optimization of audible warning devices.
To more accurately predict and assess the performance
of barriers as a method of wayside noise reduction, a
series of controlled experiments were conducted under
conditions of heavy (line source) traffic. A temporary
1000 foot plywood barrier was constructed along 1-93 in
Andover, Massachusetts, for testing purposes. The TSC
Noise Measurement and Assessment Laboratory made baseline
noise measurements at the site prior to and following
construction of the barrier. Measurements were made; for
barrier heights of 4, 8, 12, and 16 feet and with the bar-
rier surface in both a reflective (unpainted plywood) and
an absorptive (acoustic fiberglass board) condition.
4-16
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The results show that the insertion loss of the bar-
rier (reduction in noise level at a point alongside the
roadway due to installation of the barrier) cannot be
accurately predicted by use of existing design charts
which do not take into account ground absorption effects.
However, existing design charts can be used with reason-
able accuracy to predict noise levels behind a barrier
as long as the level at a reference point above the barrier
is known or can be predicted accurately. It may be possi-
ble to postulate corrections to take into account the
effect of the ground and revise the current design charts
accordingly. Reports on the findings will be issued in
the second quarter of FY 78.
Highway Noise Prediction
TSC is involved in an extensive field measurement,
reduction, and analysis program to evaluate the three
existing highway noise prediction programs against field
data and, where needed, to develop a revised noise pre-
diction scheme. The TSC work includes making the three
existing programs—TSC model, Michigan 117 model, and
Revised Design Guide model--operational at TSC and
utilizing a computer graphics system to present various
output plots to aid in the analysis of results. Extensive
field measurements were made in North Carolina, Florida,
Minnesota, and Washington by state personnel initially
trained by TSC. Data reduction was accomplished at TSC.
These data were used as the basis for evaluating the
predictive models and for revision (minor) of the TSC
model. This effort was initiated in FY 76 and a final
report is scheduled for publication during the second quarter
of FY 78.
Optimization of Audible Warning Devices
In 1974 a contract was awarded to the SAE to conduct
a test program on the effectiveness of existing audible
warning signals for emergency vehicles and to determine
ways to minimize community annoyance. The SAE panel
monitoring this effort selected Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Inc. (BBN) to conduct the test program.
The experiments involved analyses of real life situ-
ations. The results40 showed that any reliance by emer-
gency vehicle operators on present audible warning devices
is not justified. To be loud enough to warn in all ordinary
circumstances, the sound level of audible warning devices
4- 17
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would have to be increased greatly--producing intolerable
community noise.
Present audible warning devices can, however, be
improved in terms of more uniform horizontal radiation
and higher frequency sounds to increase their detect-
ability. Equally important is emergency vehicle driver
training to inform all drivers about the short detection
distances commonly encountered.
ONA Accomplishments
Although both staff and funding of ONA have been de-
creasing in recent years, the accomplishments of the program
remain significant and include the following:
Demonstrated in actual revenue service the
practical design techniques for reducing noise
levels of heavy trucks by as much as 15 decibels
at 50 feet.
Demonstrated practical modifications to existing
trucks and buses for reducing noise levels to
comply with Federal interstate motor carrier
noise emission standards.
Developed practical procedures for enforcing
compliance with Federal interstate motor and
rail carrier noise emission standards.
Provided technical and economic assistance in
support of new truck standards and interstate
motor carrier noise emission standards promulgated
by EPA.
Provided technical and economic bases for poten-
tial regulatory efforts by California and/or
EPA regarding automobile and truck tire noise
(the dominant high speed highway noise source).
Demonstrated practical noise reduction techniques
for railroad hump yard facilities, identified
major locomotive noise sources, and hence poten-
tial for application of noise control modifications,
for railroad locomotives.
Added to the field measurements of transportation
related noise and continued to upgrade computer
4- 18
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prediction methods to provide valid, reliable
information on which to base transportation
noise-related decisions.
The funding restraints have hindered research efforts
accross the board; however, two areas are particularly
impacted: development of necessary data to design quieter
tires and definition of the site and environment effects
on sound propagation.
Although much data, insight, and understanding have
been acquired in the tire noise and related areas (traction,
cost, rolling resistance, etc.) the information needed to
design quieter tires is not now available. The development
and validation of a tire/road interaction noise model is
a critical need. Such research must not lose sight of the
fact that the roadway and the tire are both vitally impor-
tant—and at the moment more is known about the tire part
of the equation.
Other areas that warrant significant experimental
investigation are ground surface effects (topography)
and meteorological effects on sound propagation—especially
as they relate to roadside noise enforcement (both highway
and railroad).
4.1.2 Office of the Secretary/Office of Environmental
Affairs
The Office of Environmental Affairs (OEA) is sponsor-
ing the development of a series of notebooks, or guidance
manuals, designed to assist in the conduct of social,
economic, and environmental impact assessments. Two of
these notebook series are applicable to surface transpor-
tation noise sources, namely, highways and urban mass
transit systems.
Federal policies and procedures regarding such impact
assessment have evolved rapidly over the past few years as
a result of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
of 1969 (P.L. 91-190, January 1, 1970), Section 102(2) (C)
which authorizes and directs:
"all agencies of the Federal Government...(to) include
in every recommendation or report on proposals for
legislation and other major Federal actions signifi-
cantly affecting the quality of the human environment,
a detailed statement...on
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(i) The environmental impact of the proposed
action,
(ii) any adverse environmental effects which can-
not be avoided should the proposal be imple-
mented,
(iii) alternatives to the proposed action,
(iv) the relationship between local short-term
use of man's environment and the maintenance
and enhancement of long-term productivity,
and
(v) any irreversible and irretrievable commit-
ments of resources which would be involved
in the proposed action should it be imple-
mented. "
Section 102(2)(A) of the Act further requires:
"...a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which
will insure the integrated use of the natural and
social sciences and the environmental design arts
in planning and in decision-making which may have an
impact on man's environment."
The notebook series provides a ready means of access
to the extensive technical literature, describes tech-
niques for conducting social, economic and environmental
impact analyses, and serves as a means of facilitating and
improving the quality of the environmental assessment pro-
cess and organizing the findings in a readily usable form.
The initial notebook series (prepared by Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill consists of a six-volume technical re-
source manual, primarily for use by State Highway Depart-
ments and Federal Highway Administration field offices who
are responsible for conducting transportation planning and
environmental impact assessment studies.
The notebook series is an attempt to better integrate
the transportation planning process (which involves estab-
lishing the need for proposed highway and other transporta-
tion improvements, and identifying feasible alterations
including modal, locations, and design options) and the
environmental impact assessment process (which involves
the identification, measurement, and evaluation of impacts
associated with various transportation alternatives).
A study for mass transit projects similar to the one
discussed above for highways was awarded in the first
quarter of FY 78, with an estimated 12-month completion
date.
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The information contained in these notebooks will be
of use to other Federal, State, and local agencies and
private individuals who review and evaluate or otherwise
participate in the planning and selection of highway and
urban mass transit projects.
Another study sponsored by OEA, A Comprehensive Policy
to Ameliorate Adverse Effects of Transportation Facilities,4
analyzes ways to reduce adverse effects to persons and
property adjacent to transportation facilities. Urban Sys-
tems Research and Engineering, Inc. addressed potential
policy and legislative initiatives for such adverse impacts
as noise and property value loss that detract from the over-
all positive benefits of airport, highway, and mass trans-
portation facilities.
Initiatives outlined and analyzed in the report include
acquisition of affected land or of development rights in
such land outside transportation rights-of-way; construc-
tion of sound barriers; soundproofing of public and pri-
vate structures; short-term loans to financially affected
municipalities and small businesses; and cash compensation
to homeowners suffering property value loss.
The report also discusses public acquisition of
adjacent land which may increase in value as a result of
the transportation investment so that the public may re-
capture some of the financial benefits of its investment.
This study was jointly funded by the OEA, UMTA, FHWA, and
FAA.
4.1.3 Federal Highway Administration/Offices of
Environmental Policy, Research, and Implementa-
tion
Research programs for identifying highway noise and
vibration criteria, for developing highway noise and vibra-
tion impact prediction methodologies, and for development
of abatement and mitigation measures are currently under-
way within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
It should be noted that FHWA programs fall into either
of two categories: (1) the Federally Coordinated Program
(FCP), or (2) the Highway Planning and Research Program
(HP&R) .
4-21
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The legislative mandates for the FCP program derive
initially from the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1954 (P.L.
83-350, May 6, 1954), Section 10(a) which authorizes and
directs the Secretary:
"...in his discretion to engage in research on all
phases of highway construction, reconstruction,
modernization, development, design, maintenance,
safety..."
Subsequent legislation provided specific mandcites in
the noise area. For example, the Federal-Aid Highway Act
of 1970 (P.L. 91-605, December 31, 1970), Section 136(c)
authorizes and directs the Secretary to:
"...include in the highway research program...studies
to identify and measure, quantitatively and quali-
tatively, those factors which relate to economic,
social, environmental and other impacts of highway
projects."
Section 136(b) of this Act further authorizes and directs
the Secretary to:
"Not later than July 1, 1972...promulgate guidelines
designed to assure that possible adverse economic,
social and environmental effects relating to any
proposed project on any Federal-aid system have been
fully considered in developing such project, and that
the final decisions on the project are made in the
best overall public interest, taking into considera-
tion the need for fast, safe and efficient transpor-
tation... and the costs of eliminating such adverse
effects and the following: ...air, noise and water
pollution... Such guidelines shall apply to all pro-
posed projects...approved by the Secretary after the
issuance of such guidelines."
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-87,
August 13, 1973), Section 114 authorizes and directs the
Secretary to:
"...not approve plans and specifications for any
Federal-aid system for which location approval has
not yet been secured unless he determines that such
plans and specifications include adequate measures
to implement the appropriate noise level standards...
may approve any project on a Federal-aid system to
which noise-level standards are made applicable...
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Such project may include, but is not limited to,
the acquisition of additional rights-of-way, the
construction of physical barriers and landscaping.
Sums apportioned for the Federal-aid system...shall
be available to finance the Federal share of such
project."
In response to these legislative guidelines, FHWA developed
and issued guidelines for the analysis of traffic noise
impacts and abatement measures—Procedures for Abatement
of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise (Federal-
Aid Highway Program Manual FHPM 7-7-3). This latest
issuance represents a consolidation and update of PPM
90-2 and FHPM 7-7-3-1.
The guidelines outline the necessary steps in the
preparation of noise study reports for FHWA concurrence,
namely, (1) identification of existing noise levels and
activities or land uses which may be affected by noise
from the highway, (2) prediction of traffic noise using
an FHWA approved traffic noise prediction method, (3)
comparison of predicted noise levels for each alternative
with the existing and design noise levels, and (4) where
there is an impact identified, calculation of alternative
noise abatement measures for reducing or eliminating the
noise impact; e.g., barriers, insulation of buildings,
acquisition of property, etc.
The following research programs are intended to pro-
vide valid, reliable information on which to base and/or
support policy decisions and to expand the theoretical and
empirical data base for the identification, prediction, and
mitigation of highway traffic noise impacts.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRAFFIC NOISE AND VIBRATION CRITERIA
Determination of Impact From Vibrations Related to High-
way Use
A significant number of complaints and much of the
litigation pertaining to environmental vibrations stem
from highway operations. Such highway-induced vibrations
have been cited as causing both human psychological
discomfort and structural damage. FHWA contracted with
Science Applications, Inc. to define the nature and extent
of the highway vibration problem by improving the existing
understanding of vibration excitation, propagation, and
effects.
4- 23
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Since the human threshold of vibration perception
is very low, considerable human discomfort can occur with-
out actual damage to structures. It is thought that a
significant cause of the anxiety and annoyance associated
with vibration may be due to a fear of structural fatigue
or failure. The final report, which is presently in prep-
aration, will collate and assess the physical as well as
behavioral and legal literature on vibrations from high-
ways, construction, blasting, etc., and develop guidelines
to preclude or control environmental vibrations devoting
special attention to situations resulting in complaints
or litigation.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT PREDIC-
TION METHODOLOGIES
Manual Method for Prediction of Equivalent Sound Levels
for Highway Noise
(In-House)
FHWA is preparing a manual for use by the states for
predicting the equivalent sound levels generated by freely
flowing traffic.
Highway Noise Propagation
In-house FHWA personnel in cooperation with personnel
from the Pennsylvania State University (under contract to
FHWA) are examining the physical phenomenon of propagation
of highway noise over finite impedance ground planes
through the evaluation of mathematical treatments of wave
propagation over absorbing ground planes. The objective
of the study is the development of a propagation model
based on the rigorous mathematical solution of the boundary
value problem.
Improvement of Highway Noise Prediction Procedures
FHWA has written a contract with Science Application,
Inc. to identify and correct sources of prediction error
and/or inefficiencies associated with the TSC predictive
model for highway noise and to develop a user's manual
for the revised procedures.
Application of Acoustical Scale Modeling Techniques to
Traffic Noise Propagation at Urban Freeway Sites
Existing highway noise predictive models are
applicable to freely flowing traffic on roadways in non-
urban areas. It is doubtful that current modeling
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techniques can handle, with an acceptable degree of accuracy,
noise impacted areas adjacent to urban and suburban free-
ways where prominent structures exist between the highway
and the noise sensitive areas. Since it is desirable to
develop a procedure for predicting noise impacts in these
situations, FHWA has contracted with Bolt Beranek and New-
man (BBN) for a 2-year study to develop a noise prediction
procedure for urban and suburban freeway sites using a
combination of the reference site approach and site scale
modeling techniques. As such, the project involves selec-
ting actual highway sites, modeling them in the laboratory,
and comparing the noise measurements at the site to those
obtained under controlled laboratory conditions.
DEVELOPMENT OF ABATEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Highway Barrier Design: Acoustic Attenuation Surfaces and
Materials
In FY 74, a contract was let by FHWA with BBN to ex-
plore the ramifications of using sound absorbing material
on existing highway noise barriers and within tunnels.
The scope of the study was expanded to include barrier
design considerations. The results of the study formed the
basis for a series of handbooks relating to noise barrier
design.43-47
The Noise Barrier Design Handbook, a tool for the
highway designer, provides a means of defining the geo-
metric configuration of a barrier to produce a desired
noise reduction and also provides a design evaluation and
selection procedure in which specific barriers are detailed
and then evaluated in terms of cost and acoustical and
non-acoustical characteristics (i.e., durability, ease
of maintenance, safety, aesthetics, and community accep-
tance) .
The other four reports serve as technical backup for
the Noise Barrier Design Handbook. The Noise Barrier
Catalogue documents the physical parameters, costs, acous-
tical performance, and public reaction for 50 noise bar-
riers built along U.S. highways. The Catalogue of Sound
Absorbing Treatments for Highway Structures documents the
acoustic characteristics of standard sound absorbing mate-
rials, as well as novel materials, suitable for use on
highway walls and within tunnels. Noise Barrier Attenua-
tion: Theory and Field Experience presents a literature
review of the theory of noise attenuation provided by bar-
riers and the various predictive methodologies for highway
4-25
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noise barriers which have been developed from the theory.
A field measurement program compared measured values of
barrier attenuation with analytical predictions. Barrier
types studied include concrete, masonry, and wooden walls,
and berms of various shapes. For both walled highways
and tunnels, the noise impact of multiple reflections can
be significantly reduced by application of sound absorptive
material to the highway walls. In A Study of Multiple
Sound Reflections in Walled Highways and Tunnels, a series
of design charts are presented for use in estimating the
impact of multiple reflections and the benefits attainable
from use of absorptive materials.
Vegetative Noise Barriers
FHWA through the U.S. Forest Service has funded a
study at the Pennsylvania State University to assess the
potential effectiveness of narrow forest barriers in terms
of insertion loss relative to highway noise and to formulate
the research plan for a larger scale study of vegetative
and forest noise barriers.
Insulation of Buildings Against Highway Noise
FHWA contracted with Wyle Laboratories for the prepara-
tion of a manual^ presenting procedures for selecting
effective noise insulation and ventilation modifications
that can be made to residential buildings to minimize
highway noise impacts. The feasibility of applying these
design procedures will be evaluated as part of the Experi-
mental Projects program — Feasibility of Soundproofing
Private Dwellings.
Aesthetics of Noise Barriers
The greatest impetus behind the noise barriers which
have been constructed to date have been complaints and re-
quests from residents, citizen groups, and local govern-
ments. To be acceptable to the communities, the barriers,
in addition to effectively attenuating the highway noise,
should be aesthetically pleasing. To highlight this im-
portant facet of the barrier design process, FHWA contracted
with the Organization for Environmental Growth, Inc. to
develop a manual for use by highway engineers, landscape
architects, and others involved with the design of barriers.
This manual is presently in printing.
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Highway Noise Barrier Selection, Design, and Construction
Experiences
Techniques and practices in highway noise barrier
design and construction are still evolving. Research is
underway to refine highway noise prediction methods on
which barrier design is based and to develop a procedure
to assist in optimizing barrier design and material
selection.
Several states have had considerable experience with
highway noise barrier design and construction and others
have limited experience. In the aggregate, this experience
constitutes a body of knowledge which can provide guidance
for highway engineers in selecting, designing, and con-
structing noise barriers.
Personnel from FHWA Region 10 cataloged the items
to be considered in the process of designing noise barriers.
Implementation Package 76-B, Highway Noise Barrier Selec-
tion, Design and Construction Experiences, documents
actual experience, such as cost, selection process, site,
barrier materials, height, length, etc., where information
is available. Where factual information based on experi-
ence is not available, considerations have been discussed
in general terms.
Feasibility of Soundproofing Private Dwellings
Utilizing highway construction funds, FHWA is planning
to conduct an experimental project at the state level to
demonstrate the feasibility of applying sound proofing to
private dwellings as an abatement measure for highway
traffic noise. Various soundproofing techniques, such as
double-glazed windows, total environmental conditioning
so that windows can be permanently closed, careful atten-
tion to sealing acoustic leaks, etc., will be evaluated
as to their practicality as a retrofit technique, to
their effectiveness in insulating against traffic noise
and to the costs involved. The results will be documented
in a summary report.
Study of Economic Costs of Alternative Measures to Mitigate
Highway Noise Impacts
FHWA contracted with New York, Minnesota, Texas, and
Washington to develop a data base on the costs of alter-
native measures (to noise barriers) to attenuate highway
noise propagation into the community. At four to six sites
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within each state, the costs and benefits of such alterna-
tives as (1) razing the dwellings adjacent to the highway,
(2) buying the houses and reselling the land for other
than residential purposes, (3) soundproofing the houses,
etc., were evaluated. FHWA is presently utilizing this
information as the basis for an assessment of the nation-
wide costs of alternative methods of mitigating highway
traffic noise propagation into the community.
Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Compliance
FHWA, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS), is also
the agency charged with ensuring compliance with the
Federal Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Standards.
To provide necessary guidance and training material, for
use by Federal, State, and local motor carrier noise en-
forcement personnel, a contract was written with Michigan
Acoustical Consultants to develop a guidebook outlining
BMCS guidelines for the measurement of motor carrier noise
emissions. The guidebook^ is nOw available for distri-
bution.
Two additional programs were also aimed at state needs.
During FY 77, FHWA (region 15) initiated a contract, with
Dames and Moore for the development of a manual to present
the state-of-the-art of noise measurements related to high-
ways and their effect on the environment. The goal of the
manual is the promotion of uniformity among highway noise
measurements. Material will include, but not be limited to,
noise emission levels for vehicles, insertion loss/attenuation
of barriers, evaluation procedures for noise prediction
models, etc.
In order to develop information demonstrating the
benefits of future motor vehicle noise emission level re-
ductions to the Federal Highway Program, FHWA wrote a con-
tract with BBN (1) to perform a cost effectiveness analysis
of vehicle source control versus alternative highway noise
mitigation measures, (2) to demonstrate to state and local
governments the advantages of quieting motor vehicles, and
(3) to evaluate the effect, if any, of reduced exhaust
heights (for trucks). A final report entitled Evaluation
of Benefits to the Federal Highway Program Provided by the
Regulation of Vehicle Noise Emissions, BBN Report 3467, was
received in December 1976.
FHWA is currently formulating a long range research
plan. One tool utilized in the development of this plan
was the sponsorship of a workshop. A small group of
L-9J
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knowledgeable individuals were brought together to assess
the state-of-the-art in highway noise and vibration, to
identify and prioritize long term research needs, and to
organize these research needs into manageable research
projects.
The ongoing FHWA research programs are making substan-
tial contributions toward identifying highway noise criteria
and developing prediction methodologies and abatement and
mitigation strategies in support of the primary goal of
FHWA in the noise area—the reduction of community noise
impact from traffic noise.
However, many of the problem areas are quite complex—
problems which demand substantial funding and long time
frames for solution. In general, ongoing research programs
aimed at solving these problems can be characterized as
either underfunded and/or limited in scope. Additional
funding and manpower would allow for such problems to be
addressed in a more comprehensive manner.
Additional in-house capability in noise would allow
for more timely response to technical/policy needs. In
general, contracting out does not provide for timely re-
sponse. A more innovative approach to procurement/
contractural matters would also help.
Present programs are, in general, supportive of exist-
ing policy. Steps taken to improve long range planning,
e.g., highway noise research strategies workshop, should
provide an improved means for anticipating policy needs
and identifying the research necessary to support such
policy.
Specially designated funding supports a number of over-
all management and coordination activities that encompass
the entire Federally Coordinated Program. One such activity
is continued support to the National Academy of Sciences'
Transportation Research Board (TRB) for its role in advising
and counseling FHWA through expert advisory committees,
research correlation service, definition of research areas,
and information dissemination through the Highway Research
Information Service.
NCHRP PROJECTS IN THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE AREA
The National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) results from a tripartite contract between the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
4-29
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Officials (AASHTO), the FHWA, and TRB. Research activities
are selected by a special committee of AASHTO and adminis-
tered by the TRB in conjunction with and having approval
of the State highway officials.
Under this program, ^h percent of Federal-aid high-
way planning and research (HP&R) funds are pooled by the
States on a voluntary basis to fund research activity
structured to respond quickly to the needs of State high-
way departments. Because the FHWA is technically responsible
for Federal-aid funds used in NCHRP programs, it reviews
contractor selection and program content. However, program
selection and composition remain the prerogative of AASHTO
and the participating State highway agencies.
NCHRP - Highway Noise Model Project
Bolt Beranek and Newman, under contract to the Trans-
portation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, developed a design guide which provides
the highway engineer or designer with the tools necessary
to predict, evaluate and minimize traffic generated noise
in the surrounding community. The developed procedures are
based on the theoretical, experimental, and practical re-
sults developed under NCHRP Project 3-7 as well as on other
highway noise studies undertaken in the past 10 years,
especially the NCHRP 117 model (computerization performed
by the Michigan State Highway Department) and the DOT-
Transportation System Center model. The design guide and
its supporting technical backup have been published as
NCHRP Report 173, Highway Noise - Generation and Control
and NCHRP Report 174, Highway Noise - A Design Guide for
Prediction and Control.bU-bl
NCHRP - Investigation of Selected Noise Barrier Acoustical
Parameters
The use of noise barriers is becoming an increasingly
important abatement measure along new and existing highways
where noise has become a matter of greater public concern.
Procedures currently used to analyze such barriers cind to
predict their effectiveness have some limitations. The
basic objectives of this project are to complete an analysis
of certain highway noise barrier parameters in addition to
those examined in recent studies. The additional factors
include:
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Barrier cross-sectional shape (mounds, wedges,
multiple-edge barriers, etc.)
Barrier surface characteristics (surface impedance
of covering, etc.)
Barrier influence on ground cover effect (the
influence of a noise barrier on the net ground
effect on noise propagation).
The study includes the analysis of the significance
of the above parameters to the overall performance of noise
barriers in terms of the sensitivity of barrier effective-
ness to each of the study parameters.
Since current procedures for calculating barrier effec-
tiveness are based on the thin-wall barrier assumption, the
effects of the factors defined above will be related to the
thin-wall barrier case for convenience in the application of
the research project results. The project is scheduled for
completion during the second quarter of FY 78.
The theoretical, experimental, and practical results
developed under NCHRP Project 3-7, as well as other high-
way noise studies undertaken over the past 10 years, form
the basis for the tools (predictive models) presently
utilized by highway engineers and/or designers to predict,
evaluate and minimize traffic generated noise levels in the
surrounding community.
It is anticipated that data resulting from the noise
barrier study will serve as the basis for refining the
procedures for predicting barrier effectiveness, thus,
improving the cost/effectiveness of barrier designs.
HP&R PROGRAM
In addition to projects funded under the FCP Program,
surface transportation noise research projects are funded
through the HP&R Program. Section 151 of the Federal-Aid
Highway Act of 1972 (P.L. 93-87, August 13, 1973) authorizes
Highway Planning and Research Funds:
"Not to exceed 1h percentum of the sums apportioned
for each fiscal year beginning with fiscal year 1974
...shall be available for expenditure upon request of
the State highway department, with the approval of the
Secretary... for research and development, necessary in
connection with the planning, design, construction, and
maintenance of highways..."
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The HP&R funds are available for solution of specific State
and local research needs. The FHWA assists in coordinating
this research but does not use Federal aid funds to control
or unduly influence State or local research programs.
Therefore, the HP&R programs are listed but are not assessed,
Alabama
To improve their capability for the accurate measure-
ment and prediction of highway noise, the State of Alabama
developed and implemented the following analytic and experi-
mental tools: (1) an automated traffic noise data acquisi-
tion system and associated user's manual and (2) a computer
program for the prediction of traffic noise based on the
methodology of NCHRP Reports 117 and 144 and associated
user's manual. The adequacy of the instrumentation system
and experimental procedures was verified by carrying out
field measurements at a number of highway sites. The re-
sults of this study are documented in a three volume re-
port.52-5*
California
The State of California attempted to develop better
methods for the evaluation, prediction, and control of
traffic noise in areas adjacent to highways. They inves-
tigated the effect of highway design factors and terrain
variables including natural or man-made obstructions,
reflecting surfaces, grades, etc. Criteria were developed
for desirable separation distances between the nearest
travelled roadway lane and noise sensitive areas such as
schools, hospitals, and residences.55
Connecticut
An evaluation was made by the State of Connecticut of
an experimental noise reduction earth berm constructed
alongside 1-84 in West Hartford, Connecticut. The noise
reduction effectiveness of the barrier was measured,
opinions on the effectiveness of the barrier were surveyed
among nearby residents, and the measured and predicted noise
reductions were compared.
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Kentucky
The State of Kentucky has initiated a field study to
quantify highway noise propagation parameters, i.e., traffic,
environmental, and geometric factors, in relation to im-
proving the highway noise prediction models.
New Jersey
The State of New Jersey is conducting an investigation
of truck noise levels in order to empirically correct the
TSC Highway Noise Prediction Model by accurately classifying
truck noise emission levels.
Noise measurements have been made by the State of New
Jersey to obtain initial data and to monitor noise sensitive
areas in the State. Such measurements form the basis for
the investigation, development, and implementation of noise
abatement alternatives.56
The State of New Jersey is performing an evaluation of
traffic noise barrier design methods. They plan to develop
and implement a method to evaluate existing noise barrier
design methods utilizing noise measurements before and after
barrier construction.
Virginia
A field study of highway noise barriers is presently
being carried out by the State of Virginia. They are
utilizing current prediction procedures to evaluate barrier
performance in conjunction with before and after barrier
construction measurements which will provide the basis for
an assessment of the effectiveness of predictive computer
programs in the design of noise barriers.
Washington
A series of four reports have resulted from a
barrier study by the State of Washington. The study, con-
ducted by the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, included laboratory modeling and full scale
noise studies to investigate barrier attenuation of auto-
mobile and truck noise at selected locations.
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A field study is underway in the State of Washington to
quantify the highway noise propagation losses over various
types of ground covers considering the influence of wind
speed and direction.
Oklahoma
The Oklahoma Department of Highways has received fund-
ing for a 3-year study to validate the noise prediction
models currently utilized by the department. Of special
concern is the effect of average daily traffic on the model.
The program research program will develop procedures for
measuring noise using digital sound recording equipment.
Noise data will be correlated with the noise prediction
models currently in use and any new or modified predictive
models made available to the states by the FHWA during the
time frame of the project.
Even though these programs are directed to specific
State or local needs, the results are applicable, in general,
to similar problems on a nationwide basis.
4.1.4 Federal Railroad Administration/Office of Research
and Development
Within the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA),
railroad noise abatement research is carried out by the
Office of Research and Development (OR&D) in support of
the following legislative mandates:
1. The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-458,
October 16, 1970), Sections 101 and 202 authorizes the
Secretary:
"...to promote safety in all areas of railroad opera-
tions ... to reduce deaths and injuries (including
hearing loss) to persons...to conduct, as necessary,
research, development, testing, evaluation, and train-
ing for all areas of railroad safety..."
2. The Noise Control Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-574, October
27, 1972), Sections 17 (a) (1) and 17 (a) (4) authorizes:
"Within nine months after the enactment of this Act,
the Administrator (of EPA) shall publish proposed noise
emission regulations for surface carriers engaged in
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interstate commerce by railroad...after consultation
with the Secretary of Transportation to permit the
development and application of the requisite tech-
nology, giving appropriate consideration to the cost
of compliance."
In 1973, the Office of Noise Abatement, in cooperation
with TSC, FRA, and AAR, developed a comprehensive railroad
noise abatement research plan for identifying and reducing
the noise from locomotives, rolling stock, maintenance-of-
way equipment and railroad yards especially retarders---
and for the development of practical measurement methodologies
for use in enforcing the Federal Interstate Railroad Noise
Emission Standards.
These programs discussed below were initiated according
to this plan; however, funding limitations and conflicting
priorities have forced the time frame of the program to be
stretched out. Furthermore, a large scale noise abatement
demonstration program, such as a "quiet locomotive program,"
is not envisioned at this time due to a lack of sufficient
funding to support such an undertaking.
Locomotive and Rail Car Exterior Noise
As part of its responsibilities under the Noise Control
Act, the DOT Office of Noise Abatement requested the support
of FRA/OR&D, TSC, and the Association of American Railroads
(AAR) in developing a comprehensive research program on
railroad noise.
The initial cooperative effort was directed toward
identifying the overall and individual component noise
levels from a typical line-haul diesel-electric locomotive
(General Motors EMD/SD 40-2). The noise study was conducted
under a contract by BBN under the technical guidance of TSC,
in cooperation with the AAR and the Burlington Northern
Railroad, St. Paul, Minnesota.
BBN conducted moving and stationary measurements at
St. Paul during the first quarter of FY 76. Exhaust, engine
cooling fans, and the traction motor cooling system were
found to be the major contributors to overall locomotive
noise. A final report, An Assessment of Railroad Locomo-
tive Noise (DOT-TSC-057-76-4, DOT-TSC-FRA-76-2), was
published in the first quarter of FY 77. An additional
program of this type will be conducted in FY 78 utilizing a
General Electric locomotive.
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Retarder Noise
Another significant source of noise in the railroad
environment is the hump track in classification yards, where
retarders are used to control the speed of free-rolling cars
during the classification process. When the retarders are
applied to the car wheels in a clamping fashion, they create
a loud squeal audible some distance from the yard. Besides
disturbing nearby communities, the noise associated with
retarder operation creates an unsafe environment for rail-
road personnel in the vicinity. A cooperative effort be-
tween DOT(TSC) and the Burlington Northern Railroad was
undertaken during the spring and summer of 1975 to collect,
assess, and disseminate information on the noise environment
associated with the operation of retarders and also to pro-
vide information on the effectiveness of noise barriers as
a means to reduce retarder noise both in the yard and in
surrounding communities.
Data were obtained during a parametric analysis program
conducted at the North Town freight classification yard of
the Burlington Northern Railroad in Fridley, Minnesota.
TSC, utilizing its mobile noise laboratory and its associ-
ated instrumentation, made the noise measurements, obtained
baseline data, and analyzed the noise environment (under
controlled test conditions) for (1) a retarder without a
noise barrier and (2) the identical retarder shielded by a
variable height (4, 8, 10 and 12 feet) noise barrier. A
final report indicating the positive effect of barriers to
reduce lateral sound propagation from classification yard
retarders and the further improvement to be gained by use
of absorptive surfaces on the barriers is scheduled to be
completed during the second quarter of PY 78.
Building on the results of these initial programs,
continued research on locomotive and rail car exterior
noise emissions is planned. This research will further
investigate specific sources of noise and will address
the need for additional data to support compliance regulations
associated with the Federal Railroad Noise Emission Standards.
FY 77 funded tasks sponsored jointly by FRA/OR&D and
DOT/ONA in cooperation with the AAR include:
A survey of the types of load cells presently
available in terms of design, location, arid
estimated noise levels will be conducted. An
attempt will be made to develop a methodology to
relate, where possible, locomotive noise levels
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measured at typical load cell sites to those
measured at sites in strict conformance with the
requirements of the EPA promulgated standard.
The feasibility of developing and demonstrating
simplified noise measurement procedures, e.g.,
unloaded, stationary tests, that correlate with
measurements made in strict accordance with the
EPA standard.
FY 78 initiatives include the following:
A series of wayside noise measurements of high
speed train pass-bys to determine if the current
93 dB peak pass-by standard will restrict rail
speed in the future and in turn limit the ability
of railroads to compete with highway trucking
operations.
A new series of noise measurements in freight yards
and terminals to provide data needed to support
FRA positions with regard to imminent railroad
facilities standards to be promulgated by EPA
and the preparation of subsequent enforcement
regulations.
Locomotive In-Cab Noise
In addition to locomotive and rail car exterior noise,
a locomotive in-cab noise survey has been initiated within
FRA/OR&D by the Office of Rail Safety Research in cooperation
with the AAR. Technical contract support is being provided
under interagency agreement by NBS. The objective of
the program is (1) to determine, by means of a representa-
tive sample of locomotives in operational settings, the
extent of crew exposure to noise; (2) to identify simpli-
fied test procedures and measurement methodologies that
can be used in an environment to determine whether or not
an individual locomotive is capable of generating excessively
high noise levels; and (3) to identify measurement tech-
niques whereby component sources of noise within the loco-
motive cab can be identified so that, if a noise problem
exists on a given locomotive, the least expensive and most
effective corrective actions can be taken.
The program effort is currently underway and is in
its preliminary stages. The program is expected to con-
tinue through May 1978.
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4.1.5 Urban Mass Transportation Administration/Office of
Technology Development and Deployment
Research, development, and demonstration programs
within the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA)
are carried out by the Office of Technology Development and
Deployment. Section 6 of the Urban Mass Transportation Act
of 1964 (P.L. 88-365, July 9, 1964) authorizes the Secretary:
"...to undertake research, development and demonstra-
tion projects in all phases of urban mass transporta-
tion (including the development, testing, and demon-
stration of new facilities, equipment, techniques, and
methods)..."
In addition to R&D authority, Section 3(a) of the Act pro-
vides UMTA with the authority
"...to make grants or loans...to assist States and
local public bodies and agencies thereof in financing
the acquisition, construction, reconstruction, and im-
provement of facilities and equipment for use...in
mass transportation service in urban areas..."
Purchase Specifications
Utilizing this authority, UMTA provides capital grants
covering about 80 percent of all transit coach purchases.
In FY 74, it was proposed to closely examine the test pro-
cedures and specifications for community and passenger noise
levels associated with transit buses.
The Mitre Corporation was funded in FY 75 but the pur-
chase specifications portion was not carried out. Instead,
Mitre studied current transit bus models to determine
specific improvements that can be accomplished through a
modification program. Three improvement kits, consisting
of new or modified components to lower exterior bus noise
were recommended^!: treatment of the radiator fan, in-
sulation of the engine compartment, and the addition of an
effective air intake silencer. The proposed kits were not
prototype tested.
Mitre also proposed a new noise measurement procedure
for diesel transit buses. The procedure, based on SAE J366,
called for maximum noise mode measurements at a distance of
50 feet with microphones at 4 and 39.4 foot elevations.62
It is interesting to note that for the data presented, the
maximum sound level was always measured at the normal 4-foot
high microphone. Procedures for making interior measurements
at various positions within the bus were also proposed.
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Since UMTA must approve proposed specifications for
mass transportation equipment to be purchased pursuant to
grants made under the amended Urban Mass Transportation
Act of 1964, an attempt the Transbus Program was made
to establish the basis for essentially uniform specifi-
cations .
The UMTA Transbus research and development program,
undertaken with the participation of bus operators and
suppliers (General Motors Truck and Coach; Rohr, Inc.; and
AM General Corporation) has produced a number of design and
performance improvements has been incorporated into the
specifications for ordering full size transit buses (see
Transbus Procurement Requirements, Department of Trans-
portation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Wash-
ington, B.C., April 1976).
Several issues have now emerged concerning the extent
to which UMTA should encourage or mandate performance or
other requirements for transit buses purchased with Federal
assistance.
Personal and Group Rapid Transit Systems
Other systems development and exploratory efforts in
the area of personal and group rapid transit systems (PRT's
and CRT's) also include noise related activities as a part
of the advanced work necessary to determine the applicability
of such systems for future urban transportation needs. Some
of the findings of these systems study contracts may be per-
tinent to more conventional tracked rapid transit vehicles
and to future design specifications for systems implementa-
tion. Estimates as to the specific cost of the noise related
portions of these contracts are not provided since the
segregation of noise from other design and evaluation tasks
cannot be readily performed. In the area of rail rapid
transit a concerted effort was mounted in FY 74 to address
the problems of noise in the community and the noise environ-
ment of riders and customers waiting in stations. Grants
were provided the New York Polytechnic Institute and the
University of Illinois to study the New York City Transit
Authority (NYCTA) and Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) pro-
perties, respectively. Boeing Vertol was awarded a contract
to conduct similar studies for the rapid transit systems of
Cleveland, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. The studies
followed the approach developed by TSC during its study of
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) lines.
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Wheel/Rail and Elevated Structure Noise
At the same time, contracts were written for the con-
duct of basic research on the noise and vibration resulting
from wheel/rail interaction and from operation on elevated
structures.
A contract was written with BBN in FY 74 for the devel-
opment of wheel/rail noise and vibration control technology.
A two-volume report^3"6^ presents analytical models of the
impedance, radiation efficiency, directivity of wheels and
rails, and analytical formulas for the prediction of wheel/
rail noise. The predictions are compared with both labora-
tory and field measurements. New devices for the control
of wheel/rail noise were suggested and old techniques were
evaluated. Testing techniques were suggested for evaluating
wheel/rail noise control measures.
Also in FY 74, a contract was written with Cambridge
Collaborative for the development of track and elevated
structure noise and vibration control technology. A theo-
retical model was developed for the prediction of noise
radiated by elevated structures on rail transit lines. The
validity of the predictive model was shown through compari-
son with a field study of three different types of elevated
structures on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
(MBTA).
Also developed was a theoretical model for the predic-
tion of vibration reduction by use of floating slab tracks
in subway tunnels. Comparative field data were taken in
New York City. The results of this study are documented
in a series of three reports. -* ^/ rp^e efforts previously
discussed have concentrated on careful mapping of the rail
rapid transit noise environment, establishing analytical
relationships between this environment and physical charac-
teristics of the systems. The eventual objectives are to
reduce vehicle internal noise, as well as wayside noise
within stations and throughout the community. Since these
objectives must be met in a realistic and cost-effective
manner, a transit property was selected to serve as a test
bed for a study of the most promising currently available
techniques for abating wheel/rail noise at its source. The
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA)
was selected as the transit property on which to implement
rail grinding, wheel truing, resilient wheels, and wheel
damping as the four techniques which would abate the noise
at its source, the wheel/rail interface. While these four
techniques are employed on a very limited basis, careful
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records are being kept on the actual cost of installing,
maintaining and utilizing the appropriate hardware. Noise
measurements are taken while these abatement techniques
are being utilized, and the results compared with normal
trains under comparable conditions. Thus, measures of cost
and effectiveness are obtained concurrently. This in-service
test and evaluation program replaced the 250K in the test
program described in the previous (FY 73-75) Federal surface
vehicle noise transportation report.
Noise Assessment of the New York City Rail Transit System
This project is a continuation on UMTA University
Grant initiated in FY 74. Three efforts are being under-
taken:
Reviewing and upgrading of the cost estimates
for noise reduction obtained in the previous
NYCTA noise assessment work
Field measurements to monitor "degradation"
(in terms of noise) of specific car models
Analysis of car maintenance records to determine
useful life and costs of car improvements.
Elevated Structure Noise Control
Previous UMTA funded research in this area (FY 74) has
resulted in analytical tools for predicting noise from
elevated rail transit structures. These tools will now
be used to interpret and extend the results of field tests
of noise abatement on elevated structures in order to de-
velop a Noise Control Design Guide for Elevated Structures.
Specific recommendations will be given for reducing noise
from the noisiest types of U.S. elevated rail structures.
Handbook of Urban Rail Noise and Vibration Control
During FY 76-77, DOT/TSC wrote a summary of the avail-
able technology for prediction and control of rail system
noise. This document will form the basis of a Handbook of
Urban Rail Noise and Vibration Control to be initiated in
FY 78.
Systems Specification
In addition to the research and demonstration program
activities, progressive systems specifications are being
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drawn up for new transit systems under Federal support.
Examples include the Bay Area Rapid Transit District, the
Washington Metro System, the Baltimore Transit System, and
the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit System. Such speci-
fications developed by the system consultants and approved
by DOT exhibit incremental noise improvements with time.
Estimates of the costs of such specifications cannot be
provided; however, the noise reduction contributions will
be significant.
Other programs such as the State-of-the-Art Car and
the development of a screech loop at the Transportation
Test Center will add to the body of information permitting
continuous improvement in rapid transit noise control.
The results of basic research and development of rail/
wheel interaction noise and noise resulting from operation
of vehicles on elevated structures will be applied to an
operating transit system as part of a full scale field
evaluation program. Over the next 5 years, once the tech-
nology has been developed and demonstrated, some incentive
will be necessary to ensure rapid commercial application
of the technology. UMTA, under its capital grants authority,
could provide such an incentive, for example, through the
development of vehicle purchase specifications containing
noise requirements which would promote the application of
state-of-the-art technology. To date such authority has
not been fully utilized.
Noise is just one of a myriad of considerations in the
majority of UMTA programs. Noise considerations need to
be given a higher priority than they have in the past and
UMTA must utilize their capital grants program authority
fully if significant advances are to be made in the reduction
of noise from transit vehicles.
4.1.6 DOT Concluding Statement
These programs in the area of surface transportation
noise (identified as a major source of noise in Section
6(a)(l) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-574,
October 27, 1972)) are consistent with Section 4(a) of
the Noise Control Act which
"...authorizes and directs that Federal agencies shall,
to the fullest extent consistent with their authority
under Federal laws administered by them, carry out the
programs within their control in such a manner as to
further the policy...to promote an environment for
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all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their
health or welfare."
DOT RD&D programs in surface transportation noise
are briefly described in Appendix B.
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4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was estab-
lished in the executive branch of the Federal Government as
an independent agency pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 3
of 1970. It was created to facilitate coordinated and
effective governmental action relative to protection of the
environment. EPA endeavors to abate and control pollution
systematically by integration of a variety of research,
monitoring, standard-setting, and enforcement activities.
EPA derives its noise control authority primarily from
the Noise Control Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-574, October 1972),
which states that its purpose is
"...to establish a means for effective coordination of
Federal research and activities in noise control, to
authorize the establishment of Federal noise emission
standards for products distributed in commerce, and to
provide information to the public respecting the noise
emission and noise reduction characteristics of such
products..."
EPA's responsibilities relative to noise emission
regulatory authority include:
Identification of major noise sources; noise
criteria and control technology (Section 5)
Noise emission standards for products distributed
in commerce (Section 6)
Noise emission labeling (Section 8)
Interstate rail carrier noise emission standards
(Section 17)
Interstate motor carrier noise emission standards
(Section 18).
Regulatory activities include evaluation of the state-
of-the-art of product noise abatement technology, costs,
and development of noise measurement methodologies. These
activities do not advance technology but instead provide an
assessment. Since these activities are essential to EPA in
the promulgation of regulations both in the setting of noise
emission levels and the determination of noise measurement
procedures, they are tabulated separately in the report
(Appendix I) and are not included in the noise RD&D funding
totals (Appendix A).
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Section 14 of the Noise Control Act defines EPA's pri-
mary responsibilities relative to noise abatement and con-
trol research programs and authorizes the Administrator of
EPA to complement as necessary the noise research efforts of
other Federal agencies by conducting and financing research
on the effects, measurement, and control of noise.
The Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) of EPA
is responsible for all noise-related research within the
Agency. This Office was established under the authority of
the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 (P.L. 91-604, December 31,
1970), which amended Title IV, "Noise Pollution," Section
402(a), of the Clean Air Act (P.L. 88-206, 77 Stat. 392).
Technology Assessment Programs. Surface vehicles
identified as major noise sources by EPA as of February
1977, for which technology assessments have been completed,
include the following:
Medium and heavy trucks
Motorcycles (street, off-road, mopeds)
Buses.
Surface vehicles (and related components) under investiga-
tion to determine if they represent major noise sources and
for which technology assessments are to be undertaken or
are underway include the following:
Automobiles
Light trucks
Tires
Guided mass transit
Special-purpose recreational vehicles
Snowmobiles
Motorboats
In the area of technology assessment, EPA has under-
taken efforts to support the process of publishing a regu-
lation as well as to evaluate the performance of a regula-
tion. EPA has undertaken to evaluate the degradation of
those noise control devices incorporated to meet 1976 new
truck regulations and to determine technology requirements
necessary to reduce truck noise levels below the January 1,
1982, standard.
Research Programs. Traditional noise-related RD&D
activities in which ONAC participates involve advancement
of the state-of-the-art of surface vehicle and product
noise control and demonstration of technical adequacy of
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newly developed noise control measures. Of these a signif-
icant portion of EPA's efforts have been concerned with
highway vehicle noise/ principally medium and heavy trucks.
EPA will continue the efforts initiated by DOT's Office
of Noise Abatement in the Quiet Truck program by further
developing noise abatement measures for medium and heavy
trucks and by demonstrating these measures. The results of
this effort will support work to develop the medium and
heavy truck noise emission levels for 1985. Complementary
to this effort is a research program to evaluate close-
fitting engine noise prediction models and prediction of
highway noise through the year 2000.
Starting in FY 77, EPA initiated a major RD&D program
to identify, develop, and demonstrate noise abatement mea-
sures applicable to the internal combustion engine. In
addition to advancing the state-of-the-art of the internal
combustion engine, this program will attempt to investigate
and modify the basic engine processes and components.
Results may support future regulatory actions covering a
variety of vehicles, as well as other products.
EPA has a number of general surface transportation
noise RD&D programs dealing with areas other than highway
vehicles. With respect to highway traffic noise, EPA has
undertaken cooperative programs with the Federal Highway
Administration and the Urban Mass Transportation Adminis-
tration to investigate and demonstrate noise mitigation
measures for highways and transit malls. Another program,
being conducted with the Forest Service, is investigating
recreational vehicle noise.
EPA RD&D and regulatory programs in surface transpor-
tation noise are briefly described in Appendices C and I,
respectively.
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4.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
The Department of Defense is the successor agency to
the National Military Establishment created by the National
Security Act of 1947 (61 Stat. 495). It was established as
an executive department of the Federal Government by the
National Security Act Amendments of 1949, with the Secretary
of Defense as its chief administrator (63 Stat. 578; 5 U.S.C.
101). The Act identified the Army, Navy, and Air Force
organizations as military departments within the Department
of Defense.
Surface transportation noise RD&D efforts are conducted
to support mission needs such as survivability of man and
equipment, protecting the hearing of military personnel,
and reducing the acoustical impact of peace-time military
operations on the surrounding communities.
Environmental quality matters are coordinated through
the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Each of the mili-
tary departments is responsible to the Secretary for indi-
vidual environmental programs, including noise abatement
and control.
Only the Department of the Army has identified surface
transportation research programs underway or planned within
DOD. Other pertinent noise reduction programs are being
sponsored by DOD, particularly by the Navy on watercraft.
However, details of these programs and funding levels were
not available.
Within the Department of the Army, the organization
charged with surface vehicle noise RD&D responsibilities
is the U.S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command
(DARCOM).
Within DARCOM, the Tank-Automotive Research and Devel-
opment Command (TARADCOM) has the responsibility for con-
ducting surface transportation noise RD&D programs. The
Test and Evaluation Command (TECOM) and the Human Engineering
Laboratory (HEL) are two additional commands engaged in
surface vehicle RD&D work.
TARADCOM is assigned primary management responsibility
for tactical surface vehicles; combat and assault vehicles;
carriers, including scout and reconnaissance vehicles; and
special-purpose vehicles. Technical and materiel support
responsibilities include self-propelled artillery and rapid-
fire weapon vehicles and Gun Air Defense Systems.
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TARADCOM's mission, in part, is to perform and. manage
research, design, and development for all assigned materiel
items and systems. TARADCOM also provides interchange of
technical information between TARADCOM, industry, DOD agen-
cies, and interested contractors. The primary objectives
of TARADCOM's Tank-Automotive equipment noise reduction and
control program include ensuring survivability and mission
performance. A secondary goal is conformance to MIL-STD-
1474A, which establishes noise limits for detection, hearing
protection, and environmental acceptance for all Army materiel
where suitable.
Vehicles and equipment designed for combat use are not
included in the requirements of the Noise Control Act of
1972 and subsequent EPA regulations. However, certain
military design vehicles that may travel public highways
may be subject to current and proposed EPA regulations
with respect to exterior noise. The TARADCOM vehicle noise
program is thus concerned with reducing noise levels of the
existing fleet.
TARADCOM's RD&D activities involve surveying the noise
emissions of existing military vehicles, investigating noise
reduction techniques, developing noise reduction kits suit-
able for installation in the field or during production,
and assistance to vehicle offices in design for minimum
noise in new equipment. Proposed unfunded programs include
continued investigation of current efforts and further
efforts involving new vehicles.
Current vehicle component noise programs address noise
reduction of engines, exhaust systems, track, and power
train components. In the future, TARADCOM expects to con-
tribute to the development of new vehicles and investigate
cooling fans, mufflers, improved vibration-isolating mount-
ings, and current hydraulic systems. TARADCOM also has an
ongoing effort to study vehicle detectability.
TECOM provides test and evaluation support, facilities,
and services to DOD, DARCOM, private industry, and other
Government agencies. TECOM programs evaluate vehicle noise
and the effectiveness of noise reduction modifications with
respect to interior, exterior, and impulse conditions.
HEL is a separate activity, reporting directly to
the Deputy Commanding for Materiel Acquisition, DARCOM.
The mission of the Laboratory is to conduct basic and
applied research in human factors engineering and to pro-
vide direct design support to all materiel development pro-
grams sponsored by DARCOM.
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HEL is conducting a major RD&D program to reduce in-
terior noise levels on tracked armored personnel carriers.
Initial areas of investigation in this program have cen-
tered on track and suspension system components. HEL was
the leading Army activity in the development of MIL-STD-1474
(MI), Noise Limits for Army Materiel. The use of this
noise specification in all appropriate Army materiel devel-
opment programs will result in obtaining lower noise materiel
as well as significant reduction in the $50 to $60 million
annual expenditure in hearing loss compensation paid by the
Veteran's Administration to future military veterans.
DOD RD&D projects for surface transportation noise are
briefly described in Appendix D.
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4.4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was created
by an act of Congress May 15, 1862 (12 Stat. 387; 5 U.S.C.
511, 514, 516). The Department was enlarged and made the
eighth executive department in the Federal Government in
1889.
The USDA is directed by law to acquire and disseminate
information on agricultural subjects. To accomplish this
purpose, the Department also functions in the areas of
research, conservation, and regulation over matters per-
tinent to agriculture. The organization within the USDA
primarily concerned with surface vehicle noise RD&D is the
U.S. Forest Service.
The Forest Service was created by the act of February 1,
1905 (33 Stat. 628; 16 U.S.C. 472), which transferred the
Federal forest reserves and the responsibility for their
management from the Department of the Interior to the
Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service has Federal
responsibility for national leadership in forestry. Toward
this purpose, its objectives and policies include protec-
tion and improvement of the quality of air, water, soil,
and the natural beauty of lands under their management.
Forest Service research programs are conducted under
the authority of the McSweeney-McNary Act of May 22, 1928
(45 Stat. 699; U.S.C. 518-5811) , as amended and supple-
mented.
Surface transportation noise RD&D programs have in-
volved primarily off-road and recreational vehicles and
the impact of related noise emissions on the sylvan environ-
ment. Noise measurement methodologies have been developed
for snowmobiles, motorcycles, four-wheel-drive jeeps and
other ground-borne off-road vehicles. The effects of off-
road vehicle noise on the operator and users of outdoor
recreation areas have been investigated. A methodology
has been developed for predicting the environmental impact
of off-road and recreational noise. The results of these
efforts have been applied to forest transportation system
planning, including location of logging roads, trails, camp-
grounds, and highways. Research has also been conducted on
the propagation of off-road vehicle and highway noise over
terrain and through vegetation.
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RD&D programs on snowmobiles were directed primarily
toward the characterization of noise emissions and the iden-
tification of available noise control technology. The
Motorcycle Industry Council has published a test standard
for motorcycle noise measurement. The Forest Service has
cooperated with the Motorcycle Industry Council in develop-
ing this standard.
Additionally, through their interest in reducing snow-
mobile noise, the Forest Service has been able to influence
the snowmobile industry to voluntarily reduce noise levels.
USDA RD&D programs in surface transportation noise are
briefly described in Appendix E.
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4.5 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
The Department of Justice (DOJ) was established by the
act of June' 22, 1870 (16 Stat. 162; 28 U.S.C. 501, 503).
The chief purposes of the Department of Justice are to en-
force the Federal laws, furnish legal counsel in Federal
cases, and construe the laws under which other departments
act. Within DOJ the Law Enforcement Assistance Administra-
tion (LEAA) was created by the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act (P.L.90-351, June 1968). Under the provi-
sions set forth in section 402(b)(1) of this act, LEAA is
authorized to perform research which includes:
"...the development of new or improved approaches,
techniques, systems, equipment, and devices to im-
prove and strengthen law enforcement and criminal
justice."
Only one program was reported by LEAA relative to
surface transportation noise RD&D. This program was spon-
sored by the National Institute of Law Enforcement and
Criminal Justice, the research arm of LEAA, and was per-
formed by interagency agreement with NBS. This program was
concerned with determining the characteristics and effec-
tiveness of directional emergency vehicle warning systems
with variable beam width. This is reported in Appendix F.
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4.6 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
was established by the Department of Housing and Urban
Development Act, effective November 9, 1965 (79 Stat. 667;
42 U.S.C. 3531-3537). Its overall purpose is to assist in
providing for rational development of the nation's communi-
ties and metropolitan areas.
Enhancement of environmental quality and environmental
planning activities are conducted by HUD in implementation
of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969,
which requires that environmental impacts resulting from
Federal actions be assessed and considered as decision
making factors of equal import with economic, technical,
and other considerations of national policy.
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
(P.L. 93-383; 42 U.S.C. 5301), Title I, Community Develop-
ment, provides further authority for HUD's activities in
improving neighborhood and community environments. The
objective of this act is the achievement of a national
housing goal of a decent home and a suitable living envi-
ronment (including acoustical environment) for every
American family.
The Department's activities in the area of environ-
mental quality and environmental planning include develop-
ment and implementation of HUD environmental policies and
procedures, development of environmental assessment criteria,
and coordination with other Federal departments and agencies
and with the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Other
environmental functions encompass development of strategies
for the amelioration of environmental problems such as noise
pollution. Emphasis is placed on environmental and land use
planning and environmental management practices. In the
area of research, HUD is concerned with developing policies
and techniques for land use and building construction prac-
tices. Current surface transportation noise RD&D programs
at HUD involve architectural acoustics. HUD is systemati-
cally evaluating noise abatement policies and guidelines in
reducing the impact in residential communities. A second
program is aimed at developing techniques and procedures for
site design and construction practice. The procedures are
expected to be used as guidelines by HUD personnel and others
responsible for community development.
HUD programs in surface transportation noise are briefly
described in Appendix G.
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4.7 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
The Department of Energy Organization Act of August 1,
1977 (P.L.-95-91:91 Stat. 565) combined all Federal energy
agencies, including the Energy Research and Development
Administration (ERDA), into the Department of Energy (DOE).
Section 102 of the Act identifies DOE's responsibilities
to include:
"...incorporation of national environmental goals in
the formulation and implementation of energy programs,
and to advance the goals of restoring, protecting, and
enhancing environmental quality, and assuring public
health and safety."
DOE's primary objective is the development of energy-
efficient systems. It has a mandate to support environmen-
tal and safety research (including noise research) related
to the development of energy technology; because noise is
not a primary responsibility, the priorities assigned to the
prime objectives provide a limitation on the direct noise
research.
RD&D carried out by the Transportation Energy Conser-
vation Division (TEC) in the Office of Conservation and
Solar Application will have positive impacts on urban
traffic noise. Long term R&D efforts in the turbine and
Stirling engine programs have incorporated vehicle drive-by
and interior noise into the design standards; both vehicles
are expected to have lower noise impact than internal com-
bustion engine vehicles. Vehicles using these engines could
be on the road in the late 1980's.
The electric and hybrid vehicle program promises posi-
tive impacts on urban traffic noise levels. Electric vehicles
generate considerably less exterior noise than heat engine
vehicles; in fact, their quiet operation could require an
audible device to assist pedestrians who use vehicle noise
as a warning of the vehicle's approach. The introduction of
electric vehicles into urban areas could lower urban traffic
noise levels beginning in the late 1980's or early 1990's.
Various Federal agencies have utilized the capabilities
and facilities of DOE's Bartlesville Energy Research Center
for the conduct of noise research on engines. No noise re-
lated programs have been conducted or are planned for the
FY 75-78 period.
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Surface vehicle energy programs planned for the time
period beyond FY 78 that may require noise control efforts
include:
Noise control for chopper equipped controllers
utilized in the Electric Vehicle Systems and
Batteries Program
Noise considerations for hybrid powered vehicles
during on-off engine operation and idling at
higher than normal engine speed
Noise emissions from a continuously variable
transmission
Federal noise regulations applicable to gas tur-
bine and Stirling cycle engines in medium and
heavy trucks.
The approach used to identify potential environmental
problems (including noise) that may result from the commer-
cialization of a technology is specified in the Environmen-
tal Development Plan (EDP) for TEC, FY 78. In addition to
identifying potential noise or other environmental problems,
the EDP also schedules the necessary R&D required to resolve
the issue. The guidelines defining the EDP recognize that
some of the identified environmental problems may best be
resolved by outside Federal agencies rather than by the DOE
technology program. Therefore, early consideration is given
to determine which Federal agency is most appropriate to
conduct the required environmental RD&D in a timely and
competent manner. The potential for interagency research
is also examined.
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4.8 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
The Department of Commerce was designated by the act
of March 4, 1913 (37 Stat. 736; 15 U.S.C. 1501). The mission
of the Department of Commerce is to foster, serve, and pro-
mote the nation's economic development and technological
advancement. This is carried out through activities that
encourage and assist States and local organizations and
private industry.
The Department of Commerce is composed of the Office
of the Secretary and several operating units. Of these,
only the National Bureau of Standards reported surface
vehicle noise abatement activities.
NBS Statutory Authority
The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was established
by Public Law 56-177, "Organic Act of 1901," March 3, 1901,
and as amended by Public Law 81-619, July 22, 1950. NBS
was originally part of the Treasury Department and was sub-
sequently transferred to the Department of Commerce. This
act as amended authorized the Secretary of Commerce to under-
take the following functions:
"The custody, maintenance, and development of the
national standards of measurement, and the provision
of means and methods for making measurements consis-
tent with those standards, including the comparison
of standards used in scientific investigations, engi-
neering, manufacturing, commerce, and educational
institutions with the standards adopted or recognized
by the Government"
"The determination of physical constants and properties
of materials when such data are of great importance to
scientific or manufacturing interests and are not to be
obtained of sufficient accuracy elsewhere"
"The development of methods for testing materials,
mechanisms, and structures, and the testing of materials,
supplies, and equipment including items purchased for
use by Government departments and independent estab-
lishments"
"Cooperation with other governmental agencies and with
private organizations in the establishment of standard
practices, incorporated in codes and specifications"
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"Advisory service to Government agencies on scientific
and technical problems"
"Invention and development of devices to serve special
needs of the Government"
NBS is also specifically mentioned in two other acts:
the Noise Control Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-574) and the Consomer
Product Safety Act (P.L. 92-573) .
Under the Noise Control Act the EPA Administrator is
authorized to:
"...conduct research, and finance research by contract
with any person, on the effects, measurement and con-
trol of noise, including but not limited to...develop-
ment of improved methods and standards for measurement
and monitoring of noise, in cooperation with the
National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce...1
The Consumer Product Safety Act directs that:
"The (Consumer Product Safety) Commission shall, to the
maximum extent practicable, utilize the resources and
facilities of the National Bureau of Standards, on a
reimbursable basis, to perform research and analyses
related to risks of injury associated with consumer
products (including fire and flammability risks), to
develop test methods to conduct studies and investiga-
tions, and to provide technical advice and assistance
in connection with the functions of the Commission."
NBS Program Approach
At the present time, NBS does not directly fund any
surface transportation noise research. However, NBS does
conduct research on measurement procedures required for the
measurement of noise emissions, which is related to and
supportive of these interagency programs.
The objective of NBS work on measurements of noise
emission from stationary and moving sources is to quantify
the measurement uncertainties associated with existing test
methods and to conduct research to enable improved measure-
ment technology.
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NBS surface transportation noise research performed
under reimbursable interagency agreements emphasizes the
determination of the adequacy of present standards for the
measurement of noise emissions. This determination consists
primarily of critical reviews of the sources of measurement
error and the conduct of experimental measurements using
existing NBS facilities and present measurement procedures.
These studies are intended to (1) indicate the magnitude of
measurement imprecision and systematically address the re-
quirements for improvements in the existing standards, and
(2) provide the scientific and technical basis for improve-
ments to those standards.
NBS Surface Transportation Programs
Several of the programs, which NBS has conducted, pro-
vided important information that was subsequently used to
formulate Federal noise abatement regulations. Data obtained
in a program conducted for DOT dealing with the measurement
of interior and exterior truck noise were used by EPA in
developing the Interstate Motor Carrier and Medium and the
Heavy Truck Noise Emission Regulations.
The in-cab operator noise level data were used by the
Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) of DOT in establishing
the vehicle interior noise level standard contained in the
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. The stationary
test procedure developed in this same program was later
adopted by EPA in developing the Interstate Motor Carrier
Noise Emission Standard and by BMCS in the subsequent regu-
lation for checking compliance with the EPA standard.
The data obtained in the tire noise research program
have been widely used and referenced in other studies on
high speed truck noise and community noise resulting from
highway operations. In the development of the recently
promulgated Medium and Heavy Truck Noise Regulations, the
NBS truck tire noise data were used by EPA as the basis
for their decision not to include a high speed test in this
standard. This decision was based on the fact that at high
speeds, i.e., above 50 to 60 km/hr, tire noise is equiva-
lent to or dominant over other truck noise sources and
therefore, high speed truck noise reduction can be accom-
plished only by treating both engine and tire noise sources
together. Additionally, EPA included a section in the
Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Standard forbidding
the use of tires composed primarily of cavities in the tread,
unless the motor carrier operator can demonstrate that the
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vehicle is in compliance with the noise emission standard.
This ruling was based in part on NBS tire noise data which
showed that tires with a tread pattern composed primarily
of pockets not vented to the tire shoulder were significantly
louder than other types of truck tires.
Current projects being conducted by NBS include the
study of in-cab locomotive noise, the investigation of micro-
phone windscreen performance, the measurement of test site
acoustic properties, and the evaluation of various temporal
sampling schemes.
The in-cab locomotive noise study is sponsored by the
DOT Federal Railroad Administration in cooperation with the
Association of American Railroads. The objectives of this
program are (1) to determine, by means of a representative
sample of locomotives in operational settings, the extent
of crew exposure to noise; (2) to identify simplified test
procedures and measurement methodologies that can be used
in an environment to determine whether or not an individual
locomotive is capable of generating excessively high noise
levels; and (3) to identify measurement techniques whereby
component sources of noise within the locomotive cab can be
identified.
Under an interagency agreement with EPA, NBS is con-
ducting a project to determine the characteristics of micro-
phone windscreen performance when used as part of a sound
measurement system. This study is designed to investigate
wind-induced noise and acoustic insertion loss at wind
speeds up to 14 m/sec. for a variety of windscreen sizes,
materials, porosities and configurations.
NBS programs in surface transportation are briefly
described in Appendix H.
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4.9 AGENCY REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REFERENCES
1. Kaye, M.C., et al., Truck Noise III-A, Preliminary Noise Diagnosis
of Freightliner Datum Truck-Tractor, Report No. DOT-TST-73-6,
Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., May 1973
2. Kaye, M.C., and E. E. Ungar, Truck Noise III-B, Acoustic and
Performance Test Comparison of Initial Quieted Truck with
Contemporary Production Trucks, Report No. DOT-TST-74-2, Depart-
ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C., September 1973
3. Bender, E.K., et al., Truck Noise III-C, Source Analysis and
Experiments with Noise Control Treatments Applied to Freight-
liner Quieted Truck, Report No. DOT-TST-74-20, Department of
Transportation, Washington, D.C., January 1974
4. Fax, G.E., and M.C. Kaye, Truck Noise III-D, The Economics of
Quieting the Freightliner Cab-Over Engine Diesel Truck, Report
No. DOT-TST-75-22, Department of Transportation, Washington,
D.C., October 1974
5. Hutton, T.D., Jr., and M.C. Kaye, Truck Noise III-E, Freightliner
Quieted Truck Cooling System, Report No. DOT-TST-76-33, Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C., September 1975
6. Kaye, M.C., and E.K. Bender, Truck Noise III-F, Final Configuration
of Freightliner Quieted Truck, Report No. DOT-TST-75-23, Depart-
ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C., October 1974
7. Bender, E.K., and M.C. Kaye, Truck Noise III-G, Field Test of
Freightliner Quieted Truck, Report No. DOT-TST-76-29, Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C., September 1975
8. Hutton, T.D., Jr., Truck Noise III-H, Final Report on the Freight-
liner Quieted Truck Program, Report No. DOT-TST-76-55, Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C., January 1976
9. Shrader, J.T., Truck Noise IV-A, Project Summary - The Reduction
of Noise Levels on the International Harvester Quieted Truck,
Report No. DOT-TST-76-89, Department of Transportation, Washing-
ton, D.C., June 1976
10. Shrader, J.T., Truck Noise IV-B, Identifying the Sources of Noise
on a Heavy Duty, Diesel Truck, Report No. DOT-TST-75-109, Depart-
ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C., May 1975
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11. Shrader, J.T., and W.H. Page, Truck Noise IV-C, The Redaction of
Cooling System Noise on Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks, Report No. DOT-
TST-74-22, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., May
1974
12. Shrader, J.T., '.and N. Priadka, Truck Noise IV-D, The Reduction of
Intake and Exhaust System Noise on Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks,
Report No. DOT-TST-75-14, Department of Transportation, Washington,
D.C., October 1974
13. Shrader, J.T., Truck Noise IV-E, The Reduction of Engine Noise on
Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks, Report No. DOT-TST-75-88, Department of
Transportation, Washington, D.C., April 1975
14. Shrader, J.T., Truck Noise IV-F, An Economic Study of Reducing
the Exterior Noise Level on the International Harvester Quieted
Truck, Report No. DOT-TST-76-60, Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C., March 1976
15. Shrader, J.T., Truck Noise IV-G, Field Test Results on a Heavy
Duty, Diesel Truck Having Reduced Noise Emissions, Report No.
DOT-TST-76-42, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
December 1975
16. Williams, G., et al., Truck Noise V-A, Noise Reduction Tests and
Development Performed on the White Motor Corp. Quieted Truck,
Report No. DOT-TST-75-61, Department of Transportation, Washing-
ton, D.C., January 1975
17. Leasure, W.A., Jr., and D.M. Corley, Spectral and Directional
Characteristics of Noise Generated by Truck Tires, Report No.
DOT-TST-75-71, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
September 1974
18. Leasure, W.A., Jr., and D.E. Mathews, Pecos Truck Tire Noise
Study; A Summary of Results, Report No. NBSIR 74-446, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., January 1974
19. Kilmer, R.D., et al., Truck Noise 1-C: Pavement Surface Effects
on the Generation of Truck Tire Noise, Report No. DOT-TST-76-49,
Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., October 1975
20. Lawther, J.M., and J.J. Henry, Characterization of Pavement Macro-
texture by Profile Spectral Analysis, Report No. NBS GCR 75-35,
Pennsylvania University, University Park, Pennsylvania, June 1974
21. Kilmer, R.D., et al., Empirical Model for Predicting In-Service
Truck Tire Noise Levels, Report No. DOT-TST-76T-5, Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C., July 1976
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22. Corley, D.M., Empirical Model for Predicting In-Service Truck Tire
Noise Levels, SAE Paper No. 762037, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, November 1976
23. Leasure, W.A., Jr., et al., Automobile Tire Noise; Results of a
Pilot Study and Review of the Open Literature, Report No. DOT-TST-
76-4, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., August 1975
24. Kilmer, R.D., Test Procedures for Future Tire Noise Regulations,
SAE Paper No. 762034, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
Warrendale, Pennsylvania, November 1976
25. Reiter, W.F., Jr., Resonant Sound and Vibration Characteristics
of a Truck Tire, Tire Science and Technology 2_ (2), pp. 130-141,
May 1974
26. Reiter, W.F., Jr., and A.C. Eberhardt, Truck Tire Vibration Noise,
SAE Paper 740609, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale,
Pennsylvania, August 1974
27. Reiter, W.F., Jr., and A.C. Eberhardt, Experimental Investigation
of Truck Tire Noise Generated Through Tire Vibration, Proceedings
of Inter-Noise 74, Washington, D.C., pp. 467-472, October 1974
28. Reiter, W.F., Jr., et al., Truck Noise VII-A: Experimental Investi-
gation of Truck Tire Sound and Vibration, Report No. DOT-TST-75-60,
Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., December 1974
29. Reiter, W.F., Jr., and A.C. Eberhardt, Radio Telemetry Applied to
Tire Vibrations, SAE Paper No. 760745, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, October 1976
30. Reiter, W.F., Jr., and A.C. Eberhardt, The Relationship Between
Truck Tire Vibration and Near and Far Field Sound Levels, SAE Paper
No. 762021, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale,
Pennsylvania, November 1976
31. Eberhardt, A.C., and W.F. Reiter, Jr., Use of Coherence and Fre-
quency Response Functions to Locate and Define Vibration Noise
Sources in Rolling Tires, SAE Paper No. 770027, Society of Auto-
motive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, March 1977
32. Noise and Traction Characteristics of Bias-Ply and Radial Tires
for Heavy Duty Trucks, DOT-TST-78-2, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Association and Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
October 1977
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33. Ervin, R.D., The Noise and Highway Traction Properties of Heavy
Truck Tires/ SAE Paper No. 762029, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, November 1976
34. GusakoY I.r et al, Rolling Resistance of Truck Tires as Measured
Under Equilibrium and Transient Conditions at Calspans Tire
Research Facility, DOT-TST-78-1, Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C., October 1977
35. Gusakov, I., and D,J. Shuring, Power Loss of Truck Tires Under
Equilibrium and Transient Conditions, SAE Paper No. 762030, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, November
1976
36. Leasure, W.A., Jr., and E.K. Bender, Tire-Road Interaction Noise,
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58, pp. 39-50, July
1975
37. Close, W.H., Should There Be Truck Tire Noise Regulations?, Sound
and Vibration _9 (2), pp. 24-27, February 1975
38. Leasure, W.A., Jr., Tire Noise Regulations: Technical and Economic
Implications, SAE Paper No. 762033, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, November 1976
39. Anderton, D., Rate of Heat Release in Diesel Engines, Department
of Transportation Report DOT-TSC-OST-77-56, University of South-
ampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration, Southampton, England,
October 1977
40. Potter, R.C., et al, Effectiveness of Audible Warning Devices on
Emergency Vehicles, Department of Transportation Report DOT-TSC-
OST-77-38, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., August
1977
41. Environmental Assessment Notebook Series; Highways, U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, 1975, Stock No. 050-000-00109-1, Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
42. A Comprehensive Policy to Ameliorate Adverse Effects of Trans-
portation Facilities, Office of Environmental Affairs, Department
of Transportation, NTIS No. PB 247823/AS
43. Simpson, M.A., Noise Barrier Design Handbook, Report No. FHWA-RD-
76-58, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C., February 1976
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44. Simpson, M.A., Noise Barrier Attenuation: Theory and Field Exper-
ience, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-54, Federal Highway Administration,
Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., February 1976
45. Hirtle, P.W., et al., Catalogue of Sound Absorbing Treatments for
Highway Structures, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-55, Federal Highway
Administration, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
February 1976
46. Towers, D.A., Noise Barrier Catalogue, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-56,
Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C., February 1976
47. Pejaver, D.R., and J.R. Shadley, A Study of Multiple Sound Reflec-
tions in Walled Highways and Tunnels, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-57,
Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C., February 1976
48. Davy, B.A. and Skale, S.R., Insulation of Buildings Against Highway
Noise, FHWA-TS-77-202, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing-
ton, D.C.
49. Guidelines for the Measurement of Interstate Motor Carrier Emissions,
Michigan Acoustical Consultants, Milford, MI, Department of Trans-
portation Report FHWA-TS-77-222, 1977
50. Highway Noise: Generation and Control, National Cooperative
Highway Research Program Report 173, Transportation Research
Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1976
51. Highway Noise: A Design Guide for Prediction and Control, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 174, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1976
52. Woodward, J.H., et al., Traffic Noise Prediction and Measurement;
Volume I, General Discussion of Results and Conclusions, HPR
Report No. 78A, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,
January 1976
53. Woodward, J.H., et al., Traffic Noise Prediction and Measurement:
Volume II, User's Manual for DA 600 Noise Data Acquisition System,
HPR Report No. 78B, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,
January 1976
54. Woodward, J.H., et al., Traffic Noice Prediction and Measurement:
Volume III, User's Manual for Traffic Noise Prediction Computer
Program, HPR Report No. 78C, University of Alabama, Birmingham,
Alabama, January 1976
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55. Winter, W.A., Traffic Noise Near Highways, Report No. 1 CA-DOT-TL-
6316-3-76-07, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento,
California, January 1976
56. Fuca, J., et al., Noise Measurements: Second Interim Report, New
Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton, N.J., Department
of Transportation Report DOT 76-002-7787, November 1975
57. Foss, R.N. , Noise Barrier Screen Measurements, Single Barriers,
Report No. APL-UW 7509, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, June 1975
58. Foss, R.N., Attenuation of Sound as a Function of Barrier Angle,
Report No. APL-UW 7605, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, March 1976
59. Foss, R.N., Vehicle Noise Reduction: Effective Height and Frequency
Measurements, Report No. APL-UW 7615, Applied Physics Laboratory,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, August 1976
60. Foss, R.N., Noise Barrier Screen Measurements, Double Barriers,
Report No. APL-UW 7618, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, August 1976
61. Bachman, J.A., et al., Recommendations for Transit Bus Improvement,
Report No. MTR-6964, Mitre Corporation, McLean, Virginia, July
1975
62. Swetnam, G.F., and W.S. Murray, Proposed Standard Noise Measurement
Procedure for Diesel Transit Buses, Report No. UMTA-VA-06-0028-75-1,
Mitre Corporation, McLean, Virginia, July 1975
63. Remington, P.J., et al., Vol. 1, Mechanics of Wheel/Rail Noise
Generation, UMTA Report, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, May 1975, NTIS No. PB 244-514
64. Remington, P.J., et al., Vol. 2, Applications to Control of Wheel/
Rail Noise, UMTA Report, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, May 1975, NTIS No. PB 244-515
65. Manning, J.E., et al., Prediction and Control of Rail Noise and
Vibration—-A State-of-the-Art Assessment, UMTA Report, Cambridge
Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 1974, NTIS No. PB
233-363
66. Manning, J.E., et al., Vibration Prediction Model for Floating
Slab Rail Transit Truck, UMTA Report, Cambridge Collaborative,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 1975, NTIS No. PB 245-638
67. Manning, J.E., et al., Noise Prediction Models for Elevated Rail
Transit Structures, UMTA Report, Cambridge Collaborative, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, August 1975, NTIS No. PB 244-509
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Background Document for Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Regu-
lation, Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS No. PB-242554/AS,
October 1974
Background Document for Medium and Heavy Truck Noise Emission Regulations,
Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS PB-262007/AS, March 1976
Background Document for Railroad Noise Emission Standards, Environmental
Protection Agency, NTIS No. 251713, December 1975
Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Background Document for the
Proposed Bus Noise Emission Regulation, Environmental Protection Agency,
available from the Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Hruska, G. et al. Environmental Effects of Microphones of Various
Constructions, Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards,
Report No. NBSIR 76-1O90, July 1976
Sharp, B. H., et al. A Manual for the Review of Highway Noise Impact,
Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. 550/9-77-356, May 1977
Noise in Rail Transit Cars: Incremental Costs of Quieter Cars, Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, NTIS No. PB-234992/AS, June 1974
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Acoustic Emission Assessment of the GM Prototype XM-1 MET, TARADCOM
Report 12133, December 1975
Changes in Vehicle Noise Level Brought About by the Installation of
Modified Track Roadwheels, TARADCOM Report 11971, November 1974
Combat Vehicle Vulnerability Reduction: Investigation of Sources
Leading to Acoustic Detection, TARADCOM Report 12132, February 1976
Computer Program for the Prediction of Acoustic Detection Ranges of
Military Vehicles, TARADCOM REPORT (Report number not assigned),
July 1974
Definition of Noise Levels In and Around Selected U.S. and Foreign
Combat Vehicles, TARADCOM Report 12093, September 1975
Development of Advanced Concepts for Noise Reduction in Tracked Vehicles,
Human Engineering Laboratory Technical Memorandum, 25-77, August 1977
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Development of Noise Reduction Kits for a U.S. Army A1813 5 Ton Truck,
TARADCOM Report 11920, July 1974
Development of Noise Control Modifications for a U.S. Army M520 8 Ton
Goer Cargo Truck, TARADCOM Report 12197, January 1976
Development of Noise Control Modifications to Reduce In-Cab Noise
Levels of a U.S. Army M813 5 Ton Truck, TARADCOM REPORT (Report number
not assigned), August 1974
Feasibility of Acoustic Detection Within Armored Vehicles, TARADCOM
Report 12239, January 1977
Investigation of Noise Sources and Paths Contributing to the Excessive
Cab Noise Levels in the LDT-465-1C Powered M35A2 2-1/2 Ton Military
Truck, TARADCOM Report 12105, October 1975
Noise Evaluation Tests of Military Truck Tires, TARADCOM Report DOT-
TST-74-21, February 1974
Noise Reduction Kit for Truck, Cargo, 2h Ton M35A2 with LDT465-10 Engine,
TARADCOM Report 12303 (in Draft)
Noise Test of XM-746 (HET), TARADCOM Report 11931, January 1975
Prediction of Acoustic Detection Ranges for Multiple Sources and
Spatially Distributed Detectors, TARADCOM Report 12240, January 1977
Prediction of Acoustic Detectability, TARADCOM Report 11949, August 1974
Procedure for Statistical Analysis of Vehicular Noise Emission Spectra
for Limited Samples, TARADCOM Report 82628, July 1975
Test Results, U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Noise Studies, Yuma Proving
Ground, TARADCOM Report 11710, January 1973
Tracked Vehicles: Noise and Vibration Study Using a Reduced Scale
Mode1, TARADCOM Report 12099, August 1975
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cook, D.I., and D.F. Van Haverbeke, Suburban Noise Control with Plant
Materials and Solid Barriers, Research Bulletin EM100, USDA/Forest
Service, March 1977
Cook, D.I., and D.F. Van Haverbeke, Tree-Covered Land-Forms for Noise
Control, Research Bulletin 263, USDA/Forest Service, July 1974
4-72
-------
Harrison, R.T., ATV Noise, Forest Service Report 2428, USDA/Forest
Service, September 1974
Harrison, R.T., An Overview of Acoustical Regulation and Research in
USDA, paper presented at Noise-Con 1975
Harrison, R.T., Competition Motorcycle Noise Measurements—A Correlation
Study, Society of Automotive Engineers paper 750974, October 1974
Harrison, R.T., Hearing Protection for Off-Road Vehicles, Forest Service
Report 7100, USDA/Forest Service, March 1974
Harrison, R.T., Motorcycle Noise, Forest Service Report 24228, USDA/
Forest Service, February 1974
Harrison, R.T., Off-Road Vehicle Noise-Effects on Operators and Bystanders,
Society of Automotive Engineers, paper 740687, September 1974
Harrison, R.T., Snowmobile Noise, Forest Service Report 7120-5, USDA/
Forest Service, January 1974
Harrison, R.T., A Study of Sound Propagation and Annoyance Under Forest
Conditions, Forest Service Report 7120-6, USDA/Forest Service, April 1974
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Jones, F.E., T.L. Quindry, and W.J. Rinkinen, Summary Report on
Emergency Vehicle Sirens, U.S. Department of Justice Law Enforcement
Standards Program, Report LESP-RPT-0502.00 (National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., September 1974)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clarke, R.M., R.D. Kilmer and D.S. Blomquist, Locomotive In-Cab Noise—
Towards a Standardized Measurement Methodology, in Proceedings of Noise-
Con 77 National Noise Conference on Transportation Noise Control,
Hampton, Virginia, October 17-19, 1977
Fisher, R.L., D.D. Toth, D.S. Blomquist, and J.S. Forrer, The Develop-
ment and Testing of a Highly Directional Dual-Mode Electronic Siren,
NBS Special Publication 480-28, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
D.C., August 1977
4-73
-------
Fuller, B.R., C.I. Holmer, and W.A. Leasure Jr., An Evaluation and
Assessment of Existing Data and Procedures for the Measurement of Noise
From Motorcycles, Report number NBSSIR 76-1001, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D.C., February 1976
Fuller, B.R., and W.A. Leasure Jr., An Evaluation and Assessment of
Existing Data and Procedures for the Measurement of Noise from Buses,
NBSIR 75-771, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., September
1975
Holmer, C.I., and R.D. Kilmer, A Proposed Experiment to Evaluate
Environmental Dependence on the Measurement of Noise from Medium and
Heavy Duty Trucks, NBSIR 76-1138, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., September 1976
Kilmer, R.D., Status Report on an Experimental Study of Environmental
Effects on Truck Noise Measurements, in Proceedings of the Third SAE
Sound Measurement Workshop, St. Charles, Illinois, March 31-April 1,
1977
Kilmer, R.D., W.A. Leasure Jr., and T.L. Quindry, An Evaluation
and Assessment of Existing Data and Procedures for Tire Noise Measure-
ment, Report number NBSIR 75-792, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., November 1975
Lawther, J.M. and J.J. Henry, Characterization of Pavement Macrotex-
ture by Profile Spectral Analysis, National Bureau of Standards Report
GCR75-35, The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, University Park,
Pa., June 1974
4-74
-------
APPENDIX A
AGENCY FUNDING TOTALS
AND INDEX TO PROJECTS
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INDEX OF SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE PROJECTS
PAGE NUMBER
HIGHWAY VEHICLE NOISE
Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks
Quiet Truck Program B-3
Noise Control Handbook for Diesel Powered Vehicles B-3
Diesel powered Highway Vehicle Noise Reduction
(Truck/Bus Retrofit) B-4
Truck Noise Reduction Research B-7
Truck Noise Identification and Control Through
Enclosure C-3
Quiet Truck Demonstration C-3
Continued Investigation on the 1976 Truck
Regulation 1-3
Light Vehicles
Lightweight Vehicle/Engine Noise B-6
Light Vehicles Study 1-3
Buses
Transbus Program B-35
Purchase Specifications, Transit Coaches B-36
Bus Technology Study 1-4
Highway Planning and Land Management
Highway Noise and Vibration Research Strategies B-22
Community Noise Measurements B-26
A-5
-------
PAGE NUMBER
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Model Studies of Truck Noise Measurement Sites B-ll
Highway Noise Prediction B-13
Manual Method for Prediction of Equivalent Sound
Levels for Highway Noise B-19
Improvement of Highway Noise Prediction Procedures B-19
Application of Acoustical Scale Modeling Techniques
to Traffic Noise Propagation at Urban Freeway Sites B-20
NCHRP-Highway Noise Model Project B-23
Traffic Noise Prediction and Measurement B-24
Traffic Noise Near Highways: Design and Environmental
Variables B-25
Determination of Truck Noise Levels B-26
Noise Measurements B-27
Highway Noise Impact Through Year 2000 C-5
Comparison of Highway Noise Prediction Models C-5
Motorcycles
Motorcycles Study 1-4
Other
A Comprehensive policy to Ameliorate Adverse Effects
of Transportation Facilities B-15
Environmental Assessment Notebook Series: Highways B-15
Study of Economic Costs of Alternative Measures to
Mitigate Highway Noise Impacts B-18
Evaluation of Benefits of Source Reduction to Federal
Highway Program B-18
-------
PAGE NUMBER
OFF-HIGHWAY AND RECREATIONAL VEHICLES
Snowmobiles
Snowmobile Study 1-5
Motorboats
Motorboat Study 1-5
Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicle Model Analysis
and Prediction
Computer Correlation of Vehicle Detectability D-4
Environmental Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Noise E-3
Other
Recreational Land Use Noise Reduction Demonstration
at a Public Forest C-6, E-3
Noise Reduction of Military Vehicles D-5
Provide Technical Assistance in Development of
Design Concepts for New Vehicles D-8
Special Purpose Recreational Vehicles 1-5
RAIL NOISE
Locomotives and Passenger Trains
Railroad Retarder Noise Abatement B-14
Locomotive Noise Source Assessment B-28
Locomotive and Rail Car Exterior Noise Emissions B-29
In-Cab Locomotive Noise Survey B-30, H-4
Rapid Rail Transit
Environmental Assessment Notebook Series: Mass
Transit B-16
New York City Transit System Study B-30
Chicago Transit Authority Study B-31
A-7
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PAGE NUMBER
Cleveland, Philadelphia and San Francisco Transit
System Studies B-31
Wheel/Rail Noise and Vibration Study B-31
Track and Elevated Structure Noise and Vibration B-31
In-Service Noise Abatement: Test and Evaluation B-32
New Systems Specifications: Capital Grants B-32
Noise Assessment of the New York City Rail Transit
System B-34
Elevated Structure Noise Control B-34
Handbook of Urban Rail Noise and Vibration Control B-35
Development of Noise Control Design Guide for
Urban Rail Transit Elevated Structures B-36
Innovative Guided Mass Transit
State-of-the-Art Car B-33
Screech Loop Pueblo Facility B-33
Advanced Automated Systems B-34
Guided Mass Transit Study 1-6
Other
Transit Mall Noise Mitigation Demonstration C-4
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENTS
Engines
Engine Noise Support B-5
Diesel Engine Noise Reduction B-5
Engine Noise Reduction B-6
Lightweight Vehicle/Engine Noise B-6
Internal Combustion Engine C-4
Isolation and Measurement of Component Noise
Emissions of a M813 5-Ton Cargo Truck D-4
A-8
-------
PAGE NUMBER
Exhaust, Mufflers
TARADCOM Analysis of Armored Reconnaissance Scout-
Vehicle Contractor Program to Reduce Exhaust System
Noise, Noise Reduction of the M561 (Gama Goat) and
Information Dissemination D-3
Noise Labeling of Mufflers and Surface Vehicles 1-6
Power Train
Research in Power Train Noise D-6
Tires
Tire Noise Study B-7, H-4, 1-4
Tire Noise Basic Research B-8
Tire Noise State-of-the-Art B-8
Power Consumption of Truck Tires B-9
Traction Properties of Radial Tires for Heavy Trucks B-9
Life Cycle Costs of Quiet Truck Tires B-10
Tire Noise Reduction C-8
Track and Suspension
Track and Suspension Noise Reduction Research (1) D-7
Track and Suspension Noise Reduction Research (2) D-8
Track and Suspension Noise Reduction Research (3) D-8
Other Components
Other Component Research D-9
MEASUREMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
Methodology and Standards
Environmental Noise Test Variables B-12, H-3
Optimization of Audible Warning Devices B-14
Noise Standards and Procedures B-16
BMCS Guidelines for the Measurement of Motor Carrier
Noise Emissions B-21
A-9
-------
PAGE NUMBEP
Noise Measurements Related to Highways B-23
Automatic Identification of Noise Sources c-5
Evaluate Change in Sensitivity of Microphone Systems
as a Function of Temperature and Humidity C-6
Acoustic Classification of Highway Vehicles C-7
Characteristics of Microphone Windscreen Performance C-7, H-7
Measurement Methodology for All Terrain Vehicles E-4
Measurement Methodology for Boats E-4
Measurement Methodology for Snowmobiles E-4
Measurement Methodology for Motorcycles E-5
Emergency Vehicle Sirens F-3/ H-6
Environmental Noise Measurements H-5, 1-6
Motor Carrier Regulation Study 1-7
Enforcement
Roadside Noise Enforcement Sites B-ll
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
Propagation
Highway Noise Propagation B-19
Propagation of Traffic Noise B-26
Ground Cover and Wind Effects on Sound Propagation B-28
Barriers
Roadside Barrier Effectiveness B-13
Highway Barrier Design: Acoustic Attenuation
Surfaces and Materials B-17
Aesthetics of Noise Barriers B-20
Highway Noise Barrier Selection, Design and
Construction Experiences B-21
A-10
-------
PAGE NUMBER
Vegetative Noise Barriers B-22
NCHRP Investigation of Selegted Noise Barrier
Acoustical Parameters B-24
Evaluation of Earth Berm Noise Barriers B-25
Evaluation of Barrier Design Methods B-26
Effectiveness of Barrier Design Computer Programs B-27
Acoustic Barrier Research B-28
Highway Noise Mitigation Demonstration C-7
Suburban Noise Control with Plant Materials and
Solid Barriers E-5
General Propagation Studies E-5
Architectural Acoustics
Insulation of Building Against Highway Noise B-20
Feasibility of Soundproofing Private Dwellings B-22
Evaluation of HUD Noise Abatement Policies and
Guidelines G-3
Noise Attenuation Features for Housing and Community
Development G-3
Impact and Vibration
Determination of Impact from Vibrations Related to
Highway Use B-17
A-ll
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-------
APPENDIX B
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
RD&D PROGRAMS
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
The fiscal year funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter
(July 1, 1976 to September 30, 1976). Funding figures for 1977 and 1978
are estimates or represent incomplete new data.
OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT
Quiet Truck Program
The goal of this program was to demonstrate the lowest prac-
tical noise levels that could be engineered into heavy-duty trucks.
Individual noise sources were identified (exclusive of tire noise),
and efficient means for reducing these noises to the lowest level
consistent with reasonable operational constraints were developed,
demonstrated and evaluated inline haul service for a one year
period and the findings were thoroughly documented.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Freightliner Corp.; International Harvester Co.;
and White Motor Co.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
183*
Noise Control Handbook For Diesel Powered Vehicles
A handbook was prepared in May 1974 to assist the truck fleet
operator and the independent truck owner/operator in understanding
and diagnosing noise problems and in selecting retrofittable com-
ponents to lower exterior and interior noise levels. It included
procedures for identifying and evaluating major truck noise sources,
considerations for selection of acoustic materials, procedures for
minimizing exhaust, intake and cooling fan noise, and methods for
Total DOT funding, spanning three years, was 1.3 million dollars.
Industry contribution is not included.
B-?
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
the minimization of in-cab noise levels. Standard noise measure-
ment procedures, muffler and intake filter selection data cooling
system design considerations and a list of known manufacturers
of acoustic materials were also given.
The handbook is report No. DOT-TSC-74-5 with an NTIS accession
No. PB-236-382/8WT.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
*
Diesel Powered Highway Vehicle Noise Reduction (Truck/Bus Retrofit)
In FY 74, cost sharing contracts with five heavy-duty truck
and bus manufacturers were initiated to determine optimum intake,
exhaust, and fan designs applicable to existing and present pro-
duction vehicles. Contract provisions provide for service bul-
letins to inform vehicle owners, of the expected noise reduction
and vehicle operational effects of those recommended designs. The
contractors completed this work during FY 75 and submitted final
reports on their programs. A symposium of this program, together
with the FY 74 work performed by the Stemco Manufacturing Company
and Donaldson Company on truck intake and exhaust noise reduction
was held at the DOT Transportation Systems Center (TSC) on June 26,
1975.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: General Motors/PACCAR/International
Harvester Co./Rohr Industries/
McDonnell-Douglas Co.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
t 44
$25K prior to FY 74
Funding from previous year funding. Total DOT funding for this
project was $494K.
B-4
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Engine Noise Support
This program represented the initial diesel engine noise
abatement work and was carried out under an interagency agreement
with the Bartlesville Energy Research Center. The program produced
information on the performance and air emissions of similar diesel
engines with specific attention paid to noise reduction components.
Bartlesville personnel also participated in program planning for
future diesel engine noise research.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: DOI/Bureau of Mines
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
40*
Diesel Engine Noise Reduction
This noise abatement work was performed on four popular in-
service heavy duty truck engines (GM, Cummins, Mack, and Cater-
pillar). The work was structured in two phases. The first phase
concentrated on noise reduction that could be achieved by surface
modification and replacement or relocation of attachments connected
externally to three of the engines. The second phase continued
with first phase work on a Caterpillar engine and concentrated on
the reduction of noise and vibration by modifications to head and
functioning mechanisms, and to components internal to the engine
and internal to attached engine operating components.
Efforts have accomplished the following: (1) procurement of
engines and a truck, (2) design, construction, and qualification
of a unique engine noise evaluation facility, (3) development and
implementation of test procedure and instrumentation for engine
noise, vibration, and performance measurements, (4) development of
data reduction and analysis software for measurement interpreta-
tion, (5) comparison of various noise source ranking techniques,
(6) measurement of engine damping characteristics as a design aid
for noise abatement treatments, and (7) performance and acoustic
testing on a Detroit Diesel 8V71TT engine, a Cummins Formula 290
engine, and a Mack 676 engine.
Total DOT Funding for this project was $120K.
B-5
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement (TSC)
Investigator: Calspan Corporation
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
245 253 131
Engine Noise Reduction
This project, carried out by the Automotive Engineering
Advisory Group of the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
(ISVR), will provide engineering and design data to assist TSC in
guiding and evaluating engine noise reduction programs. In addi-
tion, engineering data will be provided to assist TSC in solving
related technical problems involving engine design improvements.
ISVR has produced two reports (November 1976) on lightweight auto-
mobile diesel engines. One report concerned modeling for emission
tests, and the second was a review of heat release modeling and
included a description of the combustion model developed at ISVR
specifically for noise control purposes.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Institute of Sound Vibration Research
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
25 41
Lightweight Vehicle/Engine Noise
This project involves tests and evaluation of typical high
speed automobile engines. A series of vehicles with a variety of
power-to-weight ratios will be evaluated to define the span of
vehicle noise produced by accelerating vehicles.
The contractor will analyze and project all engine cind vehicle
test data into integrated vehicle results regarding noise:, fuel
economy, and emissions will make projections and recommendations
for optimized vehicle/power plant configurations. A fineil tech-
nical report on this program is scheduled for third quarter FY 78.
Sponsor-. DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Calspan Corporation/Ricardo and Company
Engineers Ltd.
B-6
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
97
Truck Noise Reduction Research
This study is an extension of the DOT Quiet Truck Program
with truck manufacturers, and involves the procurement and service
evaluation of up to six new trucks built to specification to
demonstrate the feasibility of integrating low noise requirements
into the functional requirements of trucks.
This program is being carried out in cooperation with the
United Parcel Service (UPS) at no cost to the government.
Investigator: United Parcel Service
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
* *
Tire Noise Study
Utilizing the extensive tire noise data base accumulated
during 1970 and 1971, the DOT Office of Noise Abatement continued
its interagency agreement with the National Bureau of Standards
and expanded the study through additional data collection and/or
analysis.
Accomplishments to date for typical bias-ply rib and cross-
bar truck tires include: (1) a catalog of maximum A-weighted sound
levels; (2) a catalog of one-thid octave and narrow band spectral
data; (3) directionality data in the form of octave band and
equal A-weighted sound level contours.
The influence of pavement surface has been investigated and
includes: (1) tire noise versus surface texture; (2) surface
profile measurements,- (3) correlation of pavement surface tex-
ture with tire noise (a partially successful attempt).
No cost to government
B-7
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
There has been several other accomplishments: (1) development
of an empirical model to predict in-service base noise levels for
truck tires on the basis of SAE J57 type tests; (2) a comparison
of parametric trends between truck and automobile tires; (3)
acquisition of noise data on truck radial tires; (4) determining
the effect of load and/or inflation pressure on noise levels; (5)
determining the effect of tire size on noise levels; (6) comple-
tion of noise measurements on radial tires utilized by HSRI; (7)
comparing wear rates with noise levels.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
120 162 119*
Tire Noise Basic Research
This experimental and theoretical study has resulted in a
description of tire surface vibration; definition of location,
small size and high intensity of the acoustic source; prediction of
sound pressure and sound power levels from mathematical models and
experimental measurements. A comprehensive summary report is in
preparation. It is anticipated that publication will occur during
the third quarter of FY 78.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: North Carolina State University
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
150t
Tire Noise State-of-the-Art
This project was an effort to organize and conduct an open
forum symposium to address the current and pertinent information
regarding the technical, economic, regulatory, and social aspects
of motor vehicle tire noise. The proceedings of this meeting serve
as a vehicle for futher dissemination of the information brought
forward.
* Total DOT funding for this program was $960K.
t Total DOT funding for this program was $269K.
B-8
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Society of Automotive Engineers/In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
* * 6 *
Power Consumption of Truck Tires
It is well documented that radial rib tires are appreciably
quieter than bias-ply cross-bar tires and slightly quieter than
bias-ply rib tires. In addition, radial tires provide a high
potential for lower tire power consumption. This has important
implications on fuel economy.
The objective of the program was to develop power loss data on
truck tires as a function of tire design (bias-ply radial), tread
design (rib, cross-bar), state of tread wear and tire operational
parameters (load, inflation pressure, speed), road surface (flat
belt versus drum), tire temperature, slip angle, torque and trip
length.
The data indicate 50 percent lower rolling resistance for
radial tires.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Calspan Corp.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
60
Traction Properties of Radial Tires for Heavy Trucks
The body of data currently available concerning truck tire
traction is limited; however, since tradeoffs between vehicle
safety and tire noise reduction are difficult (if not impossible)
to justify, there exists a need to critically evaluate the state-
ment that "tires with good traction make more noise."
To satisfy this need, a tire traction test program was initi-
ated by DOT in FY 76. This study will perform a comprehensive
In-house
B-9
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
set of longitudinal and lateral force measurements on both dry and
wet pavement for a sample of six popular truck tires of radial
construction.
Results show that for both wet and dry conditions tires
exhibiting improved traction performance are generally those whose
tread patterns yield lower noise output. Regarding both lateral
and longitudinal traction properties, the common usage of cross-bar
tires on rear driving axles (with rib tires on the steering axle)
results in a typically disadvantageous arrangement from an on-
highway vehicle control point of view, i.e., braking and cornering
maneuvers.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Highway Safety Research Institute of the
University of Michigan
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
46
Life Cycle Costs of Quiet Truck Tires
The life cycle costs associated with tires of various carcass
construction/tread design need to be documented so that the optimal
trade-off between noise and economical liabilities can be assessed
as a basis for future tire noise regulations. The purpose of this
task is to quantify the costs associated both with current tire use
practices and with revisions to these use practices which may be
necessary to comply with such regulations.
Typical tire use practice for both local and long haul service
will be depicted, including tire and wheel purchasing, maintenance,
and inventory; vehicle running gear maintenance, vehicle mileage,
fuel usage, etc. Significant variables in tire economics such as
vehicle configuration and power, regional roadway and/or terrain,
maintenance practices, recapping practices, etc., will be deter-
mined. Cross-bar replacement strategies will be postulated and the
tire use and variable factor scenarios will be extrapolated to
California and the nation to obtain an aggregate cost picture of
the present and regulated future.
The contract was awarded in the first quarter of FY 77 with
completion scheduled for the second quarter of FY 78.
B-10
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor; DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Wyle Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
54
Model Studies of Truck Noise Measurement Sites
This contract was for the construction of detailed acoustic
models of two designated highway sites, the conduct of acoustic
measurements utilizing these scale models, and the comparison of
scale model noise propagation with field measurement data pre-
viously obtained by TSC at sites in the Fort Wayne, Indiana, area.
The objective was to investigate the possibility of using scale
models to determine the effects of site topography near roadways on
the propagation of noise from trucks. Two general findings were
that a vehicle as a point source cannot be modeled because of
strong interference patterns and that a distributed source (several
point sources) correlates reasonably well with field measurement
data.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1967 1977 1978
25
Roadside Noise Enforcement Sites
To support DOT in their responsibilities for highway noise
reduction enforcement, TSC performed field noise measurements to
define the requirements for acceptable interstate motor carrier
noise enforcement sites along highways. The measurement program to
categorize the highway sites was conducted by TSC at Fort Wayne,
Indiana, during the period July 8-20, 1974. Data recorded at eight
microphone locations at each of ten different measurement sites
were reduced, tabulated and analyzed. A civil engineering firm was
obtained to conduct a detailed topographical survey of each of the
measured sites.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Transportation Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000) 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
B-ll
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Environmental Noise Test Variables
Although existing voluntary standards have achieved consider-
able uniformity, significant variations remain between noise
measurements made at different sites or on different times on the
same site. These differences are in part attributable to dif-
ferences in the environment, including site and meteorological
influences. An understanding of the magnitude and extent of these
effects will provide a basis for better site selection criteria and
possible redefinition, or elimination, of existing tolerance fac-
tors, and will ensure more uniform enforcement by DOT of the EPA
Interstate Motor Carrier and Interstate Rail Carrier Noise Emission
Regulations.
To satisfy the need for experimental work, DOT is sponsoring a
portion of an Environmental Variables Study in cooperation with the
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) and the Engine
Manufacturers Association (EMA). The experimental program will
measure the acoustic, vehicle, and environmental data for a variety
of vehicle and environmental conditions. These data will be used
to determine the systematic and nonsystematic dependence of observed
truck drive-by and stationary noise on the environmental effects
present during the measurement. The experiment is designed to
permit separation of generation/radiation and propagation effects.
During the fourteen months from September 1976 to November 1977,
NBS mounted a substantial effort to conduct the experimental pro-
gram. However, a wide range of technical difficulties relating to
the complexity of the program forced termination before achievement
of the stated goals.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
28f
In-house funds
Does not include DOC funding of $150K in FY 77, and MVMA
and EMA funding of $10K in FY 76 and $60K in FY 77
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Highway Noise Prediction
This task involves an extensive field measurement, data re-
duction and analysis program to evaluate the three existing high-
way noise prediction programs against field data and, where needed,
to develop a revised noise prediction scheme. The work includes
making the three existing programs-TSC model, Michigan 117 model
and Revised Design Guide model-operational at TSC and utilizing
a computer graphics system to present various output plots to aid
in the analysis of results.
These data were used as the basis for evaluating the pre-
dictive models and for revision (minor) of the TSC model. This
effort was initiated in FY 76 and the final report is now being
printed.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Transportation Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Roadside Barrier Effectiveness
To more accurately predict and assess the performance of bar-
riers as a method of wayside noise reduction, a series of control-
led experiments were conducted under conditions of heavy (line
source) traffic. A temporary 1000-foot plywood barrier was con-
structed for this purpose along 1-93 in Andover, Massachusetts.
The TSC Noise Measurement and Assessment Laboratory made baseline
noise measurements at the site prior to and following construction
of the barrier. Measurements were made for barrier heights of
4, 8, 12 and 16 feet and with the barrier surface in both a re-
flective (unpainted plywood) and an absorptive (acoustic fiber-
glass board) condition.
These tests show that the insertion loss of the barrier cannot
be accurately predicted by use of existing design charts which do
not take into account ground absorption effects. However, existing
design charts can be used with reasonable accuracy to predict
noise levels behind a barrier as long as the level at a reference
In-house funds
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
point above the barrier is known or can be predicted accurately.
It may be possible to postulate corrections to take into account
the effect of the ground and revise the current design charts
accordingly.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative and DOT/Transportation
Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
40 47 39
Optimization of Audible Warning Devices
Under this program, tests were conducted to determine the
effectiveness of existing audible warning signals for emergency
vehicles and to determine if ways exist to minimize community
annoyance. Final report has been published.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Society of Automotive Engineers and Bolt, Beranek,
and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
99
Railroad Retarder Noise Abatement
A cooperative effort was undertaken between DOT (TSC) and the
Burlington Northern Railroad to collect, assess, and disseminate
information regarding the character of the noise environment as-
sociated with the operation of active retarders in railroad clas-
sification (hump) yards, and also, to present in useful form in-
formation on the use of noise barriers to reduce retarder noise
both in the yard and in surrounding communities. Data were ob-
tained during a parametric analysis program conducted at the
Northtown freight classification yard of the Burlington Northern
Railroad in Fridley, Minnesota. TSC made the noise measurements,
obtained baseline data, and analyzed the noise environment under
controlled test conditions for: (1) a retarder without a noise
barrier and (2) the identical retarder shielded by a variable
geometry noise barrier.
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
The final report indicates the positive effect of barriers to
reduce lateral sound propagation from classification yard retarders
and the further improvement to be gained by use of absorptive
surfaces on the barriers.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: Burlington Northern, Inc. and Transportation
Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
69 * *
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
A Comprehensive Policy to Ameliorate Adverse Effects of Transpor-
tation Facilities
This project analyzed ways to reduce adverse effects to per-
sons and property adjacent to transportation facilities. It ad-
dressed potential policy and legislative initiatives for such
adverse impacts as noise and property value loss that detract from
the overall positive benefits of airport, highway and mass trans-
portation facilities.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Environmental Affairs; DOT/Office of the
Secretary; DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration;
DOT/Federal Highway Administration; and DOT/Federal
Aviation Administration.
Investigator: Urban Systems Research and Engineering, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
130
Environmental Assessment Notebook Series; Highways
An Environmental Assessment Notebook Series will be designed
as a technical resource manual for those who are responsible for
conducting transportation planning and environmental impact assess-
ment studies. The Notebook Series is an attempt to better integrate
the transportation planning process and the environmental impact
assessment process.
In-house funds
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
It describes techniques for conducting social, economic, and
physical impact analyses as a means of facilitating and improving
the quality of the environmental assessment process and organizing
the findings in a readily usable form.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Environmental Affairs
Investigator: Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
310
Environmental Assessment Notebook Series: Mass Transit
An Environmental Assessment Notebook Series will be designed
as a technical resource manual for those who are responsible for
conducting transportation planning and environmental impact assess-
ment studies. The Notebook Series is an attempt to better inte-
grate the transportation planning process and the environmental
impact assessment process.
It describes techniques for conducting social, economic, and
physical impact analyses as a means of facilitating and improving
the quality of the environmental assessment process and organizing
the finds in a readily usable form.
The study will be initiated early in FY 78, with an estimated
12-month completion date.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Environmental Affairs
Investigator: Not cited
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
100
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
Noise Standards and Procedures
Section 114 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 (Public
Law No. 93-87) authorized FHWA to develop and promulgate procedures
which would permit state highway agencies to use apportioned
Federal Highway funds for abatement of traffic noise from existing
highways. Interim regulations providing guidelines for the
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
submission and approval of noise abatement projects on previously
constructed highways were promulgated on February 13, 1974, and
published February 22, 1974 (39 FR 6696). These regulations were
promulgated in final form on May 14, 1976 as a Federal-Aid Highway
Program Manual (FHPM).
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Highway Barrier Design; Acoustic Attenuation Surfaces and Materials
The original objective of this study was to explore the rami-
fications of using sound absorbing material on existing highway
noise barriers and within tunnels. The scope of the study was
expanded to include barrier design considerations. The study has
been completed, and the results have formed the basis for a series
of handbooks relating to noise barrier design.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
15 100 97
Determination of Impact from Vibrations Related to Highway Use
Highway-induced vibrations have been cited as causing both
human psychological discomfort and structural damage. The objec-
tive of this study was to define the nature and extent of the high-
way vibration problem by improving the existing understanding of
vibration excitation, propagation and effects.
The final report collates and assesses the physical as well as
behavioral and legal literature on vibrations from highways, con-
struction, blasting, etc., and develops guidelines to preclude or
control environmental vibrations devoting special attention to
highway vibration situations resulting in complaints or litigation.
In-house funds
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Science Applications, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
76 109
Study of Economic Costs of Alternative Measures to Mitigate Highway
Noise Impacts
This program is to develop a data base on the costs of alter-
native measures (to noise barriers) to attenuate highway noise
propagation into the community. At 4 to 6 sites within each state,
the costs and benefits of such alternatives as (1) razing the
dwelling adjacent to the highway, (2) buying the houses and re-
selling the land for other than residential purposes, (3) sound-
proofing the houses, etc., were evaluated. FHWA is presently
utilizing this information as the basis for an assessment of the
nationwide costs of alternative methods of mitigating highway
traffic noise propagation into the community.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of New York, State of Minnesota, State of
Texas, State of Washington, and In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
60 3 *
Evaluation of Benefits of Source Reduction to Federal Highway Program
This contract was written (1) to perform a cost effectiveness
analysis of vehicle source control versus alternative highway noise
mitigation measures, (2) to demonstrate to state and local govern-
ments the advantages of quieting motor vehicles and (3) to evaluate
the effect, if any, of reduced exhaust heights (for trucks).
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
13
In-house funds
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Manual Method for Prediction of Equivalent Sound Levels for Highway
Noise
This is a task to prepare a manual for use by the states for
predicting the equivalent sound levels generated by freely flowing
traffic.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
* *
Highway Noise Propagation
This project involves examining the physical phenomenon of
propagation of highway noise over finite impedance ground planes
through the evaluation of mathematical treatments of wave propaga-
tion over absorbing ground planes. The objective of the study is
the development of a propagation model based on the rigorous mathe-
matical solution of the boundary value problem.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Pennsylvania State University and In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
Improvement of Highway Noise Prediction Procedures
This program will identify and correct sources of prediction
error and/or inefficiencies associated with the TSC predictive model
for highway noise and develop a user's manual for the revised pro-
cedures.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Science Applications, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
In-house funds
B-19
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Application of Acoustical Scale Modeling Techniques to Traffic
Noise Propagation at Urban Freeway Sites
Existing highway noise predictive models are applicable to
freely flowing traffic on roadways in nonurban areas. It is doubt-
ful that current modeling techniques can handle, with an acceptable
degree of accuracy, noise impacted areas adjacent to urban and
suburban freeways where prominent structures exist between the
highway and the noise sensitive areas. This contract was awarded
to develop a procedure more adaptable for noise prediction in the
above situations using a combination of the reference site approach
and site scale modeling techniques. The project involves selecting
actual highway sites, modeling them in the laboratory, and comparing
the noise measurements at the site to those obtained under con-
trolled laboratory conditions.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Adminstration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
70 105
Insulation of Buildings Against Highway Noise
A manual was prepared identifying procedures for selecting
effective noise insulation and ventilation modifications for
residential buildings to minimize highway noise impacts. The
feasibility of applying these design procedures was evaluated
as part of the Experimental Projects program, Feasibility of Sound-
proofing Private Dwellings.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Wyle Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
20
Aesthetics of Noise Barriers
To be acceptable to the communities, highway noise barriers,
in addition to effectively attenuating the highway noise, should
be aesthetically pleasing. To highlight this important facet
of the barrier design process FHWA has developed a manual for use
by highway engineers, landscape architects, and others involved
with the design of barriers.
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Organization for Environmental Growth, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
80
Highway Noise Barrier Selection, Design and Contruction Experiences
Techniques and practices in highway noise barrier design and
construction are still evolving. Research is underway to refine
highway noise prediction methods on which barrier design is based
and to develop a procedure to assist in optimizing barrer design
and material selection.
Several states have had considerable experience with highway
noise barrier design and construction; and others have limited
experience which, in the aggregate, constitutes a body of knowledge
which can provide guidance for highway engineers in selecting,
designing, and constructing noise barriers.
Personnel from FHWA Region 10 cataloged the items that have
been and need to be considered in the process of designing noise
barriers. Implementation Package 76-B, Highway Noise Barrier
Selection, Design and Construction Experiences, documents actual
experience such as cost, selection process, site, barrier materials,
height, length, etc., which have been reported where information
is available. Where factual information based on experience is
not available, considerations have been discussed in general terms.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
BMCS Guidelines for the Measurement of Motor Carrier Noise Emissions
Michigan Acoustical Consultants developed a guidebook for use
by Federal, State and local motor carrier noise enforcement per-
sonnel. The bases for the guidebook are the Interstate Motor
Carrier Noise Emission Compliance Regulations promulgated by BMCS.
In-house funds
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Michigan Acoustical Consultants
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
13
Vegetative Noise Barriers
This study will assess the potential effectiveness of narrow
forest barriers in terms of insertion loss relative to highway
noise and formulate the research plan for a larger scale study of
vegetative and forest noise barriers.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administrative
Investigator: Pennsylvania State University
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
Highway Noise and Vibration Research Strategies
A workshop coordinated by Florida Atlantic University was held
May 1977 to assist FHWA in identifying the future research needs
in highway noise and vibration and in formulating a long range
research plan. The workshop resulted in the determination and
assessment of the state-of-the-art in highway noise and vibration,
identification and prioritization of long term research needs, and
the organization of these research needs into manageable research
projects.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Florida Atlantic University/In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
19
Feasibility of Soundproofing Private Dwellings
Utilizing highway construction funds, FHWA is planning to conduct
an experimental project at the state level to demonstrate the
feasibility of applying soundproofing to private dwellings as an
abatement measure for highway traffic noise. Various soundproofing
techniques, such as double-glazed windows, total environmental
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
conditioning so that windows can be permanently closed, careful
attention to sealing acoustic leaks, etc., will be evaluated as to
their practicality as a retrofit technique, and as to their effec-
tiveness in insulating against traffic noise and the costs involved.
The results will be documented in a summary report.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Adminstration
Investigator: Not selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) -. 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Noise Measurements Related to Highways
During FY 77, FHWA initiated a contract for the development
of a manual for use by the states which will present the state-
of-the-art of noise measurements related to highways and their
effects on the environment. The goal of the manual is the promo-
tion of uniformity among highway noise measurements. Material will
include, but not be limited to, noise emission levels for vehicles,
insertion loss/attenuation of barriers, evaluation procedures for
noise prediction models, etc.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Dames and Moore
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
20
NCHRP—Highway Noise Model Project
A design guide was developed under this program which provides
the highway engineer or designer with the tools necessary to
predict, evaluate and minimize traffic-generated noise in the
theoretical, experimental, and practical results developed under
other highway noise studies undertaken in the past ten years
especially the Michigan 117 model and the DOT/TSC model. The design
guide and its supporting technical backup NCHRP Report 173,
Highway Noise-—Generation and Control and NCHRP Report 174,
Highway Noise—A Design Guide for Prediction and Control.
Funds will come from Highway Construction Funds (experimental
project).
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
180
NCHRP Investigation of Selected Noise Barrier Acoustical Parameters
Procedures currently used to analyze highway noise barriers
and to predict their effectiveness have some limitations. The
basic objectives of this project are to complete an analysis of
certain highway noise barrier parameters in addition to those
examined in recent studies.
The additional factors include: (1) barrier cross-sectional
shape (mounds, wedges, multiple-edge barriers, etc.); (2) barrier
surface characteristics (surface impedance of covering, etc.); (3)
barrier influence on ground cover effect (the influence of a noise
barrier on the net ground effect on noise propagation).
The study includes the analysis of the significance of these
parameters to the overall performance of noise barriers in terms of
the sensitivity of barrier effectiveness to each of the study
parameters.
Since current procedures for calculating barrier effectiveness
are based on the thin-wall barrier assumption, the effects of the
factors defined above will be related to the thin-wall barrier case
of convenience in the application of the research project results.
The project is schedule for completion during the second quarter of
FY 78.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: Pennsylvania State University
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
75
Traffic Noise Prediction and Measurement
To improve their capability for the accurate measurement and
prediction of highway noise, the State of Alabama developed and
implemented the following analytic and experimental tools: (1) an
automated traffic noise data acquisition system and associated
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
user's manual and (2) a computer program for the prediction of
traffic noise based on the methodology of NCHKP Reports 117 and 144
and associated user's manual. The adequacy of the instrumentation
system and experimental procedures was verified by carrying out
field measurements at a number of highway sites.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Alabama
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
3 21 58
Traffic Noise Near Highways: Design and Environmental Variables
The State of California attempted to develop better methods
for the evaluation, prediction, and control of traffic noise in
areas adjacent to highways. They investigated the effect of high-
way design factors and terrain variables including natural or man-
made obstructions, reflecting surfaces, grades, etc. Criteria were
developed for desirable separation distances between the nearest
travelled roadway lane and noise sensitive areas such as schools,
hospitals, and residences.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of California
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
12 4 1
Evaluation of Earth Berm Noise Barriers
An evaluation was made of an experimental noise reduction
earth berm constructed alongside 1-84 in West Hartford, Connecti-
cut. The noise reduction effectiveness of the barrier was measured,
opinions on the effectiveness of the barrier were surveyed among
nearby residents, and the measured and predicted noise reduction
were compared.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Connecticut
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Propagation of Traffic Noise
The State of Kentucky has initiated a field study to quantify
highway noise propagation parameters, i.e., traffic, environmental
and geometric factors, in relation to improving the highway noise
prediction models.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Kentucky
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
Determination of Truck Noise Levels
The State of New Jersey is conducting an investigation of
truck noise levels in order to empirically correct the TSC Highway
Noise Prediction Model by accurately classifying truck noise emis-
sion levels.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of New Jersey
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
79 46
Community Noise Measurements
Noise measurements were made by the State of New Jersey to
obtain initial data and to monitor noise sensitive areas in the
State. The measurements formed the basis for the investigation,
development, and implementation of noise abatement alternatives.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of New Jersey
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
52 17 48
Evaluation of Barrier Design Methods
The State of New Jersey is performing an evaluation of traf-
fic noise barrier design methods in order to develop and implement
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
a method of evaluating existing noise barrier design methods utiliz-
ing noise measurements before and after barrier construction.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of New Jersey
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
23 67 47
Noise Measurements
The Oklahoma Department of Highways has received funding for
three-year, $136K study to validate the noise prediction models
currently utilized by the department. Of special concern is the
effect of average daily traffic and truck traffic on the model.
The research program will develop procedures for measuring noise
using digital sound recording equipment. Noise data will be
collected and correlated with the noise prediction models that are
currently being used and any new or modified predictive models
made available to the states by the FHWA during the time frame of
the project.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Oklahoma
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
54 33
Effectiveness of Barrier Design Computer Programs
A field study of highway noise barriers is presently being
carried out by the State of Virginia. They are utilizing current
prediction procedures to evaluate barrier performance in conjunc-
tion with before and after barrier construction measurements which
will provide the basis for an assessment of the effectiveness of
predictive computer programs in the design of noise barriers.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Virginia
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 18
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Acoustic Barrier Research
A series of four reports have resulted from a barrier study
by the State of Washington. The study, conducted by the Applied
Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, included laboratory
modeling and full scale noise studies to investigate barrier at-
tenuation of automobile and truck noise at selected locations.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Washington
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
55 15
Ground Cover and Wind Effects on Sound Propagation
A field study is underway in the State of Washington to quantify
the highway noise propagation losses over various types of ground
covers considering the influence of wind speed and direction.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Highway Administration
Investigator: State of Washington
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
95 48
FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
Locomotive Noise Source Assessment
The Transportation Systems Center (TSC) in behalf of the
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the DOT Office of Noise
Abatement (ONA) and in cooperation with the Association of American
Railroads (AAR), initiated a project to assess the overall and
individual component noise levels from a typical diesel-electric
linehaul locomotive. Data show exhaust, engine cooling fans, and
the traction motor cooling system to be the major contributors to
overall locomotive noise.
Under a second contract, the data base collected in the above
discussed study is being used to develop simplified noise source
diagnostic procedures and simplified overall noise level testing
procedures to facilitate the field assessment of locomotive noise.
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
An additional contract to be initiated in FY 78 will address the
sources of noise from a locomotive of a different manufacturer.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Railroad Administration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
49 17 61
Locomotive and Rail Car Exterior Noise Emissions
This research program will build upon previous efforts of the
locomotive noise sources assessment program and will further in-
vestigate specific sources of noise and address the need for ad-
ditional data to support standards associated with the December 1975
Federal Railraod Noise Emission Regulation.
Specific requirements to be addressed include: (1) compliance
certification of stationary locomotives, (2) the effect of load
cell noise as a contaminant in stationary locomotive tests, (3)
the difficulty in determining individual locomotive noise contribu-
tions in moving consists, and (4) identification of individual
rail car noise contributions in a moving train.
FY 77 Funded tasks include:
(1) A survey of load cells will be conducted to evaluate their
design, location and estimated noise level. Methodology will be
developed to relate locomotive noise levels measured at typical
load cell sites to those measured at sites in strict conformance
with the requirements of the 1975 noise emission regulation.
(2) The feasibility of developing and demonstrating simplified
noise measurement procedures, e.g., unloaded, stationary tests,
that correlate with measurements made in strict accordance with the
1975 regulation.
The contract was awarded in the first quarter of FY 78.
Sponsor: Federal Railroad Administration
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
72
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
In-Cab Locomotive Noise Survey
The program is being conducted by the Office of Rail Safety
Research in cooperation with the AAR. Technical contract support
is being provided under interagency agreement by the Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. The objective of the
program is threefold: (1) to determine, by means of representative
sample of locomotives in operational settings, the extent of crew
exposure to noise,- (2) to identify simplified test procedures and
measurement methodologies that can be used in an operational
environment to determine whether or not an individual locomotive
is capable of generating excessively high noise levels; and (3)
to identify measurement techniques whereby component sources of
noise within the locomotive cab can be identified.
This program effort is currently underway and is expected to
continue through May 1978.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Railroad Administration
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
103 45
URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION
New York City Transit System Study
This project was funded under the UMTA University grant pro-
gram to study the problems of noise in the community and the noise
environment of riders and customers waiting in stations. The
grant was extended in FY 76 (see description under "Noise Assess-
ment of the New York City Rail Transit System").
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Polytechnic Institute of New York
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) : 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
120
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Chicago Transit Authority Study
This project was to study the problems of noise in the com-
munity and the noise environment of riders and customers waiting in
stations. The report will be published in FY 78.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration (University
grant program)
Investigator: University of Illinois
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
66
Cleveland, Philadelphia, and San Francisco Transit System Studies
This project was to study the problems of noise in the com-
munity and the noise environment of riders and customers waiting in
stations. The report will be published in FY 78.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Boeing-Vertol
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
120
Wheel/Rail Noise and Vibration Study
This project was to develop wheel/rail noise and vibration
control technology. A two volume report presents analytical models
of impedance, response, radiation efficiency, directivity of wheels
and rails, and analytical formulas for the prediction of wheel/rail
noise.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Authority
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
184
Track and Elevated Structure Noise and Vibration
A theoretical model was developed for the prediction of noise
radiated by elevated structures on rail transit lines. The validity
of the predictive model was shown through comparison with a field
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
study of three different types of elevated structures on. the
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Also developed was a
theoretical model for the prediction of vibration reduction by use
of floating slab tracks in subway tunnels. The results of this
study are documented in a series of three reports.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
147
In-Service Noise Abatement: Test and Evaluation
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA)
was selected to serve as a test bed for a study of the most promis-
ing currently available techniques for abating rail/wheel noise at
its source. These techniques include rail grinding, wheel truing,
and using resilient wheels and wheel damping.
While these four techniques are employed on a very limited
basis, careful records are being kept on the actual cost of in-
stalling, maintaining, and utilizing the appropriate hardware.
Noise measurements are taken while these abatement techniques are
being utilized, and the results compared with normal trains under
comparable conditions. These measures of cost and effectiveness
are obtained concurrently.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: DeLeuw Gather; and Wilson, Ihrig & Associates
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
379 46 * 50
New Systems Specifications: Capital Grants
In addition to the research and demonstration program activi-
ties , very important improvements and advancements are being made
as a result of progressive systems specifications being drawn for
Funding includes noise considerations which are not separately
identified.
B-32
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
new transit systems which are being developed with massive Federal
support. Such specifications exhibit incremental noise improve-
ments with time. Estimates of the costs of such specifications
cannot be provided; however, the noise reduction contributions of
such system specification will be significant.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Not cited
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
State-of-the-Art Car
Programs such as the State-of-the-Art Car and the development
of a screech loop at the Pueblo High Speed Test Center will add to
the body of information permitting continuous improvement in rapid
transit noise control.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Boeing-Vertol/Transportation Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
t t t t t
Screech Loop Pueblo Facility
Programs such as the State-of-the-Art Car and the development
of a screech loop at the Pueblo High Speed Test Center will add to
the body of information permitting continuous improvement in rapid
transit noise control.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Transportation Systems Center
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
tt tt tt tt tt
* Not dedicated primarily to surface transportation noise
f Funding includes noise considerations which are not separately identified
t f In-house funds
B-33
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Noise Assessment of the New York City Rail Transit System
This project is a continuation of an UMTA University Grant
initiated in FY 74. Three efforts are being undertaken:
Reviewing and up-grading of the cost estimates for noise
reduction in the previous NYCTA noise assessment work.
Field measurements to monitor "degradation" (in terms of
noise) of specific car models.
Analysis of car maintenance records to determine useful
life and costs of car improvements.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
(University Grants Program)
Investigator: Polytechnic Institute of New York
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
62
Advanced Automated Systems
This task involves systems development and exploratory efforts
in the area of personal and group rapid transit systems (PRT's and
GRT's) and also includes noise related activities as a part of
the advanced work necessary to determine applicability of such
systems for future transportation needs.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Not cited
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
*****
Elevated Structure Noise Control
Previous UMTA funded research in this area (FY 74) has resulted
in analytical tools for predicting noise from elevated rail transit
structures. These tools will now be used to interpret and extend
Not dedicated primarily to surface transportation noise
B-34
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
the results of field tests of noise abatement on elevated struc-
tures in order to develop a "Noise Control Design Guide for Elevated
Structures". Specific recommendations will be given for reducing
noise from the noisiest types of U.S. elevated rail structures.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: To be determined
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Handbook of Urban Rail Noise and Vibration Control
During FY 76-77, DOT/TSC wrote a summary of the available
technology for prediction and control of rail system noise. This
document will form the basis of a Handbook of Urban Rail Noise and
Vibration Control. Work on this handbook will be initiated in FY
78.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: To be determined
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
150
Transbus Program
The UMTA Transbus research and development program, undertaken
with the participation of bus operators and suppliers (General
Motors Truck and Coach; Rohr, Inc.; and AM General Corporation)
has developed a number of design and performance improvements
for incorporation into the specifications for ordering full size
transit buses.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Rohr Industries, General Motors Truck, and Coach
and AM General Corp.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
t t t t t
* Funds allocated; amount not disclosable because of contract pro-
curement procedures.
t Funding includes noise considerations which are not separately
identified.
B-35
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
Purchase Specifications, Transit Coaches
The Mitre Corporation examined current transit bus models to
determine specific improvements that can be accomplished through
a modification program. Three improvement kits, consisting of
new or modified components to lower exterior bus noise were recom-
mended: treatment of the radiator fan, insulation of the engine
compartment, and the addition of an effective air intake silencer.
The proposed kits were not prototype tested.
Mitre proposed a new noise measurement procedure for diesel
transit buses, based on SAE J366. Procedures for making interior
measurements at various positions within the bus were also proposed.
Sponsor: DOT/Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Investigator: Mitre Corp.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
22
Development of a Noise Control Design Guide for Urban Rail Transit
Elevated Stuctures
This study will assess and utilize existing models of elevated
structure noise propogation, inventory U.S. urban rail transit
elevated structures, and review existing noise control case studies
and case history data. Field and laboratory testing will be con-
ducted to determine engineering and cost effectiveness of noise
control measures. From this work a design guide for noise abate-
ment in existing elevated structures will be prepared.
Sponsor: DOT/UMTA
Investigator: Not selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
350
B-36
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APPENDIX C
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RD&D PROGRAMS
C-l
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APPENDIX C
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter (J\ily 1, 1976 to
September 30, 1976). Figures cited for 1977 and 1978 represent esti-
mates or new data.
Truck Noise Identification and Control Through Enclosure
This project is an extension of the noise control research
work done by the DOT in support of the DOT Quiet Truck Program.
This is an effort on the part of EPA to advance technology and to
demonstrate the existence of technology for reducing truck noise
levels below the 80 dBA limit set for January 1, 1982, in the
medium and heavy truck regulation. The study involves two
principal areas: experimental and analytical methods of identify-
ing truck noise sources, and the development and construction of
a closefitting enclosure for engine noise reduction. This program
is still in progress.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Purdue University
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
155 25
Quiet Truck Demonstration
This effort is a continuation of the noise control research
work done by DOT from FY 72 through FY 74. This program will have
three activity areas. The first two involve continuing efforts
to develop noise abatement measures of light, medium, and heavy
trucks and the demonstration of their effectiveness. The third
is to demonstrate compatibility of noise control measures with
operational service requirements. New trucks will be pro-
cured and modified to incorporate identified noise reduc-
tion components. All variables surrounding truck performance
will be evaluated. This program will provide an input to the
total technology assessment which is planned in support of the
regulatory process.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Elements 1&2 - Applied Hydroacoustics
Element 3 - Not Selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
750
C-3
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
Transit Mall Noise Mitigation Demonstration
This study will develop methods for abating noise at transit
malls, and demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods at the
future Broadway Plaza, Mall in New York City. Part of this study
will include literature review, evaluation of existing transit
malls, and identification and demonstration of advanced noise re-
duction techniques. This research is a cooperative effort between
UMTA of the DOT and the EPA. Project will start in FY 78. UMTA
will serve as project manager.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control, DOT/UMTA
Investigator: New York City
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
40*
Internal Combustion Enginet
This program will advance noise control state-of-the-art and
demonstrate noise reduction techniques applicable to internal com-
bustion engines (gas turbines are excluded). Included are diesel,
gasoline, and rotary engines. Engines powering such products as small
industrial compressors, automobiles, trucks, marine vessels, lo-
comotives, lawn mowers, chain saws, and tractors are to be con-
sidered. Only existing engine concepts will be utilized. The work
will focus on methods of adjusting or modifying structure, com-
bustion process, and mechanical design of power producing parts.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Calspan and Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
319 244
Contribution from other Federal agencies not finalized.
The internal combustion engine program contributes to both the surface
transportation and machinery and construction areas. This program
is shown in this report and in the machinery and construction
noise report with proportionate funding. Total FY 77 and
78 funding levels are $425K and $325K, respectively. Total
planned funding for the program is 2.25 million dollars.
C-4
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
Automatic Identification of Noise Sources
This program will develop a surface transportation noise
source identifier for use with community noise monitoring systems.
The basis for this program will be a technique using cross-correla-
tion to distinguish noise emissions from from motorcycles, trucks.
buses, and automobiles. In addition, alternative identification
techniques will be examined.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: US Army/CERL
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
Highway Noise Impact Through Year 2000
This study provided the information base for developing
future strategy and future research needs with respect to vehicular
traffic noise. Trucks and cars at high speeds, power trains (engine,
transmission), and tires were some of the variables investigated.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Wyle Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
22
Comparison of Highway Noise Prediction Models
This study reviews and compares the existing highway noise
prediction methodologies of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program (NCHRP), Transportation Systems Center (TSC) of
DOT, and Wyle Research Laboratories. The three models often
predict different values for identical situations. Simplified
methods for estimating the differences among the predictive models
are identified. Conclusions on the validity of these models are
C-5
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
drawn. In addition based on this analysis a highway noise impact
review manual was published in May 1977.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Wyle Research Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
25
Recreational Land Use Noise Reduction Demonstration at a Public
Forest
This study is to develop for recreational land use areas
noise assessment techniques, noise criteria, and noise abatement
measures, e.g. operational reductions and land management. The
abatement procedures developed are to be demonstrated at selected
forest land recreational sites. This study is a cooperative pro-
gram between the Department of Agriculture and the EPA.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control, USDA/Forest
Service
Investigator: Department of Agriculture/Forest Service
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
50* 35*
Evaluate Change in Sensitivity of Microphone Systems as a Function
of Temperature and Humidity
This study evaluated three pressure transducers: the condenser
and electret microphones and the hydrophone. Areas investigated
were:
the effects of temperature on sensitivity
the effects of humidity on the condenser and electret
microphones
the significance of temperature and himidity effects on
the computation of L
eq
EPA contribution only.
C-6
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
18
Acoustic Classification of Highway Vehicles
This study investigated the possiblility of using the Cross
Correlation Classifier System developed by ENSCO for the Army to
classify highway vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles)
by their noise signatures. This study was a preliminary effort
toward developing an inexpensive highway noise monitor.
This study results indicated that the Cross-Correlation
Classifier System was inapplicable for classifying the various
nonmilitary highway vehicles. The signature variations within any
specific civilian class makes isolation of a single vehicle class
extremely difficult.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: ENSCO, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Characteristics of Microphone Windscreen Performance
Characteristics of microphone windscreen performance when used
as part of a sound measurement system will be investigated. The
study will consider wind noise as a function of wind speed; and
wind screen size, material, and porosity.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
Highway Noise Mitigation Demonstration
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate highway noise con-
trol technology. The study will be conducted in four phases:
C-7
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
identification of sites .suitable for demonstrating noise mitiga-
tion measures, determination of available mitigation alternatives,
demonstration, and evaluation and dissemination of information
on results. Various mitigation measures such as barriers, and
land use management are to be considered. The major interest is in
the demonstration of barrier effectiveness. This effort is to be
a cooperative program between the FHWA of DOT and the EPA.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control, DOT/Federal
Highway Administration
Investigator: New York State
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 19751976 1977 1978
20*
Tire Noise Reduction
The objective of this program is to provide a technology and
cost demonstration of quiet tires for light medium and heavy duty
highway vehicles. The first phase of this program scheduled for
FY 78, will study and address unresolved technological issues
such as:
(A) By class of tire, which of the potential sources of noise
(tread air pumping, tread vibration, carcass vibration,
rim and wheel vibration, aerodynamics, etc.) dominates
or significantly contributes to the overall tire noise
level?
(B) Are there reliable methods of identifying and measuring
the relative contribution of noise from each source?
(C) Are there reliable methods of predicting or estimating
the relative contribution of noise from each source?
(D) If there are methods of predicting the noise, cire these
methods based upon a relationship between tire noise and
tire materials and designs in such a manner as to pro-
vide insight as to what design changes will lead to
reduced noise?
(E) Can changes in other operational parameters (wear, ride,
handling, traction, etc) to be quantitatively predicted
for proposed changes in designs to reduce noise?
EPA funding only, FHWA funding has not been finalized.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Continued)
The results will advance the state-of-the-art in noise con-
trol engineering as applied to tires of various classes. The
second phase of this program will demonstrate the technology and
costs associated with quiet tires.
Sponsor: EPA/Office and Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Not selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) 1975 1976 1977 1978
150*
The estimated total funding from FY 78 thru FY 81 is $675K.
C-9
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-------
APPENDIX D
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
RD&D PROGRAMS
D-l
-------
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APPENDIX D
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
The fiscal year funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter
(July 1, 1976 to September 30, 1976). Funding figures for 1977 and
1978 are estimates or represent incomplete new data.
TARADCOM Analysis of Armored Reconnaissance Scout-Vehicle Contractor
Program to Reduce Exhaust System Noise, Noise Reduction of the
M561 (Gama Goat) and Information Dissemination
The noise reduction effort on the Scout Vehicle was initiated
because of the reduced noise required in a reconnaisance vehicle.
The contractor's work accomplished, mainly on the exhaust system,
was closely monitored to arrive at required specification levels.
The M561 and M792 GAMA GOAT 1-1/4 ton cargo and ambulance
vehicles are somewhat different type trucks in that the engine is
directly behind the cab. The driver and assistant driver therefore
are in close proximity to a high level noise source. A kit was
designed which consisted only of sound barrier and absorption
materials attached to the inside of the cab. The heavy sound bar-
rier material attached to the cab rear surface provided sound trans-
mission reduction between the engine and cab personnel. The noise
was reduced to within three dB of the military standard limit of
85 dB and below the 90 dB limit of the Motor Carrier Safety Regula-
tion.
The dissemination of noise information to the various vehicle
offices and other Army agencies is an important phase of the noise
effort. Vehicle offices are required to be aware of relatively new
noise requirements and limits from initial to final phases of pro-
curement, production and test. Certain mission operational condi-
tion such as "Silent Watch" have differing or no documented noise
requirements and each case is studied and noise levels developed
as needed. Noise requirements and limits for vehicles are delineated
in the Army's MIL-SID 1474A "Noise Limits for Army Materiel,"
March, 1975; TB-MED 251 "Noise and Conservation of Hearing (Army),
March 1972; The Noise Control Act of 1972; and EPA, DOT/FHWA regu-
lations imposed on the commercial vehicle manufacturer.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
20 60 10 60 30
D-3
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Computer Correlation of Vehicle Detectability
A research effort was funded to devise a computer program which
would predict the distance to inaudibility based on measured
vehicle noise levels and conditions including hearing threshold,
terrain, climate (wind, temperature, etc.) foliage and vegetation,
barriers and other variables. These are fed into the program. The
computer then prints out a predicted range to inaudibility in
meters. Reports were issued in August, 1974 (DOD ref. 11) and
January 1977, (DOD ref. 16).
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: Bolt Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 12 30 20
Isolation and Measurement of Component Noise Emissions of a M813
5-Ton Cargo Truck
The M813 5-ton cargo was the subject of an out-of-house re-
search and development effort to reduce in-cab noise. This pro-
gram was accomplished in two phases. In the first, sound reduction
materials were installed in the cab and in the engine compartment.
Noise levels were reduced but insufficiently to meet targeted
limits. Further modifications to the exhaust system and coolant
fan installation made a further reduction in the cab and on the
exterior but not to anticipated acceptable levels. Further recom-
mended work includes a clutch fan of the viscous type. Costs for
the two step reduction are estimated at $189 and $410, respectively.
A report was issued in July, 1974 (DOD ref. 13).
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: Cummins Engine Co./H.L. Blachford, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
40 20 40 120
D-4
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DEPARTMENT OP DEFENSE (Continued)
Noise Reduction of Military Vehicles
This program consisted of four major tasks.
1. Survey Noise Conditions, Existing Vehicle Fleet
The first task of this program was a continuation of work
to evaluate noise conditions of the present vehicle
fleet. This baseline data enabled a rank ordering of
vehicles for further attention with the initial noise
analysis and reduction effort on combat vehicles of high
density, high noise level and/or high personnel exposure
to hazardous levels. Immediate attention was given to
equipment in Product Improvement Program (PIP) stages.
Vehicles which are subjects of Equipment Improvement
Reports (EIR's), Engineering Change Proposals (ECP's)
and Unsatisfactory Equipment Reports (UER's) also will
be high in order for work to be performed. The task
will be structured as follows:
(1) Rank order vehicles
(2) Test for baseline data
(3) Complete eight vehicle types per year (five vehicles
of each type) for 3 years.
Seven vehicles have already been satisfactorily evaluated.
The results of this work have been published in TACOM
Technical Report No. 82628, "Procedure for Statistical
Analysis of Vehicular Noise Emission Spectra for Limited
Samples."
Investigator: In-house
2. Analyze and Rank Order Noise Sources_pn Selected Fleet
Vehicles
Based on the priorities established in the above task,
an experimental phase will determine major noise sources
and determine noise control methodology for selected
fleet vehicles.
This task will cover two vehicle type per year, one combat
and one tactical type, for 5 years.
D-5
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Investigator: In-house and unspecified contractor.
3. Perform Experimental Noise Reduction as Required
Once noise sources have been isolated and rank order,
noise abatement techniques will be developed that will
be cost beneficial as a kit installation in the field
or in production as applicable.
Investigator: Not specified
4. TECOM Validation of Noise Reduction Modification Effec-
tiveness
The vehicle with a final design product or modification
will require validation testing by TECOM to determine
that the vehicle meets the military standards or other
performance requirements for aural detectability at a
distance.
Validation data will be compared to Motor Carrier, and
Medium and Heavy Truck Regulations for those vehicles
likely to travel public roadways within cities and on
highways.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: TARADCOM (In-house)/TECOM
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 50 120 78 200
Research in Power Train Noise
The power train is a major source of noise on many vehicles,
both combat and tactical. In a parallel effort on representative
candidates such as the M60 and M520 GOER cargo, the scope of work
will include:
Isolation of engine and drive train from chassis through
the use of high compliance vibration reduction mountings
Reduction of airborne noise through the use of manifold-
ing mounted exhaust silencers and noise reducing absorp-
tion and barrier materials
D-6
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Noise reduction investigation of the drive train through
use of improved gear design. NOTE: Progress has been
attained on the M520 GOER cargo. The draft technical
report is complete. It indicates such gear redesign is
required and this constitutes a good starting point.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 60 60
Track and Suspension Noise Reduction Research
Due to the seriousness of the noise problem on tracked vehicles,
the Army initiated three studies.
1. One study consisted of a theoretical and experimental
analysis of the track and suspension system. This con-
sisted of three phases:
The design of a computer program to simulate the
track and suspension
The isolation of the noise produced by the sprocket,
idler and roadwheels in order to determine the con-
tribution of each of these sources
The measurement of vibration levels at the suspen-
sion system, and force-to-noise transfer functions
for predicting interior noise levels.
In order to pursue the theoretical finds of this study, an
experimental idler will be designed and tested to determine the
actual noise reduction achievable when measuring, in isolation, the
noise of a low compliance idler. In addition, the compliance and
shape of the inner track will be modified to assess potential noise
reduction.
Further analysis will include the determination of coupling
efficiency between the suspension system and the hull, and the
potential noise reduction achievable by structural changes to
the hull.
D-7
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Sponsor: Army/Human Engineering Laboratory
Investigator: FMC Corp,; Bolt Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
130 130 130
2. A second study was aimed primarily at light tracked
combat vehicles with the M113A1 armored personnel car-
rier as a possible test rig candidate. The contribution
to overall noise of sprockets, idlers, roadwheels, and
track will be investigated through a one-tenth scale
vehicle model developed by TARADCOM.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: In-house and unspecified contractor
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 30 30 60 40
3. A third study analyzed and described in quantitative terms
the noise reducing effect of track tension variations
stemming from the geometric changes in track periphery
accompanying chordal action and from the sprocket
driving action. The mechanical and/or structural con-
cepts selected for controlling noise and vibration will
be designed, fabricated, and tested for effectiveness.
Sponsor: Army/DARCOM
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
54 40
Provide Technical Assistance in Development of Design Concepts
for New Vehicles
In addition to supporting noise measurement and redution in
the present vehicle fleet, an important part of the proposed pro-
gram involves the establishment of close liaison with offices
engaged in development, design, and specification of new vehicles.
Much can be done in the earliest stages. Advance knowledge of
the type of engine, track and suspension, and/or body style per-
mits a preliminary estimate of nose conditions. This task will:
D-8
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Provide technical guidelines to the vehicle manager in
development and design of concept and new vehicles and
equipment toward acceptable noise conditions
Provide similar technical assistance to suppliers and
contractors where indicated by the vehicle manager
Support draft technical specification to support limits
required by Required Operational Capability (or other
document) and to delineate required tests.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
30 30
Other Component Research
Candidate components include:
Cooling fans - newer fans include high efficiency, low
rotational speed and viscous (clutch type) units and
high efficiency radiators.
Low volume, low back pressure exhaust and intake
silencers (mufflers)
Mountings with new, higher compliance values for im-
proved vibration isolation to meet severe shock require-
ments , etc.
Turret hydraulic system - important during silent watch.
Other important noise sources will be identified through coordina-
tion with vehicle user (Ft. Knox, etc.).
The work will be coordinated with appropriate TARCOM/TARADCOM
offices.
Sponsor: Army/TARADCOM
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
40
D-9
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APPENDIX E
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RD&D PROGRAMS
E-l
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APPENDIX E
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter (July 1, 1976 to
September 30, 1976). Figures cited for 1977 and 1978 represent estimates
or new data.
Recreational Land Use Noise Reduction Demonstration at a Public
Forest
This study is to develop for recreational land use areas noise
assessment techniques, noise criteria, and noise abatement measures,
e.g. operational reductions and land management. The abatement
procedures developed are to be demonstrated at selected forest
land recreational sites. This study is a cooperative program
between the Department of Agriculture and the EPA.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Department of Agriculture/Forest Service
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) -. 1975 1976 1977 1978
Environmental Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Noise
Work to predict environmental impact of off-road vehicle
operations was begun in FY 75. This continued through FY 76 based
on previous work which cataglogued the noise levels and spectra
of motorcycles, dune buggies, four-wheel drives, and snowmobiles.
This methodology is not limited to the prediction of environmental
impact of off-road vehicles, but has been used in forest planning
of transportation systems, including location of logging roads,
trails, and campgrounds, as well as forest highways.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
t 3 6
* Forest Service funding has not been finalized.
t Not dedicated primarily to surface transportation noise.
E-3
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (Continued)
Measurement Methodology for All Terrain Vehicles
The measurement methodology for motorcycles is being applied
to other off road vehicles including four-wheel drive jeeps. It
is being adapted on a Forest-by-Forest basis throughout the
Forest Service.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Measurement Methodology for Boats
In order to prepare a measurement methodology for pleasure
boats a study will be initiated to develop a classification for
boats and identify boating noise sources.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Measurement Methodology for Snowmobiles
Prior to 1975, an easily conducted field test for snowmobiles
was developed as part of this task. In 1976, a seminar was held
to disseminate this noise measurement methodology and discuss
snowmobile noise control technology. Future work will include
the development of predictive model to assess snowmobile noise
in forested areas.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Not dedicated primarily to surface transportation noise.
E-4
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (Continued)
Measurement Methodology for Motorcycles
This is an ongoing program to assess motorcycle noise.
Development of a methodology for measurement of off-road motor-
cycle noise has resulted in the publication of a stationary half-
meter test standard for both off-road and highway motorcycles by
the Motorcycle Industry Council.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Suburban Noise Control with Plant Materials and Solid Barriers
This project involves the study of traffic noise control using
combination of planted trees and shrubs with solid barriers. The
effectiveness of these barriers is dependent upon space available,
severity of noise, barrier placement with respect to noise source,
screen height, and density of foliage. The combination of plant
materials and solid barriers has been found to be one of the most
effective types of highway noise barriers and to provide more
uniform noise reduction over a large area.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: University of Nebraska
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
776
General Propagation Studies
This project studies the effects of terrain and vegetation on
the propogation of off-road vehicle noise under sylvan conditions.
Sponsor: USDA/Forest Service
Investigator: In-house
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
Not dedicated primarily to surface transportation noise.
E-5
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APPENDIX F
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
RD&D PROGRAMS
F-l
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APPENDIX F
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter (July 1, 1976 to
September 30, 1976). Figures cited for 1977 and 1978 represent estimates
or new data.
Emergency Vehicle Sirens
The goal of this program was to provide the Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration with information on the characteristics
and effectiveness of emergency vehicle warning systems.
The acoustic characteristics, including directional response,
sound power level, field insertion loss, interior masking noise and
the effect of ground reflections were determined for emergency
vehicle sirens.
As a result of this work two different siren systems using four
folded horn loudspeakers in a linear array were designed and con-
structed. These systems along with a conventional electronic siren
were evaluated both in an anechoic chamber and in the field mounted
on a vehicle.
Future plans include completion of the program to develop a
directional siren and construction of a prototype for delivery to
NBS Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.
Sponsor: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National
Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
Investigator: DOC/National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
78 5
F-3
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APPENDIX G
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
RD&D PROGRAMS
G-l
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APPENDIX G
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The fiscal year funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter
(July 1, 1976 to September 30, 1976). Funding figures for 1977 and
1978 are estimates or represent incomplete new data.
Evaluation of HUD Noise Abatement Policies and Guidelines
HUD noise abatement policies and guidelines are being system-
atically evaluated with respect to their technical adequacy, HUD
operating procedures, and their impact on communities. Research
on the impact of various noise sources is expected to lead to
recommendations for improvement of standards and guidelines. This
program is due to be completed in 1977.
Sponsor: HUD
Investigator: Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) : 1975 1976 1977 1978
352
Noise Attenuation Features for Housing and Community Development
Guidelines, techniques, and procedures are being developed for
minimizing the impact of environmental noise through site design
and construction practice for use by HUD personnel and others
responsible for community development.
Sponsor: HUD
Investigator: Wyle Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
196
G-3
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APPENDIX H
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
RD&D PROGRAMS
H-l
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APPENDIX H
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter (July 1, 1976 to
September 30, 1976). Figures cited for 1977 and 1978 represent estimates
or new data. Funding provided by other agencies to DOC is shown for infor-
mation only and is reported under sponsoring agency.
Environmental Noise Test Variables
Although existing voluntary standards have achieved consider-
able uniformity, significant variations remain between noise
measurements made at different sites or at different times on the
same site. These differences are in part attributable to dif-
ferences in the environment, including site and meteorological
influences. An understanding of the magnitude and extent of these
effects will provide a basis for better site selection criteria
and possible redefinition, or elimination, of existing tolerance
factors, and will ensure more uniform enforcement by DOT of the
EPA Interstate Motor Carrier and Interstate Rail Carrier Noise
Emission Regulations.
To satisfy the need for experimental work, DOT sponsored a
portion of an Environmental Variables Study in cooperation with
the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA). The experi-
mental program was designed to measure the acoustic, vehicle, and
environmental data for a variety of vehicle and environmental
conditions. These data were then to be used to determine the
systematic and nonsystematic dependence of observed truck drive-
by and stationary noise on the environmental effects present dur-
ing the measurement. The experiment was designed to permit separa-
tion of generation/radiation and propagation effects. During the
fourteen months from September 1976 to November 1977, NBS mounted
a substantial effort to conduct the experimental program. How-
ever, a wide range of technical difficulties relating to the
complexity of the program forced termination before achievement
of the stated goals.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement, Motor Vehicle Manufacters
Association, Engine Manufacturer's Association and National
Bureau of Standards
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
150*
Does not include DOT funding of $28K in FY 77 or MVMA
and EMA funding of $10K in FY 76 and $60K in FY 77.
H-3
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (Continued)
In-Cab Locomotive Noise Survey
The program is being conducted under an IAG with the DOT Of-
fice of Rail Safety Research in cooperation with the AAR.
The objective of the program is threefold: (1) to determine,
by means of a representative sample of locomotives in operational
settings, the extent of crew exposure to noise,- (2) to identify
simplified test procedures and measurement methodologies that can
be used in an operational environment to determine whether or not
an individual locomotive is capable of generating excessively high
noise levels; and (3) to identify measurement techniques where-
by component sources of noise within the locomotive cab can be
identified.
Sponsor: DOT/Federal Railroad Administration
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding*($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
103 40
Tire Noise Study
Utilizing the extensive tire noise data base accumulated
during 1970 and 1971, the DOT Office of Noise Abatement continued
its interagency agreement with the National Bureau of Standards
and expanded the study through additional data collection and/or
analysis.
Accomplishments to date for typical bias-ply rib and cross-
bar truck tires include: (1) a catalog of maximum A-weighted sound
levels; (2) a catalog of one-thid octave and narrow band spectral
data; (3) directionality data in the form of octave band and
equal A-weighted sound level contours.
Funding levels are shown for information only.
H-4
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (Continued)
The influence of pavement surface has been investigated and
includes: (1) tire noise versus surface texture; (2) surface
profile measurements; (3) correlation of pavement surface texture
with tire noise (partially successful attempt).
In addition, accomplishments include: (1) an empirical model
to predict in-service base noise levels for truck tires on the
basis of SAE J57 type tests; (2) a comparison of parametric
trends between truck and automobile tires; (3) an expansion of
truck tires noise data to include radial tires; (4) the effect
of load and/or inflation pressure on noise levels; (5) the effect
of tire size on noise levels; (6) noise measurements on radial
tires utilized by HSRI; (7) a comparison of wear rates with noise
levels.
On the basis of work under this program as well as related
programs in the traction, rolling resistance and economics areas,
additional papers have been generated which discuss the technical
and economic considerations and their implications on possible
future tire noise regulatory developments.
Sponsor: DOT/Office of Noise Abatement
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding*($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
162 119
Environmental Noise Measurements
Technical assistance was provided to EPA to support the
development of regulations for specific noise sources. Specifically
NBS has provided:
Measurement methodology for portable air compressor noise
and procedures for estimating sound power from measure-
ments of sound pressure.
Docket analysis for the new truck regulation.
Evaluation of existing data bases and measurement pro-
cedures for six major noise sources: tires, buses,
motorcycles, dozers and loaders, truck refrigeration
units, and compactors.
*Funding levels are shown for information only.
H-5
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (Continued)
Measurements of the impulsive noise emission of garbage
compactors, motorcycles, pavement breakers, and rock
drills.
Identification of difficulties or ambiguities in measure-
ment by using different methodologies.
Evaluation of alternative measurement techniques for
characterization of asphalt surface acoustic properties.
Development of procedures for measurement of noise
impact from household and consumer products.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding* ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
55 35 35
Emergency Vehicle Sirens
The goal of this program was to provide the Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration with information on the characteristics
and effectiveness of emergency vehicle warning systems.
The acoustic characteristics, including directional response,
sound power level, field insertion loss, interior masking noise and
the effect of ground reflections, were determined for emergency
vehicle sirens.
As a- result of this work two different siren systems using
four folded horn loudspeakers in a linear array were designed and
constructed. These systems along with a conventional electronic
siren were evaluated both in an anechoic chamber and in the field
mounted on a vehicle.
Future plans include completion of the program to develop a
directional siren and construction of a prototype for delivery to
NBS Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.
'The Environmental Noise Measurements program contributes to both
the surface transportation and machinery and construction areas.
This program is shown in this report and in the machinery and
construction noise report with proportionate funding. Total
FY 75 through FY 78 funding levels are $50K, $120K, $75K and
$75K respectively.
H-6
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (Continued)
Sponsor: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National
Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
Investigator: DOC/National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding *($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
78 5
Characteristics of Microphone Windscreen Performance
The objective of this program is to determine the characteris-
tics of microphone windscreen performance when used as a part of
a sound measurement system. The study will investigate wind noise
at various wind speeds for a 1/2-inch microphone and a variety of
windscreen sizes, materials and porosities. For each of these
subsets, measurements will be made of both the acoustic insertion
loss and wind-induced noise. The wind effects will be simulated
by mounting the microphone-windscreen system at the end of a 1.52 m
rotating arm. Wind speeds up to 14 m/sec (+0.1%) will be obtained
by using an electronically controlled rate table. All testing
will be conducted in the NBS anechoic chamber.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding *($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
10
*Funding levels are shown for information only.
H-7
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APPENDIX I
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE
REGULATORY PROGRAMS
1-1
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APPENDIX I
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
This report is concerned with research, development, and demon-
stration programs; however, EPA has a primary responsibility in the
regulatory area. This appendix presents brief descriptions of tech-
nology assessments done in support of regulatory programs.
These programs are for the collection and verification of current
equipment noise levels and engineering estimates of potential noise
reduction.
Funding for 1976 includes the transition quarter (July 1, 1976 to
September 30, 1976). Figures cited for 1977 and 1978 represent esti-
mates or new data.
Continued Investigation on the 1976 Truck Regulation
The first part of this study involves determining and assess-
ing the noise control technology required to reduce medium and
heavy truck noise below the 80 dB limit set for January 1, 1982
in the medium and heavy truck regulation. The second part involves
reassessing the noise measurement methodology used in the 1976
truck regulation.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Not selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
25 75
Light Vehicles Study
Done in support of future regulatory action, the aim of this
study is to identify the technology available to reduce noise levels
of light trucks and automobiles and to develop vehicle and truck
noise measurement methodologies. The availability of low noise
emission tires for use on trucks, buses, and automobiles was also
examined.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Not cited
1-3
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SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
(Continued)
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
200 200
Bus Technology Study
This study identified the technology available to reduce bus
noise, assessed the noise level degradation that occurs during
operational service, and developed a methodology for noise measure-
ment. The study considered diesel and gasoline powerplants; and
transit, intercity, school and general (airport, hotel, govern-
ment) buses. The technology study was done to support bus noise
regulation activities. This study was completed in August 1976.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Booz, Allen Applied Research
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
89
Tire Noise Study
This contract requires collection of existing technical in-
formation on tires and a parametric assessment of the health and
welfare benefits accruing from various regulatory options. The
acquisition of this information will enable EPA/ONAC to decide
whether: (1) to regulate, (2) to label, (3) to regulate and
label, or (4) do nothing.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
275
Motorcycles Study
This study identified the technology available to reduce
motorcycle noise, identified noise levels, and developed noise
measurement methodologies. The research was undertaken as part of
the effort to develop a motorcycle noise regulation.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: McDonnell-Douglas Company
1-4
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SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
(Continued)
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
153
Snowmobile Study
Done in support of future regulatory action, this study
identified the technology available to reduce snowmobile noise,
incorporated noise abatement measures on a snowmobile to demon-
strate the existence of technology, and developed a noise measure-
ment methodology to assess hearing hazard. A measurement methodology
for enforcement was not developed.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
96 40
Motorboat Study
This study, done in support of future regulatory action, will
identify the technology available to reduce motorboat noise,
emphasizing identification of noise control measures already in
use. The study will also characterize motorboat noise, assess
the impact of boat noise, and develop a noise measurement method-
ology.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Not selected
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
40 70
Special Purpose Recreational Vehicles
This study is to be done in support of future regulatory
action. It will identify levels of special purpose recreational
vehicles and technology available to reduce noise levels, and
develop a noise measurement methodology.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Not selected.
1-5
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SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
(Continued)
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
50
Guided Mass Transit Study
This program supports future possible regulation activity.
It will identify noise levels, noise control technology, and
develop noise measurement methodology for guided mass transit
systems. The following guided mass transit systems will be
considered: light rail (trolley), heavy rail (intracity system
such as BART or METRO), passenger railroad (intercity), monorail,
and other guided systems.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Cambridge Collaborative
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
100 15
Noise Labeling of Mufflers and Surface Vehicles
This study was done to support labeling regulatory action on
mufflers and surface vehicles. The study identified existing noise
measurement methodologies for various surface vehicles, investigated
muffler attenuation, identified existing test methodologies for
determining muffler attenuation, and developed test methodologies
for determining muffler performance when installed on the vehicle.
The following vehicles were considered: trucks, automobiles, buses,
motorcycles, railroad locomotives, guided mass transit, snowmo-
biles, and motorboats.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: McDonnell-Douglas Company
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
80
Environmental Noise Measurements
Technical assistance was provided to EPA to support the
development of regulations for specific noise sources. Specifically
NBS has provided:
1-6
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SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
(Continued)
Measurement methodology for portable air compressor
noise and procedures for estimating sound power from
measurements of sound pressure.
Docket analysis for the new truck regulation.
Evaluation of existing data bases and measurement pro-
cedures for six major noise sources: tires, buses,
motorcycles, dozers and loaders, truck refrigeration
units, and compactors.
Measurements of the impulsive noise emission of garbage
compactors, motorcycles, pavement breakers, and rock
drills.
Identification of difficulties or ambiguities in measure-
ment by using different methodologies.
Evaluation of alternative measurement techniques for
characterization of asphalt surface acoustic properties.
Development of procedures for measurement of noise im-
pact from household and consumer products.
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Fiscal Year Funding *($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
55 35 35
Motor Carrier Regulation Study
A number of areas were investigated to provide support for
a possible revision to the 1974 Motor Carrier Noise Regulation.
Significant areas of investigation in Phase 1 were: identifica-
tion of recent information on maintenance, operation, and costs
for trucks in meeting EPA's 1976 Medium and Heavy Truck Regula-
tion; tire variables associated with truck noise; industry con-
formance to the 1976 truck regulation; and problems associated
with industry conforming to the 1974 Motor Carrier Regulation.
Phase 2 involved the identification of the degradation of noise
control devices incorporated on trucks built in compliance with
the 1976 truck regulation, and the increase in noise levels that
occurred with this degradation.
The Environmental Noise Measurements program contributes to both
the surface transportation and machinery and construction areas.
This program is shown in this report and in the machinery and
construction noise report with proportionate funding. Total FY 75
through FY 78 funding levels are $50K, $120K, $75K and $75K respectively.
1-7
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SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
(Continued)
Sponsor: EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator: Wyle Laboratories
Fiscal Year Funding ($1000): 1975 1976 1977 1978
205 50 50
&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1978-720-335/6078-31
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