FEDERAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION
  PROGRAMS IN MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE
                 Prepared by the
        Federal Interagency Machinery and
        Construction Noise Research Panel
                  February 1978
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      Office of Noise Abatement and Control
             Washington, D.C.  20460

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                          PREFACE
     One of the purposes of the Noise Control Act of 1972
was to establish a means for effective coordination of
Federal research, development, and demonstration  (RD&D)
activities in noise control.  As part of this coordination
role, the Act directs the Administrator of EPA to compile
and publish a report on the status and progress of Federal
noise research and noise control programs and to assess the
contributions of these programs to the Federal government's
overall efforts to control noise.

     In partial fulfillment of its responsibility, EPA
established four interagency ad hoc research panels in early
1974 in the areas of aviation, surface transportation,
machinery and construction equipment, and noise effects.
Reports were issued by the panels during March-June 1975.
The reports summarized the ongoing or planned noise re-
search, development, and demonstration programs within the
various agencies of the Federal government through FY 75.

     During 1976, the four panels were reestablished for the
purpose of updating and extending the program and fiscal
data base through FY 78.  The primary objectives of the
panels were broadened to include assessment of the RD&D
programs in light of each agency's mandates, goals, and
objectives as well as the overall goals of the Federal
government to control noise.

     The current Federal Interagency Machinery and Con-
struction Noise Research Panel included representatives
from the Department of Interior  (DOI); Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare  (HEW);  Department of Defense (DOD);
Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA); Department of Trans-
portation (DOT); and Department of Commerce, National Bureau
of Standards (DOC/NBS).   The panel was chaired by Mr.  Joseph
A. Lamonica of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
(MESA), a component agency within DOI.  DOI was selected for
the chairmanship since it was the lead department within the
Federal government involved in machinery and construction
noise RD&D.   EPA served as secretariat to the panel.

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      This report has been prepared  by the  members  of the
Federal Interagency  Machinery and Construction Noise Re-
search Panel.   The information, assessments,  conclusions,
and  recommendations  are the  consensus of the  panel members
and  are not  necessarily the  official views of each of the
Federal agencies.
                    PREFACE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.   First Report on Status and Progress of Noise Research and Control
     Programs in the Federal Government, Volumes I and II, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, June 1975, NTIS No. PB-243447/AS
     (Vol.  1), PG-243448/AS (Vol. 2).

2.   Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research,  Development and Demon-
     stration Programs:  FY 73-FY 75, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, March 1975, NTIS No. PB-234992/AS.

3.   Federal Aircraft Noise Research, Development and Demonstration
     Programs: FY 73-FY  75,  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     March 1975, NTIS No.  PB-244904/LK.

4.   Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development and Demonstration
     Programs: FY 73-FY  75,  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
     May 1975, NTIS No.  PB-243523/LK.

5.   Federal Itoise Effects Research: FY 73-FY 75, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency,  March 1975, NTIS No.  PB-241751/LK.

6.   An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research, Development and
     Demonstration Activities: FY 73-FY 75, U.S. Environmental Pro-
     tection Agency, June 1975, NTIS No. PB-246894/LK.
                               IV

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                     FEDERAL INTERAGENCY
             MACHINERY  AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE
                  RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERSHIP
               Chairman:   Joseph A.  Lamonica
  Chief, Division  of  Health,  Coal Mine Health and Safety
       Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration,
                 Department of the Interior*
Jerome K. Brasch

Kenneth E. Feith

William A. Leasure,  Jr.

William N. McKinnery,  Jr.

David S. Pallett

Paul D. Schomer

Milford L. Skow
     Secretariat:
DOI/MESA*

EPA/ONAC

DOT/ONA

HEW/NIOSH

DOC/NBS

DOD/USA-CERL

DOI/BOM


EPA/ONAC
Harvey J. Nozick
Roger W. Heymann
Thomas L. Quindry

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     Support was provided  by  Mr.  G.  L.  McLennan and Ms
A. L. Keiley of Booz, Allen Applied  Research.
*  MESA was transferred from DOI to the Department of Labor  (DOL),
   effective March 9, 1978.
                              v

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        TABLE  OF  CONTENTS
Preface
Panel
1.0

2.0
3.0






Membership
INTRODUCTION
1 . 1 BACKGROUND
1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
SUMMARY
ASSESSMENT
3 . 1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Scope of the Noise Problem
3.1.2 Technological Change and
the Purpose of RD&D
3.2 AGENCY ASSESSMENTS
3.2.1 Department of the Interior
3.2.2 Environmental Protection
Agency
3.2.3 Department of Health,
Education and Welfare
3.2.4 Department of Defense
3.2.5 Department of Commerce
3.2.6 Department of Transportation
3.3 OVERALL ASSESSMENT
3.3.1 Interagency Cooperation
3.3.2 Adequacy of Funding
3.3.3 Research Needs
Page
Number
iii
V
1-1
1-1
1-2
2-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-9
3-12
3-14
3-17
3-21
3-23
3-24
3-25
3-25
3.4  ASSESSMENT REFERENCES                     3-27
                        Vll

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                                                   Page
                                                  Number

4.0  AGENCY PROGRAMS                                4-1

     4.1  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR                4-3

          4.1.1     Bureau of Mines                 4-3
          4.1.2     Mining Enforcement and
                    Safety Administration           4-5

     4.2  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY           4-7

          4.2.1     Technology Assessment
                    Programs                        4-8
          4.2.2     Research Programs               4-8

     4.3  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND
          WELFARE                                   4-11

     4.4  DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE                     4-13

          4.4.1     Department of the Army          4-13
          4.4.2     Department of the Navy          4-14

     4.5  DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE                    4-17

     4.6  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION              4-21

          4.6.1     Office of Noise Abatement       4-21
          4.6.2     Federal Highway Administration  4-22

     4.7  DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE                 4-27

          4.7.1     Agricultural Research Service   4-27
          4.7.2     U.S. Forest Service             4-27

     4.8  AGENCY BIBLIOGRAPHIES                     4-29

APPENDICES

A.   SUMMARY OF MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE
     RD&D FUNDING BY AGENCY AND INDEX TO NOISE
     PROJECTS                                       A~1
                          Vlll

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                                                    Page
                                                   Number

B.   DEPARTMENT OF  INTERIOR RD&D PROGRAMS          B-l

C.   ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY RD&D
     PROGRAMS                                       C-l

D.   DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH,  EDUCATION AND
     WELFARE RD&D PROGRAMS                          D-l

E.   DEPARTMENT OF  DEFENSE  RD&D PROGRAMS           E-l

F.   DEPARTMENT OF  COMMERCE RD&D PROGRAMS          F-l

G.   DEPARTMENT OF  TRANSPORTATION RD&D
     PROGRAMS                                       G-l

H.   DEPARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE RD&D PROGRAMS       H-l

I.   ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
     NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS                     1-1
                            IX

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               INDEX  OF  FIGURES
                                                   Page
                                                  Number

2-1  Total Federal Fiscal Year Funding for
     Machinery and Construction Noise RD&D          2-3

2-2  Fiscal Year Funding by Federal Agency or
     Department for Machinery and Construction
     Noise RD&D                                     2-4
                            XI

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                  1.0  INTRODUCTION
The United States Government is involved in research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) activities related to
machinery and construction noise abatement and control
through a number of its agencies and departments.  These
agency programs have varying goals and objectives according
to their individual agency charters, statutory authorities
and other priorities.

     Section 4 of the Noise Control Act of 1972  (PL 92-574,
October 1972) states that the Congress:

     "...authorizes and directs that Federal agencies shall,
     to the fullest extent consistent with their authority
     under Federal laws administered by them, carry out
     the programs within their control in such a manner
     as to further the policy ... to promote an environ-
     ment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes
     their health or welfare..."

Section 4 further requires the Administrator of EPA to:

     "... coordinate the programs of all Federal agencies
     relating to noise research and noise control..." and
     "On the basis of regular consultation with appropriate
     Federal agencies ... shall compile and publish,
     from time to time,  a report on the status and progress
     of Federal activities relating to noise research and
     noise control.  This report shall describe the noise
     control programs of each Federal agency and assess
     the contributions of those programs to the Federal
     Government's overall efforts to control noise."
1.1  BACKGROUND

     In partial fulfillment of its responsibility for coor-
dinating Federal noise research, the Environmental Protection
Agency has reconvened the Federal Interagency Machinery and
Construction Noise Research Panel.  After its original est-
ablishment in 1974, that panel produced the first report
summarizing ongoing and planned Machinery and Construction
noise research, development and demonstration programs
within the various agencies and departments of the Federal
                           1-1

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government through FY 75.  In addition to brief descriptions
and fiscal data for the agencies' programs, references of
reports and publications resulting from the Federal RD&D
activities were also included.  The data through FY 73 were
firm.  FY 74 resource allocations were best estimates in
many cases and FY 75 funds were estimates with incomplete
project descriptions.  This report is a continuation of
the first report.  FY 75 programs are reexamined.  FY 74
funding is identified only for those projects underway in
FY 74 and continuing into the time frame of this report
(FY 75 to FY 78).
1.2  PURPOSE AND SCOPE

     When the reestablished panel met to charter its course
of action as a consultative body, they significantly broad-
ened the panel's objectives to include—in addition to
an update of the status and progress of ongoing Federal
machinery and construction noise research activities—(1)
identification of each agency's statutory mandates, goals,
and objectives;  (2) assessment of each agency's noise pro-
gram in light of these mandates; (3) assessment of the con-
tributions of each agency's noise program to the Federal
government's overall effort to control noise; and  (4) recom-
mendation of future Federal government research programs  in
the area of machinery and construction noise abatement and
control.

     By involving many agencies and departments in the prep-
aration of this report, a means is provided to increase the
dialogue among officials concerning the relationships of
Federal noise research programs.  In this way this report
contributes to the coordination of Federal research activ-
ities.

     This panel report is a digest and analysis of informa-
tion provided by the Federal agencies involved in machinery
and construction noise RD&D.  Individual program descriptions
and funding levels have been included to identify the Federal
activities.  The panel has concluded that the programs should
principally be judged in terms of benefits to the public
and the advancement of the state-of-the-art in noise abate-
ment technology.  Tables detailing current and planned pro-
ject descriptions and fundings, by area of research and by
agency and department, are identified in the Appendices.
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     The research programs undertaken by each agency during
the FY 75-78 period are at the end of this report in appen-
dices B through H.  Appendix A contains a summary of funds
expended by the agencies and an Index of Machinery and
Construction Noise Projects.

     This report is directed toward noise research, develop-
ment and demonstration programs; however, a significant por-
tion of the EPA effort is for regulatory noise control pro-
grams.  Appendix I provides brief descriptions of EPA regu-
latory programs.
                           1-3

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                     2.0  SUMMARY
     This report is a compilation  of  the  research,  develop-
ment, and demonstration  (RD&D)  activities of  Federal agencies
and departments from FY  75  through FY 78  in the area of
machinery and construction  equipment  noise.   This  report
also contains assessments of  these activities as well as
recommendations for future  areas of work.

     Federal agencies and departments with machinery and
construction noise RD&D  programs during this  time  period
are as follows:

          Department of  Interior  (DOI)
          Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA)
          Department of  Defense (DOD)
          Department of  Health, Education,  and Welfare (HEW)
          Department of  Commerce  (DOC)
          Department of  Transportation (DOT)
          Department of  Agriculture (USDA)*.

     The various RD&D activities undertaken by these agencies
and departments are implemented under their various mandates
as well as in accordance with the  intent  of the Congress as
expressed in Section 2(b) of  the Noise Control Act of 1972:
"... it is the policy of the  United States to promote an
environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopar-
dizes their health or welfare ...  "

     Machinery and construction noise RD&D activities
undertaken are grouped into six categories  to facilit-
ate review, discussion,  and comments.  These  categories
are:

          Construction and  mining
          Manufacturing
          Engine technology and machine parts
          Consumer products
          Agricultural machinery
          Acoustic properties.

     Construction and mining  noise abatement  activities
include programs in quieting  earth-movers and similar types
of construction vehicles, military sites  and  equipment, com-
pressors, generators, breakers  and drills,  mining  equipment
    USDA was not represented by panel membership but USDA programs
    in machinery and construction noise RD&D are reported.
                            2-1

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and facilities, and general construction sites and equip-
ment.

     The manufacturing category encompasses for the most
part all industrial machinery.  Manufacturing subcategories
include textile, woodworking, metal working, other industrial
equipment not specifically cited here, and military ship-
board equipment.

     The engine technology and machine parts category is
composed of major machinery and construction equipment, sub-
components.  Included are studies involving such areas as
combustion noise, diesel engines, and specialty truck items
such as truck mounted solid waste compactors and refrigera-
tion units.

     Consumer products deal with appliances, tools, equip-
ment, and toys common to the household (e.g., blenders,
dishwashers, garbage disposal units, and vacuum cleaners).

     Agricultural machinery noise reduction studies include
all equipment related to agriculture.  The only specific
agricultural machinery for which noise reduction work was
performed was the cotton gin.

     Activities in acoustic properties consist of studies
on basic sound field behavior.  Studies involve such areas
as:  noise measurement methodology, sound propagation, and
sound field characteristics.  Also included are all activities
relating to building acoustics.

     The extent of Federal activity on machinery and construc-
tion noise RD&D as indicated by the levels of funding is
shown in Figures 2-1 and 2-2.  Figure 2-1 shows the total
combined levels of funding of all Federal agencies and
departments from FY 75 through FY 78.  Figure 2-2 shows
the level of funding for each individual Federal agency and
department during this time period.

     The most active participants in terms of funding and
number of projects in machinery and construction RD&D are
DOI and DOD.  Due to research activities at the Bureau of
Mines, DOI is the most active participant on the basis of
the information supplied in this report.   Within DOD, the
Department of Navy has a large number of classified RD&D
machinery noise programs.  The lead of DOI and DOD in terms
of funding is followed to a lesser degree by the othejr
participating Federal organizations.
                            2-2

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        1.5
       1.0
       0.5
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                                3.446
                   1975
1976          1977
   FISCAL YEAR
1978
NOTE:  1.  FY 76 FUNDING SPANNED 15 MONTHS DUE TO THE ADDITION OF
         THE TRANSITION QUARTER.
      2.  FY 78 FUNDING TOTALS INCLUDE FUNDS NOT IDENTIFIED FOR
         SPECIFIC PROJECTS IN THE APPENDICES BECAUSE OF CONTRACT
         PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES.
      3.  FUNDING TOTALS DO NOT INCLUDE EPA REGULATORY PROGRAM
         FUNDS, AND TO AVOID DOUBLE COUNTING DO NOT INCLUDE DOC
         FUNDS SUPPLIED BY OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES.


                                FIGURE  2-1
              TOTAL  FEDERAL  FISCAL  YEAR  FUNDING
      FOR MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION  NOISE  RD&D
                                      2-3

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     DOI's noise RD&D program is conducted by the Bureau of
Mines (BOM) and the Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminis-
tration (MESA).  The major RD&D effort is conducted by BOM.
MESA1s principal effort is enforcement and inspection per-
taining to safety and health regulations.  MESA does how-
ever provide technical support to its enforcement staff and
conducts RD&D activities to define noise problems or develop
noise control techniques using existing technology.  DOI's
noise RD&D activities are conducted to reduce hazardous
noise associated with hearing loss in underground and surface
coal and mineral mining operations.  Noise control projects
involve the development of noise control techniques using
both new and existing technology and incorporation of new
designs or modifications into existing equipment.  DOI's
noise RD&D effort in construction and mining equipment is
clearly larger than that of any other Federal organization.

     In the past EPA1s principal technology efforts in the
machinery and construction arena have involved technology
assessment in support of the regulatory process.  There
has been a recent increase in the level of EPA noise RD&D
activity with the undertaking of a source control program
to reduce internal combustion engine noise and a noise
control demonstration project involving both construction
and industrial activities.

     DOD's machinery and construction noise RD&D activities
are conducted by the Army and the Navy.  DOD's activities
in this area principally support their tactical mission
requirements but also support their domestic environmental
needs.  The tactical mission efforts are undertaken to pro-
tect the hearing of personnel, to maintain effective communi-
cation,  and to avoid detection in combat.  Environmental
programs are undertaken to reduce the noise impact of DOD
activities on military and civilian communities.  Army RD&D
activities are directed to developing facility-wide noise
impact prediction methodologies and noise reduction tech-
niques and strategies.  The Army's RD&D efforts are also
directed toward reducing noise associated with construction
equipment and construction sites and to a lesser degree
electrical generators.  The Navy's RD&D efforts, though
classified for most areas of activity, focus principally
on surface ship and submarine noise problems.  Some newly
initiated demonstration effort is directed toward shipyard
noise.

     The Department of Commerce (DOC), through the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS), undertakes RD&D noise activities
through in-house funding as well as funding from other
                           2-5

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Federal organizations.  In-house funding has been directed
toward relevant activities in support of noise emission
measurements rather than toward specific machinery and
construction noise RD&D programs.  These research activities
are aimed at improving noise measurement procedures.  NBS
has received funds from EPA for supportive services in the
development of machinery, construction and consumer product
noise regulations.

     The Department of Transportation has undertaken RD&D
noise programs involving construction equipment utilized
in building transportation systems.  These programs were
principally sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration
and were initiated to provide guidance for construction
noise measurement, prediction and abatement to highway
officials who have to meet the requirements of the Federal
Highway Planning Manual  (FHPM).  Approximately one-half of
the DOT funding was appropriated under the Highway Planning
and Research (HP&R) program.  These programs, for the most
part, dealt with one or more of the following factors:
noise levels, noise sources, noise mitigation, and prediction
methodologies.

     The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, through
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), conducts RD&D noise activities in support of other
Federal organizations.  Specifically NIOSH has the responsi-
bility to provide the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration with information on which to develop and promulgate
standards.  In addition, NIOSH research is aimed at develop-
ing control technology which will guarantee each worker a
safe and healthful workplace.  The research has led to the
development of several general noise control publications
and specific reports dealing with punch press and woodwork-
ing noise control.

     Within the Department of Agriculture (USDA), the
Agricultural Research Service and the Forest Service engage
in machinery and construction noise RD&D efforts.  The Agri-
cultural Research Service, concerned with the hearing hazards
associated with agricultural machinery, undertakes agricul-
tural equipment noise reduction research.  There are two
laboratories within the Forest Service undertaking acoustics
research.  The Equipment Development Center, in an effort to
reduce hearing hazards associated with specialized equipment
such as fire fighting, has a small equipment noise reduction
program.  The Forest Products Laboratory undertakes research
in building acoustics.
                           2-6

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     Many interagency efforts were undertaken during the
FY 75 through FY 78 time period.  DOC/NBS, for example,
provided technical assistance and/or measurement data to
EPA for truck mounted solid waste compactors, paving breakers
and rock drills, dozers and loaders, truck refrigeration
units and household appliances.  NBS also provided measure-
ment data and technical support to EPA (prior to FY 75) for
the EPA noise emission regulations for portable compressors
promulgated in 1976.  Within DOD, the departments of the
Army and Navy cooperated with EPA.  The Army provided test
data and methodology studies for dozers and loaders, and
paving breakers and rock drills.  The Army also performed
non-highway construction site noise studies.  The Navy is
undertaking a joint demonstration program with EPA to study
noise control in shipyards.  DOT and EPA will jointly fund
a highway construction noise demonstration study in FY 78.
                            2-7

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                   3.0  ASSESSMENT


3.1  INTRODUCTION

     Prior to the passage of the Noise Control Act of 1972,
Federal agency and department noise programs had to be under-
taken for the principal purpose of meeting their mandates,
operational authorities, and goals.  The Noise Control Act
expanded the agency and department responsibilities with
respect to noise by directing them to go beyond their
immediate charges and contribute to the total national
effort of improving the environment.

     Congress was cognizant of these responsibilities and
authorities of the agency mandates as evidenced by the
explicit wording in Section 4  (a) of the Act.

     "...The Congress authorizes and directs that Federal
     agencies shall, to the fullest extent consistent with
     their authority under Federal laws administered by
     them, carry out the programs within their control in
     such a manner as to further the policy ... to promote
     an environment for all Americans free from noise that
     jeopardizes their health or welfare..."

     In this regard, any assessment of Federal programs
must be carried out on two levels, namely,

          Assessment of RD&D programs in light of each
          agency's mandates and goals

          Assessment of the contributions of each agency's
          noise programs to the Federal Government's over-
          all effort to control noise.

In general, the Federal agencies have utilized their RD&D
funds to carry out those programs necessary to meet the
mandates of their individual agencies.  The programs in the
past have resulted in significant advances in the develop-
ment and demonstration of noise control technology applicable
to machinery and construction noise.
                            3-1

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3.1.1  Scope of  the Noise  Problem

     There are principally two types of noise problems
associated with  machinery  and construction activities.
These are occupational  noise,  which is usually related to
safety and hearing loss, and  environmental noise, which
involves community impacts resulting from noise intrusions.
These problems are to varying degrees associated with most
machinery and construction areas of activity.

     According to a survey of 15 industrial insurance com-
panies, hearing  loss is the largest single compensable
health problem today; greater,  for instance, than black
lung disease and exposure  to  vinyl chloride.  EPA estimates
that some 14.7 million  American workers^* have occupational
noise exposures  above the  hazardous level2  (Leq(8)t2. 75
decibels).   These workers are spread throughout many indus-
tries.

     In the mining industry,  for example, 450,000 workers
are directly involved in underground, surface mining, and
associated preparation  plant  operations for coal, metal,
and non-metal mines.3   Approximately 25 percent of these
workers have noise exposures  considered hazardous to hearing
and virtually all are regularly exposed to noise levels
above 90 dB"f"f" .   The number of workers in the mining industry
will increase 28 percent by 1983 according to projections;
mostly due to the increased emphasis on coal as an energy
source.  Safety  and environmental problems associated with
noise are also matters  of  concern.  Mining is by nature a
relatively hazardous operation.   High noise adds to the
safety problems  by interfering with speech communication,
with the detection of sounds  that can alert a miner to an
impending danger, or with  the recognition of alarms.

     In the fabricated  metal  products industry, virtually
all of the 440,000 machine operators are exposed to sound
levels above 85  dB; and 87 percent are exposed to levels
*   A list of numbered references may be found at the end of this
    chapter.

t   L  ,  equivalent sound level, is the average A-weighted energy
    level of sound over a given period of time. The period of time
    is shown in parentheses,  in this case,  8 hours.

tt  A-weighted sound levels are used throughout this report.
                            3-2

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above 90 dB.   This does not include the additional 440,000
production workers such as machine setup men, materials
handlers, inspectors and foremen whose occupations in this
industry lead to intermittent exposures.  Overall, approxi-
mately 8.8 million,5 or 68 percent, of all production workers
for all industries have noise exposures considered hazardous
to hearing.

     In addition, over 4.5 million operators of farm trac-
tors are exposed to noise levels above those considered
safe.5  It is not known how many of the 4 million plus con-
struction workers have exposures to noise which are hazardous
to hearing but the numbers are believed to be significant.
Construction machinery noise levels, at the operator position,
can be in the 90 to 100 dB range.

     EPA estimates that close to half of the nation's popu-
lation, 103 million Americans,^ experience environmental or
community noise from innumerable sources, including machinery
and construction equipment.  This noise interferes with nor-
mal daily activities such as speech communication, sleep,
relaxation, and privacy.  Construction site noise alone in-
terferes with the activities of some 30 million people.6

     Not all agencies are concerned with both occupational
and environmental problems.  The Department of Interior, for
example, through the Bureau of Mines (BOM) and the Mining
Enforcement and Safety Administration  (MESA); and the
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, through the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  (NIOSH),
have for the most part been concerned with occupational
noise exposure.  Abatement of noise in the community is
usually incidental to the fulfillment of their main objec-
tive.  In the area of construction equipment, the Depart-
ment of Transportation, on the other hand, is primarily
concerned with abating environmental noise which occurs
during construction of highways and mass transit systems.
The Department of Defense; Environmental Protection Agency,
through the Office of Noise Abatement and Control  (ONAC);
Department of Agriculture, through the U.S. Forest Service
(USFS), and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS); and
Department of Commerce, through the National Bureau of
Standards (NBS) work toward the abatement of both occupa-
tional and environmental noise.
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3.1.2  Technological Change and the Purpose of RD&D

     The noise RD&D efforts of the Federal Government pro-
vide technological answers which can and do solve noise
problems.  However, many times the findings of research
are not always fully implemented.  To understand why prob-
lems still exist in spite of technological solutions, it
is necessary to understand the steps in effecting technolog-
ical change.  The process of technological change is com-
prised of three stages:

          RD&D which provides the knowledge basis for
          technological change.

          Production in which new knowledge and resources
          are incorporated in goods, productive processes,
          or services.

          Market use whereby the fruits of production enter
          the marketplace and provide social and economic
          benefits.

This report deals with the initial stage, RD&D.

     Any break within these three stages stops the process
of technological change.  If the technology to solve a
noise problem does not exist, then there is no first stage
and no basis for technological change to take place.  But,
having the noise technology available does not, in itself,
ensure technological change.  There are many problems
which can arise to forestall efforts to implement known
noise technology.  A principal problem is economics where
the ratio of cost versus benefit is a vital trade-off
parameter.
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3.2  AGENCY ASSESSMENTS

     The following assessments have  been  prepared collec-
tively by members of the Federal  Interagency  Machinery and
Construction Noise Research Panel.*  These assessments are
the consensus of the panel members and  are not necessarily
the official views of the Federal agencies.
3.2.1  Department of the Interior

Mandates with Respect to Research

     The Bureau of Mines  (BOM)  is  authorized  to  conduct
noise research to develop the  technology  necessary to re-
duce the occupational health,  safety,  and environmental
problems associated with coal,  metal,  and non-metal mining
operations.

     The Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA)
has a mandate to protect the mine  worker  through inspection
of mines and enforcement of health and safety requirements.


Scope of Current Efforts

     The BOM Machinery Noise Research  effort  is  the largest
reported among all Federal organizations.  MESA  has a com-
prehensive occupational noise  program  which includes engi-
neering investigations.  These investigations complement
the efforts of BOM and are usually undertaken when applied
or immediate solutions are required.   Without BOM involve-
ment in mining equipment noise research there would be a
void in the development of mining  equipment noise control
technology because the mining  industry for the most part
conducts little research.  Construction machinery noise
research can be applied to some surface mining equipment.

     The BOM research and investigative effort includes
the following areas:


          Underground mining equipment
          Surface mining equipment
          Surface processing operations
          Measurement of worker noise  exposure
          Technology transfer  to private  industry.
    Since the USDA is not represented by panel membership, no
    assessment is made of their machinery and construction noise
    RD&D programs.


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     Research is directed primarily at reducing noise at its
source.  Although the most desirable approach to the problem
of excessive noise in mining operations is through develop-
ment and use of quieter equipment, accomplishing this in a
reasonable length of time would require excessive funding
levels and would ignore the problem of noise from existing
equipment.  Thus research efforts are primarily concentrated
on identifying existing problems and developing retrofit
techniques to control the noise.  The cooperation of both
manufacturers and coal companies is usually sought because
of the high cost and limited availability of mining machinery.
The noise controls developed must be cost effective, readily
implemented on a retrofit basis, and cause no interference
with normal operation of the machine.  Current technology
development efforts are principally directed at retrofit
measures.
Accomplishments of the Noise RD&D Efforts

     BOM and MESA have made notable progress in assessing
the noise problems associated with various types of mining
operations, identifying noise sources, and developing noise
control measures.  Retrofit methods that can be used by in-
dustry have been developed to substantially reduce the noise
of some types of machines.

     The BOM research program on mining noise was undertaken
in FY 71 at a minimum level and was directed at underground
coal mines.  As the program developed, the scope was ex-
panded to include surface operations of coal mines and a
complementary program on noise problems in metal and non-
metal mine operations.  Progress has been relatively slow
but commensurate with the magnitude of the problem.  Parti-
cularly for underground operations, the hostile environment,
space limitations, and requirements for materials accept-
ability greatly complicate the application of noise control
measures.  Noise control techniques must be evaluated on a
test machine under in situ production conditions.  Conse-
quently the cooperation of mine operators is required.

     In spite of these constraints, notable progress in the
development of noise control technology has been made in
certain areas.  However, the reduction of the number of
people exposed to hazardous noise  (the principal goal of
the research program) has been less than it could have been
because of the slowness of mining industry in adopting the
noise control technology that has been developed.
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     Examples of a few of the noise control technology re-
search accomplishments are:

          The stoper drill (a tool somewhat similar to the
          jackhammer)  is found at many mines.  BOM has de-
          veloped measures, suitable for field use, to re-
          duce noise levels from approximately 120 dB* to
          as low as 107 dB.  MESA working with BOM under-
          took an effort to transfer this technology to
          the mining industry and to the mining equipment
          manufacturers.  Partly as a result of these efforts,
          this technology has been adopted commercially in
          an available noise control retrofit package.

          In addition to the stoper retrofit efforts, a
          BOM effort is underway to reduce stoper noise
          through machine redesign.  The feasibility of
          building a stoper drill with noise levels reduced
          to 95 to 100 dB has been proven through the build-
          ing and testing of a prototype.  Six production
          type models are being built for field testing.

          Notable progress in identifying and assessing
          mining related noise problems has been made.
          This involved factors such as identification of
          the severity of noise problems, number of people
          impacted, and noise sources.  Examples of some
          mining activities investigated are:  surface and
          underground mining operations, taconite plants,
          diesel powered underground mining equipment, and
          surface coal mining equipment.

          The auger miner used in low seam height coal
          mines has been identified by MESA to be a major
          source of hazardous noise.  The Jeffrey 100-L
          and the Wilcox Mark 20 auger miners are the two
          principal types in use.  BOM has developed a re-
          trofit kit to reduce noise from the Jeffrey
          auger miner.   This kit now needs to be field
          tested.  BOM and MESA developed noise reduction
          retrofit kits for the Wilcox Mark 20 that were
          shown to be suitable for field use through 1-%
          years of field testing.  MESA undertook an effort
          for field adoption of this technology.  Private
          industry, utilizing the results of this research,
    All sound levels identified for DOI are at the operator's ear in
    the underground environment.
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          has now commercially marketed a noise retrofit
          kit for the Mark 20.  Further work is still re-
          quired on the auger miner.

          BOM has developed measures to reduce noise of a
          Wagner Mining Company load-haul dump machine from
          99 to 93 dB.  Wagner makes 80 percent of the
          approximately 700 diesel powered mining vehicles
          in operation.  After more than a year of use under
          production conditions, the noise control system
          is still intact and performing as expected.  As
          a result of this demonstration project, Wagner
          is marketing a noise quieting package for new
          equipment.

          There are about 400 coal preparation plants in
          operation.  The feasibility of reducing exposure
          to hazardous noise in coal preparation plants to
          comply with noise regulations has been demon-
          strated.  Both the effectiveness of the noise
          abatement measures and compatibility with pro-
          duction requirements was proven.  MESA through
          its inspection and technical assistance is help-
          ing to implement this technology.

     BOM and MESA have worked closely in coordinating their
noise research and investigative activities to establish
priorities.  At least 60 percent of the BOM research has
been performed after concurrent agreement was reached be-
tween BOM and MESA.  The information MESA gained through
its field inspection has been invaluable in guiding BOM
research programs.  There are serious concerns about the
effects of the transfer of MESA from DOI to DOL.  With
MESA and BOM in separate departments a greater effort will
be required to ensure that they collaborate as closely as
in the past.  Most notably MESA has been directly involved
in transferring BOM-developed technology to industry.
Adequacy of Funding

     Noise research funding at BOM became adequate in FY 78
to support all planned research programs.  Priorities given
to noise research have increased to where noise research
funding levels are now 5 percent of the total BOM Safety
and Health budget.  Though current funding levels are
adequate for the noise research activities planned, a con-
tinued high level of funding is necessary because of the
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magnitude of the mining noise problem.  Several factors
could dramatically alter current research requirements.
Mining operations are growing and needs for noise source
control are increasing.  BOM research programs are new and
continually changing to meet rising needs.
Areas for Future Research

     Future research efforts by BOM will need to address
just about all mining machinery since most equipment has
noise levels above 90 dB.  The program needs to look at
both equipment retrofit and redesign.  Future noise research
efforts will, however, require some shifting of the current
RD&D priorities from retrofit to equipment or process re-
design.

     Almost all of the acoustical technology required to
develop mining machinery to meet the current 90 dB standard
is available today.  It is now necessary to determine
methods of applying this technology in a manner that will
satisfy the unique problems of the mining industry.
3.2.2  Environmental Protection Agency
Mandates with Respect to Research

     The Noise Control Act gives EPA the authority to iden-
tify major noise sources, issue labeling requirements, and
issue noise emission standards.

     In addition, the Noise Control Act authorizes EPA to
complement the noise research programs of other Federal
agencies by conducting and financing research on the effects,
measurement, and control of noise, including determining the
most effective and practicable means of controlling noise
emission.
Scope of Current RD&D Efforts

     There has been little RD&D activity by EPA in the ma-
chinery and construction equipment area.  The few programs
undertaken prior to FY 77 dealt primarily with noise measure-
ment methodologies.  FY 77 was marked by an increase in the
level of RD&D effort and funding.  EPA has recently initi-
ated demonstration programs for construction site and
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industrial machinery noise reduction.  It has also initiated
a research program that will lead to a demonstration project
for internal combustion engines.  The industrial machinery
program will identify products for source regulations and
identify areas where technological advances are needed and
demonstrate the feasibility of current noise control method-
ology.  The internal combustion engine program will advance
the state-of-the-art of noise control for internal com-
bustion engines.  Since internal combustion engines are
common to a class of products, accomplishments will result
in benefits to a number of areas.

     EPA/ONAC has construction equipment pre-regulatory
action underway (technology assessments, health and welfare
impacts, and economic impacts) on earthmoving equipment
such as backhoes,  scrapers, excavators, and trenchers.  In
addition, final regulatory development activities are to
continue on pavement breakers and rock drills.
Accomplishments of RD&D Efforts

     EPA's regulatory actions with respect to machinery
and construction equipment are:

          A noise emission regulation effective January 1,
          1978 limits noise emissions of new portable air
          compressors to 76 dB.

          A Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was issued for
          wheel and crawler tractors in July 1977.

          A Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was issued for
          truck-mounted solid waste compactors in August
          1977.

     EPA1s demonstration programs for noise mitigation
from construction sites and industrial machinery, and the
research program on internal combustion engine noise control
are in their initial stages.  Thus it is too early to re-
port accomplishments.
Adequacy of Funding

     EPA's Office of Research and Development has discon-
tinued its support of noise control RD&D.  In the past ONAC
has elected not to request research funds but to depend on
existing resources and research commitments in other agencies,
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With the de-emphasis that is taking place in other agencies
there is a greater need for EPA to support research through
actual funding.  EPA has found it difficult to influence the
research programs in advancing the state-of-the-art without
a research budget.  Increased RD&D funding would enable EPA
to support a broad noise control technology development
effort.
Areas for Future Research

     Noise technology RD&D efforts are needed for a wide
range of products in the machinery and construction area
to reduce excessive noise levels.  EPA's responsibilities
resulting from their charge as set forth in the Noise Con-
trol Act are broad.

     EPA's program plan for FY 78 and FY 79 currently
includes regulatory standards and preregulatory study
activities for the following product or class of products:

          Earthmoving equipment  (backhoes, scrapers, ex-
          cavators, trenchers, and similar performing ma-
          chines)

          Road building equipment (graders, pavers, rollers,
          compactors, and other equipment)

          Small engine powered equipment  (motor generator
          sets, pumps, commercial lawn and garden care
          equipment, commercial snow removal equipment,
          etc.)

          Electrical and electronic equipment (power trans-
          formers, welding equipment, home heating and ven-
          tilating equipment, and lighting systems)

     EPA's regulatory plans defined above identify areas
where future research is required.  Standards are limited
by and based upon best available technology.  To meet
national goals, more stringent standards may be needed.
Thus, research is needed to develop the technology to meet
these lower noise emission standards.

     Some very specific areas regarded by EPA as requiring
noise RD&D are:
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          New designs of pneumatic and hydraulic pavement
          breakers and rock drills which address the funda-
          mental problem of noise produced by the interac-
          tion of the tool and workpiece

          Investigations of new combustion processes of in-
          ternal combustion engines that result in a decrease
          in the noise generating mechanisms rather than
          the noise radiating mechanisms

          Research activities toward the design of quiet
          fans

          A broadening of the technical information base
          concerning typical work cycle noise levels or
          representative samples of road building and con-
          struction activities

          A development of data base relating to the noise
          degradation of construction equipments and ma-
          chinery as a function of time, use cycle, use
          environments, maintenance, and productivity

     Workplace noise is a major occupational safety and
health problem.  There is currently a void in the Federal
government with respect to noise RD&D technology develop-
ment for industrial equipment of all types, EPA should
take a lead in filling this void.
3.2.3  Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Mandates with Respect to Research

     The HEW noise effort with Machinery and Construction
activities is carried out by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).   NIOSH is charged
with undertaking activities related to insuring safe and
healthful workplace conditions.  Results of the National
Occupational Hazard Survey,^ conducted by NIOSH, reveal
that over four million Americans are exposed to noise
levels in excess of 85 dB in some 110,000 plants through-
out the United States.  There is ample evidence that these
noise levels cause hearing loss and safety problems.
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Scope of Current Efforts

     The emphasis of NIOSH research before FY 76 was on
noise effects rather than noise control.  However, since
FY 76 several noise control research projects have been
undertaken.  Utilizing the NIOSH research grant program,
funds were made available to North Carolina State Univer-
sity (NCSU) to conduct research in several areas:  punch
press noise, wood working noise, and noise generated during
textile manufacturing.

     In 1976 NIOSH reorganized, and a group was formed
to study the control of physical agents in the occupational
environment.  This group has initiated several noise con-
trol projects.

     During FY 78 NIOSH will complete revisions to the
Industrial Noise Control Manual and the Compendium of
Materials for Noise Control which will remain useful to a
large segment of industry.
Accomplishments

     The NIOSH program in noise control, although small,
has managed several major accomplishments:

          Publication of two reference works, the Industrial
          Noise Control Manual and the Compendium of Materials
          for Noise Control, both of which have been widely
          utilized.  Both publications are currently being
          updated

          Development of noise control techniques for one
          punch press by North Carolina State University
          under a NIOSH grant

          Development of methods for reducing wood planer
          noise by approximately 6 dB at operator locations
          by North Carolina State University under a NIOSH
          grant

          Development of techniques to reduce noise levels
          in textile mills by 4.5 dB, as well as dissemi-
          nation of information on these techniques to
          industry
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Adequacy of Funding

     Recently there has been a de-emphasis in the NIOSH
noise program partly as a result of other occupation health
areas receiving higher priority.  Funds and manpower required
to support an adequate level of effort in noise have been
unavailable.
Areas for Future Research

     There is no comprehensive Federal involvement in
industrial machinery noise research despite the fact that
millions of workers are exposed to hazardous levels of
noise.  The technology to quiet many industrial machines
has not yet been demonstrated.
3.2.4  Department of Defense
Mandates with Respect to Research

     The DOD mission requires a noise RD&D program to min-
imize detection in combat, reduce the incidence of hearing
loss to military personnel, improve communication, and
minimize the impact of peacetime military base operations
on surrounding communities.  Principal machinery and con-
struction noise problems associated with military operations
are:  weapons  (armor, artillery, demolition, bombs, and
small arms), equipment onboard boats and ships, machinery
(dozers, engines, generators, etc.), weapons manufacturing
equipment, military base and facility operations, and
military construction and civil works activities,  (hydro-
electric dams, dredges, levee repairs equipment).
Scope of Current Efforts

     The Navy has a large machinery noise RD&D effort for
the submarine and surface fleet directed principally at
fleet detection avoidance.  Also of concern are the reduc-
tion of the incidence of hearing loss and improvement of
speech intelligibility among Naval personnel.  Research as
indicated by the projects identified, is directed at ship-
board machinery such as pumps, compressors, ventilation sys-
tems, electrical and mechanical systems.  Because much of
the Navy work has been identified as classified, little
information has been made available to the panel.
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     The Army's machinery and construction equipment noise
RD&D effort has two principal components.  The first ad-
dresses specific noise sources involving mostly construction
related equipment such as dozers and diesel generators.  The
second involves efforts to reduce noise associated with
military base operations arising from the amalgamation of
the many base activities.  This second effort involves the
development and improvement of methodologies for predicting
and mitigating noise levels associated with base operations.
This research effort will help the military to operate bases
that are compatible with surrounding community life.  Build-
ing acoustics, which might be considered a third component,
is also addressed.

     No noise research activities have been identified by
the Air Force for this area.
Accomplishments

     The following are some of the accomplishments of the
Army program:

          A preliminary methodology for identifying the com-
          posite noise signature from all noise sources on
          military bases has been developed for land use
          planning.  Primary noise sources of consideration
          in this methodology are aircraft and weapons.  The
          composite noise signatures (contours) provide base
          planners with a tool to locate buildings and oper-
          ations to minimize noise intrusions and to work
          with neighboring communities.  Validation and re-
          finement of this methodology is underway.

          Noise levels of rough terrain Army forklifts have
          been reduced at operator positions to 90 dB.  Field
          deployed forklifts are currently being retrofitted
          under a $6.5 million program.  Retrofit kits have
          also been developed for wheeled dozers, with about
          $10.2 million being spent on implementation.
          This work contributes to the Army's effort to
          reduce the incidence of hearing loss.

          A method of reducing the background noise levels
          of air conditioning units in Army field deployed
          shelters was developed and implemented.  Noise
          levels were reduced to improve communication.
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          Reduction of noise associated with military
          construction site activity is closer to reality
          because of initial RD&D efforts to control, noise
          through specification requirements, management
          of site noise, and studies of costs associated
          with noise control strategies.  Cost variables
          are to be a part of all noise control evaluations
          of DOD construction site activities.

          A true integrating noise monitor to measure the
          impulse sources unique to military operations has
          been developed.  Currently available commercial
          designs, with their analog circuitry, are unable
          to accurately measure the impulsive noise.  These
          monitors coupled with Army-developed temporal
          sampling criteria, enable assessments of military
          weapon noise intrusions to be readily made.
Adequacy of Funding

     Considering the vast areas of land currently or poten-
tially impacted by noise emanating from military facilities,
current funding can only address the "tip of the iceberg"
in applied research and is all but non-existent in the more
fundamental areas.

     Funding to develop noise exposure prediction methodo-
logies for specialized military operations will lead to
the development of validated methodologies by 1985 if
current funding levels are maintained.

     Fundamental research required to refine and improve
methodologies and to assess the worth of various strategies
is virtually non-existent.  This research should as a
minimum be funded at 50 percent of current applied research
funding levels.
Areas for Future Research

     To support the goal of making the noise from military
base operations compatible with surrounding civilian commu-
nity activities, further research is required in the develop-
ment of noise impact prediction methodologies as well as
abatement measures.  Related factors such as sound propaga-
tion, noise source characteristics, community response to
noise intrusions common to military operations, and costs/
benefits associated with reducing noise also need to be
addressed.
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     Research is required to continue development of the
noise abatement measures applicable to DOD civilian con-
struction works such as hydroelectric dams, construction
dredging, and levee repairs.

     The DOD mission imposes needs for protecting the
hearing of military personnel, avoiding detection in combat,
and providing acceptable communication.

     Methods to mitigate industrial machinery noise such as
in Navy shipyards or on Corps of Engineers dredges are re-
quired to reduce the incidence of hearing loss.

     Environmental needs unique to DOD can only be achieved
by direct DOD sponsored research.  DOD's hearing conser-
vation needs can be achieved by direct DOD research, by
technology transfer from other Federal agency programs, or
by encouraging private industry to conduct research through
imposition of noise requirements in purchase specifications.
3.2.5  Department of Commerce
Mandates with Respect to Research

     The Department of Commerce conducts the noise RD&D
effort through the National Bureau of Standards  (NBS).   NBS
activities in environmental noise measurement are undertaken
to support the NBS mandate for developing and maintaining
standards of measurement used in scientific investigations,
engineering, manufacturing and commerce, as well as in sup-
port of Section 14 of the Noise Control Act of 1972.  The
Noise Control Act authorizes and encourages a cooperative
relationship between NBS and the EPA in regard to developing
methodologies and standards.

     The NBS role is unique in that its mission is primarily
restricted to addressing questions about the validity and
adequacy of measurement procedures.  NBS's efforts are di-
rected at ensuring that the many regulations and administra-
tive actions directed towards the control and abatement of
noise are guided by scientifically valid measurement method-
ology.

     Regulatory and other Federal agencies are each vitally
affected by existing and proposed noise emission regulations.
Leadership in the development of consistent and adequate
physical measurement for these purposes is a required role
of NBS.
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     These needs for measurement methodologies are all-
pervasive in the implementation of noise control engineering
or of regulations, for the vast majority of engineering data
have been shown to be explicitly or implicitly reliant upon
measurement at some point.  Measurement error as a conse-
quence of reliance upon imperfect noise measurement methodo-
logies can give rise to significant and substantial economic
and social impacts.  NBS estimates of the annual costs to
consumers associated with systematic measurement errors of
1 dB are more than $300 million.8
Scope of Current Efforts

     The NBS program in acoustics is directed toward meeting
the country's need for noise measurement methodology and
providing services that require reference to national stan-
dards.  The principal effort has been to quantify the un-
certainties associated with existing test methods, to con-
duct research to enable improved measurement technology,
and to work closely with regulatory agencies and standards
organizations to promote the incorporation of reliable
measurement procedures in noise emission regulations.
Accomplishments

     Recent work has been directed at determining the ade-
quacy of present noise measurement standards.  This deter-
mination has consisted primarily of critical reviews of
the sources of measurement error and experimental measure-
ment using existing NBS facilities and present procedures.
These studies indicate the magnitude of measurement impreci-
sion and systematically address the requirements for improve-
ments in the existing standards and provide the scientific
and technical basis for improvements to those standards.

     A continuing study is addressing the adequacy of a cur-
rent air conditioning industry measurement practice for de-
termining the sound power of small sources in reverberation
rooms.  This is a critical study because EPA is considering
regulation or labeling of noise emissions of air condition-
ing equipment.  A revision to the current sound power measure-
ment standard^ of the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) has been proposed by NBS and is under study by ANSI
authorities.
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     Low frequency panel absorbers have been designed and
installed on the walls of NBS's large reverberation room to
increase the precision of the acoustic power measurements
conducted therein.  This improvement will facilitate a series
of comparisons of acoustic power measurements.  These measure-
ments address the continuing concern over variations in the
acoustic power emitted and measured in differing acoustic
environments by reference sound sources.

     The measurement of source noise emission outdoors in
a free field above an acoustically hard reflecting plane is
of great interest because of its proposed use in noise en-
forcement programs.  Measurement of the signal propagation
over, and of the acoustic characteristics of the surface
has been refined by the use of cross-correlation techniques
in the analysis of broad-band signal propagation.  Improved
accuracy in determining the impedance of a hard asphalt
surface as well as the separation of effects due to propaga-
tion from effects due to variations in source emission are
expected to result from this work.
Adequacy of Funding

     Deficiencies in funding and manpower have restricted
the scope of the NBS program and prevented necessary work
from being undertaken.  With respect to facilities, for ex-
ample, NBS was unable to accommodate EPA, Office of Noise
Abatement and Control's need for evaluation and development
of a noise measurement methodology for window air condi-
tioners because of the absence, at NBS, of appropriately
coupled reverberation room facilities with environmental
control systems.  NBS has a mandate to support the measure-
ment needs of engineering and commerce; however, the absence
of adequate representative test facilities of this nature
imposes a severe constraint on the NBS program.

     In general, increased funding and manpower would enable
program expansions in areas not identified with facility
constraints; however, allocation of funding for test facili-
ties, instrumentation and test sites will also enable expan-
sion in void areas.
Areas for Future Research

     Dependence on voluntary standards may increase in the
future due to the proposed Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) policy that the Federal government is to rely on
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commercial standards whenever feasible.  It is essential
that NBS maintain extensive involvement in the development
of voluntary standards.  This involvement is particularly
important since there are no non-governmental organizations
to support acoustics research in standards.  This is also
important because of the involvement of NBS in providing
a centralized effort for research in measurement accuracy
to support the several Federal agencies involved in acous-
tics.  NBS technical support to other agencies will be re-
quired in the development of acoustical measurement instru-
mentation and standards.  NBS provides a centralized effort
for research on measurement accuracy for the Federeil Govern-
ment.

     Specific topics which future research must address
include:

          Development of means for specifying limitations
          on atmospheric conditions  (wind and temperature
          gradients, barometric pressure, relative humidity),
          and procedures for accounting for influence of
          these factors on measurements of the actual noise
          emitted by a source.

          Development of means for specifying physical
          characteristics of test sites, including such
          factors as site flatness, acoustical impedance
          of test pads, and maximum size of reflecting
          objects.

          Development of procedures for adjusting data for
          the influence of test site and atmospheric prop-
          erties to correspond to what would have been ob-
          tained under standard conditions.

          Development of experimental procedures to enable
          noise measurements under less than favor£ible wind
          conditions.

          Development of in situ procedures for highly
          accurate and precise measurements of industrial
          machinery noise.  The correction factors used
          to account for the acoustic conditions of a
          machinery space are not technically well based
          at present.  These factors are principal variables
          affecting comparisons of data obtained in differing,
          non-ideal test environments.  Similarly, proce-
          dures for the estimation of noise emission when
          machinery is closely spaced or clustered need to
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          be developed and studied for their adequacy in
          implementing noise control engineering.
3.2.6  Department of Transportation
Mandates with Respect to Research

     The Department of Transportation  (DOT) has a mandate
to undertake research and development relating to transpor-
tation, including noise abatement.  The Department of
Transportation administers large trust funds which finance
the construction of highways and urban mass transit systems.
Construction of these systems impact surrounding communi-
ties; for example, EPA has estimated that approximately
seven million people are exposed to construction noise from
Federal and State highway projects.  While this represents
only a small percentage of the population  (approximately
three percent), DOT considers it to be a potentially serious
problem due to the magnitude of the noise levels.
Scope of Current Efforts

     The noise from highway construction is transient in
that it moves as the construction activity proceeds forward
and ends when the facility has been completed.  For this
reason, Federal, State, and local attention is primarily
directed toward traffic noise impacts resulting from high-
way operations rather than on highway construction noise.
In fact, it is difficult if not impossible, to determine
whether complaints received during construction of such
facilities are in fact directed toward the construction
activity itself or toward the future highway—and its re-
sultant traffic noise—which will remain a part of the
neighborhood long after the construction is completed.

     The Departmental program in this area—carried out by
the Office of Noise Abatement and the Federal Highway Ad-
ministration—is directed toward two distinct goals:  (1)
transfer of demonstrated truck noise abatement technology
to construction equipment typically utilized in the construc-
tion of transportation facilities, especially highways,  and
(2) development and dissemination of guidelines for the
measurement, prediction, and mitigation of highway construc-
tion noise for use by community planners and interested
groups and individuals who must deal with such problems.
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Accomplishments

     Because of funding limitations the initiation  of  con-
struction noise control demonstration programs  has  been de-
layed and has not been able to fully address  the  entire
range of source and/or site mitigation techniques.   Even
so, past DOT efforts in this area have produced some.
noteworthy accomplishments.  Examples include:

          Demonstration that truck exhaust noise  reduction
          technology could be transferred to  selected  pieces
          of construction equipment.  For reasonably well-
          muffled machines, it was found that improved muf-
          fling would lower noise levels an additional 1 to
          3 dB* while for equipment whicji either  did not
          have a muffler or had a very poor one,  application
          of a good muffler would reduce noise  levels  6 to
          12 dB.

          Development and dissemination of interim  guide-
          lines for the measurement, prediction and mitiga-
          tion of highway construction noise  based  on  the
          current state-of-the-art.

          Demonstration to indicate  that ground vibrations
          associated with pile driving and trucks operating  on
          haul roads are not of sufficient magnitude to cause
          physical damage to surrounding structures.


Adequacy of Funding

     The DOT program is a relatively small effort.   Due to
other priorities available funding has been,  and  continues
to remain, limited.
Areas for Future Research

     It is anticipated that DOT will maintain  a  low level
effort in the near future to develop the  necessary  data to
revise the interim guidelines.
    All sound level reductions identified for DOT are determined
    from measurements at 50 feet from the source.
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3.3  OVERALL ASSESSMENT

     The noise RD&D efforts by both industry and the
Federal government can provide technological answers to
solve present and future problems.  There currently appears
to be an insufficient number of noise abatement technology
demonstration programs.  Federal efforts to develop and
demonstrate noise control technology for future noise
abatement actions should be increased significantly.

     There are many reasons why the Federal government needs
to be involved in noise research and development.  While
the major responsibility for developing the needed tech-
nology should rest with industry, investment by the Federal
government is necessary in some cases to help bring new
technology into the marketplace or to stimulate industry
developments.  This Federal initiative is appropriate when:

          The market is not responsive to the demands (needs)
          of society

          A directed effort is needed to meet a national
          objective

          Development costs exceed the financial capability
          of any one manufacturer

          Feasible noise-reducing technology must exist for
          enforcement of regulations.

In the case of DOD, there are unique noise problems which
only they can address.

     Specific benefits from Federal sponsorship of research
are:

          Results are equally available to all manufacturers.
          The results of industry RD&D are usually closely
          held, and even if they were implemented, would
          not provide a broad base of application potential

          Spin-offs and technology transfer help to mitigate
          noise problems in other areas

          The Federal government is provided with a basis
          for regulatory and enforcement actions.
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3.3.1  Interagency Cooperation

     Many interagency cooperative efforts were undertaken
during the FY 75 through FY 78 time period.  DOC/NBS for
example, provided technical assistance and/or measurement
data for EPA for truck-mounted solid waste compactors,
paving breakers and rock drills,  dozers and loaders, truck
refrigeration units and household appliances.  NBS also
provided measurement data and technical support to EPA
(prior to FY 75) for the EPA noise emission regulations
for portable compressors promulgated in 1976.

     Within DOD, the Departments of the Army and Navy col-
laborated with EPA.  The Army provided test data and
methodology studies for dozers and loaders and paving
breakers and rock drills.  The Army also performed non-
highway construction site noise studies.  The Navy is
undertaking a joint program with EPA to demonstrate noise
control in shipyards.

     In FY 78 EPA will jointly fund a highway construction
noise study with DOT and a building construction study with
the Corps of Engineers.  EPA is planning cooperative demon-
stration programs in FY 78 with other Federal agencies on
industrial noise control.

     In order for the Federal agencies involved in machinery
and construction equipment noise RD&D to effectively meet
national objectives for noise abatement, continued coop-
eration is essential.  EPA will continue to take a lead
role in coordinating Federal machinery and construction
noise RD&D activities primarily because of its role in the
promulgation of regulations.  The technological accomplish-
ments of the other Federal agencies are most important in
forming the bases for regulatory legislation.  EPA must
collaborate with all agencies:  (1) to gain knowledge
on noise control techniques as well as measurement method-
ologies and (2) to disseminate information to other agencies
for their use in either setting priorities for research,
setting policy for land use planning, or enforcement of
regulations.

     Close collaboration needs to be maintained between
the Federal organizations involved in occupational noise
control, BOM and NIOSH, and the Federal organizations in-
volved in occupational noise enforcement, MESA and the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration  (OSHA).  It is
hoped that the effective coordination of activities between
BOM and MESA will continue in spite of MESA's transfer from
DOI to the Department of Labor.
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 3.3.2  Adequacy of Funding

     In 1974 the requirements of the Noise Control Act of
 1972 began to have an impact on the budgetary cycle of Federal
 agencies.  The charge to EPA by the Act was interpreted by
 the other agencies as a lessening of their charges with
 respect to noise.  The end result has been a change in
 priorities within some Federal agencies away from noise
 RD&D at a time when there has been increasing concern to
 solve noise problems which affect both industrial workers
 and the community.

     In addition, other actions have occurred which have
 resulted in reduced emphasis on noise RD&D:

          The National Science Foundation, which was one
          of the earliest proponents of noise RD&D, has
          significantly reduced its emphasis in this area

          The Department of Housing and Urban Development
          has significantly reduced its efforts in the area
          of noise control research

          The recent reorganization of the Secretary's
          office in the Department of Transportation
          disestablished the Office of Noise Abatement which
          provided effective centralized coordinating
          functions for all of the operating administrations
          of DOT

          NIOSH has structured a very limited and inadequate
          role for itself in the machinery noise RD&D tech-
          nology area.  Program plans for FY 78 and beyond
          have been directed at little beyond textile mach-
          inery.
3.3.3  Research Needs

     There must be a balance between fundamental research,
technology development, and demonstration.  Fundamental
research and demonstration programs are currently under-
funded and need greater emphasis.  Demonstration programs
need to go beyond the laboratory demonstration stage to
prove practicability in an operating environment.
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     Reducing machinery noise is important because it in-
volves a large portion of the working population exposed to
hazardous noise levels.  Virtually all areas of the raining
and manufacturing industries need noise RD&D to solve exist-
ing and future problems.  Manufacturing equipment must be
quieted to improve worker health.  Programs must be initiated
and should concentrate on equipment and processes which
create the most severe exposures and/or which may be common
to many industries.

     Impulsive noise RD&D efforts to develop predictive
methods, mitigation techniques, and reduction strategies
need to be expanded.  Large amplitude impulse noise is a
particularly severe noise problem, especially to DOD  (armor,
artillery, small arms, etc.).

     It is necessary that "corrective factors" be developed
to allow comparisons of industrial machinery noise data
obtained in differing environments or sites.  Significant
experimental investigation is needed on the effects of ground
surface (topography) and meteorological conditions on sound
propagation, especially in relation to construction sites,
certification measurements, and large amplitude impulses.

     There is currently no significant sustained noise RD&D
technology effort underway in the Federal government  (with
the exception of that of BOM) to support the development
of low noise industrial machinery and to create an environ-
ment that is adequate to protect the hearing of the American
work force.

     Demonstration programs are needed to establish the
practicability of noise control technology for construction
equipment.  Some of the noise control technology developed
in the surface transportation area can possibly have spin-offs
to the construction equipment area.
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3.4   ASSESSMENT REFERENCES
1.   Toward a National Strategy for Noise Control, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., April 1977, GPO No.  1977-
     720-117/1999.

2.   Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Impact Statements  on
     Noise, Report of Working Group 69, Committee on Hearing Bio-
     acoustics, and Biomechanics Assembly of Behavioral and Social
     Sciences, National Research Council, 1977.

3.   Estimate provided November, 1977 by MESA,  Pittsburgh Technical
     Support Center, Division of Health Technology, Noise Branch.

4.   An Assessment of the Machinery Noise Problem of the Fabricated
     Metal Products Industry, Summary Report J  0331, U.S. Environ-
     mental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research
     Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 1976.

5.   Noise in America, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., Draft Report
     No. 3318, June 1978.

6.   Prediction was determined from EPA construction site noise
     impact assessment model, March 11, 1978.

7.   National Occupational Hazard Survey, Vol.  3,  HEW,  NIOSH,
     Cincinatti, Ohio, to be published in April 1978.

8.   The Economic Impact of Acoustic Measurement Uncertainty,  Bolt
     Beranek and Newman, Inc., Draft Report No. 3538, for National
     Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., June 1977.

9.   Methods for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Small
     Sources in Reverberation Rooms, American National Standards
     Institute (ANSI), SI.21-1972.
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                4.0  AGENCY PROGRAMS
     Noise research programs conducted or sponsored by
each agency, while contributing to the national objectives
of noise reduction in general, are primarily focused on
the specific agency's needs for complying with its legis-
lative mandates.  The noise RD&D activities are directly
related to their civilian or military constituency needs.

     This section of the report discusses the overall
noise program objectives of each Agency with respect to
their noise control mandates.
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4.1  DEPARTMENT  OF THE INTERIOR

     The Department of the Interior  (DOI) was  created by
the act of March 3,  1849 (9 Stat. 395; 43 U.S.C.  1451).
Over the years,  as functions have been added and  removed,
its role has changed from that of general housekeeper for
the Federal government to that of custodian of the nation's
natural resources.

     The organizations within the Department reporting
machinery and  construction equipment noise programs include
the Bureau of  Mines and the Mining Enforcement and Safety
Administration (MESA).*  These two organizations  report
to the Secretary of the Interior through the Assistant
Secretary for  Energy and Minerals.
4.1.1  Bureau of Mines

     The Bureau of  Mines was established July  1,  1910,  in
the DOI by the Organic Act of May 16, 1910  (36  Stat.  369;
30 U.S.C. Sees. 1,  3,  5-7), as amended.  This  Act has
been supplemented by several statutes, including  those
that authorize the  conduct of research on environmental
problems associated with minerals.  The Bureau's  overall
objective with respect to noise is to develop  the necessary
technology to reduce noise exposure of mining  personnel
to within the limits set by the mandatory standards  promul-
gated under the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety  Act of
1969 and the Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety  Act
(PL 91-173 and PL 89-577).  The Federal Coal Mine Health
and Safety Act also authorized appropriation of funds for
a balanced program  of research and technical support to
build a mining technology amenable with long-lasting health
and safety improvements.
    The Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977 trans-
    ferred MESA from the Department of Interior to the Department
    of Labor.  The transfer becomes effective March 9, 1978.  There
    will be no loss of organizational integrity in MESA, and MESA
    will be renamed the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
    Mandatory standards issued under PL 91-173 and PL 89-577
    remain in effect under the 1977 act.
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     The Bureau of Mines' objectives with respect to noise
are accomplished through development and implementation of
engineering noise control techniques and measuring instru-
mentation.  The following goals have been defined:

          Abatement of noise in underground mining equip-
          ment, surface mining equipment, and surface
          processing operations associated with mining

          Improvements in worker noise exposure measurement
          techniques

          Transfer of technology to industry.

     Underground and surface mining equipments are being
assessed with the objective of reducing operator daily
noise exposure levels to 90 dB or lower.

     The thrust of the noise abatement effort is directed
toward identifying the sources of noise and reducing the
noise at these sources.  The noise reduction techniques
developed must be cost effective, suitable for retrofit,
and cause minimum interference with machine operations.

     Bureau of Mines noise research programs deal primarily
with existing mine operations and are usually conducted
in close cooperation with mining equipment manufacturers
and mine operators.  Project selection is based in large
part on problems identified by MESA1s inspection and engi-
neering noise control activities.  Noise abatement arid
control projects have been undertaken for various mining
equipments such as roof bolters, loaders, continuous
miners, conveyors, pneumatic drills, mantrip vehicles,
and crushers.  These projects involve the development of
new noise control techniques, incorporation of new designs
or modifications into existing equipment, and demonstra-
tion of utility, survivability, repairability, and noise
reduction under field conditions.  A comprehensive noise
control handbook is being prepared to provide guidelines
for the selection, design, and implementation of effective
abatement methods for mine machinery noise.  Language: that
is clearly understandable by the mining community will pre-
sent essential acoustical information and describe details
and techniques developed and demonstrated by BOM and others,

     Projects planned but not yet funded include develop-
ment of quiet resilient decks for coal screening, identifi-
cation of noise sources in longwall mining systems, defini-
tion of acoustic radiation characteristics of underground
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coal cutting augers, and development of noise controls for
surface coal cutting augers.
4.1.2  Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration

     The Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
(MESA) was established May 7, 1973, by Secretarial Order
No. 2953.  The functions of the Administration are carried
out under the authority of the Federal Metal and Nonmetallic
Mine Safety Act of 1966 and the Federal Coal Mine Health
and Safety Act of 1969.  In addition to establishing occu-
pational noise limits for mining personnel, these Acts
provide for the inspection of domestic mines and enforce-
ment of all health and safety requirements.

     MESA's programs are directed toward controlling health
hazards and reducing fatalities and injuries in the mineral
industries.  These objectives are accomplished by MESA
through mine inspections, field investigations, engineering
studies, safety education, training and motivation, health
studies, and the development and enforcement of appropriate
health and safety standards.

     MESA does not have a research mission similar to that
of the Bureau of Mines.  However, MESA's Pittsburgh Techni-
cal Support Center, Noise Branch, which provides technical
support to MESA"s enforcement activity, conducts noise
development and control projects aimed toward defining
a noise problem and providing early solutions using exist-
ing technology.  Close liaison is maintained with the
noise research group at the Pittsburgh Mining and Safety
Research Center of the Bureau of Mines.  When a need for
extensive research and development is determined, referrals
are made to the Bureau of Mines.

     In addition to the noise control activities, MESA
performs noise studies related to noise instrumentation,
exploratory studies, and standards development.  Instru-
mentation work is devoted to development of more precise,
easier to use noise instruments to facilitate monitoring
of the miner's noise environment.  Exploratory studies
are valuable for forecasting potential noise problem areas.
The objective of standards and specifications development
is to ensure reliable, accurate noise instrumentation for
MESA as well as for the mining industry.

     The activities of the Pittsburgh Technical Support
Center's Noise Branch" since 1975 included noise control
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work relative to such products as underground auger miners,
pneumatic stoper drills, coal preparation plants, strip
mine equipment, and underground fans.  A few results of
these projects are:  noise emissions were reduced from
102 to 97 dB for underground auger miners and from 117 to
as low as 105 dB for pneumatic stoper drills.

     Other efforts included planning for an acoustical
calibration laboratory, evaluation and checkout of commer-
cially available noise dosimeters, acoustical characteri-
zation of the underground environment, development of noise
regulation standards, and presentation of training courses
to MESA inspectors.

     In the area of noise instrumentation, a new calibra-
tion program was initiated, which is expected to ensure
the accuracy of the inspectors' noise measurements.  A
second effort resulted in the development of a dosimeter
calibrator, which will permit the use of the noise dosi-
meter for noise surveys.

     Activities in communications and standards develop-
ment are anticipated to enable the publication of new
techniques in noise control and more reliable and accurate
noise instruments for the MESA inspection force as well as
for industry.  Exploratory studies are expected to yield
results valuable for forecasting potential noise problem
areas.

     Appendix B identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by DOI.
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4.2  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

     The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was estab-
lished in the executive branch of the Federal government
as an independent agency pursuant to Reorganization Plan
No. 3 of 1970.  It was created to facilitate coordinated
and effective governmental action relative to protection
of the environment.  Therefore, EPA endeavors to abate
and control pollution systematically by integration of a
variety of research, monitoring, standard-setting, and
enforcement activities.

     EPA derives specific noise control authority from the
Noise Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-574, October 1972).
The purpose of the Act is:

     "...to establish a means for effective coordination
     of Federal research and activities in noise control,
     to authorize the establishment of Federal noise
     emission standards for products distributed in
     commerce, and to provide information to the public
     respecting the noise emission and noise reduction
     characteristics of such products..."

     EPA's responsibilities relative to noise emission
regulatory authority include:

          Identification of major noise sources; noise
          criteria and control technology (Section 5)

          Noise emission standards for products distributed
          in commerce  (Section 6)

          Noise emission labeling (Section 8)

          Interstate rail carrier noise emission standards
          (Section 17)

          Interstate motor carrier noise emission standards
          (Section 18).

     Regulatory activities include evaluation of the state-
of-the-art of product noise abatement technology, assess-
ment of attendant health and welfare benefits, consideration
of costs, and the development of noise compliance methodolo-
gies.  In each of the above regulatory areas, the Congress
directed EPA to consult with appropriate Federal agencies.
These activities do not advance technology but instead
provide an assessment.  Since these activities are essential
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to EPA in the promulgation of regulations, both in the
setting of noise emission levels and the determination of
noise measurement procedures, they are tabulated separately
in this report (Appendix I).   They are also not included
in the noise RD&D funding totals of Appendix A.

     Section 14 of the Noise Control Act defines EPA's
primary responsibilities relative to noise abatement and
control research programs and authorizes the Administrator
of EPA to complement as necessary the noise research
efforts of other Federal agencies by conducting and financ-
ing research on the effects,  measurement, and control of
noise.  All noise technology related RD&D activities con-
ducted by EPA are currently being carried out by its Office
of Noise Abatement and Control  (ONAC).
4.2.1  Technology Assessment Programs

     Machinery and construction equipment and related
products identified as major noise sources by EPA for
which technology assessments have been completed, include
the following:

          Portable air compressors
          Wheel and crawler tractors
          Truck refrigeration units
          Truck-mounted solid waste compactors
          Lawn mowers
          Pavement breakers and rock drills.

Studies in support of regulatory actions for these products
are in progress.

     Technology assessment projects were conducted by EPA
through contracts with outside contractors or through
cooperative agreements with other agencies.
4.2.2  Research Programs

     Noise-related RD&D activities in which ONAC partici-
pates involve advancement of the state-of-the-art of noise
control technology and demonstration of the practicality
and technical adequacy of newly developed noise control
concepts.  EPA's involvement with research, however, has
principally been directed toward surface transportation
problems.  In terms of funding, the FY 75 and FY 76 effort
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in machinery and construction noise is relatively small.
This effort dealt with impact noise and vibration evalu-
ation and measurement methodology.  One study examined
noise sampling techniques for a number of different sta-
tionary and non-stationary noise sources for both surface
transportation and machinery and construction equipment.
A second study was directed at microsampling techniques
of noise measurement.  A third study investigated the noise
and vibration problems associated with quarry operations.

     In the FY 77 to FY 78 time period, EPA started programs
in the areas of engine technology and machine parts and
manufacturing equipment.  A project was initiated to
advance the state-of-the-art and to demonstrate noise control
techniques applicable to internal combustion engines.  The
diesel engine is one of the principal noise sources at
construction sites.  This project supports both the surface
transportation and the machinery and construction equip-
ment areas.  Two other programs, Occupational Noise in
Industrial Plants and Shipyard Noise Control, were initiated
to demonstrate noise control in industrial applications.
Both programs involving joint efforts with other Federal
agencies will identify potential and existing noise
problems; identify economic, production, and administra-
tive impacts associated with noise control; demonstrate
the feasibility of noise exposure reduction methods; and
identify areas where additional noise control research is
required.

     Funding and brief project descriptions for EPA RD&D
and regulatory projects are identified in Appendices C
and I, respectively.
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4.3  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

     The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
 (HEW) is a cabinet-level department of the Federal execu-
tive branch created by Congressional legislation in 1953.

     The Center for Disease Control, a subdivision of the
Public Health Service, provides policy guidance and adminis-
trative management to the National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health  (NIOSH), the arm of HEW which is
responsible for noise technology related RD&D.

     By the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
 (Section 20 (9) (1) of PL 91-596) and the Federal Coal
Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969  (PL 91-173), NIOSH
is charged with undertaking research and related activities
to ensure safe and healthful workplace conditions.  With
respect to noise, the NIOSH effort is directed toward pro-
tecting the hearing of industrial workers.  NIOSH conducts
programs to develop and demonstrate techniques that will
enable industry to reduce noise in the occupational environ-
ment to levels that meet existing hearing conservation
criteria.  These industrial noise programs are conducted
through contracts, grants, and in-house research.

     The NIOSH industrial noise programs are aimed toward
developing methods of modifying machinery, as well as
investigating alternative manufacturing processes.  NIOSH
also provides industry with technical information relating
to noise.

     The noise reduction efforts from FY 75 through FY 77
were for the most part directed at four industrial noise
sources:  pneumatic tools, wood planers, textile-looms,
and welding and brazing operations.  These studies iden-
tified noise sources, mechanisms of noise generation, and
methods of noise control.  Of these, the principal effort
was directed toward textile noise problems.

     Although NIOSH's textile noise reduction efforts have
achieved a number of accomplishments, the noise problem
has not been solved,  and further research efforts are
required.  NIOSH1s efforts so far have been directed at
source control,  rather than path control with enclosures.
For example,  noise reductions were obtained from design
modifications made on bobbins, from removal of vibrating
panels, and from the addition of mufflers.  NIOSH has
also sponsored a symposium at which textile industry
representatives met to exchange information on noise
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problems and is publishing a noise control manual iden-
tifying case histories of textile noise control.  Two
technical information manuals providing explicit data in
the general area of industrial noise control were also
published by NIOSH.  The two publications, Compendium of
Materials for Noise Control and Industrial Noise Control
Manual, were widely distributed and have been well received
by industry noise control personnel.  An update of the com-
pendium is planned and completion is scheduled in FY 78.

     In FY 78, NIOSH is concentrating their noise control
technology RD&D efforts to the textile industry.  The tex-
tile effort will be undertaken through their university
research grant program.

     Appendix D identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by HEW.
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4.4  DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

     The Department of Defense  (DOD) is the  successor  agency
to the National Military Establishment created by the
National Security Act of 1947  (61 Stat. 495).  DOD was
established as an executive department of the Federal
Government by the National Security Act Amendments of  1949,
with the Secretary of Defense as its chief administrator  (63
Stat. 578; 5 U.S.C. 101).  The Act identified the Army,
Navy, and Air Force organizations as military departments
within DOD.

     Environmental quality matters are coordinated through
the Office of the Secretary of Defense.  Each of the mili-
tary departments is responsible to the Secretary for indi-
vidual environmental programs, including noise abatement and
control.

     Machinery and construction noise RD&D efforts are
conducted to support mission needs such as protecting  the
hearing of military personnel, avoiding detection in combat,
and reducing the noise impact of peacetime military opera-
tions on the surrounding communities.

     The Departments of the Army and the Navy identified
machinery and construction noise research programs under-
way or planned within DOD.  (Air Force programs lie pri-
marily within the noise effects and aviation areas, and
are identified in the appropriate Federal Interagency
Research Panel reports).
4.4.1  Department of the Army

     Within the Department of the Army, the organizations
mainly involved in machinery and construction noise RD&D
are the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command
(DARCOM) and the Army Corps of Engineers.  Within DARCOM
the Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command
(MERADCOM) has the principal responsibility for DARCOM's
machinery and construction equipment noise RD&D work.
The Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL) also is engaged in
machinery and construction research.  Within the Corps of
Engineers, the responsibility for machinery and construc-
tion noise lies with the Construction Engineering Research
Laboratory (CERL)  where activities center on community
noise.
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     MERADCOM's tasks are being conducted to reduce rna^
chinery operator exposure levels to comply with the sound
emission level requirements of Federal, State, local, and
foreign laws.  The mission of HEL is to conduct basic and
applied research in human factors engineering, and to
provide direct design support to all materiel development
programs sponsored by DARCOM.

     The CERL authority for machinery and construction
RD&D activity was established by the Office of the Chief
of Engineers in response to Corps requirements in the
areas of master planning, environmental quality, and archi-
tecture.  Methods and criteria to determine and control
the impacts of noise from Army activities on military
installations are needed to comply with Army noise emission
criteria (DOD Instruction 4165.57 and TAG letter of 5
August 1974).

     CERL is filling this need by a coordinated program
for solving problems in noise pollution and abatement
unique to Army installations  (artillery, armor, helicop-
ters, and construction).  The program will develop tools
for predicting and reducing noise levels in and adjacent
to military facilities.  The tools will be used in master
planning, design, and assessment to locate and construct
facilities which emit minimum noise pollution to inhabi-
tants and the surrounding environment.
4.4.2  Department of the Navy

     The Department of the Navy is extensively involved in
machinery RD&D noise control with their surface ship and
submarine fleet.  This effort supports tactical mission
requirements, protects the hearing of personnel, and pro-
vides an acceptable living and work environment.

     The Navy has a number of tactical mission needs with
respect to noise.  Surface ships and submarines must
radiate a minimum amount of noise to avoid detection.  In
addition, noise radiated from sources such as the ship's
structure, mechanical equipment, and propellers must not
interfere with sonar operations to detect an enemy presence.
Tactical mission needs also require that noise levels in
critical mission stations permit direct person to person
speech communication.  For personnel living onboard ships,
noise levels must be low enough to safeguard hearing
during both work and non-work hours as well as to minimize
annoyance.
                           4-14

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     Technical information and funding levels for the Navy
noise programs are for the most part classified.

     An innumerable variety of noise sources and control
measures are embraced in the Navy's noise programs (e.g.,
structural vibration such as that from ship hulls, piping
systems, and propellers; electric motors; diesel engines;
pumps; ventilation systems; fans; gear drives; and elec-
tronic equipment.  Methods of noise abatement use struc-
tural damping material, vibration and shock isolation sys-
tems, enclosures, silencers, as well as source control
through design modifications.

     The few Navy noise projects for which information has
been released are identified in Appendix E.  These programs
are being carried out by the Naval Sea Systems Command
(NAVSEA), the Naval Ship Engineering Command  (NAVSEC), and
the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center
(DTNSRDC).

     Appendix E identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by DOD.
                           4-15

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4.5  DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

     The Department of Commerce was designated by the
act of March 4, 1913  (37 Stat. 736; 15 U.S.C. 1501), which
reorganized the Department created February 14, 1903 (32
Stat. 825; 15 U.S.C. 1501).  The mission of the Department
of Commerce is to foster, serve, and promote the nation's
economic development and technological advancement.  This
is carried out through activities that encourage and assist
States, local organizations, and private industry.

     The Department of Commerce is composed of the Office
of the Secretary, several Offices of Assistant Secretary,
and numerous operating units.  Of these, only the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS) administered through the Office
of the Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology,
reported machinery and construction equipment noise RD&D
activities.  NBS was established by PL 56-177, Organic
Act of 1901, March 3,  1901, and as amended by PL 81-619,
July 22, 1950.  NBS was originally part of the Treasury
Department and was subsequently transferred to the Depart-
ment of Commerce.  The 1950 amendment authorized the Secre-
tary of Commerce to undertake the following functions:

          The custody, maintenance, and development of the
          national standards of measurement, and the pro-
          vision of means and methods for making measure-
          ments consistent with those standards, including
          the comparison of standards used in scientific
          investigations, engineering, manufacturing,
          commerce, and educational institutions with the
          standards adopted or recognized by the govern-
          ment

          The determination of physical constants and prop-
          erties of materials when such data are of great
          importance to scientific or manufacturing interests
          and are not to be obtained of sufficient accuracy
          elsewhere

          The development of methods for testing materials,
          mechanisms,  and structures and the testing of
          materials, supplies, and equipment including
          items purchased for use by government departments
          and independent establishments

          Cooperation with other governmental agencies
          and with private organizations in the establish-
          ment of standard practices incorporated in codes
          and specifications
                          4-17

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          Advisory service to government agencies on
          scientific and technical problems

          Invention and development of devices to serve
          special needs, of the government.

     NBS also has responsibilities mandated by and specifi-
cally mentioned in two other Acts:  the Noise Control Act
of 1972 (PL 92-574) and the Consumer Product Safety Act
(PL 92-573) .

     Under the Noise Control Act,  the EPA Administrator is
authorized to:

     "Conduct research and finance research by contract
     with any person on the effects, measurement, and
     control of noise, including but not limited to...
     development of improved methods and standards for
     measurement and monitoring of noise, in cooperation
     with the National Bureau of Standards, Department
     of Commerce...."

The Consumer Product Safety Act (PL 92-573) directs that:

     "The  (Consumer Product Safety) Commission shall,
     to the maximum extent practicable, utilize the
     resources and facilities of the National Bureau
     of Standards, on a reimbursable basis, to perform
     research and analyses related to risk of injury
     associated with consumer products (including fire
     and flammability risks), to develop test methods
     to conduct studies and investigations and to
     provide technical advice and assistance in
     connection with the functions of the Commission."

     At the present time, NBS does not conduct any machinery
and construction noise reduction programs.  However, they
do conduct research on measurement procedures in this area,
including projects conducted under and supportive of inter-
agency agreements with other Federal agencies as well as
nongovernment organizations.

     The objective of NBS's work on measurements of noise
emission from machinery and construction equipment is to
quantify the measurement uncertainties associated with
existing test methods and to conduct research to enable
improved measurement technology.
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     NBS machinery and construction noise research performed
under reimbursable interagency agreements emphasizes the
determination of the adequacy of present standards for the
measurement of noise emissions.  This determination consists
primarily of critical reviews of the sources of measurement
error and the conduct of experimental measurements using
existing NBS facilities and present measurement procedures.
These studies are intended to  (1) indicate the magnitude of
measurement imprecision and systematically address the re-
quirements for improvements in the existing standards, and
(2) provide the scientific and technical basis for improve-
ments to those standards.

     An element common to many areas in acoustic measure-
ments is the extensive role of voluntary standards, such
as those developed by the American Society of Testing and
Materials  (ASTM), American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME).  The extensive use of voluntary standards and their
incorporation into regulations and mandatory standards
highlights the significance of NBS's position in carrying
out a coordinated program in support of both voluntary and
mandatory standards.

     A recurrent theme of present-day concern relative to
enforcement of noise emission standards is the adequacy of
techniques for specifying test site acoustical properties.
As the use of regulations becomes more widespread, accuracy
and precision of noise emission measurements become more
critical.  Uncertainty in measurement requires a correspond-
ing increase in the margin manufacturers must allow between
the regulated limit and design levels and consequently an
increase in the cost of compliance.   Significant variations
have been noted between measurements made at different
sites or at the same sites at different times.  These
concerns indicate the increasing relevance of evaluating
present standards for the measurement of noise emissions
and of improved understanding of the associated measurement
uncertainties.

     NBS has provided technical assistance to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Office of Noise Abatement and
Control in support of the development of regulations for
specific noise sources,  including contributions to the
portable air compressor regulation.   Additional efforts
have included evaluation of existing data bases and
measurement procedures for wheel and crawler tractors,
truck refrigeration units, and compactors.   NBS is also
                            4-19

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continuing its support to EPA in the technical evaluation
of contractors'  reports.  In recognition of the need for
support of the technical basis for Federal, State,  and
local regulations on noise emissions from a variety of
sources,  NBS has supported research toward improvements
in procedures for the measurement of noise emissions.

     Appendix F identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by DOC.
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4.6  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

     The Department of Transportation  (DOT) was created
by the authority of the Department of Transportation Act
of 1966  (PL 89-670, October 15, 1966), in  the interest
of the general welfare, economic growth, and national
stability to develop

     "...national transportation policies  and programs
     conducive to the provision of fast, safe, efficient,
     and convenient transportation at the  lowest cost con-
     sistent therewith and with other national objectives
     including efficient utilization and conservation
     of the nation's resources."

To accomplish these basic mission goals and other specific
Congressional mandates, each element of the Department is
expected to integrate noise control into its policy, pro-
gram criteria, and project requirements.

     The machinery and construction noise  RD&D programs of
the Department of Transportation are consistent with Section
4(a) of the Noise Control Act  (PL 92-574,  October 27, 1972)
which

     "...authorizes and directs that Federal agencies
     shall, to the fullest extent consistent with their
     authority under Federal laws administered by them,
     carry out the programs within their control in
     such a manner as to further the policy ... to promote
     an environment for all Americans free from noise
     that jeopardizes their health or welfare..."

     With respect to machinery and construction noise,
research is presently being carried out at the Secretarial
level by the Office of Noise Abatement and within the
Federal Highway Administration.
4.6.1  Office of Noise Abatement*

     The Office of Noise Abatement  (ONA) was established
to fulfill a mandate of the Department of Transportation
Act of 1966, which authorized the Secretary to:
    Office of Noise Abatement was disestablished in FY 78.
                            4-21

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     "...undertake research and development relating
     to transportation, including noise abatement..."

     The mission of DOT/ONA is:

          To provide Department-level leadership and
          direction in the development of DOT programs
          for the abatement of environmental noise caused
          by transportation systems

          To provide policy guidance to, and coordination
          among, the various DOT administrations and their
          individual programs to assure the timely develop-
          ment of effective Department policies and pro-
          grams for the abatement of noise generated by all
          modes of transportation

          To provide liaison and coordination between
          DOT and other Federal agencies

     In addition to these responsibilities, ONA undertakes
a variety of noise RD&D programs in such areas as develop-
ment of analytical techniques, measurement and instrumen-
tation technology, noise control technology (including
development and demonstration testing support), and systems
analysis.

     During the period covered by this report, ONA activi-
ties in machinery and construction noise RD&D were directed
toward reducing exhaust noise emissions from diesel engine
powered construction equipment.  This project was an ex-
tension of achievements made in the various DOT surfcice
vehicle diesel engine noise reduction programs.  The diesel
engine is one of the principal sources of noise at trans-
portation system construction sites.  The study evaluated
the various technologies identified and developed for re-
ducing exhaust noise of truck diesels by applying the
technologies to construction equipment diesels.
4.6.2  Federal Highway Administration

     Research programs for developing construction noise
and vibration criteria, impact prediction methodologies,
and abatement measures are currently underway within the
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).   Projects are funded
from either of two programs:  (1) the Federally Coordinated
Program (FCP), which addresses problems of national interest,
or  (2) the Highway Planning and Research  (HP&R) Program,
which funds projects initiated by the States.
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     Federally Coordinated Program  (FCP).  Based on specific
guidelines, the FCP appropriates funds for highway construc-
tion and associated research efforts.  The legislative
mandates for the FCP derive initially from the Federal-Aid
Highway Act of 1954  (PL 83-350, May 6, 1954), Section
10(a), which authorizes and directs the  Secretary:

     "... in his discretion to engage in  research on all
     phases of highway construction, reconstruction,
     modernization, development, design, maintenance,
     safety...."

     Subsequent legislation provided specific mandates in
the noise area.  For example, the Federal-Aid Highway Act
of 1970  (PL 91-605, December 31, 1970),  Section 136 (c)
authorizes and directs the Secretary to:

     "...include in the highway research program...
     studies to identify and measure, quantitatively
     and qualitatively, those factors which relate to
     economic, social, environmental, and other impacts
     of highway projects."

     Section 136(b) of this Act further  authorizes and
directs the Secretary to:

     "Not later than July 1, 1972...promulgate guidelines
     designed to assure that possible adverse economic,
     social, and environmental effects relating to any
     proposed project on any Federal-aid system have been
     fully considered in developing such project, and that
     the final decisions on the project  are made in the
     best overall public interest, taking into consider-
     ation the need for fast, safe, and efficient trans-
     portation. .. and the costs of eliminating such adverse
     effects and the following:  (1) air, noise and water
     pollution.... Such guidelines shall apply to all
     proposed projects...approved by the Secretary after
     the issuance of such guidelines."

     The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 (PL 93-87,
August 13, 1973),  Section 114 authorizes and directs the
Secretary to:

     "...not approve plans and specifications for any
     Federal-aid system for which location approval has
     not yet been secured unless he determines that such
     plans and specifications include adequate measures
     to implement the appropriate noise level standards."
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     These broad legislative mandates require the FHWA to
identify adverse effects relating to highway projects and
to make reasonable efforts to mitigate the adverse effects.
Recognizing that noise from highway construction activities
can impact surrounding communities adversely and that mea-
sures are available to abate construction activity noise,
FHWA incorporated into Federal Highway Planning Manual
7-7-3, Procedures for Abatement of Highway Noise and Con-
struction Noise; three general requirements on construc-
tion noise:

     "The following general steps are to be performed
     for all Type IA, IB, and II projects after the
     effective date of this directive.*

     a.    Identify land use or activities which may be
          affected by noise from construction of the
          highway.  The identification is to be per-
          formed during the project development studies.

     b.    Determine the measures which are needed in the
          contract plans and specifications to minimize or
          eliminate adverse construction noise impacts
          to the community.  This determination shall
          include a weighing of the benefits achieved
          and the overall adverse social, economic, and
          environmental effects of the abatement measures.

     c.    Incorporate the needed abatement measures in
          the contract plans and specifications."

     In order to provide guidance in the area of construc-
tion noise measurement, prediction and abatement to high-
way officials, interested groups, and individuals who must
deal with construction noise during the various stages of
highway construction, FHWA initiated an in-house project
in 1976 to prepare a manual which would summarize the
state-of-the-art in construction noise measurement, pre-
diction, and abatement.  In addition, FHWA sponsored a
workshop to develop long-range strategies for controlling
construction activity noise.

     In the past, most Federal, State, and local efforts
have been directed toward highway traffic rather than
highway construction noise.  FHWA plans to initiate a
    Effective May 24, 1976.
                           4-24

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two-year joint research effort with EPA  (starting in FY 78)
to define the noise environment at highway construction
sites and evaluate the effectiveness of various measures for
mitigating construction activity noise.

     Highway Planning and Research  (HP&R) Program.  Section
151 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1972 (PL 93-87,
August 13, 1973) authorizes HP&R funds

     "Not to exceed 1% percentum of the sums apportioned
     for each fiscal year beginning with fiscal year 1974
     ...shall be available for expenditure upon request
     of the State Highway Department, with the approval
     of the Secretary... for research and development,
     necessary in connection with the planning, design,
     construction, and maintenance of highways..."

These funds are available for solution of specific State
and local problems.  FHWA assists in coordination of this
research, but does not use the control of Federal-aid
funds to control or unduly influence State or local research
programs.

     HP&R funds have been utilized by the States of Cali-
fornia and Louisiana for RD&D programs associated with
construction activity noise, including the following:

          Investigation of ground vibration at construc-
          tion sites

          Establishment of feasible noise limits for high-
          way construction and maintenance equipment

     Appendix G identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by DOT.
                           4-25

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4.7  DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

     The U.S. Department of Agriculture  (USDA) was created
by act of Congress approved May 15, 1862  (12 Stat. 387;
5 U.S.C. 511, 514, 516).  The Department was made the
eighth executive department in the Federal government in
1889.

     The USDA is directed by law to acquire and disseminate
information on agricultural subjects.  To accomplish this
purpose, the Department functions in the areas of research,
conservation, and regulatory work.  Machinery and construc-
tion noise programs are conducted within the USDA by the
Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Forest Service
(USFS).
4.7.1  Agricultural Research Service

     ARS was established by Secretary's Memorandum 1320,
Supplement 4, dated November 2, 1953.  Its basic mission
is to provide the necessary knowledge and technology so
that farmers can produce efficiently, conserve the environ-
ment, and meet the food and fiber needs of the American
people.  Research efforts are conducted in very close coop-
eration with the States, as well as other agencies in USDA,
other Federal agencies, industry, foundations, and private
groups.

     Noise RD&D programs conducted under the ARS are aimed
at protecting the health and welfare of agricultural workers.
The research efforts are directed toward identifying noise
sources and developing feasible methods of reducing levels
associated with agricultural operations.  Areas of investi-
gation include materials handling systems for cotton gins,
sawmill operations, dust collection systems, and agricultural
packing equipment.
4.7.2  U.S. Forest Service

     USFS was created by the act of February 1, 1905 (33
Stat. 628; 16 U.S.C. 472), which transferred the Federal
forest reserves and the responsibility for their manage-
ment from the Department of the Interior to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.  USFS has the Federal responsibility
for national leadership in forestry.  Toward this purpose,
it has adopted, among its objectives and policies, those
of protection and improvement of the quality of air, water,
                          4-27

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soil, natural beauty, and quality of the open space and
urban and community areas.  Research programs are conducted
under the authority of the McSweeney-McNary Act of May 22,
1928 (45 Stat. 699; U.S.C. 581-5811), as amended and
supplemented.

     Within the USFS, there are two laboratories undertaking
acoustics research.  These are the Equipment Development
Center located in San Dimas, California and the Forest
Products Laboratory, located in Madison, Wisconsin.

     The Equipment Development Center machinery and con-
struction noise RD&D efforts have been directed at develop-
ing noise control measures for specialized forest utilized
equipment having hearing hazards, such as fire fighting
equipment.

     The Forest Products Laboratory is the Forest .Service's
national center for wood utilization research.  Its staff
of over 100 scientists works to develop new and improved
techniques for efficient use of the nation's timber re-
sources.

     Construction and upkeep of wood buildings consume
nearly % of the annual output of U.S. lumber, plywood, and
wood base building board industries.  Research in light-
frame construction seeks new design methods for more effec-
tive coordination between performance goals and construc-
tion practice.  In the light-frame construction program a
scientific effort of 7.5 man-years provides emphasis on
structural integrity, fire safety, acoustical control,
thermal efficiency, and durability.  Acoustics is an
important part of the light-frame construction progrcim
since,  for example, acoustical theory emphasizes high
weight, low stiffness, and decoupled construction which
is opposed to efficient mechanical design.

     Noise control is a major problem in multi-family
dwellings.  During FY 75-78, one senior scientist has been
working full time on noise transmission between dwelling
units.   The total cost of a man-year for one scientist,
which includes technical, administrative, and other support
is currently about $100,000.  All research work is done
in-house.

     Appendix H identifies funding and provides brief
descriptions of projects conducted by USDA.
                          4-28

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4.8   AGENCY BIBLIOGRAPHIES

                    Department of the Interior

Alternate Conveyor Design for Mine Machinery, OFR 52-77, Bureau of
Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., October 1976.
NTIS No. PB 265 151/AS

Burks, J.A., Advances in Noise Control of Underground Coal Mining
Equipment.  Second Symposium on Underground Mining, Proc. NCA/BCR
Coal Conf. and Exposition, Louisville, Kentucky, October 19-21,
1976, pp. 253-264

Burks, J.A. and Sacks, H.K., Developments in the Control of Noise of
Mining Equipment.  First Symposium on Underground Mining, Proc.
NCA/BCR Coal Conf. and Exposition, Louisville, Kentucky, October 21-23,
1975, V. 2, pp. 160-180

Coal Cleaning Plant Noise and its Control, OFR 44-74, Bureau of Mines,
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., May 1974.   NTIS No. PB
235 852/AS

Evaluation of Wet Head Drilling Techniques, OFR 44-77, Bureau of Mines,
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., May 1976.   NTIS No.
PB 264 997/AS

Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery, OFR 1-76, Bureau of Mines, Depart-
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C., April 1975

Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities, OFR 64-76, Bureau of
Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., July 1975.
NTIS No. PB 253 257/AS

Noise Control of Stoper Drills, OFR 91-75, Bureau of Mines, Depart-
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C., January 1975.  NTIS No.
PB 246 381/AS

Noise of Diesel Powered Underground Mining Equipment:  Impact,
Prediction, and Control, OFR 58-75, Bureau of Mines, Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C., March 1975.  NTIS No. PB 243
896/AS

Reducing the Operator Sound Level of Mining Service Vehicle—A
Demonstration Project, OFR 47-77, Bureau of Mines, Department of
the Interior, Washington, D.C., November 1975.  NTIS No. PB 265
037/AS
                               4-29

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Noise Reduction of Conveyors Used in Underground Coal Mining Machinery,
OFR 109-77, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C., December 1976.  NTIS No. PB 267 787/AS

Noise Reduction of Jumbo Mounted Percussive Drills:  Phase I, Noise
and Usage Survey, OFR 45-77, Bureau of Mines, Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C., September 1976.  NTIS No. PB 265 083/AS

Practical Reduction of Noise from Chutes and Screens in Coal Cleaning
Plants, OFR 59-77, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C., December 1976.  NTIS No. PB 265 344/AS

Summers, C.R., and Murphy, J.N., Pneumatic Drill Noise Abatement.
Proc. Tech. Program, Noisexpo, Nat. Noise and Ventilation Control
Conf., 1973, pp. 125-127

Ungar, E.E., and Sacks, H.K., Guidelines to Quieting Noise in
Preparation Plants.  Coal Mining and Processing, V. 14, No. 7
July 1977, pp. 60-62, 64, 71

Ungar, E.E., and Sacks, H.K., Reducing Screen Noise in Coal Cleaning
Plants.  Coal Mining and Processing, V. 14, No. 8, August 1977,
pp. 64, 65, 86, and 87

U.S. Bureau of Mines, Noise Control:  Proceedings.  Bureau of Mines
Technology Transfer Seminar, Pittsburgh, Pa., January 22, 1975.
BuMines 1C 8686, 1975, 108 pp.
                   Environmental Protection Agency

Information in Support of the Proposed Regulation for Truck-Mounted
Solid Waste Compactors, EPA 550/9-77-204, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., August 1977.

Measurement Methodology and Supporting Documentation for Portable
Air Compressor Noise, EPA 550/9-76-002, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., January 1975.  NTIS No. PB 748097.

Noise Emission Standards for Construction Equipment—Background
Document for Portable Air Compressors, EPA No. 550/9-76-004, U..S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., December 1975.
NITS No. PB 250430.
                               4-30

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Procedures for Estimating Sound Power from Measurements of Sound
Pressure, EPA 550/9-76-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., July 1975.

Proposed Wheel and Crawler Tractor Noise Emission Regulation, EPA
550/9-77-250, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington,  D.C.,
June 1977.

The Transfer Function of Quarry Blast Noise and Vibration into
Typical Residential Structures, EPA 550/9-77-351, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., February 1977.

University Noise Research, Proceedings of the EPA University Noise
Seminar, EPA Document 550/9-77-300, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., October 18-20, 1976.  NTIS No. PB 265114/9WP.
            Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Compendium of Materials for Noise Control, HEW, NIOSH, Cincinnati,
Ohio, June 1975, GPO No. 017-033-00088-3.

Industrial Noise Control Manual, HEW, NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio, HEW
(NIOSH) Publication No. 75-183, June 1975

Noise Control Technology for Selective Woodworking Machinery, HEW,
NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio, NIOSH research grant No. OH00417-02,
December 1976

Punch Press Noise Reduction Demonstration, HEW, NIOSH, Cincinnati,
Ohio, NIOSH No. 00052611, September 1975
                          Department of Defense

Homans, B.,  McBryan, J.,  and Schomer, P.O., User Manual for the
Acquisition and Evaluation of Operational Blast Noise Data,
CERL-E42, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign,
111.,  June 1974

Jones, R.S.  and Anderson, D.W., Development of Universal Ducting
Envelopes for the S-280 Shelter, Technical Memorandum 2-75, U.S.A.
Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1975

Schomer, P.O., et al., Cost Effectiveness of Alternate Noise
Reduction Methods for Construction of Family Housing, CERL-N3,
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, 111.,
July 1976
                                4-31

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Schomer, P.D., Predicting Community Response to Blast Noise, CERL-E17,
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, 111., December
1973

Schomer, P.D., Goff, R.J. and Little, L.M.,  The Statistics of Amplitude
and Spectrum of Blasts Propagated in the Atmosphere, CERL-N13, Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign,  111., November 1976

Schomer, P.D. and Romans, B., Construction Noise:  Specification, Control,
Measurement and Mitigation, CERL-E53, Construction Engineering Research
Laboratory, Champaign, 111., April 1975


                       Department of Commerce

Fuller, B.R., Leasure, W.A., Jr., and Pallett, D.S., An Evaluation and
Assessment of Existing Data and Procedures for the Measurement of Noise
From Truck Transport Refrigeration Units, NBSIR 75-964, National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D.C., December 1975

Holmer, C.I., Measurement Methodology and Supporting Documentation for
Portable Air Compressor Noise, NBSIR 75-653 and EPA 550/8-76-002, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., January 1975

Holmer, C.I., Procedures for Estimating Sound Power from Measurements of
Sound Pressure, NBSIR 75-652, National Bureau of Standards, Waishington,
D.C., July 1975

Leasure, W.A., Jr., An Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Data and
Procedures for the Measurement of Noise from Truck-Mounted Solid Waste
Compactors (letter report), National Bureau of Standards, Was?iington,
D.C., December 1975

Magrab, E.B.  and Leasure, W.A., Jr., Research in Acoustics and Noise
Measurements at the National Bureau of Standards, in Proceedings of
Noise-Con 75, Noise Control Foundation, Poughkeepsie, New York,
September 1975

Pallett, D.S., Noise and the National Measurement System, in Proceedings
of Noise-Con 75, Noise Control Foundation, Poughkeepsie, New York,
September 1975

Quindry, T.L., An Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Data and
Procedures for the Measurement of Noise from Dozers and Loaders,
NBSIR 75-965, National Bureau of Standards,  Washington, D.C., October
1975

Quindry, T.L., Standards on Noise Measurements, Rating Schemes, and
Definitions:   A Compilation, NBS Special Publication  (revised), National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., April 1976
                                 4-32

-------
                     Department of Transportation

Reagan, J.A. , and Grant, C.A.,  Highway Construction Noise:  Measure-
ment, Prediction and Mitigation, Special Report prepared by U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,  Washington,
D.C., May 1977

Report of 1977 Symposium on Highway Construction Noise,  Report FHWA-
TST-77-211, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Admini-
stration, Washington, D.C.

Schneichel, S., and Winnes, D., Noise Abatement Techniques for
Transportation Construction Equipment, Report DOT-TSC-OST-77-57,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

Walters, W.C., and Bokum, S.G., Ground Vibration Investigation at
Highway Construction Sites, Report No. 89, Louisiana Department of
Highways, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 1975
                       Department of Agriculture

Jones, R.E., Effects of Flanking and Test Environment on Lab Field
Correlation of Airborne Sound Insulation, Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, 57(5): 1138-1149, 1975

Jones, R.E., Field Sound Insulation Evaluation for Two Auxiliary
Walls, USDA Forest Service Research paper No. FPL-244, Forest Products
Laboratory, Madison, WI, 1975

Jones, R.E., How to Accurately Predict the Sound Insulation of Parti-
tions, Sound and Vibration 10(6), pp 14-25, 1976: Errata Sound and
Vibration 10(11), p. 15, 1976

Jones, R.E., Insulation Evaluation of Load Bearing Sandwich Panels
for Housing, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI., 1975 NTIS
No. PB 244-152/AS

Jones, R.E., Laboratory-Field Correlation for Airborne Sound
Transmission Through Party Walls, USDA Forest Service Research paper
No. FPL-240, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI., 1975

Jones, R.E., Sound Insulation Evaluation of Several Single-Row-of-Wood
Stud Party Walls Under Laboratory and Field Conditions, USDA Forest
Service Research paper No. FPL-241, Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, WI., 1975

Jones, R.E., Sound Insulation of High Performance Wood Frame Party
Partitions Under Laboratory and Field Conditions, USDA Forest Service
Research paper No. FPL-309, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.,
to be published April 1978
                                4-33

-------

-------
                APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE
      FUNDING BY AGENCY AND  INDEX  TO
               NOISE PROJECTS
                     A-l

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              INDEX TO MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION
                         NOISE PROJECTS
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT
                                                                     Page
                                                                    Number
     Earthmovers and Related Equipment

          Noise Control of Surface Mining Equipment                  B-5

          Demonstration of Bulldozer Noise Control                   B-6

          830 MB Wheel Tractor                                       E-4

          Testing and Methodology of Tractors (Dozers)
          and Loaders                                                E-4,  1-5

          Off-Highway and Stationary Equipment Noise Abatement       G-5

          Construction and Maintenance Equipment Noise Limits        G-6

          Earthmoving Equipment                                      1-5

          Wheel and Crawler Tractors                                 1-6


     Military Equipment

          Noise Impact Mitigation Procedures for Army Facilities     E-5

          Noise Prediction Model and Contours                        E-5

          Retrofit to Reduce Noise of 6K Rough Terrain Forklift      E-6

          Retrofit to Reduce Noise of 10K Rough Terrain Forklift     E-6


     Compressors

          Warranties, Maintenance Instruction, and Life Effects
          on Noise of Portable Air Compressors                       1-6


     Generators

          Portable Electric Generator Noise Control                  E-6
                              A-5

-------
                                                                Page
                                                               Number

Specialized Mining Equipment

     Alternate Conveyor Designs for Mine Machinery              B-6

     Abatement of Noise of Continuous  Mining Machines            B-6

     Auger Miner Noise Control                                  B-7

     Mantrip Noise Control                                      B-7

     Noise Control of Underground Load-Haul-Dump
     Machines                                                   B-7

     Development of Quiet Conveyor System
     for Mining Machinery                                       B-8

     Noise Control for Secondary Crushers                       B-8

     Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery                        B-8

     Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities:
     Chutes and Screens                                         B-9

     Demonstrating Noise Contol of a Coal
     Preparation Plant                                          B-9

     Noise of Surface Coal Mining Equipment                     B-10

     Retrofitting Noise Controls for Load-Haul-Dump
     Machines                                                   B-10

     Noise Control of Underground Diesel-Powered  Mining
     Equipment                                                  B-10

     Effects of Undergound Environment and Loading Condtioris
     on Noise Levels of Coal Mining Equipment                   B-ll

     Study of Noise Sources in a Cross-Section of Taconite
     Plant                                                      B-ll

     Source Diagnosis and Abatement Techniques in Taconite
     Plants                                                     B-ll

     Definition and Correction of Noise in Coal Mines            B-12

     Assessment of Noise Control Techniques  for  Coal
     Mining Machinery                                           B-12

     Noise Control of Wilcox Mark 20 Continuous Mining
     Machine and Longwall Equipment                             B-13
                              A-6

-------
                                                           Page
                                                          Number

Noise Reduction of Auger Cutting Heads                     B-13

Noise Abatement of Preparation Plant Equipment             B-14

Noise Abatement of Pneumatic Equipment                     B-14

Noise Study of Longwall Mining Systems                     B-15

Noise Control of Rod and Ball Mills                        B-15

Noise Control of Portable Crushing and Screening Plants    B-15

Noise Control of Channel Burners                           B-16

Noise Control Mechanical Coal Cutting/Extraction Systems   B-16

Development of Quiet Resilient Screens for Use in Coal
Preparation                                                B-16

Noise Control of Surface Coal Augers                       B-17

Acoustic Radiation from Underground Auger Cutting Heads    B-17

Implementation and Evaluation of Crusher Noise Control     B-17

Design Concept for Crusher Noise Control                   B-18

Evaluation and Selection of Materials for Noise Control    B-18

Flammability Evaluation of Noise Control Products for use
in Underground Mines                                       B-18

Investigation of Direct Airborne Noise Generated
During Coal Cutting                                        B-19

Engineering Noise Control Guidelines for the Coal
Mining Industry — Handbook                                B-19

Airblast Assessment and Control                            B-19

Evaluation of Existing Methodologies of Ground
Vibration Measurement                                      B-20

Evaluation of Noise Measuring Devices of Airblast
Transients                                                 B-20

Control of Vibration and Blast Noise from Surface Coal
Mining                                                     B-20

Noise Control for Metallurgical Processing                 B-21

Noise Control of Ventilation Systems                       B-21
                          A-7

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                                                                     Page
                                                                    Number

     General Construction Equipment

          Non-Highway Construction Site Noise Control                C-5, E-7

          Highway Construction Site Noise Study                      C-5, G-6

          Pneumatic Tool Noise                                       D-5

          Construction Site Noise Specifications and Control         E-8

          Highway Construction Noise:  Measurement,  Prediction,
          and Mitigation                                             G-6

          Other Road Building Equipment                              1-7

          Construction Site Noise Model                              1-7


     Breakers and Drills

          Development of Other Pneumatic Drills                      B-21

          Development of Six Prototype Production Stoper Drills      B-22

          Evaluation of Wet-Head Drilling Techniques                 B-22

          Noise Abatement Systems for  Stoper Drills                  B-22

          Design of Quiet Rockdrill Using Principles of the
          Leavell Model D Pavement Breaker                           B-23

          Application of Quiet Stoper  Drill Technology to the
          Redesign of Jumbo Drills                                   B-23

          Noise Control of Jumbo Mounted Drills                      B-23

          Testing and Methodology of Paving Breakers                 E-8, 1-7

          Pavement Breaker and Rock Drills                           1-8


MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT

     Woodworking Machinery

          Wood Planer Noise Control                                  D-5

          Sawmill Noise Reduction                                    H-5
                                    A-8

-------
                                                                     Page
                                                                    Number

     Textile Machinery

          Coordinated Textile Industry Noise Reduction Program       D-6

     Metalworking Machinery

          Control of Ultraviolet and Infrared Radiation,  and Noise
          for Physical Agents Associated with Welding and Brazing    D-6

          Metal Fabrication Noise Control                            D-7

     Other Industrial Equipment

          Occupational Noise Reduction in Industrial Plants          C-6

          Noise Control in Shipyards                                 C-6,  E-9

          Update of Compendium of Noise Control Materials            D-7

          Industrial Noise Control Case Histories                    D-7

          Noise Control in Hydroelectric Power Houses                E-9

          Development of Universal Ducting Envelopes for
          S-280 Shelter                                              E-9


     Military Shipboard Equipment

          Surface Ship Equipment Silencing                           E-10

          Aircraft Carrier CORD Development Program                  E-10

          Development of Document: Ship Noise Control Devices —
          Their Use, Maintenance, Inspection and Replacement         E-ll

          Hydrofoil Auxiliary Machinery Development                  E-ll

          Silencing of Combatant Craft and Standard Boats            E-12


ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND MACHINE PARTS

     Engines

          Internal Combustion Engine                                 C-7

     Specialty Truck Components

          Truck-Mounted Compactors and Refrigeration Units           1-8
                                A-9

-------
                                                                     Page
                                                                    Number

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

     Tools

          Chainsaws                                                  1-9

          Lawnmowers                                                 1-9

     Appliances

          Air Conditioners                                           1-10


AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

          Cotton Ginning Machinery Noise Reduction                   H-5

          Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with
          Agricultural Processes                                     H-6

          Materials Handling and Pollution Control at Gins           H-6

          Forest Service Equipment Noise Reduction                   H-6


ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

     Building Acoustics

          Acoustical Specifications for Building Noise Control       E-12

          Noise Measurements in Buildings                            F-5

          Noise Control and Privacy in Multi-Family Dwellings        H-7

     Impact and Vibration

          Quarry Blast Noise and Vibration                           C-8

          Ground Vibration at Highway Construction Site              G-8

     Physical Acoustics

          Acoustic Properties of Wood                                H-8

          Noise Transmission Through Wooded Areas                    H-9
                                  A-10

-------
                                                                Page
                                                               Number

Measurement and Methodology

     Temporal Sampling                                          C-8

     Noise Monitoring by Analog Microsampling Techniques        C-9

     Hydraulic (Fluid Power)  System Noise Studies               E-13

     Noise Monitoring                                           E-13

     Sampling Strategies                                        E-13

     Noise Emission Measurements                                F-6

     Environmental Noise Measurements                           F-7,  1-10
                              A-ll

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-------
  APPENDIX B

DEPARTMENT OF
THE INTERIOR
RD&D PROGRAMS
      B-l

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-------
                   DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
     The funding for FY 76 includes the transition quarter  (July 1,
1976 to September 30, 1976).
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT
      Earthmovers and  Related Equipment
          Noise Control of Surface Mining Equipment

               The objective  of  this project was to reduce the noise
          emitted by surface  mining equipment including dozers, front
          end loaders,  trucks, and scrapers without seriously affecting
          efficiency.   Noise  control measures for mobile mining equip-
          ment included the following:

                    Mufflers  to  reduce engine exhaust noise

                    Soundproof cabs; purchased if available or
                    individually designed if not available

                    Noise-reducing enclosures in the engine compartment

                    Vibration isolation of operator's cab, engine, and
                    drive  train

                    New quieter  machine designs developed in coopera-
                    tion with equipment manufacturers.

          Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                9    10    22
                                B-5

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
    Demonstration of Bulldozer Noise  Control

         This project will demonstrate  the  feasibility of reduc-
    ing bulldozer noise levels to less  than 90 dB.  Two tracked
    dozers with engine ratings of 150 hp or greater will be
    selected and tested.   Scheduled completion date is November
    1978.

    Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
    Investigator:  Not selected

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                     142
Specialized Mining Equipment
    Alternate Conveyor Designs for Mine  Machinery

         The purpose of this development and  testing project was
    to develop new concepts in quiet conveyors  suitable for con-
    tinuous miners or loading machines,  incorporate new designs
    into a prototype conveyor system,  and evaluate its performance.
    Completed November 1976.

    Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
    Investigator:   Foster-Miller Assoc.  Inc.

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977   1978
                                   167    20     52
    Abatement of Noise of Continuous Mining  Machines

         After the major noise sources of a  continuous miner
    had been defined, a development and testing project was under-
    taken to develop corrective measures to  reduce  operating
    noise levels to 90 dB or less.   The corrective  measures are
    to be implemented on a continuous miner  for field evaluation
    of their effectiveness.   The scheduled completion date is
    October 1978; additional work on quieting continuous  miners
    is projected through FY 81.
                          B-6

-------
  DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                     162    71    91
Auger Miner Noise Control

     A project was undertaken to develop noise abatement
methods that can be applied in-mine to the auger-type mining
machine.  Implementation of noise control features should
result in a field noise level of 90 dB or less for the auger
miner.  The scheduled completion date for the applied re-
search effort is February 1978.  Additional work on quieting
augers is projected to continue through FY 80.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Donaldson Co., Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                           168    18
Mantrip Noise Control

     A project was undertaken to develop noise control tech-
niques for reduction of noise in mantrip vehicles consistent
with state-of-the-art technology.  The goal for noise emission
level is 85 dB.  The scheduled completion date is July 1978.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                           105    28
Noise Control of Underground Load-Haul-Dump Machines

     A project was undertaken to develop a noise control
package for an underground load-haul-dump machine.   Completed
December 1977.  Additional work, including field demonstra-
tions, is projected to continue through FY 80.
                      B-7

-------
  DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                            78    24
Development of Quiet Conveyor System for Mining Machinery

     In conjunction with the Jeffrey Mining Machinery Com-
pany, the contractor undertook a development project to
determine the noise sources of the conveyor system used on a
Model 120 Heliminer.  Noise control techniques were developed
and applied and the results measured.  The goal was a con-
veyor system with noise emission levels of 90 dB or less that
is practical from a manufacturer's and user's standpoint.   The
completion date was November 1976.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                      78    38
Noise Control for Secondary Crushers

     Two applied research contracts were let to develop noise
control techniques for secondary crushers in taconite plants.
Enclosures were designed under both contracts.   The effective-
ness of one of the enclosures is to be demonstrated by in-
stallation in an operating plant (done under separate con-
tract) .

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Industrial Acoustics Co.; Aerophysics Co.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                  65
Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery

     A development and testing project was undertaken to
define the noise sources from bolters, loaders,  and contin-
uous miners and assess in-mine corrective measures to reduce
operating exposure to noise levels of 90 dB.   The proposed
                      B-!

-------
 DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR (Continued)
measures were experimentally evaluated for effectiveness on
a loader, a continuous miner, and a rotary roof bolter.   The
output of the project was a report describing in detail  the
three machines selected, the noise sources, the corrective
measures applied, and the results from testing the modified
machines in a mine for one month.  Completion date was
July 1975.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Apt, Bramer, Conrad, & Assoc., Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                27           5
Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities:   Chutes and Screens

     An applied research project was undertaken to develop
economical retrofit methods for control of noise generated
by chutes and screens and to demonstrate their wearability,
utility, and noise reduction under field conditions.
Completion date was March 1977.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                               126          25
Demonstrating Noise Control of a Coal Preparation Plant

     A demonstration project was undertaken,  the objective
of which was to apply all available noise control technology
to completely treat a coal preparation plant  with the goal
of reducing noise levels to 90 dB or less.  Plant has been
brought into compliance.  Contract has been extended to
evaluate reliability, maintenance, and cost factors of the
noise abatement techniques.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                     129   17          86
                      B-9

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
     Noise of Surface Coal Mining Equipment

          A project was undertaken to determine the number of
     machines utilized in surface coal mines,  their noise levels,
     and the extent of workers'  exposures to these machines;  to
     identify the noise generating mechanisms  associated with
     surface machines and to recommend cost-effective noise con-
     trol techniques.  Survey and census work  were completed June
     1977.  Work on developing abatement measures is continuing.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman,  Inc.

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975   1976  1977  1978
                                                156     8
     Retrofitting Noise Controls for Load-Haul-Dump Machines

          The objective is to determine the major sources  of  noise
     of a typical LHD (load-haul-dump)  machine and to apply noise
     control techniques to quiet these  sources.   Results will be
     verified by conducting underground tests.   The investigation
     is to be conducted in cooperation  with a major LHD manufactur-
     ing company with a design control  of 90 dB.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977   1978
                                                           *
     Noise Control of Underground Diesel-Powered Mining Equipment

          An applied research project was undertaken to determine
     the nature and extent of noise exposure caused by underground
     diesel-powered equipment and to identify specific sources
     and possible controls.   The completion date was June L976.
Funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement pro-
cedures.
                          B-10

-------
 DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR (Continued)
Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek & Newman,  Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                69    41
Effect of Underground Environment and Loading Conditions on
Noise Levels of Coal Mining Equipment

     An applied research project was undertaken to determine
correction factors for the effect of load conditions on mine
machinery noise levels and to assess the method developed
under BOM contract, Noise of Diesel-Powered Underground Mining
Equipment, for predicting the increase in noise level for
machines located in the underground coal mining environment.
The scheduled completion date is June 1978.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Donaldson Co., Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                           103    20
Study of Noise Sources in a Cross-Section of Taconite Plants

     The objective of this applied research project was to
conduct plant investigations of a representative cross-section
of taconite mills to determine the magnitude and nature of
the noise sources of the various processes.  Completed in
December 1977.

Sponsor:   DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Donley, Miller, & Nowikas

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                            66    15
Source Diagnosis and Abatement Techniques in Taconite Plants

     An applied research project was initiated to diagnose
noise sources in taconite plants, develop noise control mea-
sures, assess the impact of these measures from a technical
and economic standpoint, and analyze the arc-air gouger
                      B-I1

-------
 DEPARTMENT  OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
noise problem.  This study is an amplification of the pre-
vious study (Donley, Miller & Nowikas).

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:   Bolt Beranek & Newman,  Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                  93
Definition and Correction of Noise in Coal Mines

     The objective of this applied research project was to
define the noise problems of various types of mining opera-
tions, correct or abate such problems, devise instrumentation
to measure their nature, and develop interim personal protec-
tion.  The completion date was September 1976.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                               140   154   147
Assessment of Noise Control Techniques for Coal Mining
Machinery

     The objective of this in-house reasearch project is to
assess noise problems associated with mining equipment,  apply
available technology, and evaluate instrumentation for the
accurate measurement of worker noise exposure.  The work is
continuing.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                  93   105
                     B-12

-------
 DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR  (Continued)
Noise Control of Wilcox Mark 20 Continuous Mining Machine
and Longwall Equipment

     A cooperative project was undertaken with the manufacturer
of the Wilcox Mark 20 continuous mining machine in an exten-
sive noise abatement program.  This included determining
specific noise generators on this equipment and applying
commercially available materials in conjunction with known
noise control techniques.  Subsequent surveys in a mining
environment during actual operations have indicated distinct
improvement.  This information is to be transferred to the
equipment manufacturers and equipment owners.  Similar noise
control techniques may be incorporated into newly manufactured
equipment.  A series of investigating surveys on longwall
mining equipment has been conducted to determine noise
levels.

Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                      12    30    38    34
Noise Reduction of Auger Cutting Heads

     The objective of this program is to reduce the noise
produced by auger miner cutting heads without significantly
reducing cutting efficiency.  Noise emanating from the auger
cutting heads of a Wilcox continuous miner has been reduced
by incorporation of damping material plus a metal wear strip
on the heads.  Recommendations are being made to the auger
head manufacturer for prototype installation of materials.
After modification, the augers will be evaluated underground
during mining to determine effectiveness of the noise control
measures.

Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                       2     6    13    18
                     B-13

-------
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
Noise Abatement of Preparation Plant Equipment

     A program was undertaken to reduce the noise emitted
by preparation plant equipment, including screens, crushers,
dryers, and car shakers.  The following techniques were in-
cluded in the study:

          Installation of worker enclosures

          Utilizing materials for vibration isolation,
          vibration damping, and sound absorption

          Introducing new, quieter machine designs in co-
          operation with manufacturers.

Where retrofit design and installation are feasible, these
will be implemented.

Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                       7    10    21    26
Noise Abatement of Pneumatic Equipment

     Noise surveys in underground coal mines showed the
pneumatic stoper (drill) to be the worst noise offender.
The objective of this project was to reduce the noise emitted
by drills by application of acoustical materials and mufflers.
Jumbo mounted drills in metal and nonmetal mines and shaft
and slope sinking operations also result in excessive levels
of exposure.  Noise control activity included evaluation of
materials that can be used to fabricate muffling systems.
Field evaluations included monitoring of effectiveness of
hardware developed by various companies.

Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                      16    19    20    16
                      B-14

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR (Continued)
     Noise Study of Longwall Mining Systems

          Definition of the noise sources associated with Longwall
     mining systems and assessment of the feasibility of abating
     the sources identified.  The study will involve a survey of
     at least 10 longwall mining systems using shears or plows.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Noise Control of Rod and Ball Mills

          Demonstrate noise abatement techniques for rod and ball
     mills.  The effectiveness and practicality of noise abatement
     techniques proposed under previous contracts will be
     evaluated.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Noise Control of Portable Crushing and Screening Plants

          Demonstrate noise control techniques for portable crush-
     ing and screening plants.  Design developed under previous
     contracts will be implemented and tested.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977   1978
                                                            *
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement
procedures.
                            B-15

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR (Continued)
     Noise Control of Channel Burners

          Investigate the noise generating mechanisms of channel
     burners to determine if feasible engineering noise control
     techniques exist or can be developed.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Noise Control of Mechanical Coal Cutting/Extraction Systems

          This project will characterize the noise generating
     mechanisms and parameters associated with cutting of coal
     at the coal/machine interface,  and will develop techniques
     to reduce or eliminate the sources identified through machine
     redesign.  This base information is needed before new extrac-
     tion techniques can be developed to minimize noise presently
     inherent in coal extraction.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Development of Quiet Resilient Screens for Use in Coal Prep-
     aration

          Develop quiet resilient deck for coal screening and
     demonstrate durability and acoustical effectiveness under
     production conditions.  The performance of the screens
     chosen will be demonstrated for a one year period to determine
     their acceptability.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procure-
ment procedures.
                          B-16

-------
       DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
     Noise Control of Surface Coal Augers

          Develop feasible engineering controls that will reduce
     the noise emanating from surface coal augering equipment.
     Noise source diagnosis will be conducted, cost-effective
     durable noise control techniques will be investigated, and
     a field manual describing the abatement principles and im-
     plementation techniques will be prepared.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Acoustic Radiation from Underground Auger Cutting Heads

          Define the acoustic radiation characteristics of coal
     cutting augers used underground.  A combined field test and
     laboratory effort will be conducted.  The study is confined
     to assessing techniques that can be implemented on a retrofit
     basis.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Implementation and Evaluation of Crusher Noise Control

          This task will demonstrate noise control techniques
     for secondary crushers.  The effectiveness and practicality
     of noise abatement techniques developed under a previous con-
     tract will be evaluated.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement
procedures.
                           B-17

-------
      DEPARTMENT  OF THE INTERIOR  (Continued)
     Design Concept for Crusher Noise Control

          Investigation of the mechanisms  of noise  generation  in
     secondary crushers will be accomplished to determine  if noise
     control techniques can be applied to  the  basic machine design.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:   Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974 1975   1976  1977  1978
                                                           *
     Evaluation and Selection of Materials for Noise  Control

          Determine the extent of application and  acoustical  ef-
     fectiveness of commercially available acoustic materials.
     Materials will be tested under difficult environmental condi-
     tions to assess their utility and acceptability  for noise
     control applications in the coal mining industry.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:   Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976   1977 1978
                                                           *
     Flammability Evaluation of Noise Control Products  for  Use
     in Underground Mines

          The purpose of this study is to identify those  noise
     and vibration reduction materials that have potential  use  in
     the noise control of underground mining equipment.   One hundred
     materials are to be selected and tested against flammability
     standards and toxicity criteria.  Scheduled completion date
     is July 1978.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  IIT Research Institute

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                       55
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement
procedures.
                           B-18

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
     Investigation of Direct Airborne Noise Generated During Coal
     Cutting

          This project will conduct a preliminary investigation
     of noise generation associated with coal breakage for the
     purpose of defining a comprehensive RD&D program to minimize
     such noise.  The investigation will better define and charac-
     terize the physical/acoustical phenomenon associated with
     coal breakage and identify the principal cutting parameters
     affecting the noise.  Scheduled completion date is September
     1978.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Wyle Laboratories

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                      124   *
     Engineering Noise Control Guidelines for the Coal Mining
     Industry—Handbook

          A noise control handbook will be developed for the coal
     mining industry that provides guidelines for the selection,
     design and implementation of effective abatement methods for
     mine machinery noise.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Booz, Allen Applied Research

     Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                 91    30   *
     Airblast Assessment and Control

          Determine the effect on humans and structures of air-
     blast overpressures from surface mine blasting.   Field test
     data will be used to examine the relative effects of air-
     blast and ground vibrations as well as various airblast
     characteristics.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  In-house
     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                          149   149   146   159
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement
procedures.
                          B-19

-------
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Continued)
Evaluation of Existing Methodologies of Ground Vibration
Measurement

     Determine which parameters of ground motion from blast-
ing relate to structural damages and how best to measure these
parameters.  Existing instrumentation,  methods,  and measure-
ment criteria will be evaluated to produce a standardized
measurement system.  Completed September 1977.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                  43
Evaluation of Noise Measuring Devices of Airblast Transients

     Examine the techniques for the measurement of blast noise
overpressures and evaluate the performance of commercially
available instrumentation for measuring impulsive sound
levels from production blasting.   Completed September 1977.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                  43
Control of Vibration and Blast Noise from Surface Coal Mining

     Determine the extent of adverse environmental effects
and ground vibration from blasting in large scale surface
coal mines.  Develop blasting techniques to minimize these
effects.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Wiss, Janney and Associates

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                     366   196
                     B-20

-------
      DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
    Noise Control for Metallurgical Processing

         Reduce the noise generated by equipment used in metal
    forming, mining, or construction operations through utiliza-
    tion or development of damping alloys and metallic composites.

    Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                   110   194   341   158
    Noise Control of Ventilation Systems

         Mine ventilation systems can produce noise  levels  that
    affect people in nearby areas.   The objective of this project
    is to develop and apply noise control techniques for surface
    and underground ventilation systems.   Commercially  available
    silencing systems have been applied to underground  and  sur-
    face ventilating fans, and their effectiveness has  been
    evaluated.

    Sponsor:  DOI/Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
    Investigator:  Not cited

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                           4     5   15
Breakers  and Drills
    Development of Other Pneumatic Drills

         The object of this project is to develop  new drill
    designs and/or modifications to existing drill designs that
    will result in an overall drill noise level of 90 dB  or  less
    without degrading performance of the original  stoper  drill.
    Development research completed in April 1977.

    Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
    Investigator:   Ivor Hawkes Associates

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                          90    32    16
                          B-21

-------
  DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
Development of Six Prototype Production Stoper Drills

     The objective is to fabricate six production prototype
drills using the quiet drill techniques developed earlier
under Contract JO155099 including the drills steel abatement
systems.  Delivery of the six drills is scheduled for October
1978.  These drills are to be deployed in various coal mines
and evaluated for a period of six months.

Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Ivor Hawkes Associates

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                 134
Evaluation of Wet-Head Drilling Techniques

     The use of a wet-head drilling system was tested and
evaluated on both percussive and rotary type roof bolting
drills.  System parameters to be studied included noise
level, efficiency, cost,  and safety.   The results of this
initial investigation will provide a basis for continuing
research into alternative drilling techniques for noise con-
trol.  Project was completed.

Sponsor:  Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  FMC Corporation

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                      33
Noise Abatement Systems for Stoper Drills

     The objective of this demonstration and testing project
was to fabricate and install on Government-furnished drills
two noise abatement systems developed under a previous con-
tract.  Project has been completed.

Sponsor:  Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  USS Engineers and Consultants

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                             7
                      B-22

-------
       DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR  (Continued)
     Design of Quiet Rock Drill Using Principles of the Leavell
     Model D Pavement Breaker

          A project was undertaken to conduct an engineering study
     to assess the feasibility of using the principles embodied in
     the Leavell Model D breaker to design a quiet drill unit with
     the drilling performance of a stoper/sinker drill used in
     underground mining.  The applied research was completed in
     August 1977.  Continuing work on construction and testing of
     prototype and application of principles to larger drills is
     projected to extend into Fiscal Year 1982.

     Sponsor:  Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  VAST Corporation

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                 57     1
     Application of Quiet Stoper Drill Technology to the Redesign
     of Jumbo Drills

          Develop a quiet jumbo-mounted drill through redesign by
     using the noise abatement concepts incorporated in the design
     of the quiet stoper from a previous contract.   All available
     noise control technology is to be integrated into the redesign
     of a typical jumbo drill.  Redesign and fabrication of a pro-
     totype will be followed by field assessment of its long-term
     noise level, drilling efficiency, and other operating param-
     eters.

     Sponsor:  DOI/Bureau of Mines
     Investigator:  Not selected

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                                            *
     Noise Control of Jumbo Mounted Drills

          A development and testing project was conducted to in-
     vestigate a cross-section of jumbo mounted drills to develop
     and assess corrective measures for noise control, and to
Project funding is not disclosable because of contract procurement
procedures.
                           B-23

-------
  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR  (Continued)
demonstrate the performance  of  selected techniques.  The
design goal is to reduce  noise  levels to achieve a noise
exposure index of less  than  one over the course of an 8-hour
shift for the drill operator and nearby personnel.  The
scheduled completion date is June 1978.

Sponsor:  Bureau of Mines
Investigator:  Bolt Beranek  & Newman, Inc.

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                           92     5
                       B-24

-------
          APPENDIX C

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
         RD&D PROGRAMS
             C-l

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                 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
     Funding for FY 76 includes the transition  quarter  (July  1, 1976
to September 30, 1976).   Funding cited for FY 77  and  FY  78  includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have not been finalized.
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING  EQUIPMENT
      General  Construction Equipment
          Non-Highway Construction Site Noise Control

               This program,  conducted under an interagency  agreement
          with the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory  (CERL)
          of the Army Corps of Engineers will demonstrate  the  cost
          effectiveness and practicability of applying construction
          noise reduction techniques.   Under this  program  a  DOD  con-
          struction site will be selected as the demonstration site
          for this program, a test plan will be developed, the most
          promising and applicable noise reduction techniques  will be
          identified, and the demonstration program will be  carried out.
          Funding shown represents EPA portion only.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement  and Control  and Army/
                    CERL
          Investigator:  CERL

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) :   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                       50
          Highway Construction Site Noise Study

               This three-part program is to be conducted under  an in-
          teragency agreement with DOT/Federal Highway Administration
          (FHWA)  to support ongoing FHWA programs  related to  abatement
          of highway construction noise.  The three  program parts  are:

                    Use field data to develop and  validate a  highway
                    noise prediction model
                                 C-5

-------
          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
                    Demonstrate  no  less than three highway construction
                    noise abatement measures

                    Estimate national  exposure to highway construction
                    on present and  planned Federal aid highway construc-
                    tion projects

          Funding shown represents  EPA portion only.

          Sponsor:   EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control and
                    DOT/FHWA
          Investigator:  Not selected

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                      100
MANUFACTURING  EQUIPMENT
      Other Industrial Equipment
          Occupational Noise  Reduction  in Industrial Plants

               Under this proposed program two occupational noise re-
          duction demonstration programs will be funded under inter-
          agency agreement with two other government facilities.  The
          agencies being considered are HEW/NIOSH, DOC/NBS, and the
          Government Printing office.

               Two programs are being initiated in recognition of the
          need to reduce occupational noise to protect industrial
          workers from hearing loss.  These two programs will:

                    Support OSHA's regulatory actions by demonstrating
                    the feasibility of  noise exposure reduction methods

                    Provide detailed actual economic and other impact
                    information associated with noise control

                    Identify  areas where technological advances are
                    needed

                    Provide leadership  for private industry.
                                C-6

-------
          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement  and  Control
          Investigator:   Not selected

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975    1976    1977   1978
                                                              50
          Noise Control in Shipyards

               This study, conducted under an interagency  agreement with
          the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), will  identify occupa-
          tional noise hazards in shipyards,  design  noise  control mea-
          sures where the technology is sufficiently developed, demon-
          strate these noise control measures,  and identify areas where
          additional noise control research is required.   Funding levels
          reported represent EPA portion of funding  only.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control and Navy/
                    NAVSEA
          Investigator:  Not cited

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975    1976   1977  1978
                                                        75
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND MACHINE  PARTS
      Engine
          Internal Combustion Engine

               This program will advance noise  control  state-of-the-art
          and demonstrate noise reduction techniques  applicable to in-
          ternal combustion engines (gas turbines  are excluded).  In-
          cluded are diesel, gasoline,  and rotary  engines.  Engines
          powering such products as small industrial  compressors, auto-
          mobiles, trucks,  marine vessels,  locomotives, lawn mowers,
          chain saws, and tractors are  to be  considered.  Only existing
          engine concepts will be utilized.   The work will focus on
          methods of adjusting or modifying structure,  combustion pro-
          cess, and mechanical design of power  producing parts.
                                 C-7

-------
          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement  and Control
          Investigator:   Not specified

          Fiscal Year Funding* ($1000):  1975    1976    1977    1978
                                                        106      81
ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES
      Impact and Vibration
          Quarry Blast Noise and Vibration

               An experimental program was conducted  to determine  the
          mathematical transfer functions relating quarry blast  noise
          and vibration with building structural response.  Four dis-
          tinct noise and vibration signals were produced inside: nearby
          dwellings from outdoor dynamite blasts.   Results  indicated
          that, due to resonances excited within the  dwellings,  the
          noise and vibration excitation was greater  inside the  dwellings
          than outside.  A report was issued in February 1977.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Kamperman Associates

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                 50
      Measurement and Methodology
          Temporal Sampling

               Studies are underway to determine the most accurate
          temporal sampling techniques for the measurement of over
     The internal combustion engine project contributes to both the
     surface transportation and the machinery and construction areas.
     The project is identified both in this report and the surface
     transportation noise report with proportionate funding.   Total
     FY 77 and 78 funding levels are $425K and $325K respectively.
     Total estimated funding for the program is 2.25 million  dollars.
                                 C-i

-------
ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  AGENCY  (Continued)
 twenty  stationary and non-stationary noise sources with
 fluctuating  levels and varying time histories.  These studies
 will determine the degree of error that will be incurred in
 the use of different sampling techniques.  The noise sources
 studied included construction equipment, trains, buses, car
 crushers, car washes, foundries,  refrigeration units, batch-
 ing plants,  and cement mixers.  The results of these studies
 will be incorporated in a manual on community noise monitor-
 ing.

 Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
 Investigator:  Not cited

 Fiscal  Year  Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                 9     12     12     10
Noise Monitoring by Analog Microsampling Techniques

     This project investigated the feasibility of using
analog microsampling techniques to identify noise source.
Analog microsampling refers to the intermittent recording of
an  analog acoustic signal as a technique for sampling the
environment.  Analog tape recordings of various noise en-
vironments were used to investigate various microsampling
rates and times to evaluate the accuracy associated with
noise source recognition by humans for several types of noise,
types of microsampling, and kinds of noise descriptors.

Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Investigator:  Southern Methodist University

Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                       12
                       C-9

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-------
                APPENDIX D

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION AND WELFARE
                RD&D  PROGRAMS
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-------
       DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH,  EDUCATION,  AND  WELFARE
     Funding for FY 76 includes  the  transition quarter (July 1,  1976
to September 30, 1976).   Funding cited for FY 77 and FY 78 includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have  not been finalized.
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT
      General Construction  Equipment
          Pneumatic Tool Noise

               Research is being  conducted on pneumatic tools to obtain
          data on noise emissions and  state-of-the-art of noise controls.
          This task was completed in October 1977.  A report is sched-
          uled for April 1978.

          Sponsor:  HEW/NIOSH
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                       50
MANUFACTURING  EQUIPMENT
      Woodworking Machinery
          Wood Planer Noise  Control

               An experimental rig that included a compact wood plane
          enclosure to suppress board vibration in both the "in-feed"
          and "out-feed"  operation was developed.  Investigator of
          aerodynamic planer noise was approached by analytical studies
          of the parameters  connected with rotating cutterheads isolated
          from the machine.   Such factors as blade geometry,  speed,  air
          flow, and air flow pathway were investigated.  The results of
          this study were applied to noise suppression devices and
          methodology utilized in woodworking machinery throughout the
          furniture industry.
                                D-5

-------
DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH,  EDUCATION,  AND  WELFARE  (Continued)
         Sponsor:   HEW/NIOSH
         Investigator:   University of North Carolina

         Fiscal  Year  Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                        39
     Textile Machinery
         Coordinated Textile  Industry Noise Reduction Program

              The  general  objective of the program is to ascertain,
         and develop where necessary, information needed by the textile
         industry  to facilitate maximum possible workplace noise re-
         ductions,  thus  aiding the industry in achieving compliance with
         noise standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
         Specifically, the program includes the collection of rioi.se
         control case histories from the textile industry, the evalua-
         tion of effective noise control measures, the conduct of a
         noise control research program, the publishing of bulletins
         and papers,  and the  compilation of a textile industry noise
         control manual.

         Sponsor:   HEW/NIOSH
         Investigator:   University of North Carolina

         Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                       100    144    125    125
     Metalworking Machinery
         Control of  Ultraviolet  and  Infrared Radiation, and Noise for
         Physical Agents  Associated  with Welding and Brazing

              This project  will  incorporate in-house research to pro-
         vide engineering control data  for physical agents associated
         with welding and brazing operations and delineate gaps in
         current control  technology.  This research will concentrate
         on controls for  ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and noise.
         The report  is scheduled for completion by September 1978.
                               D-6

-------
DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH,  EDUCATION,  AND  WELFARE  (Continued)
          Sponsor:   HEW/NIOSH
          Investigator:   In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975    1976   1977   1978
                                                        7
          Metal Fabrication Noise Control

               This project will determine  the  direction of future
          NIOSH noise control research in the metal  forming industry.

          Sponsor:   HEW/NIOSH
          Investigator:   In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975    1976   1977   1978
                                                              10
      Other Industrial Equipment
          Update of Compendium of Noise  Control Materials

               A contract will be developed  and awarded to update the
          recently published NIOSH publication, Compendium of_ Materials
          for Noise Control.  This research  is required because the
          increase in concern for noise  control has greatly increased
          the materials available for noise  control.  This updated re-
          port will provide noise control  engineers with the  latest
          available information on noise control materials.   Final
          report is due by the fourth quarter of FY 78.

          Sponsor:   HEW/NIOSH
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975  1976   1977    1978
                                                       50
          Industrial Noise Control Case  Histories

               A contract was developed  and  awarded  in July 1976 for
          the collection of industrial noise control case histories.
          Approximately twenty unique  case histories are being obtained.
          Completion is scheduled for  June 1978.
                                D-7

-------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION, AND WELFARE  (Continued)
         Sponsor:  NIOSH
         Investigator:  Not cited

         Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976    1977   1978
                                               35      15
                              D-i

-------
     APPENDIX E

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
    RD&D PROGRAMS
        E-l

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-------

-------
                       DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE
     Funding for FY 76 includes the transition quarter  (July  1,  1976
to September 30, 1976).   Funding cited for FY 77  and  FY  78  includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have not been finalized.
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT
      Earthmovers and  Related Equipment
          830 MB Wheel Tractor

               The objective of this project  is to reduce operator noise
          exposure levels to safe  limits  of 85 dB and to show the fea-
          sibility of fielding noise-reduced  machines with and without
          cabs.  Approximately $1.2 million will be spent on retrofit-
          ting for existing equipment  through FY 78.  The estimated
          completion date for retrofit is October 1979.

          Sponsor:   MERADCOM
          Investigator:   Not Cited

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                         40            19     16
          Testing and Methodology  of  Tractors  (Dozers) and Loaders

               This study is being conducted under an interagency
          agreement with EPA.   It  was initiated as a prerequisite to the
          promulgation of noise emission regulations on dozers and
          loaders,  which have been identified as major noise sources.
          The objective of this project is  to find a representative test
          methodology for regulation  of environmental noise emitted by
          loaders and tractors (dozers) during steady-state and duty-
          cycle operation.   Other  objectives include the identification
          of major noise sources and  the estimation of possible noise
          emission reduction.
                                E-5

-------
          DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE  (Continued)
    Sponsor:   EPA/Office of Noise  Abatement and Control
    Investigator:   Army/MERADCOM

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
Military  Equipment
    Noise Impact Mitigation Procedures for Army Facilities

         This project develops means to reduce noise  impact of
    military operations (blast, helicopter,  fixed-wing  aircraft,
    mobile sources, and fixed sources)  on military facilities  and
    on the civilian community.  A manual will  be prepared that
    addresses methods and procedures for noise control.   The
    funding levels reported below represent an estimate  of  the
    portion of the project that addresses blast noise.   See also
    the Aircraft Noise RT&D and Surface Transportation  Noise
    RD&D Reports.

    Sponsor:  CERL
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976    1977    1978
                                                  44      58
    Noise Prediction Model and Contours

         This ongoing program is to develop methods  to  quantita-
    tively predict the noise pollution impact of blast,  helicop-
    ter, fixed-wing aircraft, mobile sources,  and fixed sources
    for use by Army facilities and district engineering personnel.
    Army installations are currently using first-generation com-
    puter programs for master planning.  The funding reported
    below represents the portion of the project that addresses
    blast noise.  See also the Aviation Noise RT&D and  Noise
    Effects reports.
Funding was provided by EPA and was $5K,  $10K and  $10K  for
FY 76 through FY 78 respectively.
                           E-6

-------
         DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE  (Continued)
    Sponsor:   CERL
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977    1978
                                   115    170    135     115
    Retrofit to Reduce Noise of 6K Rough Terrain Forklift

         The objective of this project is to reduce operator
    noise exposure levels to safe limits of 85 dB and to  show
    the feasibility of fielding noise-reduced machines with  and
    without cabs.  Approximately $4.7 million will be spent  on
    retrofitting existing equipment through FY 78.   The estimated
    completion date is October 1979.

    Sponsor:   MERADCOM
    Investigator:  Not cited

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                           15      6     11
    Retrofit to Reduce Noise of 10K Rough Terrain Forklift

         The objective of this project is to reduce  operator
    noise exposure levels to safe limits of 85 dB and to  show
    the feasibility of fielding noise-reduced machines with and
    without cabs.  Approximately $1.8 million will be spent on
    retrofitting existing equipment through FY 78.  The estimated
    completion date is October 1979.

    Sponsor:  MERADCOM
    Investigator:  Not cited

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
Generators
    Portable Electric Generator Noise Control

         The primary objective of this study is to reduce  the
    noise levels of a new family of 1.5 through 6K kw portable
                          E-7

-------
          DEPARTMENT OF  DEFENSE  (Continued)
     electric generator  sets  used by DOD to meet tactical needs, to
     eliminate annoyance and  hearing damage risk to operating
     personnel,  and to comply with  sound level requirements of
     local,  State,  Federal, and  foreign communities.  This study
     is also intended to develop an ultraquiet 1.5 kW portable
     electrc generator for Army  tactical needs.  A prototype
     thermal/acoustic enclosure  kit has been developed for each of
     the generator  sizes except  a 3 kW generator and are being
     evaluated.   The enclosures, in addition to suppressing noise,
     must provide adequate cooling  air to prevent overheating of
     the units.   The 3-kW generator has a cooling system that is
     not compatible with any  type of enclosure.  There is no
     effort  to develop kits for  the existing inventory of older
     Army design diesel  sets.  The  estimated completion date is
     October 1981.

     Sponsor:   MERADCOM
     Investigator:   Not  cited

     Fiscal  Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                    25     25     25     25
 General Construction  Equipment
     Non-Highway Construction  Site Noise Control

          Conducted under  an interagency agreement with EPA, this
     program will demonstrate  the cost, effectiveness, and
     practicality of applying  construction noise reduction tech-
     niques.   Under this program a DOD construction site will be
     selected for demonstrating noise mitigation measures, the
     most promising and applicable noise reduction techniques will
     be identified, a test plan will be developed, and the demon-
     stration program will be  carried out.

     Sponsor:  CERL and EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
     Investigator:   In-house

     Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
CERL funding has not been finalized
                            E-8

-------
          DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE  (Continued)
    Construction Site Noise Specifications and Control

         This program is to develop a cost/benefit relationship
    for alternative equipment usage, operational methods,  or
    physical means to attenuate the noise of construction  sites
    to acceptable levels.  A report has been published that gives
    specifications for construction site noise, measurement means,
    and mitigation methods.  A final report on the cost/benefit
    relationship for the mitigation techniques and an analysis
    of noise-producing situations was planned for September 1977.

    Sponsor:  CERL
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977    1978
                                    45     55     20
Breakers  and Drills
    Testing and Methodology of Paving Breakers

         This study is being conducted under an interagency  agree-
    ment with EPA.   It was initiated as a prerequisite  to  the
    promulgation of noise emission regulations on paving breakers,
    which have been identified as a major noise source.  The
    objectives of this project are to provide and to  compare rep-
    resentative samples of noise emissions from current air
    (muffled and unmuffled), hydraulic, electric,  and gas  breakers
    under steady-state and working-cycle conditions.  The  funding
    levels represent the DOD portion of funding only.

    Sponsor:   MERADCOM with EPA/Office of Noise Abatement  and
              Control
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977    1978
                                            5     10
                          E-9

-------
               DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE  (Continued)


MANUFACTURING  EQUIPMENT


      Other Industrial Equipment


          Noise Control in Hydroelectric Power Houses

               This project  will  determine noise sources and develop
          noise control techniques  for hydroelectric power house environ-
          ments .

          Sponsor:   CERL
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                       30     60


          Noise Control in Shipyards

               This study, conducted under interagency agreement with
          EPA,  will investigate and demonstrate noise abatement measures
          for occupational noise  hazards in shipyards.  Funding levels
          reported represent NAVSEA portion only.

          Sponsor:   NAVSEA and EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Not cited

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                              75


          Development of Universal  Ducting Envelopes for S-280 Shelter

               The objective of this noise study was to reduce the noise
          levels within the  S-280 Shelter to an NC-55, using eight
          combinations of duct configurations with single and double
          environmental conditioning unit combinations operating in
          the high cooling mode.  The second purpose of this noise
          study was to provide the  project office with a series  of
          alternate duct configurations to meet the requirements for
          different types of shelter arrangements.  Noise levels with-
          in the shelter for the  eight combinations with all noise and
          vibration control  treatment installed meet the original design
          objective (NC-55)  in all  but the 125 Hz and the 500 Hz octave
          bands.
                                 E-10

-------
           DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued)
     Sponsor:  HEL
     Investigator:  Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                   1*
 Military Shipboard  Equipment
     Surface Ship Equipment Silencing

          A project was undertaken to review existing in-house air-
     borne noise source level data of surface ship machinery and
     equipment to analyze noise levels of electronic equipment
     cooling cabinets.  Existing documentation was used to deter-
     mine acoustical characteristics of machinery items,  and the
     airborne noise levels of selected electronic equipment were
     measured.  The estimated completion date was July 1977.

     Sponsor:  Naval Ship Engineering Center
     Investigator:  David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center

     Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                   39
     Aircraft Carrier CORD Development Program

          A study was undertaken to develop a Cascade Orificial
     Resistive Device (CORD)  for aircraft carriers of the Kitty
     Hawk, Nimitz, and Enterprise classes.  This device will pro-
     vide quiet throttling for the regulation of seawater flow
     through the flight deck cooling panels and the jet blast
     deflector.  This project will involve (a)  development of CORD
     initial design parameters from system requirements,  (b)  finali-
     zation of design parameters, (c) preparation of an unclassi-
     fied initial CORD booklet and CORD construction guidance,  and
     (d) the shipboard installation and evaluation of the CORDs.
Contract-out portion of funding for this project prior to  FY  75
was $28K.
                            E-ll

-------
      DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE (Continued)
Sponsor:  Naval Ship Engineering Center
Investigator:  David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
Development of Document:  Ship Noise Control Devices—Their
Use, Maintenance, Inspection, and Replacement

     A document was developed to acquaint the ship forces
and those responsible for ship implementation with various
noise reduction hardware and techniques.  The objective is to
reduce the transmission of machinery noise and thereby mini-
mize sonar self-noise and radiated noise.  The document will
also describe care, maintenance, inspection, and criteria
for replacement of these items.  Completion was scheduled
for April 1977.

Sponsor:  Naval Sea Systems Command
Investigator:  David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                              10
Hydrofoil Auxiliary Machinery Development

     The objective of this project was to establish auxiliary
machinery requirements of hydrofoils.  Auxiliary machinery
selection alternatives and design criteria for future-
generation U.S. Navy hydrofoils are also to be developed.  New
concepts were to be developed or existing systems adapted for
naval use.  Laboratory tests of components and systems will
be conducted in terms of functions, effectiveness, reliability,
operational requirements, weight, and cost.  All auxiliary
systems on existing hydrofoils were to be studied.  Technical
assistance was to be provided for solution of problems on
existing craft, and design reviews were to be conducted.

Sponsor:  Naval Sea Systems Command
Investigator:  Naval Ship R&D Center Systems Development

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                       43     22
                       E-12

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                DEPARTMENT  OF DEFENSE  (Continued)
          Silencing of Combatant Craft and Standard Boats

               The objective of this project was to reduce  the  airborne
          noise levels of combatant craft and standard boats.   Improved
          methods of silencing combatant craft are being developed,  and
          acoustical evaluations of silencing treatments are being per-
          formed.  In addition, procedures were to be  developed for
          designing improved vibration isolation mountings  for  diesel
          engines.

          Sponsor:  Naval Sea Systems Command
          Investigator:  Naval Ship R&D Center,  Propulsion  and  Auxiliary
                         Department

          Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                 16     20
ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES
      Building  Acoustics
          Acoustical Specifications for Building Noise Control

               The objective of this program is to provide  design pro-
          cedures and performance requirements based on existing manuals;
          to adopt the procedures for implementation with conventional
          and turn-key construction processes;  to develop and issue
          specific noise reduction guidance for Army - unique sources;
          and to develop guidance for open-plan office acoustical
          design.  A technical manual will be developed giving methods
          of controlling and mitigating noise within buildings.

          Sponsor:  CERL
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                        40     60
                                 E-13

-------
          DEPARTMENT OF  DEFENSE (Continued)


Measurement and Methodology


    Hydraulic (Fluid Power) System Noise Studies

         A basic and applied research and development project is
    underway to develop a procedure to test and compare the air-
    borne, fluidborne, and structureborne noise of hydraulic
    components;  to develop procedures to evaluate fluidborne noise
    attenuators; and to develop some new designs and demonstrate
    their effectiveness.

    Sponsor:  MERADCOM
    Investigator:  Not cited

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                    39     15     10     12


    Noise Monitoring

         The purpose of this project is to develop true integrat-
    ing environmental noise monitors capable of accurately measur-
    ing impulse noises  (armor, artillery) in accordance with EPA
    and National Academy of Sciences recommendations.  Specifica-
    tions will be prepared such that devices can be procured for
    DOD and general governmental use.   Initially, nine monitors
    plus spare parts and a data reduction system are to be manu-
    factured.  This program is based in part upon work conducted
    by CERL for EPA to design prototype equipment on an assess-
    ment of currently available commercial monitors.

    Sponsor:  CERL
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) :   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                           95     65     25


    Sampling Strategies

         Under this project, mathematical criteria will be
    developed for assessing the accuracy of environment noise
    monitoring with respect to temporal consideration.

    Sponsor:  CERL
    Investigator:  In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                  10     10
                           E-14

-------
      APPENDIX F

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
     RD&D PROGRAMS
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                      DEPARTMENT  OF COMMERCE
     Funding for FY 76 includes the transition quarter (July 1,  1976
to September 30, 1976).   Funding cited for FY 77 and FY 78 includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have not been finalized.
ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES
      Building  Acoustics
          Noise Measurements in Buildings

               Improved procedures are being developed for measure-
          ment of the acoustical properties of building materials  and
          elements and of noise isolation within and into buildings.
          Current emphasis has been on a review of vibration  isolation
          procedures and on reverberation room determinations of the
          sound absorption of acoustical materials.   Work will shortly
          begin on the assessment of uncertainties in noise isolation
          measurements.  Specific accomplishments during recent years
          include the following:

                    Literature review on the use and characterization
                    of the performance of antivibration mountings  for
                    the control of noise and vibration.

                    Review of building noise criteria for rating the
                    noise environment in dwellings,  noise isolation
                    between dwellings and noise isolation from outside
                    to inside a dwelling.

                    Studies of the transmission loss,  thermal trans-
                    mi ttance and air leakage of exterior walls, doors
                    and windows.

                    Investigation of the measurement uncertainties
                    associated with reverberation room determinations
                    of sound absorption coefficients.
                                 F-5

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        DEPARTMENT OF  COMMERCE  (Continued)
    Sponsor:  National Bureau of Standards
    Investigator:   In-house

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                    253     235     99    100
Measurement and Methodology
    Noise Emission Measurements

         The National Bureau of  Standards has  supported research
    toward improvements in procedures  for the  measurement of
    noise emissions.   This project  is  supported through DOC
    funds in consistency with the MBS  mission  of providing for
    the physical and  engineering services necessary for equity
    in trade and the  advancement of science and technology.
    Specific accomplishments during recent years include the
    following:

              Completion of a joint EPA/NBS report on air com-
              pressor noise measurements and on the estimation
              of sound power from sound pressure measurements.

              Evaluation and improvements to the large rever-
              beration room.

              Evaluation of the  precision of reference sound
              source  emission measurements.

              Several publications  on  the use  of reverberation
              room procedures.

              Studies of the effectiveness of  rotating diffusers.

              Research on absolutely determinable sound sources.

              Characterization of the  properties of outdoor test
              sites.

              Completion of special purpose acoustical cind
              environmental parameter  recording systems.
                           F-6

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    DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE  (Continued)
Sponsor:   National Bureau of Standards
Investigator:   In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976    1977    1978
                                100    125     220     206
Environmental Noise Measurements

     Technical assistance was provided to EPA to  support
the development of regulations for specific  noise sources.
Specifically NBS has provided:

          Measurement methodology for  portable air compressor
          noise and procedures for estimating sound power from
          measurements of sound pressure.

          Docket analysis for the new  truck  regulation.

          Evaluation of existing data  bases  and measurement
          procedures for six major noise  sources: tires,
          buses, motorcycles, dozers and  loaders, truck re-
          frigeration units, and compactors.

          Measurements of the impulsive noise emission of
          garbage compactors, motorcycles, pavement breakers,
          and rock drills.

          Identification of difficulties  or  ambiguities in
          measurement by using different  methodologies.

          Evaluation of alternative measurement techniques
          for characterization of asphalt surface acoustic
          properties.

          Development of procedures for measurement of
          noise impact from household  and consumer products.
                       F-7

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         DEPARTMENT OF  COMMERCE  (Continued)
     Sponsor:   EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and  Control
     Investigator:   National Bureau of  Standards

     Fiscal Year Funding* ($1000):    1975    1976    1977    1978
                                       50      65      40      40
Funding levels are shown for information  only.   Funding  is
reported under sponsoring agency.   The  Environmental Noise
Measurements project contributes to both  the  surface trans-
portation and the machinery and construction  areas.  The
project is identified both in this  report and in the surface
transportation noise report with proportionate  funding.
Total FY 75 through FY 78 funding levels  are  $50K,  $120K,
$75K, and $75K, respectively.
                            F-8

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         APPENDIX G

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
        RD&D PROGRAMS
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                  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
    Funding for FY 76 includes the transition  quarter  (July 1, 1976
to September 30, 1976).   Funding cited for FY  77  and FY  78 includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have not been finalized.
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT
      Earthmovers and Related Equipment
          Off-Highway and Stationary Equipment Noise Abatement

               Previous DOT noise abatement programs concerning diesel-
          powered trucks demonstrated that significant noise reduction
          could be achieved through optimization of exhaust silencing.
          This project (initiated in FY  74) applied the knowledge
          gained from the surface vehicle efforts to construction
          equipment powered by diesel engines  (excavator, front end
          loader, crawler dozer,  and industrial tractor).  Factors
          associated with reducing diesel engine noise by means of
          mufflers were identified and developed into a form suitable
          for dissemination to manufacturers, owners, users, and
          regulatory and enforcement agencies.  The most frequently
          used construction equipments were selected for proof-testing
          and demonstrating noise reductions achievable from exhaust
          silencers.  A technical report summarizing study results
          will be available during the second quarter of FY 78.

          Sponsor:  Office of Noise Abatement
          Investigator:   Society  of Automotive Engineers
                         Vehicle  Research Institute,
                         Donaldson Company

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                         50     5*
     Total DOT funding was  $55K.
                                 G-5

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     DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION  (Continued)
    Construction and Maintenance Equipment Noise  Limits

         This multiyear program, conducted by the State  of
    California, deals with a number of facets of  construction
    site activity noise.  Noise levels are being  monitored  at
    a number of construction sites, and noise emission levels
    of specific construction equipment are being  identified.
    Methods of reducing noise and highway  construction equipment
    are being developed.  Equipment with diesel engine power
    plants was found to be the principal noise source, and, as
    a result, noise control efforts will be directed primarily
    at such equipment.  A dump truck has been retrofitted with
    noise control devices.

    Sponsor:   Federal Highway Administration
    Investigator:  State of California/Department of
                   Transportation

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977    1978
                                     61     42    40     40
General Construction Equipment
    Highway Construction Noise:   Measurement, Prediction, and
    Mitigation

         This project was initiated in 1976  to provide guidance
    to State highway agencies relative to measurement, prediction,
    and abatement of highway construction noise.

         Two of the three parts  of the study have been completed.
    A manual, Special Report—Highway Construction Noise;
    Measurement, Prediction, and Mitigation, has been completed,
    using state-of-the-art information to detail the measure-
    ment, prediction, and abatement of highway construction
    noise.  Subsequently a workshop was sponsored to identify
    short and long-range construction noise  abatement strategies.
    This workshop resulted in the publication FHWA-TST-77-211,
    Report of 1977 Symposium on  Highway Construction Noise.  The
    third part of the project will include sponsorship of research
    necessary to verify and, if  needed, to improve the FHWA
    highway construction noise manual (see "Highway Construction
    Site Noise Study" below).
                          G-6

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           DEPARTMENT  OF TRANSPORTATION  (Continued)
          Sponsor:   Federal Highway Administration
          Investigator:  Dames & Moore,  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975  1976    1977    1978
                                                 **       20
          Highway Construction Site Noise Study

               This program to define the noise climate  at  highway
          construction sites and to quantitatively evaluate the
          effectiveness of various approaches  to lessening  the impacts
          of noise produced by highway construction activities ranging
          from equipment modification to community awareness is to be
          conducted under an interagency agreement with  EPA/Office of
          Noise Abatement and Control to support ongoing Federal
          Highway Administration programs related to abatement of high-
          way construction noise.  The three program parts  are:

                    Acquire sufficient baseline field data  to develop
                    and validate a highway noise prediction model.

                    Demonstrate no less than three highway  construction
                    noise abatement measures.

                    Estimate national exposure to highway construction
                    noise on present and planned Federal aid highway
                    construction projects.

          Funding shown represents DOT portion only.

          Sponsor:   Federal Highway Administration and EPA/Office
                    of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Not selected

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):  1975    1976  1977    1978
                                                             150
**   In-house funding.
                                 G-7

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           DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION  (Continued)


ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES


      Impact and  Vibration


          Ground Vibration at Highway Construction Site

               The  State  of Louisiana has completed an investigation
          of the ground vibrations associated with construction site
          activities,  specifically pile driving and hauling,  to de-
          termine whether the vibrations generated by these activities
          could damage surrounding property and precipitate damage
          suits. The  study found that vibrations from pile driving
          operations are  not severe enough to physically damage sur-
          rounding  structures.  Similarly, ground vibrations at loca-
          tions near haul roads were determined to be insufficient to
          damage adjacent structures.

          Sponsor:   Federal Highway Administration
          Investigator:   State of Louisiana

          Fiscal Year  Funding  ($1000):  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978
                                         10    10
                                G-8

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       APPENDIX H

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
      RD&D PROGRAMS
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                    DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
     Funding for FY 76 includes the transition quarter (July 1,  1976
to September 30, 1976) .  Funding cited for FY 77 and FY 78 includes
estimates.  Projects for FY 78 have not been finalized.
MANUFACTURING  EQUIPMENT

      Woodworking Machinery
          Sawmill Noise Reduction

               This is a basic research program for noise reduction
          in sawmills.  Of particular concern are circular saws.   The
          study will identify instability mechanisms,  analyze  self-
          excited blade oscillation,  measure and model sound radia-
          tion, and design a quiet saw tooth.

          Sponsor:  Agricultural Research Services
          Investigator:  University of California/Berkley

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):*  1975   1976   1977    1978
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
          Cotton Ginning Machinery Noise Reduction

               This project is a continuation of a larger program  to
          develop material handling and foreign  matter  collection
          systems for gin processing of stripped cotton.  This work
          will enable the equipment to meet environmental standards
          for air quality and noise emission.  Conventional pneumatic
          ventilation systems will be compared with experimental
          belt, auger, and air-jet conveyors to  evaluate noise emission,
          dust levels and costs.  The funding shown represents the
          noise portion only.
     ARS Funding has not been identified.
                                 H-5

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   DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE  (Continued)
Sponsor:  Agricultural Research Service
Investigator:  In-house

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975   1976   1977   1978
                                 10     20     20    ~20
Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with Agricultural
Processes

     This project is to identify sources of noise that are
detrimental to the health of agricultural workers.   Methods
for noise reduction are to be developed with the expectation
that detailed design data and guidelines will be published
for industry use.

Sponsor:  Agricultural Research Service
Investigator:  Agricultural Research Station/Athens, Georgia

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000) :   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                       133
Materials Handling and Pollution Control at Gins

     This project was to develop materials handling and
foreign matter collection systems for gins processing stripped
cotton that meet new environmental standards for air quality
and noise, and that are more efficient from an energy utili-
zation standpoint.  Funding shown represents the noise
portion only.

Sponsor:  Agricultural Research Service
Investigator:  Agricultural Experiment Station/Lubbock, Texas

Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                        20
Forest Service Equipment Noise Reduction

     This ongoing program examines the noise generating
mechanisms and means of silencing portable Forest Service
fire equipment such as portable generators, portable pumps,
etc.  Inexpensive, portable partial noise enclosures for
these types of equipment have been developed.  Noise levels
                       H-6

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             DEPARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE (Continued)
          were reduced by approximately 12 dB by using these partial
          enclosures.

          Sponsors:  Forest Service
          Investigator:  In-house

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                           5233
ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES
      Building  Acoustics
          Noise Control and Privacy in Multi-Family Dwellings

               There is one long-term project underway addressing
          noise control and privacy in multi-family dwellings.   This
          project has been underway since 1970.   The work  emphasizes
          the acoustical properties of wood structures suitable  for low
          rise dwelling units.  Studies have addressed the design  of
          specific partitions and the techniques necessary for their
          applications in real structures.   This includes  evaluation
          and correlation of laboratory data and field data.  Studies
          also address test methodology and test equipment.  A
          current effort is underway to develop  an acoustical applica-
          tions manual for light frame housing construction.  The  manual
          is intended for architects and builders, with appendices
          for acoustical engineers.  The manual  will integrate FPL
          accomplishments with other technologies and structures,  and
          will include the outer shell of a building as well as  party-
          wall partitions.

               Major technical accomplishments are:

               1.   A lab/field measurement correlation technology was
                    completed which provided new knowledge about parti-
                    tion performance, flanking,  and room environment
                    effects.

               2.   Further improvement in the prediction  of laboratory,
                    field, and laboratory/field  performance as achieved
                    by combining the FPL laboratory loss (TL) theories.
                                 H-7

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        DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE  (Continued)
          3.    A current compilation  of TL data  from seven National
               American laboratories  has  revealed  some inter-labor-
               atory data correlation and accuracy problems.

     Major accomplishments with respect to specific structural
     designs:

          1.    Evaluation of  several  constructions for single rows
               of wood studs  showed the sound  insulation perfor-
               mance for some constructions to be  lower than
               expected from  previously published  data.

          2.    Higher laboratory sound insulation  performance than
               previously reported was shown for double rows of
               studs on separate floor plates  with gypsum board
               faces.

          3.    A field measurement flanking study, in progress, is
               expected to show that  a very high field sound
               insulation performance can be obtained in practical
               wood frame construction when adequate framing pre-
               cautions are taken against flanking paths.  Parti-
               tions tested are in the sound transmission class
               (STC)  60 range.

     Sponsor:   Forest Products Laboratory
     Investigator:  In-house

     Fiscal Year Funding* ($1000):  1975   1976    1977   1978
                                      85     90     95    100
 Physical Acoustics
     Acoustic Properties of Wood

          This basic research program will  determine the velocity
     of sound in radial, tangential,  and  longitudinal directions
     of commercial woods at different moisture  contents.  This
     information is necessary for the calculation of sound  radia-
     tion from board vibration in woodworking machinery.
Funding levels are estimated,  based on one  man-year of effort  for
each fiscal year.
                            H-8

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        DEPARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE (Continued)
     Sponsor:  Agricultural Research Service
     Investigator:   University of Kentucky

     Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):*  1975    1976   1977   1978
     Noise Transmission Through Wooded Areas

          Noise measurements are being made to determine the
     attenuation across areas forested by white pine.  These
     measurements are being compared  to  those made across an
     open field.  Air pollution studies  are included in this task.

     Sponsor:  Agricultural Research  Service
     Investigator:   Delaware State  College

     Fiscal Year Funding* ($1000):  1975  1976   1977   1978
ARS Funding has not been identified
                          H-9

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          APPENDIX I

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
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                 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                    NOISE REGULATORY PROGRAMS
     These technology programs are  undertaken to directly support
regulatory actions.

     Funding for FY  76 includes the transition quarter  (July 1,
1976 to September 30, 1976).   Funding  cited  for FY 77 and FY 78
includes estimates.   Projects for FY 78  have not been finalized.
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT


      Earthmovers and Related Equipment


          Testing and Methodology  of  Tractors  (Dozers) and Loaders

               The study,  funded by EPA and conducted under inter-
          agency agreement with MERADCOM of the Army, was undertaken
          to develop a representative test methodology for regulation
          of environmental noise emitted by loaders and tractors (dozers)
          during steady-state  and  duty-cycle operation.  Sources
          amenable to noise abatement were identified as well as the
          extent of noise  reduction attainable and a representative
          sample of present equipment was identified.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of  Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Army/MERADCOM

          Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                  5     10     10


          Earthmoving Equipment

               This preregulatory  study is part of a continuing effort
          to evaluate the  noise emission from construction activities.
          Equipment evaluated  includes  scrapers, backhoes, excavators,
          and other operationally  similar equipment except wheel and
          crawler tractors, and loaders.  The noise studies encompass
          current and best-available  noise control technology, cost
          and economic impact  analysis,  and health and welfare benefits
                                 1-5

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   ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
    associated with various levels of equipment noise reduction.
    The technology analysis will among other  things  survey
    currently available and potentially feasible  control  technol-
    ogy, variation among units,  and in-use  deterioration.  Funding
    shown is only for technology assessment portion  of program.
    No RD&D work will be carried out to quiet those  machines
    under this program.

    Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
    Investigator:  Science Applications,  Inc.

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975  1976   1977   1978
                                           90
    Wheel and Crawler Tractors

         The thrust of this project was to acquire  data to
    support a noise emission regulation.   Data were acquired
    to characterize wheel and crawler tractor  noise,  to establish
    the noise reduction acievable through best available technol-
    ogy, and to establish a compliance testing procedure suitable
    for manufacturers and EPA enforcement needs.

    Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
    Investigator:   Science Applications,  Inc.

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975   1976   1977   1978
                                     55    175     20
Compressors
    Warranties, Maintenance Instruction,  and Life Effects  on
    Noise of Portable Air Compressors

         This project will develop guidelines for warranties,
    maintenance instructions,  and tampering warnings with  respect
    to noise control features  of portable air compressors.
    Specific guidelines and recommendations for use by manufac-
    turers will be provided.   Technical data will be developed
    relative to the deterioration of noise levels with time  in
    order to specify an acoustical assurance period (AAP).
                          1-6

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    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
    Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
    Investigator:  Science Applications,  Inc.

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                  83
General  Construction Equipment
    Other Road Building Equipment

         This preregulatory project will be directed toward
    developing noise emission standards for road building equip-
    ment such as rollers,  graders, pavers, and other similar
    types of construction  equipment.

    Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
    Investigator:   Not selected

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                  80     70
    Construction Site Noise Model

         This project will update,  evaluate, and expand existing
    construction activity noise prediction models.  The areas
    of concern are on site equipment  distribution and usage.

    Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
    Investigator:  Not cited

    Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                           28     35
Breakers  and Drills
    Testing and Methodology of Paving Breakers

         This project was initiated  as a prerequisite to the
    promulgation of noise emission regulations on paving breakers,
    Paving breakers have  been identified as a major noise source.
                           1-7

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          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
          This study is being conducted through an interagency agreement
          with MERADCOM of the Army.   Funding  level represents the
          EPA portion only.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control and
                    ARMY/MERADCOM
          Investigator:  MERADCOM

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                        35
          Pavement Breakers and Rock Drills

               This project was initiated as a prerequisite to the
          promulgation of noise emission regulations on portable and
          mounted pavement breakers  and rock drills.  The multiphase
          study included product classification and development  (modi-
          fication)  of a measurement methodology.  The study identified
          present and feasible noise control technology and identified
          the sources of breaker and drill noise.  It also discussed
          noise level variability among units of the same model and
          provided labeling information.  Pneumatic, hydraulic, electric,
          and gas powered units were considered.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:   Dames & Moore

          Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                          40     92     42     10
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND MACHINE PARTS
      Specialty  Truck  Components
          Truck-Mounted Compactors  and  Refrigeration Units

               The technology assessment phase of the specialty truck
          project included an identification of noise sources,
          classification of specialty trucks, development of a noise
          emissions data base,  analysis of  in-use degradation and
          noise level variability among units of the same model, and
          a discussion of currently available and potentially feasible
          noise control technology.
                                 I-i

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          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975   1976    1977    1978
                                                 108
CONSUMER  PRODUCTS
      Tools
          Chain Saws

               This multitask study includes  a categorization of
          chain saws development of measurement methodology, and
          establishment of a chain saw noise  emission data base.  Other
          tasks are to identify currently available  and potentially
          usable noise control technology;  to identify noise emission
          deterioration or improvement over time;  to analyze noise
          variability among units of the same model; and  to identify
          the impact of post-purchase user noise modifications; and
          to develop possible labeling recommendations.   Funding
          shown is for technology assessment  portion of program only.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement  and Control
          Investigator:  Not cited

          Fiscal Year Funding ($1000):    1975  1976  1977   1978
                                                         70     10
          Lawn Mowers
               This multitask study included  a  categorization of lawn
          mowers,  comparison of outdoor and indoor measurement method-
          ologies, identification of specific noise  sources  (e.g.,
          blade, engine exhaust,  engine intake,  and  engine casing),
          and establishment of a lawn mower noise emission data base.
          Other tasks include identification  of currently available
          and potentially usable noise control  technology; identifi-
          cation of noise emission deterioration or  improvement over
          time; analysis of noise variability among  units of the same
          model; identification of the impact of post-purchase user
          modifications and the development of  possible  labeling
          recommendations.
                                1-9

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          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
          Sponsor:  EPA/Office  of  Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:   Cambridge Collaborative

          Fiscal Year Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                 49
      Appliances
          Air Conditioners

               This study of  air  conditioner technology develops an
          air conditioner classification scheme, compares measure-
          ment methodologies,  and identified specific noise sources.
          It also establishes  a noise emissions data base, identifies
          currently available  and potentially usable noise control
          technology,  and analyzes variability among units of the
          same model.   It analyzes noise level improvement/deteriora-
          tion over time  and  the  impact of post-purchase user modifi-
          cations, and makes  possible labeling recommendations.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:  Cambridge Collaborative

          Fiscal Year  Funding  ($1000):   1975   1976   1977   1978
                                                 45
ACOUSTIC  PROPERTIES
      Measurement and  Methodology
          Environmental Noise  Measurements

               Technical assistance was provided to EPA to support
          the development of regulations  for specific noise sources.
          Specifically NBS has provided:

                    Measurement  methodology for portable air compressor
                    noise and  procedures  for estimating sound power
                    from measurements of  sound pressure.
                                 1-10

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         ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY  (Continued)
                   Docket  analysis  for the new truck regulation.

                   Evaluation of existing data bases and measurement
                   procedures for six major noise sources:  tires,
                   buses,  motorcycles, dozers and loaders, truck
                   refrigeration units, and compactors.

                   Measurements of  the impulsive noise emission of
                   garbage compactors, motorcycles, pavement break-
                   ers,  and rock drills.

                   Identification of difficulties or ambiguities in
                   measurement by using different methodologies.

                   Evaluation of alternative measurement techniques
                   for  characterization of asphalt surface acoustic
                   properties.

                   Development of procedures for measurement of noise
                   impact  from household and consumer products.

          Sponsor:  EPA/Office of Noise Abatement and Control
          Investigator:   National Bureau of Standards

          Fiscal  Year Funding*  ($1000):  1975   1976   1977   1978
                                          50     65     40     40
     The  Environmental Noise Measurements project contributes to both
     the  surface  transportation  and the machinery and construction
     areas.   The  project  is identified both in this report and in the
     surface  transportation noise report with proportionate funding.
     Total FY 75  through  FY 78 funding levels are $50K, $120K, $75K,
     and  $75K,  respectively.
' U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-720-335/6076-31
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