United States     Office of Air Quality      EPA-450/3-83-013R
Environmental Protection  Planning and Standards    December 1983
Agency        Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
Glossary for
Pollution Control
of Industrial
Coating Operations
    Second Edition
(With Graphical Aids
for Rapid Estimation
of Acceptable
Compliance Alternatives)

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               EPA-450/3-83-013R
Glossary for Air Pollution
   Control of Industrial
    Coating Operations
        Second Edition
(With Graphical Aids for Rapid
  Estimations of Acceptable
   Compliance Alternatives)


     Emission Standards and Engineering Division
     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
        Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
     Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
     Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1
               Region 5, Libr-'T'' r
               77 West Js3!;ir •

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This report has been  reviewed by the  Emission  Standards and
Engineering Division  of  the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, EPA, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial  products is not intended to constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available through
the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina 27711; or, for a fee
from the National Technical  Information Services, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
             Publication No. EPA-450/3-83-013R

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                              PREFACE

     Since 1977 the  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency  has  issued a
series of  guidelines  and  regulations,   the  implementation  of  which
will result in large  reductions  in  air pollution emitted by industrial
coating operations.  The  guidelines  (referred to as  Control  Technique
Guidelines, or CTG's)  are  used to  apprise the  States  of  reasonably
available control   technology  for major  existing  sources  of  volatile
organic compounds  (VOC's).  The  Federal  regulations  are applicable to
new or modified sources of  pollution and are known as New Source Per-
formance Standards.

     This regulatory  activity  has  meant that  industries  must  become
familiar with  regulatory  terms  from the  Clean  Air Act,  and  State and
local agencies  must  learn  terminology   from  the  coatings  industry.
This glossary  is  an attempt to  aid both  groups  by  listing  the  most
common terms  which will  be used  by  both  in  the  application  of air
pollution control   to paints and  coatings.   The goal   is  for  local  con-
trol agents and industry  representatives  to be able  to  speak  a  common
language as they  try to mutually solve the problems of controlling air
pollution from industrial  coatings.

     Also included as  Appendices are example  calculations  which  illus-
trate important coating concepts.  Appendix A illustrates the effect of
changes in coating  solids or  transfer  efficiency on  the amount  of VOC
which will be  emitted  from a coating  operation.  Appendix  B  contains
two charts which  permit rapid manipulation of the various units used to
describe the solvent content of coatings.  Figure B-l  allows rapid cal-
culation of the solvent content of any  of three major  types of coatings
when the  volume  percent solids  is  known.  Figure B-2  allows a  quick
estimation of the emission reduction achieved when a  coating with lower
solvent content is  substituted  for  one which  contains  more  solvent.
Appendix C provides practical examples  of how Figures B-l  and B-2 may
be used to determine the possible compliance  alternatives  available to
a coater.
                                                 William Johnson
                                          Chemical  Applications Section
                                              Emission Standards and
                                               Engineering Division
                                  iii

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
GLOSSARY OF TERMS  	  Pages  1-23

APPENDIX A  -   SURFACE COATING EMISSION CALCULATIONS 	  Page 24

APPENDIX B  -   RAPID CONVERSION AIDS 	  Page 31

APPENDIX C  -   EXAMPLE OF DETERMINING COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES
                 USING GRAPHICAL AIDS	  Page  35

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                        Glossary of Terms
Absorption -  The unit  operation  in which  one  or more soluble  compo-
     nents of a gas mixture are dissolved in a liquid.

Add-on control device -  An air pollution control  device  such  as  carbon
	adsorber  or incinerator which reduces the pollution  in  an exhaust
     gas.  The control device usually does not affect the  process being
     controlled and thus is  "add-on" technology as opposed to a  scheme
     to  control   pollution through riaking some alteration to  the basic
     process.

Affected facility - With  reference  to  a  stationary source, any appara-
     tus to which a standard is applicable.

Air dry -  A  coating  which  dries  or  cures  at   ambient  temperature.

Air spray  -   Spray coating method in which the coating is atomized by
     mTxTng it with compressed air.

Airless spray  -  Spray coating method in which the coating is atomized
	by forcing it through a small opening at high pressure.  The liquid
     coating  is  not  mixed with  air before  exiting from the nozzle.

ALAPCO - Association  of Local Air Pollution Control Officials.

Aliphatic compounds  -  Organic compounds composed of open chains of car-
	bon atoms.  TFese include paraffins and olefins,   but  not aromatic
     compounds.

Alternative method   -   Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air
	pollutant which  is  not a  reference  or equivalent method but which
     has  been demonstrated to the Administrator's satisfaction to,  in
     specific cases,  produce results adequate for his determination of
     compliance.

Anodic electrodeposition   -   Electrodeposition in which the part being
	painted  is  wired to  serve as the anode  or   electron  donor.  This
     was  the  first type of electrodeposition  developed,  but has been
      largely  replaced by  cathodic electrodeposition which qives  better
      corrosion  protection.

 Applied  solids   -   Solids which  remain on the substrate  being  coated or
      painted.

 Architectural coatings -  Stock type or  shelf  coatings  which  are formu-
	lated for service under environmental conditions, and for  general

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     application on new and existing  residential,  commercial,  institu-
     tional, and industrial  structures.  These are  distributed through
     wholesale  -  retail  channels and purchased  by  the  general  public,
     painters, building contractors,  and others.

Aromatic solvent  - Solvents made  of compounds that contain an  unsat-
     urated ring  of  carbon  atoms,  typified  by  benzene's  structure.
     Xylene  and  toluene  are aromatic solvents often used in coatings.

Attainment area  -  An area which  is  considered  to  have air quality  as
     good as or better than  the  national  ambient  air quality standards,
     as defined by Section 107 of the Clean Air Act.   An area may be  an
     attainment  area  for one pollutant and  a non-attainment  area for
     others.

Automatic electrostatic spray  application - Electrostatic spray applied
     by a robot or other self-acting mechanism.  Automatic electrostatic
     spray can  be a  very  effient way to transfer coatings  to  the sub-
     strate thus reducing pollution  which  otherwise would  result from
     wasted paint overspray.

BACT  -  "Best available control  technology"  -  an  emission limitation
     based  on  the maximum  degree of emission reduction which (consi-
     dering energy,  environmental,  and  economic  impacts  and  other
     costs)  is achievable through application of production processes
     and available methods,   systems, and techniques.  In no event does
     BACT  permit emissions  in excess of those allowed under any appli-
     cable NSPS or NESHAP.   It   is  applicable on a case-by-case basis
     for each  major  new   (or modified)  emission source to be located
     in areas attaining  the  National  Ambient  Air Quality Standards.
     It applies  to  each   pollutant  regulated under the Act,   and   is
     concerned with Prevention  of Significant Deterioration (PSD). See
     Sections 165(a)(4) and 169  of the Clean Air  Act.

Baking temperatures - The  recommended temperatures for operation of the
     curing oven in which  a  coated part is baked  or cured to obtain op-
     timum properties.   The  amount of volatile  material released from
     the  coating  can  sometimes  increase  if  baking  temperature  is
     increased.

Banking  -   A  system  for recording qualified emission reductions for
     later use  in bubble,  offset, or netting transactions.

Base coat/Clear coat -  A two step finish coat system in which  a highly
     pigmented, often metallic,  basecoat is followed by a thicker clear
     coat.    It  reportedly  results  in  a  finish  with  high  gloss
     characteristics.

Bell  -  An electrostatic spray device in which the paint applicator  is
     shaped   like  a  bell.   This  bell revolves rapidly so that paint,
     metered  to the center of the bell,  is  thrown by certifugal force
     off of the edge as a fine mist.   High electrostatic voltage main-
     tained on  the  bell   also  contributes to keeping the paint spray
     a fine mist.   This  fine  mist  allows  electrostatic  forces  to

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     draw  the paint   to   the   part   being  coated very efficiently with
     verv   little  overspray.    The   bell  is one of the most efficient
     pieces of spray  equipment  with  transfer  efficiencies  commonly
     over   90  percent.    When  high  bell speeds are used  (over 30,000
     revolutions per minute)   then   high  solids  coatings may be sprayed
     more  easily than with other types of  spray  equipment.

Beverage can  -   A  can  used  for soft drinks  or  beer.

Binder -  Nonvolatile portion of the liquid portion  of a coating.  When
~ - the paint dries,  the binder becomes part  of  the  solid film   bind-
     ing the pigment particles together and cementing  the  paint film to
     the substrate over which it is applied.

Blushing   -  A film defect appearing as a milky opalescence which  some-
     times   appears  as the film or lacquer dries.    It  is often  caused
           the rapid solvent evaporation  cools   the  surface and  causes
      for  a  comparable   relaxation   of   controls  at a second
       oint wher^costs are  high.   The bubble  policy, -as ^
      in the  Federal  Register  December  11,   1979  (44  FR
      changes were proposed  on  April  7,  1982.

 Caoture  -  The containment or recovery  of  emissions from a  process  for
  ^direction  into  a   duct  which  may  be  exhausted through a  stack or
      sent to a control  device.  The  overall  abatement of  emissions from
      a process with an add-on  control device is a  function both  of  the
      capture efficiency  and of the control  device.

 Caoture device  -  A hood,  enclosed  room, floor sweep or  other  means of
 'collecting solvent or other pollutants into a duct.   The pol utant
      can then be directed to a pollution control device  sue  as an^n-
      cinerator or carbon adsorber.   Sometimes the term is used loosely
      to include the control device.

 Caoture Efficiency  -  The fraction of all organic vapors  generated by  a
   ^process  that  are  directed  to  an   abatement  or  recovery device.
  Carbon  Adsorber  -  An  add-on  control device which us« .
                    s1:
       surface on which it was formed.

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Catalytic incinerator -  A control  device which oxidizes  VOC  by  using  a
     catalyst to promote  the  combustion process.   The catalyst allows
     the combustion process to proceed at a lower temperature  (usually
     around  600°F  to  800°F)  than a conventional  thermal incinerator
     would require  (1,100 to 1,400°F),   resulting   in fuel savings  and
     lower cost incineration.

Cathodic electrodeposition  -  An  electrodeposition  paint application
     technique where the part being painted is the   cathode.   Cathodic
     electrodeposition gives superior corrosion resistant coatings   and
     has  largely  replaced  the  older  anodic  processes.    Cathodic
     electrodeposition is  often  used  to  apply  automobile primers.

Cellosolve  -  Proprietary  name for Union Carbide's brand of monoethyl
     ether of ethylene glycol,  C2H50CH2CH20H,  a commonly used  solvent
     for water borne coatings.   It  is  also  their generic  name for  a
     series  of  ethers  of  similar type such as methyl  cellosolve  and
     butyl cellosolve.

Cellulosic coating  -  A coating in which a large portion of  the solids
     are made up of  chemically  treated  cellulose.   Cellulose lacquers
     are  widely   used   in the  wood  furniture  industry   for topcoats.

Chalking - Formation of a powder on the  surface  of  a  paint film caused
     by disintegration of the binding due to weathering.

Clean Air Act - The Clean Air Act,  as amended,  provides  the  foundation
     for  EPA"'s  efforts  to improve air quality.   The Clean Air Act,
     building on earlier  legislation,  was passed in  1970,  and  was a-
     mended in 1977.

Clear coat  -  A  transparent  coating  usually  applied  over a  colored
     opaque  coat  to  give  improved gloss and protection to the color
     coat below.   In  some  cases  a  clear  coat  simply refers to  any
     transparent coating without regard to the substrate.

Chlorinated solvent - An organic solvent  which  contains  chlorine atoms
     as part of the molecular structure.   For example, methylene chlo-
     ride and  1,1,1  - trichloroethane,   the  most common, are used  in
     aerosol spray containers and in traffic paint.   Certain  chlorinat-
     ed solvents are exempt from some air pollution  regulations  because
     of their low photochemical  reactivity.

Coating -  A protective or decorative film applied  in a thin  layer to  a
     surface.   This  term  often applies to paints  such  as lacquers or
     enamels,  but  also  is  used  to refer to films applied to paper,
     plastics or foil.

Coating application station  -  The  part  of  a coating  line where  the
     coating is  applied.   In a  spray  operation  it  is the spray booth
     and is distinquished from the flash off area and oven.

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Coating head  -  The  coating  applicator in a roll  coater,  rotogravure
	coater or knife coating operation.

Coating solids  -   The  part  of  the  coating which remains after the
     coating is dried or cured.

Coil coating -  A very efficient metal coating operation in which sheet
     metal is unwound from a coil,  roller coated and rewound.  The me-
     tal  may  then  be  formed  into  products such as aluminum  siding,
     automobile parts or a variety of other items.

Compliance coating  - A coating whose  volatile organic compound content
	H does not exceed that allowed by regulation.   Compliance  coatings
     may be  water  borne,   low   solvent   (higher  solids)  or  powder.

Comoliance schedule - A negotiated agreement  between a pollution source
    P and   a   government   agency   that  specifies  dates and procedures by
     which a  source will  reduce  emissions  and,   thereby,  comply with  a
     regulation.

Condensation   -   A  method   of  solvent  recovery in  which  the vaporized
	solvent  is  liquified generally by cooling.

 Control  -  In the air pollution  field, this means the  abatement  of poll-
^^^Mutants  which  might  be exhausted into the atmosphere.    It  often
      refers  to the  collection or destruction  efficiency of   an  add-on
      device  such as an incinerator or carbon adsorber   as   opposed to
      capture of the pollutants into the  device.

 Control  device - Any  equipment which reduces  the quantity of a pollutant
      that is emitted to the air.   The device may destroy  or secure the
      pollutant  for subsequent recovery.   Examples  are  incinerators,
      carbon adsorbers and condensers.

 Control device efficiency  -   The ratio of the pollution released by  a
 ^control device  and the  pollution introduced to the control device
      expressed as a percentage.

 Control Technique Guidelines  (CTG) -  A  series of documents prepared  by
      EPA to  assist   States   in  defining   reasonable  available  control
      technology  (RACT) for major sources  of volatile  organic compounds
       (VOC)    The documents provide information on  the economic and
      technological feasibility  of  available techniques;   and,  in some
      cases,   suggest limits on  VOC emissions.

  Cowta11   .   small  marks   of  paint applied to wood  furniture to give  an
       antique  effect.

  Catering  -  A paint  film imperfection which appears as  tiny  depressions
       Tnthe  surface.

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Criteria pollutant - A pollutant for which a criteria  document  has  been
     issued as described by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act.   Criteria
     pollutants are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone,   particulate
     matter, and  carbon  monoxide.   A  National  Ambient  Air   Quality
     Standards (NAAQS) exists for each  criteria pollutant.

CTG  -  A Control  Technique Guideline.

Cure volatiles -  Reaction products which  are emitted  during the chemi-
     cal reaction  which takes place in  some coating films  at  the  cure
     temperature.    These  emissions  are   other  than  those  from the
     solvents in the coating.

Curing oven  -  A   heating  chamber  where  wet paint  solidifies either
     by drying  or  by  chemical   cross  linking  of   the  paint film.

Designated pollutant  -   A pollutant which is not a criteria pollutant
     (as described in Section 108 of the Clean Air Act)  nor a hazardous
     air pollutant (as defined in Section  112 of the Clean  Air  Act)  but
     for which new source performance standards exist.   States are  re-
     quired to control these pollutants under Section  Hid  of the Clean
     Air Act.  Designated pollutants are acid mist, total reduced sulfur
     (TRS), and fluorides.

Disk  -   An electrostatic spray application device which consists  of  a
     rapidly spinning metal disk onto which paint is fed.  The  paint is
     slung off the edge of the rotating disk by centrifugal   force   and
     the paint is  formed into a fine mist.   This device applies paint
     with high transfer efficiency.

Distress  -   A mechanical deforming of the surface of a piece  of  wood
     fuTniture during the coating process  to give an antique appearance.

Dip coating  -   Method of applying a coating in which the  substrate is
     dipped into a tank of coating and  then withdrawn.

Doctor blade - Method of applying a coating in which a flat metal strip
     or blade is mounted such that it scrapes off excess coating from  a
     roll or rotogravure coater before  the coater contacts  the  paper or
     other substrate being coated.

EDP - See Electrodeposition.

Elastomer  -  A  natural  or  synthetic  polymer  which has rubber-like
     properties.

Electrocoat - See  Electrodeposition.

Electrodeposition  -  Dip coating method in which an electrical  field is
     used to promote the  deposition  of  the coating  material  onto the
     part.   The part being painted acts as an electrode which  is oppo-
     sitely changed  from  the  particles  of  paint  in   the  dip tank.

Electron beam  -  A  method  of  curing coatings which uses high energy
     radiation to  cross-link polymers.

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 Electrostatic  spray  - A method of applying a spray coating in which op-
      posite  electrical charges are applied to  the  substrate  and  the
      coating.   The  coating is attracted to the object by the  electro-
      static  potential between them.

 Elpo  - See Electrodeposition.

 Emission reduction - The decrease in VOC emitted when (1) a low solvent
      coating is  used in place  of a higher  solvent coating  or  (2)  an
      add-on  control  device (such  as  carbon  adsorber or incinerator) is
      used on  a process.   Emission  reduction  is  often expressed  as  a
      percentage.  Figure B-2  in Appendex B allows  rapid  estimation  of
      the percent reduction when one coating is substituted for another.

 Emulsion -   A  two   phase  liquid system in which small droplets of one
      1iquid  are uniformly dispersed throughout the second.

 Enamel - A coating that cures by chemical cross-linking of its base re-
      sin.    Enamels can be readily distinguished from lacquers  because
      enamels are not resoluble in their original  solvent.

 End sealing  compound  -   A viscous coating used to form a seal  or
      gasket  between the end of a can and the can body.

 Equivalent method -  Any  method of  sampling and  analyzing for an  air
      pollutant which has  been  demonstrated to the Administrator's satis-
      faction to have a consistent and quantitatively known relationship
      to the  reference method, under specific conditions.

 Exempt solvent  -   Specified organic compounds that are not subject to
      the requirements of a regulation.    Such  solvents  that have been
      deemed of negligible photochemical reactivity by EPA  are:    meth-
      ane, ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform),   methylene
      chloride, trichl orof1uoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane
      (CFC-12), chlorbdifluoromethane (CFC22),  trifluoromethane (FC-23),
      trichlorotrifluoroethane  (CFC-113),  dichlorotetraf1uoroethane
      (CFC-114), and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115).

 Existing source  -  Any stationary source of air pollution other than  a
      new source.

Exterior basecoat -  A coating applied  to the outside of a beverage can
      toprovide   both  corrosion   resistance  and  as a background for
      lithography  or printing.

Face velocity - The velocity  of air through  a  oaint spray  booth.   Where
     people are working,   health regulations usually require  this  velo-
     city to be at  least 100 feet per minute.  When electrostatic spray-
      ing is  used a  face  velocity  of 60 feet per minute  is  permitted.

Fabric coating  -  A process  which applies  a uniform layer of polymeric
      resin   on  a  supporting  fabric  substrate.   Typical  coatings  are
     rubbers, urethanes,  vinyls,  and acrylics.

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Fabric printing  - A process which applies  a decorative,  usually multi-
     colored pattern on a fabric substrate.

Filler -  A thick coating applied to wood furniture  to  fill  large  pores
     in the wood.

Film former - The part of a coating that remains  on  the substrate  after
     the cure.   Some film formers may be liquid  but polymerize to form
     a  solid  when  the  coating  is  baked  to   the  requisite curing
     temperature.

Film thickness  -   The  thickness of the dry cured  coating  on the sub-
     strate.   Film thickness varies with application,   but  coatings  on
     metal generally range from 0.5 to 4 mils.

Flashoff zone -  The area within  a  plant where solvents  evaporate from a
     coating  during  the  interval between coats or before  the painted
     object enters a bake oven.

Flat screen printer  - A semi continuous process for  printing on fabric.
     The fabric is placed on a belt, the belt and fabric are moved into
     position under the flat screen, and the belt is stopped.  The flat
     screen, on which print paste has been applied is mechanically low-
     ered onto the fabric.   A squeegee moves across the screen forcing
     print paste through a pattern onto the fabric.   The screen is then
     raised and the fabrics  and  belt are indexed to the next position
     to receive  another  screen  and another  color  on  the pattern.

Flexible packaging - Use of paper, aluminum foil, cellophane or plastic
     films either singly or in combination to  produce   bags,  pouches,
     and wraps  for  consumer and  industrial  products.   The flexible
     package will typically  be  less  than 50 micrometers (0.002 inches)
     thick and will usually conform to the shape of the item(s) it con-
     tains.

Flexible vinyl products  -   Those  products  composed   of  a supported
     ornonsupportedvinyl  sheet  or coating and more than 50 micro-
     meters (0.002 inches) thick.   This  term  does  not. include  vinyl
     resilient floor coverings.

Flexography -  A method of printing in which the image  areas are  raised
     above the non-image areas.   The image carrier is made of rubber or
     other elastomeric material.

Floor sweep -  A vapor collection duct designed to capture vapors  which
     are heavier than air and which collect along the floor.

Flow coat  -  Method  of  applying  coating  to  an object in which the
     coating  is poured on the object.

Fluidized bed coating -  A powder coating technique in  which the  powder
     is applied by lowering the part to be coated into  a fluidized con-
     tainer of powder. The powder  is "fluidized" by blowing air through
     the powder from the bottom of the container.

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Fly speck  -  Small spots of paint that are sprayed onto wood furniture
     to creatp an antique affect.

Freedom of information request  -  A  request   for   information  from a
     Federal  government agency pursuant to the  Freedom  of  Information
     Act.

Fugitive emissions - Emissions not caught by  a capture system.

General provisions - Suhpart A of part 60 - Standard of Performance for
     MewStationary  Sources in 40 CFR 60.    This subpart contains in-
     structions  on  monitoring  and  recordkeeping  and definitions of
     terms generally used in the program for  development of   new  source
     performance standards.

Glaze -  Small amount of color coating added  to wood furniture  to high-
     light and give character to the wood.    These  are  often  manually
     wiped to remove most of the color.

Gloss -  A property of paints and enamels which can be characterized by
     measuring  the  specular  reflectance   of the film using ASTM test
     D 523-67 (1972) Test for Specular Gloss.    The 60-degree specular
     gloss  test  is   usedfor   allexcept   flat paints.   A  measure-
     ment of   65  or  more   characterize  the  material   as   "gloss".
     Semi gloss  paints  are   those  with  readings  between  about 30 to
     65;  "flats" when tested at an 85 degree  angle have readinqs below
     15.

Grain raising -   Swelling of the fibers of wood caused by absorbed li-
     quids, especially water.  Grain raising  causes the surface of wood
     to look  and feel  rough.

Handheld electrostatic  - A hand held spray  gun which uses  electrosta-
     ticstoimprove  efficiency.   This   application  gives  higher
     transfer efficiency than nonelectrostatic hand held spray.

Hazardous pollutant -   An air pollutant to  which no ambient  air quality
     standard is applicable  and which causes  or contributes  to  air pol-
     lution  which  may  reasonably  be  anticipated  to  result   in an
     increase  in  serious  irreversible  or  incapacitating  reversible,
     illness.   This definition is given in  Section 112 of the Clean Air
     Act.  Hazardous pollutants  include asbestos, mercury,  beryllium,
     benzene,  arsenic,  vinyl chloride and radionuclides.

Higher-solids coatings  - Paints containing  considerably higher  solids
     than has been conventional  in the past.  Usually paints  with  great-
     er than  60 percent solids by volume are  considered  higher  solids
     coatings  although the term is often applied to  any   coating which
     meets any of EPA's Control  Technique Guidelines.    Formerly, under
     California's Rule 66,  a  high  solids paint  is one  containing not
     less than BO percent solids  by volume.

Hood  -  A partial  enclosure or canopy for  capturing and  exhausting,  by
     means of a draft,   the  organic vapors  or  other fumes rising  from a
     coating  process or other source.

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Hood capture efficiency  -  The emissions  from a  process  which  are  cap-
     tured by the hood and directed into the control  device,  expressed
     as a percent of all  emissions.

Hot melt adhesive - Adhesive which  is applied in  a  molten condition and
     cools rapidly to form a solid.   Hot  melt adhesives  contain  little
     or no volatile organic solvents.

Hydrocarbon -  An organic compound  consisting only  of carbon  and  hydro-
     gen.   Sometimes  the  term  hydrocarbon  is  used   loosely   (but
     incorrectly) to refer to any organic  compound.

Infrared (I. R.)  -  Electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths  between
     0.78 and 1.0 micrometer  (780  to 1000  nanometer)  sometimes used to
     cure coatings.

Inside spray -   Coating  applied  (sprayed)  on the  inside  of  cans  to
     provide a protective film between  the  contents  of the  can and the
     can body.

Isocyanate - A compound containing  the functional group,  -N=C=0.   These
     functional  groups may be crosslinked  with a  hydroxy'l   containing
     material  to  form  urethane  polymers  which   are often  used  in
     coatings.

Knife coater  -  A coater used primarily for paper  or fabric  webs which
     employs an  adjustable  blade  or  "knife"  to  distribute a  liquid
     coating evenly over a moving web surface.

LAER  -  "Lowest achievable emission rate" - Pursuant to  Section  171(1)
     of the Clean Air Act,  LAER  is  that  rate  of emissions which re-
     flects:

         (a)  the most stringent emission  limitation which is contained
     in the implementation plan of any State for  such class  or  category
     of sources,  unless  the  owner or operator  of the proposed  source
     demonstrates that such limitations are not achievable;  or

         (b)  the  most stringent emission limitation which  is  achieved
     in practice by such class or category of source, whichever is more
     stringent.

     In no event,  however, shall the application of this term permit a
     proposed new or modified source to emit any  pollutant in excess of
     the  amount  allowable  under  applicable  new source standards of
     performance.  Areas of the country that have not attained  national
     ambient air quality  standards may require LAER  on  new  sources of
     pollution.

Lacquer  -  A coating which dries primarily by solvent evaporation, and
     hence is resoluble in its original solvent.
                                   10

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Lamination -  The process of adhering two  web  surfaces  together to form
     a single composite material.   Paper,  fabric,  foil  and plastic film
     may be laminated to each other.

Latex  -  A dispersion of rubber,   synthetic  resin or   polymers used  in
     paints, adhesives, or coatings.

LEL - See lower explosive limit.

LEL Meter  -  A device used to measure the concentration  of  combustible
     vapors in an air sample.

Less water -  A term used by the Environmental Protection Agency  in  its
	series of  Guidelines  to the States  on  development  of  regulations
     for the coating industry  and  subsequently adopted  by  many  States
     in their regulations.  The  term usually appears  in  the expression
     "pounds of volatile organic compound per gallon  of  coating   (less
     water)".

Letter press - A method of printing in which  the image areas are  raised
	above the background area.   The  mechanism  which  transfers   the
     image is made of metal or other relatively hard material.

Lithography  - See off-set lithography.

Lower Explosive Limit -  (LEL) -  The concentration of a compound  in  air
	below which  a  flame will  not propagate   if the mixture  is  ignited.

Low-solvent  coating  -   A  coating which  contains a  lower amount  of
	volatile organic  compound  (VOC)  than conventional  organic  solvent
     borne  coatings.  Low  solvent  coatings usually fall  into the three
     major  groups  of  higher  solids,  waterborne  or  powder  coatings.

Magnet wire  - Wire used  in  equipment such as  electrical motors,  genera-
	tors   and   transformers.   Magnet  wire  is  coated with an elec-
      trically  insulating  varnish or enamel.

Maintenance  coatings  -   Coatings  used for bridges, chemical plants and
      other heavy  duty  industrial type applications.

Major modification   (with  respect  to Prevention of Significant Deterio-
	ration  and New  Source Review)  -  This term is defined as in Section
      111  of the  Clean  Air Act  with two changes:    (1)  includes only
      modifications  to   major  stationary  sources  and   (2)   provides
      significant pollutant increase levels below which a modification is
      not considered  major.    (See  Section 111  (a)  of  the Clean Air Act,
      40 CFR 51.24(b)(2),  (23);  52.2Kb)  (2), (23); and 51.18(j) (vi),
      (viii)).

 Major stationary source  -  This  term  is  used to  determine  the applica-
	bility of prevention of significant  deterioration (PSD) and nonat-
      tainment new source review  regulations.    In a nonattainment area,
      any stationary  source that  has  the potential  to  emit more than  TOO
      tons per year is considered a  major stationary  source.   In  PSD
                                    11

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      areas,  the  cut-off level  maybe  either 100  or  250 tons  per year
      depending on  the  type of  source.   (See Subsection  169 and 302(j)
      of  the  Clean Air Act  and 40 CFR Section 51.24(b)(l)  52.21 (b)0)
      and 51.18(j)(l)(i)-(vi)).

 Make-up  air  -  Fresh air drawn  in from outside the plant to replace the
      dirty   solvent  laden  air from a coating operation or drying oven
      that is exhausted  from the building.   This  make-up  air  must be
      heated  in the winter  to  room temperature  or even to oven tempera-
      ture, thus accounting for  a large energy usage.

 Make-up  solvent  -  Portion  of  solvent required to compensate for the
      amount  Tost,  normally  via  evaporation,  during a manufacturing
      process.

 Manufacturer's formulation -  A list of substances or component parts of
      coatings as described by the maker of the coatings.   This  may be
      used, in  many  cases,  to  calculate  the volatile  organic  compound
      content of a coating.

 Marine paint - A coating used on ships or boats.

 Material  balance  -  A calculation based on conservation of mass,  i.e.,
      the amount of material going into a process is  equal to the amount
     which leaves the process.   This  relationship   is  often   used to
      estimate solvent losses from coating operations.

 Metallic paint -  Paint containing tiny flecks  of aluminum or other me-
      tal  often used for painting  automobiles  because  of the attractive
      appearance of the paint.

 Method 18 - An  EPA  test  method which uses gas chromatographic techniques
     to measure the concentration of individual  volatile organic
     compounds in a gas stream.

 Method 24 - An EPA reference method to determine density, water content
     and total  volatile  content (water and VOC)  of  coatings.  (40  CFR
     Part 60 Appendix A)

 Method 25 - An EPA reference method  to determine  the  VOC concentration
     of a gas stream.  (40 CFR Part 60 Appendix  A)

 Metric ton - A unit of weight equivalent to 2,204.6  pounds  or one  mega-
     gram (10° grams).

Mini-bell  -  An electrostatic spray application device using a rapidly
     rotating bell  to  atomize  paint.  The  bell  is of  small diameter giv-
     ing rise to the  name mini-bell.

Mil - A unit of length  equal  to  one  thousandth  of an  inch.

Miscellaneous metal  parts   -    As  used in  the  Environmental  Protection
     Agency'sControlTechnique Guidelines, any metal  parts excluding
                                   12

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     those produced in can,  coil  coating,  magnet wire, metal  furniture,
     and large appliance plants,  and  also  excluding automobile,  ship,
     and airplane bodies.

Model plant - A description  of a  typical but theoretical plant used for
     developing economic, environmental  impact,  and energy impact
     analyses  as support for regulations  or regulatory  guidelines.
     It  is  an  imaginary plant  the  parameters  of which are  typical
     of  existing  or future plants.   The  parameters  are used to esti-
     mate the cost of incorporating air  pollution control technology
     as the first step in exploring the  economic impact  of a  potential
     NSPS.  Such  analyses  are  a  fundamental  part  of  the development
     of a standard,  as  recorded in the  Background Information
     Document.

Modified source  -   An existing  facility  in which a  physical change in
     the facility, or a change in  method  of operation, increases the
     amount of any air pollutant   (to which  a standard applies) emitted
     into the atmosphere by  that  facility  or which results in the emis-
     sion of any air pollutant  (to which  a  standard  applies)  into the
     atmosphere not previously emitted.

Monomer - The starting compound for a polymerization  reaction.

NAAQS   -   National  Ambient Air  Quality Standards are developed by EPA
     pursuant to Section 109 of the Clean  Air Act.    They are standards
     which,  in  the  judgement  of   the   Administrator  of EPA, must be
     attained  and  maintained  in  order  to protect  the public health,
     with allowance for an adequate margin of safety. "Secondary" NAAQS
     similiarly specify a level necessary  to protect  the public welfare.
     NAAQS exist for nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,  particulate matter,
     ozone and carbon monoxide.

NAPCTAC  -  "The National Air Pollution  Control  Techniques Advisory Com-
     mTttee", a group constituted pursuant to §  117 of the CAA consist-
     ing of representatives  from  industry, universities, local  air pol-
     lution control agencies, and environmental  groups.  The  committee
     meets at the request of the  Agency  to assist in  the development of
     NSPS and NESHAP's.

Naphtha - Any of several hydrocarbon  solvents, or their  mixtures, which
     are derived from petroleum products or  coal  tar. These may be com-
     posed of aliphatic or aromatic compounds.

NESHAP -  National Emission  Standards for  Hazardous Air  Pollutants, re-
     gulations as defined in Section  112 of  the  Clean Air Act which re-
     gulate asbestos, mercury, beryllium,  benzene, arsenic, vinyl chlo-
     ride,  radionuclides and any other substance for which  no ambient
     air quality standard is applicable  and  which in the judgement of
     the EPA Administrator may cause  an  increase  in  mortality,  or an
     increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating  reversible ill-
     ness. (40 CFR Part 61)
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New source -  Any stationary source the construction or modification  of
     which commences after the publication of  regulations   or prooosed
     regulations which prescribe a  standard of  performance   which  is
     intended to apply to  that  type of air  pollution  emission source.

New source performance standards -  see NSPS.

NOR stain -  Non-grain raising stain used  on wood furniture.   These are
     usually organic borne because  of the  tendency   of  water  to cause
     the grain of wood to swell.

Nonattainment area - An area, as defined under Section 107  of the Clean
     Air Act,  which is in violation of one or  more  of  the  national
     ambient air quality  standards.

NSPS - New  source  performance standards,   i.e.   standards  for emission
     of air  pollutants  from  new,    modified   or   reconstructed  sta-
     tionary emission  sources  which  reflects  the  degree   of  emis-
     sion limitation  achievable through the  application of   the  best
     system of emission reduction which  (taking  into account the cost
     of achieving  such reduction)  the  administrator   determines has
     been adequately demonstrated.   The Clean Air Act usually refers  to
     these as  standards   of  performance  for new  stationary  sources.

OAQPS - The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,  a part of the
     U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency.

Offset lithography  -   A method of printing in which the  image area  of
     the printing roll is essentially at the same level as  the nonimage
     area.   The ink wets the image area only and  the nonimage area  is
     wetted by water.  Ink is transferred  from the  printing roll to the
     rubber surface on a  roll called the blanket cylinder which  trans-
     fers the ink to the  paper.  When a web or continuous  roll of paper
     is used, the process is called "web offset."

Olefins -  A  class  of unsaturated  aliphatic  hydrocarbons having one  or
     more double bonds.  The  double  bond makes these compounds highly
     chemically reactive  and useful as starting materials  for the manu-
     facture of other  compounds.   Examples are  ethylene and propylene.

Orange peel -  A paint surface appearance, characterized by small pits,
     resembling the surface texture of an  orange. Depending on the pro-
     duct,  this  may  be desirable  (appliances) or highly undesirable
     (automobiles).

Organic aerosol - Fine organic  particles  or  droplets  which remain dis-
     persed in the atmosphere.

Orgam'sol  -  A thick coating consisting of resin and plasticizers  and
     some  organic  solvent  which   is often used to coat  flexible sub-
     strates such as paper or fabrics.   It is similar  to   a plastisol
     except that an organise! contains more organic solvent.

Oven - Enclosed  area  in  which a coating is  heated  and baked or cured.
                                   14

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Overall control - The product of the capture efficiency and the control
     device efficiency gives an overall control efficiency for the pro-
     cess.

Overspray - That  solids  portion  of a coating  sprayed  from  a  spray ap-
     plicator which fails to adhere to the part being sprayed. (Applied
     solids plus  overspray  solids  equal  total  coating solids delivered
     by the spray application system.)

Overvarnish  -  Coating applied over the ink on the outside of beverage
     cans to provide gloss and protect the can from corrosion and abra-
     sion.

Oxygenated solvent  -   An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of
     the molecular structure.  Alcohols and ketones are oxygenated com-
     pounds often used as paint solvents.

Ozone  -   An oxygen molecule composed of three oxygen atoms.    It is a
     component of photochemical  smog and its concentration in  the  air
     is regulated by pollution control laws.   It  is a pollutant which
     meets the criteria of Section 110 of the Clean Air Act.

Paper coating  -   As used in Environmental Protection Agency's control
     technique guidelines, is the coating of paper, plastic film or me-
     tallic foil  usually  with a  roll,  knife,  or rotogravure  coater.

Percent capture  -  The ratio of solvent vapors collected into the cap-
     ture system to the amount of  solvent  vapors  released by  a process
     expressed as a percentage.

Photochemical  oxidant  -  Ozone and smaller amounts of other irritating
     chemicals such as  peroxyacetyl nitrate which are products of atmos-
     pheric reactions of volatile organic compounds,   NOX and sunlight.
     Photochemical q/idants are a major portion of  the  air  pollution
     commonly known as  "smog".

Photochemical  reactivity - Measure of the rate at which an organic com-
     pound reacts in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to  form pho-
     tochemical oxidants.

Pigment  -  A  finely ground  insoluble powder dispersed in a coating to
     gTve a characteristic color.

Pinhole - An imperfection in a paint film which resembles a hole caused
     By" penetration with a pin.

Plasticizer - A substance  added to a  polymer composition to soften and
     add flexibility to the product.

Plastisol   -  A coating made of a mixture of finely divided resin and a
     plasticizer.    It  is applied as a thick gel  which solidifies  when
     heated.
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Precursor - In photochemical  terminology,  a compound such  as a volatile
     organic compound which  "precedes" oxidant.   Precursors react  in
     sunlight to form ozone or other photochemical  oxidants.

Pressure sensitive adhesive - An adhesive  which,  when placed on  a  back-
     ing material,adheres  to another  surface   on  contact   without
     wetting, heating or adding a curing agent.

Primary heat recovery  -   A  method of conserving  energy  by using heat
     from incinerator exhaust gases to preheat the  inlet  gases   to the
     inci nerator.

Primer - First layer of coating applied to a surface.

Primer surfacer -   A coating, usually applied over  a thin  primer,  which
     gives  "Ixxly"  to the surface,  fills in irregularities and unlike
     the primer,  is intentionally thick enough  to  permit  sanding  with-
     out cutting through to bare metal.   A  topcoat  is applied over a
     primer surfacer.

Pot life  -  The amount of time a paint may be stored before it  hardens
     and can no longer be used.   This  usually   refers  to catalyzed or
     "two component"  coatings which may  have a pot  life  of only  a few
     hours after the two components are combined.

Powder coating - A coating applied as a dry powder  which,  when baked at
     sufficiently  high temperature, flows  out to form a continuous film.

Print paste - A pigmented coating used to  render designs on fabric, us-
     ually applied by the roller, rotary screen  or  flat  screen printing
     processes.  Mineral  spirits  are  the  solvent in  print  pastes.

Promulgation - The publication of a final  rule in the Federal Register.
     Promulgation   is  preceeded  by  a  formal proposal published in the
     Federal Register and an intervening public  comment  period.

Proposal -  The publication of a rule in a preliminary (not final) form
     in the  Federal  Register.   Usually  comments  are invited from the
     affected  public"!  ano"the  final  rule is promulgated only  after
     these comments are considered.

PSD  -   Prevention of Significant Deterioration  refers to regulations
     requiring preconstruction review of major new sources  and major mo-
     difications locating in attainment or  unclassified  areas  (clean
     air areas).  The requirements are outlined in  40 CFR  52.21, 40 CFR
     51.24, and Part D of the  Clean  Air Act.  The  objective of the PSD
     program is to assure that areas of the country that are relatively
     free from air pollution remain that way.

RACT - "Reasonably available control technology" -   the  lowest emission
     limit that a particular source is capable of meeting by the appli-
     cation of control technology that is  reasonably  available  consi-
     dering technological  and economic feasibility.   RACT  is  usually
     applied to existing sources  in  nonattainment areas  and  in  most
     cases is  less  stringent  than  new source performance standards.


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 Radiation cure   -    Method of curing or drying coatings by exposure to
     electromagnetic waves or particles such as infrared, ultra-violet,
     or electron beam.

 Reactive compound - A  volatile  organic compound  which  is  a precursor,
     i.e.,  reacts  in   the  atmosphere  to  form  photochemical  oxidants.
     Almost all  organic compounds  are  photoreactive,   but  a  few have
     such low  reactively that they  are  usually considered nonreactive.
     Solvents  that  have been  deemed of  negligible photochemical reac-
     tivity by EPA  are:   methane, ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
     (methyl chloroform),  methylene  chloride,   trichlorofluoromethane
     (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12),  chlorodifluoromethane
     (CFC-22), trifluoromethane  (FC-23),  trichlorotrifluoroethane
     (CFC-113), dichlorotetrafluoroethane  (CFC-114),  and  chloropenta-
     fluoroethane (CFC-115).

 Reconstructed  source   -   An existing facility in which components are
     replaced  to such  an extent that the fixed capital  cost of the new
     components exceed  50 percent of the fixed capital  cost that would
     be required to construct a  comparable entirely  new facility.  New
     source performance standards may  be applied  to  sources,  which are
     reconstructed after the proposal of the standard  if  it is techno-
     logically and economically feasible to meet the standard.

 Recovered solvent  -   Solvent which  is  extracted  from a process or ex-
     haust stream usually by adsorbtion or condensation.

 Reducing solvent - A solvent  added  to  dilute a coating usually for the
     purpose of lowering the coating's viscosity.

 Reference method -  Any method  of   sampling  and  analyzing  for  an  air
     pollutant which is published in Appendix A of 40 CFR 60.

 Regulatory alternative  -  Any of several air pollution  control  strate-
     gies or options  that  are  considered  during  the development  of  a
     regulation.   Each  such alternative  is  evaluated in terms  of cost
     of control and economic impact on the  industry.

 Release coating  -  A  coating  applied to a  substrate   (usually  a flexi-
     ble one)which  limits the  adherence  of  a  pressure  sensitive
     coating.   This  is used as  a covering  sheet for  pressure sensitive
     labels  so  that   the  labels can be pulled off and used.   The back
     side of adhesive  tapes   are  coated with  release coating  to allow
     the tape  to  be unrolled.

Reverse roll cpater  -   A roll type coater for paper,   film,   foil  and
     metal  coil which  applies  coating to the web  by  a  roll  which turns
     in a reverse direction  to the  direction   of  travel  of  the  web.
     This procedure is  said  to  reduce  striations  in  the   coating.

Roll  coating (Roller coating)   -  Method of applying  coating to a flat
     sheet or  strip in  which the coating is transferred by  a roller  or
     series of  rollers.
                                   17

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Rotary screen printer  -   A  widely   used  fabric  printing  technique  in
     which a moving fabric web passes in contact with  a  series  of  rota-
     ting drums.   The cylindrical drums have holes  in the  drum surface
     in the shape of a pattern.    Liquid print  paste is  forced  through
     the holes in the drum surface onto the fabric,   leaving  a pattern
     on the fabric surface.

Rotational electrostatic spray -  A spray paint device which  uses  a  ro-
     tating bell  or disk to shear the paint into  a  fine mist and  which
     efficiently  draws the paint onto the part  being  painted  by  elec-
     trostatic forces.

Rotogravure  -   A  method  of printing in  which the image  areas of  the
     printing roll are recessed relative to the background.  The  image
     is in the form of cells or cups  mechanically  or chemically  etched
     in the surface.   Typically,  a  gravure cell  is 35  microns deep  by
     125 microns  square, with 22,500  cells  in  the  square inch.

Rule 66  -   An  air pollution regulation passed by  the  Los Angeles  Air
     Pollution Control District in 1966.   This regulation  was  aimed at
     controlling  hydrocarbons and defined certain  types  of  compounds  as
     unreacting and exempt from control.  This  was one of  the first  VOC
     regulations,  was  very influential and was widely  copied  by  other
     juri si dictions.

Salt spray test - A test to determine corrosion resistance  of paints  by
     exposing a standardized steel panel to  a   salt  (sodium chloride)
     solution fog.   The  length  of  time until the panel  corrodes
     gives a measure of corrosion resistance of the  paint.

Sealer  -   A coating used to seal the pores of a  surface,  especially a
     wood surface, before additional  coats of paint or varnish  are add-
     ed.

Secondary heat recovery  -  Use of heat from an incinerator exhaust for
     uses within a plant such as heating an oven or a room.   This  is
     distinguished from primary  heat recovery   which  is  the use   of
     the hot  incinerator  exhaust gases to heat the inlet  gases to  the
     incinerator.

Section 111 - A section of the Clean Air Act which requires development
     of standards of performance for new stationary sources (new source
     performance standards).

Section Hid  -  A part of Section 111  of  the  Clean Air Act that regu-
     lates emissions  of  noncriteria  and  nonhazardous  air  pollutants
      (which are  the  so  called   "designated  pollutants").  After  EPA
     issues an NSPS  for a new source category, state air  agencies must
     submit to EPA a plan  to control emissions  of designated pollutants
     from existing sources in that category.

Section 112 - A section of the Clean Air Act which requires development
     of national   emission  standards   for  hazardous  air  pollutants.
                                    18

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Section 114  -  A section of the Clean  Air Act giving  the  Environmental
     Protection Agency authority for information gathering  inspections,
     and  monitoring  and  provides  for  EPA  personnel  to have  access
     into plants with air pollution emissions.

Shade  -   A color coat used on wood furniture which gives character to
^^the finish.   It is  often  applied  by  hand  wiping   with  a  rag.

SIC code -  Standard Industrial Classification, a numerical identifica-
^H^fn system developed by the U. S. Government for statistical  pur-
     purjosts  and  widely  used  by  business  firms.    Industries  are
     grouped  into  similiar  categories   and  each  category  is   given  a
     number representing the category.

Side seam  sealer -   A compound  for  protecting the side  seam  of three
     piece cans.

SIP  -   State Implementation  Plans  are  required  by  Section 110 of the
— Clean Air Act   as  amended.    Each  State is  to subnit  a plan to the
     EPA Adm  nistrator  which provides  for implementation   maintenance
     and enforcement of  the  national   ambient  air  quality standards.

 Smog - A common name for the visible haze which  results from air pollu-
	 tion containing photochemical  oxidants.

 Speciality printing  -   Printing  on   such  items as food packages and
 	5th er than printing of publications.

 Spray booth -  An  enclosed, ventilated area  used  for spray  painting.

 Solvent  -  A liquid used in a paint or coating to dissolve or disperse
 ^TTlm-forming constituents  and to adjust viscosity    I •evaporates
       during  drying  and  does   not  become  a  part  of the dried  film.

 Solvent density  -   The weight per unit volume of a solvent or solvent
       mixture    This  number is often  used  in calculating the VOC emis-
       s  Ss from coatings.  Densities  of common   organic  solvents range
       from 6.6 lb/gal to 9.5 Ib/gal.    The Environmental   Protection  A-
       gency has chosen  7.36 Ib/gal  as  an  average density of a coating
       solvent mixture to use in  some calculations.

  Solvent borne coating  -  Coatings which  contains  only organic solvents.
 	If water is  present,  it  is only  in  trace quantities.

  Stain  - A   wood   coating which  is used to give  color to wood.  Stains
  ^^usually have   low  solids  and  high  solvent   content,  i.e.,   often
       greater than  95% solvent by  volume.

            of oerformance -   Standards for  emission  of   air  pollutants
       from new   modVtled  or   reconstructed stationary  emission  sources
       which   reflect  the  degree   of   emission  limitation   achievable
       through the application  of  the   best system of emission reduction
       which   (taking  into account the cost of achieving such  reduction)
                                     19

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     the  administrator   determines   has  been adequately demonstrated.
     These are also commonly  known  as  new source performance standards
     (NSPS).

STAPPA -  State and Territorial  Air Pollution  Program Administrators.

Substrate - The surface to which a coating is applied.

Surface coating operation -  The application of a film which covers the
     surface of some object. Painting and varnishing are common surface
     coating  operations  as  are  coatings  applied  to fabric, paper,
     plastic film and metallic foil.

Surfacer - A coating applied over a primer to provide a uniform surface
     thTck  enough  to  permit  some  sanding before  application  of a
     topcoat.  Surfacer is also known as primer surfacer.

Textile printing  -   The decorative enhancement of cloth by applying a
     pattern or colored design with inks,  dyes,  or print pastes.   The
     design is usually applied by roller,  flat screen or rotary screen
     techniques.

Theoretical  VOC content  -   The quantity of VOC which will  be released
     during application,  flashoff  and cure per unit volume of coating
     (or coating solids).

Thermal incinerator  -   A  device  for  oxidizing  waste  material via
     flame and heat.  This contrasts with a catalytic incinerator which
     incorporates a catalyst to aid the combustion.

Thinner -  A liquid used to reduce the viscosity of a coating and which
     wTll evaporate before or during the cure of a film.

TLV -  Threshold Limit Values (TLV)  represent the air concentrations of
     chemical  substances  to  which it is believed that workers may be
     daily exposed without adverse effect.

Topcoat - The last coat applied in a coating system.

Total enclosure - An enclosure around the coating head of a  web coating
     lineor other coating application device so that all  volatile or-
     ganic compounds  (VOC)  from  the coating application and flashoff
     operations  are  collected  and ducted through a stack  or into the
     oven.   With  a total enclosure on a coating line there will be no
     fugitive emissions,  only stack emissions.   Some air pollution re-
     gulations may require a total  enclosure so that all VOC emitted by
     the process can be measured.

Total organic compound (TOO - Those compounds measured according to the
     procedures in an  applicable test method.

Touch-up coating - Often, after a metal  part such as an automobile  body
     or large appliance goes through a coating line,  small  paint imper-
     fections will be  present which  are corrected later in  a  separate
                                   20

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     spray booth.  This process is called "touch-up".   Volatile organic
     compounds from this repair process may be treated differently than
     emissions from the main coating line in regulations.

Trade Association - An organization formed by members  of an  industry  to
     promotetfie  business  of the industry as a whole or to encourage
     scientific and technical  advances which will benefit the industry.
     Government air pollution  regulators  often talk  to trade associa-
     tions  who  have  an interest in volatile organic compound regula-
     tions.  Prominent among these are:

          American Petroleum Institute
          American Society for Testing Materials
          Can Manufacturers Institute
          Chemical Manufacturers Association
          Flexible Packaging Association
          Graphic Arts Technical Foundation
          International Gas Cleaning Institute
          Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
          National Coil Coaters Association
          National Paint and Coatings Association
          National Spray Equipment Manufacturers Association
          Powder Coating Institute
          Rubber Manufacturers Association

Trade journal  -  A magazine devoted to the interests  of a specific in-
     dustry.

Trade sales  -  Paint sold as shelf goods through retail outlets to the
     general public and used mainly for coating of architectural  struc-
     tures.

Traffic paint  -  Any coating used for traffic control such as to paint
     center! ines on highways and also  for  parking lot and curb markings.

Transfer efficiency  -   The ratio of the amount of coating solids depo-
     sited  onto  the  surface of the  coated  part to the total amount of
     coating solids used.

Three-piece can - A  can  made  of three different pieces, a body, a top,
     and a bottom.

Two component paint  -  A  coating  which is manufactured in two compo-
     nents which must  be maintained  separate until  shortly  before use.
     When  mixed,  the  two  liquids  rapidly  crosslink  to  form  a solid
     composition.

Two-piece can -  A can which consists of a body and bottom manufactured
     from a single piece of steel or aluminum  and a separate top which
     is attached to the body.

Units  -  In air pollution regulatory usage,  units are the dimentional
     quantities such as length,  weight,  or volume  in  which an air pol-
     lution regulation or a guideline is expressed.   In the series of
                                   21

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     reports known as Control Techniques Guidelines, suggested RACT le-
     vels are given in units of "Ibs of VOC per gallon of coating (less
     water)".   The  metric euivalent of this can also be used:   "Kg of
     VOC per liter of coating  (less water)".   For  new source perfor-
     mance standard regulations,   units  of  "Kg  of  VOC  per liter of
     coating solids" have been used.   These  latter  units permit easier
     consideration of transfer efficiency  in  any  calculations that are
     required.  Figure B-l, in Appendix B, allows  rapid  calculation of
     the solvent  content,   in  pounds  of  VOC/gallon  of coating  (less
     water) of three important types  of coatings when  the  volume  per-
     cent solids is known.

Urethane coating - A one or two part coating which contains polyisocya-
     nate monomer and a hydroxyl -containing material which react during
     cure to form polyurethane.  The basis reaction is:
                       R2OH — >R1NHCOOR2.
Ultraviolet (UV)  -  Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength between 10
     and 400 nanometer.   Sources of UV are used to cure coatings which
     are specially designed for this purpose.

Vapor capture system -  Any combination of hoods and ventilation system
     that captures or contains organic vapors  in order that they may be
     directed to an abatement or recovery device.

Varsol   -  The brand name of Exxon produced mineral  spirits..  Varsol  is
     often used  as  the  solvent  in  print paste  for fabric  painting.

Vinyl plastisol -  An  emulsion  of  polyvinyl   chloride  (PVC)   resin,
     plasticizers, emulsifiers and stabilizers.    It might contain a
     small amount  of  diluent,   1-5  percent,  for  viscosity   control.

Vinyl printing ink  -  Any  mixture  or  solution containing a  polymeric
     resin  and dye or pigment which  is  applied in decorative patterns
     to  vinyl  sheets  or  coated   webs  using a  rotogravure printing
     process.

Vinyl printing and top-coating  -  The application  of a  decorative pat-
     tern to a vinyl sheet or coated web with  a  rotogravure type print-
     ing press.   Frequently a thin,   protective top coat is applied by
     the last print head of the press.

Viscosity - A measure of a coating's  resistance  to  flow.

VOC - See volatile organic compound.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)   -  Any organic  compound which partici-
     pates in atmospheric photochemical  reactions;  that  is, any  organic
     compound other than those which  the  Administrator   designates  as
     having negligible photochemical  reactivity.   VOC  may be measured
     by a reference method,  an equivalent method, an alternative method
     or by procedures specified under any subpart.   A reference  method,
                                   22

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      an  equivalent  method,  or an alternative method, however, may also
      measure  nonreactive  organic compounds.   In such cases, an owner or
      operator may exclude*the  nonreactive organic compounds when deter-
      mining compliance with  a  standard.   The  Administrator has desig-
      nated  the  following   organic  compounds  as negligibly reactive:
      methane,  ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane  (methyl chloroform), methy-
      lene chloride,  trichlorofluoromethane   (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoro-
      methane  (CFC-12), chlorodifluoromethane (CFC22),  trifluorornethane
      (FC-23),  trichlorotrifluoroethane  (CFC-113),  dichlorotetrafluoro-
      ethane (CFC-114), and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115).

 Volume percent solids -   The portion of a coating which remains as part
      of  the cured film expressed as percent  by volume.    This contrasts
      to  another convention of  expressing solids content  by weight per-
      cent.  Often a percentage is given without specifying whether vol-
      ume or weight.   This   is confusing and leads to errors in coating
      calculations.  Fiaure B-l in Appendix B allows quick estimation of
      the solvent content, in pounds  of  VOC  per  gallon  of coating (less
      water),  when the volume percent solids  is known.

 Washcoat  -   A wood  furniture coating which is applied after the body
      stain.   It seals the wood surface and stiffens the wood fibers for
      subsequent sanding.

 Waterborne coating  -  A  coating  which contains more  than five weight
      percent  water in its volatile fraction.

 Waterwash spray booth  -  A  spray  booth  in  which water is used to col-
      lect overspray.  Ventillation  air  is drawn through the  water  and
      paint overspray  is   captured in  the  water from  which  it can  be
      recovered  as  sludge.    The  waterwash may help the booth to be
      kept free of  overspray   buildup  and may reduce  the  necessity  of
      frequent  cleanings.

 Weather resistance  -  The   ability  to  undergo  exposures  to  weather
     without  failure, which  is an important paint characteristic.   Many
      new paints are  tested   by  exposure  to weather for several  years
     before the paint is  judged acceptable for specific use.

 Web coating -   Coating of fabric,  paper,  plastic  film, metalic  foil,
     metal  coil or  other  products   which  are  flexible enough  to  be
     unrolled   from a  large   roll,   coated by  blade,  roll  coating  or
     rotogravure  as  a continuous   sheet  and,  after  cure,   rerolled.

Weight percent solids -   The portion of a  coating which remains as  part
     of the cured film expressed as  percent  by weight.    This  contrasts
     to another convention  of  expressing  content  by  volume  percent.
                                  23

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                     APPENDIX A



          SURFACE COATING EMISSION CALCULATIONS


                  How to Determine

The volume of coating needed to do a particular job

The  difference  (expressed   as   a percentage)  in  emissions
between two coatings

The emission  reduction  (expressed  as  a  percentage)  needed to
meet an emission limit

The effect of improvements in transfer efficiency
                           25

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0    HOW MUCH  COATING  IS NEEDED TO DO A PARTICULAR JOB?

     The same  volume of coating solids must be deposited on an object
to coat  it  to a desired  film thickness  regardless  bT the  type  of
coating or volatile organic  compound content  of  the coating used.
Solids make the film.   Volatiles  (VOC, water, and non-photochemically
reactive solvents)  evaporate.

     Four gallons of a 25  volume  percent (v/o) solids coating must be
used to get one gallon of  coating solids.
                        VOC
                      SOLIDS
                                           VOC
SOLIDS
                        VOC
                       SOLIDS
 VOC
                                          SOLIDS
 But, only two gallons of a 50 v/o solids coating must be used  to  get
 one gallon of coating solids.
                         VOC
                                            VOC
                        SOLIDS
                                           SOLIDS
                                    26

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     This means that twice as much work  can  be  done with a gallon of
50 v/o solids coating than with a gallon of  25  v/o solids coating.
Twice as many  gallons  of 25  percent  solids coating are needed than
gallons of 50 percent solIds coating to  do the  same job.
     HOW DO EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT COATINGS COMPARE?

     Comparisons of the percent  difference  1n emissions  between  two
coatings, or between a coating and an emission limit, must be done on
a solids basis.
VOC.
     Each gallon of the 25 v/o  solids  coating  contains  5.5  pounds  of
                                5.5 IBS.

                                  VOC
                                SOLIDS
     So,  for  each  gallon of  coating solids, 22.0 pounds  of VOC are
emitted.
      5.5 pounds VOC
      gallon  coating
4 gallons coating
 gallon solids
      Each  gallon  of  the  50 v/o  solids coating  contains  3.7 pounds
 of  VOC.
                                   27

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     So, for each  gallon  of  coating  solids,  7.4  pounds  of VOC  are
emitted.
          3.7 pounds VOC
          gal ion coating
                                 2  gallons  coating
                                  gallon  solids
     Thus, emissions from the  50  v/o  solids coatings are 66  percent
less than  from  the 25  v/o   solids  coating  when  providing  an  equal
amount of solids to the  process.
                  22.0-7.4
                                   0.66
0  WHAT EMISSION REDUCTION IS NEEDED TO MEET AN EMISSION  LIMIT?

     This calculation,  which must also be done on a solids  basis,
is the  same  as  that   used  above  tocompare  emissionsi   from  two
different coatings.

     A coater who uses a 25 v/o  solids  coating containing  5.5 pounds
of VOC per  gallon,  less  water, must  reduce emissions  by  66 percent
to meet an emission  limit of 3.7 pounds of VOC per gallon,
less water.
   HOW MUCH DO IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSFER EFFICIENCY  HELP  A SOURCE  TO
   COMPLY?
     The coater may want to use a coating that does not comply  with  a
regulation and compensate by  improvements  in  the  transfer  efficiency
with which  the  coating  is  applied  to  meet  an  equivalent  emission
level.  In order to calculate  credit for VOC  reductions  which  result
from improvements in transfer efficiency, calculations  should be  done
using units of:

                             Ib VOC
                      gallon son as deposited

     These units are determined  by dividing Ib VOC/gallon  solids  by
the transfer efficiency expressed as a decimal  fraction.   For
example, if the starting transfer efficiency is 60 percent,  the units
would be:
                                                  1.0 gal  solids
     Ib VOC	  =      Ib VOC	   x     in coating used
                                                  U.bU gal  solids
gal  solids deposited
(with the old system)
gal  solids
in coating used
                                                    deposited
                                28

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     If the  same  paint  were  now  to  be  sprayed  with  90 percent
transfer efficiency,  the  new value would he:

                                              1.0  gal  solids
     1b VOC         =   1b VOC            x   in coating used
gallon solids           gallon solids         0.90 gal  solids
  deposited             in coating used         deposited
(with new system)

     If both  the  solvent  content of  the coating  and the  transfer
efficiency are changed, the situation becomes:

                                                   1.0 gal   solids  in
     lb VOC               =       Ib VOC       v    new coating  used
gal solids deposited          gal  solids in          j gal  solids
(with new paint and           new coating              deposited
new transfer efficiency)      used

where j  =  the  new  transfer  efficiency  expressed  as  a  decimal

     Expressed in  these  units,  the  emissions  from  the  old and  new
systems can be directly compared to determine the reduction achieved.

NOTE:  For  metal  furniture  and  appliance  coating,  the  EPA  has
recommended* that credit for transfer efficiency be given from a base-
line of  60  percent  transfer  efficiency  (TE).   For  example,   if  a
company goes from  35 percent TE to 85 percent TE, credit should only
be given  for going  from 60 percent TE  to 85  percent  TE to  avoid
rewarding a source that has  historically had poor transfer efficiency
- hence a high emission rate.

     The rationale  for  this is  that 60  percent  TE  is  a  reasonable
transfer efficiency  to  achieve   for these  industries,  and  credit
should only be given for exceeding 60 percent TE.

     For the automobile industry, the CTG recommendation for baseline
transfer efficiency  is  30  percent  TE  for  both  primer  surfacer and
topcoat.  This  is  the  efficiency at which waterborne  coatings were
applied at two existing assembly plants.
 * Memo from G. T.  Helms,  Chief,  Control  Programs Operations Branch,
 EPA,  to Chief, Air Programs  Branch,  EPA  Regions  I-X,   "Appropriate
 Transfer Efficiencies  for  Metal Furniture and Large Appliance
 Coating",  November  28,  1980.
                                29

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                             APPENDIX B
                        RAPID CONVERSION AIDS*
* The  graphs  Tn  this  appendix are  based on  graphs  on  Page 1-4  and
on Page D-4  in  "Control  of Volatile  Organic  Emissions from  Existing
Stationary Sources  -  Volume  II:   Surface  Coating  of  Cans,  Coils,
Paper, Fabrics,  Automobile,  and  Light-duty  Trucks,  EPA-450/2-77-008,
May, 1977

                                   31

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52
                          CURVES FOR WATER-BORNE
                          COATINGS ARE FOR WATER/SOLVENT
                          RATIOS OF 70/30 AND 80/20.
      1  -
                      30   40    50   60   70

                      SOLIDS IN COATING, Vol %
Figure B-1. Approximate weight of organic solvent per gallon
of coating (less water) for three coatings as a function of'solids
content. (A 40 volume percent solids coating could contain as
little as 1.7 pounds of VOC per gallon of coating (less water) if
it is of the 80/20 water-borne type, or as much as 4.4 pounds
for an organic-borne coating).
                          32

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                                         I      I      I
                                        SOLVENT CONTENT
                                        OF ORIGINAL
                                        COATING.
                                        IbVOC/gal COATING
                                        (LESS WATER)
               12345
                 SOLVENT CONTENT OF REPLACEMENT
              COATING, IbVOC/gillon COATING (LESS WATER)

Figure B-2. Approximate reduction in emissions which occurs
by replacing a higher solvent coating with one of lower solvent
content.  (In the example above, a  74 percent reduction  in
emissions can be obtained by replacing a coating with a solvent
content of 5.1 pounds of VOC per gallon, less water, with a
coating which contains 2.8 pounds of VOC per gallon, less
water).
                           33

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                  APPENDIX C
EXAMPLES OF DETERMINING COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES
             USING GRAPHICAL AIDS
                        35

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                   EXAMPLES OF COMPLIANCE SITUATIONS
                                  CASE 1

 SITUATION:
      A company using an  organic-borne coating with  a  VOC  content of 5.1
 Ihs.  of VOC per gallon of  coating (less water) must comply with a State
 regulation that  limits   it  to 2.8  Ibs.  of VOC  per  gallon of coating
 (less water).   What are the  company's options for  compliance?

                   RAPID  DETERMINATION OF ALTERNATIVES

 STEP  1  - Figure  C-l  (which is equivalent to Figure B-l in Appendix B)
  indicates three  coatings  that  meet the  2.8  Ib VOC/gallon of coating
  (less  water) regulation:   An 80/20  waterborne  coating with  24  volume
  percent solids,  a  70/30  waterborne  coating  with 33  volume  percent
  solids, and an  organic-borne coating with  62  volume percent solids.
  Conversion of the process to use  any of  these  would  comply  with  the
  regulation.
                                  CURVES FOR WATER BORNE
                                  COATINGS ABE FOB WATER/SOLVENT
                                  RATIOS OF 70/30 AND 80/20

                                   SOlVfNT DENSITY = 7 36 lb,V
                                SOLIDS IN COATING. Vol %
                  Figure C-1 Approximate weight of organic solvent per gallon
                  of coating (less water) for three coatings as a function of sohds
                  content
STEP 2 -  If  compliance with  an  add-on control device  such as-an incin-
 erator or carbon adsorber is desired (instead of changinq the coating)
 use Figure B-2  in Appendix B to determine  that  a change from a coating
 with 5.1 Ib VOC per  gallon of  coating  (less water) to  one with 2.8 Ib
 VOC per gallon  (less  water)  represents about a  74 percent reduction in
 emissions.  Any combination of  capture device and control  system that
 will achieve  an overall  74 percent  reduction  would  be  an  equivalent
 compliance scheme.
                                 36

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CAUTION  -  Avoid the erroneous  tendency to calculate  the required reduc-
 tion  in Step 2 by this method:
                 5.1 - 2.t
                    5TI
100% = 45%
     Such  a calculation  does not truly  compare the  relative amounts  of
VOC needed to apply the  same volune of coating  solids.
                                  CASE 2
SITUATION:
     A  company using an organic-borne coating with  a solvent content  of
30 volume  percent  solids  must  comply  with  a  State  regulation  that
limits  it  to  2.8  Ibs of  VOC  per gallon  of coating  (less  water).   What
are  the company's option's  for compliance?
                  RAPID DETERMINATION OF ALTERNATIVES
STEP 1  -  Use  Figure  C-2  (which  is  equivalent  to  Figure   B-l  in
 Appendix B)  to  find that  an  organic-borne  coating  with  30 volume
 percent solids  contains  5.1  Ibs.  of VOC per  gallon of  coating less
 water.  (Obviously, the  company is  not  currently in compliance with
 the regulation.)

     From thi9  point, the example  is  identical with the  situation in
CASE 1.   Go to  Step 1  in  CASE 1  and proceed through that example.
                                CURVES FOR WATER BORNE


                                RATIOS OF 70/30 AND M/20

                                 SOLVENT DENSITY = 7 36 Ib/ul
                        10  20  30  40  SO  60  70  «
                              SOLIDS IN COATING Vol%

                Figure C-2 Approximate weight of organic solvent per gallon
                of coating (less water) for three coatings as a function of solids
                content
                                 37

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                                CASE 3
SITUATION:

     A coating plant  with several coating  lines  is currently  using
100 gallons/day  of a  5.1 Ib  VOC/gallon  (less  water)  conventional
solvent-borne coating to  coat a  given output of  products, but  the
company must  now  comply  with  a  State regulation  that limits  it  to
2.8 Ibs of VOC per gallon of  coating  (less water).

     The company  want  to calculate  the  daily  maximum VOC  emissions
from the plant that will   be permitted  by  the  new  regulation at their
current production rate.   The  plant  is located in a State  that will
permit the emissions from all  lines  to be considered  as  a  "bubble."
The company wants to vary the amounts of solvent  used on  each coating
line, but  in  such  a  way that   the  total  daily  maximum  allowable
emissions for the whole plant are never exceeded.

     Calculate the  daily  allowable  emissions under  this  "bubble."

STEP 1- Remember  that  essentially all equivalency  calculations must
be based  on  the  volume  of  coating  sol ids not  volumes   of  coating.

STEP 2- Figure C-2 shows that the  existing  5.1  Ib VOC/gal  coating
contains approximately  30 volume percent  solids.   Therefore,  the
amount of coating solids  sprayed each day is equal  to:

100 gal coating/day   x   0.30 gal solids = 30 gal  solids/day
                            gal coating

STEP 3 - Figure C-l shows that a  solvent-borne coating  complying with
 the 2.8 Ib  VOC/gal  of coating  (less  water)  limitation   contains  62
 volume percent solids.

STEP 4 - The amount of solids  required at a constant production rate
 will be the  same  (30 gallons solids/day) regardless  of  whether the
 original  or the  complying coating is used.

     For the  complying coating,  the  usage rate in  gallons  of coating
required is:

gal coating   =   30  gal  of solids applied x  1 gal  complying coating
 reauired                   3ay                0.62 gal solids

     gal coating  =  48.4 gal  complying coating needed/day
      required

STEP 5 - Calculate the allowable emissions.

     Allowable  =  2.8 Ib VOC    x  48-4 gal complying coating
      emissions   gal complying                  day
                    coati ng

                    = 135 Ib VOC/day


                                 38

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CAUTION - Avoid the error  of  calculating allowable emissions in the
 following way:

     100 gal/day x 2.8 1b  VOC  =  280  Ib  VOC/day
                       ~
     This is incorrect and allows  a  high  emission  rate which is not
in compliance with the regulation.
                                 39

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Pteau nod Italruenons on rt« wen* 6e/Ofe comptetuttt
 REPORT NO.
EPA 450/3-83-01 3R
                                                             RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
                  Glossary For Air  Pollution Control of
ndustrial Coating Operations (M1th Graphical  Aids for
apid Estimation  of Acceptable Compliance Alternatives)
                                                             REPORT DATE
                                                                   December 1983
 AUTHORIS)  Second  Edition
                                                            B PERFORMING ORGANI
                                                             0 PROGRAM ELEMEN
ffice of  Air  Quality Planning and  Standards
.S. Environmental Protection Agency
esearch Triangle Park, NC   27711
                                                             1 CONTRACT/GRANTNO-
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
                                                            13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVE'-tO
                                                            14 SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                                                              EPA/200/04
  ABSTRACT
            Common terms  used  in the air pollution  control  of emissions  from industrial
            coating operations are defined.  The  definitions cover  both  coatings
            terminology and  terms related to the  Clean Air Act.  Appendices  give
            sample calculations to illustrate  emission reductions achieved  by changing
            coatings.  Graphical aids which simplify calculations are  shown.
                                 KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                                           :. COSATI Field/Group
  Air Pollution
  Coatings
  Pollution  Control
  Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                Air Pollution  Control
                                                                             13 B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  iECURITY CLASS (ThisRtpo
Unclassified
                                                20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)

                                                Unclassified	
                                                                           	39_
                                                                           22 PRICE
 EPA F«« 2J20-I
                       PK«VIOU1 EOITION l» OMOL.TI
                                               41

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U.S. Environmental PT: •<•-"-
Region 5, Library (™ -'
i' Wast Jade*- i :
Chicago, IL  606:  -

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