EPA 440/1 -75/060d
 Group II
    Development Document For Interim
   Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines
               For The
   PESTICIDE CHEMICALS
       MANUFACTURING
          Point Source Category
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            NOVEMBER 1976

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          DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
                  for
             INTERIM FINAL
    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES

                for the

   PESTICIDE CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING
         POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
            Russell E. Train
             Administrator

      Andrew W. Breidenbach, Ph.D.
      Assistant Administrator for
     Water and Hazardous Materials

            Eckardt C. Beck
   Deputy Assistant Administrator for
      Water Planning and Standards
           Robert B. Schaffer
 Director, Effluent Guidelines Division
            Project Officers
           Joseph S. Vitalis
                  and
            George M. Jett
             November 1976

      Effluent Guidelines Division
Office of Water and Hazardous Materials
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Washington, D.C.  20460
(-

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U,S. Environ;

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                          ABSTRACT
This document  presents  the  findings  of  studies  of  the
pesticide  chemicals manufacturing point source category for
the  purpose  of   developing   effluent   limitations   and
guidelines  for existing point sources to implement Sections
301(b), 301(c), 304(b)   and  304(c)   of  the  Federal  Water
Pollution  Control  Act,  Public  Law  92-500 as amended (33
U.S.C. 1251, 1311, 1314(b)  and 1314(c),  86  Stat.  816  et.
seq.)   (the "Act").

Effluent  limitations  guidelines contained herein set forth
the degree of  effluent  reduction  attainable  through  the
application  of  the  Best  Practicable  Control  Technology
Currently Available (BPT) which must be achieved by existing
point sources by July 1, 1977.

The development of data and recommendations in this document
relate to the pesticide chemicals manufacturing point source
category.  This category was one  of  the  eight  industrial
segments  of the miscellaneous chemicals manufacturing point
source  category.    The  pesticide  chemicals  manufacturing
point  source category is divided into five subcategories on
the  basis  of  the  characteristics  of  the  manufacturing
processes  involved  and  the  types  of  products produced.
Separate  effluent  limitations  were  developed  for   each
subcategory  based  on the raw waste loads as well as on the
degree of treatment achievable by existing installations and
suggested model treatment systems.  These treatment  systems
include biological and physical/chemical treatment methods.

Supporting  data  and  rationales  for  development  of  the
proposed effluent limitations and guidelines  are  contained
in  this  report  and  supporting  file records.  Mention of
trade names  or  commercial  products  does  not  constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS


Section                     Title                    Page

         Abstract

         Table of Contents

         List of Figures

         List of Tables

   I     Conclusions                                    1

  II     Recommendations                                6

 III     Introduction                                   9

  IV     Industrial Categorization                     29

   V     Waste Characterization                        72

  VI     Selection of Pollutant Parameters            117

 VII     Control and Treatment Technologies           135

VIII     Cost, Energy, and Non-Water Quality          199
         Aspects

  IX     Best Practicable Control Technology          217
         Currently Available

   X     Index of common Pesticide                    238
         Compounds by Subcategory

  XI     Acknowledgements                             264

 XII     Bibliography                                 266

XIII     Glossary                                     296

 XIV     Abbreviations and Symbols                 329-330

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                      LIST OF FIGURES
Number                   Title

III-1         Locations of Pesticide                     17
              Production Plants

III-2         Locations of Formulation                   28
              Facilities in U.S.

IV-1          General Process Flow Diagram for
              DDT and Related Compounds Production       36
              Facilities

IV-2          General Process Flow Diagram for Halo-     38
              genated Phenol Production Facilities

IV-3          General Process Flow Diagram Aryl-         40
              oxyalkanoic Acid Production Facilities

IV-1          General Process Flow Diagram for Aldrin-   42
              Toxaphene Production Facilities

IV-5          General Process Flow Diagram for Halo-     44
              genated Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
              Production Facilities

IV-6          General Process Flow Diagram for Halo-
              genated Aliphatic Acid Production         45
              Facilities

IV-7          General Process Flow Diagram
              for Phosphates and Phosphonates           47
              Pesticide Production Facilities

IV-8          General Process Flow Diagram for
              Phosphorothioate and Phosphoro-           49
              dithioate Production Facilities

IV-9          General Process Flow Diagram for Aryl and 51
              Alkyl Carbamate Production Facilities

IV-10         General Process Flow Diagram for Thio-    53
              carbamate Production Facilities

IV-11         General Process Flow Diagram for Amide    54
              and Amine Production Facilities
                               vn

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IV-12         General Process Flow Diagram for Urea          56
              and Uracils Production Facilities

IV-13         General Process Flow Diagram for               58
              S-Triazine Production Facilities

IV-14         General Process Flow Diagram for               60
              Nitro-type Pesticides

IV-15         General Process Flow Diagram for Arsenic-      62
              type Metallo-organic Production

IV-16         General Process Flow Diagram for               63
              Certain Dithiocarbamate Metallo-
              organic Production

IV-17         Liquid Formulation Unit                        65

IV-18         Dry Formulation Unit                           67

VII-1         Effect of pH and Temperature on               139
              Malathion Degradation

VII-2         Hydrolysis of Methyl Parathion at 15°C        140

VII-3         pH-Half-Life Profile for Captan               141
              Hydrolysis in Water at 28°C

VII-4         BPT Cost Model - Subcategory A                188

VII-5         BPT Cost Model - Subcategory B                189

VII-6         BPT Cost Model - Subcategory C                190
                                vm

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                       LIST OF  TABLES
Number                   Title                         Page


1-1           Summary Table                             4-5

II-1          BPT Effluent Limitations  Guidelines       8

III-1         Pesticides Classification                19-20

III-2         Structural Chemistry of Typical  and       21-25
              Major Pesticides

V-l           Summary of Potential Process-Associated   74-75
              Wastewater Sources  from Halogenated
              Organic Pesticide Production

V-2           Raw Waste Loads, Halogenated              77-80
              Organic Pesticide Plants  -
              Subcategory A

V-3           Summary of Potential Process-Associated   84-85
              Wastewater Sources  from Organo-
              Phosphorus Pesticide Production

V-U           Raw Waste Loads, Organo-Phosphorus        87-91
              Pesticide Plants -  Subcategory E

V-5           Summary of Potential Process-Associated   96-97
              Wastewater Sources  from Organo-
              Nitrogen Pesticide  Production

V-6           Raw Waste Loads, Organo-Nitrogen          100-103
              Pesticide Plants -  Subcategory C

V-7           Summary of Potential Process-Associated   105
              Wastewater Sources  from Metallo-
              Organic Pesticide Production

V-8           Raw Waste Loads, Metallo-Organic          107-108
              Pesticide Plants -  Subcategory D

V-9           Potential Process-Associated Wastewater   ]]Q
              Sources from Pesticide Formulators
              and Packagers

V-10          Raw Waste Loads, Pesticide Formulators    ]-\-\
              and Packagers - Subcategory E

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                                                     Page

V-11          Raw Waste Load, Multi-Category         113-114
              Pesticide Producer,  Plant  M1

V-12          Raw Waste Load, Multi-Category         115-116
              Pesticide Producer,  Plant  M2

VII-1         Holding Pond  (Final)  Effluent,         152-153
              Plant M2

VII-2         Oxygen Activated  Sludge  Final          156-157
              Effluent, Plant M8

VII-3         Biological Treatment System           159-160
              Clarifier Overflow,  Plant  M9

VII-U         Settling Pond Final  Effluent,          153
              Plant A3

VII-5         Neutralized Activated Carbon           164-165
              (Final) Effluent, Plant  A6

VII-6         Activated Carbon  (Final)               ^57
              Effluent, Plant A8

VII-7         Holding Pond  (Final)                   159
              Effluent, Plant A19

VII-8         Halogenated Organic  Pesticide          170-171
              Plants, Treated Effluent Summary,
              Subcategory A

VII-9         Monthly Activated Sludge Effluent      174
              Summary, Plant B2

VII-10        Effluent Daily Variability,           175
              Plant B2

VII-11        Selected Daily Activated              176-177
              Sludge Effluent,  Plant B2

VII-12        Primary Treatment Effluent,           178-179
              Plant B7

VII-13        Organo-Phosphorus Pesticide
              Plants, Treated Effluent
              Summary, Subcategory B

VII-14        Organo-Nitrogen Pesticide
              Plants, Treated Effluent
              Summary, Subcategory C

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VII-15

VII-16


VIII-1


VIII-2


VIII-3


viu-a


VIII-5


VIII-6

VIII-7

VIII-8

VIII-9

IX-1

IX-2

IX-3


X-1


XIII-1
                                        Page

BPT Treatment System Design Summary     193

Summary of BPT Model Treatment          198
Systems Effluents

Basis for Computation of Annual         201-202
Costs (August 1972 Dollars)

BPT Capital Cost Itemization            204
Subcategory A

BPT Capital Cost Itemization            205-206
Subcategory B

BPT Capital Cost Itemization            207-208
Subcategory C

BPT Capital Cost Itemization            209
Subcategory E

BPT Cost Summary - Subcategory A        211

BPT Cost Summary - Subcategory B        212

BPT Cost Summary - Subcategory C        213

BPT Cost Summary - Subcategory E        214

BPT Effluent Limitation Guidelines      219

BPT Treatment Technology                224

Potential Methods for Upgrading         234-235
Existing Systems

Index of Pesticide Compounds            239-263
By Subcategory

Metric Table                            331

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                         SECTION I

                        CONCLUSIONS
The   miscellaneous  chemicals  industry  encompassed  eight
industrial categories, grouped together  for  administrative
purposes.  This document provides background information for
the  pesticide  chemicals  point  source category, sometimes
referred  to  as  the  pesticide  chemicals  industry,   and
represents   a   revision   of  a  portion  of  the  initial
contractor's draft document issued in February,  1975.   The
revisions have been made as the result of additional studies
and  data  collection  by  two additional contractors to the
Agency.

It is pointed out that each category differs from the others
in  raw  materials,  manufacturing  processes,   and   final
products.   Water usage and subsequent wastewater discharges
also  vary   considerably   from   category   to   category.
Consequently,  for  the  purpose  of  the development of the
effluent limitations guidelines and corresponding BPT  (Best
Practicable    Control   Technology   Currently   Available)
requirements, each category is treated independently.   This
document  addresses  the  pesticide  chemicals manufacturing
point source category.

It should be emphasized that the  proposed  treatment  model
technology  is  used  as  a  guideline  primarily  for  cost
development and may not be the most  appropriate  technology
for use in every case, and that the cost models for BPT were
developed to facilitate the economic analysis and should not
be  construed  as the only technology capable of meeting the
effluent limitations guidelines.  There are many alternative
systems which either singly or in combination are capable of
attaining the effluent limitation guidelines recommended  in
this development document.

A  representative  treatment  model  is  presented  for each
subcategory.

It is expected that each  individual  plant  will  make  the
choice  of  the  specific  combinations of pollution control
measures best suited to its situation in complying with  the
regulations proposed in this development document.

This  report  encompasses  five  major  subcategories of the
pesticide   chemicals   point   source   category.     These
subcategories are:

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    A.   Halogenated Organic Pesticides.
    B.   Organo-Phosphorus Pesticides.
    C.   Organo-Nitrogen Pesticides.
    D.   Metallo-Organic Pesticides.
    E.   Formulators and Packagers.

Process  wastewaters  from production of halogenated organic
pesticides  result  from   wet   scrubbing,   caustic   soda
scrubbing,  and  contact cooling systems.  Organic compounds
result   from   decanting,   distillation,   and   strippincr
operations.  Poor operation may result in process wastewater
streams  becoming contaminated from spillage, washdowns, and
runoff.

For proper control  and  treatment,  Subcategory  A  process
wastewaters  should  be isolated from nonprocess wastewaters
such as utility discharges and uncontaminated storm  runoff.
The  BPT treatment model of the process wastewaters includes
equalization, pH adjustment, skimming of separable organics,
filtration, carbon  adsorption,  and  biological  treatment.
Incineration  or suitable disposal of strong or toxic wastes
may be necessary.

The   organo-phosphorus   pesticides   facilities    produce
wastewaters  with high organic loadings from decanter units,
distillation  towers,  overhead  collectors,   and   solvent
strippers.   Caustic  scrubbing  and contact cooling are the
major contributors to total flow.   Highly  alkaline  wastes
result  from caustic scrubbing, in-process hydrolysis units,
and product washing.

The  BPT  technologies  necessary  to  control   and   treat
wastewaters  from this category include isolation of process
streams,  separation   of   insoluble   organics,   alkaline
hydrolysis,  equalization,  pH  adjustment,  and  biological
treatment.  Incineration or other suitable disposal  systems
may be required for very strong or toxic wastes.

Scrubbing  operations are the major contributor to the total
effluent flow rate for facilities  producing  pesticides  of
the  organo-nitrogen subcategory.  Nitrogen loadings are due
primarily to decanting operations and extractor/precipitator
units.  Organic loadings result from solvent  stripping  anc!
purification  steps.   High  organic and solids loadings can
caused by poor  operation,  accidental  spillage,  equipment
cleanout, and area washdowns.

The  model  treatment  system  for  process wastewaters from
organo-nitrogen pesticide facilities includes pH adjustment,
separation of insoluble organics, hydrolysis,  equalization,

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and  biological  treatment.   Incineration or other suitable
disposal of very strong or toxic wastes may be required.

Process  wastewaters  produced  by  facilities  within   the
metallo-organic  subcategory  covered by this regulation are
disposed of by recycle or suitable containment.

BPT control and treatment of process  wastewaters  for  this
subcategory   is   no   discharge   of   process  wastewater
pollutants.

Formulators and packagers have been found to generate either
no wastewaters or such small volumes that  disposal  can  be
handled    adequately    by   disposal   contractors,   land
application, evaporation,  or  other  means  leadina  to  no
discharge of process wastewater pollutants.

Table 1-1 summarizes the contaminants of interest, raw waste
loads,  and  recommended  treatment technologies for BPT for
each subcategory.  An index for determining the  subcategory
for  each  pesticide  is  published  in  Section  X  of this
development document.

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                                            TABLE  1-1

                                          SUMMARY  TABLES
SUBCATEGORY

     A
     D


     E
   CONTAMINANTS  OF  INTEREST

BOD, COD, TSS, Phenol,  Total
Pesticides
                BOD, COD,  TSS,  NH3.-N,  Total
                Pesticides
                BOD, COD,  TSS,  NH3.-N,  Total
                Pesticides
            TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Neutralization, API separation, equalization,
filtration, carbon adsorption, activated
sludge, and incineration of strong organic
wastes.

API separation, hydrolysis, neutralization,
equalization, activated sludge, ammonia
stripping for segregated waste streams, and
incineration of strong organic wastes.

API separation, hydrolysis, neutralization,
equalization, activated sludge, ammonia
stripping for segregated waste streams, aerobic
digesters and incineration ot strong organic
wastes.

In-plant controls, water conservation, and
water reuse.

Recycle, containment and evaporation.

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                                            TABLE 1-1
                                            Continued
                                        Page 2 of 2 Pages
                                             MODEL  PLANT RAW WASTE LOADS*
SUBCATEGORY
A
B
C
FLOW
L/Kkg
35,300
43,900
35,400
BOD
97.2
67.7
45.5
COD
183
267
103
SS
3.49
11.7
2.50
NH3-N PHENOL
1.92
81.8
60.2
TOTAL
PESTICIDES
0.327
0.454
2.82
*A11 units Kg/Kkg unless otherwise noted

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                         SECTION II

                      RECOMMENDATIONS
The  recommendations  for  effluent  limitations  guidelines
commensurate   with   the   BPT  and  end-of-pipe  treatment
technology for BPT are  presented  in  the  following  text.
Exemplary  in-process  controls  are  discussed in the later
sections of this document.

The effluent regulations corresponding to BPT,  as  proposed
for  each  subcategory,  are  presented  in Table IT-1.  The
effluent limitations guidelines were derived on a basis with
two limitations for each parameter; the maximum  average  of
daily values for thirty consecutive days and the maximum for
any  one day.  These values were derived on the basis of the
observed  performance  of  treatment  plant  operations   as
discussed   in   Section   IX  of  this  document.   Process
wastewaters subject to these regulations include all contact
process water, but do not include noncontact sources such as
boiler and cooling water  blowdowns,  sanitary  wastes,  and
other similar nonprocess sources.

Implicit  in  BPT standards is the segregation of noncontact
wastewaters  from  process  wastewaters  and   the   maximum
utilization   of  applicable  in-plant  pollution  abatement
technologies required to minimize capital  expenditures  for
end-of-pipe  wastewater  treatment  facilities.  Segregation
and incineration of  extremely  toxic  wastewaters  or  very
strong wastewaters are recommended.

End-of-pipe  treatment model technology for BPT involves the
application of biological  treatment,  preceded  by  various
types  of  in-process control and pretreatment, depending on
the particular subcategory.  Extensive pretreatment  systems
are  required  due  to  the  toxic  nature of many pesticide
wastewaters.   Equalization  with   pH   control   and   oil
separation  will  be required to provide optimal, as well as
uniform, levels of treatment.

Subcategory  A,  "Halogenated  Organics",  includes   carbon
adsorption  followed  by  biological  treatment.   The model
treatment systems for organo-phosphorus and  organo-nitrogen
subcategories include hydrolysis units prior to equalization
and  biological treatment.  Chemical flocculation aids, when
necessary, should be added to the  clarification  system  in
order  to  control  suspended  solids  levels.  The metallo-
organic subcategory covered by this regulation was found  to
effectively  control  in-plant  processes  to  a level of no

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discharge  of  process  wastewater  pollutants.    This   is
attained  by  recycle or suitable containment of wastes.  No
treatment model is presented for formulators  and  packagers
as  this  study  found  that  economical  in-plant recovery,
reuse, evaporation systems or contract disposal  results  in
no discharge of process wastewater pollutants.

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SUBCATEGORY
                                 TABLE II-l

                     BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
                                                  EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    EFFLUENT
 CHARACTERISTICS
AVERAGE OF DAILY VALUES
FOR 30 CONSECUTIVE DAYS
 DAILY
MAXIMUM
     B
      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     Phenol
Total Pesticides

      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     NH3-N
Total Pesticides

      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     NH3-N
Total Pesticides
         8.70
        21.2
         6.30
      0.00170
      0.00306

         1.52
        11.9
         7.05
         4.41
      0.00175

         8.64
        21.1
         9.51
         4.88
      0.00705
     D

     E
—NO DISCHARGE OF PROCESS WASTEWATER K)LLUTANTS-

—NO DISCHARGE OF PROCESS WASTEWATER K)LLUTANTS-
  15.2
  30.7
   9.03
0.00480
0.00622

   2.65
  17.3
  10.1
   5.14
0.00392

  15.1
  30.4
  13.6
   5.69
0.0158
Note:  All units are kg/Kkg

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                         SECTION  III

                         INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Authority

The  Federal  Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of  1972
 (the Act) made  a  number  of  fundamental   changes  in  the
approach   to  achieving  clean  water.   One  of  the   most
significant changes was to shift from a  reliance on effluent
limitations  related  to  water  quality to an  additional
reliance on technology-based effluent limitations.

The Act requires EPA to establish guidelines for technology-
based  effluent  limitations which must  be achieved by point
sources of discharges  into  the  navigable  waters  of  the
United  States.   Section  301(b)  of  the   Act requires the
achievement by not later than  July  1,  1977,  of  effluent
limitations  for  point  sources,  other than publicly owned
treatment works, which are based on the  application  of  the
BPT  as  defined  by  the  Administrator pursuant to Section
304 (b)   of  the  Act.   Section  301(b)  also  requires  the
achievement  by  not  later  than  July  1,  1983 of effluent
limitations for point sources,  other  than  publicly  owned
treatment  works,  which are based on the application of the
BAT.  This will result  in  progress  towards  reaching  the
national   goal   of   eliminating   the discharge  of  all
pollutants, as determined  in  accordance  with  regulations
issued  by  the  Administrator pursuant  to Section 304 (b) of
the Act.  Section 306 of the Act requires the achievement by
new sources of federal standards  of  performance  providing
for  the  control  of  the  discharge  of  pollutants.  This
reflects the greatest degree of effluent reduction which the
Administrator  determines  to  be  achievable  through   the
application  of  the  NSPS  processes, operating methods, or
other alternatives, including, where practicable, a standard
permitting no discharge of pollutants.

Section 304(b)  of the  Act  requires  the  Administrator  to
publish   regulations   based  on  the   degree  of  effluent
reduction attainable through the application of the BPT  and
the   best   control   measures  and  practices  achievable,
including  treatment  techniques,  process   and   procedure
innovations,  operation methods, and other alternatives.   The
regulations  proposed  herein set forth  effluent limitations
and guidelines  pursuant  to  Section  304(b)  of  the  Act.
Section  304(c)   of  the  Act  requires  the Administrator to
issue information on the processes, procedures,  or operatincr
methods which result in the elimination  or reduction in  the

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discharge   of   pollutants   to   implement   standards  of
performance under Section 306 of the Act.  Such  information
is  to include technical and other data, including costs, as
are available  on  alternative  methods  of  elimination  or
reduction of the discharge of pollutants.

Section  306  of  the Act requires the Administrator, within
one year after a category of sources is included in  a  list
published  pursuant to Section 306 (b)  (1)  (A) of the Act, to
propose  regulations  establishing  federal   standards   of
performances  for  new  sources within such categories.  The
Administrator published in the Federal Register  of  January
16,  1973   (38  F.R.  1624)  a list of 27 source categories.
Publication of the  list  constituted  announcement  of  the
Administrator's  intention  of  establishing,  under section
306, standards of performance applicable to new sources.

Furthermore, Section 307(b) provides that:

    1.   The Administrator shall, from time to time, publish
         proposed  regulations   establishing   pretreatment
         standards   for  introduction  of  pollutants  into
         treatment works  (as defined in Section 212 of  this
         Act) which are publicly owned, for those pollutants
         which  are  determined  not  to  be  susceptible to
         treatment by such treatment works  or  which  would
         interfere  with  the  operation  of  such treatment
         works.  Not  later  than  ninety  days  after  such
         publication, and after opportunity for public hear-
         ing,   the   Administrator  shall  promulgate  such
         pretreatment  standards.   Pretreatment   standards
         under  this  subsection  shall  specify  a time for
         compliance not to exceed three years from the  date
         of promulgation  and shall be  established to prevent
         the  discharge   of  any pollutant through treatment
         works  (as defined in  Section  212  of  the   "Act")
         which  are  publicly  owned, which pollutant  inter-
         feres  with,  passes  through,  or   otherwise   is
         incompatible with such works.

    2.   The Administrator shall,  from  time  to  time,  as
         control  technology,  processes, operatina methods,
         or   other   alternatives   change,,   revise   such
         standards,  following  the procedure established by
         the subsection for promulgation of  such standards.

    3.   When proposing   or  promulgating  any  pretreatment
         standard  under   section  307 (b), the Administrator
         shall  designate the  category  or  categories  of
         sources to which such standard shall apply.
                               10

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     U.    Nothing    in  this   subsection  shall   affect  any
         pretreatment requirement  established by  any  State
         or   local  law  not in  conflict with  any pretreatment
         standard established  under this  subsection.

 In  order to  insure  that any  source   introducing  pollutants
 into a publicly owned  treatment works, which would be a new
 source subject to   Section  306  if   it   were  to discharge
 pollutants,   will   not  cause  a   violation  of the effluent
 limitations  established for any such  treatment   works,  the
 Administrator  is   required   to promulgate  pretreatment
 standards for the category of  such   sources  simultaneously
 with the  promulgation of  standards  of performance under
 Section 306  for the equivalent  category of  new  sources.
 Such pretreatment standards shall  prevent the discharge into
 such treatment  works  of any pollutant  which may interfere
 with, pass through,  or  otherwise be incompatible  with  such
 works.

 The  Act  defines   a  new  source  to  mean  any  source the
 construction  of which is commenced after  the publication  of
 proposed  regulations prescribing  a standard of performance.
 Construction  means  any  placement,  assembly, or  installation
 of   facilities  or   equipment  (including  contractual obliga-
 tions to purchase   such facilities  or   equipment)   at  the
 premises  where  such   equipment   will  be  used,  including
 preparation work at such premises.

 Methods Used  for Development of the Effluent Limitations and
 Standards for Performance

 The  effluent  limitations,  guidelines   and  standards   of
 performance   proposed in this  document were developed in the
 following manner.   The  pesticide  chemicals  manufacturing
 point  source  category  was   first  divided into industrial
 categories based  on  type  of  manufacturing  and  products
 manufactured.   Determination  was  then  made as to whether
 further subcategorization would aid in  description  of  the
 category.   Such determinations were made on the basis of raw
 materials   required,   products   manufactured,    processes
 employed,  and other factors.

 The raw  waste  characteristics  for  each  category  and/or
 subcategory were then identified.   This included an analysis
 of:    1)   the source and volume of water used in the process
 employed and the sources of wastes and  wastewaters  in  the
 plant;     and   2)    the  constituents  of  all  wastewaters
 (including toxic constituents)  which result in taste,   odor,
and  color  in water or aquatic organisms.  The constituents
of  wastewaters  which  should  be   subject   to   effluent
                               11

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limitations,  guidelines  and  standards of performance were
identified.

The  full  range  of  control  and  treatment   technologies
existing   within   each  category  and/or  subcategory  was
identified.  This included an identification  of  each  dis-
tinct  control  and treatment technology, including both in-
plant and end- of-pipe  technologies,  which  exist  or  are
capable  of  being  designed  for each subcategory.  It also
included an identification of the effluent  level  resulting
from  the  application  of each of the treatment and control
technologies in terms of the amount of constituents  and  of
the  chemical,  physical,  and biological characteristics of
pollutants.  The reliability of each treatment  and  control
technology  and  the  required  implementation time was also
identified.    In   addition,    the    non-water    quality
environmental   impacts   (such   as   the  effects  of  the
application  of  such  technologies  upon  other   pollution
problems,  including air, solid waste, radiation, and noise)
were also identified.  The energy requirements  of  each  of
the  control  and treatment technologies were identified, as
wel] as the cost of the application of such technologies.

The information, as outlined above, was  then  evaluated  in
order to determine what level of technology constituted BPT.
In   identifying   such   technologies,  factors  considered
included the total cost  of  application  of  technology  in
relation  to  the effluent reduction benefits to be achieved
from such application, the age of equipment  and  facilities
involved,  the  process employed, the engineering aspects of
the application of  various  types  of  control  techniques,
process  changes,  non-water  quality  environmental impacts
(including energy requirements), and other factors.

During the initial phases of the study,  an  assessment  was
made  of  the  availability, adequacy, and usefulness of all
existing data sources.  Data on the  identity and performance
of wastewater treatment systems were known to be included in
the following:

     1.  NPDES permit applications;

     2.  Self-reporting discharge data  from various states
           and regions;

     3.  Surveys conducted by trade  associations or by
           agencies under research and development  grants.

A  preliminary analysis of these data indicated  an   obvious
need  for   further   information  in  the  following  areas:  1)
                               12

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process Raw Waste  Load   (RWL)   related  to  production;   2)
currently  practiced  or  potential   in-plant  waste control
techniques; and  3) the identity  and  effectiveness of end-of-
pipe treatment systems.

The best source  of information   was   determined  to  be   the
manufacturers themselves.  New information was obtained from
telephone  surveys,  correspondence  with the industry, plant
visits, and verification sampling.   During the course of  the
study to date, more than 166 plants  have been contacted   and
27  visited.   Visitations  alone  have covered more than 90
percent of the pesticide products manufactured.

Collection of the data necessary for development of RWL   and
effluent treatment capabilities  within dependable confidence
limits  required  analyses  of both  production and treatment
operations.  In a few cases, plant visits  were  planned   so
that  the  production  operations of  a single plant could be
studied in association with an end-of-pipe treatment  system
which  received  only  the wastes from that production.   The
RWL for this plant and associated treatment technology would
therefore fall within a single   subcategory.   However,   the
wide  variety  of  products  manufactured  by  most  of   the
industrial plants usually prohibited  this approach.

Thus, in the majority of cases,  it was  necessary  to  visit
individual  facilities  where the products manufactured fell
into  several  subcategories.    The   end-of-pipe   treatment
facilities  often  received  combined wastewaters associated
with several subcategories (several products, processes,    or
even  unrelated manufacturing operations).  It was necessary
to  analyze  separately  the  production  (waste-generating)
facilities  and  the  effluent (waste treatment)  facilities.
This approach required establishment of a common basis,   the
Raw  Waste  Load  (RWL),   for  common  levels  of  treatment
technology for the products within a  subcategory and for the
translation  of  treatment  technology  between   categories
and/or subcategories.

The  selection  of wastewater treatment plants to be visited
was developed by identifying information  available  in  the
NPDES  permit  applications,   state self-reporting discharge
data,  and  by  speaking   with   representatives   of   the
manufacturing  segment.    Every  effort  was  made to choose
facilities where meaningful information  on  both  treatment
facilities and manufacturing processes could be obtained.

Survey  teams  composed  of project engineers and scientists
conducted the  actual   plant   visits.   Information  on  the
                             13

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identity and performance of wastewater treatment systems was
obtained through:

    1.   Interviews  with  plant  water  pollution   control
         personnel or engineering personnel;

    2.   Examination   of   treatment   plant   design   and
         historical  operating data (flow rates and analyses
         of influent and effluent);

    3.   Treatment plant influent and effluent sampling.

Information on process plant operations and  the  associated
RWL was obtained through:

    1.   Interviews with plant operating personnel;

    2.   Examination of  plant  design  and  operating  data
         (original  design  specification,  flow sheets, and
         day-to-day  material  balances  around   individual
         process modules or unit operations where possible);

    3.   Individual   process   wastewater   sampling    and
         analysis.

The  data  base obtained in this manner was then utilized by
the methodology previously described to develop  recommended
effluent    limitations,   guidelines   and   standards   of
performance for the  pesticide  manufacturing  point  source
category.   All  of  the references utilized are included in
Section XII of this report.  The data  obtained  during  the
field  data collection program are included in Supplement B.
Cost  information  is  presented  in  Supplement   A.    The
documents   are  available  for  examination  by  interested
parties at the EPA Public Information Reference  Unit,  Room
2922    (EPA  Library),  Waterside  Mall,  401  M  St.  S.W.,
Washington, D.C.  20460.

          of the Study

SIC   2879,  Pesticides  and   Agricultural   Chemicals   not
Elsewhere  Classified,  covers:  (1) establishments primarily
engaged in the formulation and preparation  of  ready-to-use
agricultural and household pest control chemicals, including
insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides made from technical
chemicals   or   concentrates;    (2)   the   production   of
concentrates which require further processing before use and
 (3) establishments primarily  engaged  in  manufacturing  or
formulating  pesticide  chemicals, not elsewhere classified,
such  as minor or trace elements and soil conditioners.
                               14

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The basic  manufacture  of  inorganic  metallic  pesticides,
herbicides,  etc.  is  included  in  SIC  2819 and the basic
manufacture of organic pesticides is included in SIC 2869.

It can  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  use  of  the  term
"pesticide"  in this document refers to any chemical used to
destroy a specific organism, i.e. an insecticide, herbicide,
fungicide, miticide, etc.

The  coverage  of  non-pesticide  products   (such  as  plant
hormones and soil conditioners) in SIC codes 2819, 2869, and
2879 is beyond the scope of this study.  Also not covered in
this   study   are   those   miscellaneous   pesticides  not
identifiable by their active molecular group as  halogenated
organic,  organo-nitrogen,  organo-phosphorous  or  metallo-
organic.

Individual pesticides are referred to by generic or chemical
name, predominant trade name, competitive  trade  names,  or
abbreviation   (e.g., DDT).  This, and the fact that over 500
commercially important  pesticides  are  manufactured,  make
individual  references  extremely  difficult, and could be a
source of confusion in this document.  Therefore, throughout
this document individual pesticide types will be referred to
by their "common names".  In a few instances, the generic or
chemical name matches the common name.  The common  name  is
usually:  (1)  a hybrid of the original trade name, or  (2)  an
abbreviation based on the chemical structure.

A  better  understanding  of  pesticides nomenclature can be
obtained from the Pesticide Handbook-Entoma, Volume 1, Pages
110-13U, where a list of common names, chemical  names,  and
alternative  designations  are  presented.  This list is the
basis  for  the  pesticide  references  employed   in   this
document.

It    should   be   understood   that   specific   pesticide
manufacturing   operations   are   unique   and    generally
characteristic  only  of  a  given facility.  There are very
few, if any, pesticide plants which manufacture one  product
or  use  only  one  process.  Instead, almost all plants are
multiproduct/process  facilities  where  the  final  mix  of
products shipped is unique to that plant.   Some plants (such
as  batch chemicals complexes)  produce hundreds of products,
while other facilities manufacture only two or  three  hicrh-
volume  products.  In many instances, even the product mixes
vary  from  day  to  day.     Furthermore,    the   production
quantities  associated  with  the product mix shipped from a
plant are not necessarily a true indication of the extent or
type of manufacturing activities  carried  out  within  that
                               15

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plant.   Frequently,  products  are  utilized  captively  as
feedstocks  in  the  manufacture  of  other  products.   Few
facilities  manufacture or formulate pesticides exclusively;
other chemicals may constitute a very minor or a very  major
portion  of  total  production at a particular plant.  These
factors must be considered since water usage and  wastewater
generation  patterns in the pesticide chemicals point source
category are directly  related  to  the  diverse  nature  of
manufacturing  processes  and  the availability of essential
raw materials.
    Overview of the Industry

The  distribution  of  major  pesticide   manufacturers   is
illustrated  in  Figure  III-1.   Unlike  some  point source
categories where relatively  large  plants  manufacture  es-
sentially  a  single  product  from  a limited number of raw
materials, the pesticide  chemicals  point  source  category
involves  a  complex  mixture  of  raw materials, processes,
product mixes, and product formulations.  To understand this
completely, it is necessary  to  examine  selected  chemical
groupings  and  product  categorizations in detail.  Of over
500 individual  pesticides  of  commercial  importance,  and
perhaps   as   many  as  34,000  distinct  major  formulated
products, the following pesticide product divisions  can  be
made:

    1.  Halogenated organic
    2.  Organo-phosphorus
    3.  Organo-nitrogen
    U.  Metallo-organic
    5.  Botanical and microbiological
    6.  Miscellaneous  (not covered in the preceding groups)

During  the  course of the study every known manufacturer of
technical pesticides was  contacted.   The  distribution  of
plants by product division was as follows:
                                16

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                                                        FIGURE III -1

                                       LOCATIONS OF PESTICIDES PRODUCTION PLANTS
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
        TECHNICAL STUDIES REPORT: TS-00-72-04, JUNE 1972

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                   Single           Multi-
                  Category         Category
                Manu facturers    Manu facturers

Halogenated
 Organic            22                33

Phosphorus
 Containing          7                1U

Nitrogen
 Containing         19                34

Metallo
 Organic             4                17

Other or
 Unknown

    TOTAL

*Discrete Plants

The  grouping  above  further  expedites  discussion  of the
relationships and differences  among  the  various  chemical
groups.   Some  examples  of  these  differences include the
prolonged persistence  of  chlorinated  hydrocarbons  versus
shorter  half lives of organo-phosphorus and organo-nitrogen
compounds in the environment; the  amenability  of  organo—
phosphates   and   organo-nitrogen   compounds  to  chemical
hydrolysis; the various physical  properties  of  pesticides
(for  example, oily versus crystalline)  which may affect the
selection  of  control  and  treatment  processes;  and  the
amenability   of   particular  chlorinated  hydrocarbons  to
recovery (for example, by steam stripping).

The  distribution  of  the  pesticide  chemicals  among  the
preceding  product  groups or families is presented in Table
III-1.  It can be seen that the nitrogen-containing group is
the most diverse,  and  that  the  halogenated,  phosphorus-
containing,  and  metallo-organic families are approximately
equal in diversity.  Table III-2 lists the majority  of  the
pesticides manufactured in the U.S. according to family tree
and  chemical  structure.   Their  chemical configuration is
also illustrated in the table.

The halogenated organic group of  pesticides  includes  many
first  generation  organic  pesticides, e.g., DDT, and has a
broad  spectrum  of  insecticidal  action   with   prolonged
stability   and   residual   activity.    This,  along  with
                              18

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                               TABLE III-l

                        PESTICIDE CLASSIFICATION
                                                            NUMBER OF
                                                         MAJOR PESTICIDES
A.  Halogenated Organics
      DDT and relatives                                           9
      Chlorinated Aryloxyalkanoic Acids                          12
      Aldrin-toxaphene group                                     16
      Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons                         20
      Halogenated aromatic-type compounds,  not elsewhere
        classified                                               29
      Other chlorinated compounds                                	

                                                                 98

B.  Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides
      Phosphates and phosphonates                                19
      Phosphorothioates and phosphorodithioates                  61
      Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds                               8
      Other phosphorus compounds                                 _5_

                                                                 93

C.  Nitrogen-Containing Pesticides
      Aryl and alky! carbamates and related compounds             35
      Thiocarbamates                                             23
      Anil ides                                                   13
      Amides and amines (without sulfur)                         24
      Ureas and uracils                                          20
      Triazines                                                  14
      Amines, heterocyclic (sulfur-containing)                   12
      Nitro compounds                                            26
      Other nitrogen-containing compounds                         42

                                                                209

D.  Metallo-Organic Pesticides
      Mercury compounds                                          28
      Arsenic compounds                                          17
      Other heavy metal compounds   .                             17
      Other inorganic compounds, including  cyanides,
        phosphides, and related compounds                         24

                                                                 86
                                 19

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                               TABLE III-l
                        PESTICIDE CLASSIFICATION
                                Continued
                                                            NUMBER OF
                                                         MAJOR PESTICIDES
E.  Botanical  and Microbiological  Pesticides                     19
F.  Organic Pesticides, not Elsewhere Classified
      Carbon compounds                                           41
      Anticoagulants                                             _4
                                                                 45
                                            TOTAL               550
                                 20

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                              TABLE II1-2

          STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF TYPICAL AND MAJOR PESTICIDES
A.  HALOGENATED ORGANICS
     X=normally Cl
           DDT and Relatives

                  Z
                  I

                  I
                  Y

            Y=noramlly CC13
Z=normally H
DDT, ODD, TDE, Perthane* ,Methoxychi or,  Prolan, Bulan, Gex,  Dicofol,
Chloropropylate, Bromopropylate, Parinol, Chiorobenzilate

                     Chlorinated Aryloxyalkanoic Acids
>_ OCHR (CH2)m COOH
                                                  R=normally H or CH3
                                                  X=normally Cl
                                                  Y=always Cl
                                                  Z=normally H or Cl
2,4-D and its derivatives, 2,4,5-T and its derivatives,  Silvex,
Dichloroprop, Sesone, Fruitone CPA*, MCPA, MCPB, MCPP, Erbon

                         Aldrin - Toxaphene Group
                                                        Product
                                                    (cj) = perch!orinated ring
Kepone*, Heptachlor, Mirex, Pentac*, Chlorodane, Telodrin,  Aldrin,
Dieldrin, Toxaphene, Endrin, Endosulfan,  Isodrin, Alodan, Bromodan,
Strobane

                     Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
                                    C

                                    X
                                                   X=halogenated,  H and  0
                                                   R=Alkyl  grouping or halogen
TCA and its salts, Dalapan and its salts, Fenac,  Methyl  Bromide,  DBCP,
DD*, EDB, Lindane, Glytac*
* Trademark
                                    21

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                             TABLE  1 1 1-2
                             (Continued)
                    Halogenated Aromatic Compounds
                                                    X=C1, and NH?,OCH-,, H, etc.
                                     *
                                                    R=OH, H, CL, RCOOH, ESTER, etc,
                              A   A

Benzene hexachloride,  Dichlorbenzenes, Dacthal*, PCP and its salts,
Hexachlorophene,  Chloroben,  Hexachlorobenzene, Dicamba, Tricamba,
Chloroneb,  Probe, Fenac*,  Piperalin,  2,3,6-TBA, TCBA, Tiba, Ami ben,
Propanil, Bandane, Strobane

B.  PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING

                     Phosphates  and Phosphonates

                                                 R] , Ro=usuany alkyl group
                     RjO     0                    R3=Alkly, halogen, NH2, etc.
                        ^     "                    Y=ususally halogen on H
                             "
                     R2)
                                 Y

Dichlorvos, Dicrotphos,  Ciodrin*, Trichlorofon,  Ethephon, Gardona*,
Mevinphos, Naled,  Nia 10637,  TEPP,  Phosphamidon

                 Phosphorothioates  and  Phosphorodithioates

                             S                  Rl=Alkyl group
                                                A=0 on S
                       (RlO)?-P-A-R2             R2=Alkyl, aryl , NH2, CHBrCBrClo,
                                                  CH-CC12, etc.

Parathion, Me-Parathion,  Dicapton,  Chlorthion, Fenthion, Ronnel , Sumithion,
Demeton, Diazinon, Dioxathion, Guthion*,  Malathion, Coumaphos,  Dasanit*,
Phorate, Disulfoton, Ekatin,  Abate*,  Acetellic*, Pyrazophos, Akton*,
Aspon*, Monocrotophos, Betasan*,  DEF*,  Dimethoate, Chlopyrifos, Dyfonate*,
EPN, Ethion, Folex*, Phentriazophos,  Imidan*, Menazon, Demeton-0-methyl sul foxi de,
Prophos, Phenthoate, Leptophos, Pirimiphosethyl , Sumithion*, Supracide*,
Surecide*, Dialifor, Carbophenothion, Dichlorofenthion, Zinophos*, Phosalone


* Trademark
                                22

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                          TABLE II I -2
                          (Continued)


                  Phosphorus-Nitrogen  Compounds

                             (S)
                              0               R-|=Alkyl,  aryl  group, etc.
                           ^  "               R2=Alkyl,  aryl  group, etc.
                         j\ p - pjR3       R3=Alkyl,  aryl,  or  other  cyclic
                         "^^                     compounds, etc.

Ruelene, Nellite*, Nemacur*, Cyolane,  Cytrolctne,  Go  phacide*,  Monitor*

C.  NITROGEN-CONTAINING

              Aryl and Alky! Carbamates and  Related  Compounds


              R2    0                  R2    0           Ri=Alkyl
               |     "                   I      "           R2=Alkyl, H
             Rl-N-C-R3                 R4-N-C-R3          R3=Alkyl , NH4, Etc.
                                                         R4=Aryl  group

Propham (IPC), Chloropropham (CIPC),  Barban, Swep, Sirmate*,  Azak*,
I sol an, Metacrate*, Carbaryl (Sevin*), Zectran*,  Metacil*,  Baygon*,
Mesurol*, Temik*, Banol ,  Meobal*, Landrin*,  Betanol*,  Asulox*, BUX,
Carbofuran, Lannate*, Osbac*, Pirimicarb,  Tandex*, Mobam*

                         Thiocarbamates

                               0                 Ri=Alkyl group
                                                 R2=Alkyl,  H
                          Rl-N-C-S-R3             R3= Alkyl, NH4,  etc.

                             R2

EPTC, SMDC, Vernolate, CDEC, pebulate, Diallate,  Triallate, butylate,
Molinate, Cycloate, Bolero*, Eptam*

                 Amides and Amines  (without  sulfur)

                              0                  R1=Alkyl,  C1CH2, etc.
                              "                  R2=Alkyl,  Cyclic compounds
                          R]-C-N-R3               R3=Alkyl,  H
Pronamide, Alachlor, Dicryl,  Solan,  Propanil,  Diphenamid,  Propachlor,
CDAA, Naptalam, Cypromid,  CDA,  Chlonitralid,  Benomyl ,  Deet,  Dimetilan,
Diphenylamine, Horomodin*, Butachlor,  Naphthalene  acetamide, Vitavax*
* Trademark
                                 23

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                           TABLE  II1-2
                           (Continued)
                          Ureas and Uracils


                                            C4
                               and               IN Y^Y !

                                                (K Vs CHS
                                                    N
                                                    I
                                                    H

           Ri=Cl,  Br,  H,  OCH3, etc.      R3=CH3, OCH3, etc.
           R2=H, Cl,  etc.                R4=CH3, Alkyl

Fenuron, Monuron,  Diuron,  Fluometuron, Linuron, Metobromuron, Momolinuron,
Neburon, Siduron,  Chloroxuron, Buturon, Chlorbromuron, Norea, Cycluron,
Antu*, Metrobromuron,  Monuron TCA, Probe*, Urab*,  Bromacil

                            s-Triazines
                                                  Ri=Alkyl
                                                  R2=A1 kyl
                                                  R3=Halogen, SCH3, OCH3, etc.
Ametryne, Atratone,  Atrazine,  Simazine,  Simetone, Simetryne, Prometone,
Prometryne, Propazine, Lambast*,  Chlorazine, Bladex*, Prefox*, Sancap*,
Sumitol*, Terbutryn, Dyrene*

                           Nitro  Compounds

                                 R]              Ri=OH, Alkyl, Etc.
                             P ^\n            R2=N02, H, Alkyl, etc.
                              4O 2           R3=N02, CF3
                               k^J             R4=N02, H
                                 «3

Benefin, Dinocap, Dinsep (DNSP),  DNOC, Nitralin, PCNB, Trifluralin, A-820*,
Dinoseb Acetate, Binapacryl, Dinitramine, Fluorodifen, Isoproplin, Lamprecid*,
Torpedo*, Chloropicrin, DCNA

                  Other Nitrogen-Containinvg Compounds

                 These have varied chemical structures

Actellic*, Pyrazophos, Ametrole,  Banamite*, Benomyl, Benzomate, Calixin*,
Captan, Carzol*, Chlorodimeform,  Cycloheximide, Cycoel*, Cyprex*,
Dexon*, Diquat, Fenazaflor, Maleic hydrazide, M6K 264*,

                                  24
* Trademark

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                          TABLE 111-2
                          (Continued)


MGK Repellent 326*, Neo-Pynamin*,  Parquat,  Thiram,  Thiophanate,  Thynon*,
Milcurb*, Milstem*, Nia 21844,  Nia  21861,  Nia 23486,  Nicotine, N-Serve*,
Ohric*, Picloram, Piperalin, Plantvax*,  Pyramin*,  Ronstar*,  Towtate*,
SADH, Sencor*, Sicarol*, Stop Scald*, Streptomycin, Tandex*, Thanite*,
Difolatan*, Folpet, Mertect*, Morestan*, Nia 19873, Niacide*,0rdram*,
Terrazole*, Mylone (DMTT)

D. METALLO-ORGANIC

   These have varied chemical structures,  no generalized  formula can
   be derived.

Brestan*, Cacodylic  Acid, CMA, Manzate  200*, Copoloid*,  Copper-8*, Copper
Oleaste, DSMA, Du-Ter*, Ferbam, Maneb, MSMA, Nabam, Niacide*, Plictran*,
Zineb, Ziram

E.  BOTANICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL

    These have varied chemical  structures,  and, therefore,  no generalized
    formula can be derived.

Bacillus  popilliae,  Bacillus thuringiensis,  Polyhedrus  Virus,  Pyrethrins,
Ryania
F.  MISCELLANEOUS PESTICIDES (Not Elsewhere Classified)

    These have varied chemical  structures,  and, therefore,  no generalized
    formula can be derived.

Cresotw, Nicotine, Rotenone, Petroleum oils, Butoxy,  Calamite*,  Dexon*,
MGK Repellent 874*, Omite*, Sulfoxide, TCTP, Tetradifon
 * Trademark
                                   25

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competition from new products  which  are  more  economical,
less  toxic  to higher animals, and more environmentally de-
gradable, has caused a decline in the use of the halogenated
organic group of pesticides since the mid-1960»s.

The phosphorus-containing insecticides are among the fastest
growing  products  in  the  pesticide  chemicals   industry.
Thousands   of  phosphorus-containing  compounds  have  been
evaluated for pesticidal properties, and commercial products
currently used include insecticides  that  are  marketed  in
multimillion-pound  quantities.  The number of highly toxic,
phosphorus-containing  compounds  is  virtually   limitless.
Their suitability as insecticides, however, depends on their
specific physical and chemical properties, and on how safely
they  can  be  employed.   Although  they  are  very  toxic,
phosphorus-containing   compounds   generally   are   easily
hydrolyzed  in  an  alkaline  medium  to  yield materials of
relatively low toxicity.  Generally,  these  pesticides  are
also environmentally degradable.

Several  classes  of nitrogen-containing compounds have been
produced and successfully marketed since 1945.   These  have
the  broadest  range  of  biological  activity,   and  can be
applied   as   selective   herbicides,   insecticides,    or
fungicides.   Herbicides  and fungicides for which nitrogen-
containing compounds have  recently  been  synthesized  have
continued  to  increase their share of the pesticide market,
an increase from 44.1 percent in 1966  to  57.2   percent  in
1970.

Metallo-organic   pesticides,   which   are  produced  by  a
relatively limited number of companies, include  the  sodium
methane  arsenate  herbicides,  and  cadmium,  mercury,  and
copper derivatives of organic compounds.   The  three  major
types  of  metallo-organic  derivatives,  manganese, tin and
zinc, are not included in the scope of this document.

Three of the botanical and biological insecticides,  Bacillus
thuringienes, rotenone, and  the  pyrethrins,,  though  quite
effective   and  useful  in  insecticide  formulations,  are
nontoxic to mammals.  Rotenone is quite toxic  to  fish  and
are  found  widely  in  nature.   These  pesticides  must be
extracted  or  obtained  through  a  fermentation   process.
Large-volume production (greater than one million pounds per
year)   is  seldom encountered.  Thus, these insecticides are
not covered in this study.

There are other pesticides which do not  readily  fall  into
the  previously  discussed  subcategories.   Of   these,  the
rodenticide Warfarin deserves mention.  Its  production  has
                               26

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exceeded  12 million pounds per year while none of the other
so-called  "miscellaneous"  pesticides   are   produced   in
quantities greater than 1 million pounds per year.

A  small  group,  called  the  sulfur  pesticides,  contains
halogen, nitrogen, or are produced as a metal salt, and have
been   categorized   as   halogenated   organic,   nitrogen-
containing,    or   metallo-organics,   respectively.    The
treatability  of  the  wastewaters  generated   during   the
production  of  these  sulfur-based  compounds is similar to
that of their non-sulfur relatives.   Inorganic  pesticides,
for  example sodium chlorate and elemental sulfur, have been
studied as part  of  the  inorganic  industry  and  are  not
covered   in   this  document.   Likewise,  certain  organic
materials,  occasionally  used  as  pesticides,   are   more
appropriately  covered by the organic chemicals point source
category.  Both production and wastewater treatabilities  of
the   botanical   (pyrethrins),   microbiological  (Bacillus
thuringienes), and the anticoagulants (Warfarin) are similar
to those of products discussed within the documents covering
the Pharmaceuticals, gum  and  wood  chemicals,  or  organic
chemicals point source categories.  These products represent
a small fraction of the pesticide chemicals industry.

In   addition   to   the  plants  which  manufacture  active
ingredients for pesticides,  there  are  plants  which  make
pesticide  products  by  formulating, blending, canning, and
packaging operations.  Locations of  formulation  facilities
are  shown in Figure III-2.  In this sector of the category,
the raw materials used are the pesticide active ingredients,
which may be procured  from  outside  suppliers  or  may  be
manufactured   on-site.    The   processing  types  in  this
subcategory   (called   formulators   and   packagers)    are
mechanical  and physical/ chemical in nature.  The levels of
wastewater generation  and  contamination  are  considerably
lower  than  in the active-ingredient production facilities.
Pesticide formulations and packaged products generally  fall
into three classifications:  water-based, solvent-based, and
dry-based.
                               27

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                                               FIGURE III-2


                                       LOCATIONS OF FORMULATION

                                          FACILITIES IN U.S.
PO
00
      Source: Environmental Protection Agency,
             Technology Series: EPA-660/2-74-094
             January,  1975.

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                         SECTION IV

                 INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIZATION


         Rationale of Categorization

In  the  development  of  effluent limitation guidelines and
standards of performance for the pesticide  chemicals  point
source  category,  it  was  necessary  to  determine whether
significant differences exist which may  form  a  basis  for
subcategorization.   The rationale for subcategorization was
based on emphasized differences  and  similarities  in  such
factors   as  (1)  constituents  and/or  quantity  of  waste
produced; (2)  the engineering feasibility of  treatment  and
resulting effluent reduction; and (3) the cost of treatment.
While  factors such as plant age and size tend to affect the
constituents and quantity of waste  produced,  the  emphasis
herein is not merely on an analysis of these factors, but on
the  resulting  differences in waste production, engineering
feasibility, and cost.

Among the factors  or  elements  which  were  considered  in
regard  to  identifying  any relevant subcategories were the
following items.

              Manufacturing Processes

Pesticide  plants  which   manufacture   active   ingredient
products  use  many diverse manufacturing processes.  Rarely
does a plant employ  all  of  the  processes  found  in  the
category,  but  most plants use several processes in series.
The principal processes utilized include chemical synthesis,
separation, recovery, purification, and  product  finishing,
such as drying.

Chemical  synthesis  can  include  chlorination, alkylation,
nitration,   and   many   other   substitution    reactions.
Separation   processes   include   filtration,  decantation,
extraction and centrifugation.   Recovery  and  purification
are utilized to reclaim solvents or excess reactants as well
as to purify intermediates and final products.  Evaporation,
distillation,   and  extraction  are  common processes in the
pesticide chemicals industry.  Product finishing can include
blending, dilution, pelletizing, packaging, and canning.

Since diverse processes are  used  by  all  sectors  of  the
active  ingredient industry, as discussed above, the type of
manufacturing process alone is not a comprehensive basis for
subcategorization.
                               29

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This study indicated the manufacturing segment differed from
the formulating/packaging segment in the  basic  operations,
water/solvent  utilized,  and  waste  load generated.  These
differences require separate subcategorization of the active
ingredient manufacturing sectors from  the  formulation  and
packaging operation.

              Product

Four  fundamental  pesticide subcategories are evident based
on  the  generic  class  of  the  product  and  the  process
chemistry  employed.  These are halogenated organic, organo-
phosphorus, organo-nitrogen, and  metallo-organic  products.
As  shown in Section V of this document, the characteristics
of the wastewaters from the production of these products can
differ appreciably.  Also, as detailed in Section  VII,  the
treatment technologies required for the wastewaters differ.

Certainly the subcategorization does leave some ambiguities.
This  is  especially  true  of compounds containing chlorine
which are not grouped as halogenated organics but  elsewhere
due  to greater similarity of functional groups.  An example
is the organo-phosphorus compound  Dursban.    This  compound
contains  sulfur,  chlorine,  nitrogen  and phosphorus.  The
readers are  directed  to  Section  X  of  this  development
document  for  guidance  in  which  subcategory a particular
pesticide belongs.

A number of pesticides cannot be classified in  any  of  the
above  classes.   These  are  referred to as non-categorized
pesticides hereafter.  Examples of these are also in Section
X.

              Raw Materials

Since it can be assumed that the raw materials used  in  the
pesticides chemicals industry are feedstocks specific to the
product being manufactured and with narrow ranges of quality
and  purity,  the  choice  of  raw  material does not have a
significant impact on the  nature  or  quantities  of  waste
products generated within any one subcategory.  Accordingly,
wastewater  volumes and qualities are not effected by choice
of raw materials.  Thus, the selection of raw  materials  is
not   a   significant   factor  on  which  to  base  further
subcategorization.

              Plant Size

There are more than 100 plants in the United States  engaged
in  the  production  of  pesticidal  active ingredients, and
                               30

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possibly as many as about 3,000 facilities  formulating  the
active  ingredients  into  final  products, such as liquids,
dusts, and packaged aerosols.  The sizes of  process  units,
production   complexes,  and  individual  companies  in  the
pesticide chemicals point source  category  sector  are  not
published,  and  this  information was not available for the
purposes of  this  study.   Based  on  information  obtained
during  plant visits, it is obvious that plant size can vary
appreciably.  Plant size should not affect the applicability
or performance of  control  and  treatment  technologies  as
outlined in later sections of this document, but potentially
will  affect  the  cost of treatment facilities and cost per
unit  of  production.   Accordingly,  plant  size   is   not
considered  as  a major criterion for subcategorization, but
has been taken into consideration on the cost estimates.

              Plant Age

Pesticide   plants   are   relatively   new,    commissioned
predominantly  in  the  post-World  War  II  period, and the
general   processing   technologies   have    not    changed
appreciably.  The use of different processing modes, such as
batch,  semi-continuous, continuous, depend on product type,
inherent process requirements, and economies of scale.   The
individual  process lines are modified as needed for product
or process changes, but  plant  age  is  not  reflective  of
existing  process  systems at any given plant site since new
processes are normally installed at old and  new  facilities
alike.   Therefore,  it is concluded that plant age is not a
significant factor for subcategorization.

              Plant Location

As  indicated  by  Figure  III-1,   pesticide   plants   are
distributed throughout the United States.  Based on analyses
of existing data presented in recent studies and the results
of  plant  visits  to the southern, midwestern, and northern
geographical areas of the country, plant location has little
effect  on  the  quality  or  quantity  of  the   wastewater
generated.   Geographic location, however, can influence the
performance of aerated and stabilization  lagoons,  but  low
performance  problems  can be overcome by adequate sizing or
selection  of  alternative  processes,  such  as   activated
sludge.

Since  most  pesticide  plants  are  relatively new, and the
trend in the chemical industry is to locate  plants  outside
of  urban  areas,  the  tend  to  be located in rural areas.
Those plants that are located in urban areas tend to  occupy
and  own  less  land  with  the  result  that land costs for
                               31

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treatment facilities are higher than plants located in rural
areas.

Taking the above points into account, it can be  said  that,
other  than  costs  associated with land availability, plant
location  is  not   a   significant   factor   for   further
subcategorization.

              Housekeeping

Housekeeping  practices  vary  within the category; however,
they are influenced more by philosophy of  the  company  and
personnel  involved  than  by  the  manufacturing process or
product mix.   In  many  cases,  plants  with  comprehensive
treatment  facilities  or  a  history of good treatment also
exhibit good  housekeeping  techniques.   This  practice  is
founded  on necessity and experience which dictate that good
treatment requires good housekeeping.

In  view  of  these  findings  it  can  be  concluded   that
housekeeping   alone   is   not   a  reasonable  factor  for
subcategori zation.

              Air Pollution Control Equipment

Air pollution control problems and  equipment  utilized  are
not  generally  unique  to  different segments of this point
source category.  Vapors and toxic gas fumes are  frequently
incinerated.    Particulates   can   be  removed  by  either
baghouses or wet  scrubbing  devices.   In  all  cases,  the
wastes produced by air pollution control devices are readily
treatable  for all subcategories and do not serve as a basis
for subcategorization.

              Nature of the Wastes Generated

The type and characteristics of the wastes generated by  the
various  sectors  of  the  pesticide  chemicals industry are
discussed fully in Section V.  In brief, the nature  of  the
generated wastes is a supporting basis for subcategorizatinq
the industry.  The rationale behind such a subcategorization
is   adequately   covered   in   the   process  descriptions
subsections.

              Treatability of Wastewaters

The wastewaters generated by  the  various  sectors  of  the
industry  exhibit  different  treatability  characteristics.
The waste  types  and  treatabilities  are  irelated  to  the
industry   sector   and  its  products  and  processes;   no
                                32

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generalized conclusions can be drawn.   The  impact  of  the
product  mix  and  processes is discussed in the subsections
dealing  with  the  industry  process  descriptions  in  the
following pages.

              Summary of Considerations

It  was  concluded, for the purpose of establishing effluent
limitations guidelines and  standards,  that  the  pesticide
chemicals    industry    should   be   grouped   into   five
subcategories.  This subcategorization is based on  distinct
differences   in   raw  material,  manufacturing  processes,
products, and wastewater characteristics and treatability.

It is concluded that the pesticide  chemicals  point  source
category should be grouped into the following subcategories:

        A.  Halogenated organics production
        B.  Organo-phosphorus production
        C.  Organo-nitrogen production
        D.  Metallo-organics production
        E.  Formulation or packaging of pesticides
        F.  Production of botanical, microbiological, or
            miscellaneous pesticides.  (not within the
            scope of this document.)

It  is  recognized,  and  it  should be made clear, that the
production operations so categorized occur  in  combinations
at  many  plants and that it is in fact possible for a given
facility to be associated with all of the  subcategories  as
well  as  with  other  chemical  production.  It is however,
generally true that a given  plant  does  not  produce  both
insecticides and herbicides.

It  is  further  recognized  that many plants produce or use
intermediate  products.    This   complicating   factor   is
discussed  in  Section IX under "Factors to be Considered in
Applying Effluent Guidelines."

         Description of Subcategories

              Subcategory A - Halogenated Organic Pesticides

Representative products included  under  Subcategory  A  are
those   pesticides  listed  under  halogenated  organics  in
Section X.  In most cases the halogen component is chlorine.
The  chlorine  groups  generally  are   added   via   direct
chlorination  or  via  substitution from another chlorinated
organic.
                                33

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              Subcategory B - Orqano-Phosphorus Pesticides

Representative products under Subcategory B  includes  those
pesticide  products listed under organo-phosphorus compounds
in Section X.  The subcategory  includes  phosphates,  phos-
phonates,    phosphorothioates,   phosphorodithioates,   and
phosphorus-nitrogen pesticide types.

              Subcategory C - Organo-Nitrogen Pesticides

Representative pesticides included under Subcategory  C  are
listed  in  Section X under organo-nitrogen compounds.  This
subcategory has more family groups and is the  most  diverse
of all the pesticide subcategories.

              Subcategory D - Metallo-Orqanic Pesticides

The   metallo-organic   pesticide   subcategory   could   be
considered a  part  of  the  inorganic  and  metallo-organic
sector  of  the  industry.   However,  since  most inorganic
pesticides are essentially simple inorganic chemicals,  they
are  not  covered in this document.  Representative metallo-
organic pesticides included in subcategory D are  listed  in
Section X.

              Subcategory E - Formulators and Packagers

Subcategory  E  includes all types of pesticide formulating,
blending, packaging, canning, etc.  It should be  emphasized
that  the  manufacture  or  production of active ingredients
material is excluded from this subcategory.

         Subcategory F - Non-Categorized Pesticides

Subcategory F includes the manufacture of all pesticides not
included in Subcategories A through D.  These  products  are
not addressed in this document.

         Process Descriptions

              Halogenated Organic Pesticides

Four   major  halogenated  organic  pesticide  groups  merit
process  descriptions  and  process  flow  diagrams.   These
groups are:
                                34

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           DDT and its relatives
           Chlorinated phenols and aryloxyalkanoic acids
           Aldrin and toxaphene
           Halogenated aliphatic compounds

Although  halogenated  organic  pesticides can involve other
halogens, chlorinated compounds are more common and, in most
cases,  are  illustrative  of  the  processes   and   wastes
associated with the other halogenated organic pesticides.

              DDT and its relatives

Although  present  DDT  production  is  on  the decline, its
manufacture is well documented in the literature and  serves
as   a   good  example  of  the  production  and  associated
wastewaters for the DDT family of  pesticides.   Analogs  of
DDT  can  be  prepared  by  changing the substituents on the
benzene  (e.g.  methoxychlor  is  made  from   Arisole   and
Chloral).

Figure  IV-1  is  a  simplified process flow diagram for DDT
production and illustrates the type of wastewater generated.
The process description that follows is an  example  of  how
the  process(es)  may  be carried out commercially, although
considerable variations exist in process  equipment  design,
reactant concentrations, amount of recycle acid, and methods
of purification.

An aldehyde, chlorobenzene, and concentrated  (95-99 percent)
sulfuric  acid  or  oleum  are  charged  to a steel reactor.
Generally,  the aldehyde and chlorobenzene are mixed together
with part  of  the  concentrated  sulfuric  acid.   External
cooling, or cooling by means of internal coils, is generally
necessary to maintain the desired reaction temperature.  The
batch reaction can take several hours, or it may also be run
continuously by using a number of reactors in series.

At  the  end  of  the  reaction,  the  crude product goes to
separators, where  the  spent  acid  separates.   This  acid
contains  small amounts of water and is concentrated for re-
use.  The product liquor from the top of the separator  goes
to  a  liquid-phase  scrubber, where water is used to remove
mechanically entrained sulfuric acid.  The  liquor  is  then
washed with dilute caustic or sodium carbonate solution in a
second   scrubber   and  finally  washed  with  water.   The
separator and scrubber are maintained at  sufficiently  high
temperature to prevent product crystallization.

The  neutralized  product,  containing chlorobenzene, can be
run  to  a  column  where  it  is   vacuum-distilled.    The
                                35

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                                                  FIGURE IV-1

                                     GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR DDT AND
                                      RELATED COMPOUNDS PRODUCTION FACILITIES
      CHLORO BENZENE
                                                      VENT
                                 VENT
                        VENT-«-
      ALDEHYDE
      H2S04
en
                         2-STAGE
                         .REACTOR
SEPARATOR
                                               WATER-i
   SCRUBBER
                                    SPENT ACID
                                         ACID
                                         VENT
                        SODA ASH
                         WATER-i

                              I
                       RECYCLE ACID
  ACID
RECOVERY
  UNIT
WASTE ACID
SCRUBBER
VACUUM
COLUMN
                                                             NEUTRALIZATION
                                              VENT^i
                                               DUSTSI&
                                               PARTICULATE
 AIR
STILL
                                                   AIR-1
CRYSTALLIZER
   DRYER
   FLAKER
                                                                                                TECHNICAL
                                                                                                 PRODUCT
                           CLASS 1
                         -^DISPOSAL
         VENT:  GASES  ARE  SCRUBBED  (COLLECTED AND NEUTRALIZED)
               DUSTS  TO BAGHOUSE  (COLLECTED AND RETURNED TO FORMULATION)

-------
chlorobenzene  distillate  is passed through a separator and
condenser and is finally pumped to  storage  for  recycling.
The   molten   product   containing   a   small  percent  of
chlorobenzene can be pumped to  a  still,  where  additional
chlorobenzene   is   removed   by   continuous   atmospheric
distillation.  The melt is maintained at a temperature  high
enough to prevent crystallization of the product.

The  chlorobenzene-free  product  melt is generally run to a
flaker (consisting of a  chilled  drum  rotating  throuorh  a
steam  heated  feed  trough), where it is chilled to flakes.
The flaked product is then pulverized  to  the  proper  mesh
size  and  either  packaged  in concentrated form or blended
with inert extenders.

It is becoming standard practice to recycle  as  much  spent
acid  as possible and to raise the acid concentration to the
desired level by the addition of oleum.

In the purification and finishing of the product,  the  most
common  solvents  used  are  petroleum  fractions and excess
chlorobenzene.   In   order   to   pulverize   the   product
adequately,  entrained  solvent  must be reduced to as low a
concentration  as  possible.   Some  manufacturers   develop
friability  by  aging the product; others by grinding in the
presence of dry ice.

In  summary,  the  process  wastes   associated   with   the
production of DDT and its analogs are:

         1.   Waste acid from acid recovery unit
         2.   Scrub water from liquid phase scrubber
         3.   Dilute caustic wastewater from caustic
                   soda scrubber
         i».   Production area clean-up wastes
         5.   Scrubber water from vent gas water scrubbers
         6.   Water of formation from chemical reaction.

         Chlorinated Phenols and Aryloxyalkanoic Acids

Chlorobenzenes  are  used  as  a  starting  material  in the
manufacture of chlorinated phenols and in the manufacture of
chlorinated aryloxyalkanoic acid pesticides.    Figures  IV-2
and  IV-3  are  simplified  process  flow  diagrams  for the
manufacture of the chlorinated phenols  and  aryloxyalkanoic
acids.   Potential wastewater sources are shown.

Chlorobenzene  can be converted to a phenol by reacting with
dilute caustic soda or water and a catalyst  in  a  reactor.
Pentachloropheno1  (PCP)   is  prepared  by  chlorinating the
                                37

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                                                                  FIGURE IV-2
OJ
oo
        CAUSTIC SODA
                            -VENT
                       CHLORINE
                       SCRUBBER
        PHENOL
CHLORINE
        CATALYST
                           VENT
                                      C6C1XOH
                                     BY-PRODUCT
                         REACTOR
                         J
                               STILL
                        TARS TO
                      INCINERATION
                        EXCESS-e
                        WASTEWATER
                        TO TREATMENT

              •PRINCIPAL PROCESSING ROUTE
               FOR ALTERNATIVE PRODUCT-TYPE
                                                       GENERAL  PROCESS  FLOW  DIAGRAM FOR
                                                    HALOGENATED  PHENOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES
                                                 >-
                                                 LU
                                                 a:
  I
REACTOR
                                            o
                                            u_
                                            o
                                                   VENT-*i
                                                            SCRUBBER
                                                SEPARATOR
                                                       PRILL
                                                      TOWER
                                                                           VENT-
                                                                       1
                                  WATER
                                                                            SCRUBBER
                                                                                   DUST & PARTICULATE
DRYER
 PRODUCT
(CRYSTAL-
 LIZES)
                                                                               •AIR
                         PRODUCT
                        (PRILLED)

-------
phenol in the presence of  a  catalyst   (see  Figure  IV-2).
Excess  hydrogen  chloride and chlorine can be scrubbed with
phenol and recycled  to  the  reactor.   The  free  hydrogen
chloride  is  recycled to the chlorine plant.  The crude PCP
is distilled with NaOH to form the sodium salt.

Halogenated  aryloxyalkanoic  acids  can  be   prepared   by
charging  equimolar  quantities  of  a  chlorophenol  and  a
monochloroalkyl acid to a steam-heated closed kettle in  the
presence  of dilute caustic.  The method of synthesis for 2,
4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid  (2,4-D)  is generally applicable
to the majority of the class.  The reaction  is  carried  on
for  several hours under reflux conditions, after which time
the reaction mass is acidified (to approximately pH  =  1.0)
with dilute hydrochloric acid.  The acidified liquor is sent
to a crystallizer followed by a centrifuge.  The reaction is
carried  out  under optimum conditions of time, temperature,
and rate of addition of reactants to prevent  hydrolysis  of
unconverted  chloroalkyl  acid.   In  one process variation,
unreacted dichlorophenol is removed by distillation prior to
acidification.  In still another variation, the reaction  is
carried out in anhydrous monochlorobenzene  (as a solvent)  at
the   boiling   point  of  the  solvent;  water  is  removed
azeotropically.  The insoluble  product  is  separated  from
solvent by filtration.

Esters  and amine salts are prepared by reacting the phenoxy
alkyl acid with an alcohol or  amine,  respectively.   These
products have better formulation and application properties.

Briefly,  wastewaters  generated from the production of this
group of pesticides are:

         1.   Excess prill tower dust scrubber water
         2.   Centrate from liquid/solid separation step
         3.   Vent gas scrubber waters
         4.   Reactor and processing unit cleanout
                wastewaters
         5.   Processing area washdown wastewaters
         6.   Water of formation from chemical reaction.

It should be mentioned that 2,  4,  5  trichlorophenol  (the
feedstock  for 2, U, 5 -T)  may be contaminated with 2, 3,  7,
8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

                   Aldrin-Toxaphene Group

The insecticides of this group,  except  for  Toxaphene  and
Strobane  which  are  discussed  below,  are polychlorinated
cyclic hydrocarbons with  endomethylene-bridged  structures.
                               39

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                                          FIGURE IV-3

              GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF ARYLOXYALKANOIC ACID PRODUCTION FACILITIES
   DILUTE
CAUSTIC SODA
CHLOROPHENOL
CLROOH
                    REACTOR
CAUSTIC SODA OR SODA ASH
                                      DILUTE
                                 HYDROCHLORIC  ACID
ACIDFIER
CRYSTALIZER
CENTRIFUGE
                                                                     WASTEWATER
NEUTRALIZER
 CRYSTALIZER
  CENTRIFUGE
                                                                     WASTEWATER
                                                  -VENT
                                                   DUSTS &
                                                   PARTICULATE
      PRODUCT
   (CRYSTALLIZED)
-
                                                        -»-VENT
                                                          DUSTS  &
                                                          PARTICULATE
 PRODUCT
(SALT OF
PESTICIDE)
             PRINCIPAL PROCESSING  ROUTE FOR ALTERNATIVE PRODUCT-TYPE
             VENTS TO RECOVERY

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prepared by the Diels-Alder diene reaction.  The development
of  these  materials  resulted  from  the  1945 discovery of
chlordane,    the    chlorinated    product     of     hexa-
chlorocyclopentadiene  and  cyclopentadiene.  ^igure IV-4, a
simplified process flow diagram for this type of  pesticide,
illustrates  the  potential  sources  of  wastewater in this
process.

Cyclopentadiene,   produced   by   cracking   naphtha,    is
chlorinated  to  yield  hexachlorocyclopentadlene  (CPD), the
raw material  basic  to  the  chemistry  of  this  group  of
pesticides.    Cyclopentadiene  and  various  vinyl  organic
compounds can  be  combined  with  CPD  in  the  Diels-Alder
reactor.

Certain  pesticides  in  this  group  can be epoxidized with
hydrogen peroxide or peracids to produce an analogous  group
of pesticide compounds.

Toxaphene   and   Strobane   are   members  of  a  group  of
incompletely   characterized   broad-spectrum   insecticidal
compounds   produced   by   the  chlorination  of  naturally
occurring  terpenes.   They  are  insoluble  in  water   and
generally  have long residual effects.  These compounds, are
unstable in the presence of alkali.  Upon prolonged exposure
to  sunlight,  and  at  temperatures  above  155°C  hydrogen
chloride is liberated.

Wastewater  generated  in  the  production of this family of
pesticides are:

         1.   Vent gas scrubber water from caustic
                   soda scrubber
         2.   Aqueous phase from the epoxidation step
         3.   Wastewater from the water wash and product
                   purification units
         4.   Periodic equipment cleaning wastewater
         5.   Wastes from cleanup of production areas.

  Tars, off-specification products and filter cake should
  not generate wastewaters since they are usually incinerated.

              Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

This group includes chlorinated aliphatic  acids  and  their
salts   (e.g.,   TCA,   Dalapon,   and   Fenac  herbicides),
halogenated hydrocarbon  fumigants  (e.g.,  methyl  bromide,
DBCP,  and  EDB) ,  and the insecticide Lindane.   figures IV-5
and IV-6 represent simplified process flow diagrams for  the
production   of   halogenated   aliphatics  and  halogenated
                                41

-------
                                                    FIGURE  IV-4

                                  GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ALDRIN-TOXAPHENE
                                               PRODUCTION FACILITIES
-ti-
ro
         CYCLOPENTADIENE
             CHLORINE
                             CHLORINATOR
                                    VENT
CAUSTIC SODA
   WET
SCRUBBER
                                             FILTER
                                                  o:
                                                  LU
                                                  I—
                                                  oo
                                       DIENE
                                      REACTOR
                                           CAKE TO
                                           INCINERATOR
                                                       -»-WASTEWATER
                                                              EXCESS TO
                                                                               HoO.
SOLVENT
STRIPPER
                                                    TARS TO
                                                    INCINERATOR

INTERMEDIATE
OR
TECHNICAL
PRODUCT


SOLVENT

i
1 CHLORINE
1 1
1 CHLOR-
INATOR
>— i r— LMiMLYii REACTOR ^
OXIDATION . SOLVENT
REACTOR
' STRIPPER
U-WASTEWATER
VENT -« 	 1 STEAM-


pprnvFRY
PRODUCT


EXTR/
UWASTEWATER
PRODUCT
i i- n r-n

irTfip > prcnniiri

r
r r-i +A TFT*
              FORMULATING
             OR  PACKAGING
              OPERATIONS
                        — RECYCLE —
                         DUSTS, ETC.
                                                                                             ALTERNATE PRODUCT

-------
aliphatic acid pesticides.   Potential wastewater  sources  are
illustrated.

Chlorinated aliphatic  acids  can be  prepared  by  nitric  acid
oxidation of chloral  (TCA),  or by direct chlorination of  the
acid.  The acids can be  sold as mono- or di-chloro acids,  or
neutralized  to  an aqueous  solution with caustic soda.   The
neutralized solution is  generally fed to a dryer  from  which
the powdered product is  packaged.

Wastewaters  potentially  produced  during the manufacture of
pesticides in this groups  are:

         1.   Condensate from steam jets
         2.   Acidic wastewater from fractionation units
         3.   Cooler blowdown water
         t».   Excess mother  liquor  from centrifuges
         5.   Vent gas scrubber water from caustic
                   soda  scrubber
         6.   Aqueous phase  from decanter units
         7.   Scrubber water  from dryer units
         8.   Wash water from equipment cleanout
         9.   Process area clean up wastes.

              Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides

The commercial  organo-phosphorus   pesticides,  composed   of
phosphates,   phosphonates,   phosphorothioates,  phosphoro-
dithioates, and phosphorus-nitrogen compounds,  account   for
about  95  percent  of   the  phosphorus-containing pesticides
produced today.

Seven of the 10  most  popular  organo-phosphorus  compounds
start  with the preparation of a phosphite triester  (P (ORD)
3)  which  can  be  readily   oxidized  to    the   respective
phosphates,  but  is  more commonly reacted  with a ketone  or
aldehyde having an alpha-carbon halide.    The  product  thus
formed   is   a  phosphate  with  an  unsaturated  aliphatic
grouping.  These compounds can then be  halogenated  across
the double bond to form  yet another compound with pesticidal
properties.

              Phosphates and Phosphonates

Phosphates    and   phosphonates,    such   as   trichlorfon,
dischlovos, TEPP  and  ethephon  are  grouped  as  phoshpite
triesters.   Figure IV-7  is a simplified process flow diagram
of   phosphite   triester   production   showing   potential
wastewater sources.
                                 43

-------
                                              FIGURE IV-5

                              GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR HALOGENATED
                               ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION FACILITIES
            STEAM
    HYDROCARBON
     HALOGEN
                            VENT
                         EJECTOR
                           AND
                        BAROMETRIC
                        CONDENSER'
                        OR CAUSTIC
                         SCRUBBER
                           ACID
REACTOR
  AND
STRIPPER
 *SULFUR RELATED COMPOUNDS
                                           FRACTIONATION
                                              SYSTEM
                                             «- WATER
                                                                  -*- WASTEWATER
   DRYER
(SILICA GEL)
                                                 T
PACKAGING
                                      ACID  WASTEWATER TO RECOVERY
                                                 SILICA GEL DISPOSAL
                                                  OR REGENERATION
* SULFUR RELATED COMPOUNDS IS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PRODUCTS

-------
                                                                 FIGURE  IV-6
en
                       WATER
                                                 GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR HALOGENATED
                                                     ALIPHATIC ACID PRODUCTION FACILITIES
                                          SCRUBBER
                              HCl.Clp
            ALIPHATIC ACID-i     I
               • WASTEWATER
                                VENT
                                 t DUSTS & PARTICULATE
              CHLORINE
                          CHLORINATOR
             CATALYST
COOLER
                         WASTEWATER
             CAUSTIC  SODA
CRYSTALLIZER
CENTRIFUGE
DRYER
PRODUCT
                                                           RETURN
                              MOTHER
                              LIQUOR
                                                                        SLOWDOWN
                                            NEUTRALIZER
                                                                             VENT
                                                                              1 DUSTS & PARTICULATE
                       PRINCIPAL  PROCESSING ROUTE FOR ALTERNATIVE  PRODUCT-TYPES

                         VENTS  TO RECOVERY (SCRUBBER OR BAGHOUSE)
                                                            PRODUCT
                                                          (SALT OF THE
                                                           PESTICIDE)
                                        AREA WASHDOWNS & SPILLS

-------
In the manufacture of the phosphite triester, an alcohol and
phosphorus trichloride are fed to a  reactor  using  a  base
(for   example,  sodium  carbonate)   to  produce  the  crude
product,  with  hydrogen  chloride  as  a  by-product.   The
phosphite  triester  is  then reacted with a chloroketone or
chloraldehyde in a reactor/stripper vessel.  Light-ends  are
continuously removed under vacuum.  The condensible fraction
containing  the  by-product,  alkyl halide, can be recovered
but is generally wasted.  Noncondensibles  captured  in  the
steam condensate go to treatment.

The  technical-grade  intermediate  dissolved  in  an  inert
solvent is then halogenated.  After halogenation in a  batch
reactor/stripper, the vented gas is scrubbed with a solution
of  caustic  soda.  This wastewater goes to treatment.  Then
under reduced pressure, the solvent  is  removed,  condensed
and recycled back to the reactor.  Condensate from the steam
jet system is collected for treatment.

Generally,  ketone or aldehyde are manufactured on-site, and
the  resulting  wastewater  usually  become  part   of   the
"pesticide" process wastes.

              Phosphorothioates and Phosphorodithioates

This   family   of   pesticides   includes  the  parathions,
malathion, ronnel, diazinon, Guthion,  Dasanit,  disulfoton,
dimethoate, chlopyrifos, ethion, Folex, and carbophenothion,
each of which is produced in greater than one million pounds
quantity annually.

Figure  IV-8 is a generalized process and waste flow diagram
for this group of compounds.  In the first step,  phosphorus
pentasulfide (P2S5) is reacted with an alcohol  (generally in
a  solvent)  to  form  the  dialkyl  phospheredithioic  acid
(dithio acid).  This is an anhydrous reaction.

The dithio acid can then be:    (1)  converted  to  a  dithio
salt,       (2)       chlorinated      to      the     dialkyl
phosphorochloridothionate  (DAPCT), or  (3)  reacted,  with  an
aldehyde  or  an  alkene  to  form a desired intermediate or
product.

Using the production of  the  dithio  salt  as  an  example,
caustic  soda  is  added  to  the  dithio acid in a separate
reactor to produce the dithio salt.  The dithio salt in  the
aqueous  phase  is separated to be used in the next reaction
step.  The organic phase serves to remove residuals,  namely
unreacted  triester.   Solvent  is recovered and returned to
                                 46

-------
                            FIGURE IV-7
               GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PHOSPHATES
             AND PHOSPHONATES PESTICIDE PRODUCTION FACILITIES
                                                                         VENT
                                                        WATER/NaOH/S02
                                                     LL
    WATER
                  VENT
           SCRUBBER
Na2C03
PCI'
ALCOHOL
                        STEAM
                      -WASTEWATER
          REACTOR
REACTOR
KETONE OR ALDEHYDE

CONDENSER



VACUUM
JET
                                                               GO
              ALKYLHALIDE    WASTEWATER
STRIPPER
REACTOR
HALOGEN
                                                                      -»| SCRUBBER],
                                                                  WASTEWATER
                                                                          CONDENSER
STRIPPER
                                                        SOLVENT RETURN
                                                                                      STEAM
                                                       1
                                                                     VACUUM
                                                                      JET
                                                                                         WASTEWATER
PRODUCT
STORAGE

-------
the dithio acid unit.  Wastes from the solvent recovery step
are sent to treatment.

The dithio  acid  can  also  be  chlorinated  to  produce  a
phosphorochloriridithionate (PCT)  which can combine with the
dithio  salt  in  a condensation step.  The crude PCT can be
purified  by  distillation.    Distillation   residues   are
hydrolyzed,  yielding  sulfur  and  phosphoric  acid  as by-
products.   Organic  wastes   require   treatment,   usually
incineration.

The  dithio  acid can be further reacted with an aldehyde or
alkene under slightly acidic conditions in a batch  process.
Caustic  soda  is  added to maintain the correct pH.  In the
recovery system, product  is  recovered,  water-washed,  and
then  air  dried.   The recovery step waste products include
distillation  wastes  and  solids   (filter   cake).    Acid
wastewater  from  the  wash  step  is combined with scrubber
water from the overhead drier.  Together, these  wastewaters
constitute the major portion of the process waste stream.

Process   wastewater   can   be   detoxified   (via  alkaline
hydrolysis at elevated temperatures)  before  combining  with
other plant waste streams.

In  summary,  the following wastewaters are generated during
the production of organo-phosphorus compounds:

         1.   Hydrolyzer wastewater
         2.   Aqueous phase from product reactors
         3.   Wash water from product purification steps
         H.   Aqueous phase from solvent extractor
         5.   Wastewater from overhead collectors and
                   caustic soda vent gas scrubbers
         6.   Reactor and process equipment cleanout
                wastewaters
         7.   Area washdowns

              Organo-Nitrogen Processes

The nitrogenous pesticides include the  greatest  number  of
chemical types, the broadest raw material base, and the most
diverse  process  schemes.   Product and process types to be
described are the aryl- and alkylcarbamates, thiocarbamates,
amides and amines, ureas and  uracils,  triazines,  and  the
nitroaromatics.
                               48

-------
                                       FIGURE  IV-8

                     GENERAL  PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
                       AND  PHOSPHORODITHIOATE PRODUCTION FACILITIES
 AQUEOUS NaOH
                                                                         FRESH  SOLVENT
          VENT
 SOLVENT
 ROH
            DITHIO
             ACID
                                   SOLVENT
                                   RECOVERY
                                          f
                                      AQUEOUS
                                        PHASE
                                                    ORGANIC
           NEUTRALIZATION
                                                  EXTRACTOR
                                  EXTRACTOR
                                                                    WATER
          VENT
CHLORINE ..
CHLORINATION W PURIFICATION
              WASTES
                I	
                                                  PRODUCT
                                                  STORAGE
                                                    AND
                                                 PACKAGING
                                                                     ACID
           DISTILLATION   WASTES
                                                        WASTES
                                                                      WATER
                                                    VENT
                         ORGANIC
                         WASTES
J
                                                                     OVERHEADS
                                                                     COLLECTOR
                                                  HYDROLYZER
                                                                        BY-PRODUCT  WASTEWATER
                                                                          SULFUR
•*• H3P04

*• ORGANICS TO WASTE  TREATMENT
 VENT GASES
   H2S. THERMAL OXIDIER
   HC1. PARTIAL RECOVERY

-------
              Aryl   and   Alkyl   Carbamates   and  Related
              Compounds

The  carbamates   in   this   grouping   include   carbaryl,
carbofuran,  chloroprophamr  BUX,  aldicarb and propoxur.  A
generalized production flow diagram is shown in Figure  IV-9
together with the principal wastewater sources.

In  general,  carbamates are synthesized in a combination of
batch  and  continuous  processes.   Wastes  include  liquid
streams,  vents  and some heavy residues.  Potentially toxic
wastewaters require detoxification (via alkaline hydrolysis)
before being sent to the  general  plant  treatment  system.
Vents  are flared or pass through a caustic scrubber.  Heavy
residue requires incineration.

Wastewaters  associated  with  the   production   of   these
compounds are:

         1.   Brine process wastewater from reactors
         2.   Wastewater from the caustic soda scrubbers
         3.   Aqueous phase wasted following the isocyanate
                   reaction
         4.   Reactor cleanout washwater
         5.   Area washdowns

              Thiocarbamates

This   family   of   pesticides   include  Eptam,  butylate,
vernolate,  pebulate  and  ETPC.   In  a  series  of   semi-
continuous  and  batch operations, as shown in Figure IV-10,
phosgene is reacted  with  an  amine  to  give  a  carbamoyl
chloride.   Reaction  of  the carbamoyl chloride with a mer-
captan gives the corresponding thiocarbamate.

Alternatively, the  amine  can  be  reacted  with  an  alkyl
chlorothiolformate     to     yield    the    thiocarbamate.
Thiocarbamates  are  generally   volatile   compounds,   and
therefore, can be distilled.

Acidic  process  wastewaters  from  the  first  reactor  are
combined with the brine wastes from the second reactor,  and
together   mixed   with   vent  gas  scrubber  water  before
treatment.  Still bottoms are generally incinerated.  Liquid
wastes are biodegradable, especially following acid or alka-
line hydrolysis at elevated temperatures.

In summary, the production of thiocarbamates  will  generate
the following wastewaters:
                                50

-------
                                      FIGURE  IV-9
ALKYL CARBAMATE
CAUSTIC SODA
PHOSGENE
NAPHTHOL
ALKYL AMINE
ARYL CARBAMATE

ALKYL ISOCYANATE
CATALYST
CATECHQL
METHALLYL
CHLORIDE

KETONE (BASE)
GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ALKYL AND ARYL
        CARBAMATE PRODUCTION FACILITIES

                     FLARE OR SCRUBBER
            REACTOR
                                                               REACTOR
                           BRINE
                        WASTEWATER
                         CHC1'
              REACTOR
                                  I
               WATER
       PURIFICATION
            -M;HC1-
DISTILLATION
REACTOR
                              LIQUID WASTE
                                                                                        VENT
                                                                                        DUST
                                                                                     COLLECTOR
                                         PACKAGING
                                                                 -SOLVENT
                                                                                 REACTOR
DISTILLATION
                                                                      PRODUCT
                                                                WASTEWATER

-------
         1.   Acid wastewater from the initial
                   reaction step
         2.   Brine from the second reaction step
         3.   Wastewater from caustic soda scrubbers
         U.   Kettle clean-out wash waters
         5.   Area washdowns.

              Amides and Amines (without sulfur)

Compounds  in  this  group  include  Deetr  naptalam,  CDAA,
propachlor, alachlor, propanil and diphenamid, each of which
has been produced at greater than  one  million  pounds  per
year.  Typically, these herbicides include two major groups:
herbicides  based  on  substituted  anilide  structures  and
chloroacetamide derivatives.

A generalized process flow  diagram,  indicating  wastewater
sources, is presented in Figure IV-11.  Briefly,  the process
is  based  on  the  reaction  of  an  acetyl chloride with a
suitable amine.  Generally, the amine is prepared within the
same plant.  Wastewater from the preparation  of  the  amine
can  be included in the raw waste load for the production of
these pesticides.  Such wastewaters are generated  from  the
intermediate  product separation and purification steps.  If
the acetyl chloride is also prepared  on-site,  then  acidic
process  wastewater  from the purification step and vent gas
scrubbers should be considered part of the overall pesticide
raw wastewater loads.

In summary, wastewaters resulting from the production of the
amide and amine group of pesticides are:

         1.   Aqueous fractions from reactors
         2.   Wastewater from purification steps
         3.   Vacuum jet condensate
         U.   Wastewater removed in purification step
         5.   Water from washing steps
         6.   Kettle cleanout wastes
         7.   Area washdowns

              Ureas and Uracils

Pesticides  in  this  group  include  diuron,   fluometuron,
linuron and norea urea compounds and the herbicide bromacil,
each  of  which  has  a  production  level  in excess of one
million pounds per year.

The production of monuron is typical of the general  process
used to manufacture this family of pesticides.  Figure IV-12
shows  the  generalized  process flow diagram and wastewater
                               52

-------
                                       FIGURE IV-10

                              GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR
                              THIOCARBAMATE PRODUCT FACILITIES
MERCAPTAN
CAUSTIC SODA

AMINE
>
PHOSGENE
W^
VE

NT

REACTOR
ACI
(STEk
D
ATER






' i


REACTOR

t


RECYCLE





V

S'
T)
INT


1 ILL T rALI\MullNb
\RS
                                           BRINE
                                             I
                                                                     -WASTE TREATMENT

-------
                                                     FIGURE  IV-11

                                           GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR
                                         AMIDE  AND AMINE PRODUCTION FACILITIES
              ACETYLCHLORIDE
en
              AMINE
              ALDEHYDE
              OR KETONE
                             REACTOR
PURIFICATION
                                                                              WATER
REACTOR
                                                  NH4OH
PURIFICATION
WASHING
  AND
DRYING
PACKAGING
                                                                                                     -WASTEWATER

-------
sources associated with the production process.  Reaction of
para-chloroaniline in dioxane or another inert solvent  with
anhydrous  hydrogen  chloride  and  phosgene generates para-
chlorophenyl isocyanate, which  then  can  be  reacted  with
dimethylamine  to yield monuron.  Another commercial process
involves the reaction of an aniline and urea, in alcohol  or
phenol  solvent, to generate the phenyl isocyanate, which is
further reacted with an appropriate amine.   The  ureas  are
generally  insoluble  in  the  inert solvent and precipitate
out.  The inert solvent can be flash-distilled and  recycled
to  the  reactor.  Agueous hydrochloric acid is added to the
crude product to remove insoluble components.   The  product
is  then  water  washed in a precipitator to yield the final
product.

Uracils are a relatively new class of herbicides whose group
is growing.  The process illustrated in Figure IV-12  is  as
follows: an alkylamine, phosgene, and ammonia are reacted to
yield  an  alkyl urea; following a caustic wash purification
step,  the  alkyl  urea  is  then  reacted  with  an   alkyl
acetoacetate,  caustic  washed and neutralized with sulfuric
acid;  the uracil can then  be  halogenated   (commonly  with
bromine), filtered, dried and finally packaged.

No  solid wastes are generated and no significant quantities
of  chemicals  are  recycled.   Liguid   wastes   from   the
purification,  neutralization  and  filtration steps reguire
treatment via either biological  oxidation  or  incineration
technologies.

In summary, wastewaters generated in the manufacture of urea
and uracil pesticides can be as follows:

         1.   Aqueous wastes from precipitator (Urea)
         2.   Scrubber waters  (Urea and Uracil)
         3.   Brine from purification steps  (Uracil)
         4.   Aqueous sodium sulphate from neutraliz-
                   ation and intermediate product
                   separations  (Uracil)
         5.   Brine from filtration
         6.   Reactor wash water  (Urea and Uracil)
         7.   Production area washdowns  (Urea and Uracil)

              s-Triazines

The  starting material for the production of the s-triazines
is  cyanuric  chloride.   It  is  obtained  industrially  by
trimerization  of  cyanogen chloride.  A generalized process
flow  diagram  showing  potential  wastewater   sources   is
presented in Figure IV-13.  One chlorine atom is replaced by
                                55

-------
tn
CTl
               UREAS
                 WATER-,H/ENT
r
                               SCRUBBER
                  FIGURE IV-12

GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR UREA AND URACILS
              PRODUCTION FACILITIES
               SOLVENT
               AMINE
               UREA
               ALKYLANILINE
                     TU
                     NH3
                                           IASTE WATER
                                                  AQUEOUS
                  REACTOR

OR
-*•
nil
DISTILLATION
>

EXTRACTOR
                                                              WATER-
                                PRECIPITATOR
                             WASTEWATER
               URACILS

               ETHYL ACETOACETATE
               CAUSTIC SODA
                    rEWATER  	I
                             TARS  TO      INSOLUBLES
                            INCINERATION
                         PRODUCT
                        PACKAGING
                                   WASTEWATER
                                                      H2S04-,    HALOGEN—i    ,— WATER
                          VENT
            PHOSGENE
AMMONIA
ALKYL ANILINt
                           UREA
                           UNIT
                      PURIFICATION
URACILj
 UNIT
                                                 VENT
                     PURIFICATION
                                    BR NE
                                  WASTEWATER
             NEUTRAL-
              IZATION
            SEPARATION
                                            WASTEWATER
HALOGENATOR
FILTRATION
DRYING

•>
PRODUCT
PACKING

                                                           WASTES
                                                               BRINE
                                                             WASTEWATER

-------
an  amine,  phenol,  alcohol,  mercaptan,  thiophenol  or  a
related  compound  under  controlled  reaction   conditions.
Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide gases are evolved and
vented.  The gases pass through a caustic soda scrubber, and
the resulting scrubber wastewater requires treatment.

Amination  of  the  cyanuric chloride, as depicted in Figure
IV-13, requires one to three steps in a continuous  process.
Solvent  can  be recovered and recycled to the process.  The
liquid wastes are combined with the caustic scrubber  waters
prior to combined treatment.

Dust  generated in formulation and packaging is collected in
a baghouse and then returned to process.  Vapors are caustic
scrubbed and combined with other process waste streams.

In summary,  wastewaters  generated  in  the  production  of
triazine   herbicides  generally  come  from  the  following
sources:

         1.   Caustic soda scrubbing and filtration of
                   vented HCl and HCN gases
         2.   Aqueous wastes from the solvent recovery
                   unit
         3.   Scrubber water from the air pollution
                   control equipment used in formulation
                   areas
         4.   Production area washdowns
         5.   Reactor clean-out wash waters
              Nitro Compounds

This family of organo-nitrogen pesticides includes the nitro
phenols  (and their salts)r for  example,  dinoseb,  and  the
substituted  dinitroanilines, trifluralin and nitralin, each
of which amounts to more  than one million pounds annually of
active ingredients.

An  example  of  a  typical  commercial  process   for   the
production  of  a dinitroaniline herbicide is illustrated in
Figure IV-14.  In this example, a chloroaromatic is  charged
to  a nitrator with cyclic acid and  fuming nitric acid.  The
crude product is then cooled to settle out spent acid, which
can be recovered  and  recycled.   Oxides  of  nitrogen  are
vented  and  caustic scrubbed.  The  mono-nitrated product is
then charged continuously to another nitrater containing 100
percent sulfuric acid and fuming nitric acid at an  elevated
temperature.
                                57

-------
                                                   FIGURE  IV-13

                                     GENERAL  PROCESS FLOW  DIAGRAM  FOR  S-TRIAZINE
                                               PRODUCTION  FACILITIES
01
00
              SOLVENT
              AMINE
              CHLORINE
              HYDROGEN CYANIDE
CYANURIC
CHLORINE
  UNIT
                                  HC1 ,HCN
CAUSTIC SODA

>
>

SCRUBBER
AND
FILTER
                                   T
                                 WASTEWATER
                                                                                ADDITIVES
                                                                               OR  SOLVENTS
AMINATION
UNIT (1
TO 3 STEPS)
                                                     SOLVENT
                                                    RECOVERY
                                                                  -TRIAZINE
                    WASTEWATER
FORMULATION
PACKAGING
   AND
 STORAGE
PRODUCT
                                                          DUST
                                                 BAGHOUSE
                                                                      CAUSTIC SODA
                                                                                            VENT
                           SCRUBBER
                                                                                WASTEWATER

-------
The  dinitro  product is then cooled and filtered (the spent
acid liquor is recoverable), the cake is washed with  water,
and  the  resulting  wash  water  is  sent to the wastewater
treatment plant.

The dinitro compound is then  dissolved  in  an  appropriate
solvent  and  added  to the amination reactor with water and
soda ash.   An  amine  is  then  reacted  with  the  dinitro
compound.   The  crude  product  is  passed through a filter
press and decanter and finally vacuum distilled.  The  salt-
water  layer  from the decanter is discharged for treatment.
The solvent fraction can be recycled  to  the  reactor,  and
vacuum  exhausts  are  caustic  scrubbed.  Still bottoms are
generally incinerated.

In summary, wastewaters generated during the  production  of
the nitro family of pesticides are:

         1.   Aqueous wastes from the filter and the de-
                   canting system
         2.   Distillation vacuum exhaust scrubber wastes
         3.   Caustic scrubber wastewaters
         H.   Periodic kettle cleanout wastes
         5.   Production area washdowns

              MetallQ-Organic Pesticides

The metallo-organic group of pesticides  includes the organic
arsenicals  and  the  dithiocarbamate  metal  complexes.   A
discussion of their manufacture and  wastewater  sources  is
also applicable to the production of other compounds in this
group.

MSMA  is  the  most  widely produced of  the group of organo-
arsenic herbicides  (estimated  production  in   1972  was  24
million  pounds)  that also includes the octyl-  and dodecyl-
ammonium salts, the disodium salt  (DSMA), and cacodylic acid
 (dimethylarsenic acid).  DSMA can serve  as  an   intermediate
in the manufacture of all the others.

The  process  is  described  by  the  production  and  waste
schematic  flow diagram presented in Figure IV-15.

The first  step of the process is performed  in   a  separate,
dedicated  building.   The  drums  of  arsenic  tri-oxide are
opened in  an air-evacuated chamber and automatically   dumped
into  50   percent caustic soda.  A dust  collection system is
employed.  The drums are carefully washed  with  water,  the
wash  water  is added to the reaction mixture,  and the drums
are crushed and  sold  as   scrap  metal.   The   intermediate
                                59

-------
                                              FIGURE IV-14

                          GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR NITRO-TYPE  PESTICIDES
CAUSTIC SODA
WATER
AMINE
SOLVENT
NITRIC ACID
CHLORO AROMATIC
MONONITRATOR
SULFURIC ACID
DINITRATOR
                            SPENT ACID
FILTRATION
                                                                                             AROMATIC
AMINATION
 REACTOR
 FILTER
  AND
DECANTER
                                                      VENT
STILL
PRODUCT
                                                                  VACUUM
                                                                  EXHAUSTS
                                                                         WASTEWATER
                                                 ACID
                                               RECOVERY
                                                                      CAUSTIC  SODA
                                                        NOxGASES
                                                                  SCRUBBER
                                                                                      T
                                                                                  WASTEWATER

-------
sodium  arsenite is obtained as a 25 percent solution and is
stored in large tanks prior to  further  reaction.   In  the
next  step,  the  25 percent sodium arsenite is treated with
methyl chloride to give the disodium salt, DSMA.   DSMA  can
be  sold  as  a  herbicide;  however,  it  is more generally
converted to the monosodium arsenate, MSMA, which  has  more
favorable application properties.

In order to obtain MSMA, the solution is partially acidified
with  sulfuric  acid and the resulting solution concentrated
by  evaporation.   As  the   aqueous   solution   is   being
concentrated,   a  mixture  of  sodium  sulfate  and  sodium
chloride precipitates out  (about 0.5 kg per 100 kg of active
ingredient).  These salts are a troublesome disposal problem
because they are contaminated with arsenic.  The  salts  are
removed by centrifugation, washed in a multi-stage, counter-
current  washing  cycle, and then disposed of in an approved
landfill.

Methanol, a side product of methyl chloride hydrolysis,  can
be  recovered  and  reused.  In addition, recovered water is
recycled.

The products  are  formulated  on  site  as  solutions   (for
example,  48  percent   (6  Ib A.I./gal) and 58  percent  (8 Ib
A.I./gal) and shipped in 1 to 30-gallon containers.

Figure IV-16 is  a  typical  process  and  waste  generation
schematic  flow  diagram   for  the  production  of  ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate metal complexes.  Paw  materials  include
carbon  disulfide, ethylene diamine and sodium  hydroxide  (50
percent).  These materials are first reacted in a  stainless
steel, cooled vessel.   The exothermic reaction  is controlled
by  the  feed  rate.    Excess carbon disulfide  is distilled,
collected, and eventually  recycled  to  the  reactor.   The
sodium   hydroxide  addition  controls  pH.   The  resulting
concentrated Nabam intermediate  solution is reacted   (within
2U  hours)  with  a  sulfate,  and the desired  metal organic
complex  is precipitated.   The  slurry  is  water  washed  to
remove   sodium sulfate  and then  dried to  less than 1 percent
water content.  Process by-products  include  sodium  sulfate
and small  amounts of carbon disulfide and  sodium  hydroxide.

Air   emissions  are  controlled  by  cyclone collectors, baa
filters,   and   scrubbers.   The  small  amount  of  hydrogen
sulfide  from  process  vents  is  caustic scrubbed   before
release  to the atmosphere.  The  liquid waste streams contain
primarily  salt;.
                               61

-------
                                                                          FIGURE IV-15
                             WATER-
                      DUST
                    COLLECTOR
             ALKYL  CHLORINE
en
ro
            As203
             NaOH
            WATER
                        GENERAL  PROCESS  FLOW  DIAGRAM  FOR ARSENIC-TYPE
                                 METALLO-ORGANIC  PRODUCTION
                                             VENT
   WET
SCRUBBER
                                             WASTEWATER
                       REACTOR
  INTERMEDIATE
    PRODUCT
    STORAGE
REACTOR
WH 1
1
1
1
Lt\
>

PURIFICATION


>
PRODUCT
STORAGE
— fcJJASTFUflTFD
REACTOR
                                                                                                       PRODUCT
                                                                                                       STORAGE
EVAPORATOR
                                                                                              CENTRIFUGE
                                                                                 AQUEOUS
                                                                                 ALCOHOL  WATER
                                                                                   i
                                                                              STRIPPER
                                                                                COH
                                            ALCOHOL
                                           BY-PRODUCT
                                                               WASH
                                                                                                      SOLIDS
                                                                                                LIQUID   I

                                                                                                  )  TO APPROVED
                                                                                                     LANDFILL

-------
                                                      FIGURE IV-16
en
CO
                                   GENERAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR CERTAIN DITHIOCARBAMATE
                                                METALLO-ORGANIC PRODUCTION
            WATER	
            ETHYLENEDIAMINE
            CS,
            NaOH
                               REACTOR
            METAL SULFATE
                                             VENT
                                             SCRUBBER
                                               I
                                           WASTEWATER
INTERMEDIATE
  STORAGE
            BINDER
                                                          NaOH
                      WATER
REACTOR
                                                                           CYCLONE
                                                                          COLLECTOR
                                                                             AIR
  SLURRY
 WASH AND
FILTRATION
                                                                         WASTEWATER
                                                                                                         VE
                                                                                            WATER-
                                                BAGHOUSE
                                           SCRUBBER
                                                            WASTEWATER
                                                    -^SOLIDS
                                                                                         • AIR-
                                                                                      DRIER
                                        FORMULATION
                                           AND
                                         PACKAGING

-------
 In  summary, wastewaters  generated  in   the  preparation  of
 metallo-organics are  from the  following  areas:

          1.   Spillage from drum washing operations
          2.   Washwater from product purification steps
          3.   Scrub water from vent gas  scrubber unit
          4.   Process wastewater
          5.   Area washdowns
          6.   Equipment cleanout wastes.

              Formulators and  Packagers

 Pesticide  formulations   can be  classified  as  liquids,
 granules, dusts and powders.   There are  92 major formulation
 plants according to this classification.

 The scale on which pesticides  are produced  covers  a  broad
 range.    Undoubtedly,  many  of the small firms, having only
 one product registration, produce only a few hundred  pounds
 of formulated pesticides each  year.  At  least one plant that
 operated  in  the  range of 100,000,000 pounds of formulated
 product per year has been identified.  The bulk of pesticide
 formulations, however, is apparently produced by independent
 formulators operating in the 20,000,000 to UO,000,000 pounds
 per year  range.

              Formulation Processes

 Most pesticides are formulated in mixing equipment  that  is
 used  only  for  pesticide formulations.  The most important
 unit operations involved are   dry  mixing  and  grinding  of
 solids,   dissolving   solids,  and  blending.   Formulation
 systems  are  virtually   all   batch   mixing   operations.
 Formulation  units  may  be  completely  enclosed  within  a
building or may be in the open, depending primarily  on  the
 geographical location of the plant.

Individual   formulation   units  are  normally  not  highly
 sophisticated  systems.   Rather,  they  are   comparatively
uncomplicated  batch-blending  systems  that are designed to
meet the requirements of a given company, location,  rate  of
 production,   and  available   equipment.   Production  units
representative of the liquid and solid formulation equipment
in use are described in the following subsections.

Liquid Formulation Units;   A typical liquid unit is depicted
in Figure  IV-17.   Technical  grade  pesticide  is  usually
stored  in  its original shipping container in the warehouse
section of the plant until it  is  needed.    When  technical

-------
                                                      FIGURE  IV-17

                                                LIQUID FORMULATION UNIT
                                                                                                 EXHAUST VENT
en
                                     HOOD
                                  . PESTICIDE
                                   (55 GAL. DRUM)
                               SCALE
                                          PUMP
                               SOLVENT STORAGE
                                                                       AGITATOR
                                                                         MANHOLE
                                                                           EMULSIFIER
                                                                   T
                                                                           . . STEAM
                                                                            -COOLING WATER
                                                                                         FILTER
                                                                            PUMP
 PRODUCT
 (55 GAL. DRUM)

	I
                                                                                                     I   SCALE   j
                                                        PUMP

-------
material  is received in bulk, however, it is transferred to
holding tanks for storage.
                                                           a
Batch-mixing tanks are  frequently open-top  vessels  with
standard  agitator.  The mix tank may or may not be equipped
with   a  heating/cooling   system.   When    solid   technical
material  is to be used, a melt tank is required before this
material is added to the mix tank.   Solvents  are  normally
stored in bulk tanks,   quantity of an appropriate solvent is
either metered into the mix tank, or determined by measuring
the  tank  level.   Necessary  blending agents  (emulsifiers,
synergists, etc.) are added directly From the mix tank,  the
formulated  material  is frequently pumped  to a holding tank
before being put into containers for shipment.  Before being
packaged, many  liquid  formulations  must  be  filtered  by
conventional   cartridge  filters  or  equivalent  polishing
filters.

Air pollution control equipment used on  liquid  formulation
units  typically involves an exhaust system at all potential
sources of emission.  Storage and holding tanks, mix  tanks,
and  container-filling  lines  are normally provided with an
exhaust connection  or  hood  to  remove  any  vapors.   The
exhaust  from  the  system normally discharges to a scrubber
system or to the atmosphere.

Dusts  and  Wettable  Powders;   Dusts   and   powders   are
manufactured  by  mixing  the  technical  material  with the
appropriate inert carrier,  and  grinding   this  mixture  to
obtain the correct particle size.  Mixing can be affected by
a  number  of  rotary   or  ribbon  blender  type mixers.  See
Figure IV-18.

Particulate emissions from grinding and  blending  processes
can  be  most  efficiently  controlled  by baghouse systems.
Vents  from feed hoppers,  crushers,  pulverizers,   blenders,
mills,  and  cyclones   are typically routed to baghouses for
product recovery.  This method is preferrable to the use  of
wet scrubbers,  however  even scrubber effluent can be largely
eliminated by recirculation.

Granules;   Granules are formulated in systems similar to the
mixing  sections  of  dust plants.   The active ingredient is
adsorbed onto a sized, granular carrier such as  clay  or  a
botanical   material.     This  is  accomplished  in  various
capacity mixers that generally resemble cement mixers.

If the technical material is a liquid,   it  can  be  sprayed
directly  onto   the  granules.    Solid technical material is
usually melted  or dissolved in a solvent in order to provide
                               66

-------
          FEED
                                    Figure  IV-18

                                Dry Formulation Unit
                                                                       ATMOSPHERE
                                a) Premix Grinding
PREMIXED
MATERIAL
SILICA
WETTING
AGENT
                    TO

                    ATMOSPHERE
TO

ATMOSPHERE
TO
ATMOSPHERE
                                  REVERSE-JET
                                  BAGHOUSE
 REVERSE-JET.
 BAGHOUSE

r- — *
1
BLENDER


FLUID
ENERGY
MILL
                                  HIGH PRESSURE  |
                                  AIR


                           b)  Final  Grinding  and Blending

                                          67
          FINISHED PRODUCT

-------
adequate dispersion on the granules.  The last step  in  the
formulation  process,  prior  to intermediate storage before
packaging, is screening to remove fines.

Packaging and Storage;  The last operation conducted at  the
formulation plant is packaging the finished pesticide into a
marketable  container.  This is usually done in conventional
filling and packaging units.  Frequently,  the  same  liquid
filling   line   is  used  to  fill  products  from  several
formulation units; the filling and packaging line is  simply
moved  from  one  formulation  unit to another.  Packages of
almost every size and type are used, including 1-,  2-,  and
5-gallon cans, 30- and 55-gallon drums, glass bottles, bags,
cartons, and plastic jugs.

On-site  storage,  as  a  general  rule,  is minimized.  The
storage  facility  is  very  often  a  building   completely
separate  from the actual formulation and filling operation.
In almost all cases, the storage area is at least located in
a part of the building separate from the  formulation  units
in   order   to  avoid  contamination  and  other  problems.
Technical material, except for bulk  shipments,  is  usually
stored in a special section of the product storage area.

In  formulation  and  packaging  plants,  wastewaters can be
potentially generated at several sources.  These sources and
operations are discussed in the following subsection.

              Miscellaneous Plant Operations

For housekeeping purposes, most formulators clean  buildings
which  house formulation units on a routine basis.  Prior to
washdown, as much dust, dirt, etc., as possible is swept and
vacuumed up.   The wastewater from the building  washdown  is
normally  contained  within the building, and is disposed of
in  whatever  manner  is   used   for   other   contaminated
wastewater.    At least one plant had raised curbs around all
floor drains and across all doorways to keep  spills  within
the  area.   Absorbent compounds and vacuum sweepers are then
used to collect the contaminants.

Water-scrubbing devices are often used to control  emissions
to  the  air.    Most  of these devices generate a wastewater
stream that  is  potentially  contaminated  with  pesticidal
materials.    Although the quantity of water in the system is
high, about 20 gallons per 1,000 cfm, water  consumption  is
kept  low by a recycle-sludge removal system.   Effluent from
air pollution control equipment should be disposed  of  with
other  contaminated wastewater.   One type of widely used air
                                68

-------
scrubber is  the  toro-clone  separator,  in  which  air  is
cleaned by centrifugal force.

A  few  formulation  plants  process used pesticide drums so
that they can be sold to a drum reconditioner or  reused  by
the  formulator  for  appropriate  products,  or  simply  to
decontaminante the drums before they are disposed of.  Drum-
washing procedures range from a single rinse  with  a  small
volume   of   caustic   solution   or   water   to  complete
decontamination and reconditioning  processes.   Wastewaters
from   drum-washing  operations  are  contained  within  the
processing  area   and   treated   with   other   processing
wastewaters.

Most  of  the  larger  formulation  plants have some type of
control laboratory on the plant site.  Wastewater  from  the
control laboratories, relative to the production operations,
can   range   from   an   insignificantly   small,  slightly
contaminated stream  to  a  rather  concentrated  source  of
contamination.  In many cases, this stream can be discharged
into  the  sanitary  waste  or  municipal  treatment system.
Larger, more highly contaminated streams, however,  must  be
treated along with other contaminated wastewaters.

The  major  source of contaminated wastewater from pesticide
formulation plants is equipment cleanup.  Formulation ?.ines,
including   filling   equipment,   must   be   cleaned   out
periodically  to  prevent cross-contamination of one product
with another and occasionally that needed maintenance may be
performed.  When possible, equipment is washed with  formula
solvent.   The  collected  solvent  can  be used in the next
formulation of the same product.

Liquid formulation lines are cleaned out most frequently and
generally require the most water.  All parts of  the  system
that  potentially  contain  pesticidal  ingredients  must be
washed.  More than one rinsing of process vessels and  lines
is required to get the system clean.  As a general rule, the
smaller  the capacity of the line, the more critical cleanup
becomes, in order to avoid cross contamination.  Thus, large
volumes of washwater are required,  relative  to  production
quantity, for smaller units.

Granule,  as  well  as  dust  and powder lines, also require
cleanup.  Liquid washouts are generally  required,  however,
only in that portion of the units where liquids are normally
present, i.e., the active ingredient pumping system, scales,
and  lines.   The  remainder  of  these production units can
normally be cleaned out  by  "dry  washing"  with  an  inert
material, such as clay.
                                69

-------
Spills  of  technical  material  or  material in process are
normally absorbed on sand or clay, and are disposed of  with
other  potentially toxic solid wastes in a Class-1 landfill.
If the spill area is washed down, the  resultant  wastewater
should   be   disposed   of   with  the  other  contaminated
wastewaters.

Natural runoff at formulating and packaging plants,  if  not
properly handled, can become a major factor in the operation
of  wastewater systems simply because of the relatively high
flow and the fact that normal plant wastewater  volumes  are
generally  extremely  low.   Isolation  of  runoff  from any
contaminated  process   areas   or   wastewaters,   however,
eliminates  its  potential  for  becoming significantly con-
taminated with pesticides.  Uncontaminated runoff is usually
allowed to drain naturally from the plant site.

In some plants, the formulation units,  filling  lines,  and
storage  areas  are  located  in  the open.  The runoff from
these potentially contaminated areas, as a rule,  cannot  be
assumed  to  be free of pollutants and should not be allowed
to discharge directly from the plant site.

In  summary,  wastewaters  generated   at   formulator   and
packaging plants are:

          1.  Formulation equipment cleanup
         2.   Spill washdown
         3.   Drum washing
         U.   Air pollution control devices
         5.   Area runoff

              Basis for Assignment to Subcategories

The   assignment   of   subcategories  to  pesticide  plants
manufacturing   active   ingredient   products   (that   is,
Subcategories A through D)  can best be described by Table X-
1, where most pesticides are listed by common name and basic
chemical  structure.   Pesticides  not  listed  in Table x-1
because they are  small  production-volume  commodities,  or
because  they  were  first manufactured after preparation of
this document, can  be  assigned  based  on  their  chemical
structure  or  nature  of  the  active  component  (halogen,
phosphorus, etc.).  Additionally, subcategory assignment can
be made based on the production  process  similarities  with
other  pesticides  in  the  same  chemical family or homoloa
group.
                                 70

-------
Plants not  producing  active  ingredient  commodities,  but
using the premanufactured active ingredient for a formulated
or packaged product, obviously fall into Subcategory E.
                                71

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                         SECTION V

                 WASTEWATER CHARACTEPISTICS
The  purpose  of  this  section  is to define the wastewater
quantity and  quality  for  plants  in  those  subcateqories
identified  in  Section  IV.   Raw waste load (RWL)  data are
also presented for plants which produce  in  more  than  one
subcategory,  and  which have sampling procedures or process
flows that produce  data  extending  across  more  than  one
subcategory.

The  term  raw  waste load, as utilized in this document, is
defined as the quantity of a pollutant in  wastewater  prior
to  a  treatment  process,  whether  the  process  is carbon
adsorption, hydrolysis,  or  biological  treatment.    It  is
normally  expressed  in terms of mass (weight)  units per day
or per production unit.  In the development of the ratio  of
raw  waste  load to production, the production used was that
of final (technical)  product, not including  the  production
of  intermediates.   A  discussion  of the interpretation of
effluent limitations guidelines, based  on  the  element  of
active ingredient production, is presented in Section IX.

For  the  purpose  of  cost analysis, a model plant for each
subcategory has been defined  in  terms  of  production  and
wastewater   characteristics.    Based   on   the  range  of
production encountered in  each  subcategory,  a  small  and
large plant are presented in order to demonstrate in Section
VIII  the  range  of probable costs for suggested treatment.
Similarly,  raw  waste  load   characteristics   have   been
developed for each subcategory in order to estimate the cost
of  the treatment modules.  Under no conditions should these
values be construed to be exemplary nor used as a basis  for
pretreatment   guidelines  for  industrial  discharges  into
publicly owned treatment works.

The effluent limitations guidelines were  developed  on  the
basis  of  observed  operating  treatment  systems  and  the
resulting pollutant loads.  Accepted engineering  judgements
were  made to apply those results and operating efficiencies
observed to similar plants which do not  currently  practice
the  model  treatment  technologies  or  do  not  obtain the
observed  efficiencies.   A  detailed  discussion  of   this
approach is presented in Sections VII and IX.

The  data  presented  in  this document is based on the most
current,  representative  information  available  from  each
plant contacted.  Sufficient long term data was available at
                                 72

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each  plant  such  that  verification  sampling data was not
utilized in  the  derivation  of  the  recommended  effluent
guidelines.

Subcategory A - Halogenated Organic Pesticides

In  the  manufacturing  processes  for  halogenated  organic
pesticides, the principal sources of high organic wastes are
decanting,   distillation,   and    stripping    operations.
Spillage,  washdowns,  and  run-off  can also be significant
sources of high organic  and  solids  loadings  if  suitable
operational control is not maintained.  A summary of sources
of   wastes   from   processing   units   utilized   in  the
manufacturing of halogenated organic pesticides is contained
in Table V-l.

A summary of raw waste loads for Subcategory A is  presented
in  Table  V-2.   Data  were  collected on a total of eleven
plants during production  of  thirteen  halogenated  organic
products.   These  data  are considered to be relevant since
nine of the eleven plants provide some  form  of  wastewater
treatment,  and  they  are judged to be representative since
the major types of halogenated organics, both polar and non-
polar compounds, are included in the production observed.

Of the eleven pollutant parameters presented in  Table  V-2,
the   most  significant  are  considered  to  be  BOD,  COD,
suspended  solids,  phenol,  and  pesticides   for   reasons
presented  in Section VI.  While chloride concentrations are
reported in some cases to be high  (approaching  80,000  mg/1
in  one  case),  it  can be reasonably expected that process
modifications or in-plant recovery,  prior  to  introduction
into  a  properly  operated biological system  (including the
acclimation of  the  biological  system  to  the  particular
waste),  can  prevent  detrimental effects to the biological
system by these chloride concentrations.

The considerable variability of data  from  plant  to  plant
which  is  indicated  by  Table  V-2  and which results from
operational  and  other  differences,  is  lessened  by  the
consideration  that  the  flow  from  Plant  A6  includes  a
substantial amount of cooling water.  Daily  variability  in
raw waste load for an individual pesticide plant sampled for
30 consecutive days is presented below:

           BOD    TSS   TKN     TP   CHLORIDE   CHLOROBENZILATE

Minimum    52.6   1.3   0.05   0.01     82           0.02
Mean      211     5.5   1.0    0.05     160          0.8
Maximum   513.0  22.7   5.85   0.14     349          3.39
                                73

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                                          TABLE V-l

               SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL PROCESS - ASSOCIATED WASTEWATER SOURCES  FROM
                           HAL06ENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDE PRODUCTION
   PROCESSING UNIT
Wet scrubber
       SOURCE

Acidic solution
Caustic soda scrubber    Spent caustic  solution
Intermediate product
  neutralizer

Decanter
Distillation tower


Settling tank


Product washers
Crystallizer, dryer,
  flakers, prilling

Dust wet scrubbers
Spillage


Aqueous layer


Organic Layer
Distillation residues and
tars

Spent acid
Neutralized aqueous wastes
Dusts, mists
Aqueous suspension
       NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS

 Low  pH, moderately high flow rate, little
 organic wastes

 High pH, low average flow rate, high
 dissolved solids, low organics

 Low waste loss, pH varible, high organic,
 high alkalinity, high dissolved solids

 High salt content, generally low dissolved
 organic, separable organics sludge

 High organic, low dissolved organic salt or
 sludge

 High organic, low solubility in water, high
 chlorine content

 Low pH, intermittent flow, moderate organic
 content

 High salt content, organic product loss,
 high pH, high alkalinity, high dissolved
 solids

 High toxic organics, high total suspended
 solids

 High total  suspended solids,  high  toxic
organics

-------
en
               PROCESSING UNIT
            Solvent strippers

            Acid recovery unit
            Tanks and reactors
Centrifuges
Vacuum jets
All plant areas
                                                      TABLE V-l
                                                      Continued
                                                  Page 2  of 2  Pages
                                SOURCE
                         Stripper clean  out  rinse
                         water
                         Liquid  wastes
                         Cleanout rinse  water and
                         wasted  solvents
Mother liquor
Vacuumed gases
Run-off, area washdowns
                                  NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS
High organics, low flow
High pH
Intermittent flows, high organics, high salt
content (condensation reactions &
neutralization), high dissolved solids
High organics, generally toxic
Low organics, highly acidic
Intermittent flow, low organics, variable
pH, variable suspended solids, variable
salt content

-------
St. Dev.  149     4.5   1.3    0.03      68          1.0

All units in kg/kkg

Daily  maximum to mean ratios for BOD and Chlorobenzilate of
2.43:1  and  1.25:1  indicate  that  there  is  a  need  for
equalization  but  that it is not particularly extensive for
this type of product.

Based on the data presented in Table V-2 and  the  following
discussion,   model   plant   raw   waste  load  values  for
halogenated organic pesticide plants have been developed for
cost calculations as outlined below:

   Production (Small Plant) =16.2 kkg/day = 35,900 Lb/day
   Production (Large Plant) = 85.7 kkg/day = 189,000 Lb/day
   Flow                     = 35,300 L/kkg = 4230 Gal/1000 Lb
   BOD                      = 97.2 Kg/kkg = 2750 ma/1
   COD                      =183 Kg/kkg = 5190 mg/1
   TSS                      =3.49 Kg/kkg = 98.8 mg/1
   Phenol                   = 1.92 Kg/kkg = 54.4 mg/1
   Total Pesticide          = 0.327 Kg/kkg = 9.27 mg/1

The model plant defined above does  not  represent  any  one
plant,  nor does it represent merely the average of all data
presented.  Additional factors which required  consideration
were  reliability of data, specific process influences (such
as the production of intermediates of any  one  plant),  and
relationship  between  parameters (BOD/COD ratios, TKN/NF3-NT
comparisons, etc.).  The  model  plant  does  represent  the
average  of  available,  reliable, and comparable data which
may currently be expected  to  exist  in  plants  from  this
subcategory.   The  rationale for not utilizing all reported
data is explained in the text for each parameter.

In establishing the model plants,  the  Agency  acknowledged
that  the  ranges are wide and -that cost calculations may be
more exact if a less wide segment of  the  data  were  used.
For  instance,  in  the  flow  calculation, three plants are
grouped at 8,340 1/kkg (1,000 Gal/1000 Lb).  The use of  the
average  35,300  1/kkg  (4230 Gal/1000 Lb)  results in a cost
calculation which is generous for large production units amd
somewhat less generous for small production units.  The cost
calculations given in Section VIII are judged to  be  within
acceptable  engineering  practice.   It should be noted that
Plants A8 through  All  have  eliminated  the  discharge  of
pesticides  to  navigable  waters  by in-process controls or
total containment procedures as  outlined  in  section  VIT.
These  plants are not considered relevant to the development
of cost models.   However,  the means  by  which  they  reduce
                                76

-------
                                           TABLE V-2

                                          RAW WASTE LOADS
                               HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDE PLANTS
                                          SUBCATEGORY A
LANT
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
PRODUCT
1,2
3
4,5
6
6
7,8
7,8
9
10,11
7,12
3
3
3
13
FLOW
L/Kkg gal /1 000 Ib
3150
8757
85900
75900
50400
8060
8760
10000
411000*
9560
3810
252
1760
1060
377
1050
10300
9100
6040
967
1050
1200
49200*
1146
457
3
211
127
BOD COD TOC
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
18.3 5766 2.31 698
______
60.8 706
498 6570 -
211 3880 -
62.9 7800 113 14000 64.5 8000
62.9 7200 125 14300 41.1 4700
85.0 8500 160 16000
43.1 105
______
______
______
______
______
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(D
(m)
(n)
 *  Includes  cooling  water
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Ib X 8.34)

-------
00
                                                          TABLE V-2
                                                          Continued
                                                       Page 2 of 4 Pages
PLANT
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
PRODUCT
1,2
3
4,5
6
6
7,8
7,8
9
10,11
7,12
3
3
3
13
TOD TSS
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg
4.79
65.2
_
796 10500 3.75
5.50
0.19
1.92
55.0
_
_
_
- -
_

mg/1
1510
9000
-
49
103
24
220
134
-
-
-
-
-
TDS TOTAL PHOSPHATE SOURCE OF
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 DATA
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.05 1.00 (e)
(f)
(g)
950 9500 - - (h)
(1)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
(n)
             Note:   Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 !£> X 8.34)

-------
UD
                                                        TABLE V-2
                                                        Continued
                                                      Page  3  of  4 Pages
TKN CHLORIDE PHENOL
PLANT
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
PRODUCT
1,2
3
4,5
6
6
7,8
7,8
9
10
11
7,12
3
3
3
13
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg
22.9
_
_
0.83 10.9 207
0.90 17.1 170
0.087 10.0 331
0.087 10.0
720
_
667
_
_
- - -
- - -
mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
7234
_
_
2730
3180
14000 1.61 200
2.75 315
72000
_
80000 1.67 200
_
_
_
_
PESTICIDES*
kg/Kkg
0.159
-
0.79
16.1
0.0127
0.052
-
N.D.
N.D.
0.001
0.504
mg/1
2.2
-
15
2000
0.031
0.127
-
N.D.**
N.D.**
0.4
0.423
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
(n)
              *  Pesticide values represent the sum of products listed
              ** N.D. - Not Detectable
              Note:   Mean concentrations  are calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MOD/1000 tb X 8.34)

-------
                                           TABLE V-2
                                           Continued
                                        Page 4 of 4 Pages
NOTES:

PRODUCT CODE:

 1  = PCNB
 2  = Terrazole
 3  = Toxaphene
 4  = DCPA
 5  = Chlorothalonil
 6  = Chlorobenzilate
 7  = 2,4D
 8  = 2,4D, 5T
 9  = PCP
10  = Endrin
11  = Heptachlor
12  = MCPA
13  = DDT
SOURCE OF DATA CODE:

(a) Daily composite,  7/1/75 through  2/29/76.
(b) Plant estimate,  1975.
(c) Plant estimate,  summation  of seven  waste
      streams, 10/74.
(d) Daily average,  4/74 through  3/75.
(e) Daily flow proportional composite,  5/21/75
      through 6/19/76.
(f) Daily average,  8/74 through  7/75.
(g) Daily composite,  6/75.
(h) Daily average,  4/72 through  3/73.
(i) Daily composite,  1/74  through 5/74.
(j) Plant estimate,  3/23/76.
 k) MRI toxaphene report,  2/6/76.
.1) MRI toxaphene report,  2/6/76.
(m) MRI toxaphene report,  2/6/76.
(n) MRI DDT report,  2/6/76.

-------
their   discharges   is   quite   significant.
discussion of each parameter is as follows:
                                          A  detailed
Flow — With two exceptions. Plants Al and A2, flow data was
considered reliable.   Plant  Al  measured  flow  across  an
activated  carbon unit; however, this rate was controlled by
pumping capacity and preceded by an extensive holding  pond.
Plant  A6  discharged to a municipality, but did not exclude
all cooling waters.  Plants A2, A3, A4, and A7  all  operate
treatment  systems  and monitor flow continuously.  Plant A5
discharges to deep well disposal and monitors  continuously.
Data reported and utilized are given below:
PLANT
      FLOW REPORTED
 1/kkg     (Gal/1000 Lb)
                FLOW UTILIZED
           1/kkg  (Gal/1000 Lb)
  Al    3,150
  A2    8,757
  A3   85,900
  AH   75,900
       50,400
  A5    8,060
        8,760
       10,000
  A6  411,000
  A7    9,560

     Average
                 377
               1,050
              10,300
               9,100
               6,040
                 967
               1,050
               1,200
              49,200
               1,146
           8,800
          86,000
           6,300

           8,900
          10,000
             1,050
            10,300
             7,570*

             1,072*
             1,146
                         35,200 L/kkg  4,227
                                         Gal/1000 Lb
* Average of reported values
BOD/COD  —  Due  to  differences  in monitoring, few plants
reported data for both BOD and  COD.   In  order  to  derive
ratios   for   both  parameters  a  BOD/COD  ratio  of  0.53
established from  Plant  A5  data  was  used  to  complement
existing  figures.   Data  reported  and  utilized are given
below:
PLANT

  Al
  A2
  A4

  A5
   BOD
REPORTED
(kg/kkg)
  498
  211
   62.9
   62.9
   85.0
   BOD      COD
UTILIZED REPORTED
(kg/kkg) (kg/kkg)
   9.24
  30.7
 354*

  70.3*
                           18.3
                           60.8
113
125
160
   COD
UTILIZED
(kg/kkg)

   18.3
   60.8
  668

  133*
                                   81

-------
  A6      —            21.8      43.1           43.1

     Average            97.2 kg/kkg             183 kg/kkg

*  Average of reported values

TSS — Suspended solids data were  considered  accurate  for
all plants except Plant A2r for which the value reported was
back-calculated  from  the  amount  of  sludge produced, and
Plant A6 for which suspended solids have since been  reduced
from  the  reported  value  of  55.0  kg/kkg  but  were  not
available for preparation of this document.   Data  reported
and utilized are given below:

                       TSS                     TSS
                    REPORTED                UTILIZED
        PLANT       (kg/kkg)                (kg/kkg)

Al                     4.79                    4.79
A2                    65.2
A4                     4.75                    4.62*
                       5.50
A5                     0.19                    1.05*
                       1.92
A6                    55.0                      --

  Average                                      3.49 kg/kkg

* Average of reported values

Phenol  —  Only two plants presented phenol data.  Plant A7
monitors phenol every four hours as a control parameter  for
activated  carbon,  hence  these  data  are considered quite
reliable.  Data reported and utilized are given below:

                     PHENOL                  PHENOL
                    REPORTED                UTILIZED
        PLANT       (kg/kkg)                (kg/kkg)

A5                     1.61
                       2.75
A7                     1.67

  Average                                      1.92 kg/kkg

* Average of reported values

Pesticides -- Few  plants  monitor  pesticides  in  the  raw
wastewater.    Plant  A4  conducted  30  day  sampling of one
process waste stream,  and Plant A6 monitored  its  discharge
                                   82

-------
daily to a municipal sewer.  These data are considered to be
reliable.   The pesticides from Plant A5 were disposed of by
deep well injection, and are not  included  in  calculations
since  it is acknowledged that in the absence of a deep well
system it would be necessary to incinerate the wastes rather
than treat them biologically.  Data  reported  and  utilized
are given below:

                   PESTICIDES              PESTICIDES
                    REPORTED                UTILIZED
        PLANT       (kg/kkg)                 (kg/kkg)

A2                    0.159                   0.159
A4                    0.79                    0.79
A5                   16.1
A6                    0.0127                  0.0323*
                      0.052                 	

  Average                                     0.327 kg/kkg

* Average of reported values

Subcategory B - Organo-Phosphorus Pesticides

Sources  of  wastewater  from  the  manufacture  of  organo-
phosphorus pesticides include decanter  units,  distillation
towers,  overhead  collectors,  solvent  strippers,  caustic
scrubbers, contact cooling, hydrolysis units, and  equipment
washing.  Table V-3 contains a summary of wastewater sources
from  processing  units  commonly  used in the production of
organo-phosphorus pesticides.

A summary of  raw  waste   load  data  for  organo-phosphorus
pesticide  plants  is  presented  in  Table  V-H.   Data was
collected from seven plants manufacturing 18 products.  Five
of the seven plants operate full-scale treatment facilities.
One of the  five  treatment  plants  receives  only  orqano-
phosphorous  wastes.   For those plants operating treatment
systems  the data is guite  extensive, ranging from one  month
to  more than a year of daily, flow-proportional, composited
samples.

Of the twelve pollutant parameters reported  for  Subcategory
B, the significant parameters are considered to be BOD, COD,
suspended   solids,   ammonia   nitrogen,    phosphates,  and
pesticides for reasons outlined in section VI.

High  chloride  concentrations  are  experienced   in   this
Subcategory,  but concentrations in excess of 7,000 mg/1 are
not adversely affecting biological treatment at two  plants,
                                  83

-------
                                                       TABLE V-3
                            SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL PROCESS - ASSOCIATED WASTEWATER SOURCES FROM
                                          ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE PRODUCTION
oo
                PROCESSING UNIT
             Solvent recovery

             Caustic scrubbers
             Hydrolyzer/extractor
             Decanter
             Overheads collector
             Distillation tower
             Intermediate product
               reactor
             Product washers
             Product recovery
             Solvent strippers
       SOURCE
Aqueous layer

Vented gases
Aqueous layer
Aqueous layer

Organic layer

Dusts, mists, vapors

Residues and tars
Reaction product residues

Neutralized aqueous wastes

Aqueous wastes
Stripper clean-out rinse
watei
      NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS
High salt content, high pH, intermittent flow
rate, toxic components, some "intermediate"
product
High pH, high volume, low organics
High pH, high COD, high dissolved solids,
possible separate organic sludge
High salt content, generally low dissolved
organics, separable organic sludge
High organics, low dissolved organic-salt
and sludge
High toxic organics, high total suspended
solids
High organics, low water solubility
Intermittent flow, high dissolved solids,
pH variable, organic content variable
High salt content, organic product loss,
high pH, high alkalinity, high  dissolved
solids, intermittent flow
High toxic organics, low flow
High organics, low flow

-------
                PROCESSING UNIT

             Tank and reactors



             Vacuum jets

             All plant areas
                                                      TABLE V-3
                                                      Continued
                                                  Page 2 of 2 Pages
       SOURCE

Clean-out rinse water and
wasted solvent
Vacuumed gases

Run-off, area washdowns
      NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS
Intermittent flow, high organics, high salt
content (condensation and neutralization
reactions), high dissolved solids

Low organic, generally acidic

Intermittent flow, low organics, variable
pH, suspended solids, and salt content
CO
01

-------
 and  in   the   case  of  Plant B2  the  treatment system has been
 acclimated  to  operate  at  approximately  20rOOO mg/1.

 Depending on the  product, total nitrogen  concentrations  in
 excess   of  1,000 mg/1 can be expected  as reported by Plants
 Bl  and B2,  although a  portion of this is a  result of the use
 of  ammonia  in  neutralizing operations and can be  eliminated
 as  discussed in Section VII.

 Phosphorus  concentrations of 200 to 800 mg/1 were reported.
 Pesticide concentrations  up to  10   mg/1  are  being  treated
 biologically   at  Plant   B3,  which monitors  influent  and
 effluent daily for COD  and   parathion.   Raw  waste  load
 monitoring  for phenol  was submitted by Plant Bl for a period
 of  one  month.  Average concentrations less than 5 mg/1 were
 found.

 Plant  Bl   submitted   data  representing  long  term   plant
 estimates   for eight  specific products.  In addition, its
 disulfoton  process  was  sampled  daily  for  14  days.   By
 comparing   these  values to the  daily average at the influent
 to  the treatment  system for January and February,  1974,  it
 can be seen that  fluctuations in each parameter are dampened
 as  a  result  of   overlapping   production.   Flow ratios of
 individual  lines  are much greater than ratios of flow in the
 sum of the  individual  lines  due  to  process  control,  in-
 process  pretreatment systems, and non-process related events
 such  as  cleanup.   An  analysis of six months of raw waste
 load data from five process lines at  Plant  Bl  during  the
 production  of  more   than  eight products demonstrates this
 reduction in variability.  Peak to  mean ratios for flow  and
 COD were   2.60:1 and  3.39:1, respectively compared to those
 listed for  individual  products  in Table V-4.   Consequently,
 equalization  will  be  required  prior  to  treatment  in a
 biological  system,  a necessity  recognized by this  plant  in
 the design of  its treatment system  described in Section VII.

 Plant  B2 presented data for diazinon taken prior to caustic
 destruction and biological treatment.    Consequently,   these
 values  are  higher  than  those  data  from lines which are
 directed  to  biological  plants  after   a   detoxification
 process.

 Plant   B3,   which  treats  wastes  from  methyl  and  ethyl
 parathion, monitors daily for COD and parathion in  the  raw
wastewater.    Based  on  data   from January, June,  and July,
 1974 , a substantial difference in  raw  waste  load  exists
between  products  as  would  be  expected  when  individual
process lines are directly compared to one another.
                                86

-------
                                                              TABLE V-4

                                                           RAW WASTE LOADS
                                                 ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE
                                                            SUBCATEGORY B
PLANTS
00
FLOW
PLANT PRODUCT L/Kkg gal /1 000 Ib
Bl








1
1
B2

B3


B4

B5
B6

B7
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
,2,3,5,6,7,9
,2,3,5,6,7,9
10
10
11 or 12
11
12
13,14,15
13,15
11,16
17
18
11
07000
8250
60500
55700
11900
62100
7510
54400
31170
60480
51620
17600
22870
66171
50444
49506
2780
2780
12800
30000
4300
12600
12900
989
7200
6680
1430
7440
800
6530
3737
7253
6180
2110
2742
7932
6047
5734
333
333
1530
3600
516
1510
BOD COD TOD SOURCE OF
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg
333
332
192
499
46
192
315
170
661
105 1750 414
378
204 9590
337 14700
260.7
185.1
90.7
1.5 540 45
36.5
79
— — —
_
110 8730 180
mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
3110
40200
3150
8910
3850
3100
42000
3150
21200
6850
7320
— — —
626 27370
3938
3669
1831
15200
13200
6100
_ — —
_
14300 28 2220
DATA
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
(m)
(n)
           Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/l = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000  tb X 8.34)

-------
                                                      TABLE V-4
                                                      Continued
                                                   Page  2  of 5  Pages
CO
CO

TOC TSS
Plant PRODUCT kg/Kkg rng/1 kq/Kkq mq/1
Bl










B2

B3


B4

B5
B6

B7
Note:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
1,2,3,5,6,7,9
1,2,3,5,6,7,9, -
10
10
11 or 12 111
11
12
13,14,15
13,15
11,16
17
18
11
Mean concentrations
— — —
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
87.7 2810
16.3 269
11.7 227
1.5 62.0
1.2 52.5
1670 9.32 140.9
- - -
- - —
-
0.13 47
- - -
-
- _ _
4.5 360
are calculated by the ecru
TDS
kg/Kkg mg/1
763
1750
565
2780
702
1030
941
1040
-
1363
-
_
-
-
-
-
240
281
-
-
-
-
ation: i
7130
210000
9420
49800
58500
16600
125000
19250
-
22500
-
—
-
-
-
-
86000
79684
-
-
-
-
TW/1 = kd
T-P
kg/Kkg mg/1
5.5
57.0
18.6
43.0
14.0
7.2
32.0
105.0
76.8
46.6
-
2.6
-
13.3
-
-
53
6.1
-
_
-
7.6
f/Kka di\
51
6900
304
770
1170
115
4260
1930
2460
770

157

201
-
-
19000
2200
-
_
-
600
rided bv fiv
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Id)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
(m)
(n)
ICD/1000 Th

-------
                                                          TABLE V-4
                                                          Continued
                                                       Page 3 of 5 Pages
00
ID
TKN NH3-N
PLANT
Bl










B2

B3


B4

B5
B6

B7
PRODUCT kg/Kkg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
1,2,3,5,6,7,9
1,2,3,5,6,7,9
10 20.1
10 27.0
11 or 12 0.182
11
12
13,14,15
13,15 0.711
11,16
17
18
11
mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1

_ — —
_ - —
295 5300
242 20200
_ _ —
_ -
122 2200
_ _ _
91.6 1514
72.1 1397
1011
1180
2.74
_ _ _
_
.
256
_
— _ •«
_
_
CHLORIDE
kg/Kkg
242
1220
394
1830
527
357
563
396
641
448
-
427
447
428
_
-
_
91
195
_
-
-
mg/1
2260
147000
6500
37000
44000
5700
75000
700
20500
7413
-
19480
19500
6690
-
-
_
32800
-
—
-
-
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
!cl
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(D
(m)
(m)
(n)
           Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Ib X 8.34)

-------
                                       TABLE  V-4
                                       Continued
                                    Page  4  of 5  Pages

PLANT
Bl










B2

B3


B4

B5
B6

B7
PHENOL PESTICIDE*
PRODUCT kg/Kkg mq/1 kg/Kkq mq/1
1 - -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 - - -
6 - -
7 - -
8 - -
2 0.14 4.48 0.02 0.64
1,2,3,5,6,7,9 0.193 3.20
1,2,3,5,6,7,9 - -
10 - - 1.1 57.0
10 - -
11 or 12 0.024 0.375
11 - - 0.235 4.66
12 - - 0.454 9.17
13,14,15 - -
13,15 0.068 24.7
11,16 - -
17 - N.D. N.D.**
18 - - N.D. N.D.
11 - 0.0126 1.0
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(D
(j)
(k)
(D
(m)
(m)
(n)
^Pesticide values represent sum of products listed
**N.D. =  Not detectable
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000 lib X 8.34)

-------
                                           TABLE V-4
                                           Continued
                                        Page 5 of 5 Pages
PRODUCT CODE:

 1  = COUMAPHOS
 2 = DISULFOTON
 3 = AZINPHOSMETHYL
 4 = MATHAMIDOPHOS
 5 = FENSULFOTHION
 6 = FENTHION
 7 = DEMETON
 8 = METHYL DEMENTON
 9 = MONITOR
10 = DIAZINON
11 = METHYL PARATHION
12 = ETHYL PARATHION
13 = DURSBAN
14 = CRUFOMATE
15 = RONNEL
16 = ASPON
17 = RABON
18 = VAPONA
(c)
(d
(e
(d)  =
(e)  =
SOURCE OF DATA CODE:

(a) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 12/16/74.
(b) = DAILY FLOW PROPORTIONAL COMPOSITE,
      5/31/75 THROUGH 6/13/75.
      DAILY AVERAGE,  1/74.
      DAILY AVERAGE,  2/74.
      DAILY FLOW PROPORTIONAL COMPOSITE,
      5/5/75 THROUGH  6/3/75.
(f) = DAILY AVERAGE,  4/74 THROUGH 3/75.
(g) = 4 TO 9 DAILY COMPOSITES,
      3/21/74 THROUGH 5/9/74.
(h) = DAILY COMPOSITE, 6/74 AND 7/74.
(i) = DAILY COMPOSITE, 1/74.
(j) = PLANT ESTIMATE.
(k) = VERIFICATION SAMPLING, 10/1/74.
(1) = COMBINATION OF TWO COMPOSITE SAMPLES, 4/74.
(m) = FLOW-MATERIAL BALANCE, MDL FOR RABON = 10 ppb,
      MDL FOR VAPONA = 100 ppb.
(n) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 4/20/76.

-------
 Plant B4,   which  disposes  of  organo-phosphorus  pesticide
 wastewater  by  deep  well  injection,   does   not  routinely
 monitor this particular waste  stream.   The  data   which  are
 available   are  substantially   lower than  those  from plants
 utilizing  biological treatment.

 Plant B6 submitted flow  estimates   and  pesticide  analyses
 after  hydrolysis.    Rabon was not  detected above 10 ppb  and
 Vapona was not detected above  100 ppb.   Plant  B6  currently
 plans  to   construct  a biological  treatment plant to follow
 the  hydrolysis unit.   The flow data from Plant B6  has  been
 excluded  from  cost  calculations   pending confirmation of
 material balances  by sampling.

 Plant B7 presented   methyl  parathion   data which  compared
 closely with  COD   ratios  for  Plant B3.   The flow ratio at
 Plant B7,  however,  was much lower   and  the   concentrations
 much higher,  such that dilution  of  the  waste is predicted as
 a  requirement  to  biological  treatment.  Data from Plant B7
 has    been    excluded    from  cost  calculations   pending
 confirmation  by sampling.

 Based  on   the data  presented  in Table  V-4  and the following
 discussion,   model   plant  values  for   organophosphorus
 pesticide   plants   have  been developed  for  cost calculations
 as outlined below:

  Production  (Small  Plant)  =6.57 kkg/day = 11,900  Lb/day
  Production  (Large  Plant)  = 72.0 kkg/day = 134,000  Lb/day
  Flow                     = 43,900 L/kkg = 5,260  Gal/1000 Lb
  BOD                      = 67.7 kg/kkg =  1,540 mg/1
  COD                      = 267 kg/kkg = 6,080 mg/1
  TSS                       =11.7 kg/kkg =267 mq/1
  NH3-N                     =81.8 kg/kkg =  1,860 mg/1
  Total Pesticide           = 0.454  kg/kkg = 10.3 mg/1

The model plant  defined  above, as in the case of halogenated
organics, does not represent any  one   plant,   nor   does  it
represent   merely   the   average  of   all  data  presented.
Additional  factors  which  required  consideration   for  the
model  plant  definition  were reliability of data,  specific
process influences  (such as the production of  intermediates
at  any  one  plant),  and  relationships  among  parameters
 (BOD/COD ratios, TKN/NH3-N  comparisons,   etc.).   The  model
plant  does  represent the average of available,  reliable, and
comparable  raw  waste   load  data  which  may  currently be
expected to  exist  in  plants  from  this  subcategory.   A
detailed  discussion  of  each  parameter  so  defined is as
follows: The rationale for not utilizing all  reported  data
is explained in the text for each parameter.
                                 92

-------
Flow   —  Data  from  Plant  Bl  indicate  that  flows  for
individual products vary by a factor of 16, but that monthly
averages are considerably dampened, ranging from  52rOOO  to
60,000  1/kkg  (6,180 to 7,253 Gal/1000 Lb) during production
of seven different pesticides.  Hence, an average of  56,000
1/kkg (6,716 Gal/1000 Lb) was utilized.  Values for Plant B3
are monitored continuously at treatment system influent and,
although  only  one  product is manufactured, the values are
quite similar to Plant Bl.  Data from Plant B4 were based on
an assumed flow and have been deleted,  as  were  data  from
Plant  B5,  which  were based on two samples.  Data reported
and utilized are given below:

          FLOW REPORTED            FLOW UTILIZED
PLANT  1/kkg   (Gal/1000 Lb)  1/kkg      (Gal/1000 Lb)

  Bl  107,000     12,900     56,000        6,716  (1)
        8,250        989
       60,500      7,200
       55,700      6,680
       11,900      1,430
       62,100      7,440
        7,510        800
       54,400      6,530
       31,170      3,737
       60,480      7,253
       51,620      6,180
  B2   17,600      2,110     20,000        2,428  (2)
       22 870      2 742       —~            ~~
  B3   66^171      7'932     55,000        6,638  (2)
       50,444      6,047
       49,506      5,934
  B4    2,780        333
        2,780        333
  B5   12,800      1,530       --            —

     Average                 44,000 L/kkg  5,260 Gal/1000 Lb

 (1) Average of 60,000 and 52,000 1/kkg, two month average of
    influent to treatment system
 (2) Average of reported values

BOD/COD — Although long term data from   BOD  and   COD  were
available,  most  plants  do  not  monitor  both parameters.
Consequently,  a BOD/COD ratio of 0.254  from  Plant Bl  was
utilized  to   complement  existing data.  Data  from Plant B2
were deleted because monitoring took place  before   diazinon
destruction  and  subsequent biological treatment values for
Plants B4 and  B5 were excluded due to an  inadequate  number
of data points.  Data reported and utilized are given below:
                                  93

-------
 PLANT
   Bl
   BOD
REPORTED
(kg/kkq)

   105
   BOD
UTILIZED
(kq/kkq)

   105
   B2

   B3
   204
   337
            1.5
              35.0
  B5
   COD
REPORTED
(kg/kkg)

   333
   332
   192
   499
    46
   192
   315
   170
   661
   414
   378
              260.7
              185.1
               90.7
               45.0
              365
               79
   COD
UTILIZED
(kq/kkq)

   396 (1)
                                             138 (2)
     Average
              67.8  kg/kkg
                         267 kg/kkg
 (1) Average of  414 and  378r two month  average of influent to
 treatment system
 (2)  Average  of  185.1  and   90.7,  three   month average of
 influent to  treatment   system representing  two  different
 products.

 TSS   —   Data   for  Plants  Bl  and B3   were  considered
 representative.   Data   from   Plants   B2  and  B4  were  not
 considered  reliable  or  comparable,  for reasons previously
 stated.  Data reported and utilized are given below:
        PLANT
Bl
B2

B3
B4
              TSS
           REPORTED
            (kq/kkq)

             87.7
             16.3
             11.7
              1.5
              1.2
              9.32
              0.13
              Average
                             TSS
                          UTILIZED
                          (kq/kkq)

                            14.0  (1)
                            9.32
                                       11.7 kg/kkg
                                  94

-------
(1)  Average of 16.3 and 11.7, two month influent to treatment
     system

NH3-N -- Few plants monitor  ammonia  nitrogen  in  the  raw
wastewater.  Data from Plant Bl, which produces four to five
organo-phosphorus  compounds  with  high  wastewater ammonia
concentrations, have been utilized  as  the  basis  for  the
model  plant  in  order  to demonstrate the maximum economic
impact for treatment technology.  For some plants,  however,
the  designated  ammonia  removal  technology  would  not be
required.  For example, Plant B3  (in  Table  V-4)  shows  a
total   nitrogen   concentration   insufficient  to  support
biological treatment; this plant would have to add nitrogen,
probably in the  form  of  anhydrous  ammonia,  to  its  raw
wastewater.  Data reported and utilized are given below:

                       NH3-N                  NH3-N
                     REPORTED               UTILIZED
PLANT                (kg/kkg)               (kg/kkg)

  Bl                   91.6                    81.8
                       72.1
     Average                                   81.8 kg/kka

Pesticides  —  Plant  Bl has recently submitted data over a
six month period showing total pesticides for  five  product
lines  to range from 0.4 to 11.5 mg/1.  As noted previously,
data from Plant B2 was taken from a segregated waste  stream
which  does  not  represent the total influent to bioloqical
treatment, and  hence  has  been  excluded.   Plant  B3  has
presented  averages  for  two different products which enter
biological treatment.  Plant B6 has  reduced  two  pesticide
products below detection limits by hydrolysis.  For purposes
of  cost  calculations  only,  the value of 0.454 kg/kkg has
been selected from  Plant  B3  to  demonstrate  the  maximum
economic  impact  for  the  hydrolysis  unit  recommended in
Section VII.

Subcategory C - Organo-Nitrogen Pesticides

The principal sources of  wastewater  in  the  manufacturing
processes   of  organo-nitrogen  pesticides  are:  decantinq
operations,    extractor/precipitator    units,    scrubbina
operations,  solvent stripping, product purification, vessel
rinsing, spillage, and equipment washdown.  A summary of the
wastewater sources associated with these unit operations  is
contained  in  Table  V-5.  A summary of raw waste loads for
this subcategory is presented in  Table  V-6.   A  total  of

-------
                                          TABLE V-5

               SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL PROCESS - ASSOCIATED WASTEWATER SOURCES FROM
                             ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDE PRODUCTION
   PROCESSING UNIT

Caustic scrubber
Solvent stripper

Air pollution control
  equipment
       SOURCE

Vented process gases


Aqueous fraction

Aqueous suspension
Extractor/precipitator   Aqueous  wastes
Intermediate product
  purification
Filtration



Tanks and reactors


Reactors



Purification

Extractor
Neutralized aqueous wastes
Filtrate
Cleanout rinse water and
wasted solvents

Aqueous wastes
Aqueous wastes

Aqueous phase
      NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS

High pH, possible by-product HCN, high flow,
low organics

High dissolved organics

High suspended solids, relatively low
dissolved organics and solids

High dissolved and suspended organics, high
pH

High salt content, organic product loss, pH,
and alkalinity.  High dissolved organics and
and dissolved solids.

Variable dissolved organics,  High pH,
alkalinity, dissolved organics and dissolved
solids.

High soluble organics and by-product salts
Brine wastes.  High dissolved solids and
organics.  Variable pH, i.e., either very
high or low pH.

High dissolved organics and solids

High pH.  High dissolved organics and
solids.  High NH3-N

-------
                                         TABLE V-5
                                         Continued
                                      Page  2 of 2  Pages
   PROCESSING UNIT
Precipitator
Scrubber from cyanuric
  chloride unit
Decanter
Nitrators
Incinerator exhaust
  scrubbers
       SOURCE
Aqueous wastes
Scrubber and filter water

Aqueous phase
Vent gas scrubbers
Scrubber water
      NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS
Dissolved solids and residual  organics
High pH.  Cyanide wastewater,  low organics,
high dissolved solids
High dissolved organics, NH3_-N and TKN
High nitrates, dissolved solids and pH
Dissolved inorganics.  High pH

-------
 eight  plants submitted data obtained during the manufacture
 01 26 products.   Parameters of significance in  the  oraano-
 nitrogen  subcategory  are  BOD,  COD, TSS,  ammonia nitrogen,
 and pesticides.

 Plant Cl presented data on seven  products,  with  isopropalin
 being  the  product  with  the  strongest  waste  stream  to
 directly enter biological treatment.   Benefin,   trifluralin,
 and  ethalfluralin  waste  streams  are  treated in-plant by
 activated carbon prior to biological treatment.

 The data from Plant C2 is  based   on  a  limited  number  of
 sample points from two combined waste streams.   The toxicity
 is  high in  both streams,  and consequently  the  COD/BOD  ratio
 of the combined  streams is quite  high.

 Plant C3 submitted data collected in-plant  for  two products:
 metribuzin and benzazimide.

 Plant CU submitted in-plant  data  representing ten  products.

 Plant C5 data is based on an estimated  flow calculation.

 Plant C6 submitted a  thirty  day sampling  study  for alachlor.
 The daily variability of  the raw  waste  load is  described  as
 follows:

Minimum
Mean
Maximum
St. Dev.
BOD
77.1
87.9
110.5
13.3
COD
132.5
180
368.9
46.8
NH3-N
17.8
60.2
117.4
20.8
ALACHLOR
1.7
4.1
9.1
2.0
TSS
1.1
3.0
11.0
1.8
All units are in kg/kkg

In  addition  to the above, the plant estimated the combined
alachlor/propachlor raw  waste  load  which  served  as  the
design for a proposed waste treatment facility.

Plant  C7  submitted  a  plant  estimate  for  two products,
bromacil and diuron.

Plant C8, which produces aldicarb, has completely eliminated
its  wastewater  discharge  due  to  the  use  of  dedicated
vessels.   Aldicarb  has  an  LD-50  of  0.93 mg per Kg body
weight.  Because of the occupational health aspect  of  this
                                 98

-------
pesticide  the  plant has tightened.  Consequently, Plant C8
has been excluded from cost calculations.

BOD concentrations of up to 1500  mg/1  are  being  treated,
while  COD  concentrations range as high as 3300 mg/1.  Long
term TSS levels of more than 100 mg/1 are not usual.   Total
nitrogen  may run as high as 240 mg/1.  Ammonia nitrogen, as
reported by Plant C6, is estimated to be 150 mg/1.   Cyanide
can  result  from  the production of some of the products in
this subcategory.  Total pesticides as high as 90 mg/1  were
encountered.

Based  on  the data presented in Table V-6 and the followinq
discussion,  the  model  plant  for   organo-nitrogen   cost
calculations   was  determined  to  be  represented  by  the
following data:

 Production (Small Plant) = 9.43 kkg/day = 20,790 Lb/day
 Production (Large Plant) = 116 kkg/day = 256,000 Lb/day
 Flow                     = 35,400 L/kkg = 4240 Gal/1000 Lb
 BOD                      =45.5 kg/kkg = 1,300 mg/1
 COD                      =103 kg/kkg = 2900 mg/1
 TSS                      = 2.50 kg/kkg = 70.7 mg/1
 NH3-N                    =60.2 kg/kkg = 1700 mg/1
 Total Pesticides         =2.82 kg/kkg =80.0 mg/1

The model plant defined above does  not  represent  any  one
plant,  nor does it represent merely the average of all data
presented.  Additional factors which required  consideration
for  the  model  plant  definition were reliability of data,
specific process  influences   (such  as  the  production  of
intermediates  at  any  one plant), and relationship between
parameters  (BOD/COD ratios,  TKN/NH3-N  comparisons,  etc.).
The  model  plant  does  represent,  then,  the  average  of
available, reliable, and comparable data which may currently
be expected to exist in plants prior to necessary in-process
control and detoxification units  and  prior  to  biological
treatment   expected   in   this  subcategory.   A  detailed
discussion of each parameter so defined is as  follows:  The
rationale  for  not utilizing all reported data is explained
in the text for each parameter.

Flow — Wastewater from Plant Cl being recycled for  product
recovery or incinerated was excluded from calculations.  All
other  plant  data  was considered valid.  Data reported and
utilized are as follows:

                     FLOW               FLOW
                    REPORTED          UTILIZED
        PLANT      (Gal/1000 Lb)      (Gal/1000 Lb)
                                  99

-------
o
o
                                                          TABLE  V-6

                                                        RAW  WASTE  LOADS
                                               ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDE  PLANTS
                                                         SUBCATEGORY  C

PLANT
Cl




C2
C3

C4

C5
C6

C7

C8

PRODUCT
1,2,3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11-20
11-20
21
22
22,23
24
25
26

L/Kkg
3,470
6,450
19,770
39,350
1,300
32,110
85,100
51 ,600
45,000
47,500
10,000
-
-
-
56,700
None
FLOW
gal/1000 Ib
416
774
2,370
4,718
156
3,850
10,200
5,180
5,400
5,700
1,200
_
-
_
6,800
None
BOD
kg/Kkg

-
-
-
-
3.73
_
-
37
40
24.5 2
87.9
48.1
58
23
-

mg/1

_
-
-
-
116
_
-
820
840
,450
_
-
_
405
-
COD
kg/Kkg
83*
154
4,562**
7 ,688**
1 ,582**
31.5
403
77
_
-
81.3
179.8
86.2
97
37
-
TOD
mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
23,900
23,900
230,802
195,380
1,216,000 -
981
4,740
1 ,480
— — _
-
8,120
•» — _
-
93.0
652
-
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a
(a
(a
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(h)
(i)
              *   Portions recovered prior to wastewater treatment
              **  Portions incinerated prior to wastewater treatment
              Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MOD/1000 tb X 8.34)

-------
                                             TABLE V-6

                                             Continued
                                          Page 2 of 4 Pages

PLANT
Cl




C2
C3

C4

C5
C6

C7

C8
TOC
PRODUCT kg/Kkg mg/1
1,2,3
4
5 -
6
7 -
8 15.0 467
9 -
10 -
11-20
11-20
21 -
22 54.4
22,23
24 -
25 -
26 - -
TSS TDS Total Phosphate
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
-
---___
------
---___
---___
4.1 128
3,770 44,300
333 6,400
897 19,900
1,760 36,700
1.81 181 - - .00901 0.9
3.0
1.1 - - - 0.418
----__
------
------
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(9)
(h)
(h)
(i)
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000 Ii> X  8.34)

-------
                                              TABLE V-6
                                              Continued
                                           Page  3  of 4 Pages

PLANT
Cl




C2
C3

C4

C5
C6

C7

C8
TKN
PRODUCT kg/Kkg mgl
1,2,3
4
5
6
7
8 2.19 68
9
10
11 -20 8 1 78
11 -20 9 1 90
21 2.52 252
22
22,23
24
25
26
NH3-N
kg/Kkg mgl
_
-
-
-
-
-
27 318
-
_ _
-
-
60.2
5.2
_
-
-
CHLORIDE PESTICIDES*
kg/Kkg mgl kg/Kkg mgl
_
-
-
_
-
2.54 79
1,170 13,700
227 4,400
847 18,800
1,210 25,300
25.5 2,550
4.1
3,1
- — - _
- - _
N.D. N.D**
SOURCE OF
DATA
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(h)
(i)
   *    Pesticide values represent the  sum of products  listed
   **   N.D.  = Not Detectable
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34)

-------
o
CO
PRODUCT CODE:

1 - BENEFIN
2 = TRI PLURALIN
3 = ETHALFLURALIN
4 = ISOPROPALIN
5 = ORYZALIN
6 = PIPRON
7 = TEBUTHIORON
8 = ATRAZINE
9 - METRIBUZIN
10 - BENZAZIMIDE
11 - ATRAZINE
12 = SIMAZINE
13 = PROPAZINE
14 = AMETRYNE
15 = PROMETRYNE
16 = SIMETRYNE
17 = SUMITOL
18 = TERBUTRYNE
19 = PROMETONE
20 = CYBNAZINE
21 = DINOSEB
22 = ALACHLOR
23 = PROPOCHLOR
24 = BROMACIL
25 - DIURON
26 = ALDICARB
                                                        TABLE V-6
                                                        (Continued)
                                                        (pg 4 of 4)

                                                           SOURCE OF DATA CODE:

                                                           (a) - PLANT ESTIMATE.
                                                           (b) = 11 GRAB SAMPLES, 7/9/75 THROUGH 8/13/75.
                                                           (c) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 12/16/74.
                                                           (d) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 10/24/74.
                                                           (e) - VERIFICATION SAMPLING, 10/1/74.
                                                           (f) = DAILY COMPOSITE, 4/1/75 THROUGH 4/30/75.
                                                           (g) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 5/28/76.
                                                           (h) = PLANT ESTIMATE, 5/17/75.
                                                           (i) = PLANT ESTIMATE.

-------
          Cl
C2
C3

C4

C5
C6
C7
                416
                774
              2,370
              1,718
                156
              3,850
             10,200
              5,180
              5,400
              5,700
              1,200
              4,300
              6,020
              1,210
              6,800
              Average

* Average of reported values
                                         774
                 3,850
                 7,690*

                 5,550*

                 1,200
                 3,840*
                 6,800

                 4,240 Gal/1000 Lb
COD/BOD — Plants C5, C6, and C7 monitor both BOD and COD in
the raw waste.  Based on  the  average  of  these  plants  a
COD:BOD  ratio  of  2.31:1  was  used to complement existing
values.   Although  this  average  is  suitable   for   cost-
calculations,  it  is  noted  that  a high COD:BOD ratio may
result from specific products such as dinoseb which are  low
in  biodegradability.   This  fact  reinforces  the need for
monitoring both BOD and COD.  Data reported and utilized are
as follows:
PLANT
  Cl
   BOD
REPORTED
(kg/kkg)
   BOD
UTILIZED
(kg/kkg)

  67.6
  C2
  C3

  C4

  C5
  C6

  C7
  3.73
   37
   40
  24.5
  87.9
  48.1
   58
   23
  13.6
  102

  38.5*

  24.5
  48.1

  23
   COD
REPORTED
(kg/kkg)

    83
   154
 4,562
 7,688
 1,582
  31.5
   403
    77
  81.3
 179.8
  86.2
    97
    37
   COD
UTILIZED
(kg/kkg)

   154
  31.5
   240

  88.9

  81.3
  86.2

    37
                                   104

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     Average
    75.5 kg/kkg
      103 kg/kkq
TSS — All TSS data was considered valid.  Data reported and
utilized is as follows:
         PLANT
 C2
 C5
 C6
   TSS
 REPORTED
 (kg/kkg)

    U.I
    1.81
    3.0
    1.1
   TSS
 UTILIZED
 (kg/kkg)

    U.I
    1.81
    3.0
    1.1
              Average
                           2.50 kg/kkg
NH3-N — The value of 60.2 kg/kkg ammonia at  Plant  C6  was
based  on 30 days sampling of alachlor.  This was considered
to be the most reliable data available.  An additional value
of 5.2 kg/kkg was excluded  since  it  represented  the  raw
waste load attainable after ammonia removal.

Pesticides  —  Few  plants  monitor  pesticides  in the raw
waste.  Values for Plants C2 and  C6,  which  resulted  from
specific   30-day   surveys,  demonstrated  that  levels  of
atrazine  and  propachlor/alachlor   were   similar.    Data
reported and utilized are as follows:
         PLANT
 C2
 C6
PESTICIDES
 REPORTED
 (kg/kkg)

   2.54
   U.I
   3.1
PESTICIDES
 UTILIZED
 (kg/kkg)

   2.5U
   3.1
    Average

Subcategory D - Metallo-Organic Pesticides
                          2.82 kg/kkg
In the manufacturing process for metallo-organic pesticides,
the   principal   sources  of  wastewater  are:  by  product
stripping, product  washing,  caustic  scrubbing,  tank  and
reactor   clean-out  and  area  washdowns.   The  wastewater
characteristics  associated  with   these   operations   are
summarized in Table V-7.

A  summary  of  raw  waste  load  characteristics  for  this
subcategory is presented in Table V-8.  A  total  of  eleven
                                  105

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                                                            TABLE V-7

                                 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL PROCESS - ASSOCIATED WASTEWATER SOURCES FROM
                                               METALLO-ORGANIC PfGTICIDE PRODUCTION
o
en
                     PROCESSING UNI'f

                  Caustic scrubber
i;r,cnt caus:.-c solution
                  Intermediate recovery    >„; .h wat<.=s~  ,/ashdown
                  Raw material drum
                    washer

                  Slurry wash
                  Multi-stage counter
                    current washer
                  By-product stripper
                  Tanks and reactors
iV -a was:', vvater, spills
(i»'i recovery)

Product rinse water
Water lost with scrubbed
salts, clean-out rinse
water
                  Air pollution control     Scrubber  water
Aqueous fraction
Clean-out rinse water
                  All  processing areas      Area washdowns
      NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS

High pH, alkalinity, TDS and sulfur content.
Low average flow rates.  Some dissolved
organics.

High TDS, salt content.  Arsenic-
contaminant brine.  Separate organics.

High arsenic content.  No organics.  Toxic.
High TDS and sulfidic wastes.  Low average
flow rates.  Dissolved and separable organics

High suspended and dissolved solids.
Variable heavy metal content.  Relatively
low flow rates.  Very low organic content.
Toxic

High suspended and dissolved solids.  Toxic.
Medium flow rates.  Low dissolved and
separable organics.

Dissolved organics.  High BOD and TOD.
Neutral pH.

Dissolved organics, and suspended and
dissolved solids.  Intermittent flow rate.
Toxic.

Dissolved and separable organics, and
suspended and dissolved solids.  Toxic.

-------
                                          TABLE V-8

                                        RAW WASTE LOADS
                                METALLO-ORGANIC PESTICIDE PLANTS
                                         SUBCATEGORY D
                        FLOW	      BOD          COD          TSS         METAL     SOURCE
PLANT
D 1
D 2
D 3
D 4
D 5
D 6
D 7
D 8
D 9
D10
on
PRODUCT L/Kkg gal /1 000 15
1,2
1,2
2
3
3
4,5
4
4 26000 LPD
6
7,8,9 64,270
105 76,310
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
7000 GPD
None
8000
9150
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 OF DATA
-- -_ __
_________
-- __ __
_________
_________
_________
__ __ __
(a)
----_____
(TIN)
23.7 355 47.5 711 253 3800 4 60 (b)
(MANGANESE)
54 703 120 1572 132 1718 37 481 (c)
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34)

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              PRODUCE CODE:

               1  = DSMA
               2  = MSMA
               3  = PMA
               4  = Copper 8 Quinolate
               5  = CMP
               6  = Zineb
               7  = Tricyclohexyltin Hydroxide
               8  = Triphenyltin Hydroxide
               9  = Tributyl tin Oxide
              10  = Maneb
o
00
                                                        TABLE V-8
                                                        Continued
                                                    Page 2 of 2 Pages
SOURCE OF DATA CODE:

(a) Plant estimate, 5/13/75
(b) Plant estimate, 5/23/75
(c) Plant estimate, 5/21/75

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plants  submitted  data  on  arsenic, mercury, copper, zinc,
tin, and manganese-based pesticides.

Three arsenic-based pesticide producers, Plants Dl, D2,  and
D3,  all  have  no discharge of wastewater due to a negative
process water balance.

Three mercury-based pesticide producers, Plants DU, D5,  and
D6,  all  have  no  discharge of wastewater due to reuse and
recycle  of  all  process  wastewaters.   Two   copper-based
pesticide  producers. Plants D6, and D7, report no discharge
of wastewater.  One plant, D8, disposes of a small volume by
contract hauling to landfill.

One  zinc-based  pesticide  producer.  Plant   D9,   has   a
wastewater   discharge  of  evaporator  condensate,  but  no
discharge of metals.

One tin-based pesticide producer, D10,  submitted  the  data
shown  in Table V-8.  A considerable amount of this flow was
due to the use of barometric condensers, which will soon  be
replaced with surface condensers.

One  manganese-based pesticide producer, Dll, submitted data
shown in Table V-8.

A continuing effort is underway to better  characterize  the
waste  streams  resulting  from  the  mamifacture  of  zinc,
manganese, and tin-based products in this subcategory.

Subcategory E - Formulators and Packagers

Washing and cleaning operations are the principal sources of
wastewater in formulating and packaging  operations.   Table
V-9    summarizes   the   wastewater   characteristics   for
formulation and packaging  operations.   A  summary  of  raw
waste load characteristics for this subcategory is presented
in  Table  V-10.   A total of 71 plants were contacted which
formulate wet, dry, or solvent based pesticides.  Of  these,
59  reported no generation of wastewater whatsoever.  Of the
12 remaining plants, none discharged wastewater to navigable
streams.

Because the primary sources  of  wastewater  at  formulating
plants  are  associated  with cleanup of spills, leaks, area
wash-down, and storm water runoff, there  is  apparently  no
basis  from  which  to correlate the pollutants generated to
the product made.  This has been verified at Plant El.   The
analyses   available  indicate  that  neither  the  rate  of
                                  109

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                                          TABLE  V-9

               SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL  PROCESS  -  ASSOCIATED  WASTEWATER  SOURCES  FROM
                              PESTICIDE FORMULATORS AND PACKAGERS
   PROCESSING UNITS
Mix tank
Air pollution control
  equipment
Formulation lines and
  filling equipment
All product
  formulation and
  blending areas

Warehouse, technical
  active ingredient
  storage
        SOURCE

Condensate from equipment
steam cleaning
Scrubber water
Wash water and steam
condensate from clean out
Area washdown and clean-up
water, spills, leaks
Spills, leaks, run-off
    NATURE OF WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS

Dissolved organics, and suspended and
dissolved solids.  Non-continuous flow
rate, and relatively low flow.  pH
variable.

High suspended and dissolved solids, and
dissolved organics.  Relatively low flow
rate.

Dissolved organics, and suspended and
dissolved solids.  A major potential
source of wastewater.

Dissolved organics, suspended and dissolved
solids and intermittent low flow.
Dissolved organics, suspended and dissolved
solids and intermittent low flow.

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                             TABLE V-10
                          RAW WASTE LOADS
                 PESTICIDE FORMULATORS AND  PACKAGERS
                            SUBCATEGORY E
Plant
El
E2
E3
E4
E5 - E15
E16 - E75
Product
Type
D,S
W,D,S
W,D,S
W,D,S
S
Report
Flow COD
(L/day) (mg/1)
15,519 1,700
*
*
*
**
no generation of wastewater
Total
Pesticide
(mg/1 )
38.7





 *Less than 22,000 L/day (5,800 gal/day)
**Ranging from 20 to 4,000 L/day (5 to 1,000 gal/day)

NOTE:  W = WET
       D = DRY
       S = SOLVENT
                                     111

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production nor the type  of product  formulated  has  a   direct
bearing  on the quality or quantity  of wastewater generated.

Plants   E2,   E3, and E4, the three  largest plants of a major
pesticide formulator, each generate less than   22,000  I/day
 (5800 Gal/day) .

Plants   E5 through E15 all estimate wastewater generation  to
range from 20 to 4000 I/day  (5 to 1000 Gal/day).

Multi-Category Producers

In the preceeding sections raw  waste  load  data  has been
presented from plants which produce pesticides from a  single
subcategory  or  whose   sairpling  was restricted to a  single
process  line.  A substantial amount of data  was  collected,
however, from multi-category pesticide producers.  Raw waste
loads    from  these  plants  have   been  compared  to  their
respective model plant values for verification and  further
interpretation.

Table  V-ll  presents  daily data collected over a six month
period at Plant Ml.  Production mix was  63  percent   to  83
percent  organo-phosphorus and the remainder organo-nitrogen.
It  can  be seen that COD and BOD values fall well within the
range  projected  for  the  model   plants;  whereas,   total
pesticides  were  somewhat  lower.   Suspended  solids of 34.7
kg/kkg were considerably higher than the  model  plant,  and
also  much  higher  than previously reported levels from the
same plant.   A statistical analysis  of  the   data  for  COD
shows that one standard deviation above the mean represented
an  increase in pounds of 42.6 percent, and that the maximum
daily COD value over six  months  was  an  increase  of  108
percent  over  the mean.   It is evident,  therefore,  that the
wide single product ranges  illustrated  in  Table  V-U  are
dampened  to  a  considerable degree, independent of type of
product  being  produced.   With  proper  equalization,  the
variability  would be expected to more closely represent the
maximum variability over a one month period,  or in this case
1.21:1.

Table V-12 presents monthly  averages  of  Plant  M2,   which
produces halogenated organic, organo-phosphorus, and organo-
nitrogen pesticides in the approximate proportions of 3,  18,
and  79  percent,  respectively.   In addition,  the treatment
system receives non-pesticide wastes.  Due to the production
of intermediates and non-pesticide  products,  the BOD average
of 119 kg/kkg is not considered atypical  in relation to  the
model plant values.
                                 112

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CO
                                                     TABLE V-ll

                                                    RAW WASTE  LOAD
                                          MULTI-CATEGORY  PESTICIDE  PRODUCER
                                                      PLANT Ml

                             Flow                     BOD                   COD                   TSS
L/Kkg
22,200
39,900
40,500
49,300
50,100
45,400
Mean 41,200
gal/1000 Lb
2,660
4,780
4,850
5,910
6,000
5,450
4,940
kg/Kkg
43.0
46.6
76.0
76.1
53.3
35.1
55.0
mg/1
1,940
1,170
1,880
1,540
1,060
770
1,330
kg/Kkg
134
173
203
191
239
239
197
mg/1
6,030
4,350
5,010
3,870
4,770
5,260
4,780
kg/ Kkg
6.87
13.1
44.3
52.0
27.8
64.2
34.7
mg/1
310
329
1,090
1,050
556
1,410
842
           * Monthly averages of daily data from October 1975 through March 1976.   Mean concentrations are
             calculated by the equation:  mg/1  = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

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                                           TABLE V-ll
                                         RAW WASTE LOAD
                                MULTI-CATEGORY PESTICIDE PRODUCER
                                            PLANT Ml
                                           Continued
                                        Page 2 of 2 Pages


                      NH3-N	           	Phenol	             Total  Pesticides
kg/Kkg
39.1
54.8
46.4
21.4
26.4
16.0
Mean 45.1
mg/1
1,760
1,370
1,150
434
527
352
1,090
kg/Kkg
0.14
0.26
0.35
0.25
0.14
0.21
0.23
mg/1
6.35
6.61
8.64
4.99
2.70
4.69
5.58
kg/Kkg
0.25
0.48
0.30
0.34
0.15
0,17
0.28
mg/1
11.1
11.9
7.52
6.88
3.03
3.72
6.80
* Monthly averages of daily data  from October  1975  through March  1976.  Mean concentrations are
  calculated by the equation: mg/1  = kg/Kkg divided  by  (MGD/1000  Lb X 8.34).

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                                           TABLt V-12

                                         RAW WASTE LOAD
                               MULTI-CATEGORY PESTICIDE PRODUCER
                                           PLANT >I2

                  Flow                      BOD                   TSS            	TKN
L/Kkg
91,500
80,900
66,200
69,300
78,400
60,400
108,900
88,600
71 ,900
64,300
53,000
Mean 75,800
gal/1000 Lb
11,000
9,700
7,932
8,300
9,390
7,240
13,000
10,600
8,620
7,700
6,350
9,080
kg/Kkg
146
152
79.5
103
90.3
68.3
105
103
154
197
109
119
mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1
1,590 4.43 48.4
1 ,880
1 ,200
1 ,490
1,150
1,130
964
1,160
2,140
3,060
2,060
1,570 4.43 48.4
kg/Kkg
40.8
29.3
28.1
39.2
26.2
18.5
27.5
18.4
20.2
27.7
17.8
26.7
mg/1
446
362
424
567
334
307
253
207
280
431
335
352
* Monthly averages  from daily monitoring,  April  1975  through  March  1976.   Mean  concentrations  are
  calculated by the equation: mg/1  =  kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000  Lb X  8.34).

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                                           TABLE  V-12
                                         RAW WASTE  LOAD
                               MULTI-CATEGORY  PESTICIDE PRODUCER
                                           PLANT  M2
                                           Continued
                                       Page 2  of  2  Pages


                       NH3-N	                Total  Cyanide                  Total  Chloride
kg/Kkg
15.6
10.5
8.80
10.1
9.36
6.00
8.50
5.10
6.48
8.80
4.98
Mean 8.57
mg/1
170
130
133
146
119
99.3
78.1
57.6
90.2
137
94.0
113
kg/Kkg
0.112
0.0800
0.020
0.0708
0.0981
0.0235
0.035
0.0837
0.083
0.110
0.036
0.068
mg/1
1.22
0.989
0.31
1.02
1.25
0.39
0.32
0.945
1.16
1.71
0.67
0.902
kg/Kkg
1,460
1,480
1,100
1,580
1,240
1,030
1,430
891
1,110
1 ,530
902
1,250
rng/1
15,900
18,300
16,600
22,700
15,800
17,000
13,100
10,100
15,490
23,800
17,000
16,500
. .v . . v. . . ^ M * *.• ** 3 w*s  i i win «v* i i jr IM\SI i i vwi 111^3  npi II  \ -/1 *J UIUVU^II I IU I V* I I  I -7 / U *   1*1 C<
calculated  by the equation: mg/1 =  kg/Kkg  divided  by (MGD/1000 Lb  X  8.34).

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                         SECTION VI

             SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The  pollutant  parameters  considered,  as a result of this
study, to be  of  primary  significance  for  the  pesticide
chemicals industry are as follows:

             Organic Pollutants           Pesticides
             Suspended Solids             Metals
             pH                           Phenol
             Nutrients                    Cyanide

Measurement  of  these  parameters  will provide much of the
information  necessary  to  assess  the  potential   adverse
effects  of  a  wastewater  on a receiving stream or body of
water.  Adverse effects of primary concern with  respect  to
the pesticide chemicals wastewaters are as follows:

     a.  the oxygen demanding capacity of organic materials
         which will depress dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of
         receiving waters;

     b.  the aesthetic and physically inhibiting effects of
         excessive levels of suspended solids;

     c.  the capacity to alter receiving water pH;

     d.  the potential contribution to eutrophic conditions
         in receiving waters;

     e.  the toxic nature of pesticides, metals, phenol,
         and cyanide to aquatic organisms present in
         receiving waters; and

     f.  the danger of long-term buildup in aquatic
         organisms and man of persistent pesticides which
         may have human health implications.

These  pollutants of primary significance are not all likely
to be present  at  concentrations  of  concern   in  any  one
pesticide  plant's  wastewater.   Organic  wastes, suspended
solids, pHr and nutrients are potential pollutants  for  any
of  the  subcategories.  Pesticides are, of course, specific
to the product manufactured or used in compounding.   Metals
may  be  present  in  wastewaters  at those facilities where
metallo-organic pesticides are produced or where metals  are
employed  in the production process.  Phenol and cyanide may
                                   117

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be  present in wastewaters  emanating  from  certain  process
streams.

Pollutants  considered  to  be of secondary significance for
the pesticide chemicals industry include the following:

            Settleable solids               Acidity
            Dissolved solids                Chloride
            Alkalinity                      Sulfide
            Oil and Grease

These  measures  of  pollution  may  be  of  concern  in   a
particular  location,  but  they are of less importance than
the pollutants  of  primary  significance  or  they  can  be
indirectly  assessed by measurement of pollutants of primary
significance.

The rationale and justification for pollutant categorization
within the foregoing groupings, as  discussed  herein,   will
indicate  the  basis  for  selection  of the parameters upon
which  the  actual  effluent  limitations  guidelines   werp
postulated  for  each  industrial  category.   In  addition,
particular parameters have been discussed in terms of  their
validity  as measures of environmental impact and as sources
of  analytical insight, in the light of current knowledge.


RATIONALE FOR THE SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants of Primary Significance

Organic Pollutants

Organic pollutants which  are  amenable  to  biological  and
chemical  decomposition  in receiving waters exert an oxygen
demand on these waters during the process of  decomposition.
Oxygen  demanding  wastes consume dissolved oxygen (DO).   DO
is  a constituent that,  in  appropriate  concentrations,   is
essential  not  only  to  keep  organisms living but also to
sustain species reproduction,  vigor, and the development  of
populations.     Organisms   undergo  stress  at  reduced  DO
concentrations that make  them  less  competitive  and   less
capable  of  sustaining  their  species  within  the aquatic
environment.   For example,  reduced  DO  concentrations   have
been shown to interfere with fish population through delayed
hatching  of  eggs,   reduced  size  and  vigor  of  embryos,
production of deformities in the  young,  interference   with
food  digestion,   acceleration  of blood clotting, decreased
tolerance to certain  toxicants,  reduced  food  utilization
efficiency  and  growth  rate, and reduced maximum sustained
                                  118

-------
swimming speed.  Fish food organisms are  likewise  affected
adversely  in conditions of depressed DO.  Since all aerobic
aquatic organisms need  a  certain  amount  of  oxygen,  the
occurrence of a total lack of dissolved oxygen due to a high
oxygen  demand of wastes can kill all aerobic inhabitants of
the effected area.

The three methods  commonly  used  to  measure  the  organic
content  of  wastewaters  are  the Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)  analysis, the Chemical Oxygen Demand   (COD)   analysis,
and  the Total Organic Carbon  (TOC) analysis.  Each of these
methods  have  certain  advantages  and  disadvantages  when
applied to industrial wastewaters.

The  BOD  test is essentially a bioassay procedure involving
the measurement of oxygen consumed by living organisms while
utilizing the organic matter present in a  wastewater  under
conditions  as  similar  as  possible to those that occur in
nature.   Historically,  the  BOD  test  has  been  used  to
evaluate  the performance of biological wastewater treatment
facilities and  to  establish  effluent  limitation  values.
Some  limitations  to  the use of the BOD test to control or
monitor effluent guality are:

     a.  The standard BOD test takes five days before  the
         results are available, which tends  to decrease its
         usefullness as an operational control monitor.

     b.  At the start of the BOD test, a seed culture  of
         microorganisms is added to the BOD  bottle.  Tf the
         seed culture is not acclimated  (i.e., exposed to a
         similar wastewater in the past), then it may  not
         readily biologically  degrade the waste, and a low
         BOD value may be reported.  This situations is not
         unlikely to occur when dealing with complex
         industrial wastes for which acclimation is
         desirable in most cases.  The necessity of
         using acclimated seed often contributes to the
         difficulty of different analysts obtaining
         duplicate values of BOD on industrial wastes.

     c.  The BOD test is sensitive to toxic  materials,
         as are all biological processes.  Therefore,
         if toxic materials are present  in a particular
         wastewater, the reported  BOD value  may very
         well be erroneous.  This  situation  can be remedied
         by conducting a microorganism toxicity test,
         i.e., serially diluting the sample  until the
         BOD value reaches a plateau indicating that the
         material is at a concentration which no longer
                                    119

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          inhibit biological  oxidation.

 When  properly  performed,  however,  the BOD test measures  the
 actual   amount of  oxygen   consumed  by  microorganisms  in
 metabolizing the organic  matter  present in  the wastewater.

 It  is important to note that most  of the  state,  local  and
 regional  authorities    have    established  water  quality
 regulations  utilizing  BOD  as  the  major parameter   for
 determination  of oxygen demand on  a water body.

 The  chemical  oxygen  demand  (COD) determination provides a
 measure  of the oxygen equivalent   of  that  portion  of  the
 organic   matter in a sample  that is susceptible to oxidation
 by  a  strong  chemical  oxidant.    It  is  an  important  and
 rapidly   measured  parameter.   The  method fails to include
 some organic compounds  (such  as  acetic   acid)   which  are
 biologically   available  to the  stream  organisms,  while
 including some biologic compounds  (such as  cellulose)  which
 are not a  part  of  the immediate biochemical load on the
 oxygen assets  of  the  receiving   water.    The  carbonaceous
 portion  of  nitrogenous  compounds  can  be determined, but
 there is no reduction of the  dichromate  by  ammonia  in  a
 waste  or  by  any  ammonia  liberated from the proteinaceous
 matter.  With  certain wastes  containing  tO'xic  substances,
 this test or a total organic carbon determination may be the
 best  method   for  determination of the organic load.  Since
 the  test  utilizes  chemical  oxidation   rather   than   a
 biological  process,  the  result  is  not always definitely
 related  to the BOD of a wastewater.  The test result  should
 be  considered  as  an  independent  measurement  of organic
 matter in the  sample, rather than  as a  substitute  for  the
 BOD test.

 The  relationship of BOD to COD is an important indicator of
 detoxification control and biodegradability.   For  example,
 if the ratio of COD and BOD in the effluent from a treatment
 system   increases,  the  cause  might be increased levels of
 pesticide.  Also,  a high COD and   BOD  ratio  (e.g.,  10  as
 compared    to    2)     might    indicate   relatively   low
biodegradability.

The TOC  analysis offers a third option  for  measurement  of
 organic  pollutants in wastewaters.  The method measures the
total  organic  carbon  content  of  the  wastewater  by   a
combustion  method.    The  results may be used to assess the
ultimate potential oxygen-demanding  load  exterted  by  the
carbonaecous  portion  of  a  waste  on  a receiving stream.
There is little inherent correlation among TOC  and  BOD  or
COD.   A  correlation must be determined for each wastewater
                                  120

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by comparison of analytical results.  TOC analysis is  rapid
and generally more accurate and reproducible than either BOD
or CODr but it requires analytical instrumentation which may
be  relatively  expensive  if  not  utilized  fully.   It is
therefore concluded that effluent  limitations  for  organic
pollutants  in  terms  of both BOD and COD are necessary for
all subcategories of the pesticide  chemicals  manufacturing
point source category.

Total Suspended Solids  (TSS)

Suspended  soldis  may  be   (and  usually  are)   composed of
organic and inorganic fractions.  These fractions, in  turn,
may  be made up of readily settleable, slowly settleable, or
non-settleable materials.

The biodegradable organic  fraction  will  exert  an  oxygen
demand  on  a  receiving  water  and  are  reflected  in the
analyses for organics discussed above.

Suspended solids in water  interfere  with  many  industrial
processes,  causing  foaming in boilers and incrustations on
equipment  exposed  to  such  water,   especially   as   the
temperature  rises.   They  are undesirable in process water
used in the manufacture of steel, in the  textile  industry,
in launderies, in dyeing and in cooling systems.

When   solids  settle  to form sludge deposits on a  stream or
lake bed, they are often damaging   to  the  life  in  water.
Sludge  deposits  may   do   a  variety  of  damaging  things,
including blanketing the stream  or lake  bed  and  thereby
destroying  the  living  spaces  for those benthic organisms
that would otherwise occupy the habitat.  Organic  materials
also   serve  as a food  source for sludgeworms and associated
organisms.

Solids in suspension may be aesthetically displeasing.  Also
disregarding any toxic  effect  attributable  to  substances
leached  out  by  water,   suspended solids may kill fish and
shellfish by causing abrasive injuries and by  clogging  the
gills  and  respiratory passages   of various aquatic fauna.
Indirectly, suspended solids are inimical  to  aquatic  life
because  they   screen out  light and promote and maintain the
development of  noxious  conditions through oxygen  depletion.
This results in the killing of  fish and  fish food organisms.
Suspended  solids  also reduce  the  recreational value of the
water.

The control of  suspended solids  from  bioloigcal   treatment
systems   is  especially critical.   Not only does the biomass

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 exert an oxygen demand on  receiving  waters,   but  for  th°
 pesticide   chemicals   industry   there  is  evidence  that
 substantial quantities of toxic residues are absorbed on  or
 in  the  floe which if carried over will potentially cause a
 toxic effect in the receiving waters.

 Therefore,   it  is   concluded  that TSS  is  an    essential
 pollutant  parameter requiring control for all subcategories
 of the pesticide industry.

 EH

 Although not a specific pollutant,   pH  is  related   to  the
 acidity  or  alkalinity of  a  wastewater stream.  It  is not a
 linear or direct measure of either;  however, it may  properly
 be used as  a surrogate to control both  excess acidity  and
 excess alkalinity in water.   The term  pH is  used to  describe
 the  _hydrogen   ion   - hydroxyl   ion  balance   in  water.
 Technically,   pH is  the  hydrogen  ion  concentration   or
 activity present  in  a given  solution.   pH numbers are  the
 negative logarithim of the  hydrogen  ion concentration.  A pH
 of 7  generally indicates neutrality  or  a  balance   between
 free   hydrogen  and  free  hydroxyl  ions.   A pH   above  7
 indicates that a  solution is  alkaline,  while a pH   below  7
 indicates that the  solution is  acid.

 Knowledge  of   the   pH  of  water or wastewater is useful  in
 determining necessary  measures  for    corrosion    control,
 pollution control,  and disinfection.  Waters with a  pH  below
 6.0   are corrosive   to water works  structures, distribution
 lines,  and  household  plumbing fixtures.  Also,  corrosion  can
 add constituents  such  as  iron,  copper,   zinc,  cadmium,   and
 lead   to drinking  water.   Low  pH waters  not only tend to
 dissolve metals  from  structures and fixtures but  also  tend
 to    dissolve  or   leach  metals  from   sludges  and  bottom
 sediments.  The hydrogen  ion concentration  can  affect  the
 "taste"  of water  and,  at  a low  pH,  water tastes "sour".

 Extremes  of   pH  or   rapid  pH  changes  can  exert  stress
 conditions or kill  aquatic  life  outright.   Even  moderate
 changes   from    "acceptable"  criteria  limits  of  pH  are
 deleterious to  some   species.   The  relative   toxicity  to
 aquatic   life  of  many materials is increased  by changes in
 the water pH.   For  example,   metalocyanide  complexes  can
increase  a  thousand-fold in toxicity with a drop of 1.5 pH
units.   Similarly, the toxicity of  ammonia is a function  of
pH.   The  bactericidal  effect of  chlorine in  most cases is
less as the pH increases.  It is  economically   advantageous
to keep  the pH close to 7.
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It is therefore concluded that pH is a significant parameter
requiring control in the pesticide industry.

Nutrients

Aquatic nutrients in this context are considered to be forms
of   phosphorus  and  nitrogen.   Both  these  elements  are
essential to aquatic organisms.  They  are,  however,  often
the  limiting  nutrients  in  natural  waters.  An excess of
these elements in a form that can be assimilated by  aquatic
organisms may lead to eutrophication of surface waters.

Increasing  standing  crops  of aquatic plant growths, which
often interfere with water uses and are  nuisances  to  man,
are thought to be frequently caused by increasing the supply
of   phosphorus.   Such  phenomena  are  associated  with  a
condition of accelerated eutrophication or aging of  waters.
It  is  generally recognized that phosphorus is not the sole
cause  of  eutrophication,  but   there   is   evidence   to
substantiate  that it is frequently the key element required
by fresh water plants and is generally present in the  least
amount   relative   to  need.   Therefore,  an  increase  in
phosphorus  allows  the  use  of  other,  already   present,
nutrients for plant growths.  For this reason, phosphorus is
usually described as a "limiting nutrient."

When plant life  is stimulated and attains a nuisance  status,
a  large  number  of  associated liabilities are immediately
apparent.  Growths of pond weeds  make  swimming  dangerous.
Boating,   water   skiing,  and  sometimes  fishing   may  be
eliminated because the mass of vegetation physically  impedes
such  activities.   Dense  plant   populations   have  been
associated  with  causing  stunted fish populations and poor
fishing.  Decaying nuisance plants emit vile  odors,  impart
tastes and odors to water supplies, reduce the efficiency of
industrial  and  municipal water treatment, impair aesthetic
beauty, reduce or restrict resort  trade,  lower  waterfront
property  values,  cause  skin  rashes  to  man during water
contact, and  serve as a  substrate and  breeding  ground  for
flies.

Phosphorus  concentrations  in wastewaters are measured by  a
colorimetric  procedure.   Pretreatment of the  sample   before
analysis   allows   the   measurement  of  various  forms  of
phosphorous including  orthophosphate,  organic   phosphates,
complex  phosphates  and  total  phosphorus.   In thoroughly
assessing the potential  of a   wastewater  to  contribute  to
eutrophication,  all  these   measurements  should  be made.
However,   soluble   orthophosphate    concentrations   are
considered  to   be  the   single  most important parameter to
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 measure.   The orthophosphate species are  the  most  readily
 available  to  aquatic  plants  and the most likely to cause
 water quality problems.   Total phosphorus measurement is the
 second most useful parameter since it defines  the  ultimate
 amount  of the nutrient  that may become available to aquatic
 plants under the most severe natural conditions.

 Nitrogen  compounds  of  concern  include  ammonia,   nitrate,
 nitrite,   and organic nitrogen.   Ammonia is  a common product
 of the decomposition of  organic matter.   Dead  and  decaying
 animals  and  plants along with human and animal  body wastes
 account  for  much  of,  the .ammonia  entering the  aquatic
 ecosystem.   Industrial" wastewaters are another major source.

 Ammonia  is   a  form  of  nitrogen that readily fulfills the
 nutrient  requirement of   aquatic  plants.    In those  cases
 where  adequate phosphorus is  available,  nitrogen may be the
 limiting   nutrient.   In   such   a  case,   the   discharge  of
 wastewaters     containing   ammonia   will    contribute  to
 eutrophication  of  the   receiving  water   and   consequent
 nuisance  aquatic plant growth.   Ammonia  can  also  be toxic to
 aquatic animals.

 The   toxicity  of  ammonia  solutions   is dependent upon the
 amount  of unionized  ammonia,   the   concentrations  of  which
 vary  with   the pH of  the water.   In most natural waters the
 pH range  is  such that  ammonium ions predominate;  however, in
 alkaline  waters high  concentrations  of  unionized  ammonia
 increase   the  toxicity  of   ammonia  solutions.   EPA has
 recommended  a  maximum  acceptable concentration  of   unionized
 ammonia of 0.02 mg/1 in  waters  suitable  for aquatic  life.

 In  natural  waters  containing  dissolved oxygen,  ammonia is
 converted to nitrate by  nitrifying  bacteria.  Nitrite,  which
 is an intermediate   product  between   ammonia   and   nitrate,
 sometimes occurs  in  a  large  quantity when depressed oxygen
 conditions permit.   Both  nitrate  and  nitrite  are  aquatic
 plant  nutrients  but they are not  as  readily assimilated as
 ammonia.

 In   water   supplies,    nitrate    nitrogen   in   excessive
 concentrations  can cause  methemoglobinemia in human  infants.
 For  this  reason,  nitrate  has  been limited by the United
 States Public  Health Service to  ten  mg/1  as  nitrogen  in
 public water supplies.

Ammonia  concentrations   in  wastewater may be determined by
colorimetric or specific   ion electrode methods.  Nitrate and
nitrite are determined colorimetrically.   Organic  nitrogen
concentrations  may be determined by the Kjeldahl  procedure.
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In  this  procedure,  organic  bound  nitrogen  is   reduced
chemically to ammonia which is determined colorimetrically.

In  the  pesticide  industry, as shown in Section V, ammonia
nitrogen may be a significant pollutant in  the  wastewaters
from certain plants in Subcategories B and Cf and phosphorus
may  be  a problem at individual plants.  There is a need to
control discharges of  nutrients  in  those  cases  where  a
problem exists.

Pesticides

Pesticides  are,  by  their  very  nature  and use, toxic to
certain living organisms.  They can be a hazard  to  aquatic
life,  terrestrial  life,  and  man  when  allowed  to enter
natural waters in sufficient concentrations.  Pesticides may
affect the aquatic environment and water quality in  several
ways.   A  pesticide  with  a  slow rate of degradation will
persist in the environment, suppressing or  destroying  some
organism   populations   while   allowing   others  to  gain
supremacy.  An imbalance in the  ecosystem  results.   Other
pesticides  will  degrade rapidly, some to products that are
more toxic than the parent compound  and  some  to  harmless
products.    Many  pesticides  have  a  high  potential  for
bioaccumulation and biomagnification  in  the  aquatic  food
chain,  thereby posing a serious threat to a large number of
ecologically important organisms, including man.

The chlorinated hydrocarbons are among  the  most  important
groups  of  synthetic  organic  pesticides  because of their
sizeable number, wide use,  stability   in  the  environment,
toxicity  to  wildlife  and nontarget organisms, and adverse
physiological effects on humans.  These  pesticides  readily
accumulate in aquatic organisms and in  man.  They are stored
in fatty tissue and are not rapidly metabolized.  Humans may
accumulate   chlorinated   hydrocarbon  residues  by  direct
ingestion  of  contaminated  water  or  by   consumption    of
contaminated   organisms.   Regardless  of   how  chlorinated
hydrocarbons enter organisms, they induce  poisoning  having
similar symptoms but which differ in  severity.  The severity
is  related  to the extent and  concentration of the compound
in the nervous system,  primarily  the  brain.   Deleterious
effects  on  human  health are  also suspected to result from
long-term, low-level exposure to this class  of compounds.

The organo-phosphorous  pesticides  typically  hydrolyze   or
break  down  into   less toxic products  more  rapidly than the
halogenated compounds.  Practically   all  persist   for  less
than   a  year,  while  some   last for only  a few days in the
environment.  They  exhibit a wide range of  toxicity,  both
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 more and less damaging to aquatic fauna than the  chlorinated
 hydrocarbons.   Some  exhibit   a  high  mammalian  toxicity.
 Accumulation of these  pesticides results in a dysfunction of
 the cholinesterase of  the nervous system  when ingested   in
 small quantities over  a long period of time.

 The  organo-nitrogen  pesticides,  are  also  generally less
 persistent  in  the   environment   than   the   chlorinated
 hydrocarbons.   They  exhibit  a wide range of toxicity.   The
 carbamates are particularly  toxic to mammals.   They   appear
 to  act   on  the  nervous system  in the same manner  as  the
 halogenated organic pesticides.   Metallo-organic  pesticides
 include   the  arsenicals, the  mercury compounds,  and those
 containing zinc,  manganese,  tin,  cadmium,   lead,  and  other
 metals.     The   toxicity of   these  compounds   are   highly
 variable.

 Arsenic  is notorious for  its toxicity to  humans.   Ingestion
 of  as   little as 100  mg  usually  results in  severe  poisoning
 and as little as  130  mg   has   proved  fatal.   The  organo-
 arsenic  compounds such as cacodylic  acid are  even more toxic
 to  humans and to aquatic organisms.   Arsenic accumulates  in
 the human  body so that small doses may become  fatal in time.
 Mercuro-organic  compounds   are   highly toxic  and  exhibit
 bioaccumulation and  biomagnification.   They  may be  converted
 by  benthic   organisms  to   the highly-toxic  methyl mercury.
 They have  been shown to reduce photosynthesis at 0.1 ug/1  in
 lake waters.

 Analyses   of   pesticides   in   wastewater   are   generally
 accomplished   by   either  colorimetric  or gas chromatographic
 methods.   In  some cases,  such as  toxaphene gas chromatograph
 -   mass  specto   analysis  (Gas   Chrom/Mass  Spec)  may   be
 required.  The  colorimetric  methods  available for certain of
 the   pesticides   are  simple  and   straight  forward.    Gas
 chromatographic methods are  more  involved  and  require  the
 expertise  of   trained  analytical   chemists  and the use of
 relatively costly  instrumentation.   Gas Chrom./Mass Spec  is
 even  more costly and difficult to run.

The   pesticides  considred  in  this   document  are  organic
compounds; however,  they  are not adequately measured by  the
BOD,  COD, or TOC methods of analysis.  They are often toxic
to organisms  used in the BOD analysis.  The determination of
small quantities of organic materials,  the  pesticides,   in
the   presence  of  large  quantities  of  materials normally
measured by COD and TOC analyses is an unreliable measure  of
pesticide concentrations.  The levels of pesticide pollution
that  are normally of concern are well  below  the   detection
limits of these methods.
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Metals

Metals  may enter wastewaters of the pesticide industry when
they are used as a principal constituent of  metallo-organic
pesticides,  and  when used in intermediate production steps
or as catalysts.  Metals can be a  hazard  to  both  aquatic
organisms  and to man.  The principal metals of concern with
respect to the pesticide industry are the following:

         Arsenic              Lead               Nickel
         Cadmium              Manganese          Tin
         Chromium             Mercury            Zinc
         Copper

Arsenic is normally present in sea water  at  concentrations
of  2  to  3 ug/1 and tends to be accumulated by oysters and
other shellfish.  Concentrations  of  100  mg/kg  have  been
reported  in  certain  shellfish.   Arsenic  is a cumulative
poison  with  long-term  chronic  effects  on  both  aquatic
organisms  and  on  mammalian  species,  and a succession of
small doses may add up  to  a  final  lethal  dose.   It  is
moderately  toxic  to  plants  and  highly toxic to animals,
especially as AsH3.  Surface water criteria for public water
supplies have set a permissible level of  arsenic  in  those
waters at 0.05 mg/1.

Cadmium in drinking water supplies is extremely hazardous to
humans.    Cadmium  is  cumulative  in  the  liver,  kidney,
pancreas, and thyroid of humans and other animals.  A severe
bone and kidney syndrome in Japan has been  associated  with
the  ingestion  of  as  little  as  600  ug/day  of cadmium.
Cadmium may  also  form  organic  compounds  which  lead  to
mutagenic or teratogenic effects.  It is known to have acute
and chronic effects on aquatic organisms also.

Cadmium  acts synergistically with other metals.  Copper and
zinc  substantially  increase  its  toxicity.   Cadmium   is
concentrated  in  marine  organisms,  particularly mollusks,
which accumulate cadmium in calcareous  tissues  and  in  the
viscera.   A  concentration  factor  of 1,000 for cadmium in
fish muscle has been reported, as have  concentration factors
of 3,000 in marine plants,  and  up  to  29,600  in  certain
marine  animals.  The eggs and larvae of fish are apparently
more sensitive  than adult fish to poisoning by cadmium,  and
crustaceans  appear  to  be more senitive than fish eggs and
larvae.

The toxic  effects of cadmium on man have caused a limitation
of the amount of this metal allowed in  water supplies.   The
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 maximum  acceptable  cadmium concentration in drinking water
 is set at 0.01 mg/1 in the United States.

 Copper salts occur in natural surface waters only  in  trace
 amounts,  up to about 0.05 mg/1;  consequently,  their presence
 generally  is the result of pollution.  This is attributable
 to the corrosive action of the water  on  copper  and  brass
 tubing,   to  industrial effluents,  and frequently to the use
 of copper compounds for the control of undersirable plankton
 organisms.

 Copper is not considered to be a cumulative  systemic  poison
 for  humans,   but  it can cause  symptoms of  gastroenteritis,
 with nausea and intestinal irritations,  at  relatively  low
 dosages.    Excess  copper ingested  is known  to cause chronic
 zinc deficiency.   The  most  important  factor  in   domestic
 water supplies is taste.   Threshold concentrations  for taste
 have been generally reported in  the range  of 1.0 to 2.0 mg/1
 of  copper,   while  5  to  7.5  makes  the  water completely
 unpalatable.

 The  toxicity  of  copper  to   aquatic    organisms   varies
 significantly,   not  only with the  species but also with the
 physical   and  chemical   characteristics   of    the   water,
 including  temperature,   hardness,   turbidity,   and  carbon
 dioxide content.   In  hard  water,   the  toxicity of  copper
 salts is  reduced  by the  precipitation of copper  carbonate or
 other insoluable  compounds.    The   sulfates   of copper and
 zinc,  and of  copper and  calcium, are   synergistic   in   their
 toxic effect  on  fish.

 Copper concentrations less  than  1 mg/1 have  been  reported to
 be  toxic  (particularly in soft water)  to many  kinds  of  fish,
 crustaceans,    molluscs,     insects,   phytoplantkon,   and
 zooplankton.   Concentrations  of  copper,   for  example,  are
 detrimental to some oysters above 0.1  ppm.    Oysters  cultured
 in   sea water containing  0.13 to 0.5  ppm of  copper  deposited
 the  metal in  their  bodies and became  unfit as  food.

 Chromium, in  its  various  valence  states   (hexavalent  and
 trivalent),   is   hazardous to man.  Large doses of chromates
 have  corrosive effects on the intestinal tract and  can cause
 inflammation  of the kidneys. Levels of  chromate  ions  that
 have  no  effect  on  man appear to be so low as to prohibit
 determination to  date.

The toxicity of chromium  salts to aquatic life varies widely
with the species, temperature, pH, valence  of the  chromium,
and synergistic or antagonistic tolerance of chromium salts;
however,  fish  food  organisms  and  other  lower  forms of
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aquatic  life  are  extremely  sensitive.    Chromium   also
inhibits the growth of algae.

Foreign  to  the  human  body, lead tends to be deposited in
bone as  a  cumulative  poison.   The  intake  that  can  be
regarded  as  safe for everyone cannot be stated definitely,
because the  sensitivity  of  individuals  to  lead  differs
considerably.   Lead  poisoning  usually  results  from  the
cumulative  toxic   effects   of   lead   after   continuous
consumption  over  a  long  period of time, rather than from
occasional small  doses.   Lead  is  not  among  the  metals
considered  essential  to  the nutrition of animals or human
beings.  The maximum allowable limit for lead in  the  USPHS
Drinking  Water  Standards  is 0.05 mg/1.  It is not unusual
for cattle to be poisoned by lead in their water;  the  lead
need   not  necessarily  be  in  solution,  but  may  be  in
suspension, as, for  example,  oxycarbonate.   Chronic  lead
poisoning among animals has been caused by 0.10 mg/1 of lead
in soft water.  Most authorities agree that 0.5 mg/1 of lead
is  the  maximum safe limit for lead in a potable supply for
animals.   The  toxic  concentration  of  lead  for  aerobic
bacteria is reported to be 1.0 mg/1, and for flagellates and
infusoria, 0.5 mg/1.  The bacterial decomposition of organic
matter is inhibited by 0.1 to 0.5 mg/1 of lead.

Studies indicate that in water containing lead salts, a film
of coagulated mucus forms first over the gills and then over
the  whole  body  of  the  fish,  probably  as a result of  a
reaction between lead and an organic constituent  of  mucus.
The  death  of the fish is caused by suffocation due to this
obstructive layer.  In soft water,  lead may be  very  toxic;
in  hard  water  equivalent  concentrations of lead are less
toxic.  Concentrations of lead as low as 0.1 mg/1 have  been
reported  toxic or lethal to fish.  Other studies have shown
that the toxicity of  lead  toward   rainbow  trout  increases
.with   a  reduction  of the dissolved-oxygen concentration of
the water.

Manganese is an essential nutrient  in plant and animal life.
Deficiencies of manganese  in animals produce lack of growth,
bone abnormalities, and symptoms of central  nervous  system
disturbance.  However,  manganese   is   toxic  to  humans  in
 extremely  high   concentrations.    It   appears    somewhat
antagonistic to the toxic action of nickel on  fish.

The  presence  of  manganese may interfere with water usage,
 since  manganese  stains materials,  especially when the pH  _is
raised   as   in   laundering,   scouring,  or   other  washina
 operations.  These  stains, if  not  masked  by   iron,  may  be
 dirty   brown,  gray   or black  in  color,  and usually  occur  in
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 spots and streaks.   Waters containing manganous   bicarbonate
 cannot  be  used in  the  textile  industries,   in   dyeing,
 tanning, laundering, or in many other industrial   uses.    in
 the  pulp  and  paper industry,  waters containing above  0.05
 ppm manganese  cannot  be  tolerated  except   for low-grade
 products.    Very small amounts  of  manganese--0.2  to  0.3  ppm--
 may form heavy encrustations  in  piping,  while  even   smaller
 amounts  may form noticable black deposits.

 Mercuric salts are  highly toxic  to humans and  can be  readily
 absorbed through the gastointestinal tracts, and  fatal doses
 can  vary   from  3  to 30  grams.  The drinking  water criteria
 for mercury is 2 mg/1.

 Mercuric salts are  also extremely  toxic  to  fish   and oth=>r
 aquatic  life.   Mercuric chloride is more lethal than  copper,
 hexavalent  chromium,   zinc,  nickel,  and  lead  to fish and
 aquatic  life.  In the food cycle, algae containing mercury  in
 an   amount  up  to   100  times   the  concentration of   the
 surrounding  sea water  are  eaten  by  fish  which  further
 concentrates  the mercury,  and predators  that eat  the  fish  in
 turn concentrate the mercury even  further.  The criteria for
 mercury  in freshwater  is  0.05 ug/1  for protection of  aquatic
 life.  For marine life, the criteria  is  0.1 ug/1.

 Nickel and tin do not  pose as serious  threats  to receivina
 waters   as  the   other  heavy  metals.   Nickel   is toxic  to
 aquatic  life  and to  plants.  Little  is known about tin as  a
 pollutant   problem.    A   criteria  of   100  ug/1  has  been
 recommended by EPA.   Many of the salts of nickel  and  tin are
 soluble  in  water.  They may be   more  hazardous   to   aquatic
 life than  their  parent  ions because of their higher level  of
 toxicity.

 In   soft  water,  concentrations of zinc ranging  from 0.1  to
 1.0  mg/1 have  been reported to be lethal to fish.   Zinc   is
 thought  to  exert   its   toxic   action  by forming insoluble
 compounds with the mucus  that covers the gills, by damage  to
 the  gill epithelium, or possibly by acting  as  an  internal
 poison.   The  sensitivity  of   fish  to  zinc  varies  with
 species, age, and condition, as well as  with  the  physical
and   chemical    characteristics   of   the   water.     Some
acclimatization to the presence of  zinc is possible.   It has
also been observed that the effects of  zinc  poisoning  may
not  become  apparent  immediately,  so that fish moved from
zinc-contaminated (after  U to 6 hours of exposure) to  zinc-
 free  water  may die 48 hours later.  The presence of copper
in water may  increase  the  toxicity  of  zinc  to  aquatic
organisms,  while  the  presence  of calcium or hardness may
decrease the  relative  toxicity.   EPA  has  recommended  a

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limited  application  factor  of  0.01  of the 96 hour LC 50
(lethal concentration for 50 percent of the  organisms)   for
freshwater life.

The  metals  listed  above can be analyzed in wastewaters by
either  wet  chemical  or  atomic  absorption   methods   of
analysis.

Phenols

Phenols  and  phenolic  compounds are a potential wastewater
constituent in the pesticide  industry,  particularly  being
associated  with  the  manufacture  of  halogenated  organic
pesticides.

Many phenolic compounds such as TCDD  are  more  toxic  than
pure phenol; their toxicity varies with the combinations and
general  nature of total wastes.  The effect of combinations
of different phenolic compounds is cumulative.

Phenols  and  phenolic  compounds  are  both   acutely   and
chronically  toxic to fish and other aquatic animals.  Also,
chlorophenols produce an unpleasant  taste  in  fish  flesh,
destroying  their  commerical  value.  EPA has recommended a
limit of 1 ug/1 in fresh water for phenol.

It is necessary to limit phenolic compounds in the raw water
used for supplying drinking water, as conventional treatment
methods used  by  water  supply  facilities  do  not  remove
phenols.

Disinfection  of drinking water with chlorine when phenol is
present   even   at   very   low    concentrations,    forms
chlorophenols, producing taste and odor problems.

Phenols  also  reduce  the  utility  of  water  for  certain
industrial uses, notably food and beverage processing, where
it creates unpleasant  tastes  and  odors  in  the  product.
Phenols  may  be  determined  in wastewaters by colorimetric
methods of analysis.

Cyanide

Of all the cyanides, hydrogen cyanide  (HCN) is probably  the
most  acutely  lethal compound.  HCN dissociates in water to
hydrogen ions and cyanide ions in a pH  dependent  reaction.
The  cyanide  ion  is  less  acutely  lethal  than HCN.  The
relationship of pH to HCN shows that as the  pH  is  lowered
below  7,  there  is  less  than  1  percent  of the cyanide
molecules in the form of the CN ion and the rest is  present
                                  131

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 as   HCN.    When  the  pH   is  increased  to  8,  9, and 10, the
 percentage  of  cyanide present as CN  ion  is  6.7, 42,  and  87
 percent,  respectively.    The  toxicity  of  cyanides is also
 increased by elevations in temperature  and   reductions  in
 oxygen tensions.  A temperature rise of  10°C produced a two-
 to   threefold  increase  in the rate of  the  lethal action of
 cyanide.

 In the body, the CN ion, except for  a small portion exhaled,
 is rapidly  changed  into  a  relatively non-toxic  complex
 (thiocyanate)  in  the  liver  and   eliminated in the urine.
 There is no evidence that  the CN ion is  stored in the  body.
 The  level  of cyanide which can be  safely ingested has been
 estimated at something less than 18  ing/day,,  part  of  which
 comes  from  normal  environmental   and  industrial exposure.
 The  average fatal dose of  HCN by ingestion by  man is  50  to
 60   mg.   it  has  been recommended  that a limit of 0.2 mg/1
 cyanide not be exceeded in public water  supply sources.

 The  harmful effects of  the  cyanides  on  aquatic  life  is
 affected  by  the pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen content,
 and  the  concentration  of  minerals  in  the water.    The
 biochemical  degradation   of  cyanide  is  not  affected  by
 temperature in the range of 10 to 35 degrees   C,  while  the
 toxicity of HCN is increased at higher temperatures.

 with  lower  forms  of  life and organisms, cyanide does not
 seem to be as toxic as it  is  toward  fish.    The  organisms
 that  digest  BOD were found to be inhibited at 1.0 mg/1 and
 at 60 mg/1 although the effect  is  more  one  of  delay  in
 exertion of BOD than total reduction.

 Certain  metals  such  as nickeL may complex with cyanide to
 reduce lethality, especially at higher pH  values.    On  the
 other  hand,  zinc  and  cadmium  cyanide  complexes  may be
 exceedingly toxic.

 Pollutants of Secondary Significance

 Settleable solids can be harmful to the aquatic  environment
 in   the   same   manner   as  suspended  solids.    Separate
 measurement of suspended solids  and  settleable  solids  is
not, however, considered necessary.

The  quantity  of total dissolved solids in wastewater is of
 little meaning unless the nature of the solids are  defined.
In  fresh  water  supplies,  dissolved   solids  are  usually
inorganic salts with small amounts  of  dissolved  organics,
and  total  concentrations  may  often  be  several thousand
milligrams per liter.   It is  not  considered  necessary  to
                                  132

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recommend  limits  for total dissolved solids since they are
limited by other parameters.

Acidity is produced by substances that yield  hydrogen  ions
upon  hydrolysis,  and  alkalinity is produced by substances
that yield hydroxyl ions.  The  terms  "total  acidity"  and
"total  alkalinity"  are often used to express the buffering
capacity of a solution.

Alkalinity in water is primarily  a  measure  of  hydroxide,
carbonate,  and  bicarbonate ions.  Its primary significance
in water chemistry is its indication of a  water's  capacity
to  neutralize  acidic  solutions.   In high concentrations,
alkalinity can cause problems in water treatment facilities.
However, by control of pH, alkalinity is also controlled.

Acidity in natural  waters  is  caused  by  carbon  dioxide,
mineral  acids,  weakly  dissociated acids, and the salts of
strong acids and weak bases.

Chlorides can cause detectable taste in  drinking  water  in
salt    (e.g.,  sodium,  calcium,  manganese)  concentrations
greater than about 150 mg/1; however, the concentrations are
not toxic.  Drinking water standards are generally based  on
palatability    rather    than   health   requirements.    A
consideration to irrigate crops with wastewater should  take
into account chloride concentrations.

Extremely  high chloride concentrations can cause difficulty
in   biological   treatment.    However,   the    successful
acclimation  of  activated sludge organisms to high chloride
concentrations has  been  documented  by  several  pesticide
plants,  as well as a number of municipal treatment systems,
in areas of high saline water infiltration into sewers.

Several pesticide plants report chloride  concentrations  as
high as 10,000 to 20,000 mg/1.  High chloride concentrations
are  especially  found  in  the  effluents  of Subcategory A
plants.

Oil and grease may result  from  various  solvents  used  in
processing  operations,  spills  or  leaks of fuel oils, and
losses of lubricating fluids.  These compounds may settle or
float and may exist as solids or  liquids.   Fven  in  small
quantities, oil and grease may cause taste and odor problems
in  water.   In  natural waters they can affect aquatic life
adversely and exert an oxygen demand.

Oil and grease have not been observed  to  be  a  particular
problem  in  the  pesticide  industry  in  those cases where
                                 133

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adequate solvent recovery is practiced.  As in any industry,
oil and grease in pesticide wastewaters must  be  controlled
by good in-plant operations.

Sulfides  can  exert  an oxygen demand on receiving streams,
impart an unpleasant taste and odorr and  render  the  water
unfit  for other use.  Except in extreme cases,  sulfides are
controlled by the same mechanisms used to  control  organics
and suspended solids.
                                  134

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                        SECTION VII

              CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
This  section  identifies the range of control and treatment
technologies  currently  available  for  the   subcategories
identified in Section TV.

In  general,  the  selection  of  a  control  and  treatment
technology for a particular plant depends on economics,  the
magnitudes   of   the   pollutant  concentrations,  and  the
wastewater flows in the  final  effluent.   Therefore,  each
facility must make the decision as to which specific control
measures  are best suited to its own situation and needs. No
industrial wastewater treatment facility should be  designed
without   treatability  studies  to  determine  the  optimum
design, nor should monies  be  budgeted  without  individual
cost  analyses.  Without ignoring these fundamental aspects,
but in order to allow an assessment of the  economic  impact
of  the  proposed  effluent  limitations  guidelines,  model
treatment systems have been proposed.  These models are  not
intended to be used as a design basis by individual plants.

It  must be emphasized that the particular treatment systems
chosen are for use in the economic analysis and are not  the
only  systems  capable  of  attaining  the specific effluent
limitations.  It is judged that plants having similar  loads
and  production  in  the same subcategories could attain the
limitations using these unit operations.

In some cases, data trends may  imply  higher  waste  loads,
particularly  flows,  per  product  unit for smaller plants.
There are several factors  which  may  contribute  to  this.
Larger,  more  complex operations may offer mere opportunity
for recycle of wastewater, and in some cases  may  have  the
resources for better water management.  Washing of equipment
at smaller plants may involve proportionately larger surface
areas.   In  any  event,  the  designs  developed and costed
herein would appear to be generous in some cases for  larger
plants and somewhat less generous for smaller plants.

For  the sake of an orderly discussion, treatment technology
has been divided into:  (1) in-plant control technology,  and
(2)  end-of-pipe  technology.   Tn-plant  control technology
includes    process    modifications    and/or     pesticide
detoxification  whether by hydrolysis, carbon adsorption, or
other  means.   End-of-line  technology  is  represented  by
equalization and biological treatment.
                                 135

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 IN-PLANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

 Tn-plant   control   technology  includes   steps  to  reduce
 wastewater strength and/or volume.  The  following discussion
 addresses techniques which have general  application in  most
 instances  where  a particular unit process or waste type is
 encountered.

 Waste segregation is an important and  fundamental  step  in
 meeting  the  needs of proposed standards of treatment.  The
 following factors generally form the primary basis for wast«=
 segregation:

     1.   Wastes  with   high   organic   loadings   may   he
         economically treated or disposed of separately from
         the  main process wastewater.  As discussed in mor^
         detail below, segregation  for  detoxification  and
         specific  parameter  control  can be both effective
         and economical.

     2.   Highly acidic or caustic wastewaters can usually be
         more effectively adjusted for  pH  prior  to  being
         mixed  with  other  process  wastewaters.   If both
         acidic and caustic  streams  are  being  generated,
         combining   these   streams   can  reduce  chemical
         requirements.

     3.   Process wastewaters with high levels of  settleable
         solids can be clarified separately,.

     4.   Separate  equalization  for   streams   of   hiahly
         variable   characteristics  can  be  effective  and
         improve overall treatment efficiency.  This  hiahly
         effective  technique  is installed currently in the
         industry as common practice.

Tn some cases, wastewater generation  can  be  substantially
reduced  by the substitution of an organic solvent for water
in the synthesis and  separation  steps  of  the  production
process with subsequent solvent recovery.

Wastewater generation can be reduced by general housekeeping
improvements such as the substitution of dry cleanup methods
for  water  wash  downs  of  equipment  and floors.   This is
especially applicable for situations where liquid  or  solid
materials have been spilled.

Steam jet ejectors and barometric condensers can be replaced
in some cases by vacuum pumps and surface condenser systems.
Barometric  condenser  systems  can  be  a  major  source of
                                 136

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contamination in plant effluents and  cause  a  particularly
difficult  problem  by producing a high volume, dilute waste
stream.

Many of the halogenated organic pesticides are  manufactured
by  a direct chlorination process in which residual chlorine
and  by-product  hydrogen  chloride  gases  are   frequently
vented.   The  common technique of control involves water or
caustic scrubbing and results in a wastewater discharge.  An
alternative approach currently in practice is recycle of the
vented gas and recovery of hydrogen chloride as dry  gas  or
muriatic acid.

Solvent  extraction  of  process  wastes with recycle of the
solvent to the process is practiced on some production lines
in the pesticide industry.

Organo-phosphorus  and  organo-nitrogen  compounds  can   be
detoxified  by  acid  or  alkaline  hydrolysis to acceptable
levels depending on the type of  compound,  detention  time,
pH, and temperature of the hydrolysis operation.

Comma,  et.  al.  (1969),  studied  the  hydrolysis rates of
diazinon and diazoxon and  concluded  that  either  acid  or
alkaline  hydrolysis of these compounds  (pH less than 3.1 or
greater  than   10.U)    speeds   the   degradation   process
appreciably.   It  was  also  shown  that in the pH range of
natural waters diazinon will have appreciably long  residual
lives.  Cowart, et. al. (1971), studied the hydrolysis rates
of  seven organo-phosphorus pesticides under slightly acidic
conditions and concluded that  even  though  they  were  all
eventually  hydrolyzed, they all exhibit residual lives much
greater than would be expected  under  normal  environmental
conditions.   It  was  also  pointed out that the hydrolysis
products can be potentially  highly  toxic  (e.g.  parathion
hydrolyzes   to   p-nitrophenol).    Investigations  of  the
hydrolysis  rates  of  2,U-D,  picloram,  atrazine,  diuron,
trifluralin,   bromocil,    DSMA,  DNBP,  dicamba,  dalaphon,
paraquat, vernolate, PMA, zineb, and nemagon by Kennedy, et.
al. (1969)r showed that eight of these  compounds  exhibited
partial  decomposition  when  subjected  to  treatment  with
strong base or strong acid.   However,  complete  hydrolysis
was  not  obtained  for  any compound during the time period
they were studied.

Half lives and hydrolysis rate  constants  for  diazinon  at
20°C  as  shown  by Faust and Comma are presented below.  As
would be expected, the half life is drastically  reduced  at
pH values below 5 and above 9.
                                  137

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                            Log k                 Half Life
         PH               Observed                   (days)

         3.1                -4.8                    0.49
         5.0                -6.6                     31
         7.5                -7.3                    185
         9.0                -7.2                    136
        10.4                -5.9                    6.0

Wolfe, et. al. (1967)  in extensive studies at the EPA Athens
Laboratory  investigated  the  chemical transformation of 10
selected materials: methoxychlor, toxaphene, and butoxyethyl
ester of 2,4-D (halogenated pesticides); malathion, diazinon
and   parathion    (organo-phosphorous    pesticides);    and
polychlorinated  biphenyls.   Their  results  regarding  the
hydrolysis of these pesticides are summarized below.

    1.   Halogenated Pesticides - Hydrolysis of methoxychlor
         is quite slow and is pH  independent  under  normal
         conSitions in aquatic environment; its half-life is
         greater  than  200 days at 25°C.  The hydrolysis of
         toxphene is extremely slow in water, even  at  high
         temperatures.   Hydrolysis of 2,4-D esters to 2,4-D
         is slow in acidic water but rapid in basic water.

    2.   Organo-phosphorus Pesticides - Chemical  hydrolysis
         of  malathion is likely to be the major pathway for
         its transformation in basic waters (pH greater than
         7).  The hydrolysis rate of malathion depends  upon
         pH  and temperature.   Figure VII-1 (from Wolfe,  et.
         al.)   shows,  the  pH  and  temperature  effect   of
         malathion degradation.

         Hydrolysis   treatability   studies   at  Plant  B1
         indicate rapid degradation of parathion at high  pH
         values (Figure VII-2) .

    3.   Organo-nitrogen Pesticides - Hydrolysis of carbaryl
         is rapid in basic waters and slow in acidic  waters.
         Hydrolysis half-lives range from 3.2 hours at pH  9
         to 4.4 months at pH 6.

         Captan  hydrolyzes  rapidly in water with a  maximum
         half-life of  one-half day.  Wolfe, et.   al.   (1967)
         have  shown a pH-half-life profile somewhat  similar
         to Figure VII-3.

         Atrazine is  relatively  stable  to  hydrolysis   in
         aquatic   systems.    Armstrong (1967)  indicated that
         half-lives at pH 2 and 13 (25°C)  are 18 days and 13
                                138

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    TO6
in
J-
3
O
    102
                                      pH
                                 FIGURE VII-1


                         EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE
                           ON MALATHION DEGRADATION
                                                                   10
                                 139

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                                                           PARATHION CONCENTRATIONS,  mg/1
                                                                 N>
                                                                                                                        cn
                                                                                                                        o
                                                                                                                                 CD  o
                                                                                                                                 o  o
"O O   i—i    i—i
O  3» I—   73
    -H -<   m
    :c co
    i—11—i   <
    oco   »-.
    ^y     HH
      O   I
           ro
01
 o
o
            o
            c:
            73
            CO
               ro

-------
          	Q	Q	Q
     500
tt!
     100
      50
      10
                                      PH
                                 FIGURE VII-3

                  pH-HALF-LIFE PROFILE FOR CAPTAN HYDROLYSIS
                               IN WATER AT 28°C
                                      141

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         days, respectively.  Additional data from  th^  EPA
         Athens  Laboratory  indicates that the half-life of
         Atrazine at UO°C and pH 0.5 (through  the  addition
         of sulfuric acid) is approximately 200 minutes.

The fact that hydrolysis is commonly used for detoxification
in a highly effective manner is documented in discussions of
case studies later in this section.

The technical and economic advantages of applying hydrolysis
to segregated waste streams are as follows::

    1.   Detoxification  is  more  cost   effective   on   a
         concentrated,  segregated  waste  system  than on a
         dilute, combined effluent.

    2.   The  size  of  detoxification  equipment   can   be
         minimized.

    3.   High temperatures necessary in some cases for rapid
         detoxification can be maintained more readily.

    4.   Lime   addition,   lime   solids   disposal,    and
         neutralization   requirements   are   less   for  a
         concentrated waste stream.

Detoxification  can   also   be   accomplished   by   carbon
adsorption,   particularly   in   the  case  of  halogenated
organics, as cited by a number of references listed  in  the
bibliography  of  this  document.  Goodrich, et. al. (1970),
used activated carbon to remove up to 99 percent  of  minute
quantities  of  dieldrin  in  water  solution.  Aly, et. al.
(1965), showed that activated carbon treatment was effective
in the removal of 2,4-D,  formulation  solvents,  and  2,4-D
DPC.   Cohen,  et.  al.   (1960),  found  that  not only does
activated carbon remove toxaphene from water,  but  it  also
removes  the  solvents and emulsifiers present in commercial
formulations and thereby  removes  odor  problems  as  well.
Bernadin  and Froelich  (1975)  reported that activated carbon
in laboratory tests had been  demonstrated  to  be  able  to
achieve  levels  of  less  than  1.0  ug/1  of the following
materials:  aldrin,  dieldrin,  endrin,   DDE,   DDTr   DDD,
toxaphene,  and  arochlor  12U2  and 1254.  Eichelberger and
Lichtenberg (1971) studied the efficiency  of  the  standard
carbon  adsorption  method  for  recovery  of eleven oraano-
chlorine and ten organo-phosphorus  pesticides  from  water.
They concluded that the method is a useful procedure for the
isolation   and  measurement  of  following  organo-chlorine
pesticides: methoxychlor,  lindane,  endrin,  dieldrin,  and
heptachlor  epoxide.   It  may  be  used,  although  not  as
                                  142

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efficiently,  for   recovery   of   chlorodane,   DDT,   and
endosulphan.   The  method  was reported as not suitable for
recovery of six of the organo-phosphorus pesticides studied:
fenthion, methyl parathion, malathion, ethion, trithion, and
methyl trithion.

Plant B8 has conducted carbon isotherm studies to  determine
optimum  conditions  for  the  removal of sodium nitrophenol
from its methyl parathion production.  At  a  flow  rate  of
0.68  1/min/sq  m  (1 qpm/sq ft)  and a carbon requirement of
0.12 kg  carbon  per  kg  sodium  nitro  parathion,  removal
exceeded 99.99 percent.

The plant has also conducted carbon isotherm studies for the
removal  of dinitro butyl phenol (DNBP) from wastewater.  At
pH values less than 1.0  and  at  a  loading  rate  of  0.68
1/min/sq  m  (1 gpm/sq ft), more than 99 percent of the DNBP
was  removed,  producing  an  effluent   ranging   in   DNBP
concentrations from 0.1 to 5 mg/1.

The  fact  that  activated carbon detoxification is commonly
used in the industry is documented  by  discussion  of  case
histories later in this section.

Various   other  methods  of  pesticide  detoxification  are
reported  in  the  literature.   A  large  segment  of   the
available   literature   has  been  devoted  to  halogenated
organics, presumably because of the emphasis which has  been
placed in recent years on halogenated organic compounds such
as DDT and 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

Roebeck,  et.  al.  (1965),  treated  wastewaters containing
chlorinated hydrocarbons with ozone  and  showed  that  some
reduction in the concentration of halogenated organics could
be  obtained  with  large  and impractical concentrations of
ozone.  It  was  also  shown  that  by-products  of  unknown
toxicity were formed.

Aly,  et.  al.  (1965), showed that although 2,4-D herbicides
could not be removed by  potassium  permanganate  oxidation;
2,4-DPC    could    be   effectively   removed.    Potassium
permanganate was shown by Leigh  (1969) to be ineffective  in
removing  Lindane  from wastewaters.  Other studies by Leigh
indicated the effectiveness  of  potassium  permanganate  in
removing  heptachlor  and  its  relative  ineffectiveness in
removing DDT from wastewaters.  Studies by Roebeck, et.  al.
(1965),  indicate  that  not  only is potassium permanganate
ineffective  in  removing  chlorinated   hydrocarbons   from
wastewaters,  but  also  that  parathion  was converted to a
different, more toxic compound.
                                 143

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The studies of Alyr et. al.  (1965), indicated that  chlorine
treatment  did  not  effect  the removal of  2,4-D herbicides
from wastewaters.  Leigh  (1969) showed that  (1) chlorine was
ineffective in removing Lindane from  wastewaters;  and   (2)
chlorine   was   much  less  effective  in   the  removal  of
heptachlor than permanganate oxidation.   Roebeck,  et.  al.
 (1965),   showed   that   chlorination  did   not  affect  the
concentrations of DDT, Lindane, or parathion in wastewaters.

Research by Aly, et. al.   (1965),  indicates that  strongly
basic  anion  exchange  resins  may  be successfully used to
remove  high  concentrations  of   2,4-D  and 2,4-DPC   from
industrial wastewaters.

Kennedy   (1973)   studied   the   removal   of  chlorinated
hydrocarbons  from  wastewaters  using  XAD-U   resins   and
compared the results to carbon adsorption.   It was concluded
that  the  XAD-U  resin  was  as  effective  in removing the
pesticides as carbon and  had an economical advantage in that
the resin could be regenerated more  economically  than  the
carbon.

Treatability  studies  at  Plant  Bl  have   shown removal of
phenol to less than 1 mg/1 from concentrations up to  50,000
mg/1 by polymeric adsorption.  Regeneration  of the polymeric
adsorbent  was  reported  to  be  easier  than for activated
carbon due to lower binding energies.

Roebeck, et. al. (1965),  have  shown  that  DDT  is  easily
removed  by settling and coagulation followed by filtration.
Cohen, et. al. (1960), have shown that alum  coagulation  is
effective  in  removing  pesticides  as  toxaphene which are
extremely toxic to fish from water.

Huang, et. al. (1970)r have shown that clay  minerals such as
illite, kaolinite,   and  montmorillonite  are  effective  in
removing pesticides such as DDT from water.

Incineration  of  particularly  strong  wastes  is  commonly
practiced in the industry.  From the results of incineration
studies,  Carries,   et.  al.  (1976),  made   the   following
conclusions:

    1.   most organic pesticides can be  destroyed  (greater
         than 99.9  percent removal of the active ingredient)
         by this method;

    2.   each   pesticide   incinerated   has   a   definite
         temperature  range in which the greatest removal of
         the active ingredient is effected;
                                 144

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    3.   the most important  incineration  factors  are  the
         temperature  and  the  dwell time in the combustion
         chamber ;

    4.   conventional  waste  incinerators  are  potentially
         adequate facilities for pesticide incineration;
5.
    6.
         organo-nitrogen pesticides can generate cyanide gas
         if the incineration temperatures and percent excess
         air are not adequate;
     incinerators  burning   pesticides
     emission control devices;
will   require
         residues  from  the  incineration   of   pesticides
         formulations   generally   contain  low  levels  of
         pesticides; and
         odor  can  be  a   problem,   especially   in
         incineration of organo-sulfur compounds.
                                                     the
Kennedy,   et.  al.  (1969)r  in  an  investigation  of  the
incineration  possibilities  for  the  destruction  of  some
twenty  pesticides,  have  concluded  that  incineration  is
superior to chemical methods for the  destruction  of  waste
pesticide chemicals.

High  ammonia  levels  are  a problem in some sectors of the
pesticide industry.  Ammonia stripping of those streams with
high  ammonia  loads  is  applicable  to  the  industry  and
transferable from the fertilizer industry.  In most cases it
is  necessary  to  recover  the stripped ammonia in order to
avoid creating air pollution  problems.   Extensive  ammonia
removal by steam stripping has been designed at Plant M8 and
is planned to be in use in stages by 1977 and 1978.

Potentially,  some  sectors of the organo-nitrogen pesticide
chemicals  manufacture  can  produce  cyanide  laden   waste
streams.   In  such  cases,  these waste streams should pass
through a cyanide removal unit where the toxic cyanide group
is oxidized with chlorine  in  an  alkaline  medium  to  the
significantly less toxic cyanates.

END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

A biological treatment process not only accomplishes removal
of pollutants but also serves as an efficient monitor of in-
plant detoxification processes.
                                  145

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A   study   by   Ingols,  et.  al.   (1966),  concluded  that
halophenols can be successfully biologically  degraded  when
they are present in low concentrations in wastewater.

Leigh   (169)  concluded  that  Lindane  is  not  subject  to
biodegradation  nor  does  it  adversely  affect   microbial
communities,

Hemmett,  et.  al.  (1969),  have  shown  that  2,4-D can be
successfully biodegraded.

A study by the Environmental Protection  Agency   (12130  EGK
06/71,   June   1971)    of   the   biological  treatment  of
chlorophenolic wastes indicates that  these  wastes  can  be
successfully    biodegraded    if    aerated   lagoons   and
stabilization  ponds  are  provided   to   avoid   hydraulic
overloading  and  reduce BOD loading entering the biological
system.  If these conditions are met, the treatment of these
wastes does not differ significantly from the  treatment  of
municipal sewage.

There  is  some  evidence that the hydrolysis derivatives of
triazine are biodegradable (Kaufman and Kearney, 1970).

Mills  (1959) described the criteria used in the  development
of  a  biological treatment system for wastewaters resulting
in part from 2,U-D production.  He reported that  among  the
various   types   of   organic  wastes  produced,  the  most
troublesome and costly to treat was  the  2,4-D  waste.   An
alkaline  chlorination  process  achieved  95  to 98 percent
destruction of the dichlorophenol content of the waste,  but
the  waste  still  contained  20  to 30 mg/1 dichlorophenol.
Therefore, it was decided to investigate  the  bio-oxidation
process.   Laboratory studies showed that dichlorophenol and
2rU-D  acid  could  be   oxidized   by   bacterial   action.
Subsequent  trickling  filter  pilot  plant  work  on  2,4-D
wastewater indicated that dichlorophenol could be reduced by
86 percent  (205 to 30  mg/1)  and COD by 70  percent  (585  to
170  mg/1).   An activated sludge (complete mix)  pilot plant
was used for 2,U-D wastewater combined with wastewaters from
other  chemical  processing.    The   proportion   of   2,U-D
wastewater  in  the  feed  was  gradually increased until it
constituted 40 percent of the total.   It was found that  the
daily addition of settled sewage was necessary to maintain a
viable floe.

It  was  concluded  that  an  activated  sludge system could
successfully treat the combined waste streams.
                                 146

-------
It was noted that the 2,U-D waste resulted in a  more  dense
and more rapidly settling sludge, and that a dilution factor
of  3.4 was necessary.  It was estimated that phenol removal
would be more than 99 percent and BOD removal from 90 to  95
percent.

Measurements  at  Plant  Ml  have  shown a biological oxygen
uptake for 2,U-D  acid  of  0.72  mg/mg  as  compared  to  a
theoretical  uptake  of  1.15r  and an oxygen uptake of 1.28
mg/mg for 2rU-D butylester  as  compared  to  a  theoretical
value  of  1.62.   Both  of  these comparisons indicate good
biodegradability.

The  concentration  of  halogenated  organic  pesticides  in
activated  sludge  has been demonstrated by several studies.
Investigations in England by Holdenf  et.  al.  (1966-1967),
have  shown  that  pesticides tend to concentrate in primary
sludge, i. e. the final effluent contains a  small  fraction
of the influent pesticides while the sludge contains "orders
of magnitude" increases over the influent.

Unpublished  data  at  the  National  Environmental Research
Center  have  indicated  that  activated  sludge   treatment
achieves  as  much  as 90 percent removal of chlordane.  The
data also indicate the removal of dieldrin,  ODD,  DDT,  and
PCB by sewage sludge.

Boyle   (1971)  found  concentrations  in  municipal  sludges
ranging from 25 to 30 mg/1 for DDE, 20 to 30 mg/1  for  ODD,
and  3  to  13  mg/1  for DDT, as compared to values several
thousand times lower in the liquid effluent.

Saleh  (1973) investigated the effects  of  physical-chemical
treatment  in combination with activated sludge on pesticide
reduction.  He reported that multimedia filtration  combined
with  activated  sludge  reduced aldrin, ODD, and DDT by 100
percent, dieldrin by 72 percent,  and  DDE  by  39  percent.
There  was  no  removal of Lindane.  When solids contact and
carbon adsorption were added to the system, the removal  for
all of the above pesticides was essentially 100 percent.

Roebeck   (1965)  applied various physical-chemical processes
to the removal of pesticides with the following results:
                                 147

-------
                Percent Pesticide Removed (at 10 mq/1 level)
                PPT  Lindane  Parathion  Dieldrin  Endrin
Chlorination
 5 ing/1
10*    10*
                99**   99**
                       10*
                       55
75


80
                                 99**
                                 99**
                                 99**
                 99**
                 99**
10*


55
                           75
                           85
                           92
          99**
          15
          50
                                     10*
                                                     35
                    80
                    90
                    94
                                                     99**
Coagulation
  and Filtration  98      10*
  (alum)

Carbon Slurry
  5 mg/1          -      30
10 mg/1          -      55
15 mg/1          -      80

Carbon Bed
0.5 gpm/ft2

Ozone
11 mg/1          10*
36 mg/1          30

*  Less than
** More than

Control and Treatment Technology-Case Studies

The  following   discussions  are  of  actual   control   and
treatment  technologies  existing in the pesticide chemicals
industry.  Since, as previously stated, few pesticide plants
produce only  one  subcategory  of  pesticides,  a  separate
discussion  is   provided for "multi-category" plants.  These
plants apply techniques in some cases to specific  pesticide
wastewaters  and  in  other  cases  to  more  than  one.  In
general, the treatment systems at multi-category plants tend
to be more complex, but greater in  operational  flexibility
and   opportunities   for  recycle  and  reuse  are  usually
available.

Multi-Category Plants

Plant Ml, which manufactures halogenated  organics,  organo-
phosphorus,  and  organo-nitrogen  compounds,  collects  all
pesticide  wastewaters  in  separate  surge  tanks  at  each
processing  area.  Wash water and scrubber effluent are both
recycled  to  the  process.    Wastewaters   from   phenolic
processes  are  collected  in  a  12-acre  equalization pond
before being blended with approximately  three  times  their
volume of cooling water, clarified, and applied to rock-type
trickling  filters.  The trickling filters reportedly remove
                                 148

-------
approximately 75 percent of the phenol and 60 percent of the
COD.

From the trickling filters the waste flows to  an  activated
sludge  process  which  removes  more than 98 percent of the
remaining phenol.

A different biological treatment system is used for  general
organic wastes.  Such wastes are collected in separate sewer
systems  which discharge into an open channel leading to the
general treatment plant.  After pH adjustment with limef the
waste flow is directed into two  primary  clarifiers.   From
the  clarifiers  the  waste passes to three activated sludge
aeration basins in which it is aerated for five hours.

The activated sludge units of the  general  treatment  plant
are  also  used  for  final  treatment  of effluent from the
phenolic treatment plant after the phenol has been removed.

A biological solids concentration  of  about  2000  mg/1  is
maintained in the aeration basins.

The  general treatment plant accomplishes 95 percent removal
of BOD and suspended solids.

Solids from the primary clarifiers of the general  treatment
plant   are  dewatered  in  two  HO  x  60-inch  solid  bowl
horizontal centrifuges.  A flocculant is added to  the  feed
to  facilitate separation of solids.  The dewatered material
(30 percent solids) is ultimately sent to a landfill.

Some brine wastes which cannot  be  handled  effectively  by
conventional   biological  treatment  also  require  special
disposal.  After being pumped to a large settling pond, they
are passed through sand filters and then pumped back to  the
underground  formation  from  which the brine was originally
drawn.  The  plant  has  invested  more  than  five  million
dollars  in  an  incineration complex which includes burning
facilities for both liquid and solid waste materials.  These
incinerators  reportedly   destroy   all   burnable   wastes
generated in the plant.

Each  month  more  than 650,000 gallons of liquid waste tars
and more than 700 drums of burnable waste chemicals are  fed
to  the  incinerators.   Among  the  waste  tars  are  still
residues, waste solvents, chemical  by-products,  and  other
hydrocarbons.

Plant  M2,  which manufactures halogenated organics, orcrano-
nitrogen, and  organo-phosphorus  pesticides,  has  selected
                                  149

-------
 processing  steps  that  minimize  usage  of  process water.
 Resulting process streams  are  segregated,   and  the  plant
 provides  emergency  storage  facilities,   uses special pump
 seals to reduce leakage,  and recycles cooling water.    Plant
 M2  provides  hydrolysis  to detoxify pesticides, followed by
 pH adjustment and biological treatment to  reduce BOD.   Final
 holding in a one-acre pond is provided prior to discharge to
 receiving waters.

 The hydrolysis rates  for  pesticides produced at Plant M2 are
 reported as follows:
 Product

 Rabon



 Vapona



 Dibrom


 Phosdrin
  Type

Organo-
Phosphate
Aldicarb    Organo-
            Nitrogen
Nemagon
Halogenated-
Organic
Temperature

   50°C
   50°C
   27°C

   23°C
   38°C
   38°C

   38°C
   38°C

   23°C
   23°C
   23°C
   43<>c

   25°C
   43°C
   80°C
   80°C
   80°C
  100°C
  100°C
  100°C

   23°C

   23°C
   23°C
   43°c
 12.0
 11.6
 11.6

 5-6
 1.1
 9.1

 1.1
 9.1

 7.0
10.0
11.0
11.5

 7.0
12.0
 6.0
 7.0
 8.0
 6.0
 7. 0
 8.0

 7.0

 9. 2
12.0
11.5
 Half-Life

     8 min
    24 min
   110 min

   792 hrs
    60 hrs
   4.5 hrs

    60 hrs
 ca.  1 hr

   30 days
     8 hrs
   1.4 hrs
     6 min

    7 days
     8 min
    19 hrs
   205 min
    49 min
   115 min
    54 min
    7 min

Less than
 175 days
   85 days
    4 hrs
   40 min
Hydrolyis at elevated temperature and pH during  the  period
November  1975  through March 1976 resulted in no detectable
pesticides in the effluent  (See  Table  VIT-1).    Detection
limits for the analyses were as follows:
                                 150

-------
                     Vapona:      0.100 mg/1
                     Dibrom:      0.100 mg/1
                     Rabon:       0.010 mg/1
                     Phosdrin:    0.100 mg/1
                     Aldicarb:    0.010 mg/1

A proposed upgrading of the entire treatment system includes
a  12  hour  detention time hydrolysis basin to accomodate a
7.60 I/sec (120 gpm) effluent.

Non-aqueous streams at plant M2 are either trucked  to  off-
site  contract disposal or sent to a liquid/gas incinerator.
As a result,  the primary contaminants  are  inorganic  salts
that result from the scrubbing of vent and flue gases.  Rain
and  wash  waters are combined with scrubber waters and tank
farm drainage from several process areas and pH adjusted  to
10  with  caustic.   The  combined waste is further combined
with other neutralized process wastes in a settler and phase
separator,  and   additional   caustic   is   added   before
discharging   to   an  API  separator  to  remove  insoluble
organics.  Skimmed oil is burned in  the  incinerator.   The
separator  effluent  is  further  treated  with  20  percent
caustic and sent to a treatment basin,  and  there  combined
with  sanitary  package  plant  effluent.  Steam is added to
bring  the  temperature  to  U3°C  and  the  final  alkaline
hydrolysis step occurs before discharge to the final holding
pond.

Table  VII-1 presents the monthly mean values of five months
daily  sampling  at  the  holding  pond    (final   effluent)
discharge  of  Plant M2.  Parameters monitored include flow,
COD, TOC, TSS, oil and grease, total  chlorides,  and  total
pesticides.  BOD is not routinely monitored.

A 90-day detention, aerated lagoon with a volume of 6,800 cu
m   (18  million  gal)  and  140  kw   (190 hp) of aeration is
currently under construction.  Pilot plant work at the plant
has indicated that the biological  system  can  be  properly
acclimated   to  the  wastewater,  which  contains  chloride
concentrations  of  approximately  30,000   mg/1.    Organic
reductions  in  the  50  cu m  (13,000 gal) simulated aerated
lagoon were 68 percent for  TOC  and  88  percent  for  BOD,
resulting  in an effluent BOD concentration of approximately
8 mg/1.

Plant M3, which produces halogenated  organics  and  orcrano-
nitrogen   compounds,   employs  granular  activated  carbon
treatment consisting of two  units  in  series  preceded  by
settling  and  filtration  to treat combined process wastes,
rainfall runoff, floor wash, and tank farm drainage from the
                                  151

-------
en
ro
                                                       TABLE  VII-1
                                               HOLDING  POND  (FINAL)  EFFLUENT*
                                                          PLANT M2

                                Flow	      	COD	             TOC
L/Kkg
47,514
19,673
17,949
29,867
51,697
Mean 33,340
gal /1 000 Ib
5,696
2,358
2,152
3,580
6,197
3,997
kg/Kkg
12.35
7.16
6.83
11.98
11.61
9.99
mg/1
251
364
256
401
225
377
kg/Kkg
6.85
4.59
4.60
7.14
7.23
6.08
mg/1
139
230
256
242
140
229
kg/Kkg
0.419
0.1716
0.1714
0.3439
0.5074
0.3228
mg/1
264
9
10
12
10
12

-------
en
CO
                                                           TABLE  VII-1
                                                            Continued
                                                            Pg  2  of 2
                                                   HOLDING  POND (FINAL)  EFFLUENT
                                                            PLANT M2


                              OIL AND  GREASE                    TOTAL CHLORIDE                TOTAL  PESTICIDES**
kg/Kkg
0.8175
0.3742
0.2214
0.6839
0.8821
Mean 0.5958
mg/1
17
19
12
23
17
22
kg/Kkg
1,335
593
565
1,118
576
837
mg/1
28,087
30,156
31,472
37,435
11,137
31,575
kg/Kkg
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
mg/1
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
               * Monthly averages of daily sampling November, 1975 through March, 1976.  Ratios calculated using
                 average monthly technical production.   Mean concentration are calculated by the equation: mg/1  =
                 kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 X 8.34).
               ** N.D. = Not Detectable

-------
 concreted operations  area.   Concentrated organic wastes   and
 some  filter backwash is  contract hauled to incineration.   A
 pond with 4.3 days detention is  used for equalization  and pH
 adjustment to 6  or 8.  The  carbon column effluent is aerated
 in another pond  to raise  the dissolved oxygen concentration,
 and then combined with cooling   water  before  discharge   to
 receiving waters.  Estimates (as made by plant personnel)  of
 final effluent quality of the carbon columns  are as follows:

                          BOD 25- 50 mg/1
                          TOC 100-400 mg/1
                          SS   0-5 mg/1
                          COD 75-100 mg/1

 The  carbon  is replaced on  a monthly basis.   Plant personnel
 have observed a  drop  in efficiency toward the  end  of  each
 month.    Whereas  toward  the beginning of   the  month  the
 efficiency is perhaps 99  percent,  the overall efficiency  for
 the month is about 75 percent.

 Plant MU,  which  manufactures  halogenated organics,  organo-
 nitrogen  products,   and  also   formulates  these  products,
 combines a small amount of  cooling water,   caustic  scrubber
 effluent,  and  process   wastewater   before   discharge  to a
 municipal  treatment system.   Spillage  and bad  products   are
 removed  off-site  for incineration  or burial at an approved
 site.  Dry clean-up is used  for  spills.

 Plant M5,   which manufactures   halogenated   organics   and
 organo-nitrogen  products, processes  all  wastewaters in a 16-
 day   lime  neutralization  basin.    The  neutralized effluent
 passes through a  skimmer  pond to  an  aeration  pond  and  then
 through  a   trickling filter.  Phenol  concentrations greater
 than  U50 mg/1  in  the  aeration  pond   lead  to  intermittent
 operation of  the  trickling filter  and  inefficient treatment.

 Plant  M7,   which manufactures halogenated organics, organo-
 nitrogen, and  organo-metallic  compounds,  provides  carbon
 treatment  for  one of its organo-nitroaen wastewaters.  The
 granular activated carbon system reduces  the  concentration
 of  the  pesticide in the wastewater from more than 100 mg/1
 to less than  25 mg/1 and often to about  1  mg/1.   Washwater
 is segregated for reuse.

The   wastewaters  from  the  total  carbamate  process  are
currently being discharged,  but it is planned to install  an
evaporation-crystalization    system    to   eliminate   the
discharge.  However, a discharge from the  evaporator  over-
head  of  100,000 gpd with an ammonia concentration of about
                                154

-------
100 mg/1 and a BOD of 100  to  200  mg/1  (as  estimated  by
company personnel)  will be discharged to a city sewer.

A  treatment  system  to receive all surface runoff plus the
carbon column discharge is planned to be in operation during
1977.  The system will consist of equalization,  filtration,
activated    carbon,   cationic   ion   exchange,   chemical
precipitation, and lime neutralization.

Plant M8,  which  produces  organo-phosphorus,  and  organo-
nitrogen, compounds and also formulates, provides biological
treatment   in   a   pure   oxygen  system  after  pesticide
destruction at each process line.  The  pure  oxygen  system
was chosen in preference to an air system because of reduced
odor  problems.  Waste gases from the pure oxygen system are
piped  to  a  thermal  oxidation  system.   The  plant  also
practices   segregation,  phenol  recovery  and  reuse,  and
employs surface condensers.

In order to reduce the impact of high salinity  of  the  raw
wastewater   (2,000  to 3,000 mg/1 chloride)  on the treatment-
plant,  the  process  water  is  diluted  approximately  150
percent prior to activated sludge treatment.

The   mixed   liquor   suspended   solids  concentration  is
maintained at a fairly high concentration   (6,000  to  8,000
mg/1)  and  the plant reportedly has a problem of relatively
high suspended solids in its final effluent.

A first-phase ammonia stripping facility is planned to be in
operation by 1977 and a second by 1978.

The final effluent is discharged to a receiving stream while
sludge,  following  thickening  and  vacuum  filtration,  is
hauled to landfill.

Table  VII-2  presents  the monthly mean effluent values for
six months as reported by Plant  M8.   Parameters  monitored
include  BOD,  COD,  TSS,  phenols,  total  pesticides,  and
ammonia  nitrogen.    Total   pesticides   monthly   average
concentrations  ranged  from  3.04 to 7.85 mg/1 and averaged
U.U6 mg/1.  Ammonia nitrogen monthly average  concentrations
ranged  from  252  to 658 mg/1 and averaged 408 mg/1 for the
six month period.

Plant M9, which manufactures  halogenated  organic,  organo-
phosphorus and organo-nitrogen products, provides hydrolysis
of  specific  pesticide  streams and biological treatment of
all pesticide wastewaters.  A stripper is  used  to  recover
solvent for reuse in the process.
                                   155

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en
cr>
                                                          TABLE  VII-2
                                            OXYGEN ACTIVATED  SLUDGE  FINAL  EFFLUENT*
                                                           PLANT M8

                                 Flow	     	BOD                    COD
L/Kkg
44,700
99,200
103,000
163,000
124,000
117,000
Mean 109,000
gal/1000 Ib
5,360
11,900
12,400
19,600
14,900
14,100
13,000
kg/Kkg
12.3
5.37
8.37
26.0
10.2
10.2
12.0
mg/1
275
54.1
79.6
159
82.1
86.7
no
kg/Kkg
72.6
109
117
170
164
187
137
mg/1
1,620
1,100
1,130
1,040
1,320
1,590
1,260
kg/Kkg
2.55
7.92
7.28
16.7
9.99
8.18
8.77
mg/1
57.0
79.8
70.4
102
80.4
69.6
80.9
             * Monthly averages from daily monitoring, October 1975 through March 1976. Ratios calculated using
               average monthly technical production reported by plant.  Mean concentrations are calculated by
               the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
                                                         TABLE VII-2
                                                          Continued
                                                          Pg 2 of 2
                                           OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE FINAL EFFLUENT*
                                                          PLANT M8
                                      NH3-N                          PHENOL                    TOTAL  PESTICIDES
en
kg/Kkg
29.4
41.2
46.5
60.0
59.2
29.7
Mean 44.3
rng/1
658
415
449
367
476
252
408
kg/Kkg
0.176
0.306
0.217
0.189
0.0889
0.190
0.194
mg/1
3.94
3.08
2.10
1.16
0.715
1.62
1.79
kg/Kkg
0.351
0.703
0.399
0.618
0.475
0.358
0.484
mg/1
7.85
7.08
3.86
3.78
3.82
3.04
4.46
              * Monthly averages from daily monitoring, October 1975 through March 1976.  Ratios calculated using
                average monthly technical  production reported by plant.   Mean concentrations are calculated by
                the equation: mg/1 = kg/ Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
During  a  representative  30-day  period  in  May  1975 thf
reduction of diazinon by hydrolysis averaged 99.9% resulting
in an  effluent  of  0.01  kg/day   (0.03  Ib/day)  prior  to
biological  treatment.  The basin is maintained at a pH less
than 1 at ambient temperature during 8 to 15 days  detention
time.

The  biological  system  has  been acclimated to a chlorides
concentration up to 20,000 mg/1 and is designed to handle up
to 30,000 mg/1.

Table VII-3 presents the  monthly  mean  values  from  daily
sampling  for one year of the final effluent at plant M9 for
one year.  Parameters  monitored  include  BOD,  TSS,  total
cyanide, diazinon, TKN, and ammonia nitrogen.  The treatment
system  achieves consistent removal of the above parameters.
The facility  treats  wastewater  consisting  of  66  to  85
percent pesticide wastes.

Plant  M10,  which produces halogenated organics and organo-
nitrogen pesticides, provides solids settling and filtration
of all process wastes.

Plant  Mil,  which  produces  organo-nitrogen  and   organo-
phosphorous  pesticides,  employs  caustic  hydrolysis, acid
hydrolysis, and chlorine oxidation to destroy toxic material
in  the  agueous  process  waste  before  discharging  to  a
holding/evaporation pond.

Plant  M12 produces halogenated organics and organo-nitrogen
pesticides.   Combined  plant  wastes,  including   sanitary
sewage and storm run-off, are treated in a biological system
operated  jointly  with a nearby chemicals supplier.   Solids
residues are landfilled on plant property.

Plant M13 produces halogenated  organics,  metallo-organics,
and organo-nitrogen based pesticides.   Combined plant wastes
are discharged to a municipal treatment system after mercury
recovery.

Treatment Technology Specific to Subcategory A

Plant  Al hydrolyzes its pesticide waste to pH 10 by caustic
soda addition.   After 16 hours of holding the wastewater  it
is  sent to an aeration pond which provides approximately 25
days retention.   About 200,000 cu cm/sec (400  cfm)   of  air
accomplishes  approximately  50  percent COD reduction.  The
final effluent is discharged to a  municipal  sewer  system.
Non-contact cooling water is discharged to a river.
                                 158

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                                                        TABLE VI1-3


                                       BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM CLARIFIER OVERFLOW*

                                                         PLANT M9
en
10
                                 FLOW
BOD
TSS
Total Cyanide
L/Kkg
91,500
80,900
66,200
69,300
78,400
60,400
109,000
88,600
71,900
64,300
53,000
Mean 75,800
gal /1 000 Ib
11,000
9,700
7,930
8,300
9,390
7,240
13,000
10,600
8,620
7,700
6,350
9,080
kg/Kkg
3.68
2.91
1.65
1.85
1.82
1.99
1.95
5.68
13.7
8.99
4.49
4.43
mg/1
40.3
35.9
24.9
26.7
23.3
33.0
17.9
64.1
191.0
140.0
84.6
58.5
kg/Kkg
4.92
6.02
2.96
2.67
3.31
1.88
3.32
9.58
12.0
8.54
4.89
5.46
mg/1
53.8
74.4
44.7
38.6
42.3
31.1
30.0
108.0
162.0
133.0
92.3
72.1
kg/Kkg
0.054
0.031
0.015
0.017
0.047
0.026
0.023
0.044
0.104
0.074
0.035
0.043
mg/1
0.586
0.387
0.218
0.244
0.606
0.436
0.209
0.498
1.450
1.150
0.651
0.562
              *Daily data for April 1975 through February 1976 averaged by month.Mean concentrations are
               calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

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                                         TABLE VI1-3
                        BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM CLARIFIER OVERFLOW*
                                          PLANT M9
                                          Continued
                                         Page 2 of 2
                   DIAZINON
TKN
NH3
mg/1
.00013
.00012
. 00007
. 00009
.00012
.00005
.00016
.00018
.00018
. 00029
.00017
Mean .00014
kg/Kkg
.0016
.0016
.0011
.0014
.0016
.0012
.0015
.0020
.0027
.0045
.0032
.0018
mg/1
42.9
26.7
22.7
32.0
25.6
18.8
27.0
20.6
14.9
16.7
13.5
23.8
kg/Kkg
463
328
347
470
329
315
245
238
197
245
254
. 314
mg/1
16.7
12.7
10.2
11.4
9.87
8.56
11.5
6.24
2.92
3.49
3.49
8.81
kg/Kkg
180
157
155
167
127
143
104
72.0
38.5
51.2
65.8
116
                          	a-.  ——„ ...- _._._-,— __, 	  Mean concentrations  are
calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
A  chronic  operational problem with the treatment system is
inadequate equalization of the surge loads  from  the  batch
operation.   Occasional  spills of surfactants cause foamina
which results in poor oxygen transfer.  An emergency holdincr
tank is used to divert unusually high  strength  wastes  for
later treatment.

Plant  A2 has been involved in an extensive effort to reduce
water usage and  segregate  non-contact  flows.   Barometric
condensers are being replaced with vacuum pumps.  Alcohol is
recovered by distillation and reused.

The  plant  provides  lime for pH adjustment, sedimentation,
and filtration with utlimate discharge to a municipal sewer.
The filtration, system  consists  of  both  a  sand-diluted,
copper  catalyzed  iron  powder  reduction bed filter, and a
stainless steel, 2 micron mesh filter,  both  of  which  are
periodically  backwashed into a 9,000 cu ft acid brick sump.
The sump is equipped  with  a  skimming  bar  and  a  sludge
collecting   system.    Both   skimmings   and   sludge  are
incinerated  on-site.   Acid  water  from  the   incinerator
scrubber  goes  to  a  final  neutralization  pit  prior  to
discharge to a municipal sewer.  A  pilot  resin  adsorption
system  has  been  tested  to  determine  optimum  operating
conditions prior to construction  of  a  full-scale  system.
The  filter and resin systems combined are expected by plant
personnel to remove  an  average  of  99.9  percent  of  the
pesticides.

Plant  A3  has  its  production area diked in order that all
leaks or spills may be contained.  Baghouses  are  used  for
dust  collection  and  the  dust is recycled.  Tank cars are
dedicated to a specific product and their washing is thereby
reduced to once per ^ear with washings recycled.   Extensive
efforts  have  been  made to improve housekeeping and reduce
water  usage   by   equipment   modifications   and   better
maintenance.    All   process  water,  spillage,  and  floor
washings  are  treated  in  a  separate  tank  to  separate,
recover,   and  recycle  any  free  toxaphene  or  toxaphene
solution.  A similar system is  used  for  rainwater  runoff
solution  makeup,  packaging, and shipping areas.  A special
crew is used to clean up spills.   If  it  is  necessary  to
remove a piece of equipment from the diked process area, the
equipment is first thoroughly decontaminated.

The  plant  mixes  process waste neutralized by caustic soda
and  limestone  with  clarified  storm  water  and  provides
further  clarification.  This effluent is then combined with
cooling water prior to final discharge to a stream.   Sludgp
from the drying beds is disposed of in a landfill.
                                 16]

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 The   system  was   designed   to   remove   90   percent  of   the
 toxaphene  concentration  in   the   influent   (2   mg/1  to   0.2
 mg/1);   according  to  plant personnel, the system actually
 achieves greater than  95  percent removal.

 Table VTI-4 presents the  monthly mean  values   for  effluent
 daily  sampling for suspended solids and toxaphene.  Monthly
 mean  suspended solids  averaged   58.1  mg/1   over  an  eleven
 month  period  and  ranged from  between a minimum of 18 mg/1
 and   a   maximum  of  95.1  mg/1.   Toxaphene concentrations
 averaged slightly more than  0.1  mg/1.

 Plant  AH  has  eliminated   wastewater  discharge  from   its
 toxaphene  production by dry-cleaning of spills  and  the   use
 of  solvent  instead   of  water   for equipment  washing.   The
 cleaning liquor is recovered and used in the process.    The
 production area is completely diked.

 Plant  A5  segregates  specific   waste streams, uses surfacp
 condensers, provides countercurrent  use  of  chemicals   and
 washwater,  employs special  seals to minimize overflows,  and
 recycles  and  reuses  wastewater.   The  plant   has   also
 instituted design  changes  which allow chemical (including
 phenol)   recovery and regeneration, with reuse   and  sale  of
 waste materials as raw materials.  The final discharge is to
 a municipal system.

 Plant   A6  practices   alcohol  extraction  of   a  segregated
 process  waste stream and converts the spent  solvent to a  by-
 product.   Another waste stream is steam  stripped  for   raw
 material   recovery  and  reuse with recycle of*wastewater to
 the feed.  A brine recovery  operation is proposed that would
 concentrate the brine  for chloride regeneration at a  nearby
 plant.   Through  by-product  recovery  and  reuse the plant
 hopes to achieve zero  discharge.  Currently  the  wastewater
 is passed through two  carbon columns then neutralized.

 Table  VII-5  represents  eight   months  monitoring  of  the
 activated  carbon effluent at Plant A6,  which  reports  BOD,
 COD,   TSS,   phenols,    TDS,  and  chlorinated  hydrocarbon
 concentrations.   Phenol  monthly   average   concentrations
 ranged   from  0.45  to  3.0  mg/1 and the mean value for the
 eight month period was 1.58 mg/1.

 Plant A7 deactivates its wastewater with caustic,  dilutes it
with cooling water, and discharges it to a municipal system.

 Following recovery of  scrubber condensate for process  reuse
 and  hydrolyzation.  Plant  A8 uses carbon adsorption at the
rate of   18,000 kg carbon  per  month  (40,000  Ib/month)   to

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cr>
oo
                                                          TABLE VII-4
                                                 SETTLING POND FINAL EFFLUENT*
                                                           PLANT A3

                                      Flow                           TSS                      Toxaphene
L/Kkg
8,889
9,127
10,592
9,696
9,673
8,992
8,528
7,688
7,733
7,442
8,581
Mean 8,815
gal/1000 Ib
1,066
1,094
1,270
1,162
1,160
1,078
1,022
921
927
892
1,028
1,057
kg/Kkg
—
—
--
—
0.920
0.627
0.697
0.577
0.369
0.240
0.154
0.512
mg/1
--
—
—
—
95.1
69.7
81.8
75.1
47.7
32.3
18.0
58.1
gm/Kkg
0.735
0.758
1.820
1.560
1.170
0.874
0.930
0.785
0.715
0.421
0.433
0.927
mg/1
0.0827
0.0831
0.1720
0.1610
0.1210
0.0972
0.1090
0.1020
0.0925
0.0566
0.0505
0.1050
               *  Monthly averages  of daily sampling,  May  1974 through  March  1975.   Mean  concentrations
                  calculated by the equation:  mg/1  =  (kg/Kkg)/(MGD/l000  Ib X 8.34).

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CT>
                                                            TABLE VII-5
                                         NEUTRALIZED ACTIVATED CARBON  (FINAL) EFFLUENT*
                                                             PLANT A6

                                  Flow                	BOD             	COD                    TSS
L/Kkg
6,770
6,710
8,020
5,510
11,200
11,100
9,640
Mean 8,420
gal /1 000 Ib
812
804
961
661
1,340
1,330
1,160
1,010
kg/Kkg
12.8
16.2
17.6
10.3
31.8
31.5
24.5
20.7
mg/1
1,890
2,410
2,200
1,870
2,840
2,840
2,540
2,460
kg/Kkg
28.2
23.0
52.7
22.2
49.4
46.9
44.3
38.1
mg/1
4,160
3,430
6,570
4,020
4,410
4,230
4,600
4,520
kg/Kkg
3.0
1.9
31.7
24.5
23.3
17.7
9.0
15.9
mg/1
443
283
3,950
4,440
2,080
1,600
933
1,890
               ..._.__ MIVII V.H i j  UT^IIA^V..;, UUIJT  i j i s/  oin uuyii  i cui uui j  i _// u , CAi^cp l, r\uyu3 \.  i 3 / j.   r\a I I Uo l~d I UU I a LcU
               from monthly  technical production  reported by plant.  Mean  concentrations are  calculated by the
               equation: mg/1  = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
                                            TABLE  VII  5
                                             Continued
                                             Pg  2  of 2
                          NEUTRALIZED ACTIVATED  CARBON (FINAL)  EFFLUENT*
                                             PLANT A6
                       Phenol
TDS
 Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
kg/Kkg
0.0206
0.012
0.0011
0.0025
0.033
0.01
0.014
Mean 0.013
mg/1
3.0
1.8
1.4
0.45
2.9
0.9
1.5
1.58
kg/Kkg
404
469
525
364
719
813
786
583
mg/1
59,600
69,900
65,500
65,900
64,200
73,300
81 ,500
69,200
kg/Kkg
0.003
0.0048
0.019
0.0139
0.088
0.13
0.392
0.09
mg/1
0.4
0.71
2.4
2.51
7.9
11.0
40.7
11.0
*NPDES monthly averages,  July 1975  through  February  1976,  except  August  1975.Ratios  calculated
 from monthly technical  production  reported by  plant.   Mean  concentrations  are  calculated  by  the
 equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg  divided  by (MGD/1000 Lb  X 8.34).

-------
 treat   combined   process  wastes.   The  system  is  reported  to
 achieve 89  percent removal  of TOC.

 Table VII-6  presents the results  of more  than four   months
 effluent sampling  at  Plant A8  for  TOC, COD,  TSS, and TCL.
 Effluent TOC,  reported as a monthly mean value, ranged from
 55  to 122 mg/1 and averaged 85.7  mg/1.

 Plant   A9   employs  no  wastewater  treatment.  The plant  is
 meeting its  toxaphene discharge limitation  of O.OU   Ib/day
 through in-plant control.   An  official  of the plant has
 stated  that  no discharge is theoretically achievable through
 the control  of all leaks, the recovery  of  all hydrochloric
 acid,   and   the conversion  of all fugitive hydrogen chloride
 and  chlorine  gases  into  bleach.   However,  in  ordinary
 operations  some discharge would be  inevitably  required.

 Plant   A10   has   selected   process  steps  which  result in a
 minimal  use  of process water.  A  solvent  stripper  recycled
 raw   materials   to  the  reactors.   The  solvent  used  in
 equipment cleanup is  recycled   as   a  raw  material.   The
 wastewater   is  discharged  to  a 100-acre evaporation basin
 which has no overflow.  A small amount  of  solid  waste  is
 handled  by an on-site incinerator.

 Plant   All   segregates  brine  from other process wastes for
 separate disposal to a deep well.  Combined  process  wastes
 and cooling water are released

 Plant  A12   disposes  of  all  contaminated and non-reusable
 process wastewater and wet  scrubber effluent to  a  sanitary
 landfill without  pretreatment.

 Plant  A13  treats process wastes using a settling pond with
 two  day  detention,  two   aeration   ponds  with  seven  day
 detention  each,   and a final settling pond.   Final discharge
 is to a municipal treatment system.

 Plant A1U discharges only a  small  amount  of  non-reusable
 process waste to an on-site evaporation ditch.

 Plant  A15  segregates and recycles mercury cell wastewater.
Trace organics are recovered from  waste  acid  gases  using
 refrigerated  condensers  and then thermally destroyed.  The
wastewater is neutralized and passed through a settling pond
before being discharged to a municipal sewer.

Plant A16 practices deep well injection of all  process  and
cooling water.
                                166

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cr>
                                                      TABLE VI1-6
                                          ACTIVATED CARBON (FINAL)  EFFLUENT*
                                                       PLANT A8

L/Kkg
3550
3180
2760
3210
Mean 3180
Flow
gal /1 000 Ib
426
381
331
385
381
TOC
kg/Kkg
0.240
0.425
0.152
--
0.272
mg/1
67.7
122
55.0
—
85.7
COD
kg/Kkg
--
1.35
0.684
--
1.02
mg/1
—
425
215
—
320
JSS TOTAL CHLUKlUt
kg/Kkg
--
1.33
0.995
0.112
0.814
mg/1
--
420
313
35
255
kg/Kkg
—
0.779
0.434
—
0.607
mg/1
—
248
135
—
191
          *Daily effluent composites October 1975 through December 1975 and February 1976. Ratios calculated
           using monthly average technical production and average flow reported by plant.  Mean concentrations
           are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
Plant A18 segregates and recycles cooling water.  The entire
production  area  is  built  on  a concrete pad and diked to
contain spills and rainfall runoff.  Process  waste  streams
are segregated for separate primary treatment.

The  only  discharge from the toxaphene process at Plant AIR
is spent caustic which is generated at a rate  of  about  10
gpm.    A  company  official  has  stated  that  independent
analyses have detected no toxaphene concentrations  in  this
stream.

Following  pH  adjustment  and  settling,  the wastewater is
discharged to a municipal treatment system.

Plant A19 segregates high  strength  wastes  for  deep  well
disposal  and  currently  uses only a holding pond for other
wastewater before discharge.  However, treatability  studies
at  the  plant  have shown that with proper pretreatment the
wastewater can be biologically treated.

A new waste treatment facility is under  construction  which
will  consist  of  pH adjustment, dechlorination with sodium
hydrosulfide,  presettling,   equalization,   clarification,
mixed  media  filtration,  activated  carbon dechlorination,
extended aeration, and final  clarification.   The  expected
effluent concentration of BOD is 10 mg/1.

Table  VII-7  presents the monthly mean values for BOD,  COD,
TOC and TSS in the effluent of Plant A19.  The BOD  averaged
99 mg/1, TOC 78 mg/1, and suspended solids 36 mg/1.

Table  VTI-8  shows  the  treated effluent averaged for five
plants treating halogenated organic waste.  Two  plants,  Afi
and  A8,  both  employ  pH  adjustment  and activated carbon
adsorption in order to reduce the level  of  pesticides  and
phenols  in  the  waste.    As  demonstrated  by Plant A6,  an
average  effluent  phenol  concentration  of  1.58  mg/1  is
achievable,  based  on approximately 99 percent removal.  An
average effluent pesticide concentration of  11.0  mg/1  was
reported.    The  degree  of  removal that this represents is
unknown due to lack of raw waste load monitoring.   Reduction
of organics through activated carbon is not well documented,
although as noted previously, Plant A8 has  demonstrated  an
88   percent   removal  of  TOC  resulting  in  an  effluent
concentration of 85.7 mg/1.  The COD effluent  of  320  mq/1
would  represent  approximately 94 percent removal; however,
this is based on a limited number of data points.   Plant  A6
operates  carbon  columns  at  an  abnormally high suspended
solids level, and  Plant  A8,  which  achieves  a  suspended
solids removal of 83 percent, still discharges approximately
                                168

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                                           TABLE VII-7
                                 HOLDING POND  (FINAL) EFFLUENT*
                                            PLANT AT 9

L/Kkg
91 ,700
91 ,700
97,600
103,000
103,000
94,200
95,900
113,000
83,600
102,000
119,000
114,000
122,000
Mean 102,000
Flow
gal/1000 Ib
11,000
11,000
11,700
12,300
12,300
11,300
11,500
13,600
10,300
12,200
14,300
13,700
14,600
12,300
BOD
kg/Kkg
15.8
6.06
7.25
10.2
10.2
7.11
10.2
12.8
14.0
11.5
7.49
6.92
11.9
10.1
mg/1
172
66
74
100
100
75
107
113
163
113
63
60
97
99
COD TOC
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg
30.6 333
17.6 192
16.4 168
8.80 86
22.4 219
10.7
2.96
6.90
7.94
12.0
8.73
5.67
5.45
19.2 197 8.29
mg/1
--
--
--
--
--
116
74
66
84
143
66
50
45
78
TSS
kg/Kkg
1.19
2.39
3.04
10.2
10.2
1.42
1.13
2.77
1.10
1.07
1.29
1.57
10.4
3.72
mg/1
13
26
31
100
100
20
12
24
13
11
11
14
85
36
*Monthly NPDES data from 24 hour  composites  taken  twice  per  month  except  TOC  (EPA  grab  samples).
 Ratios calculated using monthly  average  technical  production.   Mean  concentrations  are calculated
 by the equation:  mg/1  = kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000 Lb  X 8.34).

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                                          TABLE VI1-8

                                    TREATED EFFLUENT SUMMARY
                              HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDE PLANTS
                                         SUBCATEGORY A
                  FLOW
BOD
COD
TOC
PLANT

A3
A4
A6
A8
A9
A12
A18
AT 9
M9
L/Kkg

8,760
252
8,420
3,180
2,550
1,060
3,810
102,000
75,700
Gal /1 000 Lb kg/Kkg mg/1

1 ,050
3
1,010 20.7 2,460
382
306
127
457
12,300 10.1 99
9,080 4.43 58.5
kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1

-
-
38.1 4,520
1.02 320 0.272 " 85.7
-
-
-
19.2 197
-
Mean concentrations are calculated  by  the  equation: mg/1  =  kg/Kkg divided  by  (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34)

-------
                                         TABLE VI1-8
                                          Continued
                                      Page 2 of 2  Pages
                       TSS                          PHENOL                       PESTICIDES
PLANT kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg

A3 0.52 60
A4
A6 15.9 1890 0.013
A8 0.814 255
A9
A12
A18 -
A19 3.7 36
M9 5.46 72.1
mg/1 kg/Kkg

0.001
N.D.
1.58 0.09
-
0.001
0.504
N.D.
-
0.210
mg/1

0.11
N.D.
11.0
-
0.4
0.423
N.D.
-
0.109
Mean concentrations  are  calculated  by  the  equation: mg/1  =  kg/Kkg  divided  by (MGD/1000 Lb X  8.34)

Note:  N.D. = Not Detectable

-------
255  mg/1.   Both .JJsets  of  data indicate that treatment by
filtration may considerably improve operating efficiencies.

There is no one plant that utilizes biological treatment for
halogenated organic  pesticide  wastes  exclusively.   Plant
A19f  which  currently  discharges  99 mg/1 BOD by utilizing
gravity separation, intends to achieve 10 mg/1 (1.01 kg/kkg)
by upgrading the present system.   Plant  M9,  which  treats
wastewater   from   a   halogenated   organic  pesticide  in
combination with other pesticide wastes, is  achieving  58.5
mg/1  BOD.   Plant  A3,  which  operates a physical-chemical
treatment system, does  not  monitor  organics  but  reports
greater than 90 percent pesticide removal.

Treatment Technology Specific to Subcategory B

Plant  Bl  detoxifies  its  two  primary waste streams at an
elevated temperature and a pH greater than 11 achieved  with
caustic  soda.   The  detoxified  wastes  are  combined with
wastewaters from non-pesticide production lines in a 25-acre
anaerobic settling pond.  The clarified overflow passes to a
shallow aerobic pond which, during summer months, achieves a
COD reduction of 50 percent;  however, during the winter COD
removal is negligible.  The discharge from the aerobic  pond
is  combined  with  cooling  water  in  a  third pond before
further impondage for final clarification of oxidized  iron.
Investigations  of  biological  treatment,  which to date is
reported to be the only viable alternative for meeting NPDES
permit requirements, are being continued by the plant.

Plant B2 flows its acidic process waste through a  limestone
pit which increases its pH from a range of 1-2.5 to 4- 5.
The  discharge  from  the  limestone  pit  is  combined with
alkaline waste and the  total  stream  is  passed  into  two
agitated   hold  tanks  which  have  caustic  addition  when
necessary.  Analyses of  samples  from  the  hold  tank  for
parathion,  paranitro phenol, pH, and COD determine the feed
rate to the subsequent aeration basins and final clarifiers.

The centrifuged sludge from the activated sludge  system  is
disposed  of on land; the liquid effluent is discharged to a
municipal system.   The  treatment  system  is  reported  to
remove  95  to  98  percent  of  the influent COD, and has a
discharge concentration of less than 2 mg/1 of pesticides.

The  solvent  used  in  production  is  distilled  off   and
recycled.   Incinerator scrubber water and acidic wastes are
segregated.    Highly   concentrated   organic   wastes   are
incinerated.
                                172

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Incineration  scrubber  effluent  is passed directly through
limestone neutralization beds before  discharge  to  surface
waters.   Table  VII-9  is  a  tabulation of average monthly
values for BOD, COD, and pesticides.  Daily  maximum  values
for COD and parathion are also reported by the plant.  Table
VIT-10   is   a   listing   of   COD  and  pesticide  ratios
demonstrating the daily variability of the effluent  over  a
typical  30-day  operating  period.   The effluent COD ratio
averaged 6.137  kg/kkg  and  ranged  from  2.225  to  12.252
kg/kkg.   Parathion  in  the  effluent  averaged  less  than
0.000647 kg/kkg and ranged from less than 0.00005 to 0.00158
kg/kkg.

Table  VII-11  presents  the  results  of  daily  composited
samples   taken  on  seven  different  days  indicating  the
effluent concentrations fcr some other parameters, including
TOC, TSS, phenols, total chlorides,  total  ortho-phosphate,
total  phosphorus, and TKN.

Plant   B3  disposes  approximately  190,000  I/day  (50,000
gal/day)  to deep  well  injection.   Floor  drain  water  is
combined  with cooling water and storm water, neutralization
with sodium hydroxide, and sent to  a  lagoon.   The  lagoon
effluent  is filtered through rotary  drum precoated filters
to remove settleable solids and the filtrate  is  discharged
to  a  stream.   Solids are contract hauled to disposal off-
site.  Washwater and  distillation  condensate  are  reused.
Solvent is stripped and stored for reuse.

Plant  B4 recovers hydrogen sulfide and recycles distillation
overheads.    The  plant  also  utilizes  emergency  storage
facilities, special  pump  seals,  and  surface  condensers.
Segregation  and  collection of specific wastes are employed
in  conjunction  with  solvent  extraction   and   materials
recovery  and  reuse.   Detoxififcation  is accomplished for
each individual process.  Final disposal is ocean dumping.

Plant  B5  discharges  combined  process   and   non-contact
wastewater  to  navigable  waters  from  egualization and pF
adjustment.  Some process wastes and residues  are  contract
hauled to off-site disposal.

Plant  B6  recycles  wash water and scrubber effluent to the
process.

Plant  B7 which normally produces  both  organo-nitrogen  and
organophosphorous,  has operated its pretreatment system for
a period of two months when only organo-phosphorous products
were being manufactured.  Table VIT-12 presents the  monthly
average  effluent BOD, COD, TSS, TP, phenol, total chloride,
                                173

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                                           TABLE VII-9

                            MONTHLY  ACTIVATED SLUDGE  EFFLUENT  SUMMARY*
                                            PLANT B2
     BOD
    kg/Kkg
          COD
         kg/Kkg
         Parathion
          kg/Kkg
Monthly Average
0.659
0.938
0.214
0.417
0.385
0.520
0.688
0.104
0.275
0.409
0.296
0.456
0.829
0.512
0.413
Monthly Average
9.343
10.613
4.886
-
5.029
5.368
6.332
6.506
8.472
5.413
4.523
6.457
7.067
6.852
6.078
Daily Maximum
16.958
14.741
9.472
12.189
10.828
9.352
10.807
11.269
16.387
12.806
8.594
11.992
16.061
11.203
13.720
Monthly Average
0.0012
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0006
0.0009
0.0007
0.0004
0.0005
0.0013
0.0006
0.0005
Daily Maximum
0.0058
0.0029
0.0011
0.0015
0.0005
0.0050
0.0098
0.0012
0.0009
0.0059
0.0029
0.0098
0.0058
0.0060
0.0038
Mean
     0.474
6.64
0.0007
*Monthly averages of daily sampling January  1974 through March, 1975 reported as ratios by plant,

-------
                                TABLE VII-10

                          EFFLUENT DAILY VARIABILITY*
                                  PLANT B2
COD
kg/Kkg
8.868
6.105
8.251
5.246
3.487
12.252
3.387
7.593
3.721
4.100
8.864
8.392
2.456
6.250
2.225
7.865
6.956
7.000
2.442
4.003
7.397
4.744
11.962
6.642
4.605
4.762
3.098
7.079
6.405
7.945
Parathion
gm/Kkg
**1.578
**0.476
**0.476
0.476
0.896
**0.652
0.048
0.555
0.471
1.414
0.471
0.456
1.250
**0.050
**0.050
1.359
**0.455
0.455
1.200
0.833
0.411
0.485
**0.548
**0.548
**0.548
**0.652
**0.500
**0.492
**0.682
**0.479
Mean            6.137                                    **0.647
*  Daily composite samples, February 7,  through  March 8,  1976
** Less than
                                  175

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                                            TABLE VII-11
                             SELECTED  DAILY  ACTIVATED SLUDGE  EFFLUENT*
                                             PLANT B2

                   Flow                      COD                   TOC                   TSS
Mean







Mean
L/Kkg
48,500
67,600
67,600
67,600
67,600
71,800
71,800
66,100
gal/1000 Lb
5,820
8,110
8,110
8,110
8,110
8,610
8,610
7,930
kg/Kkg
12.5
23.3
14.5
19.8
35.7
24.0
21.0
21.5
mg/1
257
345
214
293
527
335
292
326
kg/Kkg
9.96
11.8
12.2
12.9
8.94
4.81
8.47
9.87
mg/1
205
175
180
140
132
67
118
149
kg/Kkg
3.86
1.22
1.13
1.48
--
5.69
0.697
2.35
mg/1
79
18
17
22
--
79
10
36
* Seven daily composites collected  March  through  May,  1974.   Ratios  calculated  from monthly
  average technical production  supplied  by  plant.   Mean  concentrations  are calculated  by the
  equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

-------
             Phenol
                TABLE VII-11
 SELECTED DAILY ACTIVATED SLUDGE EFFLUENT*
                 PLANT B2
                 Continued
             Page 2 of 2 Pages

TOTAL CHLORIDE    ORTHO-PHOSPHATE    TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
TKN
Mean kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg mg/1 kg/Kkg
0.00034 0.005 316 6,500 1.25
0.00034 0.005 399 5,900 1.31
1.02
0.00034 0.005 413 6,100 1.02
2.37
338 4,700 2.44
2.64
Mean 0.00034 0.005 366 5,730 1.72
* Seven dailv composites collected March through May,
mg/1
25.8
19.4
15.0
15.0
35.0
34.0
36.8
26.0
1974.
kg/Kkg
1.20
—
1.48
0.928
3.79
2.79
3.68
2.31
Ratios cal
mg/1
24.8
--
21.9
13.7
56.0
38.8
51.2
35.1
cuated from
kg/Kkg
0.054
0.038
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.020
0.040
0.0299
monthly ;
mg/1
1.12
0.56
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.56
0.45
weragi
technical production supplied by plant.   Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:
mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

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 —i
I CO
                                                           TABLE VII-12
                                                    PRIMARY TREATMENT EFFLUENT*
                                                             PLANT B7

                                  Flow                      BOD                   COD                   TSS
L/Kkg
58,865
44,888
Mean 51 ,876
gal/1000 Ib
7,056
5,381
6,219
kg/Kkg
91.3
126
109
mg/1
1,550
2,800
2,180
kg/Kkg
241
333
337
mg/1
5,940
7,420
6,550
kg/Kkg
2.0
3.0
2.5
mg/1
34
67
49
 ^Monthly NPDES mean values.  Ratios calculated from monthly average technical production supplied
 by the plant during period of primary treatment.
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MOD/1000 Lb X 8.34)

-------
10
                                                          TABLE  VII-12
                                                           Continued
                                                           P9  2  of  2
                                                   PRIMARY TREATMENT  EFFLUENT*
                                                            PLANT B7
Phenol
kg/Kkg
0.225
0.197
Mean 0.212

mg/1
3.8
16
4.1
TOTAL
kg/Kkg
387
370
379
CHLORIDE
mg/1
6,580
8,240
7,360
NH3
kg/Kkg
78
70
74

mg/1
1,320
1,560
1,440
TOTAL
kg/Kkg
50.8
34.5
42.7
PHOSPHORUS
mg/1
862
769
830
              *Monthly NPDES mean values.   Ratios  calculated from monthly average production supplied by the
               plant during period of primary treatment.
             Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation: mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by  (MGD/1000  Ib X 8.34)

-------
 and ammonia  nitrogen  for  the  two  month period.   This  primary
 settling  removes  70 to  87 percent of  the   suspended   solids.
 The plant provides incineration of particularly  strong  waste
 streams.   It also employs special pump seals.

 Table   VIl-13 presents   the  average  final effluent for four
 plants  which produce  organo-phosphorus   pesticides.    The
 reduction of COD  at Plant B2, which produces only  parathion,
 is   approximately 96  percent.  BODr not monitored  in  the raw
 waste,  has an average effluent concentration  of  9.5  mg/1.
 Plant   M2,   which produces   primarily organo-phosphorus but
 also organo-nitrogen  compounds, has demonstrated removals of
 approximately 87.5 percent BOD and 65.4 percent  COD.    The
 larger  pollutant  ratio  for BOD for Plant M8  (12.0  kg/kkg) as
 compared   to Plant   B2   (0.474 kg/kkg) is due to  the larger
 flow ratio and larger ratio of intermediate to final  product
 at  Plant  M8.

 Both Plants  B2 and M8r as  previously  noted, operate aeration
 basins  at high levels of  mixed   liquor   suspended   solids.
 Consequently,  effluent   suspended solids  concentrations  are
 higher  than  might be  expected.  Removal rates for  suspended
 solids  for   Plants B2 and M8 are  approximately  74.8  percent
 and  50.3  percent,   respectively.    Plant M2,    which  is
 primarily an organophosphorus   pesticide producer,   has a
 holding pond effluent suspended solids  concentration  of  12
 mg/1, equivalent  to 0.32  kg/kkg.

 The  amount   of   nutrients  in  the   final  effluent  varies
 considerably, due to  process differences   between  products.
 Plant B2, which produces parathion, reduces TKN  from  2.74 to
 0.45 mg/1,   or   approximately  78 percent.  Plant M8,  which
 produces  predominantly organo-phosphorus pesticides,  reduces
 NH3-N by  approximately 45  percent  to  408   mg/1.    Plant  M9,
which   produces   diazinon  and  organo-nitrogen  pesticides,
 reduces TKN   approximately  42  percent to  314  mq/1,   and
 reduces   NH3-N  to  116  mg/1.   The  only  plant  monitoring
 phosphorus in the effluent (Plant  B2)    averaged  35.1   mg/1.
This amounted to an 80 percent reduction.

Plant   B2  monitors   one  pesticide,  parathion, and  reports
average removals of   99.7  percent  or  greater.   Plant  M9
reduces  diazinon  more  than  99.9   percent to  0.0018  mg/1.
Plant M8 averages 4.46 mg/1 total  pesticide in its effluent.
Only  one   plant   (M9)    reported   cyanide    data.     The
concentration averaged 0.562 mg/1, or 0.043 kg/kkg.

Daily  values of treated effluent  at Plant B-2 are indicated
for COD and parathion in Table VII-9.   The ratios  of   daily
maximum  to   30-day   average are 1.907  for COD and 6.192 for
                               180

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                                 TABLE VI1-13

                           TREATMENT EFFLUENT SUMMARY
                      ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE PLANTS
                                SUBCATEGORY B

Flow (L/Kkg)
(gal/1000 Ib)
BOD (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
COD (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
SS (kg/Kkg)
(mg/D
TP (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
TKN (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
N-NH3 (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
Phenol (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
Cyanide (kg/Kkg)
(mg/D
Pesticide (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
PLANT
B2
50,000
6,000
0.474
9.5
6.64
133
2.35
36
2.31
35.1
0.03
0.45
--
0.00034
0.005
__
0.00070
0.014
PLANT
M2
33,340
3,997
1.77
67
9.99
377
0.32
12
--
--
--
--
--
N.D.
N.D.
PLANT
M8
109,000
13,000
12.0
110
137
1,260
8.77
80.9
--
--
44.3
408
0.194
1.79
--
0.484
4.46
PLANT
M9
75,700
9,080
4.43
58.5
--
5.46
72.1
--
23.8
314
8.81
116
__
0.043
0.562
0.00014
0.0018
Note:   Mean concentration are calculated  by the equation:  mg/1  =  kg/Kkg
       divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).
                                  181

-------
 parathion.  Ratios  of daily maximum  to   30-day   average  for
 Plant  M8  are  as  follows:

                       COD               =  2.110
                       BOD               =  2.149
                       Total Pesticides  =  1.535
                       SS                =  2.912
                       NH3               =  1.392
                       Phenol            =  2.871

 Treatment Technology Specific to Subcategory C

 Plant  C1  reports  that it has not  found  a practical way to
 treat  Atrazine filtrate.  Waste acid is  pumped directly to a
 pH adjustment facility where it is   treated  in  two  stages
 with    lime.     The    lime    treatment   also   provides
 chloroalkylation with  the  resulting  removal   of  HCN  and
 derivatives.

 A  7.2  million  gallon  holding/settling  pond  receives the
 Atrazine waste along with other wastewaters.  Solids, mainly
 calcium carbonate, are periodically  removed  for  thickening
 and  burial in an industrial landfill.   The pond effluent is
 further neutralized before discharge.

 Plant C2  converted  from  direct  discharge  to  deep  well
 injection in 1975.

 Plant C3, which manufactures various other chemicals besides
 organo-nitrogens,  produces  a  waste stream of which only a
 small portion is from pesticide manufacture.   After  highly
 concentrated   wastes  have  been  segregated  and  contract
 hauled, the remaining wastewater is  treated by equalization,
 extended aeration, lime neutralization,  and chlorination.

 Plant C4 provides  carbon  adsorption,   neutralization,   and
 biological treatment of organo-nitrogen wastes;  however,  the
 biological  system  also  receives  wastewaters  from  other
 chemical processing.  Acid is recovered  and incinerated.

The carbon columns attain an average COD reduction  of  83.U
 percent  removal  and  have an effluent BOD concentration of
 less than 100  mg/1.   Table  VII-14  itemizes  the  average
 effluent achievable.

The system is reported to have numerous operational problems
 such as degassing and corrosion.   Pesticides remaining after
carbon  treatment are discharged to the biological treatment
system.
                                182

-------
Plant  C5  discharges  all  process  wastewaters   into   an
evaporation pond.

Plant C6 manufactures several other chemicals in addition to
an  organo-nitrogen  compound.   All  the process wastes are
combined and subjected to  oil  skimming  and  a  series  of
settling ponds prior to discharge.

Plant  C7  discharges  combined  process wastewater, cooling
water, and sanitary sewage to a municipal  treatment  system
after   neutralization   and   chlorination   using   sodium
hypochlorite bleach.

Plant C8 has previously discharged all process wastewater to
a municipal sewer.  Based on treatability studies the  plant
has started construction of an activated sludge system, with
the  predicted   effluent  characteristics indicated in Table
VII-14.  The low concentrations reported are a  function  of
the  high  flow  ratio  which,  due  to  sampling  location,
includes uncontaminated cooling water.

Plant  C9  provides  chemical  treatment,  filtration,   and
adsorption of all process wastewater before discharge.

Plant  CIO  provides  one  day detention before discharge to
POTW.

Plant Cll discharges combined cooling, sanitary, and a small
amount   of   process   wastes   to   a   municipal   sewer.
Approximately  600  gal  of process wastewater is discharged
per week after pH adjustment using caustic soda.

Plant C12 contains  all operations within  a  concreted  area
which  is  completely  surrounded  by  a  grated  collection
channel.   The   channel  receives  all  rainfall  from   the
operations  area,   all  wash  downs,  and all spillages, and
directs them to  the treatment plant.

Of the plants discussed above and  shown  in  Table  VII-14,
Plant  C8  and M9 are the  most applicable to the development
of effluent guidelines as  they both  employ,  or  intend  to
employ, biological  treatment.  Approximate removal  rates for
the two plants are  as follows:

                 BOD           COD           Pesticide

Plant  C8       94.4%          86.4%           68.5%
Plant  M9       93.5%          	             	
                                 183

-------
                                  TABLE VII-14

                            TREATED EFFLUENT SUMMARY
                        ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDE PLANTS
                                  SUBCATEGORY C
PARAMETER
Flow (L/Kkg)
(Gal/1000 Ib)
BOD (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
COD (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
TOC (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
TSS (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
TKN (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
NH3-N (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
TP (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1 )
Cyanide (kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
Total Pesticide
(kg/Kkg)
(mg/1)
PLANT
C4
1,790
214
0.17
88
2.4
1,280
1.2
642
--
150
0.14
76
--
—
Negligible
0.0002
PLANT PLANT
C8 M3
172,000
20,600
2.69
12.2 37.5
11.7
53 87.5
250
2.99
13.5 2.5
—
5.17
23.4
0.418
1.9
__
0.976
4.4
PLANT PLANT
M7 M9
75,700
9,080
4.43
58.5
__
__ 	
5.46
72.1
23.8
314
8.81
116
— — — —
0.043
0.562
0.269
.1.0 3.55
Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:  mgl  =  kg/Kkg
       divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).
                                  184

-------
Good correlations exist between effluent ratios at Plants C8
and M9 for BOD, TSSr and NH3-N.

Data  from Plant C4 documents the applicability of activated
carbon  by  indicating  low  levels  of  pesticides  in  the
effluent, as well as good reduction of organics.

Treatment Technology Specific to Subcategory D

Plant   D5  recycles  all  process  water  to  the  process.
Condenser cooling water and storm water are discharged to  a
series   of  four  evaporation  ponds.   The  plant  reports
sampling revealed approximately 1 mg/1 arsenic in the ponds.

Plant D6 also recycles all process wastewater resulting from
the manufacture of arsenate  herbicides.   Only  non-contact
cooling  water and contaminated storm runoff are discharged.
Acid waters are truck hauled to recovery,  and  some  solids
are truck hauled to a landfill.

Plant  D8,  which  produces  halogenated  organics,  organo-
nitrogen, and metallo-organic  pesticides,  recycles  mercury
wastes into the process.

Plant D9 practices complete reuse of  all process wastewater.
The  process  actually  has a  negative water balance in that
all process and even storm water can  be reused.

Also see above discussion for  Plants  M2, M6, M7, and M8.

Treatment Technology Specific  to Subcategory E

Formulation and blending operations are generally  conducted
on  a  batch basis  and eguipment is multi-product  in nature.
Vessels  are   cleaned  between batches  to    avoid   cross-
contamination.   Many  plants   employ storage  tanks to hold
wash  liquids in order that  they   can be  used for  makeup
purposes  at the next formulation of  the same  product.  This
procedure reduces  the total quantity  of washwater  discharged
and minimizes  product losses.   It can be applied   in  plants
where    both   water    and    solvent-based    products    are
manufactured.   For example. Plant  E50 performs all  liquid
equipment   cleaning  with  solvents,  which are collected  and
used  in  the next batch formulation.

Housekeeping is particularly  important for formulators  since
virtually all  wastewater generated  is  from   equipment   and
floor  cleanup.    Nearly  all  formulators use dry floor  and
spill  cleanup  techniques and  solvent  recovery  (for  example,
Plants El - E38, and  E50).
                                 185

-------
 Evaporation  is  the predominant disposal technique employed
 by formulators.  This method can be identified for Plant  El
 through   E38   throughout   the   southeast,   midwest,   and
 southwest.  Spray recirculation is commonly  used  in  those
 areas   in   which   precipitation  rates  equal  or  exceed
 evaporation rates,  other methods of  enhancing  evaporation
 used   in   the   industry  include  supplemental  heat  and
 coverings.  The flows from these plants   range  from  a  few
 hundred liters  per day to Several thousand liters per day.

 Disposal  of wastewater to landfill or by contract operators
 is also employed by formulators,  as  exemplified  by  Plants
 E39 through E42.

 Spray  irrigation  following treatment is practiced by Plant
 E50.    The  treatment  includes   oil   skimming,    chemical
 coagulation,  vacuum filtration,  and aeration.   During three
 to four months  of each year,  spray irrigation  is  prohibited
 by   climatic   conditions   and   the   effluent  from   the
 pretreatment system  is   discharged  to   a municipal   sewer
 system.    However,   it  is judged (and has been  confirmed by
 plant personnel)  that with additional effort all  wastewater
 could be excluded from the municipal  sewer.

 Of    the  more   than   seventy-five  plants contacted  whosp
 operations  are   devoted   exclusively to   formulation    and
 packaging,   none   were   found   who  discharge  wastewater to
 navigable     waters.      In    addition,     23     combined
 manufacturing/formulation   facilities  who do   discharge to
 navigable  waters  report no significant wastewater  generation
 from  formulation  or  packaging    activities    (see   above
 discussion  of  Plants  Ml, M7  and M9).  it is judged that a
 facility  generating  wastewater   from  a   formulation   or
 packaging  operation  could  eliminate the wastewater by in-
 plant   controls,   such  as   re-use   or   recycle,   and/or
 containment   for  evaporation,  resulting  in no  discharge as
 commonly achieved by many  in this  industry.

 TREATMENT MODELS

 In order to allow an assessment of the  economic  impact  of
 the   proposed  guidelines, model treatment systems have been
 proposed.  As previously emphasized, the particular  systems
 chosen   are  not  the  only systems capable of attaining the
 specified pollutant reductions.

Since the purpose of this document is  to  develop  effluent
 limitations  and guidelines for point source discharges into
navigable  waters,  municipal  treatment   is  not   directly
considered as a treatment alternative.
                                186

-------
Treatment  systems  considered  herein are for subcategories
consisting of numerous plants located throughout the  United
States,   and   therefore   the  systems  are  by  necessity
generalized.   The  performances  of  the  model   treatment
systems  discussed  herein  are  based  on  the demonstrated
performances of existing  facilities  or  a  combination  of
units operating at different facilities.  The operating data
is  buttressed  by a considerable amount of laboratory data,
pilot plant operations, and treatability studies within  the
industry.   Nevertheless,  the systems should not be blindly
implemented.  Whenever a treatment plant is to  be  designed
for  a particular industrial operation, the design should be
preceded by a characterization of the process wastewater  of
the  specific  plant  and by pilot plant studies in order to
provide an optimum treatment system for the given process.

The  BPT  model  treatment  systems   developed   for   each
subcategory  are illustrated in Figures VII-U through VII-6.
Design assumptions  for  each  unit  process  are  presented
below.   In general, individual units within each plant have
been sized and arranged so that they may  be  taken  out  of
operation  for  maintenance without seriously disrupting the
operation of the plant.

The type and  arrangement  of  in-process  control  required
varies  from  subcategory to subcategory and even from plant
to plant.  In general, however, in-process control  consists
of     such   facilities   as   neutralization,   hydrolysis,
clarification, carbon adsorption, and resource recovery.

Since  Subcategory  A,  B,  and  C  wastewaters  can  contain
separable  organics  which  would  interfere with downstream
treatment processes, oil removal in an  API type separator is
needed.   The  separator  can  be  rectangular  or  circular
depending  on  land  availability,  flow,  and  other design
considerations.  The skimmed organics cannot be reclaimed in
most cases  and should  be incinerated  or  containerized  for
approved    disposal.   Subcategory  C   wastes  contain  high
suspended solids  loadings in addition   to  oil  and  grease.
Removal   of  both  pollutants  can  be accomplished  in   a
combination oil and  solids  separation.   Skimmed  oils  or
organics    should   be   incinerated  or  containerized  for
disposal.   Settled solids are held in a holding  tank  prior
to dewatering in  combination with biological  solids from the
treatment plant.

Waste   streams  which  are  not  compatible  with biological
treatment,  such as distillation  tower bottoms  or tars,  will
be   generated  by Subcategories  A,  B,  and C.   The most
applicable  treatment for such wastes  is  incineration.   The
                                 187

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                                                    FIGURE VII-4


                                                   BPT COST MODEL
                                                    SUBCATEGORY A
00
CO
              GENERAL
              PROCESS -
             WASTEWATER
                STRONG
               ORGANIC-
               WASTES
             EQUAL-
            IZATION
             BASIN.
                                       WATER'
INCINERATOR
                          -VENT
SCRUBBER
                        -CAUSTIC

                        -ACID
NEUTRAL-
IZATION
 TANK
API TYPE
SEPARATOR
                                                   OIL SKIMMINGS
FILTRATION
  CARBON
ADSORPTION
                                                                      RETURN SLUDGE
 AERATION
  BASIN
                    OVERFLOW
             SLUDGE
            THICKENER
  AEROBIC
 DIGESTOR
  FINAL
CLARIFIER
                                                    FILTRATE
 VACUUM
 FILTER
 SOLIDS TO
  DISPOSAL
                                             SLUDGE
MONITORING
  STATION
                                                                        T
                                                                       FINAL
                                                                     DISCHARGE

-------
                                                           FIGURE  VII-5

                                                          BPT  COST MODEL
                                                          SUBCATEGORY B
CO

HII
AMMI
WAST
STRONG T
nRRANir L
3H
">MT /\

EWATER




AMMONIA
STRIPPING
COLUMN BOTTOMS


BY-PRODUCT-*— 1
WATER 	 1 r-
T 1
INCINERATOF
WASTEWATER
OIL SKIMMINGS

GENERAL
PROCESS 	 *• SEPA
1 1 ft OTPHA Trr> *>L.rr\



EQUAL I/A 1 ION *


(




,
M

SCRUBBER



— *-VENT
~| EFFLl
J

LIME
$ SLURRY
ftPI . LIME
RATOR SETTLING

SLUDGE RET
t
AERATION







HYDROLYSIS
t


I








MCIITDAI

JENT
IZATIO
FILTRATE

OVERFLOW
SOLIDS UNDERFLOW
"URN



FINAL



BASINS CLARIFIERS




>

IH


ICKENER



VACl
FIL1

N 	 1

1

JUM > TO
[ER DISPOSAL
t
FINAL
EFFLUENT

-------
                                                           FIGURE VI1-6


                                                          BPT COST MODEL
                                                          SUBCATEGORY C
10
o
                            HIGH
                          AMMONIA -
                        WASTEWATER
                AMMONIA
               STRIPPING
                STRONG
               ORGANIC—
              WASTEWATER
              GENERAL
              PROCESS —
             WASTEWATER
                                        BY-PRODUCT-J
                                            WATER—
            COLUMN BOTTOMS
                              -VENT
INCINERATOR
 SCRUBBER    EFFLUENT-
                                   SKIMMINGS
    API
 SEPARATOR
HYDROLYSIS
                                                        t
H
NEUTRALIZATION
                                  FILTRATE
                                                I   OVERFLOW
                                    SOLIDS UNDERFLOW
                         SLUDGE RETURN
               AERATION
                BASINS
    FINAL
  CLARIFIERS
    THICKENER
           AEROBIC
           DIGESTOR
                                  FINAL
                                EFFLUENT
EQUALIZATION
                         VACUUM
                         FILTER
                      SOLIDS
                    *-   TO
                     DISPOSAL

-------
incinerator  will  burn principally liquid wastes, but it is
possible that provisions will  be  necessary  to  incinerate
toxic  or  polluting  components  from  off-gases and vessel
vents.   The  incinerator  should  be  equipped   with   air
pollution  control devices, and the wastewater effluent from
these units should be discharged to the wastewater treatment
plant, specifically to the pH adjustment stage.

The pH of raw process  wastewater  flowing  into  the  model
treatment   system   will   probably  deviate  from  neutral
conditions.  In order to make the wastewater  more  amenable
to treatment, neutralization facilities are provided for all
subcategories.

Detoxification  of  wastewaters generated by the halogenated
organic model plant is accomplished  by  carbon  adsorption,
while hydrolysis is employed for Subcategories B and C.

After  in-process control the plant wastewaters require flow
equalization.   Equalization  is  best  carried  out  in   a
concrete  or concrete-lined basin.  The size of the basin is
dependent on  the  flow  and  contaminant  loading  patterns
which,  of  course,  are  closely  related to the production
processes with particular consideration given to the  batch-
type operation.

Biological treatment consists of an activated sludge system.
The  overall  activated  sludge  process  includes  aeration
basins, final flocculator-clarifiers,  and  sludge  handling
facilities.

Sludge  handling  facilities  for Subcategory A and C plants
consists of sludge thickening, aerobic digestion, and vacuum
filtration.  For Subcategory B, aerobic digestion  will  not
be  required  as  the  sludge  produced will contain a large
amount of lime as a result of  phosphate  precipitation  and
will be relatively stable without digestion.

No   model   waste   treatment   facility  is  provided  for
Subcategory D wastewaters  since  no  discharge   of  process
wastewater pollutants  is recommended.

The  model  treatment  system provided for the Subcategory  E
model plant is total evaporation for  the  small  volume  of
wastewater  expected   following implementation of a suitable
process control  system.
                                191

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Treatment System Design  Basis

In  addition to  the wastewater  loadings  listed in Table  VII-
15  the  design configurations  of the wastewater treatment
plant models  are based on the  criteria  listed below.

API Separator

The API type  operators are sized based  on the following:

   Temperature  = UO°F

   Rise rate  of oil globules = 0.16 ft/min

   Maximum allowable mean horizontal velocity = 2.U ft/min

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis units for the purpose  of  detoxifying  pesticide
wastes  are   designed for a detention time of 12 hours and a
length to width ratio of 5 to  1.

Carbon Adsorption

The carbon adsorption system for Subcategory A  is  a  down-
flow,  fixed  bed type with a carbon contact time of 30 to UO
minutes depending on the characertistics  of  the  influent.
The  hydraulic  loading  on  the system is assumed to be 160
1/min/sq m (4 gpm/sq ft)  .  For smaller plants the system  is
assumed to be leased with carbon regeneration being provided
by the leaser.  For larger plants, it is assumed that carbon
regeneration  is accomplished on-site.

Incinerators

The  design  of the incinerator is based strictly on flow as
the heat release values of the waste are  negliaible.    Fuel
requirements  are based on a heat requirement of 0.5 million
cal-gm/kg (1,000 BTU/lb)  of waste.

Equalization Basin

Equalization basins are generally sized for a  holding  time
of  36 hours.   The basin is equipped with a floating aerator
with the following energy requirements:

-------
                                 TABLE VII-15
                     BPT TREATMENT  SYSTEM DESIGN SUMMARY
Treatment System Hydraulic Loading
       (Design Capacities)
            Subcategory

          A Small Plant
          A Large Plant
          B Small Plant
          B Large Plant
          C Small Plant
          C Large Plant
          E Small Plant
          E Medium Plant
          E Large Plant
    Hydraulic Loading
   (gpd)
  151,000
  798,000
   76,100
  835,000
   88,000
1,080,000
       10
      500
    5,000
  (L/day)
  572,000
3,020,000
  288,000
3,160,000
  333,000
4,100,000
   37.5
    1,890
   18,900
                                 193

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                      Influent          Kilowatts Required
                  Suspended Solids      Per Million Liters

                Less  than 500  mg/1              7.9
                   500 -  1000  mg/1             H.8
                  1000 -  2000  mg/1             15.8
                More  than 2000 mg/1             19.7

 For flows less  than  94,600 I/day  the  basin is  constructed of
 steel.   For  greater  flows it  is of  reinforced  concrete  or  a
 lined  earthen basin,  whichever is more  cost effective.

 Neutralization

 The two-stage  neutralization basin is  sized on  the basis of
 an  average detention  time of  10 minutes.   The  size of   lime
 and acid handling   facilities   is  determined  according to
 acidity/alkalinity data  collected during the   survey.    Bulk
 lime-storage    facilities   (18   kkg)   or bag   storage  is
 provided,  depending on plant  size.  Sulfuric acid  storage is
 either by 208 1  (55-gallon) drums or  in carbon-steel  tanks.
 Line or  acid addition is  controlled by  two pH  probes, one in
 each  basin.  The lime slurry is  added  to  the  neutralization
 basin  from  a  volumetric feeder.   Acid  is   supplied  by
 positive  displacement   metering  pumps.    One   kilowatt  of
 mixing is provided per 3,000  liters of  capacity.

 Ammonia  Removal

 Facilities are provided  for steam stripping of ammonia   from
 selected waste  streams   for  Subcategories B and C.  While
 this technology is not currently  practiced  in the  pesticide
 chemicals  industry,  one  plant  has  plans  to have such a
 system on line by July 1977.  Also, there  are  six  ammonia
 steam  stripping  units   in operation in nitrogen  fertilizer
 plants and the  operation  is  routinely  performed  in   the
 refining  and  organic chemicals  industries.  Concentrations
 of  ammonia in the condensate  feed to these strippers  varies
 from  100  to  1300  mg/1 with the  stripped effluent ranging
 from 5 to 100 mg/1, thus  providing  reductions in some  cases
 of  more  than 95 percent.   These systems, which are described
 in  the  Development Document for Basic Fertilizer chemicals
 (EPA 440/1-73/011), are considered  to be applicable  to   the
 pesticide  chemicals  industry and  have been accepted by  the
 industry.

The model system included herein  for cost purposes  consists
of  an  equalization  tank  designed  for 24-hour storage, a
 pressure filter, a heat exchanger,  steam stripping  columns,
and   ammonia   storage   facilities.     All   equipment  is
                               194

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constructed of stainless steel or other corrosion  resistant
material.

The  wastewater feed is assumed to contain 3 percent ammonia
and the recovered ammonia solution  to  contain  22  percent
based on 95 percent ammonia removal.

The  design assumptions were based in part on Guthrie (1969)
and the plans of the pesticide plant mentioned above.

Evaporation

The model treatment for  Subcategory  F  consists  of  total
evaporation.   The system consists of a concrete pit covered
with a transparent roof to  prevent  entrance  of  rainfall.
Evaporation  is  enhanced  by a spray-recirculation systems.
As discussed earlier in this  section,  evaporation  systems
are widely used by formulators at the present time.

Primary Flocculation Clarifiers

Primary  flocculator clarifiers with surface areas less than
93 square meters  (1,000 square feet) are  rectangular  units
with  a  length  to  width  ratio of 1 to 4.  The side water
depth varies from 1.8 to 2.4 meters  (6 to 8 feet), dependina
on plant size, and the design overflow rate is 5 cu m/day/sq
m  (400 gpd/sq. ft.) .

Clarifiers with surface areas greater than 93 square  meters
 (1,000   square  feet)  are  circular  units.  The side water
depth varies from 2 to 4 meters  (7 to 13 feet), depending on
plant size, and the design overflow rate is 5 cu m/day/sq   m
 (400   gpd/sq   ft).   Flocculent  addition   facilities  are
provided.

Duplicate sludge pumps are provided to withdraw sludge at an
assumed  1.5 percent solids.  A  minimum  freeboard  of  0.46
meters  (1.5 feet) is allowed.  The rectangular units and the
circular ones  of  less than  150 meters  (500 feet) diameter
are to be constructed  of  steel;  the  units  with  greater
diameters are to be of reinforced concrete.

Nutrient Addition

Facilities  are provided for the addition of  phosphoric acid
and anhydrous ammonia to the biological system in  order  to
maintain the ratio of BOD:N:P  at 100:5:1.

Aeration Basin
                                 195

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The  size of aeration basins is based on detention times and
food  to  microorganism  ratios  commonly  used  within  the
industry.   Mechanical  surface aerators are provided in the
aeration basin.

Aerators were selected on-the basis of the following:

    Oxygen Utilization:  Energy      0.8 kg/kg BOD removed

                         Endogenous  6 kg hr/1,000 kg MLVSS
     Oxygen  Utilization:

     Oxygen  Transfer
    Motor Efficiency

    Minimum Basin DO

    Minimum Number of Aerators
                                     3.5 Ib hr/shaft hp at
                                     20°C in tap water

                                     85 percent

                                     2 mg/1

                                     2
Oxygen is monitored in the basins using DO probes.

Sludge Thickener

The sludge thickener is designed on the basis  of  a  solids
loading of 6 Ib/sq ft/day.

Aerobic Digestor

The  size  of  the  aerobic digester is based on a hydraulic
detention time of 20 days.  The size of  the  aerator-mixers
is based on an oxygen requirement of 1.6 kg/kg VSS destroyed
and  a  mixing  requirement of 120 hp per million gallons of
digester volume.  A solids production of 0.6 kg  VSS/kg  BOD
removed and a VSS reduction of 50 percent were assumed.

Vacuum Filtration

The  size  of the vacuum filters is based on a cake yield of
10 kg/ sq m/hr for biological sludge, and 20 kg/sq m/hr  for
combined  primary  and  biological  sludge.   Maximum running
times of 16 hours for large plants and  8  hours  for  small
plants  are used.  The polymer system is sized to deliver 18
kg of polymer per ton of dry solids.

Final Sludge Disposal

For all plants, sludge is assumed to be  disposed  of  at  a
specially designated landfill.
                               196

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SUMMARY OF MODEL TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Table   VII-16   lists   the  effluent  flow  and  pollutant
concentrations expected to be achieved by each of the  model
treatment  systems  discussed  above.   The process by which
these were derived is presented in Section  IX,  Summary  of
Guidelines Development.
                                197

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00
                                                            TABLE VII-16

                                                           SUMMARY OF BPT
                                                  MODEL TREATMENT SYSTEM EFFLUENTS
SUBCATE60RY
A

B

C

E


MODEL PLANT
PRODUCTION FLOW
Kkg/day L/day
16.2 572,000
85.7 3,020,000
6.56 288,000
72.0 3,160,000
9.43 333,000
116 4,100,000
83
4,170
41,700
30-DAY MAXIMUM
EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS, mq/1
BOD COD NH3-N
246 601 NR
246 601 NR
34.6 271 101
34.6 271 101
244 597 138
244 597 138
__
__
--
TSS PHENOL
179 0.0482
179 0.0482
161 NR
161 NR
269 NR
269 NR
—
__
—
PESTICIDES
0.0866
0.0866
0.0397
0.0397
0.199
0.199
--
--
—
             NR = Not Regulated

             Note:  Mean concentrations are calculated by the equation:  mg/1 = kg/Kkg divided by (MGD/1000 Lb X 8.34).

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                        SECTION VIII

        COST, ENERGY, AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS
General

Cost  information  for  the  suggested end-of-pipe treatment
models is presented in  the  following  discussion  for  the
purpose  of  assessing  the  economic impact of the proposed
effluent limitations and guidelines.   A  separate  economic
analysis  of  treatment  cost impact on the industry will be
prepared and the results will be  published  in  a  separate
document.

In  order  to evaluate the economic impact of treatment on a
uniform basis,  treatment  models  which  will  provide  the
desired  level of treatment were proposed in Section VII for
each industrial  subcategory.   In-plant  control  measures,
other  than  incineration and pesticide detoxification, have
not been evaluated because the cost, energy,  and  non-water
quality  aspects of in-plant controls are intimately related
to the specific processes  for  which  they  are  developed.
Although  there are general cost and energy requirements for
equipment items, these correlations are usually expressed in
terms of specific design parameters.   Such  parameters  are
related to the production rate and other specific considera-
tions at a particular production site.

In  the  manufacture  of  a  single  product there is a wide
variety of process plant sizes and  unit  operations.   Many
detailed  designs  might be required to develop a meaningful
understanding   of   the   economic   impact   of    process
modifications.    The  series  of  designs  for  end-of-pipe
treatment models can be related directly  to  the  range  of
influent hydraulic and organic loadings within each industry
and subcategory, and the costs associated with these systems
can  be  divided  by  the  production  rate  for  any  given
subcategory to show the economic impact  of  the  system  in
terms of dollars per pound of product.

The  major  non-water  quality consideration associated with
in-process  control  measures  is  the  means  of   ultimate
disposal  of  wastes.   As  the volume of the process RWL is
reduced,  alternative  disposal  techniques  such   as   in-
cineration, pyrolysis, and evaporation become more feasible.
Recent  regulations tend to limit the use of ocean discharge
and deep-well injection because of the  potential  long-term
detrimental   effects   associated   with   these   disposal
procedures.   Incineration  and   evaporation   are   viable
                               199

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alternatives for concentrated waste streams.  Considerations
involving  air  pollution  and  auxiliary fuel requirements,
depending on  the  heating  value  of  the  waste,  must  be
evaluated individually for each situation.

Other  non-water  quality  aspects such as noise levels will
not be  perceptibly  affected  by  the  proposed  wastewater
treatment  systems.   Most  pesticide plants generate fairly
high noise  levels  because  of  equipment  such  as  pumps,
compressors,  steam  jets,  flare  stacks,  etc.   Equipment
associated with in-process and end-of-pipe  control  systems
will not add significantly to these noise levels.

Annual  and  capital  cost  estimates have been prepared for
end-of-pipe treatment models for each  subcategory  to  help
evaluate  the  economic  impact  of  the  proposed  effluent
limitations guidelines.  The capital costs were generated on
a unit process basis  (e.g.,  equalization,   neutralization,
etc.).   The  following percentage figures were added to the
total unit process costs:

                              Percent of Unit Process
            Item              	Capital Cost

     Electrical                                 14
     Piping                                     20
     Instrumentation                             8
     Site work                                   6

To this subtotal was added 15 percent for engineering design
and construction  surveillance  fees,   and  15  percent  for
contingencies.

Land costs were computed independently and added directly to
the total capital costs.

The  basis  for the computation of annual costs is presented
in Table VIIT-1.

The following is a discussion of the possible  effects  that
variations  in  treatment technology or design criteria could
have on the total capital costs and annual costs.

                                            Capital
    Technology  or Design Criteria      Cost  Differential

1.  Use aerated lagoons and       1.  The cost reduction
    sludge de-watering lagoons       could be 20 to 40 per-
    in place of the proposed         cent of the proposed
    treatment system.                 figures.
                               200

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                                TABLE VIII-1
                     BASIS FOR COMPUTATION OF  ANNUAL  COSTS
                             (AUGUST 1972 DOLLARS)
     ANNUAL COST ITEM
Capital  Recovery Plus Return

Operational Labor

Operational Supervision

Insurance and Taxes
Electrical Power
Furnace Oil (Grade 11)
Maintenance
Sludge Hauling and Disposal
Amhydrous Ammonia
Chlorine
Diammonium Phosphate
  (18% N, 46% P)
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate
Hydrochloric Acid 18%
Phosphoric Acid, 75%
Soda Ash, 58%
Caustic Soda, 50%
Sulfuric Acid
Activated Carbon, Granular
   BASIS OF COMPUTATION
Based on 10 years at 10
percent
$15,000 per man per year
including fringe benefits
$20,000 per man per year
including fringe benefits
Two percent of capital cost
$0.02 per Kw Hr.
$0.17 per gallon
Four percent of capital cost
$5.00/Cu.Yd.
$75/Ton
$0.11/Lb
$76/Ton

$0.05/Lb
$52/Ton
$43/Ton
$0.09/Lb
$0.03/Lb
$0.07/Gallon
$36/Ton
$0.04/Lb
                                       201

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                                TABLE VIII-1
                     BASIS FOR COMPUTATION OF ANNUAL COSTS
                                (Continued)
     ANNUAL COST ITEM
Calcium Hydroxide
Sodium Bisulfate
Sulfur Dioxide
Anionic Polymer
Cationic Polymer
Steam
Cooling Water
Ammonium Water, 29%
    BASIS OF COMPUTATION
 $25/Ton
 $0.08/Lb
 $0.17/Lb
 $0.20/Lb
$0.125/Lb
 $0.75/1000 Lb
$0.042/1000 Lb
$0.OS/Gallon
                                      202

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2.   Use earthen basins with       2.  Cost reduction could
    a plastic liner in place         be 20 to 30 percent
    of reinforced concrete con-      of the total cost.
    struction, and floating
    aerators with permanent-
    access walkways.

3.   Place all treatment tankage   3.  Cost savings would
    above grade to minimize          depend on the in-
    excavation, especially if        dividual situation.
    a pumping station is re-
    quired in any case.  Use
    all-steel tankage to
    minimize capital cost.

4.   Minimize flows and maximize   4.  Cost differential would
    concentrations through ex-       depend on a number of
    tensive in-plant recovery and    items, e.g., age of
    water conservation, so that      plant, accessibility
    other treatment technologies,    to process piping,
    e.g., incineration, may be       local air pollution
    economically competitive.        standards, etc.

All cost data were computed in terms of August 1972 dollars,
which corresponds to an Fngineering News Records index  (ENR)
value of 1980.

BPT COST MODELS

Based on the model treatment systems  presented  in  Section
VII, capital and annual costs were developed for the purpose
of economic analysis.  Itemizations of the capital costs for
the  treatment  models  are  listed in Tables VIIT-2 throuah
VIII-5 and summaries of the capital  and  annual  costs  are
presented in Tables VIII-6 through VIII-9.

NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

The  primary  non-water  quality  aspects  of  the  proposed
treatment  systems  involve  the  various  alternatives   to
treating and disposing of pesticide wastewaters into surface
waters.

Incineration  is  widely  used  in  the  pesticide chemicals
industry for combustion of highly  concentrated  organic  or
toxic  wastes.  Since the off-gases from incineration can be
adequately  controlled  by  scrubbing,  with  the  resultant
effluent   being  discharged  to  the  wastewater  treatment
facility, air quality impact need not be significant.
                               203

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                               TABLE VIII-2

                        BPT  CAPITAL COST  ITEMIZATION
                               SUBCATE60RY A
                                                     ESTIMATED  CAPITAL  COST
           TREATMENT  UNIT

 Influent  pump station
 Neutralization tank and mixer
 API  separator
 Equalization basins (2)
  Mixers
  Pumps
 Aeration  basins
  Aerators
 Final Clarifiers  (2)
  Pumps
 Thickeners
  Overflow pumps
 Digester
  Aerator
  Pumps
 Vacuum filter and pumps
 Acid Feed System
 Caustic Feed System
 Incinerator
 Dual media filter
  Backwash pumps
 Decant basin
  Pumps
 Control building
 Monitoring station
 Carbon system
 Carbon regeneration
Site work, electrical,
  and instrumentation
                        SUBTOTAL
piping
                        SUBTOTAL
Engineering fees and contingency

                        TOTAL CAPITAL COST
SMALL PLANT
$ 45,000
9,000
40,000
60,000
30,000
11,000
160,000
60,000
80,000
11,000
24,000
7,000
60,000
20,000
7,000
54,000
20,000
42 ,000
50,000
77,000
13,000
45,000
7,000
60,000
15,000
*
*
1,007,000
483,000
$1,490,000
447,000
$1,937,000
LARGE PLANT
$ 70,000
23,000
86,000
85,000
40,000
13,000
245,000
144,000
350,000
13,000
47,000
7,000
90,000
20,000
7,000
72,000
75,000
137,000
130,000
190,000
30,000
80,000
11,000
70,000
15,000
300,000
350,000
2,700,000
1,296,000
$3,996,000
1,199,000
$5,195,000
* For the small plant, a leased carbon system is considered to  be more
  cost effective.
                              204

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                                 TABLE VIII-3

                         BPT CAPITAL COST ITEMIZATION
                                 SUBCATEGORY B
                                                    ESTIMATED CAPITAL COST
           TREATMENT UNIT

Influent pump station
API separator
Lime mix tank and mixer
Lime feed system
Settling tank
   Sludge pumps
Detoxifier
   Pumps
Neutralization, tank and mixer
Acid feed system
Equalization basin
   Mixer
   Pumps
Aeration basins (2 with concrete liner)
   Aerators
Thickener
   Pumps
Vacuum filter
Clarifiers (2)
   Pumps
Monitoring station
Control building
Incinerator
Ammonia steam stripping columns  (2)
  Equalization tank
  Pressure filter
  Heat exchangers (2)
  Pumps
  Ammonia absorber
  Ammonia storage tank
  Caustic storage tank
  pH controller
  Additional cost for corrosion  resistant piping

                           SUBTOTAL             $1,234,600
SMALL PLANT
$ 44,000
22,000
1,100
88,000
33,000
9,000
50,000
7,000
5,500
12,000
60,000
22,000
7,000
130,000
58,000
46,000
7,000
80,000
70,000
12,000
15,000
62,000
50,000
30,000
31,000
113,000
25,000
57,000
9,000
19,000
27,000
2,000
] 31,000
LARGE PLANT
$ 96,000
86,000
4,000
230,000
200,000
9,000
160,000
14,000
25,000
58,000
70,000
60,000
25,000
350,000
184,000
150,000
13,000
360,000
320,000
25,000
23,000
70,000
130,000
74,000
101 ,000
180,000
153,000
60,000
27,000
40,000
93,000
2,000
73,000
$3,465,000
                                      205

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                                 TABLE  VIII-3

                         BPT CAPITAL COST  ITEMIZATION
                                  (Continued)
                                                    ESTIMATED  CAPITAL  COST
           TREATMENT UNIT

Site work, electrical,  piping,  and
  instrumentation
                           SUBTOTAL
Engineering and contingency
                           TOTAL
SMALL PLANT


$  592,600

$1,827,200

   548.200

$2,375,400
LARGE PLANT


$1,663,200

$5,128,200

 1.538.500

$6,666,700
                                   206

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                                 TABLE VI11-4

                         BPT CAPITAL COST ITEMIZATION
                                 SUBCATE60RY C
                                                    ESTIMATED CAPITAL COST
           TREATMENT UNIT

Influent lift station
Detoxifier
  Pumps
Neutralization tank and mixer
Solids and oil removal system
Equalization basin
  Mixer
Aeration basins (2)
  Aerators
Clarifiers (2)
  Pumps
Thickener
  Pumps
Digester
  Aerators
  Pumps
Primary solids thickener
  Pumps
Vacuum filtration
Acid feed system
Caustic feed system
Monitoring station
Control building
Incinerator
Ammonia steam stripping columns (2)
  Equalization tank
  Pressure filter
  Heat exchangers  (2)
  Pumps
  Ammonia absorber
  Ammonia storage  tank
  Caustic storage  tank
  pH controller
SMALL PLANT
$ 47,000
60,000
7,000
6,200
29,000
71,000
12,000
142,000
52,000
88,000
11,000
25,000
9,000
54,000
24,000
9,000
33,500
9,000
80,000
12,000
33,000
15,500
70,000
50,000
30,000
31,000
113,000
25,000
57,000
9,000
19,000
27,000
2,000
LARGE PLANT
$ 120,000
180,000
14,000
26,000
135,000
100,000
56,000
330,000
162,000
310,000
25,000
78,000
12,000
215,000
44,000
9,000
88,000
11,000
300,000
58,000
140,000
28,000
100,000
135,000
74,000
101,000
180,000
153,000
60,000
27,000
40,000
93,000
2,000
                                    207

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                                 TABLE  VI11-4

                           CAPITAL  COST ITEMIZATION
                                  (Continued)
                                                    ESTIMATED  CAPITAL  COST
           TREATMENT UNIT

  Additional  cost for corrosion  resistant
  piping

                            SUBTOTAL

Site work, electrical, piping, and
  instrumentation
                            SUBTOTAL
Engineering and contingency
                            TOTAL
SMALL PLANT


$   31,000

$1,293,200


$  620,700

$1,913,900

$  574,200

$2,488,100
LARGE PLANT


$   73,000

$3,479,000


$1,669,900

$5,148,900

$1.544,700

$6,693,600
                                   208

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                           TABLE VIII-5

                    BPT  CAPITAL  COST  ITEMIZATION
                           SUBCATEGORY E
                                      ESTIMATED CAPITAL COST
                                 SMALL          MEDIUM          LARGE
      TREATMENT UNIT             PLANT           PLANT          PLANT

Evaporation Pond

     Earth Work                 $   50         $ 2,450         $ 24,500

     Clearing and  grubbing           20           1,010           10,150

     Reinforced synthetic  liner     180           8,820           88,500

     Pumps                       1,000           2,000            2,000

          SUBTOTAL              $1,250         $14,280         $125,150

     Piping                        250           2,860           25,030

     Engineering fees  and
       contingency                 188           2,140           18,800

          TOTAL CAPITAL COST    $1,688         $19,280         $168,980
                                    209

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 Equipment   requirements   for  control    of   air   pollutant
 emissions    vary     for   different    applications,   waste
 characteristics, incinerator performance, and air  pollutant
 emission   limitations.  Particulate matter can be controlled
 by  the  use  of  cyclones,   bag   filters,   electrostatic
 precipitators,   or   venturi    scrubbers.   Emissions  from
 combustion  of  wastes  containing   halogen,   sulfur,   or
 phosphorus  compounds  require   the use  of aqueous  (water or
 alkaline solution) scrubbing.

 In all cases where incineration  is used, provisions must  be
 made  to  ensure  against entry  of hazardous pollutants into
 the atmosphere.  Among other factors,  incineration  is  not
 applicable  to  organic  pesticides  containing heavy metals
 such as mercury,  lead,  cadmium,  or  arsenic,  nor  is  it
 applicable  to  most inorganic pesticides or metallo-organic
 pesticides  which have not been treated for removal of  heavy
 metals.

 The  disposal  of  solid  wastes  generated  by the proposed
 treatment systems must be done with proper management.  Lime
 and  biological  sludges  are  generally   compatible   with
 ultimate  disposal  in a specially designated landfill.  The
 following Table summarizes the sludge  quantities  generated
 by the model plants:

                     PLANT SIZE                DRY SOLIDS
 SUBCATEGORY            kl/day                   kkg/day

    A                    575                     0.0866

                       3,030                     0.456

    B                    288                     1.10

                       3,156                     7.55

    C                    333                     0.328

                       4,090                     4.02

 If  land  disposal is to be used for materials considered to
be hazardous,  the disposal sites must not allow movement  of
pollutants  to  either  grcund  or  surface waters.   Natural
conditions which must  exist  include  geological  insurance
that  no  hydraulic continuity can occur between liquids and
gases from the waste and natural ground or  surface  waters.
Disposal areas cannot be subject to washout,  nor can they be
located  over active fault zones or where geological changes
                                  210

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                                        TABLE VIII-6

                                       BPT COST SUMMARY
                                        SUBCATEGORY A
                                               SMALL PLANT
                                LARGE PLANT
Average Production KKG/Day
                  (Lb/Day)

Wastewater Flow Cu M/Day
                   (gpd)

             TOTAL CAPITAL COST

Annual Cost:

     Capital Recovery

     Operating/Maintenance

     Energy/Power

             TOTAL ANNUAL COST
    16.2
  (35,900)

     572
 (151,000)

$1,937,000
   316,000

   405,550

    30,450

  $752,000
    85.7
 (189,000)

    3,020
 (798,000)

$5,195,000
   847,000

   561 ,600

   128,000

$1,536,600

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                                        TABLE VIII-7

                                       BPT COST SUMMARY
                                        SUBCATEGORY B
                                               SMALL PLANT
                                LARGE PLANT
Average Production KKG/Day
                  (Lb/Day)

Wastewater Flow KL/Day
                 (gpd)

        TOTAL CAPITAL COST
Annual Cost:

     Capital Recovery

     Operating/Maintenance*

     Energy/Power

        TOTAL ANNUAL COST
   6.57
 (11,900)

    288
 (76,100)

$2,375,400
$  387,200

   210,000

    22,000

$  619,200
    72.0
 (134,000)

   3,160
 (835,000)

$6,666,700
$1,086,700

   850,000

   180,000

$2,116,700
*  The operating/maintenance cost  gives  credit  for  ammonia  by-product  recovery.

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                                                      TABLE VII1-8
                                                     BPT COST SUMMARY
                                                      SUBCATEGORY C
                                                             SMALL PLANT
                                                                               LARGE PLANT
rv>
GO
              Average Production KKG/Day
                                (Lb/Day)

              Wastewater Flow KL/Day
                                (gpd)
     TOTAL CAPITAL COST


Annual Cost:

     Capital Recovery

     Operating/Maintenance*

     Energy/Power

     TOTAL ANNUAL COST
                                                  9.43
                                                 (20,800)

                                                   333
                                                 (88,000)
$2,488,100




$  405,600

   215,000

    21,000

$  641,600
                                   116
                                (256,000)

                                 4,100
                               (1,080,000)
$6,693,600




$1,091,000

   911,000

   185,000

$2,187,000
               *  The operating/maintenance  cost  gives  credit for  ammonia by-product recovery.

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                            TABLE VIII-9
                           BPT COST SUMMARY
                            SUBCATEGORY E
Wastewater Flow Cu M/day
                   (gpd)
     TOTAL CAPITAL COST
ANNUAL COST:
     Capital Recovery
     Operating/Maintenance
     Energy/Power
     TOTAL ANNUAL COST
SMALL
PLANT
0.038
(10)
MEDIUM
PLANT
1.90
(500)
LARGE
PLANT
18.9
(5000)
$1,688

$  275
    35
   100
$  410
$19,280

$ 3,140
    390
    200
$ 3,730
$168,980

$ 27,540
   3,380
     200
$ 31,120
                                     214

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can impair natural barriers.  Any rock fractures or fissures
underlying the site must be sealed.

As a safeguard, liners are often needed at  landfill  sites.
Liner   materials,  consisting  of  clay,  rubber,  asphalt,
concrete, or plastic, should be pretested for  compatability
with the wastes.

Leachate  from  the  landfill must be collected and treated.
Treatment, which will of course vary with the nature of  the
waste, may consist of neutralization, hydrolysis, biological
treatment,  or  evaporation.  Treatment in some cases may be
achieved by recycling the leachate into the landfill.

Landfills for the disposal of hazardous wastes are generally
operated under some form of permit from a state agency.  The
regulations and restrictions vary from state to state.

Encapsulation  prior  to  landfilling  is  recommended   for
certain  materials  such  as those containing mercury, lead,
cadmium, and arsenic, and crganic compounds which are highly
mobile in the soil  (Federal Register, May 1, 1974, pp 15236-
15241) .

Where  practicable,  provision  for  separate   storage   of
different  classifications  of pesticides according to their
chemical type, and  for routine container inspection,  should
be considered.

In  general,  pesticides  or pesticide wastes should only be
disposed of at a  "specially designated" landfill,  which  is
defined   as   "a   landfill  at  which  complete  long  term
protection and subsurface waters...  and  against  hazard  to
public  health  and  the  environment.  Such sites should be
located and engineered to avoid direct hydraulic  continuity
with  surface  and   subsurface  waters,  and any  leachate or
subsurface flow into the disposal  area should  be  contained
within  the  site   unless treatment  is provided.  Monitorina
wells should be established  and   a  sampling  and  analysis
program   conducted.   The   location...should  be  permanently
recorded  in the appropriate  office  of  legal   jurisdiction
 (Federal Register,  May  1, 1974, pp  15236-15241).

Deep   well    injection  has  been   considered  economically
attractive by  several   plants  in  the  pesticide chemicals
industry.    A    deep  well  disposal  system  can  only  be
successful if  a porous, permeable  formation  of a  large  area
and   thickness  is   available  at  sufficient depth to insure
continued, permanent storage.  It  must be below   the   lowest
ground  water  aquifer,  be  confined  above  and below  by
                                  215

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impermeable  zones   (aquicludes),  and  contain  no  natural
fractures  or  faults.   The  wastewater so disposed must he
physically and chemically compatible with the formation, and
should  be  completely  detoxified   prior   to   injection.
Suspended solids which could result in stratum plugging must
be   removed.    Well  construction  must  provide  adequate
protection against  groundwater  contamination  and  include
provisions for continuous monitoring of well performance and
subsurface movement of wastes, including continuous samplina
by monitor wells.  Very few deep well injection systems meet
all these requirements.

Evaporation ponds may consist of concrete or earthen basins.
In  the  latter case, unless the natural soil is impervious,
lining with an impervious material is necessary.   Treatment
may  be  necessary  to  prevent  odor  development  and  air
pollution.

Off-site disposal is commonly practiced in the industry  for
highly  concentrated wastes.  It is also common practice for
formulation plants with very low  wastewater  generation  to
haul  their  wastewater  to other plants that have treatment
systems.   Land  disposal  of   residuals   should   be   in
conformance  with  all  applicable federal,  state,  and local
ordinances.

The hauling of pesticide wastes  requires  special  handling
equipment and/or prior containerization.

Activated  carbon  adsorption  can  be considered as a land-
related treatment method  since  in  some  applications  the
spent  carbon is disposed of by containerization and surface
storage.   Also,   thermal  regeneration  of   carbon  may  be
regarded  as an incineration method and subject to the above
discussion of incineration.

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                         SECTION IX

  BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
              EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES


The effluent limitations which must be achieved by  July  1,
1977,  are  to  specify  the  degree  of  effluent reduction
attainable through the application of the  Best  Practicable
Control   Technology  Currently  Available   (EPT).   BPT ^is
generally  based  upon  the   average   of   best   existina
performance  by  plants  of  various  sizes,  ages, and unit
processes within the industrial category and/or subcategory.

Consideration must also be given to:

     a.  The total cost of application of technology in
         relation to the effluent reduction benefits to
         be achieved from such application;

     b.  The size and age of equipment and facilities
         involved;

     c.  The process employed;

     d.  The engineering aspects of the application of
         various types of control techniques;

     e.  Process changes;

     f.  Non-water quality environmental impact (including
         energy requirements);

     g.  Availability of land for use in wastewater
         treatment-disposal.

BPT  emphasizes  treatment   facilities  at   the  end  of   a
manufacturing  process but includes the control technologies
within the process itself when these are  considered  to  be
normal practice within the industry.

A  further  consideration  is  the  degree   of  economic and
engineering reliability which must be  established  for  the
technology  to  be   "currently  available."   As a result of
demonstration projects, pilot plants, and general use, there
must exist a high degree of  confidence  in   the  engineering
and  economic practicability  of the technology at the time of
construction or installation of the control  facilities.
                                 217

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EFFLUENT  REDUCTION  ATTAINABLE  THROUGH  THE APPLICATION OF
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE	

Based upon the information contained  in Sections  II  through
VIII of this document it has been determined that the degree
of  effluent reduction attainable through the application of
the best practicable control technology currently  available
is as listed in Table IX-1.

It  is  further  recommended  that  for  all  cases in which
discharge  of  wastewaters  is  allowed,  the  pH   of   the
wastewaters  be  in  the  range  of   6.0 to 9.0; and that no
visible floating oil and grease be allowed.

DEVELOPMENT OF 30-DAY AND DAILY MAXIMUM VARIABILITY FACTORS

A 30-day maximum and a daily  maximum  factor  were  derived
which  relate  to  the long term average for each plant.  Tn
this manner the long term average effluents, as presented in
Section VII, can be combined and adjusted  to  yield  30-day
maximum   and   daily   maximum  limitations  based  on  the
variability  of   discharges   from   plants   within   each
subcategory.

The  variability  factors  were  determined  by  statistical
analysis of the treated effluent data from each  plant.    Tn
this  analysis, each plant's data were presumed to represent
a  sample  drawn  from  a   three   parameter   log   normal
distribution.    The 30-day maximum factors were derived from
the observed monthly averages as follows:

     Antilocr (X + 2.33Y1-T = 30-day maximum factor
              z

     Where:   T = Constant term parameter added tc monthly
                  means.

             X = Average of logarithms of  T + monthly means.

             Y = Standard deviation of logarithms of T +
                  monthly means.

             1 = Long term average in pounds.

     and,  the  initial data for  calculations X,  Y,  and Z  is
     the daily effluent  of each parameter  in pounds.
                                218

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SUBCATEGORY
                                 TABLE IX-1

                     BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
                                                  EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    EFFLUENT
 CHARACTERISTICS
AVERAGE OF DAILY VALUES
FOR 30 CONSECUTIVE DAYS
                                                                         DAILY
                                                                        MAXIMUM
     A
     B
      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     Phenol
Total Pesticides

      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     NH3-N
Total Pesticides

      BOD
      COD
      TSS
     NH3-N
Total Pesticides
         8.70
        21.2
         6.30
      0.00170
      0.00306

         1.52
        11.9
         7.05
         4.41
      0.00175

         8.64
        21.1
         9.51
         4.88
      0.00705
     D

     E
—NO DISCHARGE OF PROCESS WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS-

—NO DISCHARGE OF PROCESS WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS-
  15.2
  30.7
   9.03
0.00480
0.00622

   2.65
  17.3
  10.1
   5.14
0.00392

  15.1
  30.4
  13.6
   5.69
0.0158
Note:  All units are kg/Kkg
                                      219

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 The daily maximum factors  were  similarly developed  as  follows:

      Antilog  (X + 2.33YV-T =  Daily maximum  factor
               Z

      Where:   T = Constant  term  parameter added  to daily
                   values.

              X = Average of logarithms of T  + daily values.

              Y = Standard  deviation of logarithms of T +
                   daily values.

              Z = Long term average in pounds.

      and,  the  initial data for  calculations  X,  Y, and  z is
      the  daily effluent of each parameter in pounds.

 In  applying this factor a  guideline based on plants  with  a
 long  term average of 2.0 kg/kkg BOD and  a 30-day variability
 of   2.0   would  result in  a 30-day maximum limitation  of 4.0
 kg/kkg.    A   plant averaging   2.0 kg/kkg  would   thus   be
 statistically   projected   to  remain below 4.0  kg/kkg  for 99
 months out of  100  without any change   or  improvement  to
 current operating procedure.

 It  is  expected,  however,  that   good   in-plant  and waste
 treatment  management  procedures   combined   with    proper
 equalization   will preclude any excursions above the monthly
 and daily  maximum limitations.   Effluent variability  data
 for each  subcategory are outlined  below.

 Subcategory A--Halogenated Organics

 Plant  A6,  which  produces 2,UD and MCPA, employs activated
 carbon and neutralization  prior to  discharge.    Daily  data
 from  July,  1975, through February, 1976, demonstrates that
 the use of activated carbon  has   a  considerable  dampening
 effect  on  BOD  and COD in addition to removing phenols and
 chlorinated hydrocarbons.

 For purposes of variability analysis,  only total  pesticides
were  considered.   COD, BOD,  and TSS variability are more a
 function  of  biological   treatment,  which   is   a   model
 technology  recommended  after  detoxification  by activated
 carbon.  Long term  averages  and  variability  factors  for
 Plant A6 are as  follows:
                                 220

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                       30-Day Maximum*      Daily Maximum*
  Long Term Average*  Variability Factor  Variability Factor

Total
Pesticides:  0.017 kg/kkg    3.0                 6.1

*  Based on three of seven months data available due to
   documented interference by non-pesticide products during
   remainder of period.

Plant  A3r  which  produces  toxaphene,  employs a physical-
chemical treatment system.  Daily effluent  data  from  May,
1974,  through  March,  1975,  were  analyzed  for suspended
solids and toxaphene.  Long term  averages  and  variability
factors for Plant A3 are as follows:

                       30-Day Maximum      Daily Maximum
  Long Term Average   Variability Factor  Variability Factor

TSS:       0.512 kg/kkg       2.2                4.1

Toxaphene: .000927 kg/kkg    2.6                3.9

Plant  M9,  which  produces  chlorobenzilate  in addition to
organo-phosphorus and  organo-nitrogen  pesticides,  employs
biological  treatment.   The  long term averages shown below
have been  adjusted based on a final:technical product  ratio
of  1.63:1.  Daily clarifier overflow was analyzed for April,
1975,  through  March,  1976.   Pertinent parameters  for this
subcategory  are  BOD  and  suspended  solids.   Long   term
averages   and  variability  factors  for  Plant  M9  are  as
follows:

                       30-Day Maximum       Daily Maximum
  Long Term Average  Variability Factor   Variability Factor

BOD:      2.72 kg/kkg       4.3                 6.3

TSS:      3.35 kg/kkg       3.6                 4.9

Variability factors  have  been   utilized  to  develop 30-day
maximum and daily maximum limitations.  Variability factors
for  total pesticides are   3.0 and  6.1, respectively, from
Plant  A6.  The  factors for Phenol   for Subcategory A  have
been  transferred    from  Plant   M8,  as  described  under
Subcategory B.   30-Day maximum  and  daily maximum for Phenol
are 1.7 and 4.8,  respectively.  Variability factors for BOD,
COD,   and TSS   are   discussed  under "Summary  of  Guidelines
Development."

-------
 Subcategory B—Orqano-Phosphorus

 Plant B2,  which produces  parathion,   operates  an  activated
 sludge  treatment  system.    Daily effluent  was analyzed  for
 January,   June,  and  July,   1974.    Monthly  averages  were
 analyzed   for  a  15 month period.   Based on these  analyses,
 long term  averages and variability factors are as follows:

                        30-Day Maximum       Daily Maximum
   Long Term Average   Variability  Factor   Variability Factor

 COD:         6.64 kg/kkg      1.7                 2.7

 BOD          0.474  kg/kkg      2.4

 Parathion:   0.0007 kg/kkg     2.3                 5.6

 Plant  M8, which produces approximately  90   percent  orqano-
 phosphorus    and   10   percent   organo-nitrogen  pesticides,
 operates an activated  sludge   treatment   system.   The  long
 term    averages   shown  below  are  adjusted based  on  a
 final:technical product ratio of 2.61:1.   Daily effluent was
 analyzed for  October 1975, through March,  1976.   Long  term
 averages and  variability factors are  as follows:

                        30-Day Maximum        Daily Maximum
  Long  Term Average   Variability Factor  Variability Factor

 COD:        52.5 kg/kkg      2.0                  2.6

 BOD:          4.60  kg/kkg     3.0                  4.9

 TSS:          3.36  kg/kkg     2.4                  3.8

 NH3:        17.0 kg/kkg      1.6                  2.0

 Phenol:       0.0743 kg/kkg   1.7                  U.8

 Pesticides:   0.187 kg/kkg    1.4                  2.3

 Plant M9,  which produces diazinon in addition to halogenated
organic   and   organo-nitrogen   pesticides,   operates  an
 activated sludge treatment system.   Long term averages  have
been  adjusted by a final:technical product ratio of 1.63:1.
Daily data for an 11 month period were analyzed.  Long  term
averages and variability factors are as follows:
                                222

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                       30-Day Maximum       Daily Maximum
  Long Term Average   Variability Factor   Variability Factor

BOD:       2.72 kg/kkg       4.3                 6.3

TSS        3.35 kg/kkg       3.6                 4.9

NH3:       5.40 kg/kkg       2.0                 2.2

Diazinon:  0.00014 kg/kkg    2.6                 3.8

Based  on the data presented above, 30-day maximum and daily
maximum variability^factors have been developed.  Plants  M8
and M9 both reported pesticide variabilities less than Plant
B2.   However, since Plant B2 has-been defined as exemplary,
the  corresponding  30-day   maximum   and   daily   maximum
variability  factors  of  2.5  to  5.6  have  been utilized.
Variability  factors  for  BOD,   COD,  NH3_,  and  TSS   are
discussed under "Summary of Guidelines Development."

Subcategory C—Organo-Nitrogen

Total  pesticides  variability  factors  of l.U and 2.1 were
reported for Plant M8.   Since  the  proposed  guideline  is
considerably lower than Plant M8«s long term average, due to
Plant  M8«s lack of proper detoxification, it is anticipated
that  variability  will  be  greater  than  1.4   and   2.1.
Therefore  the  variability factors of 2.5 and 5.6 have been
transferred from Plant B2r Subcategory B, which is operating
detoxification systems quite well.  Variability factors  for
BOD,  COD,  NH3,  and  TSS  are  discussed under "Summary of
Guidelines Development."

IDENTIFICATION  OF   BEST   PRACTICAL   CONTROL   TECHNOLOGY
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

The  best  practical  control technology currently available
was described  in Section VII.  The recommended  alternatives
for  each  subcategory are indicated in Table IX-2.  BPT was
identified  in  Section  VII  as  pesticide   detoxification
followed by flow equalization and biological treatment.

SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT

The development of  Effluent Limitations Guidelines are based
on an   analysis of the effluent data obtained  from  existing
treatment  plants   which  correspond  most  closely  to  the
recommended   treatment  alternative.   These  effluent data,
expressed  as  long  term  averages  in  Section  VII,  were
                                   223

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SUBCATEGORY A
SUBCATEGORY B
SUBCATEGORY C
SUBCATEGORY D
SUBCATEGORY E
                                 TABLE IX-2

                           BPT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
                           Neutralization,  API  separation,  equalization,
                           filtration,  carbon adsorption, activated  sludge,
                           and incineration of  strong  organic wastes.
                           API  separation,  hydrolysis, neutralization,
                           equalization,  activated  sludge, ammonia stripping
                           for  segregated waste  streams, and  incineration
                           of strong  organic  wastes.
                           API  separation,  hydrolysis, neutralization,
                           equalization,  activated  sludge, ammonia stripping
                           for  segregated waste  streams, aerobic digestion,
                           and  incineration of strong organic wastes.
                           In-plant  control, water conservation, and water
                           reuse.
                           Recycle,  containment and
                           Evaporation
                                   224

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converted to 30 day maximum and daily maximum limitations by
applying the variability factors previously presented.

Since  biological  treatment was a common recommendation for
Subcategories A, B, and Cr and since those plants with  long
term  daily  data  were multicategory producers, variability
factors for biologically dependent parameters  were  assumed
to  be the same, regardless of subcategory.  The variability
for BOD, COD, TSS, and  NH3  were  therefore  determined  by
averaging the individual factors from Plants B2, M8, and M9.
30  day  maximum and daily maximum factors for Subcategories
A, B, and C are as follows:  BOD equal to 3.2 and  5.6;  COD
equal  to 1.8 and 2.6; TSS equal to 3.0 and U.3; NH3-N equal
to 1.8 and 2.1.  Variability factors for  Phenol  and  Total
Pesticides  are  dependent on different types and degrees of
detoxification, and thus are regulated separately  for  each
subcategory.

The  specific  manner  in  which  individual plant long term
averages were combined for each subcategory is presented  in
the  following  discussion.   The final effluent limitations
are summarized in Table IX-1.

Subcategory A

The primary components of the model treatment  system,  i.e.
activated    carbon    detoxification,   equalization,   and
biological oxidation, are separately demonstrated at  Plants
A2, A6, A8, A19, M2, and M9, as reported in Section VII.  In
addition,  plants  AU, A7, A9, A10, A12, and A18 have either
completely or nearly  eliminated  wastewater  discharges  to
navigable  waters  through  process  modifications, in-plant
controls, or alternative disposal  methods.   Plant  A3  has
demonstrated  the  ability to meet the recommended guidelines
via physical-chemical  treatment.   Demonstrated  long  term
averages for each  parameter are identified below.

The  reduction  of phenol  is  based on removal in both the
carbon  detoxification system and the biological  system,  as
demonstrated by the effluents of Plants A6 and B2 in Section
VII.    Phenol   reduction  at  Plant A6 averaged  98.9 percent
over a  seven month period with individual  months as high  as
99.9  percent,  equating to an effluent of  0.013  kg/kkg  (1.58
mg/1) and 0.0025  kg/kkg  (0.45 mg/1), respectively.

Plant B2, with  activated  sludge  but  no   carbon  treatment,
achieves  98.6  percent   phenol  reduction with an influent
concentration of  0.375 mg/1, i.e. a  lower  concentration than
the  1.58 mg/1  effluent of the activated'carbon  at Plant  A6.
If  the results of the biological system of Plant B2 were to

-------
 be applied  to  the  activated  carbon  effluent  of  Plant  A6,  the
 overall  phenol removal would  be  99.98   percent.   However,
 since  the   biological   system at Plant  B2 is designed  for  a
 Subcategory B  plant,  it  would not  be   cost   effective  to
 directly transfer  the  design to  a   Subcategory A plant.
 Therefore,  it  is judged  that  a cost effective  biological
 system    combined  with  activated   carbon   treatment  would
 achieve  a phenol reduction   of 99.95 percent,  via  carbon
 removal   of 98.9  percent   and biological  removal  of 95.4
 percent,  resulting in a  long term effluent   phenol  load  of
 0.001 kg/kkg for the model plant.   Using  variability  factors
 of  1.7 and  4.8, 30 day maximum and  daily  maximum limitations
 for phenol  are 0.00170 kg/kkg  and 0.00480 kg/kkg equating to
 effluent concentrations  of  about 0.05  mg/1 and 0.14  mg/1,
 respectively.

 Pesticide limitations are based on  reductions via  activated
 carbon   and biological  treatment  as demonstrated by plants
 A6, A8,  A19r and M9.  The activated carbon system  of  Plant
 A6  has   a   highly variable  total  pesticide  level in  its
 effluent  due to  documented  interference  by  non-pesticide
 organic   chemicals.   However,  the  system  was free  of such
 interference for a period of nearly four months during  which
 time the  average total pesticide loading  in  the effluent  was
 0.00710  kg/kkg, or 0.99 mg/1.   Plant  M9, which employs  only
 biological   treatment,  has  an influent concentration  (0.72
 mg/1)  comparable to the effluent concentration  (0.99   mg/1)
 at  Plant  A6,  and  achieves   an   85.6 percent reduction of
 chlorobenzilate.  Plant A19  conducted biological  oxidation
 studies   which  showed  an   average  99  percent  removal of
 daconil.   It is conservatively  estimated,   therefore,  that
 85.6  removal  of  the 0.00710  kg/kkg effluent from Plant A6
will yield  a long term average  of 0.00102 kg/kkg,  or  0.0290
mg/1 for  the model plant.  Utilizing  the variability  factors
of  3.0   and   6.1,   the 30 day  maximum and daily maximum  for
total pesticides become 0.00306 kg/kkg and   0.00622   kg/kka,
or  0.0866  mg/1  and 0.176 mg/1,  respectively.   As shown in
Table VII-4,  the  maximum   30  day   value   for  Plant  A3's
physical-chemical  system  was  0.00182  kg/kkg  compared to
0.00306 kg/kkg for the recommended  guideline.   It  is  also
noted  that Plants  A4 and A18 report  no detectable levels of
halogenated organics in their wastewater  effluents.    These
non-detectable  levels  are  achieved  by  in-plant   process
control.

The  reduction  of   BOD,   COD,   and   suspended  solids    for
Subcategory  A  plants  is  a function of solids separation,
activated carbon,  and activated sludge,  although  the  ^inal
effluent concentrations are heavily influenced by  the nature
of  the  biological  system.   Plant M9,  with  only  biological
                             226

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treatment, reduces BOD by  96.3  percent  and  generates  an
effluent  concentration  of  58.5  mg/1.   Therefore,  on  a
conservative  basis,  a  facility  using  both  carbon   and
biological  treatment  can be expected to reach at least the
effluent BOD level achieved by Plant M9, i.e.  4.43  kg/kkg.
Since  Plant M9 produces 1,63 kg of total product  (including
intermediates)   per  kg  of  final  technical  product,   an
effluent  ratio of 2.72 kg/kkg is achievable.  This value is
directly comparable to a level of 2.67 kg/kkg  predicted  by
Plant  A19  based on the proposed treatment system described
in Section VII.  Based on a long term average of 2.72 kg/kka
BOD, and using variability factors of 3.2 and  5.6,  the  30
day  maximum  and  daily  maximum BOD limitations become 8.7
kg/kkg and 15.2 kg/kkg, or 246 mg/1 and  431  mg/1  for  the
model plant, respectively.

Extensive  studies  conducted  at Plant A19 have resulted in
the  design  of  a  combination  activated  carbon-activated
sludge   treatment   system   which   is   currently   under
construction.   Based  upon  laboratory  and   pilot   plant
studies,  the  projected  COD  effluent  is  11.8  kg/kkg to
correspond with the above mentioned  BOD  effluent  of  2.67
kg/kkg.   Applying variability factors of 1.8 and  2.6 to the
long term average of 11.8 kg/kkg, the  30  day  maximum  and
daily  maximum  limitations  become  21.2  kg/kkg  and  30.7
kg/kkg, or 601 mg/1  and  870  mg/1  for  the  model  plant,
respectively.   An  aerated  lagoon  added  to the activated
carbon system at Plant A6 would therefore need to  achieve  a
44 percent removal to meet the 30 day limitations.

The  following  suspended  solids  effluents,  from  systems
similar to the model plant, were documented in Section  VII:
Plant  A3,  0.52  kg/kkg; Plant A8, 0.814 kg/kkg;  Plant A19,
3.7 kg/kkg; and Plant M9, 3.35 kg/kkg  (due  to  1.63  total:
final  product  ratio).   Based on the average of  these four
plants, the long term effluent achievable  is  2.10  kg/kka.
Applying  the variability factors of 3.0 and 4.3,  the 30 day
maximum and daily maximum limitations become 6.3 kg/kkg  and
9.03  kg/kkg,  equating to model plant concentrations of 178
mg/1 and  256 mg/1, respectively.

Subcategory B

Four  major  pesticide  manufacturers  operate  full   scale
treatment  systems similar to that recommended for the model
plant.   Treated  effluent  ratios  for  these  plants  vary
significantly  for some parameters, due to differences in the
production   of  intermediates.   In  determining  effluents
achievable  these   differences   have   been   taken   into
                                  227

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consideration  by  adjusting the effluent value according to
the total product to final product ratio fer each plant.

In terms of detoxification, Plant B2, M2, and  M9  exemplify
the best known operating systems.  Collectively these plants
have  submitted  data  representing more than three and one-
half years  of  daily  monitoring  showing  total  pesticide
effluent  levels  averaging between 1.8 and 11.0 ppb.  Based
on these data, an effluent of 0.0007  kg/kkg,  identical  to
that  generated  by  B2,  is judged to be an achievable long
term average, since this plant most  closely  resembles  the
model treatment system.  Based on variability factors of 2.5
and 5.6 the 30-day maximum and daily maximum limitations for
total  pesticides  are  0.00175  kg/kkg  and 0.00392 kg/kkg,
equivalent to concentrations of 0.0397 mg/1 and 0.0890 mg/1,
respectively.

Eighteen months of BOD data from Plant B2  demonstrates  the
capability of an activated sludge plant to average less than
10 mg/1, or 0.174 kg/kkg.  Similarly, Plant M2 has conducted
pilot  scale studies, as part of a proposed upgrading, which
indicate a reduction to  8  mg/1  or  0.21  kg/kkg.   Eleven
months  of data at Plant M9 has shown a BOD effluent of 2.72
kg/kkg (using 1.63 total: final product ratio).  Six  months
of data from Plant M8, which is in a start-up mode, shows an
effluent  BOD  of 5.02 (total: final product ratio of 2.61).
The effluent from Plant B2 has been  selected  as  the  long
term   average   for   BOD   for  Subcategory  B.    Applying
variability factors of 3.2 and 5.6.  The 30 day maximum  and
daily  maximum become 1.52 kg/kkg and 2.65 kg/kkg.  Equating
to model plant concentrations of 31.6 mg/1  and  60.1  mg/1,
respectively.

Three  of  the  four  major  organo-phosphorus manufacturers
monitor COD.  Plant B2 discharges 6.64 kg/kkg of COD with  a
COD/BOD   ratio   of  14.0:1.   Plant  M2,  which  currently
discharges 9.99 kg/kkg COD, is  projected  to  achieve  2.94
kg/kkg after addition of an aerated lagoon.  Plant M9, which
does  not monitor COD, is estimated to discharge 38.1 kg/kkg
based on the above-mentioned COD/BOD ratio of  14.0:1  Plant
M8  discharges 52.5 kg/kkg (using total: final product ratio
of 2.61).  Based on the average of Plant  B2,  a  long  term
effluent  of  6.64  kg/kkg  has been demonstrated.  Applying
variability factors of 1.8 and 2.6, the 30-day  maximum  and
daily  maximum  limitations for COD are 11.9 kg/kkg and 17.3
kg/kkg, equating to concentrations of 271 mg/1 and 393 mg/1,
respectively.

Suspended solids values for the three best plants  are: Plant
B2, 2.35 kg/kkg. Plant M2, 0.32 kg/kkg; and Plant  M9,  3.35
                                228

-------
kg/kkg  (using  1.63  total: final product ratio).   Based on
the average of Plant B2,  an  effluent  of  2.35  kg/kkg  is
achievable  on  a  long  term  basis.   Applying variability
factors of 3.0 and 4.3, the 30-day maximum and daily maximum
values becomes 7.05 kg/kkg  and  10.1  kg/kkgr  equating  to
model  plant  concentrations  of  161  mg/1  and  230  mg/lf
respectively.

As noted in Section VII,  specific  plants  and/or  products
have  high  ammonia levels whereas some plants are deficient
in nitrogen.  The highest  ammonia  levels  in  the  organo-
phosphorus  subcategory  were reported by Plant M8.  A three
part plan for ammonia removal  has  been  implemented  which
will result in a 97.0 percent reduction.  This is equivalent
to   2.45   kg/kkg   for  a  long  term  average.   Applying
variability factors of 1.8 and 2.1, the 30-day  maximum  and
daily  maximum limitations are 4.41 kg/kkg and 5.14 kg/kkg.,
equating to model plant concentrations of 101 mg/1  and  117
mg/1, respectively.

Subcategory C

The    major   treatment   components   of   detoxification,
equalization, and biological degradation  are  currently  in
place   at   plants   producing  organo-nitrogen  compounds.
Activated carbon is being utilized at Plants  C4,  C12T  M3,
and  M7.   Hydrolysis  has  been employed at Plant M2, and a
great many other products have been successfully  hydrolyzed
as  documented in Section VII.  Biological treatment systems
are in operation at Plants C4,  Ml,  M2,  M8,  M9,  and  D3.
Plant   C8   has   a   full  scale  biological  plant  under
construction.

Based  on  the  technology  presented  in  Section  VII,   a
reduction   of   total   pesticides   by   99.9  percent  by
detoxification can be expected.  Applying this technology to
the raw waste loads identified  in  Section  V  produces  an
effluent of 0.0103 mg/1 prior to biological treatment.  Data
reported  by  Plant M9 covering ten triazine type pesticides
indicates  essentially   no   removal   through   biological
treatment.   Therefore by proper operation of detoxification
facilities an equivalent of 0.00282 kg/kkg pesticides can be
expected in the effluent.  It is noted that  this  value  is
being  met  by  Plant  C4,  which  employs  activated carbon
treatment.  Based on variability factors of 2.5 and 5.6,  30
day maximum and daily maxinum limitations are 0.00705 kg/kkg
and 0.0158 kg/kkg, equating to model plant concentrations of
0.199 mg/1 and 0.446 mg/1, respectively.
                                 229

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BODr COD, and suspended solids long term averages achievable
are based on Plants C8 and M9,  whose treatment systems most
closely  represent  the model plant, and whose waste results
primarily from organo-nitrogen pesticide production.   Based
on  the  average  of  Plants  C8  and  M9, the long term BOD
average is 2.70 kg/kkg.  Applying variability factors of 3.6
and 5.6 the 30 day maximum and daily maximum limitations are
8.64  kg/kkg  and  15.1  kg/kkg,  equating  to  model  plant
concentrations of 244 mg/1 and 427 mg/1, respectively.

Based  on  Plant C8, the long term COD value is 11.7 kg/kkg.
Applying variability factors of 2.0  amd  2.6,  the  30  day
maximum  and  daily  maximum limitations are 21.1 kg/kkg and
30.4 kg/kkg, equating to model plant concentrations  of  596
mg/1 and 860 mg/1, respectively.

Based  on  Plants  C8 and M9, the long term suspended solids
level is 3.17 kg/kkg.  Applying variability factors  of  3.0
and  4.3,  the  30 day maximum and daily maximum limitations
are 9.51 kg/kkg and 13.6 kg/kkg,  equating  to  model  plant
concentrations of 269 kg/kkg and 385 mg/1, respectively.

As  in  Subcategory B specific organo-nitroqen compounds can
produce high ammonia waste streams.  Plant C8 has reported a
raw  waste  load  of  60.2  kg/kkg,  the  highest   in   the
subcategory.   Based  on the technology presented in Section
VII, a 95.5 percent  reduction  is  expected,  producing  an
effluent  of  2.71  kg/kkg.  Applying variability factors of
1.8  and  2.1,  the  30  day  maximum  and   daily   maximum
limitations  are  4.88  kg/kkg  and 5.69 kg/kkg,  equating to
model  plant  concentrations  of  138  mg/1  and  161  mq/1,
respectively.

Subcategory D

Plants Dl through D8 demonstrate the existing practice of no
discharge  of  pollutants via in-process control and recycle
of wastewaters.

Subcategory E

Plants E2 through E75 demonstrate the existing  practice  of
no  discharge of pollutants via in-process control and total
evaporation.

ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

Since the wastewaters generated by the  pesticide  chemicals
industry  are  for  the  most part biodegradable,  biological
treatment is the most applicable technology.    As  developed
                                230

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in  Section  VII, activated sludge and aerobic lagooning are
the most applicable types of biological treatment  employed.
Commonly,    high-strength    industrial    waste   requires
modifications of the activated sludge design as  applied  to
treatment  of  municipal waste.  These modifications include
longer detention times, completely mixed basins, and  larcrer
secondary  clarifiers.  The complete-mix system is generally
preferred over other activated sludge systems because it  i?
less  susceptible to shock loads (the completely mixed basin
partially  smooths  out  organic  load  variations),  oxygen
utilization rate is constant throughout the basin, and lined
earthen basins can be used for economy.

A  primary  disadvantage  of  any activated sludge system is
operational difficulty.   Operators  must  be  well  trained
specialists;   the   not  uncommon  industrial  practice  of
assigning personnel from the maintenance department  or  the
chemistry  lab  to  "take  care" of the wastewater treatment
plant  has  in  many  instances  led  to  chronically   poor
treatment efficiencies.

Perhaps  the  most  common  operational  problem  is "sludge
bulking" in which rising sludge in final  clarifiers  causes
floating  matter  to  be discharged in the plant's effluent.
The floating material  can  considerably  increase  BOD  and
suspended solids concentration in the effluent.

Sludge bulking can often result from poor operation allowing
inadequate  aeration  or  nutrient  levels, improper food to
microorganism  ratio,  or  improper  sludge  age.    It   is
essential  that operators maintain frequent (at least daily)
testing of the dissolved  oxygen  levels,  suspended  solids
concentrations, and nutrient concentrations in the effluent,
and,  of  course,  the sludge volume index.  If upsets still
occur  even  with  the  best  operation  and  most  constant
monitoring,  it may be necessary to take additional measures
such as the addition of filtration, increased  equalization,
or greater clarification.

Any   biological  treatment  system  requires  a  period  of
stabilization before optimum  efficiency  can  be  expected.
This period may range from a few weeks up to a year of more,
with the longer period often resulting in part from the need
of operators (even those with previous experience) requirina
time to learn the eccentricities of a particular system.

The  period  of initial stabilization of a biological system
used for pesticide wastewaters can  be  lengthened  by  high
salt concentrations requiring special efforts in acclimating
a  microbiological  culture.  As  discussed  in Section VII,
                                231

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several plants have demonstrated  the  achievability  of  an
acclimated culture.

Another problem associated with biological systems is sludge
generation.   The sludge from an activated sludge system can
be expected to have a solids content normally  ranging  from
1.0  to 2.0 percent and, on a dry weight basis, be generated
at a rate of about 0.5 kg per kg of BOD.

The disposal of sludge  can  be  a  serious  problem.   Land
disposal  (lagooning,  land  spreading, spray irrigation)  is
the most common procedure.  The feasibility of land disposal
of sludge (or wastewater for the matter) is essentially  one
of  economic  and environmental impact - the availability of
suitable land reasonably close to the treatment  plant.   in
some  cases  sludge  disposal  may  add  increased  costs to
control and treatment.

As discussed in Section VII, a variety of treatment  modules
other  than those discussed in this document may be employed
in  the  industry.   For  particular  installations,   other
modules  could  be  more  cost  effective.  This can only be
determined on a case by case basis.

Application of the best technology currently available  does
not  require  major changes in existing industrial processes
for   the   subcategories   studied.    Water   conservation
practices,   improved   housekeeping  and  product  handling
practices,  and  improved  maintenance   programs   can   be
incorporated   at   virtually  all  plants  within  a  given
subcategory.

The  technology  to  achieve  these   recommended   effluent
limitations  is  practiced  within  the  subcategories under
study or can be readily transferred from technology in other
industries.   The  concepts  are   proven,   available   for
implementation,  and  applicable  to the wastes in guestion.
However, up  to  two  years  may  be  required  from  design
initiation   to   plant   start-up.    The  waste  treatment
techniques  are  also  broadly  applied  within  many  other
industries.    The   technology   required  may  necessitate
improved  monitoring  of  waste  discharges  and  of   waste
treatment  components  on  the  part of some plants, and may
require  more  extensive  training  of  personnel   in   the
operation  and  maintenance  of  waste treatment facilities.
However, these procedures are currently  practiced  in  some
plants and are common practice in many ether industries.
                               232

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SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

It is recognized that a number of pesticide plants currently
operate  treatment  systems  which  in  many cases differ in
detail from the technology recommended herein, and  in  some
cases  do  not meet the recommended guidelines.  It is by no
means the intent of this  document  to  suggest  that  these
functioning   systems  be  deleted  and  replaced  with  the
respective model treatment plant.  In all cases known, it is
within the boundaries of engineering feasibility  for  those
pesticide  plants  currently having treatment plants but not
achieving  the  effluent  guidelines  to  do  so   by   such
techniques as improving their treatment modules.  Table IX-3
summarizes  potential alternatives available to those plants
discussed in Section VII which do  not  currently  meet  the
guidelines and for which sufficient information is available
to permit engineering judgements to be made.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN APPLYING EFFLEUNT GUIDELINES

The   above   assessment   of   what  constitutes  the  Best
Practicable  Control  Technology  Currently   Available   is
predicted  on the assumption of a degree of uniformity among
plants within each subcategory  that  does  not  necessarily
exist  in all cases.  One of the more significant variations
that must be taken into account in applying  limitations  is
availability  of  land  for  retention  and/or  treatment of
wastewater.  While the control technologies described herein
have  been  formulated  for   minimal   land   requirements,
individual  cases  of  extreme  lack  of  land  may  present
difficulties in applying even these technologies.  In  other
cases,  the  degree  of  land  availability  may dictate one
treatment alternative over another, or allow treatment costs
to be considerably less than those presented.

In the case of multi-product plants, an important  point  to
consider  is  that  the  summation  of  the  parts  may  not
necessarily make up the theoretical  whole.   A  plant,  for
example,  that  processes  products covered under several of
the subcategories in this document  could  be  theoretically
expected  to  meet  a  cumulative  limitation;  however, the
cumulative raw wastewater from such  a  plant  may  in  some
cases  exceed  the calculated quantity; on the other hand, a
multi-product  plant  often  has  greater   flexibility   in
managing in-plant control techniques.  The preceding factors
may affect costs of treatment technology to varying degrees.

There  are several subcategories in which no correlation may
exist between the final effluent and the unit  of  production
on a short term basis due to the batch nature of the process
                                 233

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                                                   TABLE  IX-3
                                              POTENTIAL METHODS FOR
                                           UPGRADING EXISTING SYSTEMS
         PLANT

          M2


          M7


          M8



          M9
ro
CO
          A2



          A3



          A6
          A8
         A9
    PARAMETERS AND REDUCTION REQUIRED

All parameters NRR pending completion of
biological treatment.

All parameters NRR pending completion of
planned treatment.

Reduction required for BOD, COD, TSS,
total pesticides.  Ammonia - NRR pending
completion of ammonia stripping facilities.

BOD - NRR; COD - Not monitored; TSS -
Requires reduction; Phenol - NRR; Ammonia -
NRR; Pesticides - reduction required
for halogenated and organo nitrogen.

All parameters NRR pending completion of
proposed treatment system.

Pesticides, TSS - NRR; BOD, COD, Phenol
not monitored.

Reduction required for BOD, COD, TSS,
Phenol, and Pesticides.
BOD - Not Monitored;  COD -  NRR;  TSS -
NRR; Phenol - Not Monitored;  Pesticides -
Not Monitored

All parameters - NRR
     POTENTIAL REDUCTION METHODS
No further treatment required pending
completion of biological treatment.

No further treatment required pending
completion of planned treatment system.

Additional hydrolysis; dual media
filtration.
Dual media filtration.
No further treatment required pending
completion of proposed treatment system.

No further treatment required for
pesticides and TSS.

In-process treatment of organic chemi-
cal wastes to improve carbon column
operation; install biological treatment;
reduce solids from neutralization by
changing operation (e.g. use caustic
instead of lime) or by adding filtration.

Based on available data, no further
treatment required.
No further treatment required.
         NRR  -  No  reduction  required

-------
no
GO
tn
PLANT

 A12

 A18


 A19


  B2



  C4

  C8
                                                       TABLE IX-3
                                                 POTENTIAL METHODS FOR
                                               UPGRADING EXISTING SYSTEMS
                                                       Continued
                                                    Page 2 of 2 Pages
                              PARAMETERS AND REDUCTION REQUIRED
                        All  parameters - NRR

                        Reduction required -
                        Pesticides  - NRR.

                        All  parameters - NRR
                        new  treatment system

                        Reduction required -
                        parameters  NRR.
AT 1  parameters  -  NRR

Reduction required -
other parameters  NRR.
                     BOD,  COD, TSS.
                     pending completion of
                     TSS;  all  other
                                            NH3, Pesticides.  All
                                                    POTENTIAL REDUCTION METHODS
No further treatment required

Equalization.  Biological treatment.
No further treatment required pending
completion of new treatment system.

Improve or modify process or treatment
operation, e.g. reduce clarifier
overflow rate.

No further treatment required.

Modify process to generate less
ammonia or install steam stripping of
ammonia; install hydrolysis for
pesticides.
             NRR  -  No  reduction  required.

-------
or to the cleanup periods.  For example, while a formulation
plant  is  blending and packaging its products, virtually no
wastewater may be generated.  During a subsequent period  of
time,  however,  production  operations  may have completely
ceased but  a  considerable  amount  of  wastewater  may  be
generated  by  clean-up  procedures.   In  such  cases it is
recommended that plant capacity, measured  on  a  long  term
basis, be used in applying the limitations.

Another production factor which should be considered is that
of   intermediate  products.   The  problem  might  best  be
illustrated by three  idealized  plants:  Plant  A  receives
certain  raw  materials,  processes them through a number of
steps (with each step generating wastewater and resulting in
intermediate products  which  are  used  in  the  subsequent
step),  and  ultimately produces final  (technical)  products.
The total wastewater generated by Plant A can be related  to
the  quantity  of  final  product,  and  theoretically other
plants such as Plant A producing  the  same  final  products
would generate similar wastewater loadings per unit product.

Plant  B  is similar to Plant A in that it produces the same
final products, but it differs  in  that  it  produces  more
intermediate  than  is  required  and  consequently  sells a
portion.  In this case,  if  only  the  final  products  are
considered  and  the  intermediates  ignored, the wastewater
loading per product unit could be substantially higher  than
that of Plant A.

Plant  C  also  produces the same final products as Plants A
and Bf but it purchases some of  the  intermediate  products
and  thereby  eliminates  certain  processing  steps and the
corresponding wastewater  generation.   In  this  case,  the
wastewater  loading  per product unit could be substantially
lower than that of Plant A.

As discussed in Section  III,  this  document  has  excluded
intermediates  in  calculating  effluent  ratios and instead
used the technical product as reported by  industry  in  EPA
pesticide  registration.   Care  must  be  exercised  in the
application  of  guidelines   to   avoid   unfair   economic
constraints or advantages to various types of operations.

A  factor  to be considered for biological treatment is that
such a system requires  a  period  of  stabilization  up  to
several  weeks  or  longer  before optimum efficiency can be
expected.  During this start-up period, large variations  in
both BOD and suspended solids concentrations can be expected
in the discharge.
                                236

-------
The  maximum  daily limitations recommended herein allow for
compliance 99 percent of the time.  In  the  event  of  non-
compliance,  those  parties  responsible for treatment plant
operation should immediately report  the  occurence  to  the
appropriate authorities, take the necessary steps to correct
the  situation,  and  report  the probable cause of the non-
compliance.

Climatic conditions  may  also  affect  biological  systems.
Decreased  biological  activity  can  be  normally  expected
during winter months.  In  extremely  cold  climates,  added
cost may be necessary for the heating of treatment systems.

In  all cases herein, including those for which no discharge
of polluted waters is recommended,  it  must  be  recognized
that   storm   runoff   can   contain   various  degrees  of
contamination.  Except  for  very  new  installations,  many
pesticide  plants have contaminated soil resulting from past
spills, hence runoff or leachate from that soil may  exhibit
contamination,  even in cases where there is no discharge of
process wastewater.
                              237

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                         SECTION X

             LIST OF COMMON PESTICIDE COMPOUNDS
                       BY SUBCATEGORY
In  order  to  provide  readers  with  a  convenient   cross
reference.  Table  X-l lists a number of the major pesticide
compounds, classified by subcategories and defined  in  this
document,   i.e.,  halogenated  organic,  organo-phosphorus,
organo-nitrogen, and  metallo-organic.   In  addition,  some
compounds,  listed as non-categorized pesticides in Table X-
1, are represented by common compounds whose  active  groups
do  not  allow  classification  in  the above-mentioned four
subcategories and who consequently are not covered by  these
guidelines.

Pesticides  are  alphabetically  listed  by  common  name by
subcategory along with their chemical  name  as  defined  by
U.S.E.P.A.   Report   600/9-76-012,   Analytical   Reference
Standards and Supplemental Data  for  Pesticides  and  other
Organic  Compounds,  Research  Triangle  Park,   N.C.   27711.
These listings are representative  in  nature  and  are  not
intended  to  be  all  inclusive or to exclude compounds not
listed.  Mention of trade names or commercial products  does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                238

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                               TABLE X-l

                      INDEX OF PESTICIDE COMPOUNDS
                             BY SUBCATEGORY
SUBCATEGORY A - HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDES
     Common Name
Aldrin
Benzoylprop Ethyl  (Suffic)
BHC and Related Isomers
Bifenox  (Modown)
Bromoxynil  (Brominal)
Captafol  (Difolatan)
Chloramben  (Amiben)
Chloranil  (Spergon)
Chlorodane  (TECH.) and components
Chlordecone  (Kepone)
Chlorobenzilate  (Acaraben)
         Chemical Name

1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-
l,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-
l,U-endo-exo-5,8-
dimethanonaphthalene

Ethyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4-
dichlorophenyl)
-2-aminopropionate

Isomers of Hexachloro-
cyclohexane

Methyl 5- (2,4-dichloro-
phenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxy-
benzonitrile

cis-N-[ (1,1,2,2-Tetra-
chloroethyl) thio]-4-cyclo-
hexene-1,2-dicarboximide

3-Amino-2r 5-dichloro-
benzoic acid

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-l,4-
benzoqu inone

1,2,H,5,6,7,8,8-Octa-
chloro-2,3,3a,a,7,7a-hexa-
hydro-U,7-methanoindene

Decachloro-octahydro-1,3f
t»-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[ cd ]-
pentalen-2-one

Ethyl U,4«-dichloro-
benzilate
                                 239

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                    TABLE  X-1  (Con*-inu€'-M

SUBCATEGORY A  -  HALOGENATFD ORGANIC PFSTICIOEF - Cor,
     Common Name

Chloroneb  (Demosan)


Chlorothalonil  (Daconil  2787)


Dalapon  (Downpan)

DCPA  (Dacthal)
DDD, Mixed, Tech.  (TDE, Rhothane)
  and Metabolites
DDTr Mixed  (TECH.) and Metabolites




Dibromochloropropane  (DBCP)



Dicamba  (Banvel D)


Dichlobenil  (Casoron)

Dichlone  (Phygon XL)


Dichloran (Botran)

Dichlorobenzene, Ortho (ODB)

Dichlorobenzene, Para  (PDB)

Dichlororopropene  (Telone)
         Chemical
l,U-Dichloro-2r 5-dimeth-
oxy benzene

2, 4,5, 6-Tetrachloroisopb-
thalonitrile

2r2-Dichloropropionic acid

Dimethyl 2, 3, 5, 6-tetra-
chloroterephthalate

2f 2-Bis (chloropheny) -1,
1-dichloroethane and
related compounds

Dichloro dipenyl tri-
chloroethane (mixt. of
metabolites of ca. 80%
£,£' and 20% orp_')

1, 2-Dibromo-3-chloropro-
pane and related halogen-
ated C3_ hydrocarbons

2-Methoxy-3f 6-dichloro-
benzoic acid

2 r 6-Dichlorobenzonitri le

2,3-Dichloro-lr 4-naphtho-
 quinone

2r 6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene

l,U-Dichlorobenzene

1 , 3-Dichloropropene
                                  240

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                   TABLE X-1 (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY A - HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDES - Continued

     Common Name                              Chemical Name
Dichlorprop (2,4-DP)
Dicofol (Kelthane)
Dieldrin (HEOD)
Diquat Dibromibe
2,4-D, Acid Esters and Salts
2,4-DB, Acid and Esters
Endosulfan  (Thiodan) and Isomers
Endrin
Erbon  (Baron)
Fenac
Heptachlor
 2- (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) -
 propionic acid

1,1-Bis(p-chlorophenyl) -2,
2,2-trichloroethanol

1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-
exo-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,
 8,8a-octahydro-l,4-endo,
exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene

6,7-Dihydrodipyrido[1,2-
 a:2',1'-c ]pyrazidiinium
dibromide, monohydrate

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid, esters, and salts

4- (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)
butyric acid, and esters

6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-
l,5,5a,6,9r9a-hexahydro-6,
9-methano-2,4,3-benzodi oxa-
thiepon 3-oxide

1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-
6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8f
  8a-octahydro-l,4-endo,endo-5,
8-dimethanonaphthalene

  2-(2,U,5-Trichlorophenoxy)
ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate

2,3,6-Trichlorophenyl-
  acetic acid

1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-
 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,
7-methanoindene
                                 241

-------
                   TABLE  X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY A - HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDES  -  Continued
     Common Name

Hexachlorobenzene  (HCB)

Hexachlorophene  (Nabac)


1-Hyd roxych1ordene



loxynil  (Actril)


Lamprecide (TFN)


MCPA, MCPB, MCPP, Acids and Esters


Methoxychlor  (Marlate)


Mirex (Dechlorane)



Nitrapyrin (N-Serve TG)



Nitrofen (TOK)


Parinol  (Parnon)


PCNB (Quintozene)

PCP (Pentachlorophenol)

Perthane
         Chemical Name

Hexachlorobenzene

2,2«-Methylene bis(3,U,6-
trichlorophenol)

1-exo, Hydroxy-4,5,6,7,8,
  8-hexachloro-3a,4,7,7a-
tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene

4-Hydroxy-3,5-Diiodo-
  benzonitrile

3-Trifluoromethyl-M-nitro-
phenol, sodium salt

(U-Chloro-2-methylpenoxy) -
acids and esters

2,2-Bis(p-methoxyphenyl) -
1,1,1-trichloroethane

Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,
 3,U-metheno-2H-cyclo-
buta[ cd ]pentalene

2-Chloro-6-trichloro-
 methylpyridine (and re-
lated chlorinated pyridines)

2,4-Dichloropheny1-p-
  nitrophenyl ether

a,a-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)  -
3-pyridine methanol

Pentachlor©nitrobenzene

2,3,U,5,6-Pentachlorophenol

1,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-
 ethylphenyl) ethane
                                242

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY A - HALOGENATED ORGANIC PESTICIDES  - Continued
     Common Name

Silvex, Acid [ 2-(2,4,5-TP) ]


Silvex, Isooctyl Esters
Silvex, Propylene Glycol Butyl
  Ether Esters
Sodium Pentachlorophenate
   (Dowicide G)
Strobane



Tecnazene  (Fusarex)


Terrazole


Tetradifon  (Tedion)


Tetrasul  (Animert)


Toxaphene




2,4,5-Trichlorophenol  (Dowcide  2)

2,4,5-T, Acid, Esters,  and Salts
         Chemical Name

2- (2,4,5-Trichlorophen-
oxy)  propionic acid

2- (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)
propionic acid, isooctyl
esters (mixed)

2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)
propionic acid, propylene
glycol butyl  ether esters
(C3H60 to C9H1J303)

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloro-
phenol, sodium salt,
monohydrate

Polychlorinates of cam-
phene, pinene and related
terpenes

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-
nitrobenzene

5-Ethoxy-3-tri chlor o-
methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole

4-Chloropheny1 2,4,4-
trichlorophenyl sulfone

S-p-Chlorophenyl  2,4,5-
trichlorophenyl sulfide

A mixture of  chlorinated
camphene compounds of
uncertain identity  (com-
bined chlorine 67-69%)

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy-
acetic acid,  esters,
and salts
                                243

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                    TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY  B  - ORGANQ-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES
     Common Name

Acephate  (Orthene)


Aspon


Azinphos Ethyl  (Ethyl Guthion)



Azinphos Methyl  (Guthion)



Bensulide  (Prefar)




Bromophos  (Brofene)



Bromophos Ethyl  (Nexagan)



Carbophenothion  (Trithion)



Chlorfenvinphos  (Supona)



Chlormephos (MC 2188)


Chlorpyrifos  (Dursban)
           Chemical Name
O, S-Dimethyl  acetylphos-
phoramidothioate

0,0,0,0-Tetrapropyl dithio-
pyrophosphate

OrO-Diethyl S-[4-oxo-l,2, 3-
benzotriazin-3  (4H) -ylmethyl ]-
phosphorodithioate

OrO-Dimethyl S-[U-oxo-1,2,3-
benzotriazin-3  (HE) -ylmethyl ]~
phosphorodith ioate

S- (O,O-Diisopropyl phosphoro-
dithioate) ester of N-(2-mer-
captoethyl) benzenesulfon-
amide

O- (4-Bromo-2,5-dichloro-
phenyl) 0,0-dimethyl phos-
phorothioate

O-(4-Bromo-2r5-dichloro-
phenyl)0,0-diethtl
phosphorothioate

S-[(p-Chlorophenylthio)-
methyl]0r 0-diethyl
phosphorodithioate

2-Chloro-l-(2,4-dichloro-
phenyl)vinyl diethyl
phosphate

S-Chloromethyl O,O-diethyl
phosphorothiolothionate

O r O-Diethyl O-(3 r 5, 6-tri-
chloro-2-pyridyl)  phos-
phorothioate
                                244

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                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY B - ORGANQ-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Chlorthiophos (CMS 2957)



Coumaphos (Co-Ral)



Crotoxyphos  (Ciodrin)


Crufornate (Rue!ene)



Cythioate (Proban)



DBF


Demeton-O (Systox-O)  (Thiono)


Demeton-S (Systox-S)  (Thiolo)


Dialifor  (Torak)



Diazinon  (Spectracide)



Dichlofenthion  (VC-13)


Dichlorvos  (DDVP)
           Chemical Name

OrO-Diethyl 0-2,4,5-
Dichloro- (methylthio)
phenyl thionophosphate

O- (3-Chloro-U-methyl-2-oxo-
2H-l-benzopyran-7-y )
0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate

a-Methylbenzyl 3-hydroxy-
crotonate dimethyl phosphate

O- (H-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-
phenyl) 0-methyl
N-methyl  phosphoroamidate

O,0-Dimethyl O-p-sulfa-
moylphenyl phosphoro-
thioate

S,S,S-Tributyl phosphoro-
trithioate

0,0-Diethyl O-2-[(ethylthio) •
ethyl]phosphorothioate

0,O-Diethyl S-2-[(ethlythio) •
ethyljphosphorothioate

S-(2-Chloro-l-phthalind do-
ethyl) 0,0-diethyl
phosphorodithioate

O,O-Diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-
6-methyl-^-pyrimidinyl)
phosphorothioate

O-2,U-Dichlorophenyl 0,0-
diethyl  phosphorothioate

2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl
phosphate
                                 245

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                    TABLE X-1 (Continued)

 SUBCATEGORY B - ORGANQ-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES - Continued
      Common Name

 Dicrotophos (Bidrin)


 Diethyl  Phosphate (DEP)

 Dimethoate  (Cygon)



 Dimethyl Phosphate  (DMP)

 Dioxathion  (Delnav)



 Disulfoton  (Di-Syston)


 Dursban



 EPN


 Ethephon (Cepha)

 Ethion



 Ethoprop  (Mocap)


 Famphur



Fenitrothion (Sumithion)
            Chemical Name

 3-Hyroxy-N,N-dimethyl-cis-
 crotonamide dimethyl phosphate

 O,O-Diethyl phosphate

 0,0-Dimethyl S-(N-methyl-
 carbamoyl methyl)  phos-
 phorodithioate

 0,0-Dimethyl phosphate

 S,S'-£-Dioxane-2r3-diyl
 O,O-diethyl  phosphorodi-
 thioate  (cis and  trans isomers)

 OrO-Diethyl  S-[2-(ethylthio)-
 ethyl ]phosphorodithioate

 0,0-Diethyl  O~(3,5,6-
 Tri-chloro-2-pyridyl)
 phosphorothioate

 0-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl
 phenylphosphoriothioate

 (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic  acid

 0,0,0',0-Tetraethyl  SrS'-
 methylene bisphosphorodi-
 thioate

 0-Ethyl S,Sr-dipropyl
 phosphorodithioate

 0-[p- (dimethylsuIfamoyl)
phenyl]0f 0-dimethyl
 phosphorothioate

 0,0-Dimethyl 0-(4-nitro-
m-tollyl)phosphorothioate
                                246

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                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY B - ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Fensulfothion  (Dasanit)



Fenthion  (Baytex)



Folex  (Merphos)

Fonofos  (Dyfonate)


Formothion  (Anthio)



Glyphosate  (Roundup)

IBP  (Kitazin)


Leptophos (Phosvel)



Malathion



Mecarbam (MC-474)



Menazon (Azidithion)



Mephosfolan (Cytrolane)



Methamidophos (Monitor)
           Chemical Name

OrO-Diethyl 0-[p-(methyl-
sulfinyl) phenyl]
phosphorothioate

0,0-Dimethyl 0-[4-(methyl-
thio)-m-tolyl]
phosphorothioate

Tributyl Phosphorotrithioite

0-Ethyl S-phenyl ethyl-
phosphonodithioate

OrO-Dimethyl S-(N-methyl-N-
formylcarbamoyl-methyl) -
phosphorodithioat e

N- (Phosphonomethyl) glycine

0,0-Diisopropyl S-benzyl
thiophosphate

0-(U-Bromo-2,5-dichloro-
phenyl) 0-methyl phenyl-
phosphonothioate

Diethyl mercaptosuccinate,
s-ester with 0,0-
dimethyl phosphorodithioate

S-[N-Ethoxycarbonyl-N-
methylcarbamoylmethyl] 0,0-
diethly phosphorodithioate

S-[(U,6-Diamino-l,3,5-
triazin-2-yl)methyl] 0,0-
dimethyl phosphorodithioate

P,P-Diethly cyclic propy-
lene  ester of  phosphonodi-
thioimidocarbonic  acid

0-S-Dimethyl phosphor-
amidothioate
                                 247

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                    TABLE X-1  (Continued)

 SUBCATEGORY B -  ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES - Continued
      Common  Name
 Methidathion (Supracide)
Mevinphos  (Phosdrin)
Monocrotophos  (Azodrin)
Morphothion  (Ekatin M)
Naled  (Dibrom)
Oxydemeton Methyl
Parathion Ethyl
Parathion Methyl
Pheneapton
Phorate (Thimet)
Phosalone (Zolone)
            Chemical  Name

 S-[(2-methoxy-5-oxo-delta-
 l,3,U-thiadiazolin-4-yl) -
 methyl]0,0-dimethly  phos-
 phorodithioate

 Methyl  3-hydroxy-alpha-
 crotonate,  dimethyl  phosphate

 Dimethyl  phosphate of  3-
 hydroxy-N-methyl-ci s-
 crotonamide

 0,0-Dimethly S-(morpholino-
 carbonylmethyl) phos-
 phorodithioate

 1,2-Dibromo-2,2-dichloro-
 ethyl dimethyl phosphate

 S-[2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl-
 0,0-dimethyl phos-
 phorothioate

 Or0-Diethyl-O-p-nitro-
 phenyl phosphorothioate

 0,0-Dimethyl 0-p-nitro-
 phenyl phosphorothioate

 Or 0-Diethyl-S-(2r 5-di-
chlorophenylthiomethyl)
 phosphorothiolothionate

0,0-Diethyl S-[(ethylthio)-
methyl]phosphorodithioate

S-[(6-Chloro-2-oxo-3-
benzoxazolinyl) methyl ] 0 ,
0-diethyl phosphorodithioate
                               248

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                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY B - ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES - Continued

     Common Name                              Chemical Name

Phosfolan  (Cyolane)
Phosmet  (Imidan)
Phosphamidon  (Dimecron)
Pirimiphos Ethyl  (Primicid)
Pirimiphos-Methyl  (Actellic)
Pyrazophos  (Afugan)
Quninalphos  (Ekalux)
Ronnel
 Salithion
 Stirofos (Gardona)
 Surecide (SU087)
 Temephos (Abate)
P,P-Diethyl cyclic ethylene
ester of phosphonodi-
thioimidocarbonic acid
0,0-Dimethyl-S-phthalimido-
methyl phosphorodithioate

2-Chloro-N,N-diethyl-3-
hydroxycrotonamide
dimethyl phosphate

0-[ 2- (Diethylamino) -6-
methyl-1-pyrimidinyl]
0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate

0-[ 2- (Diethylamino) -6-
methyl-4-pyrimidinyl1
0 r0-diemthyl phosphorothioate

2- (0,0-Diethyl thionophos-
phoryl)-5-methyl-6-carbe-
thoxy-pyrazolo(1,5a) -
pyrimidine

0,0-Diethyl 0-[quinoxa-
linyl-(2) ] thionophosphate

OrO-Dimethly 0-(2,4,5-tri-
chlorophenyl)  phosphorothioate

2-Methoxy-UH-1,3,2-benzod i-
oxaphosphorin-2-sulfide

2-Chloro-l-(2,U,5-trichloro-
phenyl)vinyl dimethyl
phosphate

0- (p-Cyanophenyl)  0-ethyl
phenylphosphonothioate

0,0-Dimethyl phosphoro-
thioate  0,0-diester with
HrH•-thiodiphenol
                                 249

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 Tepp
TABLE X-1  (Continued)

                Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
 Thiometon (Ekatin)


 Triazophos (Hostathion)
                0,0-Dimethly S-[ 2-(ethylthio)
                ethyl ] phosphorodithioate

                OrO-Diethyl 0-(l-phenyl-
                lH-l,2,U-triazol-3-
                yl)phosphorothioate
 SUBCATEGORY C -  ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES

      Common Name

 Alachlor  (Lasso)
Aldicarb  (Temik)



Ametryn  (Evik)



Aminocarb  (Matacil)


Amitrole  (Cytrol)

Amobam  (Chemo-0-Bam)


Ancymidol  (A-Rest)


Anilazine  (Dyrene)


Antu

Asulam  (Asulox)
                          Chemical Name
                2-Chloro-2',6•-diethyl-N-
                (methoxymethyl)  acetanilide

                2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)-
                propionaldehyde-0-
                (methylcarbomoyl)oxime

                2- (Ethylamino) -4- (isopro-
                pylamino)-6-(methyl-
                thio) -a-triazine

                U-Dimethylamino-m-tolyl
                methylcarbamate

                3-Amino-l,2fU-triazole

              Diammonium ethylenebisdi-
              thiocarbamate

              a-Cyclopropyl-a-(p-methoxy-
              phenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol

              2,4-Dichloro-6-(o-chloroanil-
              ino)-s-triazine

              1 (1-Naphthyl) -2-thiourea

              Methyl  (4-amino  benzene-
              sulfonyl)carbamate
                                250

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                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Atraton  (Gesatamin)


Atrazine  (Aatrex)


Azobenzene

Barban  (Carbyne)


Bentazon  (Basagran)



Benefin  (Balan)



Benomyl  (Benlate)


Benthiocarb  (Bolero)


Bantranil

Benzadox (Topcide)

Bromacil (Hyvar)


Butachlor (Machete)


Butralin (Amex 820)



Butylate (Sutan)
           Chemical Name

2-(Ethylamino) -U-(isopropyl-
amino)-6-methoxy-s triazine

2-chloro-H- (ethylamino) -6-
(isopropylamino) -s-triazine

Diphenyl diimide

U-Chloro-2-Butynyl-m-chloro-
carbanilate

3-lsopropyl-lH~2,1,3-benzo-
thiadiazin- (i») 3H-one  2,
2-dioxide

N-Butyl-N-ethyl-a, a,a-tri-
f luoro-2r 6-dinitro-p-
toluidine

Methyl  1-(butylcarbamoyl) -
2-benzimidazolecarbamate

S-(U-Chlorobenzyl)N,N-diethyl-
thiolcarbamate

2-Phenyl-3,1-benzoxazinone- (4)

 (Benzamidooxy)acetic  acid

5-Bromo-3-s ec-butyl-6-
methyluracil

2-Chloro-2'r6«-diethyl-N-
 (butoxymethyl)  acetanilide

U- (lrl-Dimethylethyl) -N-
 (1-methyl  propyl)-2r
6-dinitronbenzeneamine

S-Ethyl N,N-diisobutyl-
thiocarbamate
                                 25]

-------
                    TABLE X-1  (Continued)
 SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANQ-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
      Common Name                            Chemical Name
 Captan                           N-[ (Trichloromethyl)thio]-U-
                                  cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide
 Carbaryl (Sevin)                  1-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate
 Carbendazim (Derosal)             2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-
                                  benzimidazol
 Carbetamide (Legurame)            N-Phenyl-1-(ethylcarbamoyl) -
                                  ethylcarbamate,  D isomer
 Carbofuran  (Furadan)              2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-
                                  benzofuranyl methylcarbamate
 Carboxin (Vitavax)                5,6-Dihydro-2-methyl-l,4-
                                  oxathiin-3-carboxanilide
 CDAA  (Randox)                     NrN-Diallyl-2-chloroacetamide
 CDEC  (Sulfallate)                 2-Chloroallyl  diethyldithio-
                                  carbamate
 Chlordimeform  (Chlorphenamidine)  N«-(U-Chloro-o-tolyl)-N, N-
                                  dimethylformamidine
 Chlorpropham  (CIPC)               Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)
                                  carbamate
 Clonitralid  (Bayluscide)          2«r5-Dichloro-4--nitrosali-
                                  cylanilide ethanolamine
Cyanazine (Bladex)                2-[(4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-
                                  s-triazin-2-yl)  amino]-
                                  2-methlypropionitrite
                                252

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANQ-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Cycloate  (Ro-Neet)


Cycloheximide  (Actidione)



Cyprazine  (Outfox)


Desmedipham  (Betanex)


Diallate  (Avadex)


Diaphene  (Bromsalans)



Difenzoquat  (Avenge)


Diflubenzuron (Th-6040,Dimilin)


Dimethirimol (Milcurb)


Dinitramine  (Cobex)



Dinocap (Karathane)


 Dinoseb (DNBP)
           Chemical Name

S-Ethyl ethylcyclohexylthio-
carbamate

3[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxo-
cyclohexyl) -2-hydroxy-
ethyl]glutarimide

2-Chloro-4-(cyclopropylamino) -
6- (isopropylamino) -s-triazine

Ethyl m-hydroxycarbanilate
carbanilate (ester)

S- (2,3-Dichloroallyl) diiso-
propy1thiocarbamate

3 r4,5-Tribromosalicyanilide,4,5-
dibromosalicylanilide and other
brominated salicylanilides

1,2-Dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-
IH-pyrazolium methyl sulfate

l-(4-Chloropheny)-3-(2,6-
difluorobenzoyl)urea

5-n-Butyl-2-dimethylamino-U-
hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine

NU.,N^-Diethly-a,a,a-tri-
fluoro-3,5-dinitro-
toluene-2,U-diamine

2-(1-Methylheptyl)-4,6-
dinitrophenyl  crotonate

2- (sec-Butyl) -4, 6-dinitrophenol
                                 253

-------
                    TABLE X-1

 SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANO-NITROC

      Common Name

 Dinoseb Acetate (Aretit)


 Diphenamid (Enide)


 Dithianon


 Diuron


 DNOC

 Dodine (Carpene)

 Drazoxolon (Ganocide)


 EPTC  (Eptam)

 Ethiolate (Prefox)

 Ethirimol (Milstem)


 Fenaminosulf  (Dexon)


 Ferbam

 Fluchloralin  (Basalin)



Fluometuron (Cotoran)


Fluoridamid (Sustar 2-S)



Folpet  (Phaltan)
(Continued)

EN PESTICIDES - Continued

               Chemical Name

    2-(sec-Butyl) -H,6-dinitro-
    phenyl acetate

    N,N-Dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-
    acetamide

    2,3-Dicarbonitrile-l, H-
    dithiaanthraquinone

    3- (3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-
    dimethylurea

    4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol

    n-Dodecylguanidine acetate

    t*~ (2-Chlorophenylhydrazono) -
    3-methyl-5-isoxazolone

    S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate

    S-Ethyl diethylthiocarbamate

    5-Butyl-2-(ethlyamino)-6-
    hydroxy-U-methylpyrimidine

    p-(Dimethylamino) benzenediazo
    sodium  sulfonate

    Ferric  dimethyldithiocarbamate

    N-Propyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-
    a , a ra-trifluoro-2,6-
    dinitro-p-toluidine

    1,l-Dimethly-3-(ara,a-tri-
    fluoro-m-tolyl)urea

    N-U-Methyl-3-[[(1,1,1-tri-
    f luoromethyl) sulf onyl ]
   amino ]phenyl ]acetamide

   N-(Trichloromethylthio)-
   phthalimide
                               254

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Formetanate Hyrdochloride

  (Carzol SP)

Isopropalin  (Paarlan)


Karbutilate  (Tandex)


Lenacil  (Venzar)



Lethane  38U


Linuron  (Lorox)


Meobal

Metalkamate  (Bux)




Metham  (SMDC)

Methazole  (Probe)



Methiocarb (Mesurol)


Methomyl (Lannate)


Metoxuron  (Dosanex)
           Chemical Name

m[[ (Dimethlyamino) methylene]-
amino]phenyl methyl-
carbamate hydrochloride

2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropy-
loumidine

m- (3,3-dimethylureido)phenyl
tert-butylcarbamate

3-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dihydro-
iH-cyclopentapyrimidine-
2,i»(3H,5H) -dione

b-Butoxy-B1-thiocyanodiethyl
ether

3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl) -1-
methoxy-1-methylurea

3,U-Xylyl methylcarbamate

Mixture of m-(1-ethylpropyl) -
phenyl methylcarbamate  and  m-
 (1-methylbutyl) phenyl  methyl-
carbamate  (ratio  of 1:3)

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate

2-(3,4-Dichloropheny) -4-
methyl-l,2f t»-oxadiazolidine-
3,5-dione

4- (Methylthio) -3,5-xylyl N-
methylcarbamate

S-Methyl  N-[(methylcarbamoyl)-
oxy] thioacetimidate

 3-(3-Chloro-U-methoxyphenyl) -
 1,1-dimethylurea
                               255

-------
                    TABLE X-1  (Continued)

 SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
      Common Name

 Mexacarbate (Zectran)


 MH (Maleic Hydrazide)

 Molinate (Ordram)


 Monalide (Potablan)


 Monolinuron (Aresin)


 Monuron


 Monuron-TCA (Urox)


 Naphthalene Acetamide

 Napropamide (Devrinbl)


 Naptalam, Sodium Salt

 Neburon


 Nitralin  (Planavin)


 Norflurazon  (Evital)



Oryzalin  (Surflan)
            Chemical Name

 tJ-Dimethylamino-3, 5-xylyl
 methylcarbamate

 6-Hydroxy-3-(2H)-pyridazinone

 S-Ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-
 1-carbothiate

 N- (U-Chlorophenyl) -2, 2-
 dimethylpentanamide

 3-(p-Chlorphenyl)-1-methoxy-
 1-methylurea

 3-(p-Chlorphenyl)-1,1-
 diamethylurea

 3-(p-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-di-
 methylurea trichloroacetate

 1-Naphthalene-acetamide

 2-(a-Naphthoxy)-N,N-di-
 ethylpropionamide

 Sodium N-1-naphthylphthamate

 l-(n-Butyl) -3- (3,4-dichloro-
 phenyl)-1-methylurea

 U-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,6-
 dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniliane

 a-Chloro-5- (methylamino) -2-
 (a ta ra-trifluoro-m-
toyl) - (2H) -pyridazinone

 3,5-Dinitro-N4.,N4-dipor-
pylsulfanilamide
                               f- JO

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANQ-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Oxadiazon (Ronstar)



Oxamyl  (Vydate)



Oxythioquinox  (Morestan)



Paraquat Bichloride  (Gramoxone)


Pebulate  (Tillam)


Perfluidone  (Destun)



Phenmedipham  (Betanal)


Phenothiazine

Pic lor am  (Tordon)


Piperalin (Pipron)


Pirimicarb  (Pirimor)



Potassium Azide (Kazoe)

Promecarb (Carbamult)
           Chemical Name

2-tert-Butyl-U-(2,U-dichloro-
5-isopropoxyphenyl)  delta-
1,3, U-oxadiazolin-5-one

Methyl N»,N'-dimethyl-N-
[ (methylcarbamoyl) oxy]-l
thiooxamimidate

6-Methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedi-
thiol cyclic-S, S-dithio-
carbonate

1,1'-Dimethyl-a , H'-bi-
pyridilium dichloride

S-Propyl butylethylthio-
carbamate

l,lrl-Trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-
U- (phenylsulf onyl)  phenyl ]
methanesulfonamide

Methyl m-hydroxycarbanilate
m-methylcarbanilate

Dibenzo-1,4-thia zine

i»-Amino-3r5f 6-trichloro-
picolinic acid

 3-(2-Methylpiperidino)propyl-
 3 f4-dichlorobenzoate

 2-(Dimethylamino) -5,6-
 dimethyl-U-pyrimidinyl
 dimethylcarbamate

 Potassium azide

 m-Cym-5ylmethylcarbamate
                                257

-------
                    TABLE X-1 (Continued)

 SUBCATE6ORY C -  ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
      Common Name

 Prometon (Pramitol)


 Prometryn  (Caparol)


 Pronamide  (Kerb)


 Propachlor  (Ramrod)

 Propanil (Rogue)

 Propazine  (Milogard)


 Propham  (IPC)

 Propoxur (Baygon)


 Pyracarbolid  (Sicarol)


 Pyrazon  (Pyramin)


 Siduron  (Tupersan)


Simazine (Princep)


Sodium Azide  (Smite)

Streptomycin Sulfate  (Agri-


  Strep)
            Chemical Name

 2,i»-Bis(isopropylamino) -
 6-methoxy-s-triazine

 2, 4-Bis (isopropylamino) -
 6-(methylthio) -s-triazine

 3,5-Dichloro-N-(lr1-dimethyl-
 2-propynyl)  benzamide

 2-Chloro-N-isopropylacetani1ide

 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide

 2-Chloro-U,6-bis(isopro-
 pylamino) -s-triazine

 Isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate

 o-lsopropoxyphenyl  N-methyl-
 carbamate

 3,i»-Dihydro-6-methyl-N-phenyl-
 2H-pyran-5-carboxamide

 5-Amino-H-chloro-2-pheny1-
 3(2H)-pyridazinone

 1-(2-Methylcyclohexyl)-
 3-phenylurea

 2-Chloro-Ur 5,6-bis(ethyl-
 amino) -s-triazine

 Sodium Azide

 D-Streptaminer 0-2-deoxy-
 2- (methylamino) -a-1-gluco-
 pyranosyl-(1-2)-0-5-deoxy-
 3-C-formyl-a-l-lyxofuranosyl-
 (1-U)-N-V-bis(aminoimmo-
methyl-, sulfate (2:3) (salt)
                               258

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY C - ORGANO-NITROGEN PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Terbacil  (Sinbar)


Terbutryn  (Igran)



Thanite

Thiabendazole  (Mertect)

Thiofanox  (DS-156U7)



Thiophanate


Thiophanate Methyl


Thiram  (Arasan)

Triallate


Tridemorph (Calixin)


Trifluralin  (Treflan)


Triforine (Cela W524)



Vernolate (Vernam)
           Chemical Name

3-(tert-Butyl) -5-chlor-6-
methyluracil

2-(tert-Butylamino)-4-(ethyl-
amino) -6- (methylthio) -s-
triazine

Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate

2- (U'-Thiazolyl) benzimidazole

3,3-Dimethyl-l-(methylthio) -
2-butamone 0-[(methylamino)-
carbonyl]oxime

l,2-Bis(3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-
thioureido)benzene

1,2-Bis(3-methoxycarbonyl-2-
thioureido) benzene

Tetramethylthiuram disulfide

S- (2r3f 3-Trichloroallyl) -
diisopropylthiocarbamate

N-Tridecyl-2,6-dimethyl-
morpholine

a,ara-Trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-
N,N-dipropyl-p-toluinin

NrN'-[1-4-Piperazinediyl-bis-
 (2,2,2-trichloroethylene)]-
bis(formamide)

S-Propyl NrN-dipropylthio-
carbamate
                                259

-------
                    TABLE X-1  (Continued)

 SUBCATEGORY  D -  METALLO-OBGANIC PESTICIDES

      Common  Name                            Chemical Name

 Cacodylic Acid                  Dimethylarsinic  acid

 Calcium Arsenate                Calcium  arsenate

 Cryolite  (Kryocide)              Sodium Fluoaluminate

 Diphenyl Mercury                Diphenyl mercury

 DSMA                             Disodium methanearsenate,
                                 hexahydrate

 Ethylmercury  Chloride  (Ceresan)  Ethylmercury Chloride
Fentin Acetate  (Brestan)

Fentin Hydroxide  (Outer)

Lead Arsenate

Maneb


Methanearsonic Acid  (MAA)

Methylmercuric Chloride

Methylmercuric Iodide

MSMA (Bueno)

Nabam


Phenylmercuric Acetate
  (Common name PMA)

Phenylmercuric Borate

Phenylmercuric Chloride
Triphenyltin acetate

Triphenyltin hydroxide

Acid lead arsenate

Manganous ehtylene-bis-
(dithiocarbamate)

Methly arsonic acid

Methylmercury chloride

Methylmercury ioidide

Monosodium acid methanearsonate

Disodium ethylene bis(dithio-
carbamate)

Phenylmercury acetate


Phenylmercury borate

Phenylmercury chloride
                                260

-------
                   TABLE X-1  (Continued)

SUBCATEGORY D - METALLO-ORGANIC PESTICIDES - Continued
     Common Name

Phenylmercuric Hydroxide

Phenylmercuric Iodide

Vendex


Zineb

Ziram

NON-CATEGORIZED PESTICIDES

     Common Name

Allethrin
Benzyl Benzoate

Biphenyl  (Diphenyl)

Chlorophacinone  (Rozol)


Coumafuryl  (Fumarin)


Dimethyl  Phthaiate

Diphacinone
           Chemical Name

Phenylmercury hydroxide

Phenylmercury iodide

Hexakis (B,B-dimethyl-
ph en ethyl) -distannoxane

Zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate



           Chemical Name

2-Allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-
2-cyclopenten-l-one ester of
2,2-dimethy1-3-(2-methyl-
propenyl)-cyclopropane-
carboxylic acid

Benzyl benzoate

Biphenyl

2-[(p-Chlorophenyl)phenyl-
acetyl]-l,3-indandione

3-(a-Acetonylfurfuryl)-
H-hydroxycoumarin

Dimethyl Phthalate

2-Diphenylacetyl-l,3-indandione
                                261

-------
                    TABLE X-1

 NON-CATEGORIZED PESTICIDES -

      Common  Name

 Endothall, Acid



 EXD  (Herbisan)


 Gibberellic  Acid
(Continued)

Continued
Methoprene  (Altosid)



NAA  (Naphthalene Acetic Acid)

Phenylphenol  (Dowicide 1)

Piperonyl Butoxide



Propargite  (Omite)


Protect

Pyrethrins



Resmethrin  (SBP-1382)
               Chemical Name
    7-Oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-
    2,3-dicarboxylie acid
    monohydrate

    Diethyl dithiobis(thiono-
    formate)

    Gibb-3-ene-l,10-dicarboxylic
    acid,2,Ha,7-trihydroxy-l-
    methyl-8-methylene-l, 4a-
    lactone

    Isopropyl (2F,UE)-11-methoxy-
    3,H,11-trimethyl-2,H-
    dodecadienoate

    1-Naphthalene acetic acid

    o-Phenylphe nol

    a-[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethoxy ]-
    4,5-methylenedioxy-2-
    propyltoluene

    2-(p-tert-Butylphenoxy)cyclo-
    hexy!2-propynyl sulfite

    1,8-Naphthalic anhydride

    Standarized mixture of
    pyrethrins  I and II (Mixed
    esters  of pyrethrolone)

    (5-Benzyl-3-furyl)methyl-2,
    2-dimethyl-3-(2-methl
    propenyl) cyclopropane-
    carboxylate (approx.  70%
    trans,  30%  cis  isomers)
                                262

-------
                   TABLE X-1 (Continued)

NON-CATEGORIZED PESTICIDES - Continued

     Common Name

Rotenone
sodium Phenylphenate (Dowicide
  A)

Sulfoxide
Warfarin
           Chemical Name
If2,12r12af Tetrahydro-
 2-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxy-
[1] benzopyrano-[3,U-b]furo
 [2r3-b][l] benzopyran-
6 (6aH)one

o-Phenylphenol, sodium salt,
monohydrate

l-Methyl-2-(3,4-methylane-
dioxyphenyl)ethyl
octyl sulfoxide

3-(a-Acetonylbenzyl)-U-
hydroxycoumari n
hydroxycoumarin
                                263

-------
                          SECTION  XI

                      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


This   report  was  prepared  by the  Environmental Protection
Agency on   the  basis  of  a  comprehensive  study  of   this
industry  performed  by  Roy F. Weston,  Inc., under contract
No.   68-01-2932.   The  original   study  was  conducted  and
prepared  for  the Environmental  Protection Agency under the
direction of Project Director James  H. Dougherty, P.E.,  and
Technical Project Manager Jitendra R. Ghia, P.E.

The   RFW study was supplemented and  updated by Environmental
Science and Engineering, Inc., under the direction  of  John
D.  Crane,  P. E.r and the management of Mr. James B. cowart.
Key ESE staff members included Dr. John D. Bonds, Mr. Edward
M. Kellar,  Mr. Charles Stratton,  Dr. Don Tang,  P.  E.,  Dr.
Ruey  Lai, Mr. Stu Monplaisir and  Ms. Elizabeth Brunetti.

The   study  was conducted under the  supervision and guidance
of Mr. Joseph  S.  Vitalis  and   Mr.  George  Jett,  Project
Officers.   The supplemental follow on work was supervised by
Dr. W. Lamar Miller, Senior Technical Advisor.

EGDB   project   personnel  also   wish  to  acknowledge  the
assistance  of the personnel at the Environmental  Protection
Agency* s  regional  centers who helped identify those plants
achieving   effective  waste  treatment,  and  whose  efforts
provided  much  of  the research  necessary for the treatment
technology  review.  Appreciation  is  extended  to  Mr.  James
Rogers  of  the  EPA  Office  of   General  Counsel  for  his
invaluable  input.  A special thanks to Dr. Raymond Loehr for
his assistance.   Dr.  Donald  Bloodgood,  ES&WQIAC,   made  a
special  effort  to  assist  in  the  final revision and his
comments were especially valuable.

In addition Effluent  Guidelines   Development  Branch  would
like  to  extend  its gratitude to the following individuals
for the input into the development of  this  document  while
serving   as  members  of  the  EPA  working  group/steerina
committe  which  provided  detailed   review,    advice   and
assistance:

    W. Hunt, Chairman,  Effluent Guidelines Division
    L. Miller,  Senior Technical Advisor, EGD
    J. Vitalis,  Project Officer,  Effluent Guidelines Div.
    G. Jett, Project Officer,  Effluent Guidelines Div.
    M. Strier,  Office of Enforcement
    D. Davis,  Office of Planning and Evaluation
                               264

-------
    P.  Desrosiers, Office of Research and Development
    R.  Swank, SERL, Athens, GA
    H.  Trask, HWMD
    C.  Cook, Analysis and Evaluation
    J.  Rogers, Office of General Counsel
    D.  Oestreich, RTF
    W.  Garrison, SERL, Athens, GA
    D.  Becker, IERL, Cincinnati, OH
    R.  Holtje, Office of Toxic Substances
    D.  Lair, Region IV
    P.  Pan, Region V
    P.  Fahrenthold, Region VI
    L.  Reading, Region VII
    L.  DuPuis, Economic Analysis Section
    G.  Zweig, Ph.D., Office of Pesticides

Acknowledgement  is  made of the cooperation of personnel in
many  plants  in  the  pesticide   chemicals   manufacturing
industry  who provided valuable assistance in the collection
of data relating to process raw waste  loads  and  treatment
plant performance.

The project personnel would also like to thank Walt Sanders,
Lee  Wolfe  and  Dale Denny, of EPA's Office of Research and
Development, for  their  technical  assistance  during  this
study.

Acknowledgement  and  appreciation  is  extended  to Ms. Kay
Starr  and  Ms.  Nancy  Zrubek  for  invaluable  support  in
coordinating   the  preparation  and  reproduction  of  this
report; to Mr.  Norman  Asher,  Bruno  Maier  and  Tom  Tape
(federal  interns)  for  proofreading,  etc.,  to  Mr.  Eric
Yunker, Ms. Alice Thompson,  Ms.  Ernestine  Christian,  Ms.
Laura   Cammarota  and  Ms.  Carol  Swann  of  the  Effluent
Guidelines Division secretarial staff for their  efforts  in
the   typing   of  drafts,  necessary  revision,  and  final
preparation of  the  revised  Effluent  Guidelines  Division
development  document.   Last,  but  by no means least, many
thanks to the wives and sweethearts of the project personnel
for their patience and understanding during this study.
                                265

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                        SECTION XII

                        BIBLIOGRAPHY



         Pesticide Chemicals Industry

         Pesticide Handbook - Entoma, Entomological  Society
         of America, 24th Edition, 1974.

         The Pollution Potential in Pesticide Manufacturing:
         Pesticide  Study  Series  -  5,  Technical  Studies
         Report   (TS-00-72-04),   Environmental  Protection
         Agency, June 1972.

3.       "Pesticides '72", Chemical Week, Part 1,  June  21,
         1972.

4.       Pollution   Control   Technology   for    Pesticide
         Formulators  and  Packagers,  Grant  No.  R-8015777
         Office of Research  and  Monitoring,  Environmental
         Protection Agency, 12 June 1974.

5-       Development   Document   for   Proposed    Effluent
         Limitations  Guidelines  and New Source Performance
         Standards for  the  Ma-jor  Organic  Products,  U.S.
         Environmental  Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-73/009,
         December 1973.

6-       "Pollution  Control  at   the   Source",   Chemical
         Engineering, August 6,  1973.

7-       "Currents - Technology",Environmental  Science  and
         Technology, Volume 8,  No. 10, October 1974.

8.       Development  Document  for   Effluent   Limitations
         Guidelines  and  Standards  of  Performance, draft,
         Organic Chemicals Industry Phase ii,  Environmental
         Protection  Agency,   under  contract, number 68-01-
         1509, February 1974.

9-       The  Pesticide   Manufacturing  Industry  -  Current
         Waste   Treatment  and   Disposal  Practices,  Water
         Pollution  Control  Research  Series   (12020   FYE
         01/72),    U.S.    Environmental  Protection  Agency,
         January 1972.

10.       Anon., "Activated -   Sludge  Process  Solves  Waste
         Problem",  Chemical Engineering,  68 (2),  1961.
                               266

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11.       Biological  Treatment  of  Chlorophenolic   Wastes,
         Water  Pollution Control Research Series (12130 EGK
         06/71),  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, June
         1971.

12.       Process  Design  Manual  for   Upgrading   Existing
         Wastewater Treatment Plants, EPA 1974.

13.       EPA  Internal  Memorandum,  "Variability   in   BOD
         Concentration from Biological Treatment Plant", To:
         Lilliam Regelson, From:  Charles Cook, March  1974.

14.       Production,  Distribution,  Use  and  Environmental
         Impact  Potential  of  Selected Pesticides, Midwest
         Research  Institute  Report,   Final   Report,   25
         February  1973, 15 March 1974, Contract No. EQ-311,
         Council on Environmental Quality, 1974.

15.       Pesticides    :Ln    the    Aquatic     Environment,
         Environmental  Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
         April 1972.

16.       Metabolism  of  Pesticides,  U.S.   Department   of
         Interior, Washington, D.C., July 1969.

17.       water Quality Criteria, 1972, f5501-00520  National
         Academy  of  Science,  Government  Printing Office,
         Washington, D.C.  20402.

18.       Sittig, M., Pesticides Production Processes,  Noyes
         Development  Corporation,  Park  Ridge, New Jersey,
         1967.

19.       "Pesticides  and  Pesticide  Containers",   Federal
         Register,  October  15, 1974r Volume 39, Number  200,
         Part 1.

20.       Chlorinated  Insecticides,  Volumes    I    and  II,
         Technology   and    Application,  G.T.  Brooks,  The
         University of Sussex,  Brighton,  Sussex,  England,
         CRC  Press,  Inc.,  Cleveland, Ohio, 44128  (1974).

21.      Guidelines  For The  Disposal of Small  Quantities   of
         Unused  Pesticides   -  Part A and Part B.  Contract
         68-01-0098, Project 15090  HGR, by Midwest  Research
         Institute,  Kansas   City,  Mo. for EPA., Cincinnati,
         Ohio,  Published  by  Midwest  Research  Institute,
         Kansas City, Mo.  64110.
                                267

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22.      "Interaction of Heavy Metals and Biological  Sewage
         Treatment  Process",  Environmental  Health Series,
         Water Supply and Pollution Control, U.S. Department
         of Health, Education, and Welfare, May  1965.

23.      Robeck, G.  G.  et  al.,  "Effectiveness  of  Water
         Treatment  Process  in  Pesticide Removal," J. AWWA
         57:181 (1965)

24.      Cohen, J. M. et al., "Effect  of  Fish  Poisons  on
         Water   Supplies,   Part   I,   Removal   of  Toxic
         Materials," J. AWWA 52, 121551  (1960).

25.      Blecker,   H.  G.  &  T.  M.  Nichols,  Capital  and
         Operating  Costs  of  Pollution  Control  Eguipment
         Modules - Vol. II -  Data  Manual,  EPA-R5-73-023b,
         July '73.

26.      Goodrich,  P.  R.  &  E.  J.  Monke,   "Insecticide
         Adsorption  on  Activated  Carbon," Transactions of
         Am. Society of Agricultural Engineers,  13(1):  56-
         57.  60  (1970) .

27.      Horsey, J., "Choosing  a  Solvent  for  Insecticide
         Formulations,"  Farm Chemicals,  129   (10) :  42-46,
         Oct. '66.

28.      Winchester, J. M., and D. Yeo, "Future  Development
         in Pesticide Chemicals and Formulations." Chemistry
         and Industry, (4)  106-108, 27 January  '68.

29.      Sigworth, E. A.,  "Identification  and  Removal  of
         Herbicides  and  Pesticides,"  J. AWWA  57. 1016-22
         (1965)

30.      Aly,  O.   M.  &  S.  D.  Faust,  "Removal  of  2.4-
         Dichlorophen-oxyacetic    Acid   Derivitives   from
         Natural Waters," J. AWWA 57 (2) , (1965) .

31.      Coley,  Gene  and  C.  H.  Stutz,   "Treatment   of
         Parathion  Wastes  and Other Organics," J. WPCF, 3_8
         (8), (1966).

32.      Cristol,  Stanley, "The  Kinetics  of  the  Alkaline
         Dehydro-Chlorination  of  the  Benzene Hexachloride
         Isomers.   The Mechanism of Second-Order Elimination
         Reaction," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 338  (1947) .
                                268

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33.       Eisenhauer, Hugh R., "Oxidation of Phenolic Wastes,
         Part I: Oxidation  with  Hydrogen  Peroxide  and  a
         Ferrows Salt Reagent," J. WPCF, 36,  (9),  (1964).

34.       Hill,  D.  W.  and  P.  L.   McCarthy,    "Anaerobic
         Degradation  of  Selected  chlorinated  Hydrocarbon
         Pesticides," J. WPCF, 39  (8),  (1967).

35.       Loos,    et    al.,    "Phenoxyacetate    Herbicide
         Detoxification  by  Bacterial  Enzymes,"  J^ of Aqr.
         and Food Chern^, 15, 858  (1967).

36       Mills, R. E. "Development of   Design Criteria  for
         Biological   Treatment   of    2,   4-D  Wastewater,"
         Canadian  J..  of  Chemical  Engineering,  37    (5) ,
          (1959) .

37       Smith, Robert, "Cost  of  Conventional and Advanced
         Treatment of Wastewater," J_._WPCF,  40  (9),  (1968).

38.       Faust, S. D. and Aly, O. M.,   "Water Pollution   by
         Organic  Pesticides,"  J.   AWWA,   56  (3),   267-279
          (1964) .

39.      Nicholson,  H. P.,  "Insecticide Pollution  of   Water
         Resources," J. AWWA,  51,  981-986m 1959.

40.      Huang, J.  C.r  "Organic Pesticides  in   the   Aquatic
         Environment,"  Water  and sewage  Works,  118,  No.  5r
          129-144,  (1971).

41.      Weibel,  S.  R.  Wiedner, R.   B.  Cohen,   J.  M.,   and
         Christiansen,   A.    G.,    "Pesticides    and  Other
         Contaminants in Rainfall and  Runoff,"  J.  AWWA,   58,
         No.  8,  1075-1084,  (1966).

42.       Kennedy,  M.  V., Stojanovic, B. J.  and  Shuman,   F.
          L. ,   "Chemical  and Thermal Methods for Disposal of
          Pesticides," Residue Reviews, 29, 89-104, (1969).

43.       cowart,  R.  P.,  Boner, F. L. and  Epps,  E.   A.,  Jr.,
          "Rate   of  Hydrolysis   of  Seven  Organophosphate
          Pesticides," Bull,  of Environ. Contarn.  S Toxicol, 6
          (3) , 231-234,  (1971) .

44.       von Rumker, R.,  Guest,  H. R., and  Upholt,   W.  M.,
          "The  Search  for  Safer  More  Selective  and Less
          Persistent Pesticides",  Bioscience, 20, 1004, 1970.
                                 269

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 45.       Huang,  J.  c.r  &  Liao,  C.  S.r  "Adsorption  of
          Pesticides  by  Clay  Minerals," J. San. Eng. Div.,
          ASCA 96:SA5:1057 (1970).	

 46.       Newland, Leo.  W.,  Gordan Chester,  and  Garland  B.
          Lee,  "Degradation  of  Gamma-BBC in Simulated Lake
          Impoundments as Affected by Aeration," J  WPCF  41
          (5) , R-174-88 (1969) .                   	

 47.       Working Group on  Pesticides,  Washington,   D.  c.,
          "Ground  Disposal   of   Pesticides:  The Problem and
          Criteria for Guidelines," March 1970.

 48.       Sweeny,  K.  H.  et al..  Development of Field  Applied
          DDT, EPA-660/  2-74-036,  May 1974.  "             	

 49.       Moore,  F.  L.,  Groenier,  w.  s.,  and Bayless,  W.  E.,
          "Recovery  of  Toxic Metals  from Industrial  Effluent
          Solutions   by   Solvent  Extraction,"  Ecology   and
          Analysis  of  Trace Contaminants.   Progress Report
          Jan.    1973-Sept.   1973,   Oak   Ridge    National
          Laboratory,  ORNLNSF-EAT-6.

 50.       Posey,  F.  A.,  and Palko,  A.  A.,   "Electrochemical
          Recovery  of  Reducible   Inorganic  Pollutants from
          Aqueous  Streams," Ecology  and  Analysis  of  Trace
          Contaminants.   Progress   Report Jan.   1973  -  Sept.
          1973, Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory,   ORNL-NSF-EAT-
          6.

 51.       Carnes,  R. A.,  and  Oberacker,   D.   A.,   "Pesticides
          Incineration,"   News   of  Environmental Research in
          Cincinnati.  April 5, 1976.U.  s.  EPA.

 52.       Farmer,  W.  J.r  and  Letey,   j.,   "Volatilization
         Losses  of   Pesticides  from  Soils,"  Environmental
          Protection   Technology  Series.  EPA   660/2-74-054
         August 1974.                                      '

 53.      Sanborn, J. R.,  "The Fate of Select  Pesticides  in
         the  Aquatic  Environmental,"   Ecological  Research
         Series. EPA-660/3-74-025, December  19747"

54.      Gomoa,  H.  M.,  and  Faust,    s.   D.,   "Chemical
         Hydrolysis  and Oxidation of Parathion and Paraoxon
         on   Aquatic   Environments,"   Fate   of   Organic
         Pesticides  in the Aguatic Environment. Advances in
         Chemistry Series III.     ACS,  Washington,  D.  c.,
         xy /o •
                                270

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55       Schacht, R. A., "Pesticides in the Illinois  Waters
         of Lake Michigan," Ecological Research Series, EPA-
         660/3-74-002, January 1974.

56.      Bunker, R. C., LeCroy,  W.  C.,  and  Katchur,  D.,
         Plant  Responses  of Natural Vegetation to Selected
         Herbicides at Aberdeen  Proving  Ground,  Maryland,
         Department  of  the  Army, Fort Detrick, Frederick,
         Maryland, September 1971.

57.      Miranowski, J. A., Ernest U. F. W.,  and  Cummings,
         F.  H., "Crop Insurance and Information Services to
         Control   Use   of    Pesticides,"    Socioeconomic
         Environmental   Studies  Series,  EPA-600/5-74-018,
         September 1974.

58.      MRI  (Midwest Research Institute) Report, Wastewater
         Treatment  Technology  Documentation  for   Endrin,
         Manufacture  and  Formulation, Final Report Feb. 6,
         1976; Contract  No.  68-01-3521,  MRI  Project  No.
         4127-C.

59.      MRI   Report,   Wastewater   Treatment   Technology
         Documentation  for Aldrin/Dieldrin, Manufacture and
         Formulation, Final Report  Feb.  6,  1976;  Contract
         No.  68-01-3524, MRI Project No. 4127-C.

60.      MRI   Report,   Wastewater  Treatment   Technology
         Documentation  for DDT, Manufacture  and  Formulation;
         Final Report Feb. 6,  1976; Contract No.  68-01-3524;
         MRI  Project No. 4127-C.

61.      MRI   Report,   Wastewater   Treatment   Technology
         Documentation   For   Toxaphene,    Manufacture  and
         Formulation, Final Report  Feb.  6,  1976;  Contract
         No.   68-01-3524,  MRI  Project  No.  4127-C.

62.      Pesticide Usage   and  its   Impact  on   the Aguatic
         Environmental   in  the   Southeast.   Environmental
         Protection  Agency,   Office  of   water   Programs,
         Pesticides   Study  Series  -   8   (September   1972)
         EP2.25:8.

63.      The  Movement  and  Impact  of  Pesticides  Used  in
         Forest Management on  the Aquatic  Environment  in the
         Northeast.   EPA,  Office  of Water Programs, P.  S.
         Series - 9,  (July 1972)  EP2.25:8.

64.      Patterns of  Pesticides  Use and Reduction in Use  as
         Related  to   Social   and  Economic Factors.    EPA,
                                 271

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         Office of Water Programs, P.  S. Series  -  10,  (Sept.
         1972) - EP2.25:8.

65.      Laws  and  Institutional   Mechanisms   Controlling
         Release  of  Pesticides into  the Environment.   EPA,
         Office of Water Programs, P._  S. Series  -  11,  (Sept.
         1972) - EP2.25:8.

66.      The Use of Pesticides in Suburban Homes and Gardens
         and Their Impact on the Aguatic Environment.    EPA,
         Office  of  Water  Programs,  P. S^ Series - 2,  (May
         1972) EP2.25:8.

67.      The Use of Pesticides for Rangeland  and   Sagebrush
         Control.   EPA,  Office  of   Water  Programs, P._ S^
         Series - 3,  (May 1972) EP2.25:8.

68.      Development of a Case Study of the Total  Effect of
         Pesticides   on   the   Environment,  Non-Irrigated
         Croplands of the Midwest.   EPA,  Office   of  Water
         Programs, P^ S. Series - £,  (June 1972) EP2.25:8.

69.      The  Effects  of  Agricultural  Pesticides  in  the
         Aguatic   Environment,   Irrigated  Croplands,  San
         Joaguin Valley.  EPA, Office  of Water Programs,  P_._
         S._ Series - 6, (June 1972) EP2.25:8.

70.      Van Valkenburg, J. W.r "The Physical and  Colloidal
         Chemical   Aspects   of   Pesticidal   Formulations
         Research:  A  Challenge,"  Pesticidal  Formulations
         Research,  Advances  in  Chemistry  Series 86,  ACS,
         Washington, D. C. 1969.

71.      Hemmett, R. B. Jr., 6 Faust,  S. D., "Biodegradation
         Kinetics  of  2,   H-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by
         Aguatic Microorganism," Residue Review, 29, 1969.

72.      Kennedy,  D.  C.r  "Treatment of   Effluent    from
         Manufacture   of   Chlorinated  Pesticides  with  a
         Synthetic, Polymeric Adsorbent,  Amberlite  XAD-U,"
         Envir. Sci. & Tech., Vol. 7,  No. 2V Feb.  1973.

73.      Mackay, D., S Wolkoff, A. W., "Rate of  Evaporation
         of Low-Solubility Contaminants from Water Bodies to
         Atmosphere",  Envir.  Sci.  & Tech., Vol. 7, No. 7,
         July 1973.

74.      Ingols, R. S., Gaffney, P. E. 5 Stevenson,  P.  C.,
         "Biological  Activity of Halophenols," J. WPCF, 38,
         No. 4, April 1966.
                                272

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75       Leigh, G. M.r "Degradation of Selected  Chlorinated
         Hydrocarbon Insecticides," J. WPCF, 41, 11, Part 2,
         November 1969.

76.      Gomma, H. M.,  Suffet,  I.  H.,  &  Faus't,  S.  D.,
         "Kinetics  of Hydrolysis of Diazinon and Diazoxon,"
         Residue Review 29, 1969.

77.      "Pesticides '72", Part II, Chemical Week, July  26,
         1972.

78       The Effects of Pesticides  on  Fish  and  Wildlife;
         uTs.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
         Service,  Circular  226,  Washington,  D.C.; August
         1965.

79       proceeding of the National Conference  on  Protective
         Clothing  and  safety   Equipment   for   Pesticide
         Workers;   Federal   Working   Group   on  Pesticide
         Management, Washington, D.C.; June  1972.

80.      "New  Weapons  Against    Insects",   Chemical   and
         Engineering News; July  28,  1975.

81.      EPA Journal,  June  1975, Vol  I, No.  VI,  "Controlling
         Pesticide Use Research  Program Reorganized."

82.      Farm  Chemicals   Handbook,   1973;   Gorden   L.   Berg,
         Editor!Meister Publishing  Co.,  Willoughby,  Ohxo
          44094.

83      Guide to the Chemicals  Used  in  Crop  Protection,
         Publication  1093,   4th  Edition,  by Hubert Martin,
         Research Branch, Canada Department of  Agriculture,
         Ottawa,  Canada;  April 1961.

84.       Acceptable  Common Names and Chemical Names for  the
          Ingredient   Statement  on  Pesticides  Labels,  2nd
          Edition;  Pesticide   Regulation   Division,    U.S.
          Environmental  Protection  Agency, Washington, D.C.
          20460; June 1972.

 85.       Pesticide  Manual,   3rd  Edition;   Hubert   Martin,
          Editor;British Crop Protection council Worcester,
          England, UK, November 1972.

 86       Phenolic Waste Reuse by. Diatomite Filtration, Water
          Pollution Control Research Series 12980 EZF  09/70,
          U.S.  Department  of  the  Interior,  Federal Water
                                 273

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          Quality Administration, Washington,  D.C.;  September
          I -7 / \) •

 87 *       Investigation  of  Means   for   Controlled   Self-
          Destruction  of Pesticides.  Water Pollution  Control
          Research  Series   88.89.90.    ELO    06/70;    U.S.
          Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Water    Quality
          Office,  Washington,  B.C.  20460;  June  1970.

 91•       Chemistry and Toxicology of Agricultural Chemicals.
          a  Four-year  Summary Report, 1965 through 1968;  Food
          Protection and  Toxicology   Center,  University  of
          California,  Davis;  December 1968.

 92.       "Monitoring  with Carbon Analyzers"  Environmental
          Science   and  Technology.   Vol.   8,  No.  10, October
          1974,  pp.  898 to 902.

 93.       "Initial  Scientific and   Minieconomic  Review  of
          Aldicarb",   Substitute  Chemicals  Program,  U.S.  EPA,
          Office  of   Pesticide   Programs,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460; May 1975.

 94.       "Initial  Scientific and   Minieconomic  Review  of
          Bromacil",   Substitute  Chemicals Program.  U.S.  EPA,
          Office  of   Pesticide   Programs,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460; March 1975.

 95.       "Initial  Scientific and   Minieconomic  Review  of
          Captan",   Substitute chemicals  Program,  U.S.  EPA,
          Office  of   Pesticide   Programs,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460; April  1975.

 96.       "Intitial  Scientific and   Minieconomic  Review  of
          Malathion",  Substitute  Chemicals Program,  U.S.  EPA,
          Office   of   Pesticide   Programs,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460; March  1975.

 97•       "Initial  Scientific  and  Minieconomic  Review  of
         Methly  Parathion",   Substitute  Chemicals  Program:
         U.S.  EPA, Office of  Pesticide Programs, Washington,
         D.C.    10460;  February 1975.

98.       "Initital Scientific and  Minieconomics  Review  of
         Parathion", Substitute Chemicals Program,  U.S. EPA,
         Office  of  Pesticide  Programs,  Washington,   D.C.
         20460;  January 1975.

99.      "The  Fate  of  Select  Pesticides  in  the   Aquatic
         Environment",   Ecological   Research  Series,  EPA
                               274

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         660/3-74-025;   U.S.   EPA,   NERC,  Office of  Research
         and Development,  Corvallis,  Oregon  97330;  December
         1974.

100.      "Microbial   Degradation   and   Accumulation    of
         Pesticides in Aquatic Systems",  Ecological  Research
         Series,    EPA   660/3-75-007;    U.S.    EPA,   NERC,
         Corvallis, Oregon  97330;  March 1975.

101.      "Toxicity of Selected Pesticides to the Bay  Mussel
         (Mytilus  Edulis)",  Ecological Research Series,  EPA
         660/3-75-016; U.S.  EPA, NERC,   Office  of  Research
         and Development,  Corvallis, Oregon 97330; May 1975.

102.      "Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macro-
         invertebrates, and Amphibians", Ecological Research
         Series,  EPA-660/3-75-009;  U.S. EPA, NERC, Office of
         Research and Development,  Corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         April 1975.

103.      "The Effect of Mirex and  Carbofuram  on  Estuarine
         Microorganisms",   Ecological  Research Series, EPA-
         660/3-75-024, U.S. EPA, NERC,   Office  of  Research
         and  Development,  Corvallis,   Oregon    97330; June
         1975.

104.     "Chlorinated  Hydrocarbons  in  the  Lake   Ontario
         Ecosystem   (IFYGL)",  Ecological  Research  Series,
         EPA-660/3-75-022;  U.S.  EPA,    NERC,    Office   of
         Research and Development, Corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         June 1975.

105.     "A Conceptual Model  for the Movement of  Pesticides
         Through    the   Environment",  Ecological  Research
         Series, EPA-660/3-75-022, U.S. EPA, NERC,  Office of
         Research  and Development, Corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         June 1975.

106.     "A Conceptual Model  for the Movement of  Pesticides
         Through    the   Environment",  Ecological  Research
         Series, EPA-660/3-74-024, U.S. EPA, NERC,  Office of
         Research  and Development, Corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         December  1974.

107.     "An Analysis of  the  Dynamics   of  DDT  in  Marine
         Sediments",  Ecological Research  Series, EPA-660/3-
         75-013, U.S. EPA,  NERC,  Office   of   Research   and
         Development, Corvallis, Oregon   97330; May 1975.
                                275

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112.
 108.      "Rapid Detection System  for  Organophosphates  and
          Carbonate  Insecticides  in  Water",  Environmental
          Protection Technology Series,  EPA-R2-72-010,uTsT
          EPA, Office of Research and Monitoring, Washington,
          D.C.  20460, August 1972.

 109.      "Liquid Chromatography  of  Carbonate  Pesticides",
          Environmental  Protection Technology Series, EPA-R-
          2-72-079, U.S. EPA, NERC, Office  of  Research  and
          Monitoring, Corvallis, Oregon  97330; October 1972.

 110.      "Recondition and Reuse of Organically  Contaminated
          Waste   Sodium   Chloride   Brines",  Environmental
          Protection Technology Series, EPA-R-2-73-200,uTsT
          EPA, Office of Research and Monitoring, Washington,
          D.C.  20460; May 1973.

 111.      "Current  Practices  in   G.C.-M.S.   Analysis   of
          Organics   in   Water",   Environmental  Protection
          Technology Series,  EPA-R2-73-277, U.S.   EPA^NERC,
          Office  of  Research  and  Development,  Corvallis,
          Oregon  97330; August 1973.

          Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental
         Analyses; Assistance Projects,  FY'73, Environmental
         Protection  Technology  Series,    EPA-660/2-74-078,
         U.S. EPA, NERC, Office of Research and Development,
         Corvallis, Oregon  97330;  August 1974.

          "Promising Technologies for Treatment of  Hazardous
         Wastes",     Environmental   Protection   Technology
         Series,  EPA-670/2-74-088,  U.S.  EPA, NERC,  Office of
         Research and Development,  Corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         November 1974.

114.      "State-of-the-Art  for  the   Inorganic   Chemicals
         Industry:    Inorganic   Pesticides";  Environmental
         Protection  Technology  Series,   EPA-600/2-74-099a,
         U.S.  EPA,  Office   of  Research  and  Development,
         Washington,  D.C.   20460;  March  1975.

115.     "Use of  Soil Parameters  for Describing  Pesticide
         Movement  Through  Soils",  Environmental Protection
         Technology Series,  EPA-660/2-75-009, U.S EPA,  NERC,
         Office  of  Research  and   Devleopment,   Corvallis,
         Oregon  97330;  May  1975.

116.     "Radiation Treatment of High Strength   Chlorinated
         Hydrocarbon   Wastes",    Environmental    Protection
         Technology  Series,   EPA-660/2-75-017;   uTs^EPA7
113.
                               276

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         NERC,    Office   of   Research   and   Development,
         Corvallis,  Oregon  97330;  June 1975.

117.      "The Occurrence  of  Organohalides  in  Chlorinated
         Drinking  Waters",  Environmental Monitoring Series,
         EPA-670/4/-74-008;   U.S.   EPA,  NERC,    Office   of
         Research  and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio  45268;
         November 1974.

118.      "Pesticide   Transport   and   Runoff    Model   for
         Agricultural   Lands",   Environmental   Protection
         Technology  Series,  EPA-660/2-74-013;   U.S.  EPA,
         Office  of  Research  and  Development, Washington,
         D.C.,   20460; December 1973.

119.      "Herbicide Runoff  from  Four  Coastal  Plain  Soil
         Types", Environmental Protection Technology Series,
         EPA-660/2-74-017;   U.S.    EPA,   NERC,  Office  of
         Research and Development, corvallis, Oregon  97330;
         April 1974.

120.      "Pesticides Movement from Cropland  Into Lake Erie",
         Environmental Protection  Technology  Series,  EPA-
         660/2-74-032;  U.S  EPA,  Office  of  Research  and
         Development, Washington, D.C.   20460;  April  1974.

121.     Report on Insecticides in Lake  Michigan,  Prepared
         by  the  Pesticide  Committee   of the Lake Michigan
         Enforcement  Conference,  U.S.  Department   of  the
         Interior,  Great  Lakes  Region,  Chicago, Illinois
         60605; November  1968.

122.     The  Effects  of  Pesticides  on    Water   Resource
         Development,  a  Series  of Papers  Presented at the
         Joint Meeting of the  Arkansas - White Basins Inter-
         Agency Committee and  the  Southeast  Basins  Inter-
         Agency Committee, New Orleans,  Louisiana; April 22,
         1970.

123.     Treatability  of  Wastewater  From  Organic   Chemicals
         and    Plastics   Manufacturing    -  Experience  and
         Concepts,  by  R.A.  Conway,   et.al.,   Research  and
         Development   Department,  Chemicals  and   Plastics,
         Union  Carbide Corporation,  South Charleston,  West
         Virginia;  September 1974.

124.     water   Pollution  Control  Program  by   Ciba-Geigy
         Corporation,   St.   Gabriel,   Louisana,  Reguest  for
         Discharge   Standards  under  Corps    of   Engineers
                                277

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          Discharge Permit Application No. 172 D-000696, June
          20/ 1973.

 125.     Environmental  Impact   of   S-Triazine   Compounds
          Discharged  to  the Mississippi River bv Ciba-Geigy
          Corporation, St. Gabriel,  LouisHnU  February  1,
          •i. y I j •

 126'     Evaluation of Biological Treatment Feasibility  for
          a  Wastewater  from  Herbicide Production for ciba^"
          Geigy  Corporation,  St.  Gabriel, ' Louisiana;   AWARE,
          Associated Water and Air Resources Engineers,  Inc.-
          Nashville, Tennessee; March 1973.

 127.     Effects   of  Toxaphene   Contaminated  on  Estuarine
          Ecology  bY Robert J.  Reimold,  et.al.;  University of
          ???5?lac  *arine Institute,  Sapelo Island,  Georgia
          31327; September 1973.

 128.      Toxaphene  Interactions   in  Estuarine  Ecosystems,
          1973-1974  by  Robert J.   Reimold;University  of
          ?????lao Marine Institute,  Sapelo   Island,   Georgia
          32327; September 1974.

 129.      Report to Hercules  Incorporated on  The  Effects  of
          Toxaphene  on   Sewage Treatment, Project No.  70-OT^
          75; Black,  Crow and Eidsness,  Inc.,  Houston, Texas;
          September 1971.

 130.      Report on Evaluation  of  Industrial Waste  Discharges
          at VeIsicol Chemical  Company,   Memphis,   Tennessee;
          U.S EPA,  NFIC,  Denver, Colorado; April 1972~:	

 131.      Potential   Contamination   of    the     Hydrologic
          Environment  From   the  Pesticide "Wa'ste  Dumps   in
          Hardeman  County, Tennessee^ U.S. GeoTHgTcar~S^Fvey~
          Water Resources Division; August 1967.

 132.      "Biological  Investigation  of  Stauffer   Chemical
          Company   (Organic Plant)", by Bill Peltier, et.al •
          Trip report on January 24-30,   1975  investigation,'
          U.S. EPA, NERC, Athens,  Georgia

133.     Report  of the Secretary's Commission on  Pesticides
         and  Their  Relationship  to  Environmental~He^Tth7
         Part 1^ and II; U.S.  Department of Health, Education
         and Welfare, Washington,  D.C.; December 1969.

134.     Summation of Conditions  and Investigations for  the
         Complete   Combustion of  Organic Pesticides,^PA NoT
                                278

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         5-03-3516A,  U.S.  EPA,  NERC,  Office of Research  and
         Development,   Cincinnati,   Ohio   45268;   February
         1975.

115      Thermal Degradation of Military Standard  Pesticj^e
135'      JsSntiS^	TRW "Report  NO.  24768-6018-RV-OO;
         Department of the Army, U.S. Army Medical  Research
         and  Development  Command,  Washington, B.C.  20;ns,
         December 1974.

136.      Incineration of DDT Solutions, Report  S-1276,  CGI
         Environmental-systems  Division,  Prepared for the
         Sierra  Army  Depot,  Herlon,  California    96113,
         January 1974.

137      A Study of  Pesticide Disposal in  a  Sewage  Sludge
         In^Jn^at£r7""by~"v^rsar  Incorporated, Prepared by
         U S. EPA, Contract  No.  68-01-1587,  Research  and
         Development Office, Washington, D.C.  20460.

138      Final  Draft,  Report on the  Destruction of  grange"
         Herbicide by  Incineration prepared by the  Marquardt
         Company  for  U.S.  Air Force,  Environmental Health
         Laboratory, Kelly  Air  Force Base,  Texas;  February
         1974.

139      incineration  of   Chlorinated   Hydrocarbons    with.
         Recovery	of ~HC1 at E.I.   duPont deNeumours   &
         Company,    Louisville,   Kentucky;    Reprint    from
         American   Society  of  Mechanical Engineers, Research
         Committee  on  Industrial Wastes.

 1UO      Recommended Methods of Reduction,   Neutralization,
         Recoverv7  or  Disposal of Hazardous Waste, vol.. Vj_
         National   pliposal Site   Candidate   Waste   Stream
         constituent   Profiel  Reports  -   Pesticides  |nd
         Cvanide Compounds; by TRW   Systems   for  U.S.   EPA,
         NERC,— office   of   Research   and   Development,
          Cincinnati, Ohio  45268;  August 1973.

 iui       "Specific ion Mass spectrometric Detection for  Gas
          Chromatographic Pesticides Analysis", ^nvironmental
          Protection   Technology  series,  EPA-660/2-74-004,
          uTsT	EPA,  Office  of  Research  and  Development,
          Washington, D.C.  20460;  January 1974.

 142      "A Tissue  Enzyme Assey for Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon
          Insecticides",  Environmental Protection Technology
          Series,  EPA-660/2-73-027;  U.S.  EPA,  Office   of
                                 279

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          Research  and Development, Washington, D.C.  20460-
          May 1974.                                          *

 1U3-      Final Report of the Task Force on Excess Chemicals.
          U.S.  EPAr  Washington,  D.C.  20460;  June 29, 1973~

 144.      Program For the Management of Hazardous  Wastes  by
          Battelle  for U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency,
          Office  of   Solid   Waste   Management   Programs,
          Washington,  D.C.  20460;  July 1973.

 145>      Catalytic   Conversion   of   Hazardous   and   Toxic
          Chemcials,   Quarterly   Reports  by   Alvin Weiss and
          W.L.  Kramich under  EPA Grant R-802-857-01;   January
          I -7 / O •

 146.      "Development of Field  Applied DDT",  Water Pollution
          Control  Research   Series,   U.S.  EPA,   officeof
          Research  and Development,  Washington,  D.C.   20460-
          May  1972.

 147.      "Development of Treatment Process  for   Chlorinated
          Hydrocarbon   Pesticide Manufacturing and Processing
          Wastes", Water  Pollution  Control  Research   Series,
          U.S.   EPA,   Office  of Reserach  and  Development,
          Washington,  D.C.  20460;  July 1973.

 148.      Program  Report  on Chemical   Fixation of  Hazardous
          Waste  and   M£ Pollution-Abatement Sludges,  J.L7
          Mahlock  for   U.S.  EPA,   Washington,  D.C.    20460-
          January  1975.                                      *

 149.      "Practical Removal of  Toxicity by Adsorption" Paper
          Presented at  the  30th   Annual  Purdue   Industrial
          Wastewater  Conference  by F.E. Bernardin, Jr., and
          E.M.  Froelich,  Calgon   Corporation,    Pittsburg,
          Pennsylvania; May 8-9,   1975.

 150.      Effect of Pesticides in  Water,  A   Report  to  the
          States U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
         of   Research  and  Development,  Washington,  D.C.
          20460.

 151•      Inventory and Environmental Effects  of   Industrial
         and   Governmental   Pesticide   Uses,  by  Midwest
         Research Institute for U.S. EPA,  Office  of  Water
         Programs, Washington, D.C.  20460; April  1972.

152.     "Wastewater Treatment Technology Documentation  for
         Aldrin/Dieldrin,  Endrin,   DDT  and Toxaphene", MRI
                               280

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         Report  for  U.S.  EPA,  Office of Water Planning and
         Standards,  Washington,  D.C.   20460;  July 1975.

153      Wastewater   Management   Review  No.I,   MRI  Report,
         "Aldrin/Dieldrin",  for  U.S.  EPA,   Hazardous   and
         Toxic  Substances   Regulation  Office,  Washington,
         D.C.   20460; May 1974.

154.     Wastewater  Management Review  No.  2,   MRI  Report,
         "Endrin",   for   U.S.   EPA,  Hazardous  and  Toxic
         Substances   Regulation  Office,  Washington,   D.C.
         20460; May 1974.

155.     Wastewater Management Review  No.  3,   MRI  Report,
         "Toxaphene",  for  U.S.  EPA,  Hazardous  and Toxic
         Substances  Regulation  Office,  Washington,   D.C.
         20460; May 1974.

156.     Federal   Register,   "Proposed   Toxic   Pollutant
         Effluent   Standards",    Vol.  38,  No.  247,  U.S.
         Environmental Protection Agency,  Washington,  D.C.
         20460; December 27, 1973.

157.     Hager and Rizzo;  Removal  of  Toxic  Organics  from
         Wastewater  by_  Adsorption  with Granular Carbon, A
         Paper Presented at EPA, Technical Transfer Session,
         Athens, Georgia;  April 19,  1974.

158.     Pesticide  Formulation,  Edited  by   J.  Wade   Van
         Walkenburg;  Marcel  Dekker,  Inc., New York, N.Y.;
         1973.

159.     Kennedy, M.F.;  "Chemical  and  Thermal  Aspects   of
         Pesticides   Disposal",  Journal  of  Environmental
         Quality, l(l):63-65; January 1972.

160.     Robeck,  G.G.,  et.al.,  "Effectiveness   of   Water
         Treatment   Processes in Pesticide Removal",  Journal
         of_ American Water Works Association,  57(2) :181-189;
         February 1965.

161.     Buescher,   C.A.,  et.al.,   "Chemical  Oxidation   of
         Selected   Organic Pesticides",  Journal  of  the  Water
         Pollution  Control Federation,   36(8) :1,   005-1014;
         August  1964.

162.     Lambden,   A.E.  and  D.H.   Sharp;    "Treatment   of
         Effluent  from the  Manufacture of Weedkillers  and
         Pesticides", Manufacturing  Chemist,  31:198-201; May
         1970.
                                    281

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          Proceedings;    23rd  Industrial  Waste  Conference,
          Purdue University,  1968;  p.  1,166-1, 177^	

 176.     Weiss,  C.M.,    "Organic    Pesticides   and   Water
          Pollution",   Public  Works,   95 (12) : 84-87;  December
          1964.

 177'     Practical  Removal of Toxicity by  Adsorption by F E
          Bernardin  and  E.M.   Froelich  for  presentation 'at
          30th  Annual Purdue Industrial Conference,  May 8-9,
          -L _/ / 3 •

 178>     Degradation of_ Pesticides  by_ Algae,  EPA No  600/3-
          76-022,    U.S.     EPA,    Environmental    Reserach
          Laboratory, Athens,  Georgia,  March  1976.

 179'      Herbicide  Toxicity  in Mangroves,  EPA No.  600/3-76-
          004,   U.S.  Environmental  Research Laboratory,  Gulf
          Breeze,  Florida  32561.

 180'      £ Quantitative   Method  for   Toxaphene  by   GC-C1-M
          Specific Ion Monitoring, EPA  No.  600/4-76-0107 U~~S~
          EPA,   Environmental   Research  Laboratory,   Athens!
          Georgia  30601.

 181'      Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices-
          Organic  Chemicals^   Pesticides   indExplosives
          Industries, for  EPA Solid Waste Management  Program,
          Washington, D.C.  20460, 1976.

 182•      N-Nitrosamine Formation from Atrazine,  by   N   Lee
          Wolfe  ^et.al.,   for  EPA,  Bulletin of Environmental
          Contamination  and  Toxicology,  Vol.  15,    No.  3
          1976,p 342.                                        '

 183.      Column      Chromatographic      Separation      of
          Polychlorinated    Biphenyls    fr^£Chlorinated
         Hydrocarbon Pesticides,  and  thel?  Subse^Iint—Ga~s
         Chromatographic    Quantisation    iHTerms  ~of
         Derivatives.       Bulletin     of  ~ EnvironmentaT
         Contamination  and Toxicology, Vol.  7, No.  6, 1972,
         p.  338.

184.     Radiation Treatment  of  High  Strength  Chlorinated
         Hydrocarbon  Wastes,  EPA-660/2-75-017,  Office—oT
         Research and  Development,  Corvallis,  Oregon   97330
         June 1975.

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185.      Comments on Development Document for Guidelines for
         the Pesticides Industry, from A.W.   Garrison,   EPA,
         Athens,  Georgia  30601, August 2,  1976.

186.      Matsumura, Fumio, et.al.; Environmental   Technology
         of Pesticides, Academic Press, New York, N.Y,  1972.

187.      Hague,  Rizwanul  and  V.H.  Freed;   Environmental
         Dynamic  of  Pesticides,  Plenum  Press,  New York,
         N.Y., 1975.

188.      Chemical Derivatization of Hydroxyatrazine for  Gas
         Chroma to'graphic  Analysis,  Journal of Agricultural
         and Food Chemistry Vol. 23, No. 3, 1975, pp 430.

189.     Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon  Pesticide  Removal   from
         WastewaterT   by   D.R.  Marks,  Velsicol  Chemical
         Corporation Report No. MP-001-09, July  1976.

190.     Sampling  Program  to  Obtain   Information  on  the
         Treatability  of_  Wastewaters   by  Activated Carbon
         Adsorption Systems, for  EPA,   Effluent Guidelines
         Development  Branch,   Washington, D.C.  by Arthur D.
         Little, Inc., Interim  Report, May  1976.

191.     Identification    of:     Organic   Compounds     in
         Qrganophosphorus        Pesticide      Manufacturing
         Wastewater,  Quarterly  Report   No.    1,   Midwest
         Research   Institute   for   Dr.   Arthur   W. Garrison,
         January 5,  1976.

192.     Identification    of     Organic    Compounds     in
         Qrganophosphorus        Pesticide      Manufacturing
         Wastewater,   Quarterly  Report   No.    2,   Midwest
         Research  Institute  for Dr.  Arthur  W. Garrison,  June
         23,  1976.

 193.     Recondition  and Reuse o_f  Organically   Contaminated
         Waste Sodium Chloride Brines,  EPA  R2-73-200,  Office
         of   Research   and  Monitoring,   Washington,   D.C.
         20460,  May 1973.

 194.     Federal Efforts to  Protect the  Public form   Cancer-
         Causing Chemicals  are not very Effective, Report  to
         the  Congress  by   the  Comptroller General  of the
         United States,  June 16.1976.

 195.     Chemical   and   Photochemical   Transformation   of
         Selected   Pesticides   in Aquatic Systems, by N. Lee
                                  283

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          Wolfe,   et.al.,   for  EPA  Environmental   Research
          Laboratory,  Athens,  Georgia  30601.

 196.      Burges,  H.D.  and Hussey,  N.W.;  Microbial Control of
          Insects  and  Mites, Academic Press,  New York,  1971.

 197.      Gunther,   F.A.,   "Reported  Solubilities   of   738
          Pesticide  Chemicals  in Water,"  Residue Review,  Vol.
          20;   pp  1  -  148,  Springer - Verlag,  New York, N.Y.,
          1968.

 198.      Bailey,  G.W.  and   White,   J.L.,    "Herbicides  a
          Compilation   of   their    Physical,   Chemcial   and
          Biological Properties," Residue Review,  Vol.  1,   pp
          97 -  122,  Springer - Verlag, New York,  N.Y.,  1965.

 199.      Leshendok, Thomas V.;   Hazardous  Waste  Management
          Facilities  in the United States: EPA  530-SW-146.2;
          U.S.  Environmental Protection   Agency,   401   M   St.
          S.W., Washington, D.C.  20460;  February,  1976.

 200'      Preliminary Assessment  of Suspected Carcinogens  in
          Drinking    Water,   Report  to   Congress;    U.S.
          Environmental Protection  Agency,  office  of  Toxic
          Substances,   401  M  St.   S.W.,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460, December,  1975.

 201•      An Ecological  Study  of   Hexachlorobenz ene   (HCB),
          U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Office  of
          Toxic Substances, 401 M St.  S.W., Washington,   D.C.
          20460; April, 1976.

 202.      Mason, Thomas J. Ph.D, et.   al.;  Atlas   of  Cancer
          Mortality  for  U.S. Counties:  1950-1969; DREW  Pub.
          No.   (NIH)   75-780;  U.S.    Department  of   Health,
          Education   and   Welfare,  National  Institute   of
          Health, Bethesda, Maryland   20014.

203-     Federal Register, "Pesticides  -  EPA  Proposal   on
         Disposal  and  Storage",  Part I, vol.  39, No.  200,
         U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency,   Washington,
         D.C.   20460;  October 15,  1974.

         Federal  Register,   "Effective   Hazardous   Waste
         Management  (Non-Radioactive)",   Part  II, Vol.  41,
         No.  161,  U.S.   Environmental  Protection  Agency,
         Washington, D.C.   20460; August 18,  1976, pp 35050-
          jDU j1•
                               284

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205.      Federal  Register.    "Pesticides    and   Pesticides
         Container^	P^rt  IV,   Vol.   39,   No.   85,   U.S.
         Environmental Protection Agency,   Washington,   D.c.
         20460;  May 1, 1974, pp 15236-15241.

206      The Federal Insecticide,  Fungicide,  and Rodenticide
         Act,—as  Amended",   Public.   Law   94_-140,    U.S.
         EnvTronmentalProtection  Agency, Washington,  D.C.
         20460;  November 28, 1975.

207      "Report of the Advisory Committee on 2, 4,  5-T  to
         the  Administrator  of the Environmental Protection
         Agency", by Children's Hospital Medical Center, May
         7,  1971.

208      "Report of  the Mercury Advisory  Committee  of  the
         Environmental     Protection    Agency    to    the
         Administrator",  by  Medical  College  of  Ohio  at
         Toledo, July  6, 1971.

209.     "Report of  the Amitrole  Advisory Committee",  March
         12,  1971.

210      "Report   of  the   Mirex   Advisory  Committee",   to
         William       D.      Ruckelshaus,      Administrator,
         Environmental Protection Agency,  Revised  March  1,
         1972.

 211      "Information  About  Hazardous    Waste   Management
         Facilities",  EPA/530/SW-145, July 1975.

 212       "Report of the Aldrin/Dieldrin Advisory  Committee",
         to  William   D.     Ruckelshaus,     Administrator,
         Environmental Protection Agency,  March 28,  1972.

 213.     "Substitute Chemical Program -   Initial   Scientific
          Review of PCNB",  Office of Pesticide Programs,  U.S.
          Environmental  Protection Agency, EPA/540/1-75-016,
          April  1976.

 214.     "Report of the Lindane  Advisory  Committee",   July
          12, 1970.

 215.     Substitute Chemical Program -  "Initial  Scientific
          andMinieconomic  Review of Carbofuran", Office of
          Pesticide Programs, U.S.  Environmental  Protection
          Agency, EPA/540/1-76-009; July, 1976.

 216.     Substitute Chemical Program -  "Initial  Scientific
          Review of MSMA/DSMA", Office of Pesticide Programs,
                                   285

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          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/1 -75-
          020; December,  1975.

 217.     Substitute Chemical Program -  "Initial  Scientific
          and  Minieconomic  Review  of  Monuron",  Office of
          Pesticide Programs, U.S.  Environmental  Protection
          Agency, EPA/540/1-75-028; November, 1975,

 218.     Substitute Chemical Program -  "Initial  Scientific
          Review  of  Cacodylic  Acid",  Office  of Pesticide
          Programs,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Aaenrv
          EPA/540/1-75-021; December, 1975.  ^C^°n  A?ency'

 219.     "Chemical  and  Photochemical   Transformation   of
          Selected  Pesticides in Aquatic Systems", by N. Lee
          Wolfe,  et. al.r Environmental Process Branch,  u S
                         Protection  Agency,   Athens,  Georgia
                                                          J
 220.      federal  Register,  "Guidelines   for   Registering
          Pesticides in United States",  Part II,  Vol.  40,  No.
          1^3,     U.S.    Environmental   Protection   Agency,
          o?Songt°n'  °-C*   20a6°;  j™e  25,  1975,  pp  26802-
          26 928 .

 221.      Federal   Register,    Effluent    Guidelines    and
          standards.   General   Provisions,   Part  II,  Vol  39
          No.  24,  pp 4531 to 4533,  February  4,  1974.

 222.      young,  David  R. ,   et.al.;   "DDT in   Sediments  and
          Organisms   around  Southern California  Outfalls"-
          journal-Water Pollution   Control   Federation.  Vol '
          48, No.  8,  August, 1976.           -

General References

GR-1      AICHE Environmental  Division;   "Industrial   Process
          Design   for   Pollution Control," Volume 4; October,


GR-2      Allen, E.E. ;  "How to Combat Control  Valve   Noise »
          Chemical  Engineering  Progress.  Vol.  71   NO  8-
          August,  1975; pp. 43-557                  '    "  '
GR-3     Jf J5^an ^*>lic   Health   Association;   Standard
         Metho.ds  for  Examination of Water and Waste Water'
         13th Edition; APHA, Washington, D.c7  20036- 1971
                               286

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GR-4     Barnard, J.L.; "Treatment  Cost  Relationships  for
         Industrial  Waste  Treatment,«  Ph.D. Dissertation,
         Vanderbilt University; 1971.

GR-5     Bennett, H., editor; Concise chemical and Technical
         Dictionary; F.A.I.C. Chemical  Publishing  Company,
         Inc., New York, New York; 1962.

GR-6     Blecker,  H.G.,  and  Cadman,  T.w.;  Capital   and
         Operating  Costs  of  Pollution  Control  Equipment
         Modules, Volume I - User Guide; EPA-R5-73-023a; EPA
         Office of  Research  and  Development,  Washington,
         D.C.  20460; July 1973.

GR-7     Blecker,  H.G.,  and  Nichols,  T.M.;  Capital  and
         Operating  Costs  of  Pollution  Control  Equipment
         Modules, Volume II  - Data  Manual;   EPA-R5-73-023b;
         EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington,
         D.C.  20U60; July,  1973.

GR-8     Bruce, R.D., and Werchan, R.E.; "Noise  Control  in
         the  Petroleum  and Chemical  Industries," Chemical
         Engineering Progress, Vol.  71, No. 8; August,  1975;
         pp.  56-59.

GR-9     Chaffin, C.M.;  "Wastewater  Stabilization  Ponds  at
         Texas Eastman Company."

GR-10    Chemical   Coagulation/Mixed  Media  Filtration  of
         Aerated     Lagoon     Effluent,     EPA-660/2-75-025;
         Environmental    Protection     Technology     Series,
         National   Environmental  Research  Center, Office of
         Research   and  Development,   U.S.  EPA,   Corvallis,
         Oregon   97330.

GR-11    Chemical  Engineering,  August  6,   1973;   "Pollution
         Control at the  Source."

GR-12    Chemical  Engineering,   68   (2),   1961;   "Activated-
          Sludge  Process  Solvents  Waste Problem."

GR-13    Chemical  Week,  May 9,  1973;  "Making  Hard-to-treat
          Chemical  Wastes Evaporate."

 GR-14     Cheremisinoff,  P.N.,  and Feller,  S.M.;   "Wastewater
          Solids  Separation," Pollution Engineering.

 GR-15     Control of Hazardous Material  Spills,   Proceedings
          of  the  1972  National  Conference  on  Control of
          Hazardous Material Spills,  Sponsored  by  the  U.S.
                                 287

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          Environmental  Protection  Agency at the Universitv
          of Texas, March 1972.

 GR-16    Cook, C.; "Variability in  BOD  Concentration  from
          Biological    Treatment   Plants,"   EPA   internal
          memorandum;  March, 1974.

 GR-17    Davis, K.E., and Funk, R.J.;  "Deep Well Disposal of
          Industrial  Waste,"  Industrial   Waste;   January-
          February, 1975.                    	          y

 GR-18    Dean, J.A.,  editor; Lange's  Handbook of  Chemistry.
          11th  Edition;   McGraw-Hill  Book Company.  New York,
          New York; 1973.

 GR-19    Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr.; Water  Quality  Engineering
          for  Practicing   Engineers:  Barnes and Noble,  Inc.,
          New York, New York; 1970.

 GR-20    Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr.;   "Development  of   Operator
          Training  Materials,"  Environmental Science  Services
          Corp.,  Stamford,  Conn.; August,  1968.

 GR~21     Environmental Science and  Technology.  Vol.   8,   No.
          10,  October,  1974;  "Currents-Technology."

 GR-22    Fassell,  W.M.; "Sludge Disposal  at  a  Profit?",   a
          report  presented   at the National  Conference on
          Municipal    Sludge    Management,      Pittsburgh
          Pennsylvania; June, 1974.

 GR~23     Guidelines for Chemical Plants   in   the  Prevention
          Control   and Reporting  of   Spills;   Manufacturing
          Chemists  Association, Inc., Washington,  D.C.   1972.

 GR-24     Hauser, E.A.,  Colloidal   Phenomena.   1st   Edition,
          McGraw-Hill  Book Company,  New York,  New York;  1939.

 GR-25     Iowa  State  University  Department  of  Industrial
         Engineering  and  Engineering  Research  Institute,
          "Estimating  Staff  and  Cost  Factors  for   Small
         Wastewater Treatment Plants Less Than  1 MGDf» Parts
          I  and  II;  EPA  Grant  No.  5P2-WP-195-0452; June,
          i y * 3 *

GR-26    Iowa  State  University  Department  of  Industrial
         Engineering  and  Engineering  Research  Institute,
         "Staffing Guidelines  for  Conventional  Wastewater
         Treatment  Plants  Less  Than 1 MGD," EPA Grant No
         5P2-WP-195-0452;  June, 1973.

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GR-27    Juddr   S.H.;   "Noise   Abatement   in    Exisj:j-ncf
         Refineries,"  Chemical  Engineering  Progress, Vol.
         71, No. 8; August, 1975; pp. 31-42.
GR-28    Kent, J.A., editor; Reigells Industria-1  Chemistry,
         7th  Edition;  Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New
         York; 1974.

GR-29    Kirk-Othmer; Encyclopedia of  Chemical  Technology,
         2nd Edition; Tnterscience Publishers Division, John
         Wiley and Sons, Inc.

GR-30    Kozlorowski,  B.,  and  Kucharski,  J. ;  Industrial
         Waste Disposal; Pergamon Press,  New York;  1972.

GR-31    Lindner,    G.   and   K.   Nyberg;     Environmental
         Engineering,  A Chemical Engineering Discipline;  D.
         Reidel  Publishing  Company,  Boston,   Massachusetts
         02116,  1973.

GR-32    Liptak,  B.G.,  editor;  Environmental  Engineers'
         Handbook,   Volume  Ij_ Water  Pollution;  Chi 1 ton Book
         Company, Radnor,  Pa.; 1974.

GR-33    Marshall,  G.R.  and E.J.  Middlebrook;   Intermittent
         Sand  Filtration   to  Upgrade   Existing Wastewater
         Treatment  Facilities, PR   JEW   115-2;    Utah  Water
         Research  Laboratory,  College of Engineering, Utah
         State University,  Logan,   Utah   84322;   February,
          1974.

 GR-34    Martin, J.D.,  Dutcher,  V.D.,  Frieze,   T.R.,  Tapp,
         M.,    and    Davis,   E.M. ;   "Waste   Stabilization
          Experiences  at  Union  Carbide,  Sea drift,   Texas
          Plant."

 GR-35     McDermott,  G.N. ;  Industrial  Spill  Control   and
          Pollution  Incident  Prevention, J. Water Pollution
          Control Federation,   43 (8) 1629  (1971).

 GR-36     Minear,  R.A.,  and  Patterson,  J.W.;   Wastewater.
          Treatment   Technology,   2nd   Edition;  State  ot
          Illinois   Institute  for   Environmental    Quality;
          January, 1973.

 GR-37    National Environmental Research Center; "Evaluation
          of Hazardous Waste Emplacement  in Mined   Openings;"
          NERC Contract No. 68-03-0470; September,  1974.
                                 289

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 GR-38
          Nemerow, N.L.; Liquid Waste of Industry - Theories
          Practices and Treatment- Addition-Wesley PuTbishinq
          Company, Reading, Massachusetts; 1971.

 GR-39    Novak, S.M.; "Biological Waste Stabilization  Ponds
          at Exxon Company, U.S.A. Baytown Refinery and Exxon
          Chemical  Company, U.S.A. Chemical Plant (Divisions
          of Exxon Corporation)  Baytown, Texas."

 GR-40    Oswald,  W.J.,  and Ramani, R.;  "The Fate of Algae in
          Receiving  Waters,"  a  paper  submitted   to   the
          Conference  on  Ponds  as  a   Wastewater  Treatment
          Alternative,  University  of  Texas,   Austin;  July,


 GR-41    Otakie,  G.F.;  A Guide to  the   Selection  of  Cost-
          ^fnnnly-  ga-stewater Treatment Systems:  FPA-43079-
          75-002,  Technical Report.  U.S.  EPA,  Office  of Water
          Program  Operations,  Washington,  B.C.   20460.

 GR-42    Parker,  C.L.;  Estimating  the   Cost   of  Wastewater
          Treatment   Ponds;   Pollution Engineering, November,


 GR-43    Parker,  D.S.;   "Performance of  Alternative  Algae
          Removal    Systems,"    a   report  submitted   to  the
          Conference  on  Ponds  as   a  Wastewater  Treatment
          Alternative,  University  of  Texas,   Austin;  July,


GR-44     Parker,  W.P.;  Wastewater   Systems    Engineering.
          Prentice-Hall,  inc.,  Englewood Cliffs, New  Jersey,


GR-45    Perry,^J.H., et. al.;  Chemical Engineers' Handbook.
          5th Edition; McGraw-Hill Book  Company,
         New York:  1973.
GR-46    Public Law 92-500, 92nd Congress,  S.2770;  October
          to, 1972.

GR-47    Quirk, T.P.; "Application of Computerized  Analysis
         to Comparative Costs of Sludge Dewatering by Vacuum
         Filtration   and   Centrifugation,"   Proc.    23rd
         ^n?oStria-  Wast-e  Conference.  Purdue  University^"
         1968;  pp. 69-709.

GR-48    Riley,  B.T.,   Jr.;    The   Relationship   Between
         Temperature   and   the  Design  and  Operation  of
                               290

-------
         Biological Waste Treatment Plants, submitted to the
         Effluent Guidelines Division, EPA; April, 1975.

GR-49    Rose, A., and  Rose,  E.;  The  Condensed  Chemical
         Dictionary,   6th   Edition;   Reinhold  Publishina
         Corporation, New York; 1961.

GR-50    Rudolfs, W.; Industrial Wastes, Their Disposal  and
         Treatment;  Reinhold  Publishing  Corporation,  New
         York; 1953.

GR-51    Sax,  N.I.;  Dangerous  Properties  of   Industrial
         Material,   4th   Edition;  Van   Nostrand  Reinhold
         Company, New York;  1975.

GR-52    seabrook, B.L.; Cost  of  Wastewater  Treatment  by.
         Land    Application?"  EPA-430/9-75-003,   Technical
         P^rt;  U.S.   EPA,   Office   of  Water   Program
         Operations, Washington,  D.C.   20460.

GR-53    Shreve,  R.N.; Chemical   Process   Industries,   Third
         Edition; McGraw-Hill, New York;  1967.

GR-54    spill Prevention  Technigues for  Hazardous Polluting
         Substances,OHM  7102001;   U.S.   Environmental
         Protection   Agency,   Washington,    D.C.     20460;
         February,  1971.

GR-55    Stecher,   P.G.,   editor;  The   Merck   Index,  An
         Encyclopedia  of   Chemicals and  Drugs,  8th  Edition;
         Merck and  Company,  Inc.,  Rahway, New  Jersey;  1968.

GR-56    Stevens, J.I.,  "The Roles of Spillage,  Leakage  and
         Venting in  Industrial Pollution  Control",  Presented
         at  Second  Annual Environmental  Engineering  and
         Science  Conference,   University   of   Louisville,
         April,  1972.

 GK-57    Supplement A 8. B - Detailed Record of Data Base for
          "Draft   Development  Document  for  Interim   Final
         Effluent  Limitations,  Guidelines and Standards of
          Performance   for   the   Miscellaneous   Chemicals
         Manufacturing  Point   Source  Category",  U.S. EPA,
         Washington, D.C.  20460, February, 1975.

 GR-58    Swanson,  C.L.;   "Unit   Process   Operating   and
          Maintenance  Costs for Conventional Waste Treatment
          Plants;" FWQA,  Cincinnati,  Ohio; June,  1968.
                                291

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 GR-59    U.S. Department of Health, Education, and  welfare-
          "Interaction  of Heavy Metals and Biological Sewage
          Treatment Processes," Environmental Health  Series-
          HEW  Office  of Water Supply and Pollution Control'
          Washington, D.C. ; May, 1965.

 GR-60    U.S. Department of the  Interior;  "Cost  of  Clean
          Water,"  Industrial  Waste  Profile No. _3; Dept. of
          Int. GWQA, Washington, D.C.; November, 1967.

 GR-61    U.S.  EPA;  Process  Design  Manual  for  Upgrading
          Existing  Waste  Water  Treatment  Plants. U.S  EPA
          Technology Transfer:  EPA, Washington, D.C.   204 61F
          October, 1974.                                     '

 GR-62    U.S. EPA;  "Monitoring Industrial Waste Water," U.S.
          |£A  Technology  Transfer:  EPA,  Washington,   57c7
          20460;  August,  1973.

 GR-63    U.S. EPA;  "Methods for Chemical  Analysis   of  Water
          and  Wastes,"   U.S.   EPA  Technology  Transfer:  EPA
          625/6-74-003; Washington,  D.C.   20460;  1974.

 GR-64    U.S. EPA;  "Handbook for Analytical  Quality  Control
          in   Water   and   Waste Water Laboratories," U.S.  EPA
          Technology Transfer:  EPA,  Washington,  D.C.    204607
          June,  1972.

 GR-65    U.S.  EPA;  "Process  Design  Manual   for   Phosphorus
          Removal,"    U.S.    EPA  Technology   Transfer;  EPA,
          Washington,  D.C.   20460; October,  19777

 GR-66    U.S.  EPA;   "Process   Design  Manual   for   Suspended
          Solids   Removal," U.S.  EPfl Technology Transfer;  EPA
                      ' Washin
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GR-70    U.S.  EPA;  Effluent  Limitations  Guidelines   and
         Standards of Performance, Metal Finishing Industry,
         Draft  Development  Document;  EPA 440/1-75/040 and
         EPA 440/1-75/040a; EPA  Office  of  Air  and  Water
         Programs, Effluent Guidelines Division, Washington,
         D.C.  20460; April, 1975.

GR-71    U.S.  EPA;  Development   Document   for   Effluent
         Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance
         -—organic  Cheiricals  Industry; EPA 440/1-74/009a;
         EPA Office of  Air  and  Water  Programs,  Effluent
         Guidelines   Division,   Washington,  D.C.   20460;
         April, 1974.

GR-72    U.S. EPA; Draft Development  Document  for  Effluent
         Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance
         -SteamSupply  and  Noncontact  Cooling  Water
         Industries; EPA Office of Air and  Water  Programs,
         Effluent   Guidelines  Division,  Washington,  D.C.
         20460; October, 1974.

GR-73    U.S. EPA; Draft Development  Document   for  Effluent
         Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance
         -Organic Chemicals Industry,  Phase II Prepared  by
         Roy F. Weston, Inc. under EPA Contract  No.  68-01-
         1509;   EPA  Office  of  Air and  Water  Programs,
         Effluent  Guidelines  Division,  Washington,   D.C.
         20460; February,  1974.

GR-74    U.S. EPA; Evaluation of  Land Application  Systems,
         Technical   Bulletin;   EPA   430/9-75-001;   EPA,
         Washington, D.C.   20460; March,  1975.

GR-75    U.S. EPA; "Projects  in  the  Industrial  Pollution
         Control     Division,"    Environmental   Protection
         Technology    Series;   EPA     600/2-75-001;    EPA,
         Washington, D.C.   20460; December,  1974.

GR-76    U.S.  EPA;  Wastewater  sampling  Methodologies  and
         Flow   Measurement Techniques;  EPA 907/9-74-005;  EPA
         Surveillance  and  Analysis,   Region  VII,   Technical
         Support  Branch;  June,  1974.

GR-77    U.S.  EPA; A Primer on  Waste  Water  Treatment;  EPA
         Water Quality office;  1971.

GR-78    U.S.  EPA; Compilation of Municipal  and  Industrial
          Injection Wells  in the United States;  EPA 520/9-74-
          020;   Vol.   I and II;  EPA,  Washington, D.C.   20460;
          1974.
                                293

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 GR-79     U.S.  EPA;  "Upgrading Lagoons," U.S.  EPA  Technology
          Transfer:   EPA,   Washington,   D.C.    20460;  August,
          I y / j«

 GR-80     U.S.   EPA;    "Nitrification   and   Denitrification
          Facilities,"   U.S.  EPA Technology Transfer:  August,
          1973.                              	

 GR-81     U.S.   EPA;   "Physical-chemical  Nitrogen  Removal,"
          u"s»  SPA Technology Transfer;  EPA,  Washington,  D.C.
          20460;  July,  1974.

 GR-82     U.S.  EPA;  "Physical-Chemical   Wastewater  Treatment
          Plant   Design,"   U.S.  EPA Technology Transfer;  EPA,
          Washington,  D.C.  20460;  August,  1973.

 GR-83     U.S.   EPA;   "Oxygen  Activated  Sludge    Wastewater
          Treatment   Systems,   Design Criteria and Operating
          Experience,"  U.S.  EPA Technology   Transfer;   EPA,
          Washington, D.C.  20460;  August,  1973.

 GR-84     U.S.     EPA;    Wastewater    Filtration    Design
          Considerations;   U.S.  EPA Technology Transfer;  EPA,
          Washington, D.C.  20460;  July,  1974.

 GR-85     U.S. EPA; "Flow Equalization,"  U.S.  EPA   Technology
          Transfer; EPA, Washington,  D.C.  20460; May,  1974.

 GR-86     U.S. EPA; "Procedural  Manual   for   Evaluating  the
          Performance   of   Wastewater Treatment Plants,"  u.s.
          EPA  Technology   Transfer;  EPA,  Washington,   D.C.
          20460.

 GR-87     U.S. EPA; Supplement to   Development  Document  for
          Effluent  Limitations,  Guidelines   and   New Source
          Performance   Standards    for    the   Corn  Milling
          Subcategory,  Grain  Processing, EPA, office of Air
          and Water Programs, Effluent  Guidelines  Division,
         Washington, D.C.  20460,  August, 1975.

GR-88    U.S.  EPA;  Pretreatment   of  Pollutants   Introduced
          Into  Publicly Owned Treatment Works; EPA Office of
         Water Program Operations, Washington, D.C.   20460;
         October, 1973.

GR-89    U.S.    Government   Printing    Office;     Standard
         Industrial    Classification   Manual;    Government
         Printing Office, Washington, D.C.  20492; 1972.
                                  294

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GR-90    U.S. EPA; Tertiary Treatment of  Combined  Domestic
         and    Industrial   Wastes,   EPA-R2-73-236,   EPA,
         Washington, D.C.  20492; 1972.

GR-91    Wang,  Lawrence   K.;   Environmental   Engineering
         glossary (Draft) Calspan Corporation, Environmental
         Systems Division, Buffalo, New York  14221, 1974.

GR-92    Water Quality Criteria  1972, EPA-R-73-033, National
         Academy  of  Sciences   and  National   Academy   of
         Engineering;  U.S.  Government Printing Office, No.
         5501-00520, March,  1973.

GR_93    weast, R.r editor;  CRC  Handbook  of  Chemistry  and
         Physics,   54th  Edition; CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio
         44128; 1973-1974.

GR-94    weber,   C.I.,   editor;   Biological   Field   and
         Laboratory Methods for  Measuring  the  Quality of
         Surface  Waters   and   Effluents,"   Environmental
         Monitoring   Series;    EPA   670/4-73-001;   EPA,
         Cincinnati, Ohio  45268; July, 1973.

GR-95    APHA, ASCE, AWWA, and WPCF, Glossary of_   Water  and
         Wastewater Control  Engineering,  American  Society of
         Civil Engineers, New York,  1969.

GR-96    organic  Compounds,  Identified  in Drinking Water  in
         the  United    States;   Health    Effects  Research
         Laboratory, U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,
         Cincinnati, Ohio; April 1,  1976.
                                295

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                         SECTION  XIII

                           GLOSSARY


C.  Pesticide Chemicals  Industry

Active  Ingredient.  The   element or   compound  on  which  a
particular  pesticide  is  based to   perform  its  specified
function.  The active  ingredient  makes  up  only  a   small
percentage  of  the final  product which consists of binders,
fillers, diluents, etc.

Adjurant.  A material which enhances the action  of  another
material.

Aerosols.   Gaseous  suspensions  of   minute  particles of a
liquid  or solid.

Algicide.  Chemical agent  used to destroy or control algae.

Alkaline  Hydrolysis.    A   process    whereby   wastes   are
detoxified by extended heat treatment  in an alkaline medium.
Generally used in the organo-phosphorus pesticide industry.

Amination.  The preparation of amines  which are derived from
ammonia  by  replacement of one  or more hydrogens or organic
radicals.

Attractants.  Chemical agents which dry or  attract  insects
or other pests to them.

Boiler Blowdown.  Wastewater resulting from purging of solid
and  waste materials from  the boiler system.  A solids build
up in concentration as a result of water evaporation  (steam
generation)  in the boiler.

Broad Spectrum.   A wide-range when referring to a pesticide;
it means the effectiveness covers a wide-range of pests.

Chlorination.     A   chemical   proces   where  chlorine  is
introduced  into  a  chemical  species  by  substitution  or
addition.

Contact  Insecticide.    Insecticide  which  requires  direct
contact with the insect to be affective.

Contract Disposal.  Disposal of waste  products  through  an
oustide party for a fee.
                               296

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Decanting  Operations.  Process whereby heavy (light)  liquid
fractions are drained from a reactor or vessel allowing  the
lighter (heavier)  liquid layer to remain.

Defoliants.   A  category  of  chemical  agents-  which  when
sprayed on plants causes the leaves to fall off prematurely.

Desiccants.  Chemical used as a  drying  agent.   Substances
which  have  such  a  great  affinity for water that it will
abstract it from a great many fluid materials.

Detoxi f icati on.   A  process   to   remove   or   neutralize
components   in   a  waste  stream  which  inhibit  or  stop
biological growth.

Dust.   Dry,  solid  powder.   When  applied  to   pesticide
production implies a dry, powder form product.

Emulsifiable  Concentration.   Pesticide  in the concentrate
liquid form which when  added  to  another  liquid  forms  a
stable colloidal discharge form application.

Formulators.  A segment of the Pesticide industry which does
not  manufacture  pesticides  but  mixes  and  blends active
ingredients with binders, fillers, and diluents  to  produce
the final product for distribution.

Fumigant.   A  chemical  compound  which acts in the gaseous
state to destroy insects and their larva and other pests.

Fungicides.  A category of chemical agents used  to  destroy
fungi.

Granular.  For a grainy texture or composition.

Halogenated-Organic  Pesticides.   A  category of pesticides
which  uses   halogenated    (primarily   chlorine)   organic
compounds as the active ingredients.

Herbicide.   Category  of chemical agents used to destroy or
control undesirable plant life such as weeds.

Insecticide,  chemical agent used to destroy  insects.

LD50.   Abbreviation  for  lethal  dose  50   -  a  dose   of
substances which is fatal to 50% of the  test  animals.

Metallo-Organic  Pesticides.   A class of organic pesticides
containing one or more  metal  or  metalloid   atoms  in  the
structure.
                                297

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Nemataude.   A chemical agent used to kill plant - parasitic
nematodes  (i.e., unsegmented worms).

Noncontact Wastewater.  Wastewater which does  not  come  in
direct contact with process materials.

Non-Process Water.  Waters which do not come in contact with
the  product,  or  by-products such as cooling water, boiler
blowdown, etc.

Oleum.  A mixture of 100 percent sulfuric  acid  and  sulfur
trioxide.

Operations  and  Maintenance.  Costs required to operate and
maintain  pollution  abatement  equipment  including  labor,
material, insurance, taxes, solid waste disposal, etc.

Organic  Pesticides.   Carbon-containing  substances used as
pesticides, excluding metallo-organic compounds.

Organo-Nitrogen Pesticides.  A cateqory of pesticides  which
uses nitrogenous compounds as the active ingredients.

Orqano-Phosphorus  Pesticides.   A  category  of  pesticides
which uses phosphate or phosphorus compounds as  the  active
ingredients.

Packagers.   The  last  step  in  preparing  a pesticide for
distribution to the consumer.  This segment of the  industry
takes  the  final  formulated  product  and  puts  it into a
marketable container such as drums, bottles,   aerosol  cans,
bags, etc.

Pesticides.   (1)   Any  substance  or  mixture of substances
produced for preventing,  destroying or repelling, any animal
or plant pest.  (2)  General term describing chemical  agents
which  are  used  to  destory  pests.    Pesticides  includes
herbicides, insecticides,  fungicides,  etc., and each type of
pesticide is normally specific to the  pest  species  it  is
meant to control.

Plant  Visitation.   Part   of  data  collection phase of the
study involving a  visit to a pesticide production facility.

Prilled.   To have  been formed into pellet-sized crystals  or
spherical particles.

Process  Water.   All waters that come in direct contact with
the raw materials  and intermediate products.
                               298

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Rodenticides.  Category of chemical agents which are used to
kill and destroy rodents, i.e., rats and mice.

Solution.  A single phase,  homogeneous  liquid  that  is  a
mixture in which the compounds are uniformly distributed.

Stripper.   A device in which relatively volatile components
are removed from a mixture by distillation or by passage  of
stream through the mixture.

Total Pesticides.  The sum of all pesticides manufactured at
each   facility   covered   in  this  development  document,
including any pesticides registered with the Agency  whether
or not those materials are intended for interstate commerce.

Wet  Air  Pollution Control.  The technique of air pollution
abatement utilizing water as an absorptive media.
General Definitions
Abatement.
pollution.
             The  measures  taken  to  reduce  or  eliminate
Absorption.  A process in which one material  (the absorbent)
takes  up  and  retains  another   (the  absorbate)  with the
formation of a homogeneous mixture having the attributes  of
a   solution.   Chemical  reaction  may  accompany  or follow
absorption.

Acclimation.  The ability of an organism to adapt to changes
in  its immediate environment.

Acid.   A  substance  which  dissolves  in  water  with  the
formation of hydrogen ions.
Acid   Solution.
 	    A  solution with a pH of less than 7.00 in
which the activity of the hydrogen ion is greater  than  the
activity of the hydroxyl ion.

Acidity.   The  capacity  of a wastewater for neutralizing a
base.  It is normally associated with the presence of carbon
dioxide, mineral and organic acids and salts of strong acids
or weak bases.   It  is  reported  as  equivalent  of  CaCO!3
because  many  times  it  is  not  known just what acids are
present.

Acidulate.  To make somewhat acidic.
                                299

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 Act.   The  Federal Water  Pollution Control  Act Amendments  of
 1972,  Public  Law  92-500.

 Activated   Carbon.    Carbon  which   is   treated  by   high-
 temperature heating with steam or carbon   dioxide  producing
 an  internal porous particle  structure.

 Activated  Sludge  Process.   A   process   which  removes the
 organic  matter  from sewage by saturating   it  with  air and
 biologically    active    sludge.    The  recycle  "activated"
 microoganisms are  able   to  remove   both  the   soluble and
 colloidal  organic material from  the wastewater.

 Adsorption.   An advanced method of treating wastes in  which
 a material removes organic matter not necessarily responsive
 to  clarification or biological treatment by adherence on the
 surface  of solid bodies.

 Adsorption Isotherm.    A plot   used in   evaluating   the
 effectiveness  of  activated carbon treatment by showing the
 amount of  impurity adsorbed  versus   the   amount  remaining.
 They are determined at a  constant  temperature by varying the
 amount  of carbon used  or the concentration of the impurity
 in  contact with the carbon.

 Advance Waste Treatment.  Any treatment  method  or  process
 employed   following  biological   treatment  to  increase the
 removal of pollution load, to remove  substances that may  be
 deleterious   to  receiving  waters  or the environment  or to
 produce a  high-guality effluent  suitable for  reuse  in  any
 specific   manner or for discharge  under critical conditions.
 The term tertiary  treatment  is   commonly  used  to  denote
 advanced waste  treatment  methods.

 Aeration.   (1)   The  bringing  about  of  intimate  contact
 between air and a liquid  by one of  the  following  methods:
 spraying   the  liquid  in  the air, bubbling air through the
 liquid, or  agitation  of  the  liquid  to  promote  surface
 absorption  of  air.    (2)  The  process  or  state of being
 supplied or impregnated with  air;  in  waste  treatment,   a
 process  in which liquid  from the primary clarifier is mixed
with compressed air  and with biologically active sludge.

Aeration  Period.    (1)   The   theoretical   time,    usually
 expressed  in  hours,   that the mixed liquor is  subjected  to
aeration in an  aeration  tank  undergoing  activated-sludge
treatment.   It is equal to the volume of the tank divided  by
the  volumetric  rate  of  flow of wastes and return  sludge.
 (2)  The theoretical   time  that  liquids  are  subjected  to
aeration.
                               300

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Aeration Tank.  A vessel for injecting air into the water.

Aerobic.   Ability  to  live, grow, or take place only where
free oxygen is present.

Aerobic  Biological  Oxidation.   Any  waste  treatment   or
process  utilizing aerobic organisms, in the presence of air
or oxygen, as agents for  reducing  the  pollution  load  or
oxygen demand of organic substances in waste.

Aerobic Digestion.  A process in which microorganisms obtain
energy  by  endogenous  or  auto-oxidation of their cellular
protoplasm.  The  biologically  degradable  constituents  of
cellular  material  are  slowly  oxidized to carbon dioxide,
water and ammonia, with the ammonia being further  converted
into nitrates during the process.

Algae.   One-celled  or  many-celled  plants  which  grow in
sunlit waters and which are capable of photosynthesis.  They
are a food for fish and small aquatic animals and, like  all
plants, put oxygen in the water.

Algae  Bloom.   Large  masses of microscopic and macroscopic
plant life, such as green  algae,  occurring  in   bodies  of
water.

Algicide.  Chemical agent  used to  destroy or control algae.

Alkali.   A   water-soluble   metallic  hydroxide that ionizes
strongly.

Alkalinity.   The presence  of  salts of   alkali  metals.    The
hydroxides,   carbonates   and  bicarbonates of calcium,  sodium
and magnesium are  common  impurities  that  cause   alkalinity.
A  quantitative  measure   of   the  capacity of   liquids  or
suspensions to neutralize  strong  acids  or to   resist  the
establishment of  acidic conditions.   Alkalinity results from
the   presence    of   bicarbonates,  carbonates,   hydroxides,
volatile   acids,   salts   and  occasionally  borates   and   is
usually  expressed  in terms of  the  concentration of  calcium
carbonate  that   would  have  an  equivalent   capacity   to
neutralize strong  acids.

Alum.    A  hydrated   aluminum  sulfate or potassium aluminum
 sulfate or ammonium  aluminum sulfate  which  is   used  as  a
 settling agent.   A coagulant.

Ammonia  Nitrogen.   A  gas  released by the microbiological
 decay of plant and animal proteins.   When  ammonia  nitrogen
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 is   found   in  waters,   it   is   indicative   of   incomplete
 treatment.

 Ammonia  Stripping.   A modification of  the   aeration   process
 for  removing  gases in  water.   Ammonium  ions in  wastewater
 exist in equilibrium with ammonia and  hydrogen ions.   As  pH
 increases,  the  equilibrium shifts to the right, and above pR
 9   ammonia   may  be   liberated as a  gas  by agitating the
 wastewater  in the presence of  air.  This is usually done  in
 a  packed tower  with  an  air blower.

 Ammonification.   The process  in  which ammonium is liberated
 from  organic compounds  by microoganisms.

 Anaerobic.   Ability  to  live, grow,  or  take place where there
 is no air or free oxygen  present.

 Anaerobic Biological  Treatment.    Any  treatment   method  or
 process  utilizing anaerobic or facultative organisms,  in the
 absence   of   air,  for  the purpose of reducing the organic
 matter in wastes  or  organic solids  settled out  from wastes.

 Anaerobic Digestion.  Biodegradable materials  in primary and
 excess activated  sludge are stabilized by being oxidized  to
 carbon   dioxide,  methane   and other  inert   products.  The
 primary  digester  serves mainly to  reduce  VSS,  while  the
 secondary digester   is mainly for  solids-liquid separation,
 sludge thickening and storage.

 Anion.   Ion with  a negative charge.

 Antagonistic  Effect.  The  simultaneous  action  of  separate
 agents mutually opposing each  other.

 Antibiotic.  A substance produced by a living organism which
 has  power  to inhibit the multiplication of,  or to destroy,
 other organisms, especially bacteria.

 Aqueous Solution.  One containing water or watery in nature.

 Aguifer.   A geologic  formation  or  stratum  that  contains
water  and  transmits  it  from  one  point  to  another  in
 quantities  sufficient  to   permit   economic   development
 (capable of yielding an appreciable supply of water).

Arithmetic  Mean.   The arithmetic mean of a number of items
 is obtained by adding all the  items  together  and  dividing
the  total  by the number of items.  It is frequently called
the average.  It is greatly affected by extreme values.
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Autoclave.  A heavy vessel with thick walls  for  conducting
chemical  reactions  under high pressure.  Also an apparatus
using steam under pressure for sterilization.

Azeotrope.  A liquid mixture  that  is  characterized  by  a
constant  minimum or maximum boiling point which is lower or
higher than that of any of the components and that  distills
without change in composition.

Backwashing.   The  process  of  cleaning  a  rapid  sand or
mechanical filter by reversing the flow of water.

Bacteria.  Unicellular, plant-like  microorganisms,  lacking
chlorophyll.   Any  water  supply  contaminated by sewage is
certain to contain a bacterial group called  "coliform".

Bateria,  Coliform Group.  A group of bacteria, predominantly
inhabitants of the  intestine  of  man  but  also  found  on
vegetation,  including  all aerobic and facultative anaerobic
gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacilli that ferment lactose
with qas  formation.  This  group  includes   five  tribes  of
which"  the  very  great  majority  are  Eschericheae.   The
Eschericheae tribe comprises  three genera and  ten  species,
of  which Escherichia  Coli   and  Aerobacter  Aerogenes are
dominant.  The Escherichia Coli are  normal  inhabitants  of
the  intestine   of man  and all vertbrates whereas Aerobacter
Aerogenes normally are  found  on grain and plants,  and  only
to   a   varying   degree  in the intestine of  man  and animals.
Formerly  referred to as B. Coli, B. Coli  group,  and  Coli-
Aerogenes Group.

Bacterial  Growth.   All   bacteria   require   food  for their
continued life and  growth  and  all  are  affected  by  the
conditions  of   their   environment.   Like human  beings, they
consume food, they respire, they need moisture,  they require
heat,   and  they  give  off   waste   products.    Their   food
requirements  are  very  definite and have been,  in general,
already outlined.  Without an adequate  food   supply  of  the
type  the specific organism requires, bacteria  will not grow
and multiply at  their  maximum rate  and  they  will  therefore,
not perform their  full  and complete functions.

NSPS  Effluent   Limitations.   Limitations  for  new  sources
which are based  on the application   of   the   Best Available
 Demonstrated Control  Technology.

 Base.   A substance that in aqueous  solution  turns red  litmus
 blue,   furnishes  hydroxyl  ions  and reacts with an  acid  to
 form a salt and water only.
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 Batch Process.   A process which has an intermittent flow  of
 raw  materials  into the process and a resultant intermittent
 flow of  product from the process.

 BAT Effluent Limitations.  Limitations  for   point  sources,
 other than   publicly owned treatment works,  which are based
 on  the   application  of  the   Best   Available   Technoloay
 Economically Achievable.   These limitations  must be achieved
 by July  1,  1983.

 Benthic.  Attached to the bottom of a body of water.

 Benthos.   Organisms  (fauna  and   flora)  that  live  on the
 bottoms  of bodies of water.

 Bioassay.  An assessment   which is  made  by  using   living
 organisms as the  sensors.

 Biochemical   Oxygen   Demand   (BOD).   A measure  of  the  oxygen
 required to  oxidize  the organic material  in  a  sample  of
 wastewater   by  natural  biological processes under standard
 conditions.   This test  is presently universally accepted  as
 the   yardstick  of  pollution   and  is utilized  as  a means  to
 determine the degree of   treatment  in a  waste   treatment
 process.   Usually  given in   mg/1  (or ppm  units), meaning
 milligrams of oxygen required  per liter of   wastewater,   it
 can  also be  expressed in  pounds  of  total oxygen required per
 wastewater   or  sludge  batch.   The  standard BOD is  five  days
 at  20 degrees C.

 Biota.  The  flora  and fauna  (plant  and  animal   life)  of  a
 stream or other water body.

 Biological    Treatment    System.    A  system   that    uses
 microorganisms to  remove  organic pollutant material  from  a
wastewater.

 Slowdown.   Water  intentionally discharged from a cooling or
heating   system   to   maintain    the   dissolved     solids
concentration  of  the  circulating   water  below a specific
critical level.   The removal of a   portion  of   any  process
flow to maintain the constituents of  the flow within desired
levels.   Process  may be  intermittent or continuous.   2) The
water discharged from a boiler or cooling tower  to  dispose
of accumulated salts.

BOJD5.   Biochemical  Oxygen  Demand   (BOD)   is the amount of
oxygen required by bacteria while   stabilizing   decomposable
organic  matter  under aerobic conditions.   The  BOD test has
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been developed on the basis of  a  5-day  incubation  period
(i.e. BOD5) .

Boiler Slowdown.  Wastewater resulting from purging of solid
^Tndwaste materials from the boiler system.  A .solids build
up in concentration as a result of water evaporation  (steam
generation)  in the boiler.

BPT  Effluent  Limitations.   Limitations for point sources,
other than publicly owned treatment works, which  are  based
on   the   application   of  the  Best  Practicable  Control
Technology Currently Available.  These limitations  must  be
achieved by July 1, 1977.

Break  Point.  The point at which impurities first appear in
the  effluent of a granular carbon adsorption bed.

Break  Point  Chlorination.   The  addition  of   sufficient
chlorine to destroy or oxidize all substances that creates a
chlorine  demand with an excess amount remaining in the free
residual state.

Brine.  Water saturated with  a salt.

Buffer.  A  solution containing either a weak  acid  and   its
"salt or  a  weak  base  and  its salt which thereby  resists
changes in  acidity or basicity,  resists changes  in pH.

Carbohydrate.   A compound of  carbon,  hydrogen   and   oxygen,
usually  having hydrogen and  oxygen  in the  proportion of  two
to one.

Carbonaceous.   Containing or  composed of  carbon.

Catalyst.   A  substance which  changes the  rate  of a   chemical
reaction  but  undergoes no permanent  chemical change  itself.

Cation.   The  ion  in   an   electrolyte   which  carries   the
positive  charge and which migrates toward the  cathode under
the influence of  a potential  difference.

Caustic   Soda.    In  its   hydrated   form  it is called sodium
hydroxide.   Soda  ash  is  sodium carbonate.

Cellulose.   The fibrous  constituent  of trees   which  is   the
 principal  raw  material  of paper and paperboard.   Commonly
thought  of  as a fibrous material of  vegetable  origin.

 Centrate.   The liquid fraction that is  separated  from  the
 solids fraction of a  slurry through centrifugation.
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 Centrifugation.   The process  of separating heavier materials
 from  lighter  ones  through   the  employment of centrifugal
 force.

 Centrifuge.   An  apparatus  that rotates at high speed and  by
 centrifugal    force   separates   substances    of  different
 densities.

 Chemical  Oxygen  Demand (COD) .   A measure  of oxygen-consumincr
 capacity  of  organic and  inorganic matter  present in water or
 wastewater.    It  is  expressed  as  the   amount  of  oxygen
 consumed  from  a  chemical   oxidant  in a specific test.   It
 does not  differentiate between stable and  unstable  organic
 matter  and   thus does not correlate  with biochemical oxygen
 demand.

 Chemical  Synthesis.   The processes of  chemically  combining
 two  or more  constituent  substances into a single substance.

 Chlorination.    The  application of chlorine to water,  sewage
 or   industrial  wastes,  generally for   the    purpose    of
 disinfection  but   frequently   for  accomplishing other
 biological or chemical results.

 Clarification.   Process of removing turbidity  and  suspended
 solids  by   settling.  Chemicals can  be added  to improve  and
 speed up  the settling process  through coagulation.

 Clarifier.   A basin  or tank   in  which  a  portion   of   the
 material  suspended in  a wastewater is settled.

 Clays.    Aluminum silicates   less than  0.002mm (2.0 urn)  in
 size.  Therefore,  most clay  types can  go into  colloidal
 suspension.

 Coagulation.   The   clumping together of  solids  to make them
 settle out of  the  sewage faster.   Coagulation of  solids   is
 brought   about  with  the  use  of  certain chemicals,  such  as
 lime, alum or  polyelectrolytes.

 Coagulation  and   Flocculation.    Processes   which   follow
 sequentially.

 Coagulation  Chemicals.  Hydrolyzable divalent and trivalent
metallic  ions of aluminum, magnesium, and iron salts.   They
 include   alum  (aluminum sulfate),  quicklime (calcium oxide) ,
hydrated  lime  (calcium hydroxide),  sulfuric acid,  anhydrous
 ferric  chloride.  Lime and acid affect only the  solution pH
which in  turn causes coagulant precipitation,  such  as  that
of magnesium.
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Coliform.   Those bacteria vhich are most abundant in sewage
and in streams  containing  feces  and  other  bodily  waste
discharges.  See bacteria, coliform group.

Coliform  Organisms.   A  group  of  bacteria  recognized as
indicators of fecal pollution.

Colloid.  A finely divided dispersion of one material  (0.01-
10 micron-sized particles),  called  the  "dispersed  phase"
(solid), in another material, called the "dispersion medium"
(liquid) .

Color Bodies.  Those complex molecules which impart color to
a solution.

Color  Units.  A solution with the color of unity contains a
mq/lofmetallic   platinum     (added    as    potassium
chloroplatinate   to  distilled  water).   Color  units  are
defined  against a platinum-cobalt standard and are based, as
are  all the  other  water  quality  criteria,  upon  those
analytical  methods  described   in  Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and  Vlastewater, 12   ed. ,  Amer.   Public
Health Assoc., N.Y., 1967.

Combined  Sewer.   One  which  carries both  sewage and storm
water  run-off.

Composite  Sample.  A combination of  individual   samples  of
wastes   taken  at  selected intervals, generally hourly  for 24
hours,   to minimize  the  effect   of  the   variations   in
individual   samples.   Individual   samples  making  up  the
composite  may  be  of equal volume or be   roughly   apportioned
to  the  volume  of  flow of  liquid  at  the time  of  sampling.

Composting.    The  biochemical  stabilization of  solid  wastes
 into a  humus-like substance by  producing and controlling  an
optimum environment for the process.

Concentration.   The total mass  of  the  suspended or dissolved
 particlescontained  in  a unit  volume  at a  given temperature
 and pressure.

 Conductivity.    A  reliable  measurement   of    electrolyte
 concentration   in   a    water    sample.   The   conductivity
 measurement can be related to the  concentration of dissolved
 solids and is almost  directly   proportional  to  the   ionic
 concentration of the total electrolytes.

 Contact Stabilization.   Aerobic digestion.
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                           an
 Contact  Process  Wastewaters.    These are process-generated
 wastewaters which have come in  direct  or  indirect  contact
 with  the reactants  used in the process.   These include such
 streams as contact cooling water,  filtrates,  centrates, wash
 waters, etc.

 Continuous Process.   A process  which has  a constant flow  of
 raw  materials  into the process and resultant  constant flow
 of  product from the  process.

 Contract Disposal.   Disposal  of waste  products  through
 outside party for a  fee.

 Crustaceae.    These   are  small animals ranging in  size from
 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters long which  move very rapidly  through
 the  water  in  search of food.  They have recognizable head
 and posterior sections.   They form  a  principal  source  of
 food  for  small   fish  and  are found largely  in relativley
 fresh natural water.

 Cryogenic.  Having to do with extremely low temperatures.

 Crystallization.   The formation of solid  particles  within  a
 homogeneous phase.   Formation of crystals separates a solute
 from  a   solution and generally leaves impurities  behind  in
 the mother liquid.

 Culture.   A mass  of  microorganisms growing in a media.

 Curie.   3.7 x 10»o disintegrations  per  second within a  given
 quantity of material.

 Cyanide.   Total cyanide  as  determined by  the test   procedure
 specified  in  40 CFR  Part  136  (Federal Register, Vol. 38, no.
 199,  October  16,  1973).

 Cyanide  A._   Cyanides  amendable  to  chlorination as described
 in  "1972 Annual Book  of ASTM  Standards"   1972:   Standard  D
 2036-72, Method B, p.  553.

 Cyclone.   A  conical  shaped  vessel   for separating either
 entrained  solids or  liquid materials  from the  carrying  air
 or  vapor.   The  vessel has  a tangential  entry nozzle at or
 near the largest diameter, with an overhead exit for air  or
vapor and a lower exit for the more dense materials.

Decreasing.   The  process of removing greases and oils from
 sewage, waste and sludge.

Demine ralization.  The total removal of all ions.
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Denitrification.  Bacterial mediated reduction of nitrate to
nitrite'Other bacteria may act on the nitrite reducing  it
to  ammonia  and  finally N2 gas.  This reduction of nitrate
occurs under anaerobic  conditions.   The  nitrate  replaces
oxygen  as  an  electron  acceptor  during the metabolism of
carbon compounds under anaerobic conditions.   A  biological
process  in  which gaseous nitrogen is produced from nitrite
and  nitrate.    The   heterotrophic   microogamsms   which
participate   in   this   process   include   pseudomonades,
achromobacters and bacilli.

Derivative.  A substance  extracted  from  another  body  or
substance.

Desorption.  The opposite of adsorption.  A phenomenon where
an adsorbed molecule  leaves the  surface of the adsorbent.

Development   Document.    Development  document  means  the
document entitled "Development Document  for  Interim  Final
Effluent   Limitation   and  Guidelines  for  the  Pesticide
Chemicals Manufacturing  Point Source Category".

Diluent.  A diluting  agent.

Disinfection.   The process of  killing  the   larger  portion
"(but   not  Necessarily all) of the harmful  and objectionable
microorganisms  in or  on  a  medium.

Dissolved Air  Flotation.   The   term   "flotation"   indicates
something  floated   on  or at   the surface   of  a  liquid.
Dissolved air  flotation  thickening is  a  process  that   adds
energy  in the  form  of air bubbles, which become  attached  to
suspended  sludge particles, increasing the  buoyancy  of  the
particles and  producing  more positive  flotation.

Dissolved  Oxygen   (DO).    The   oxygen  dissolved in sewage,
water  or  other   liquids,  usually  expressed   either    in
milligrams   per liter  or percent of  saturation.   It  is the
 test used  in BOD determination.

 Distillation.   The separation,  by vaporization,  of  a  liquid
 mixtureof~miscible and volatile substances  into individual
 components,  or, in some cases,  into a  group  of   components.
 The  process  of   raising the  temperature of  a liguid  to the
 boiling point and  condensing the resultant vapor  to  liquid
 form  by  cooling.    It  is used to remove substances  from a
 liquid or to obtain a pure liquid from  one  which  contains
 impurities  or  which is a mixture of several liquids having
 different boiling temperatures.   Used in  the  treatment  of
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 fermentation  products,  Yeastr  etc.,  and  other wastPS to
 remove recoverable products.

 Double-effect Evaporators.   Double-effect  evaporators  are
 two evaporators in series where the vapors from one are used
 to boil liquid m the other.

 Dg  Units.  The units of measurement used are milliarams per
 liter (mg/1)  and parts per  million   (ppm),   where "mg/1  is
 defined  as  the  actual weight of oxygen per liter of water
 and ppm is defined as the  parts  actual  weight  of  oxygen
 dissolved  in a million parts weight of water,  i.e., a pound
 of oxygen in a million  pounds  of  water  is  1  ppm.   For
 practical  purposes in pollution control work,  these two are
 used interchangeably; the density of water is so close to  1
 g/cm3  that the error is negligible.  Similarly, the changes
 in  volume  of  oxygen  with  changes  in  temperature   are
 insignificant.   This,  however,  is not true if sensors are
 calibrated in percent saturation rather than in mg/1 or ppm.
 In that  case,  both temperature and barometric pressure  must
 be taken into consideration.

 Drift.   Entrained water carried from a cooling  device bv the
 exhaust  air.

 Dual—Media.   A   deep-bed   filtration  system  utilizina two
 separate  and  discrete  layers   of  dissimilar  media   (e.g
 anthracite and   sand)   placed  one  on  top of the  other to
 perform  the filtration function.

 Ecology.   Tne  science of the interrelations   between   living
 organisms  and  their environment.

 Effluent.   A  liquid  which   leaves   a unit   operation or
 £££?!+'i  Sewage:  ,Water °r   °ther  "^"8,   partially or
 completely treated   or  in their  natural states, flowing out
 of  a reservoir basin,  treatment   plant  or   any  other   unit
 operation.  An influent  is the  incoming stream.

 Elution.    (1)  The process of washing  out,  or removing  with
 the use of  a solvent.   (2) in an  ion exchange process it is
 defined  as  the   stripping  of  adsorbed  ions  from an  ion
 exchange  resin  by   passing  through   the   resin  solutions
 containing  other ions  in relatively high concentrations.

 Elutriation.   A  process of sludge conditioning whereby the
 sludge is washed, either with fresh water or plant effluent
to reduce the sludge alkalinity  and  fine  particles,  thus
 decreasing  the  amount  of  required  coagulant  in further
treatment steps,  or in sludge dewatering.
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Emulsion.  Emulsion is a suspension of fine droplets of  one
liquid in another.

Entrapment  Separator.   A  device  to remove liquid and/or
solids from a gas stream.  Energy source is usually  derived
from pressure drop to create centrifugal force.

Environment.    The  sure  of  all  external  influences  and
conditions affecting the life  and  the  development  of  an
organism.

Equalization  Basin.  A holding basin in which variations in
flow and composition of a liquid are averaged   Such  basins
are  used to provide a flow of reasonably uniform volume and
composition to a  treatment unit.

Esterification.   This generally involves the combination  of
an alcohol and an organic acid to produce an ester  and water
The  reaction  is carried  out  in  the  liquid phase, with
aqueous  sulfuric  acid as the catalyst.  The use of  sulfuric
acid  has  in  the past  caused this type of  reaction to be
called sulfation.

Eutrophication.   The  process in  which  the   life-sustaining
aualitv—ofa  body   of  water is  lost or diminished  (e.g.,
aging or filling  in of  lakes) .  A  eutrophic condition  is  one
 in which the water is rich  in  nutrients but has  a   seasonal
oxygen deficiency.

 Evapotranspiration.   The  loss  of water  from the  soil both by
 evaporation and   by   transpiration  from the plants growing
 thereon.

 Facultative.   Having   the  power   to  live  under   different
 conditons  (either with or without  oxygen).

 Facultative  Lagoon.    A  combination  of  the  aerobic  and
 anaerobic  lagoons.  It is divided   by  loading  and  thermal
 stratifications  into  an  aerobic  surface and an anaerobic
 bottom,  therefore the principles of  both  the  aerobic  and
 anaerobic processes apply.

 Fatty  Acids.     An  organic  acid obtained by the hydrolysis
 T^SnifTcItion)   of natural fats and oils, e.g., stearic and
 palmitic acids.  These acids are monobasic and  may  or  may
 not contain some  double bonds.  They usually contain sixteen
 or more carbon atoms.

 Fauna.   The  animal  life adapted for living in a specified
 environment.
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 Fermentation.  Oxidative decomposition of complex substances
 through the  action  of  enzymes  or  ferments  produced  bv
 microorganisms.                                 -          y

 Filter, Trickling.   A filter consisting of an artificial bed
 of  coarse  material, such as broken stone,  clinkers,  slate
 slats or brush, over which sewage is distributed and applied
 in drops,  films for spray, from  troughs,  drippers,  moving
 distributors  or fixed nozzles.   The sewage  trickles through
 to the underdrains  and has the opportunity to form  zoogleal
 slimes which clarify and oxidize the sewage.

 Filter^—Vacuum.    A filter consisting of a  cylindrical drum
 mounted on a horizontal  axis  and  covered   with  a  filter
 cloth.    The  filter  revolves with a partial submergence in
 the liguid,  and a vacuum is maintained under the  cloth  for
 the larger part of  each revolution to extract moisture.   The
 cake is scraped off continuously.

 Filtrate.    The  liquid  fraction  that is separated from the
 solids  fraction of  a slurry through filtration.

 Filtration,  Biological.   The process   of   passing  a  liguid
 through a  biological filter containing media  on  the surfaces
 of  which  zoogleal  films  develop that absorb  and adsorb fine
 suspended,  colloidal and  dissolved solids and that release
 various biochemical end products.

 Flocculants.    Those water-soluble organic  polyelectrolytes
 that are   used  alone  or  in   conjunction   with   inorganic
 coagulants    such  as   lime,   alum or ferric   chloride  or
 coagulant  aids  to agglomerate  solids   suspended   in aqueous
 systems  or   both,  The  large dense floes  resulting  from this
 process  permit  more  rapid  and more efficient solids-liguid
 separations.

 Flocculation.   The  formation   of floes.  The  process step
 following  the  coagulation-precipitation  reactions   which
 consists  of  bringing  together  the colloidal particles.  it
 is the   agglomeration   by  organic  polyelectroytes  of  the
 small,   slowly  settling floes formed  during coagulation into
 large floes which settle rapidly.

 Flora.  The plant life characteristic of a region.

 Flotation.  A method of  raising   suspended  matter  to  the
 surface of the liquid in a tank as scum-by aeration, vacuum,
 evolution of gas, chemicals, electrolysis, heat or bacterial
decomposition  and  the  subsequent  removal  of the scum bv
 skimming.
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wactionation (or Fractional Distillation).   The  separation
of  constituents,  or  group  of  constituents,  of a_liquid
mixture of miscible and volatile substances by  vaporization
and recondensing at specific boiling point ranges.

Fungus.   A  vegetable  cellular  organism  that subsists on
organic material, such as bacteria.

Gland.  A device utilizing a  soft  wear-resistant  material
used  to  minimize  leakage between a rotating shaft and the
stationary portion of a vessel such as a pump.

Gland Water.  Water used to lubricate  a  gland.   Sometimes
called "packing  water."

Grab   sample.    (1)  Instantaneous  sampling.    (2) A sample
taken  at  a random place in space and time.

Grease.   In  sewage, grease includes fats, waxes,  free  fatty
acids,  calcium  and magnesium  soaps, mineral  oils and other
nonfatty  materials.  The type of solvent to  be used  for  its
extraction should be stated.

Grit   Chamber.   A  small detention chamber or  an enlargement
of a  sewer designed to  reduce the velocity of   flow  of  the
liquid and   permit the   separation of mineral  from organic
solids by differential  sedimentation.

Groundwater. The  body  of  water that   is  retained  in  the
saturated  zone which tends  to  move by  hydraulic gradient  to
lower levels.

Hardness.   A  measure   of  the capacity    of   water    for
precipitating  soap.    It   is   reported as the hardness  that
would  be  produced  if  a  certain  amount   of  CaCO3   were
 dissolved  in water.   More than one ion contributes  to water
hardness.  The "Glossary of  Water  and  Wastewater   Control
 Engineering" defines  hardness  as:  A characteristic of  water,
 imparted  by  salts  of calcium, magnesium,  and ion, such as
 bicarbonates, carbonates,  sulfates,  chlorides, and nitrates,
 that  causes  curdling  of  soap,   deposition  of  scale  in
 boilers,   damage in some industrial processes, and sometimes
 objectionable taste.   Calcium and  magnesium  are  the  most
 significant constituents.

 Heavy Metals.   A general name given for the ions of metallic
 elements,such   as  copper,  zinc,  iron,  chromium,   and
 aluminum.   They are normally removed from  a  wastewater  by
 the   formation of  an  insoluble  precipitate   (usually  a
 metallic hydroxide).
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                A  COmpound  containing   only   carbon   and


 Hydrolysis.   A chemical reaction in which water reacts with
 another substance to form one or more new substances.

 incineration.  The combustion (by burning)  of organic matter
 in wastewater sludge.

 Incubate.    To  maintain  cultures,   bacteria,   or   other
 microorganisms   at   the  most  favorable  temperature  for
 development.

 Influent.   Any sewage,  water or other liquid, either raw  or
 partly  treated,   flowing into a reservoir,  basin,  treatment
 plant, or  any part thereof.    The  influent   is  the  stream
 entering  a  unit  operation;   the  effluent  is  the stream
 leaving it.

 In-Plant   Measures.     Technology   applied   within    the
 manufacturing  process   to reduce or eliminate pollutants in
 the raw waste water.  Sometimes  called  "internal   measures"
 or "internal controls".

 Ion.    An   atom  or  group of  atoms possessing an electrical
 charge.

 Ion Exchange.   A  reversible  interchange  of   ions between  a
 liquid  and  a solid  involving  no  radical  change in  the
 structure  of the  solid.   The solid can be a  natural   zeolit-
 or  a   synthetic  resin,  also called polyelectrolyte.   Cation
 exchange resins   exchange their  hydrogen   ions for metal
 cations  in the liquid.   Anion  exchange resins exchange their
 hydroxyl  ions for   anions  such as nitrates in the  liquid.
 When the ion-retaining  capacity  of  the resin   is exhausted,
 it must be regenerated.   Cation resins  are  regenerated with
 acids  and  anion resins with  bases.

 Lagoons.   An oxidation pond  that  receives  sewage  which  is
 not settled or biologically  treated.

 L£—S-P--    A lethal   concentration   for  50% of test animals.
 Numerically the same  as TLm.  A  statistical  estimate  of  the
 toxicant,    such   as   pesticide  concentration,  in  water
 necessary  to   kill  50%  of  the  test   organisms  within  a
 specified   time under standardized conditions  (usually 24,48


Lfacji   To  dissolve out  by  the  action  of  a  percolating
 liquid, such as water, seeping through a sanitary landfill.
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Lime.   Limestone  is  an  accumulation  of  organic remains
Consisting mostly of calcium  carbonate.   When  burned,  it
yields  lime  which  is  a  solid.   The  hydrated form of a
chemical lime is calcium hydroxide.

Liquid-liquid-extraction.   The   process   by   which   the
constituentsofasolution are separated by causing their
unequal distribution between two insoluble liquids.

Maximum Day Limitation.  The effluent limitation value equal
to the maximum for one day and is the value to be  published
by the EPA in the Federal Register.

Maximum  Thirty  Day  Limitation.   The  effluent limitation
value for which the  average  of  daily  values  for  thirty
consecutive  days  shall  not  exceed and  is the value to be
published by the EPA in the Federal Register.

Mean.  The  arithmetic  average  of  the   individual  sample
values.

Median.   In  a  statistical array, the value having  as many
cases larger in value as  cases smaller  in  value.

Median Lethal Dose  (LD50).  The  dose  lethal to  50 percent of
a  group  of  test organisms for a  specified  period.  The  dose
material may be ingested  or injected.

Median Tolerance Limit  (TLm).  In toxicological studies, the
concentrationof  pollutants at  which  50 percent of  the test
animals  can survive  for  a specified period of exposure.

Microbial.   Of  or  pertaining to  a pathogenic  bacterium.

Molecular  Weight.    The   relative weight  of   a   molecule
compared to the weight of an atom of  carbon taken as exactly
12.00;   the  sum  of  the  atomic  weights of the atoms in  a
molecule.

Mollusk (mollusca).   A large animal  group  including  those
 formspopularly   called   shellfish  (but  not  including
 crustaceans).   All have  a soft unsegmented body protected in
 most instances by a calcareous shell.   Examples are  snails,
 mussels, clams, and oysters.

 Mycelium.   The  mass  of  filaments  which  constitutes the
 vegetative body of fungi.

 Navigable Waters.  Includes  all  navigable  waters  of  the
 UnitedStates;  tributaries of navigable waters; interstate
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         intrastate  lakes,  rivers  and  streams  which  are
     ized  by interstate travellers for recreational or other
 purposes; intrastate lakes, rivers and  streams  from  which

 an? ^ntrast't"13? ^ ^^ and S°ld ±n interSLt? coerce ;
 and  intrastate lakes, rivers and streams which are utilized
 commerce         PurPoses  *   industries   in   interstate


 Neutralization.    The  restoration  of  the   hydrogen   or
 hydroxyl  ion  balance  in  a  solution  so  that  the ionic
 concentration  of  each  are  equal.    Conventionally?   ?he
 notation »pH» (puissance d* hydrogen)  is used to describe thl
 hydrogen  ion  concentration  or activity present in a given
 solution.   For dilute solutions of strong acids?^"   acids
 solution? C^!iderd t0 ?e «*"Pl«tely ^iLociate (Ionized in
 solution) ,  activity equals concentration.
 pw Source.   Any facility from which there is or  may  be  a
 discharge  of  pollutants,   the  construction  of  which  is
 commenced after  the  publication  of  proposed  regulations
    S         a  Standard of Performance under section 306 of
 Nitrate.   Salt  of  nitric  acid,  e.g.,  sodium nitrate,  NaNO3.

 Nitrate Nitrogen.   The  final  decomposition   product   of   the
 organic nitrogen compounds.   Determination  of  this parameter
 indicates  the degree  of waste treatment.           parameter

 Higification.   Bacterial  mediated  oxidation of ammonia to
 nitrite.   Nitrite  can be  further oxidized to nitrate.  These

 bacterial8  a™obrUgh\v ab°Ut  by  °nly  *  few  *Pecial?ze1
 nv?rf  *    sPecies-   Nitrosomonias   sp. and ^itrococcus  sp.
                ^        WhlCh ±S °xidized to  nitrate  by
to nitrites and nitrates
              5actfria which causes the oxidation of ammonia
Str0cren'. An.inte^ediate  stage  in  the  decompo-
                  .    .                                     -
        of  organic nitrogen to the nitrate form.  Tests for
is Sufficient °an determine whet^er the applied treatment


N^trpbacteria.  Those bacteria (an autotrophic  genus)   that
oxidize nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen.

Nitrogen ^ Cycle.   Organic  nitrogen in waste is oxidized by

h^^1tnt° a^°ni^ ." °xygen  is  Prese"t,  ammonia  is
bacterially  oxidized  first  into  nitrite  and  then  into
                               316

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nitrate   If oxygen is not present, nitrite and nitrate  are
bicSrially  reduced  to  nitrogen  gas.  The second step is
called "denitrif ication."

Nitrogen Fixation.  Biological nitrogen fixation is  carried
on b?a selected group of bacteria which take up atmospheric
nitrogen  and  convert  it to amine groups or for ammo acid
synthesis.

Nitrosomonas.  Bacteria which oxidize ammonia nitrogen  into
nitrite nitrogen; an aerobic autotrophic life form.

Non-contact Cooling Water.  Water  used  for cooling that does
n^t    come  into  direct  contact  with any  raw  material,
intermediate product, waste product or  finished product.
r ------ +^+ PT™MB wastewaters.
manufacturing  process which have  not  come  in direct  contact
w"h   ?he  re1c?ants used  in the process,   ^hese  include  such
streams  as  non-contact   cooling  water,   cooling   tower
blowdown,  boiler  blowdown, etc.

Monnutrescible.     Incapable   of   organic   decomposition  or
decay.

Normal Solution.   A solution  that contains  1   gm  molecular
weight  of  the  dissolved substance divided by the hydrogen
 equivalent of  the substance  (that is, one   gram  equivalent)
 per  liter  of  solution.  Thus,  a  one  normal solution of
 slilfuric acid  (H2SOU,  mol. wt. 98) contains (98/2)  U9qms  of
 H2S04 per liter.

 NPDES.   National Pollution Discharge Elimination System.  A
 federal program requiring  industry  to  obtain  permits  to
 discharge plant effluents to the nation's water courses.

 NSPS.  New source Performance Standards.  See BADCT.

 Nutrient.   Any  substance  assimilated by an organism which
 promotes growth and replacement  of cellular constituents.

 Oleum.  A mixture of 100  percent sulfuric  acid  and  sulfur
 trioxide.

 operations  and  Maintenance.  Costs required to oper ate and
 maintain  pollution  abatement   equipment  including  labor,
 material, insurance, taxes,  solid waste disposal,  etc.

 nraanic   Loading.  In  the activated  sludge process, the food
 toqmicoorganisml  (F/M)   ratio   defined   as  the   amount  of
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  biodegradable  material   available   to   a   given   amount   of
  microorganisms per  unit  of  time.                   amount   of

  2|mosis.  The diffusion  of  a solvent through a semi permeable
  membrane into a more concentrated solution.       niPerm .aoie

  Oxidation.  A process in  which an atom  or  group  of  atoms
  loses electrons; the combination of  a substance with oxygen
  accompanied  with  the release of energy.  The oxidized alom
  usually becomes a positive  ion  while  the  oxidizing  agent
  becomes a negative ion in (chlorination for example) ?   g

 Oxidation  Pond.    A man-made lake or body of water in which
        ^ C0nsumed bv bacteria.  it  receives  an  influent

             while another species in  thl  reaction  access

            'to  rl^' '   ^ ?*" time'  the ^m oxidation was
             to  reactions   involving   hydrogen.

           Reaction. Potential   (ORP)..    A  measurement   that
                                °f the  oxid--g and  reducing
 diIso?vP/Vaila^e'   The  ^antitv   of   atmospheric   oxygen
 dissolved   in   the  water  of   a   stream;  the"  quantity  of

             gaVailable  ^ ^  °M
  svedn                               Designated as DO)
 issolved in sewage, water or  another  liguid  and  usuallv
expressed in parts per million or percent of saturation"7

gzonation.    A   water   or  wastewater  treatment  process
involving the use of ozone as an oxidation agent?    process

P^£ne.  That molecular oxygen with  three  atoms  of  oxygen
forming  each  molecule.   The  third atom of oxygen in elch

o™    °f °ZTe 1S  10°Sely  bound  and  easily  released.
Ozone  is  used  sometimes for the disinfection of water bui
more  frequently  for  the  oxidation   of   taste- producing
substances    such   as   phenol,   in  water  and Pfor  the
neutralization of odors in gases or air
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       Per  Million  (ppm)..   Parts  by  weight  in   sewage
       lr^ pSriSy^ wiiiht  is equal to milligrams per liter
        by ?he specif ic^ravity.  It should be noted that in
                      is  always  understood  to   imply   a
                     even though in practice a volume may be
measured instead of a weight.

Pathogenic.  Disease producing.

Pavloader.   A  large  piece  of  heavy  equipment  used for
transporting large volumes at a time.

Percolation.  The  movement  of  water  benea th  th e  ground
surface  both  vertically  and  horizontally,  but above tne
groundwater table.

T>^m^>-rM-ii-v   The ability of a substance   (soil)  to   allow
appreciable7' movement of water through it when saturated and
actuated by a hydrostatic pressure.

nH     The   negative    logarithm    of   the  hydrogen   ion
concentration V  activity  in   a   solution     The  number 7
indicates  neutrality,   numbers    less   than    7    indicate
increasing acidity,  and  numbers   greater than  7  indicate
increasing alkalinity.

Phenol.   Class  of  cyclic organic  derivatives with  the
chemical  formula C£H5OH.
 Phosphate.   Phosphate  ions  exist  a*  ™
 phosphoric  acid,   such  as  calcium  phosphate  rock.    in
 municipal  wastewater,  it  is  most  frequently  present as
 ortho phosphate.

 Phosphorus Precipitation.  The addition of  the  multivalent
 metallic ions otcalcium, iron and aluminum to wastewater to
 form insoluble precipitates with phosphorus.

 Photosynthesis.   The mechanism by which chlorophyll-bearing
 plant uSlize  light  energy  to  produce  carbohydrate  and
 oxygen  from  carbon  dioxide  and  water   (the  reverse  of
 respiration) .

 Physical/Chemical Treatment System.  A  system that  utilizes
 physical - (i.e.,  sedimentation, filtration, centnf ugation,
 Sfivafed carbon, reverse  osmosis,  etc.)  and/or  chemical
 means  (i.e., coagulation,  oxidation, precipitation, etc.) to
 treat wastewaters.
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                  (1)  Collective  term  for  the  plants and
                      PreS6nt  in  Plankton;  contrasts  with
 Plankton.   Collective  term  for  the passively floating or
 drifting flora and  fauna  of  a  body  of  water;  consists
 largely of microscopic organisms.

 Point   Source .    Any  discernible,  confined  and  discrete
 conveyance,  including but not limited to  any  pipe   ditch
 channel, tunnel,  conduit, well,  discrete fissure,  container,'
 rolling  stock,   concentrated  animal  feeding operation, or
 vessel or other  floating craft,  from which pollutants are or
 may be discharged.

 gollutional  Load.   A measure of  the strength of a  wastewater
 in terms of  its  solids or  oxygen-demanding  characteristics
 or other objectionable physical  and chemical characteristics
 or  both  or in terms of harm done to receiving waters.   The
 pollutional   load   imposed  on  sewage  treatment   works  is
 expressed as  equivalent population.

 Polvelectrolytes.    Synthetic   chemicals   (polymers)  used  to
 speed  up the  removal of solids  from  sewage.   These  chemicals
 cause  solids  to  coagulate  or  clump   together  more  rapidly
 than do  chemicals  such  as  alum  or  lime.   They can be  anionic
 (-charge) ,  nonionic  (+ and -charge) or  cationic  (^charge—
 the most popular) .   They   are   linear or branched  organic
 polymers.   They  have  high molecular weights and are water-
 soluble.    Compounds   similar   to  the    polyelectrolvte
 flocculants   include surface-active agents and ion exchange
 resins.   The  former  are low molecular weight,  water  soluble
 compounds used  to  disperse solids  in aqueous systems.  The
 ™Her4-are ^igh  molecular  weight,  water-insoluble   compounds
 used  to  selectively replace certain ions already present in
 water with more  desirable  or less  noxious ions.

 Population Equivalent (PE)  .  An expression of   the  relative
 strength  of  a  waste   (usually industrial)   in terms of its
 equivalent in domestic waste, expressed  as   the  population
 that   would  produce  the  equivalent  domestic  waste.   A
 population equivalent  of  160  million  persons  means  the
 pollutional effect equivalent to raw sewage from 160 million
 persons;  0.17  pounds  BOD  (the  oxygen demand of  untreated
wastes from one person)  =  1 PE.

Potable Water.  Drinking water sufficiently pure  for  human
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Potash.    Potassium   compounds  used  in  agriculture  and
industry.  Potassium carbonate can  be  obtained  from  wood
ashes.   The  mineral  potash is usually a muriate.  Caustic
potash is its hydrated form.

Preaeratipn .  A preparatory treatment of sewage  consisting
of aeration to remove gases and add oxygen or to promote the
flotation of grease and aid coagulation.

Precipitation.  The phenomenon which occurs when a substance
held   in  solution  passes  out  of that solution into solid
form.  The adjustment of pH can reduce solubility and  cause
precipitation.   Alum and lime are frequently used chemicals
in  sSch  operations  as  water  softening   or   alkalinity
reduction.

Pretreatment.   Any  wastewater  treatment  process  used to
partially reduce the pollution load before the wastewater is
introduced into a  main  sewer  system  or  delivered  to   a
treatment  plant  for substantial reduction of the pollution
load.

Primary  Clarifier.   The   settling   tank  into  which   the
wastewater(sewage)  first enters and  from which  the solids
are  removed  as raw sludge.

Primary  Sludge.  Sludge  from primary  clarifiers.

Primary  Treatment.   The  removal  of material that   floats  or
will settle  in  sewage by using screens  to catch the  floating
ob-jects   and tanks   for the heavy matter to  settle  in.  The
first major treatment  and  sometimes  the only  treatment  in   a
waste-treatment   works,    usually    sedimentation    and/or
flocculation and  digestion.   The   removal   of   a  moderate
percentage of suspended matter but  little or  no colloidal  or
dissolved  matter.    May  effect  the  removal  of  30  to  35
percent or more BOD.

 Process Wastewater.   Any water which,  during  manufacturing
 or  processing,  comes  into  direct contact with or results
 from the production or use of any raw material,  intermediate
 product, finished product, by-product,  or waste product.

 Process Water.   Any water  (solid, liquid  or  vapor)  which,
 during  the manufacturing process,  comes into direct contact
 with any raw  material,  intermediate  product,  by-product,
 waste product,  or finished product.
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 Putrefaction.   Biological  decomposition  of organic matter
 accompanied by  the  production  of  foul-smelling  products
 associated with anaerobic conditions.

 Pyrolysis.   The  high  temperature decomposition of complex
 molecules that occurs in the presence  of an inert atmosphere
 (no oxygen present to support combustion).

 Quench.   A liquid used for cooling purposes.

 Quiesance.  Quiet,  still, inactive.

 Raw Waste Load (RWL) .   The quantity (kg)  of pollutant  beina
 discharged  in  a  plant's wastewater.   measured in  terms  of
 some common denominator (i.e.,  kkg of  production  or  m*   of
 floor area) .

 Receiving^  Waters.    Rivers,   lakes, oceans or  other courses
 that receive treated  or untreated  wastewaters.

 Recirculation.   The refiltration of  either  all  or a   portion
 of   the   effluent  in   a   high-rate  trickling filter for the
 purpose of maintaining  a  uniform  high  rate   through the
 filter.   (2)   The return  of effluent to  the incoming flow  to
 reduce its strength.

 Reduction.   A process  in  which  an  atom  (or  group  of  atoms)
 gain electrons.   Such  a  process always requires  the  input  of
 energy.

 Refractory   Organics.    Organic   materials   that  are  only
 partially   degraded   or  entirely   nonbiodegradable    in
 biological  waste  treatment  processes.  Refractory  organics
 include   detergents,   pesticides,  color-  and   odor-causing
 agents, tannins,  lignins, ethers,  olefins, alcohols, amines,
 aldehydes, ketones, etc.

 Residual  Chlorine.    The   amount  of  chlorine   left in the
 treated water that  is  available to oxidize  contaminants  if
 they enter  the  stream.   It  is  usually   in  the form of
 hypochlorous acid of hypochlorite  ion  or  of  one  of  the
 chloramines.   Hypochlorite  concentration  alone  is called
 "free chlorine residual" while together with the  chloramine
 concentration   their   sum  is  called  "combined   chlorine
 residual."

Respiration.  Biological oxidation within a life  form;  the
most  likely  energy  source  for  animals   (the  reverse of
photosynthesis) .
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Retention Time.  Volume of the vessel divided  by  the  flow
rate through the vessel.

Retort.   A  vessel,  commonly a glass bulb with a long neck
bent downward, used for distilling or decomposing substances
by heat.

Reverse  Osmosis.   The  process  in  which  a  solution  is
pressurized to a degree greater than the osmotic pressure of
the solvent, causing it to pass through a membrane.

Salt.   A compound made up of the positive ion of a base and
the negative ion of an acid.

sanitary Landfill.  A sanitary landfill is a  land  disposal
site   employing  an  engineered method of disposing of solid
wastes on land in  a  manner  that  minimizes  environmental
hazards  by  spreading the wastes in thin layers, compacting
the solid wastes  to  the  smallest  practical  volume,  and
applying  cover  material  at the end of each operating day.
There  are two  basic sanitary  landfill methods;  trench  fill
and  area  or  ramp fill.  The method chosen is dependent on
many factors such as  drainage  and  type  of  soil   at  the
proposed landfill site.

Sanitary Sewers.  In a  separate system, pipes in  a city that
carry   only   domestic wastewater.  The storm water runoff is
handled by a  separate system  of pipes.

Screening.  The  removal of relatively coarse,   floating  and
suspended solids by straining through racks  or  screens.

Secondary   Treatment.    The  second   step  in   most waste
treatment systems in which bacteria  consume  the  organic part
of  the wastes.   This  is accomplished by  bringing  the   sewage
and bacteria together  either in  trickling  filters or in the
activated sludge process.

Sedimentation,  Final.    The   settling   of   partly  settled,
flocculated   or  oxidized sewage  in  a  final  tank.   (The term
 settling  is  preferred).

 Sedimentation, Plain.   The  sedimentation of  suspended matter
 in a liguid unaided by chemicals  or other special means   and
 without any provision for the decomposition of  the deposited
 solids in contact with the sewage.   (The term plain  settling
 is preferred).

 Seed.   To introduce microorganisms into a culture medium.
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 Settleable  Solids.   Suspended solids which will settle out
 01 a liquid waste in a given period of time.

 +ht*li£q Vel^i^Y'  The terminal rate of fall of a  particle
                    as  induced  by gravity or other external
 Sewage. Raw.   Untreated sewage.

 Sewage, Storm.   The  liquid  flowing  in  sewers  during  or
 therefrSm.   *   per±°*   °f  heavy  rainfall  and  resulting


 Sewerage.   A comprehensive term  which  includes  facilities
 for  collecting,  pumping,  treating, and disposing of sewage-
 the sewerage system and the sewage treatment works.

 T—T  %Partffles  with a size distribution of  0. 05mm-0. 002mm
 (2.0mm).   Silt  is high in  quartz and feldspar.

 Skimming.   Removing floating solids (scum) .

 sludcfee — Activated.    Sludge floe produced in raw or settled
 sewage by   the  growth of  zoogleal   bacteria  and   other
 organisms    in    the   presence   of  dissolved  oxygen   and
 accumulated in  sufficient   concentration  by  returning   the
 floe previously formed.
       — Agje.  The ratio  of the weight  of volatile  solids  in
the digester to  the weight of volatile  solids  added per  day.
There is a maximum sludge age beyond  which  no   significant
reduction  in  the  concentration  of   volatile   solids  will
OGCU1T •

Slu
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Sparger.  An air diffuser designed to  give  large  bubbles,
used  singly  or  in  combination  with  mechanical aeration
devices.

Sparging.  Heating a liquid by means of live steam  entering
through  a perforated or nozzled pipe  (used, for example, to
coagulate blood solids in meat processing) .

Standard Deviation.  The square root of the  variance  which
describes  the  variability  within the sampling data on the
basis of the deviation of individual sample values from  the
mean.

Standard  Raw  Waste  Load (SRWL).  The raw waste load which
characterizes a specific  subcategory.   This  is  generally
computed  by  averaging  the  plant raw waste loads within a
subcategory.

Steam Distillation.  Fractionation in which steam introduced
as one  of the vapors  or  in  which  steam  is  injected  to
provide the heat of the system.

Sterilization.    The  complete  destuction  of  all  living
organisms in or on a medium; heat to 121°C at 5 psig for  15
minutes.

Stillwell.    A   pipe,   chamber,   or   compartment   with
comparatively small inlet or  inlets   communicating  with  a
main  body  of  water.   Its  purpose  is to dampen waves or
surges  while permitting the water level within the  well  to
rise  and  fall with the major fluctuations of the main body
of water.   It  is  used  with  water-measuring  devices  to
improve  accuracy of measurement.

Stoichiometric.   Characterized  by  being  a  proportion of
substances exactly right for a   specific  chemical  reaction
with  no excess of any reactant or product.

Stripper.   A device in which relatively  volatile components
are removed from a mixture by distillation  or by passage  of
steam through the mixture.

Substrate.     (1)    Reactant  portion of  any  biochemical
reaction, material transformed   into   a   product.    (2)  Any
substance  used  as  a nutrient  by a microorganism.   (3) The
liguor  in which activated sludge or other material  is   kept
in  suspension.

Sulfate.   The  final decomposition product of organic sulfur
compounds.
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 Supernatant.   Floating above or on the surface.

 Surge  tank.   A tank  for absorbing and dampening  the  wavelike
 motion of a  volume of  liquid;   an  in-process  storage   tank
 that acts as  a flow  buffer between process  tanks.

 Suspended Solids.   The wastes that will riot  sink or settle
 in sewage.   The quantity of material deposited on  a  filter
 when a liquid is drawn through  a Gooch crucible.

 Synergistic.    An effect  which is more than  the  sum of  the
 individual contributors.

 Synergistic  Effect.  The  simultaneous action  of  separate
 agents which,   together,  have  greater total effect  than  the
 sum of their  individual effects.

 Tablet.   A small, disc-like mass of medicinal  powder used as
 a  dosage  form for administering medicine.

 Tertiary  Treatment.  A process   to  remove  practically   all
 solids   and    organic  matter   from  wastewater.   Granular
 activated carbon filtration is  a tertiary treatment process.
 Phosphate removal by chemical coagulation is   also regarded
 as a step in  tertiary  treatment.

 Thermal   Oxidation.  The wet combustion of  organic materials
 through the application  of  heat  in the presence  of oxygen.

 TKN (Total K-jeldahl Nitrogen) .   Includes ammonia and organic
 nitrogen  but  does not  include nitrite  and nitrate  nitrogen.
 The  sum of free  nitrogen  and organic nitrogen  in a sample.

 TLm'.  The concentration  that kills 50% of the test organisms
 within a  specified time span,  usually in  96 hours or less.
 Most of the available  toxicity   data   are   reported  as   the
 median tolerance limit  (TLm).   This system of reporting  has
 been misapplied  by some who have erroneously inferred that a
 TLm value is  a safe value, whereas  it  is merely the level at
which  half of the test organisms are killed.  In many cases,
the differences  are great  between  TLm  concentrations   and
concentrations   that   are  low enough to permit reproduction
and growth.  LC50 has the same numerical value as TLm.

Total Organic Carbon (TOC).  A  measure  of   the   amount  of
carbon  in  a  sample  originating  from organic matter only.
The test is run by burning  the  sample  and  measuring  the
carbon dioxide produced.
                               326

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Total  Solids.   The  total amount of solids in a wastewater
both in solution and suspension.

Total Volatile Solids (TVS).  The quantity of  residue  lost
after the ignition of total solids.

Transport Water.  Water used to carry insoluble solids.

Trickling  Filter.  A bed of rocks or stones.  The sewage is
trickled over the bed so that bacteria can  break  down  the
organic  wastes.  The bacteria collect on the stones through
repeated use of the filter.

Trypsinize.  To treat with trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme  of
the  pancreatic  juice,  capable of converting proteins into
peptone.

Turbidity.  A measure of the amount of solids in suspension.
The  units of measurement are  parts  per  million   (ppm)  of
suspended  solids  or  Jackson  Candle  Units.   The Jackson
Candle Unit  (JCU) is defined as the turbidity resulting from
1  ppm of fuller's earth  (and  inert  mineral)  suspended  in
water.   The  relationship between  ppm  and JCU depends on
particle size,  color, index of  refraction;   the  correlation
between  the  two  is  generally   not  possible.   Turbidity
instruments utilize a light beam projected  into  the   sample
fluid  to effect  a measurement.  The light  beam  is  scattered
by solids in  suspension, and the degree of  light attenuation
or  the  amount  of  scattered   light  can   be   related   to
turbidity.  The light scattered is called the Tyndall  effect
and the  scattered light  the Tyndall  light.   An  expression of
the optical  property   of a sample which causes light to be
scattered  and absorbed rather than transmitted   in   straight
lines  through the sample.

Viruses.      (1)    An    obligate   intracellular   parasitic
microorganism smaller than bacteria.   Most  can  pass   through
filters   that  retain  bacteria.   (2) The  smallest  (10-300 urn
 in  diameter)   form  capable   of  producing  infection   and
diseases  in  man  or   other   large species.   Occurring  in  a
variety  of shapes,  viruses consist of  a   nucleic  acid  core
 surrounded  by   an   outer  shell  (capsid)  which consists of
 numerous protein subunits  (capsomeres).   Some of the  larger
 viruses   contain  additional   chemical substances.   The true
 viruses  are insensitive to antibiotics.   They multiply  only
 in   living  cells   where  they  are  assembled  as  complex
 macromolecules  utilizing  the   cells'   biochemical  systems.
 They  do  not  multiply  by  division  as  do  intracellular
 bacteria.
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Volatile Suspended Solids  (VSS) .  The quantity of  suspended
solids  lost  after the  ignition  of total  suspended  solids.

Waste Treatment Plant.  A  series of tanks,  screens, filters,
pumps   and   other  equipment by which pollutants are removed
from water.

Water Quality Criteria.    Those specific   values  of  water
quality associated with an identified beneficial  use of the.
water under  consideration.

Weir.   A flow  measuring   device  consisting  of   a  barrier
across  an open channel, causing the liquid to flow over its
crest.  The  height of  the  liquid above the  crest varies with
the volume of liquid flow.

Wet Air Pollution Control.  The technique of  air  pollution
abatement utilizing water  as an absorptive media.
     Oxidation .   The  direct oxidation of organic matter in
wastewater liquids in the presence of  air  under  heat  and
pressure;  generally  applied to organic matter oxidation in
sludge.

Zeolite.  Various natural or synthesized silicates  used  in
water softening and as absorbents.

Zooplankton.    (1)   The aniinal portion of the plankton.  (2)
Collective term for the nonphotosynthetic organisms  present
in plankton;  contrasts with phytoplankton.
                               328

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                        SECTION XIV

                 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
A.C.     activated
ac ft    acre-foot
Ag.      silver
A.I.     active ingredient
API      American Petroleum Institute
atm      atmosphere
ave      average
B        boron
Ba       barium
bbl      barrel
BOD5^     biochemical oxygen demand, five day
Btu      British thermal unit
C        centigrade degrees
C.A.     carbon adsorption
cal      calorie
cc       cubic centimeter
cfm      cubic foot per minute
cfs      cubic foot per second
Cl.      chloride
cm       centimeter
CN       cyanide
COD      chemical oxygen demand
cone.    concentration
cu       cubic
db       decibels
deg      degree
DO       dissolved oxygen
E.  Coli  Escherichia  coli  bacteria
Fq.      equation
F       Fahrenheit  degrees
Fig.     figure
F/M     BOD (kg/day)  kg/MLVSS  in contractor
fpm     foot per minute
fps     foot per  second
ft      foot
gm      gram
gal     gallon
gpd     gallon  per  day
gpm     gallon  per  minute
Hg      mercury
hp      horsepower
hp-hr   horsepower-hour
hr      hour
 in.      inch
 kg      kilogram
 kkg      1000 kilograms
 kw       kilowatt
 kwhr     kilowatt-hour
 L(l)      liter
 L/kkg    liters per 1000 kilograms
                                329

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 Ib       pound
 m        meter
 M        thousand
 me       milliequivalent
 mg       milligram
 mgd      million gallons daily
 min      minute
 ml       milliliter
 MLSS      mixed-liguor  suspended  solids
 MLVSS     mixed-liquor  volatile suspended  solids
 mm       millimeter
 MM       million
 mole      gram-molecular  weight
 mph      mile  per hour
 MPN      most  probable number
 mu       millimicron
 NO_3      nitrate
 NH3-N     ammonia nitrogen
 O2       oxygen
 POU      phosphate
 p.        page
 pH       potential hydrogen or hydrogen-ion  index  (negative
          logorithm of  the hydrogen-ion concentration)
 POTW      public owned  treatment works
 pp.       pages
 ppb      parts per billion
 ppm      parts per million
 psf      pound per square foot
 psi      pound per square inch
 R.O.      reverse osmosis
 rpm      revolution per  minute
 RWL      raw waste load
 sec      second
 Sec,      Section
 S.I.C.    Standard Industrial Classification
 SO^      sulfates
 sq        square
 sq.ft.    square foot
 SS        suspended solids
 stp       standard temperature and pressure
 SRWL      standard raw waste load
 TDS       total  dissolved  solids
 TKN       total  Kjeldahl  nitrogen
 TLm      median  tolerance limit
 TOC       total  organic carbon
 TOD      total  oxygen demand
 TP       total  phosphorus
 TSS      total  suspended  solids
u        micron
ug       microgram
vol      volume
wt       weight
yd       yard
                               330

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                                    TABLEXIII-1

                                   METRIC TABLE

                                 CONVERSION TABLE
MULTIPLY (ENGLISH UNITS)                 -by                   TO OBTAIN (ME'RIC UNITS)

    ENGLISH UNIT      ABBREVIATION    CONVERSION    ABBREVIATION      METRIC UNIT
acre
acre -feet
British Thermal
  Unit
British Thermal
  Unit/Pound
cubic feet/minute
cubic feet/second
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic inches
degree Fahrenheit
feet
 gallon/minute
 horsepower
 inches
 inches  of mercury
 pounds
 million gallons/day
 nile
 pound/square
   inch  (gauge)
 square  feet
 square  inches
 ton (short)
 yard
ac
ac ft
BTU
BTU/lb
cfm
cfs
cu ft
cu ft
cu in
°F
ft
gal
gpm
hp
in
in Hg
Ib
mgd
mi
psig
sq ft
sq in
ton
yd
0.405
1233.5
0.252
0.555
0.028
1.7
0.028
28.32
16.39
0.555 (°F-32)*
0.3048
5.755
0.0631
0.7457
2.54
0.03342
0.454
3,785
1.609
(0.06805 psig +1)*
0.0929
6.452
0.907
0.9144
ha
cu m
kg cal
kg cal/kg
cu m/min
cu m/min
cu m
1
cu cm
°C
m
i
I/sec
kw
cm
atm
kg
cu m/day
km
atm
sq m
sq cm
kkg
m
hectares
cubic meters

kilogram-calories

kilogram calories/kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometer

atmospheres  (absolute)
square meters
square centimeters
metric ton (1000 kilograms)
meter
                  *Actual conversion,  not a multiplier
                                               331

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