r/EFft
               United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency
                Office of Water
                Regulations and Standards
                Criteria and Standards Division
                Washington, DC 20460
EPA-440/5-87-003
February 1987
               Water
Ambient
              t
Water  Quality
Criteria for
Zinc  - 1987

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AMBIENT AQUATIC  LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

                       ZINC
      U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       OFFICE OF  RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
       ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
               DULUTH,  MINNESOTA
           NARRAGANSETT,  RHODE ISLAND
         US. Environmental Faction Agency
         Reaion 5, Library (PL-12J)       Roo.
         77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th HOOf
         Chicago, 1L  60604-3590

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                                 NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards Division,
Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

This document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
NTIS Number: PB  87  153581
                                     L L

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                                 FOREWORD


     Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P,L. 95-217)
requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to
publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest
scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects
on health and welfare that might be expected from the presence of pollutants
in any body of water, including ground water.  This document is a revision
of proposed criteria based upon consideration of comments received from
other Federal agencies, State agencies, special interest groups, and
individual scientists.  Criteria contained in this document replace
any previously published EPA aquatic life criteria for the same pollutant(s)

     The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the
Clean Water Act, section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2).  The term has a
different program impact in each section.  In section 304, the term
represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects.
Criteria presented in this document are such scientific assessments.  If
water quality criteria associated with specific stream uses are adopted
by a State as water quality standards under section 303, they become
enforceable maximum acceptable pollutant concentrations in ambient waters
within that State.  Water quality criteria adopted in State water quality
standards could have the same numerical values as criteria developed
under section 304.  However, in many situations States might want to adjust
water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local
environmental conditions and human exposure patterns before .incorporation
into water quality standards.  It is not until their adoption as part of
State water quality standards that criteria become regulatory.

     Guidelines to assist States in the modification of criteria presented
in this document, in the development of water quality standards, and in
other water-related programs of this Agency, have been developed by EPA.
                                    William A. Whittington
                                    Director
                                    Office of Water Regulations and Standards
                                   111

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                             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Loren J. Larson
Judy L. Crane
(freshwater authors)
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin
                           Jeffrey L. Hyland
                           Jerry M. Heff
                           (saltwater authors)
                           Battelle New England Laboratory
                           Duxbury, Massachusetts
Charles E. Stephan
(document coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
                           David J. Hansen
                           (saltwater coordinator)
                           Environmental Research Laboratory
                           Narragansett, Rhode Island
Clerical Support:
Shelley A. Heintz
Diane L. Spehar
Nancy J. Jordan
Terry L. Highland

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                                 CONTENTS
                                                                        Page
Foreword 	

Acknowledgments	     iv

Tables	     vi


Introduction 	      1

Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals  	      8

Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals  	     12

Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 	     13

Bioaccumulation  	     14

Other Data	     16

Unused Data	     23

Summary	     30

National Criteria	     31


References	    103

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                                 TABLES

                                                                        Page




1.   Acute Toxicity of  Zinc  to  Aquatic  Animals	    34




2.   Chronic Toxicity of Zinc To Aquatic Animals   .  .	    56




3.   Ranked Genus Mean  Acute Values  with  Species  Mean  Acute-Chronic



                                                                         59
    Ratios 	



4.   Toxicity of Zinc to Aquatic Plants	    67




5.   Bioaccumulation of Zinc by Aquatic Organisms 	    71




6.   Other Data on Effects of Zinc on Aquatic Organisms	    74
                                     VI

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Introduction*

     Zinc is the fourth most widely used metal in the world (Cammarota

1980),  and its major uses are for galvanizing steel, for producing

alloys, and as an ingredient in rubber and paints.  Because zinc(II)

substitutes to some extent for magnesium in the silicate minerals of

igneous rocks, weathering of bedrock gives rise to zinc in surface water.

Zinc always has the oxidation state of +2 in aqueous solution.  Zinc(II)

is amphoteric, dissolving in acids to form hydrated Zn(II) cations and in
                                                    _2
strong bases to form zincate anions, usually Zn(OH)^  .  Complexes of

zinc with the common ligands of surface waters are soluble in neutral and

acidic solutions, so that zinc is readily transported in most natural

waters and is one of the most mobile of the heavy metals.  Concentrations

of zinc in uncontaminated fresh water are typically in the range of 0.5 to

10 pg/L (Trefry.and Presley  1979), whereas concentrations in  clean sea

water range from 0.002 to 0.1 pg/L and increase with depth (Salomons  and

Forstner  1984; Wallace et al. 1983).

     Zinc occurs in many  forms in natural waters  and aquatic  sediments.

At pH = 6.0 in fresh water,  the dominant  forms of dissolved zinc are

the free  ion  (98%) and zinc  sulfate  (2%), whereas at pH = 9.0, the dominant

forms are the mono-hydroxide  ion  (78%), zinc  carbonate  (16%), and

the free  ion  (6%)  (Turner et  al.  1981).   In  sea water at pH = 8.1,

the dominant  species of  soluble zinc  are  zinc hydroxide  (62%), the

free ion  (17%), the mono-chloride  ion  (6.4%), and zinc  carbonate  (5.8%)
*  An understanding of  the  "Guidelines  for  Deriving  Numerical  National  Water
   Quality Criteria for the Protection  of Aquatic  Organisms  and Their Uses"
   (Stephan  et  al.  1985), hereafter  referred  to  as the  Guidelines,  and  the
   response  to  public comment  (U.S.  EPA 1985a)  is  necessary  in order to
   understand the  following text,  tables, and calculations.

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(Zirino and Yamamoto 1972).   At  pH » 7.0,  the percentage of dissolved




zinc present in sea water as the free ion  increases  to 50%.  In the




presence of dissolved organic materials, particularly humic substances,




the major fraction of dissolved  zinc is in the form  of zine-organic




complexes (Lu and Chen 1977).




     Zinc can be present in sediments in several forms, including preci-




pitated Zn(OH)2s precipitates with ferric  and manganic oxyhydroxides,




insoluble organic complexes, insoluble sulfides, and residual forms




(Patrick et al. 1977).  As sediments change from a reduced to an oxidized




state, more zinc is mobilized and released in a soluble form (Lu and Chen




1977).  The bioavailability of different forms of zinc in sediment varies




substantially and is poorly understood (Luoma and Bryan 1979).  Baccini




(1985), Krantzberg and Stokes (1985), and  Salomons (1985) reported that




benthic organisms influenced the partitioning of zinc between sediment




and the water column. •




     Most of the zinc introduced into the  aquatic environment is parti-




tioned into sediment by sorption onto hydrous iron and manganese oxides,




clay minerals, and organic materials (Lu and Chen 1977; Luoma and Bryan




1981; Parker et al.  1982; Warren 1981).  Precipitation of the sulfide is




an important control on the mobility of zinc in reducing environments,




and precipitation of the hydroxide, carbonate, and basic sulfate salts can




occur when  zinc is present  in high concentrations.  Formation of complexes




with organic and inorganic  ligands can increase the solubility of  zinc




and might  increase or decrease  the tendency  for zinc  to be  sorbed  (Salomons




and Forstner 1984).




     The tendency of  zinc to be  sorbed is  affected not only by the  form




of  the  zinc and the  nature  and  concentration of Che sorbent but  also  by  pH




                                     2

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and salinity.  In a study of heavy metal sorption by two oxides and two




soils, zinc was completely removed from solution when pH exceeded 7, but




little or no zinc was sorbed when pH was below 6.  Addition of inorganic




complexing ligands enhanced sorption (Huang et al. 1977).  Helz et al.




(1975) and Solomons (1980) found less sorption of zinc to particulate matter




and sediment as salinity increased.  This phenomenon was exhibited by many




other metals as well and apparently is due to displacement of the sorbed




zinc ions by alkali and alkaline earth cations, which are abundant in




brackish and saline waters.  An increase in pH can increase sorption of




zinc even if salinity increases (Millward and Moore 1982; Solomons 1980).




Watanabe et al. (1985) reported that sorption of zinc was also dependent




on the organic carbon content of river sediments.




     Zinc is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms (Leland




and Kuwabara 1985).  Because zinc is essential, aquatic organisms have




evolved efficient mechanisms for accumulation of zinc from water and




food.  The concentration of zinc in tissues of aquatic organisms is far




in excess of that required for various metabolic functions (Wolfe 1970).




Much of the excess zinc is bound to raacromolecules or is present as




insoluble metal inclusions in tissues (Simkiss et al. 1982).  Inducible




low molecular weight metal-binding proteins, metallothioneins, are thought




to function, in part, in the intracellular sequestration and regulation




of the essential metals zinc and copper (Kojima and Kogi 1978; Roesijadi 1981).




     Above some theoretical maximum beneficial concentration of zinc in




water, there exists a range of zinc concentrations that is readily tolerated




through each organism's capacity to regulate the uptake, internal distribution,




and excretion of zinc (Weiner and Giesy 1979).  This range undoubtedly




varies among individuals, species, and larger phylogenetic groups.  In




                                    3

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addition,  this tolerated range probably  varies  with  the  range  of  zinc




concentrations to which various populations  have been historically exposed




and acclimated.  Thus,  biological variability in tolerance of  zinc




is probably the result  of phylogenetic differences  and historic exposure




patterns,  both short-term and geologic in scale.




     Paramount to the question of the toxicity of zinc are the physical and




chemical forms of zinc, the toxicity of each form,  and the degree of




interconversion among the various forms.  Presumably, all forms oi: zinc




that can be sorbed or bound by biological tissues are potentially toxic.




Most likely, zinc will not be sorbed or bound unless it  is dissolved,  but




some dissolution of zinc can reasonably be expected to occur in the




alimentary canal following ingestion of particulates containing undissolved




zinc.  Thus, the toxicity of undissolved zinc to a particular species




probably depends on feeding habits.-  Therefore, plants and most fish are




probably relatively unaffected by suspended zinc, but many invertebrates




and some fishes might be adversely affected by  ingestion of sufficient




quantities of  particulates containing zinc.




     The toxicity of zinc, as well as other heavy metals,  is  apparently




influenced by  a  number  of chemical factors  including  calcium, magnesium,




hardness, pH,  and ionic  strength.  These  factors appear  to affect  the




toxicity of  zinc  either  by influencing  the  availability  of zinc  or by




inhibiting  the sorption or binding of available zinc  by  biological tissues.




In fresh water zinc  appears  to be  less  toxic  at high  hardness for a




variety of  reasons,  such as:




    1)  The  ions contributing  to hardness,  primarily  calcium and magnesium,




       are  divalent  and compete with  zinc, which is  also divalent, for




       sites of uptake  and binding in biological tissues.




                                     4

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   2) Harder waters have higher ionic strengths due to the greater quantity




      of charged ions (primarily mono- and divalent cations and anions) in




      solution, and these ions electrostatically inhibit the ability of




      other ions, such as zinc, to approach the sorption or binding sites




      of the organisms.  Thus zinc ions have lower activity in harder




      waters.




   3) Generally, harder waters have higher alkalinities and higher pHs,




      resulting in the formation of insoluble, and possible soluble, zinc




      carbonate and hydroxide compounds that are not sorbed by many species.




Thus, hardness appears to be the single best water quality characteristic




to reflect the variation in zinc toxicity induced by differences in




general water chemistry.




     Because of the variety of forms of zinc (Callahan et al. 1979; Hem




1972; Salomons and Forstner 1984) and lack of definitive information




about their relative toxicities, no available analytical measurement is




known to be ideal for expressing aquatic life criteria for zinc.  Previous




aquatic life criteria for zinc (U.S. EPA 1980) were expressed in terms of




total recoverable zinc (U.S. EPA 1983a), but this measurement is probably




too rigorous in some situations.  Acid-soluble zinc (operationally defined




as the zinc that passes through a 0.45 tjm membrane filter after the




sample is acidified to pH = 1.5 to 2.0 with nitric acid) is probably the




best measurement at the present for the following reasons:




1.  This measurement is compatible with nearly all available data concerning




    toxicity of zinc to, and bioaccumulation of zinc by, aquatic organisms.




    No test results were rejected just because it was likely that they would




    have been substantially different if they had been reported in terms




    of acid-soluble zinc.  For example, results reported in terms of dissolved




                                    5

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    zinc would not have been used if the concentration of precipitated zinc




    had been substantial.




2.  On samples of ambient  water,  measurement  of acid-soluble zinc will




    probably measure all forms of ginc that  are toxic to aquatic life or




    can be readily converted to toxic forms  under natural conditions.  In




    addition, this measurement probably will  not measure several forms,




    such as zinc that is. occluded in minerals,  clays, and sand or is




    strongly sorbed to particulate matter,  that are not toxic and are not




    likely to become toxic under natural conditions.  Although this




    measurement (and many  others) will measure  soluble complexed forms




    of zinc, such as the EDTA complex of zinc,  that probably have low




    toxicities to aquatic  life, concentrations  of these forms probably




    are negligible in most ambient water.




3.  Although water quality criteria apply to ambient water,  the measurement




    used to express criteria is likely to be used to measure zinc in




    aqueous effluents.  Measurement of acid-soluble zinc probably will




    be applicable to effluents because it will  measure precipitates,  such




    as carbonate and hydroxide precipitates  of  zinc, that might exist in




    an effluent and dissolve when the effluent  is diluted with receiving




    water.  If desired, dilution of effluent  with receiving water before




    measurement of acid-soluble zinc might be used to determine whether




    the receiving water can decrease the concentration of acid-soluble




    zinc because of sorption.




4.  The acid-soluble measurement is probably useful for most metals,  thus




    minimizing the number of samples and procedures that are necessary.




5.  The acid-soluble measurement does not require filtration at the time of




    collection, as does the dissolved measurement.




                                    6

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 6.  The only treatment required at the time of collection is preservation




    by acidification to pH *  1.5 to 2.0, similar to that required for the




    total recoverable measurement.




 7.  Durations of  10 minutes to 24 hours between acidification and filtration




    of most samples of ambient water probably will not  affect the result




    substantially.




 8.  The carbonate system has  a much higher buffer capacity  from  pH =  1.5




    to 2.0  than  it does from  pH = 4 to 9  (Weber and Stumm 1963).




 9.  Differences  in pH within  the range of  1.5 to 2.0  probably will not




    affect  the result substantially.




10.  The acid-soluble measurement does not  require a digestion step,  as




    does  the  total recoverable measurement.




11.  After acidification and  filtration of  the sample  to isolate  the  acid-




    soluble zinc, the analysis can be performed using either atomic  absorption




    spectrophotoraetric  or  ICP-atoraic  emission spectrometric analysis  (U.S.




    EPA  1983a),  as with the  total  recoverable measurement.




 Thus, expressing aquatic  life criteria  for zinc  in  terms of the  acid-




 soluble measurement  has both  toxicological and  practical advantages.   On




 the other hand,  because  no measurement  is  known  to  be ideal for  expressing




 aquatic  life  criteria  for  zinc  or  for measuring  zinc  in ambient  water or




 aqueous  effluents, measurement  of  both  acid-soluble zinc and total




 recoverable zinc in  ambient  water  or effluent  or  both might be  useful.




 For example,  there might  be cause  for concern if  total recoverable zinc




 is much  above an applicable limit,  even though  acid-soluble zinc is below




 the limit.

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     Unless otherwise noted,  all  concentrations  reported herein from




toxieity and bioconcentration tests  are expected to  be essentially equivalent




to acid-soluble zinc concentrations.   All  concentrations are expressed as




zinc, not as the chemical tested. The criteria  presented herein supersede




previous aquatic life water quality  criteria for zinc (U.S.  EPA 1976,1980)




because these new criteria were derived using improved procedures and




additional information.   Whenever adequately justified, a national criterion




may be replaced by a site-specific criterion (U.S.  EPA 1983b), which may




include not only site-specific criterion concentrations (U.S. EPA 1983c),




but also site-specific durations of  averaging periods and site-specific




frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1985b).   The latest comprehensive




literature search for information for this document was conducted in




July,  1986; some more recent information might have been included.







Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals




     Available data, which are usable according to the Guidelines, on




the acute  toxicity of zinc to aquatic animals are presented  in Table  1.




Acute values for freshwater  invertebrates ranged from  32 to  40,930 Mg/L




(Table  1), and those  for  fishes  ranged  from 66  to 40,900 pg/L, except  for




two values that appeared  high  for the guppy.  The two  ranges  are  very




similar  and very wide, probably  due at  least  in part  to  hardness-related




factors.




     Although  many  factors might affect the  results  of tests of  the




toxicity of  zinc  to  aquatic  organisms  (Sprague  1985),  water quality




criteria can quantitatively  take into account only  factors  for which




enough data are  available to show that  the  factor  similarly affects  the

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results of tests with a variety of species.   Hardness is often thought of




as having a major effect on the toxicity of zinc in fresh water,  although




the observed effect is probably due to one or more of a number of usually




interrelated ions, such as hydroxide,  carbonate, calcium, and magnesium.




Hardness (expressed as rag CaC03/L) is  used here as a surrogate for the




ions that affect Che results of toxicity tests on zinc.  An analysis of




covariance (Dixon and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974) was performed




using the natural logarithm of the acute value as the dependent variable,




species as the treatment or grouping variable, and the natural logarithm




of hardness as the covariate or independent variable.  This analysis of




covariance model was fit to the data in Table 1 for the eight species for




which acute values are available over a range of hardness-such that the




highest hardness  is at least three times the lowest and the highest is




also at- least 100 mg/L higher than the lowest.  The eight slopes are




between 0.56 and  1.65 (see end of Table 1) and most are close to the




slope of 1.0 that is expected on the basis that zinc, calcium, magnesium,




and carbonate all have a charge of two.  An F-test showed that, under the




assumption of equality of slopes, the probability of obtaining eight




slopes as dissimilar as these is P = 0.77.  This was interpreted as




indicating that  it is reasonable to assume that the slopes  for these




eight species are the same.




     Where possible, the pooled slope of 0.8473 was used  to adjust  the




freshwater acute  values in Table  1 to hardness  = 50 mg/L.   Species  Mean




Acute Values were calculated as geometric means of the  adjusted acute




values.  Five of  the seven most resistant species  (Table  3) were tested




in  a series of  experiments reported by Rehwoldt et al.  (1971,1972,1973)




using Hudson River water, and high acute values were obtained  in two




                                    9

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other tests whose results were placed in Table 6 because the organisms  were


not identified to genus.   It is not known whether the river water reduced



the toxicity of zinc or if the species were inherently resistant.  Rehwoldt


et al. (1971,1972) also reported LCSOs of 6,700 and 6,800 pg/L for the


striped bass, Morone saxatilis.  These were considerably higher than the


LCSOs reported by Hughes (1970,1973) and Palawski et al. (1985) for the


same species, although the values reported by Hughes were not used due to



inadequate acclimation of the test organisms.


     Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) at hardness - 50 mg/L (Table 3) were


then calculated as geometric means of the available freshwater Species


Mean Acute Values.  The GMAV for Morone was based only on the SMAV for


the striped bass because of the probability that the LCSOs reported by


Rehwoldt et al.  (1971,1972) were two high for both species in this genus.


Of the 35 genera  for which  acute values  are available, the most  sensitive


genus, Ceriodaphnia, is  about  950  times  more  sensitive than  the  most


resistant  genus,  Argia.  Acute  values  are available  for  more than one


species  in  each  of  seven genera and  the  range of Species Mean Acute


Values within each  genus  is less  than a  factor  of  3.7.   The  freshwater


Final Acute Value for  zinc  at  hardness  = 50 mg/L was  calculated  to be


 130.1  ug/L using the procedure described in  the Guidelines  and the Genus


Mean Acute Values in Table  3.   This value is  above the Species Mean  Acute


 Value for  a cladoceran and  for the striped  bass,  but the results for the


 striped  bass were not  obtained in a flow-through test in which the


 concentrations of test material were measured.   Thus, the freshwater


                                 /.    /TN s  (0.8473[ln(hardness)]+0.8604)
 Criterion Maximum Concentration (in ug/L) « ex


      Acute tests considered useful in the derivation of a saltwater


 criterion for zinc have been conducted with 26 species  of invertebrates
                                     10

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and 7 species of fish (Table 1).   The range of Species Mean Acute Values




for saltwater invertebrates extends from 195 ug/L for embryos of the




quahog clam,  Mercenaria mercenaria, (Calabrese and Nelson 1974) to 320,400




jjg/L for adults of the clam Macoma balthica (Bryant et al. 1985).  The




range of Species Mean Acute Values for fish is narrower, extending from




191.4 ug/L for larvae of the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, (Dinnel




et al. 1983)  to 38,000 Mg/L for juvenile spot, Leiostomus xanthurus




(Hansen 1983).  As a general rule, early life stages of saltwater inverte-




brates and fish are more sensitive to zinc than juveniles and adults.




     Both temperature and salinity affect the results of acute tests on




zinc.  The effect of temperature has been studied with four bivalve




molluscs and  one amphipod, whereas the effect of salinity has been studied




with a worm,  clam, amphipod, two isopods, and a fish (Table 1).  In




general, the  LC50 increases as salinity increases (presumably because




complexation  by chloride increases) and as temperature decreases.  However,




the LC50 for  a species also seems to decrease as salinity and temperature




deviate from the optimum for the species.




     Of the 28 genera for which saltwater Genus Mean Acute Values are




available (Table 3), the most sensitive genus, Scorpaenichthys is about




1,700 times more sensitive than the most resistant, Macoma.  Clams are




both sensitive and resistant to zinc.  Acute values are available for




more than one species in each of five genera and the range of Species




Mean Acute Values within each genus  is less than a factor of 5.2.  The




saltwater Final Acute Value for zinc was calculated to be 190.2  |Jg/L>




which is slightly lower than the acute value for the most sensitive




species .
                                    11

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Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals




     Although most of the chronic toxicity tests conducted on zinc with




freshwater species were in soft water ranging in hardness from 25 to 52 mg/L,




Chapman et al. (Manuscript) studied the chronic toxicity of sine to Daphnia




nagna at hardnesses of 52, 104, and 211 mg/L (Table 2).  They found that the




chronic toxicity of zinc decreased when hardness increased from 52 to 104




mg/L.  When hardness was further increased to 211 mg/L, the toxicity of




zinc did not change.  No other data are available concerning the  relationship




between hardness and the chronic toxicity of zinc.




     The chronic values  for the  two species of  freshwater invertebrates




ranged  from  46.73  to >5,243 pg/L,  whereas those  for six  species of  fish




ranged  from  36.41  to 854.7  ug/L.




     A  life-cycle  toxicity  test  has been  conducted with  the  saltwater




mysid,  Mysidopsis  bahia  (Lussier et al.  1985).   Survival, days  to first




brood,  and young/female  reproductive  day  were  all  affected  at  231 pg/L,




but no effects were detected  at  120  >Jg/L.




      Acute-chronic ratios are available for six freshwater  and one saltwater




 species.   The freshwater Species Mean Acute-Chronic  Ratios  range from




 0.7027 to 41.20,'whereas the  saltwater ratio is 2.997 (Table 3).   Because




 the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio is meant to apply to sensitive species,




 which often have lower acute-chronic ratios than resistant species, it




 was calculated as the geometric mean of the ratios for the freshwater




 Daphnia magna. Chinook salmon,  and rainbow trout and  the saltwater mysid.




 The resulting value of 2.208  is lower than all  the other Species Mean




 Acute-Chronic Ratios  (Table  3).   Division of the freshwater and  saltwater




 Final  Acute Values by 2.208  results  in freshwater and saltwater  Final




 Chronic Values  of  58.92  >Jg/L (at  hardness  = 50  mg/L)  and 86.14  pg/L,




                                      12

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respectively.  In spite of the data on the effect of hardness on the




chronic toxicity of zinc to Daphnia magna, the freshwater chronic slope




is assumed to be the same as the acute slope,  resulting in a freshwater




Final Chronic Value - e(0.8473[la(h«dae..)]+0.7614)>







Toxicity to Aquatic Plants




     Toxicity tests on zinc have been conducted with 20 species of freshwater




plants, which were affected by zinc concentrations ranging from 30 to




>200,000 pg/L (Table 4).  Although tests have been conducted with several




vascular plants, both the highest and lowest values were obtained with




algae.




     Few data are available concerning the effect of hardness on toxicity




to plants.  One study with the diatom, Navicula seminulum, (Academy of




Natural Sciences 1960) tested zinc toxicity at two hardnesses.  At




hardness = 58.46 rag/L, zinc was more toxic, on the average, than in tests




at hardness = 174 mg/L.  However, there was overlap in EC50s between the




hardnesses tested.  The toxicity of zinc to algae, might be related to the




concentration of phosphate or nitrate (Kuwabara 1985; Rao and Subraraanian




1982).




     The toxicity of zinc to saltwater plants has been tested with 18




species of phytoplankton and 8 species of macroalgae (Tables 4 and 6).




The diatom, Schroederella schroederi^, was the most sensitive phytoplankter,




with a 48-hour EC50 of  19.01 >Jg/L.  Other species affected at concentrations




less than the Final Chronic Value are Cricosphaera carterae, Isochrysis




gabana, Thalassiosira rotula, Glenodinium halli, and Gymnodinium splendens.




Macroalgae were affected at concentrations >IQQ pg/L.  Therefore, although




data on most saltwater plants indicate that they will be protected by a






                                    13

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saltwater criterion derived from data on animals,  some phytoplankters




might be affected under certain environmental conditions.







Bioaccumulat ion



     Six freshwater species were exposed to zinc and had tissue concentra-




tions measured after sufficient time to achieve steady-state (Table 5).




Bioconcentration factors (BCF) ranged from 51 for the Atlantic salmon




(Farmer et  al. 1979) to 1,130 for a mayfly (Nehring 1976).  A mean BCF of




100 was obtained in three  tests with a clam  (Graney et al. 1983) , and  the




BCF of  106  for a stonefly  was much lower than that  for the mayfly.  Both




the  flagfish  and the guppy had BCFs between  400 and 500.  Atchinaon et al.




 (1977), Mclntosh and Bishop  (1976),  and Murphy  et al.  (1978a,b)  measured




 the  concentrations  of  zinc in  several  species of  fish obtained  from  a




 pond  contaminated  with zinc.   Direct  accumulation from water  did not




 appear  to  be  a major route of  uptake of  zinc by two species of  fish  in a




 lake (Klaverkamp et al.  1983).   Gushing a'nd  Rose  (1970),  Gushing and




 Watson  (1971), and Gushing et  al.  (1975)  studied  the uptake of  zinc  by




 periphyton and fish in microcosms.   Van der  Werff (1984)  found that  humic




 and fulvic acids reduced the uptake of zinc  by  an alga.




      Bioaccumulation data for zinc are available for six species of saltwater




 algae and seven species of saltwater animals (Table  5).  Steady-state BCFs




 derived from laboratory exposures of saltwater algae for periods of 0.5 to




 140 days ranged from  75.5 for the brown macroalga, Laminaria digitata




 (Haritonidis  et al. 1983) to  10,768  for another  brown raacroalga, Fucus




 serratus  (Young 1975).  BCFs based  on data  derived  from  field  collections




 of macroalgae ranged  from 1,027 to  2,029  for a third brown macroalga,




 Fucus  vesiculosus  (Foster 1976; Foster  and  Bale  1975).
                                      14

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     BCFs derived from laboratory exposures of saltwater animals for




periods of 14 to 126 days range from 3.692 in the whole body of the




shrimp, Pandalus montagui (Ray et al.  1980) to 23,820 in the total




soft tissue of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Shuster and




Pringle 1968).




     For the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, the BCF for both whole




body and scales decreased with increasing concentration in water between




210 and 7,880 Mg/L (Sauer and Watabe 1984).  At all concentrations, the




scales had a higher BCF than the whole body.  Sequestration of zinc in




scales, which is accompanied by a decrease in scale calcification (Sauer




and Watabe 1984), might be a mechanism of zinc storage or detoxification




in fish.  O'Grady (1981) showed that sea trout, Salmo trutta, mobilized




zinc stored in its scales during the upstream spawning migration.




     For both algae and animals, there is a definite trend toward an




inverse relationship between concentration in water and BCF.  This is




best exemplified by the data in Table 5 for the brown macroalga, Laminaria




digitata (Bryan 1969) and the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (Sauer




and Watabe 1984).  Seip (1979) developed a mathematical model for the




accumulation of zinc and other metals by the brown macroalga, Ascophyllum




nodosum.  The concentration of zinc in the alga was found Co be an approximately




linear function of the mean concentration of zinc in water up to about




100 Mg/L.  Because the slope of the curve was less than 1, BCFs tended to




decrease with increasing concentration in water.




     No U.S. FDA action level or other maximum acceptable concentration




in tissue is available for zinc, and, therefore, no Final Residue Value




can be calculated.
                                    15

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Other Data
     A wide variety of other data is presented in Table 6.   In a test
on zinc phosphate, growth of a freshwater green alga was inhibited
during a 14-day exposure to 64 pg/L (Carton 1972).  Growth  of Scenedesmus
quadricauda was inhibited during exposure to 1,200 yg/L in  river water
(Bringraann and Kuhn 1959a,b).  The primary productivity of  plankton was
reduced when exposed to 15 pg/L for 14 days (Marshall et al. 1983).
     Several studies have been conducted on the effect of temperature on the
acute toxicity of zinc (Braginskiy and Shcherban 1978; Cairns et al. 1975a,
1978; Pickering and Henderson 1966; See et al. 1974; Smith and Heath 1979).
Except for the rainbow trout and golden shiners, the species were more
sensitive to zinc at higher temperatures.  Snails were more sensitive to
thermal shock after exposure to zinc  (Cairns at al.  1976).
     Concentrations of dissolved oxygen down to 3.5 mg/L did not affect
the  toxicity of zinc to the bluegill, but  lower concentrations did
(Pickering 1968).  Anderson  (1973)  and Anderson and Weber  (1975)  found  that
the  acute  sensitivity of  the guppy  to zinc depended  on  the weight  of the
fish.  Sabodash (1974)  studied  the  effects of  zinc  and  calcium on  survival
and  growth of  larval  grass  carp.
     Most  insects were  more  resistant to  zinc  than  the  other  freshwater
species  tested.   Mayflies,  damselflies,  stoneflies,  and caddisflies had LC50s
ranging  from 1,330 to 58,100 pg/L (Table  6).   One midge (Chironomous sp.)  had
a 96-hr  LC50 of  18,200  pg/L (Rehwoldt et  al.  1973),  whereas  another (Tanytarsus
dissimilis)  had  a 10-day LC50 of 36.8 pg/L (Anderson et al.  1980).  The
 T- dissimilis value is  very low compared to other values obtained with insects.
      Although most LC50s for rainbow trout ranged from 2,000 to 5,000
 pg/L, Carton (1972) obtained an LC50 of 90 Mg/L in a test  on zinc phosphate.
                                     16

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A 7-day EC50 of 10 ug/L was obtained with embryos and larva of the narrow-




mouthed toad (Birge 1978; Birge et al. 1979).




     Cairns et al. (1975b) and Khangarot (1982) examined the effect of




feeding on the results of acute tests on zinc, whereas McLeay and Munro




(1979) and Sparks et al. (1972b) studied the effects of photoperiod and




shelters, respectively.  Brafield and Mattiessen (1976), Hughes (1975), Hughes




and Tort (1985), and Thompson et al.  (1983)  studied the effect of zinc on




respiration of fishes.  Allen et al.  (1980)  and Muramota (1978) found




that various chelating agents reduced the acute toxicity of zinc.  Several




studies examined the use of fishes as biomonitoring organisms for zinc




(Cairns and Waller 1971; Cairns et al.  1973a;  Sparks et al. 1972; Waller




and Cairns  1972).




     Many studies have examined zinc  as  a dietary  requirement for  freshwater




plants  (e.g.,  Vaughn et  al. 1982) and fish  (e.g.,  Barash et al.  1982;




Bell et al.  1984; Dabrowski et  ai.  1981; Gatlina and Wilson 1983,1984;




Jeng and Sun  1981; Ketola  1979; Knox  et  al.  1982,1984;  Ogino  and Yang




1978,1979;  Richardson  et  al.  1985;  Rodgers  1982; Satoh  et  al.  1983a,b,c;




Takeda  and  Shimma  1977).




     Armitage  (1980),  Armitage  and  Blackburn (1985), Austin and Munteanu




(1984), Carlson  et al.  (1986),  Eichenberger (1981),  Eichenberger et  al.




(1981), Foster (1982a),  Harding et  al.  (1981), Hughes  (1985), Lang and




Lang-Dobler (1979), Maas (1978),  Meyer  (1978), Rice  (1977),  Roline and




Boehmke (1981),  Ruthven  and Cairns  (1973),  Say and Whitton (1983),  Say




et  al.  (1977), Sheehan and Knight  (1985),  Shehata  and  Whitton (1981),




Solbe  (1973),  Swain  and  White (1985), Swift (1985),  Wehr  and  Whitton




 (1983b,c),  Wentsel  and Mclntosh (1977), Williams  and Mount (1965),  Yan
                                     17

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 et  al.  (1985),  Yasuno et  al.  (1985), and Zanella  (1982)  investigated




 relationships between the abundance and diversity of  freshwater  species




 and the concentration of  zinc in water and  sediment.




      The detoxification of zine was studied by  Kito et al.  (1982),  Klaverkamp




 et  al.  (1985),  Ley et al. (1983), Marofante (1962), Pierson (1985a,b),




 Roch and McCarter (1984a,b),  and Takeda and Shimizu (1982).




      Low concentrations of zinc stimulate  the  rate of growth of  saltwater




 microalgae.   Concentrations equal to or less  than 100 Mg/L  stimulated  growth




 of  Nitzchia  longissima during exposures lasting one to  five days (Subramanian




 et  al.  1980).   Similarly, growth of Skeletonema costatum was both stimulated




 by  zinc concentrations equal to or  lower  than 200 Mg/I.  during one to  five




 days of exposure (Subramanian et al.  1980)  and reduced  by 20% during




 exposure for 10 to 14 days to 100  ^g/L zinc (Brack et al. 1976).  Wikfors




 and Ukeles (1982) reported a 6.7%  increase in the growth of Phaeodactylum




 tricornutum during exposure for  12  days  to 4,800 Mg/L-   Therefore the




 difference between beneficial and  detrimental concentrations of zinc  to




 phytoplankton might be  small and  dependent on the species and exposure.




      Stroragren (1979)  studied the  effect  of zinc on growth of five species




 of saltwater macr'oalgae.   Growth  was  reduced  at 1,400,  but not  100,




 \igll for Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, Fucus spiralis, and Pelvetia




 canaliculata, and at 7,000, but  not 3,500, ^g/L for Fucus vesiculosus.




 Bryan  (1969) reported reduced growth of Laminaria digitata during exposure




 for  24 days to concentrations as  low as 100 |Jg/L.  A concentration




 of  250  Mg/L reduced growth of sporophytes  of Laminaria hyperboria, whereas




 5,000  ug/L  induced abnormal  maturation of  gametophytes of  the same species




' (Hopkins  and Kain  1971).   Zinc concentrations  as low as  8.8  >jg/L  altered




 lipid  metabolism in Fucus  serratus (Smith  and  Harwood  1984).




                                     18

-------
     Two ciliate protozoans exhibited markedly different sensitivities to




zinc.  Growth of Cristigera sp. was reduced by exposure for four to five




hours to concentrations as low as 50.63 ug/L (Gray 1974; Gray and Ventilla




1973), but a concentration of 10,000 Mg/L only reduced the growth of




Euplotes vannus by 10% (Persoone and Uyttersprot 1975).




     Bryan and Hummerstone (1973) compared the sensitivity of the




polychaete, Nereis diversicolor, from sediments heavily contaminated with




zinc and other metals to that of the same species from clean sediments at




three salinities (Tables 1 and 6).  At all three salinities, worms from




the  contaminated sediments were less than a factor of two more resistant




to zinc than those from clean sediments.  Worms from the contaminated




sediments also had somewhat  lower BCFs than worms from clean sediments




when exposed to zinc  in the  laboratory for 34 days.  These results suggest




that acclimation or genetic  adaptation of the worms to contaminated




sediments provided only a  minor ability  to regulate zinc more efficiently




than worms  from uncontaminated sediments.




     The  polychaetes,  Ophryotiocha  diadema and  Ctenodrilus serratus,  were




exposed to  zinc in partial life-cycle  tests .that began with  adults and




examined  effects on survival and  reproduction  (Reish and Carr  1978).




Population  size was reduced  500  |jg/L  in  both  static tests  but  effects of




zinc were not  detected at  100 }Jg/L.




     A variety of responses  were  observed  in  mud  snails, Nassarius  obsoletus,




during exposure for  72 hr  to progressively higher  concentrations of  zinc




 (Maclnnes and  Thurberg 1973).   At  2,000  tJg/L,  there was  a  depression of




oxygen  consumption.   Locomotor behavior  was  inhibited  at  10,000 Mg/L,




and  death ensued  at  50,000 Mg/L-   Similarly,  shell  deposition  by adults




of  the  blue mussel, Mytilus  edulis, was  inhibited by  50% following exposure




                                     19

-------
for two to six days to >60 Mg/L (Manley et al. 1984; Stroragren 1982).




The EC50 based on reduced byssal thread production was 1,800 ,Jg/L,  whereas




the 7-day LC50 was 5,000 pg/L (Martin et al. 1975).  The 72-hr EC50 for




development of mussel embryos to the veliger stage was between 96 and  314




Mg/L (Dinnel et al. 1983).




     Different life stages and developmental processes of gametes,  embryos,




and larvae of Pacific oysters have different sensitivities to zinc.  The




ability of oyster sperm to fertilize eggs was depressed by 50% after




exposure for 60 min to 443.6 Mg/L (Dinnel et al. 1983).  The 48-hr LC50




for embryos was 241.5 Mg/L (Brereton et al. 1973).  Larvae developed




abnormally and grew more slowly than controls at zinc concentrations




between 125 and 500 Mg/L (Brereton et al. 1973), whereas-ECSOs for growth




of 6-day-old and  16-day old  larvae exposed  for four days were 80 and 95




Mg/L, respectively (Watling  1982).  The 96-hr LC50  for 6-day and L6-day




larvae was in excess of 100  Mg/L, whereas that for  19-day larvae was between




30 and 35  Mg/L (Watling 1982).  Significant delay  of, and reduction in,




successful settlement was observed after  5  days  in  125 Mg/L  (Boyden et  al.  1975)




and after  20 days  in  10 to 20  Mg/L (Watling 1983).  Juvenile oyster spat




had a  23-day LC50 of  75 Mg/L (Watling  1983).




     Exposure to  176  Mg/L  for  72  hr  caused  a  50% reduction  in the  rate of




calcium uptake by larvae  of  the clam,  Mulinia lateralis,  whereas a concen-




tration of 200 Mg/L  caused 53% mortality  among  the clam  larvae  in  the  same




time  period  (Ho  and  Suboff  1982). The 8  to 10-day LC50  was  195.4  Mg/L




 for  larvae of  the quahog  clam, Mercenaria mercenaria  and growth of survivors




was  estimated to be  reduced  by 38.4% (Calabrese et al.  1977).




      At  concentrations  as low as  250 Mg/L,  z^nc caused significant delays




 in molting and development rate of larvae of the grass shrimp,  Palaemonetes




                                     20

-------
pugio, particularly under stressful temperature-salinity regimes (McKenney




1979; McKenney and Neff 1979,1981).  Concentrations of 25 to 50 Mg/L




were without effect on the development rate of larvae of the mud crab,




Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Benijts-Claus and Benijts 1975).  However,




in the presence of lead at 25 to 50 ug/L, these concentrations of zinc




produced a significant delay in the rate of larval development of mud




crabs.  Rate of limb regeneration by adults of the fiddler crab, Uca




pugilator, was inhibited at zinc concentrations of 1,000  (Weis 1980).




This  inhibitory effect was amplified at low salinities.




     Motility of the sperm of the  sea urchins, Arbacia punctulata and




Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was stimulated by brief exposure to  zinc




concentrations at or below 1,634 and 654.8 ug/L, respectively  (Timourian  and




Watchmaker  1977; Young and Nelson  1974).  At concentrations of  3,269  and




6,538 >Jg/L, respectively, sperm motility was inhibited.   Reduction  of  the




ability of  echinoderm  sperm to fertilize eggs appeared to be more sensitive




than sperm  motility to the toxic effects of zinc  (Dinnel  et al.  1983).




EC50s after one hour of  exposure of  sperm  ranged  from 28  to 382.8




Mg/L.   In tests with the sand dollar, Dendraster  excentricus,  and two sea




urchins,  Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and  S_.  purpuratus,  development




to  the  pluteus  stage was less sensitive  than  fertilization.   Waterman (1937)




found that  810  tJg/L  inhibited gastrulation and  that  2,314 ug/L was  lethal to




embryos of  Arbacia punctulata.




      Somasundarum et  al. (1984a,b,c,d;1985)  identified several developmental




anomalies and histopathological  lesions  in developing embryos  and  larvae




of  Atlantic herring,  Clupea harengus,  that were exposed  to 50 to 12,000




nig/L.  Zinc concentrations  below 6,000  pg/L  did not  affect  embryo




volume.   Below 2,000 pg/L,  zinc  accelerated  embryonic development,  but




                                     21

-------
6 000 ug/L inhibited development.   At zinc concentrations as low as 50




Mg/k» there was a significant increase in the incidence of jaw and branchial




abnormalities.  Concentrations above 500 pg/L increased the incidence of




vertebral abnormalities.  Significant decreases in the size of the otic




capsules and eyes were observed at zinc concentrations higher than 2,000




and 6,000 Mg/L> respectively.  Ultrastructural changes in brain cells and




somatic musculature were observed in herring larvae that were allowed to




develop for 14 days in sea water containing 50 to 12,000 pg/L.




     In contrast to the toxic effects noted above, Weis et al. (1981)




found that exposure to 10,000 Mg/L ameliorated teratogenic effects on




Fundulus heteroclitus exposed to methyl mercury.  Also, zinc concentra-




tions of 1,000 Mg/L or greater enhanced regeneration of the tail  fin and




ameliorated effects of methyl mercury on  fin regeneration  in adult:




mummichogs (Weis and Weis 1980).




     Exposure of adult mummichogs to 2,200 MgA- resulted  in increased




activity of the hepatic enzyme aminolevulinic  acid dehydrase  (Jackira




1973),  whereas exposure to 60,000 pg/L  caused  30% mortality and




histopathological  lesions in the oral epithelium of  survivors  (Eisler  and




Gardner 1973).  Calcification of the scales  of juvenile mummichogs  was




inhibited  at  760 to 7,100 Mg/L  (Sauer and Watabe  1984).




     Crustaceans and  fish are able  to accumulate  zinc  from both  water  and




 food.   For adult green  crabs, Carcinus  maenas, the BCF for zinc  from




water  was  130 and  the bioaccumulation  factor (BAF)  for zinc from water and




 food was 210  (Renfro  et al.  1975),  but  the  BAF was  not significantly higher.




 However the BAF  was statistically higher than the BCF with adult mosquito




 fish,  Gambusia affinis, and  juvenile spot,  Leiostomus xanthurus  (Willis




 and Sunda 1984).   At 120 days,  the BAF and BCF for uptake of zinc from




                                     22

-------
water alone and water plus food by mosquito fish were 45 and 8, respectively.




The BAF and BCF for spot after a 28-day exposure were 28 and 3, respectively.




These results suggest that these fish obtain five to nine times more zinc




from food than from water.  It must be recognized, however, that the relative




magnitude of the contribution from both sources to the concentration of zinc




in saltwater animals will depend on the relative concentrations of zinc




in the water and food.  Eisler (1967) and Eisler and Gardner (1973) have




shown that BCFs for adult mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, are inversely




related to the concentration of zinc in the water.







Unused Data




     Some data on the e.ffects of zinc on aquatic organisms were not used




because the studies were conducted with species that are not resident in




North America  (e.g., Abbasi and Soni 1986; Ahsanullah and Arnott 1978;




Baudoin and Scoppa  1974;. Bengtsson 1974a,b,c,d,e; Carter and Nicholas




1978; Chapman  and Dunlop 1981; Dunlop and Chapman 1981; Greenwood and




Fielder 1983;  Harrison  1969; Howell 1985; Jones and Wacker  1979; Jones et




al.  1984; Karbe et  al.  1975; Khangarot  1981,1984; Khangarot et  al.  1982,




1985; Kumar and Pant  1984; Lomte and Jackhar  1982; Lyon et  al.  1983;




Martin et al.  1977; Mathur et al.  1981; McFeters et al. 1983; Mecham




and  Holliman 1975;  Millington and Walker  1983; Milner 1982; Murti and




Shukla 1984; Natarajan  1982; Nazarenko  1970;  Pentreath  1973; Sartory and




Lloyd 1976; Sastry  and  Subhadra 1984; Saxena  and Parashari  1983; Seiffer




and  Schoof  1967; ShaffL  1979; Shehata and Whitton 1981; Shukla  et al.




1983; Solbe and Flook 1975; Speranza et al. 1977; Srivastava et al.  1985;




Stary and Krantzer  1982; Subhadra  and Sastry  1985; Thorp and Lake 1974;




Verma et al. 1984;  Wagh  et al.  1985; White and Rainbow  1982; Willis  1983)






                                    23

-------
or because the test specices  was  not  obtained in North America and was




not identified well enough to determine whether it  is  resident in North




America (e.g., Greichus et al. 1978;  Jennett  et al.  1981;  Pommery et  al.  1985;




Tishinova 1977).   Results (e.g.,  Bagshaw et  al. 1986;  Brown and Ahsanullah




1971) of tests conducted with brine shrimp,  Artemia sp.,  were not used




because these species are from a unique saltwater environment.




     Babich and Stotzky (1985), Biddinger and Gloss (1984), Cairns (1957),




Campbell and Stokes (1985), Connolly (1985),  Doudoroff and Katz (1953),




Duxbury (1985), Eisler (1981), Hartman (1980), Kaiser  (1980), LeBlanc




(1984), Lim (1972), Lloyd (1965), Macek and Sleight (1977), Mancini




(1983), McKim (1977), Pagenkopf (1976), Patrick et  al. (1968), Phillips




and Russo (1978), Polikarpov (1966), Rai et al. (1981b),  Riordan (1976),




Skidmore (1964), Skidmore and Firth (1983), Slooff et  al.  (1986), Sprague




et al. (1964), Strufe (1964), Taylor et al. (1982), Thomson and MacPhee




(1985), Vernon (1954), Vytnazal (1985), Weatherley et al.  (1980), and




Whitton (1970) only contain data that have been published elsewhere.




     Results were not used if either the test procedures, test material,




or dilution water was not adequately described  (e.g.,  Back 1983; Bates et




al.  1981; Baudin 1983a,b; Berg and Brazzell  1975; Biegert and Valkovic




1980;  Birge and Just  1973,1975; Bradley and Sprague 1983; Brauwers 1982;




Brkovic-Popovic and Popovic  1977a,b; Brown 1968; Carpenter 1927; Coburn




and  Friedman  1976; Danil'chenko  1977;  Darnall  et al.  1986; Dilling and*




Healy  1927; Fleming  and  Richards  1982; Hutchinson and  Sprague  1985;




Ishizaka  et al.  1966; Joraensostrorasks and  McLaughlLn 1974;  Knittel




1980;  Labat et  al.  1977;  Miller  et al.  1985;  Muramoto  1980;  Pavicic  1980;




Petry  1983; Rao  and  Saxena  1981;  Sabodash  1974;  See et al.  1974,1975;
                                     24

-------
       Sicko-Goad  and  Lazinsky  1981; Tokunago  and Kishikawa  1982;  Vinot  and




       Larpent  1984).




            Data were  not  used  if  zinc was  a component  of  an effluent  (e.g.,




       Bailey  and  Liu  1980;  Cherry et al.  1979; Finlayson  and Ashuchian  1979;




:  "     Frazier  1976; Grushko et  al.  1980;  Guthrie et  al. 1977;  Jay and Muncy




       1979; Lewis 1986; Lu  et  al. 1975; Nagy-Toth  and  Barna 1983;  Nehring and




       Goettl  1974; Neufeld  and  Wallach  1984;  Newman  et  al.  1985;  O'Conner 1976;




       Oladimeji and Wade  1984;  Ozlmek 1985; Phillips and  Gregory  1980;  Rana  and




       Kumar 1975; Roesijadi et  al.  1984;  Saunders  and  Sprague  1967; Sprecht  et




       al.  1984; Wang  1982;  Whitton et al.  1981; Wong and  Tarn 1984a,b; Wood




       1975), mixture  (e.g., Baker and Boldigo 1984;  Besser  1985;  Biesinger et




       al.  1974; Birge et  al.  1978;  Borgmann 1980;  Brown et  al.  1969;  Cairns  and




       Scheier  1968; Cearley 1971; Chang et al.  1981; Christensen  et al.  1985;




       Cowgill  et  al.  1986;  Danil'chenko and Strogahov  1975;  Davies 1985; Davies




       and  Woodling 1980;  Doudoroff 1956;  Doudoroff et  al.  1966; Eaton 1973;




       Eisler  1977b; Finlayson  and Verrue  1980; Giesy et al.  1980;  Hedtke and




       Puglisi  1980; Henry and  Atchison  1979a,b; Hutchinson  and Czyrska  1972;




       Hutchinson  and  Sprague 1983;  Lubinski and Sparks  1981; Markarian  et al.




       1980; Marking and Bills  1985; McLeese and Ray  1984; Muller  and  Payer




       1980; Muska 1977; Patrick and Loutit 1976,1978;  Pope  1981;  Roch and McCarter




       1984c,1986; Roch et al.  1985,1986;  Rodgers and Beamish 1983; Sprague 1965;




       Stromegcen  1980; Vymazal  1984; Wong et  al. 1982a,b,1984b),  or a sediment




       (e.g.,  Arruda et al.  1983;  Broberg  1984; Bryan et al.  1983;  Dean  1974;




       Krantzberg  1983; Laskowski-Hoke and Prater 1984;  Lewis and  Mclntosh  1984,




       1986; Luoma and Jenne 1977; Malueg  1984; McMurtry 1984;  Munawar et al.




       1985; Oakden et al. 1984;  Ray et  al. 1981; Seelye et  al.  1982;  Wentsel




       et al.  1977; Wong and Kwan  1981; Wong and Tarn  1984; Wong et  al.  1984a).




                                           25

-------
     Data were not used if the organisms were exposed to zinc by injection




or gavage or in food (e.g., Barash et al. 1982; Baudin 1985; Bell et al.




1984; Cancalon 1982; Cowgill et al. 1985; Dallinger and Wieser 1984;




Dixon and Compher 1977; Gatlin and Wilson 1983,1984; Hibiya and Oguri




1961; Jeng and Sun 1981; Knox et al.  1984; Lyon et al. 1984; Mansouri-




Aliabadi and Sharp 1985; Marafonte 1976; Ogino and Yang 1978,1979; Patrick




and Loutit 1978; Richardson et al. 1985; Saiki and Mori 1955; Satoh et




al. 1983a,b; Smith-Sonneborn et al. 1983; Suzuki and Ebihara 1984; Suzuki




and Kawamura 1984; Suzuki et al. 1983,1984; Takeda and Shiraraa 1977;




Vaughan et al. 1982; Windotn et al. 1982; Young 1975).




     Adragna and Privitera (1978,1979), Akberali and Earnshaw (1982),




Anderson et al. (1978), Babich et al. (1985,1986a,b), Brown (1976), Burton




and Peterson (1979), Genini and Turner (1983), Crespo (1984), Crist et




ai. (1-981), Doyle et al. (1981),-Everaarts et al. (1979), Fleming et al.




(1982), George (1983), Killer and Perlmutter (1971K Hiltibran (1971),




Kodama et al. (1982a), Nemosok et al. (1984), Rachlin and Perlmutter




(1969), Sirover and Loeb (1976), and Watson and Beamish (1981) only




exposed enzymes, excised or homogenized tissue, or cell cultures.




     Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the tests




were conducted in distilled or deionized water without addition of  appropriate




salts  (e.g., Affleet 1952; Carter and Cameron  1973; Eddy and Fraser  1982;




Matthiessen and Brafield 1973; McDonald et al. 1980; Porter and Hakanson




1976;  Stary and Kratzer 1982; Stary et al. 1983; Taylor 1978; Vijayamadhavan




and Iwai  1975; Wang 1959) or were conducted  in chlorinated  or "tap" water




(e.g., Goodman 1951; Grande 1966; Haider and Wunder  1983; Hughes  and




Adeney 1977; Jones  1935,1938,1939; Matthiessen and Brafield  1977; Rahel
                                    26

-------
1981; Shcherban 1977;  Skidmore 1970;  Skidmore and Tovell 1972).   Dilution




water was at too low a pH in tests by Michnowicz and Weaks (1984),  whereas




temperature fluctuated too much in the test reported by Mills (1976b).




     Allan et al. (1980), Bates et al. (1983), Buikema et al. (1974a,b,




1977), Cairns and Dickson (1970), Fayed and Abd-El-Shafy (1985), Kuwabara




(1985), Mills (1976a,b), Petersen (1982), Rainbow et al. (1980), Ruthven




and Cairns  (1973), Say and Whitton (1977), Sullivan et al. (1973), and Zitko




et al. (1973) used dilution water that contained too high a concentration of




chelating agent or other organic matter.  Mukhopadhyay and Konar (1984) used




a  phosphate buffer, which might have  detoxified  zinc, although  their  LC50s




for  two  invertebrate  species  were quite  low  after adjustment  for hardness.




      Benson and Birge (1985),  Berglind and Dave  (1984),  and  Birge  et  al.




(1983) cultured  or  acclimated organisms  in one  water  and conducted tests




in another.   Hughes  (1970,1973)  did  not  acclimate organisms  for a  long enough




time. Tests  conducted with too  few  test organisms  (e.g., Applegate et




al.  1957;  Gardner 1975;  McLeese  1976; Sprague 1964a;  Tishinova  1977)




were not used.   High  control mortalities occurred in tests  reported by




Cairns and Scheier (1964)  and Havas  and  Hutchinson  (1982).   The water




 quality  varied too much during tests conducted by Cairns et  al. (1981),




 Nehring  and Goettl (1974),  and Thompson et al.  (1980).   Toxicity tests




 conducted without controls  were not  used (e.g., Graham et al.  1986).




 The 96-hr values reported by Buikema^et al.   (1974a,b) were subject to




 error because of possible reproductive  interactions  (Buikema et al.




 1977).  The test organisms were possibly stressed by disease or parasites




 during tests reported by Boyce and Yamada (1977), Guth  et al.  (1977),  and




 Sakanari et al.  (1984).  Hublou et al.  (1954) conducted tests  on  zinc




 leached from galvanized trays.  Anudu (1983), Bradley et al. (1985a,b),




                                      27

-------
Cairns (1972),  Cairns et al.  (1973a,b),  DeFilippis and Pallaghy (1976),


Duncan and Klaverkamp (1980),  Foster (1982b),  LeBlanc (1982),  and Wang


(1986b) conducted studies of  acclimation to zinc or used organisms that


had been exposed or were resistant to zinc.


     Biochemical and histological studies were not used (e.g., Anderson


and Sparks 1978; Canalon 1982; Cenini and Turner 1979; Eddy and Talbot 1985;


Kearns and Atchison 1979; Kodama et al.  1982a,b; Nemcsok et al. 1984;


Rachlin et al.  1985; Sailer et al. 1980; Schmitt et al. 1984;  Taban et


al. 1982; Thomas et al.  1985; Vijayamadhauan and Iwai 1975; Watson and


Beamish 1980; Watson and McKoewn 1976; Yaraamoto et al. 1977).


     Results of chronic  tests were not used if the concentration of test


material was not measured  (e.g., Winner and Gauss  1986) or  if  the test


solutions were  only  renewed once a week  (e.g., Crandall and Goodnight


1962,1963).  Data  on toxicity or accumulation or  both from  microcosm  or


model  ecosystem studies  were  not used if  the concentration  of zinc  in


water  decreased with time  (e.g., Bachman  1963;  Davis  and Negilski  1972).


      Results  of laboratory bioconcentration tests  were  not  used Lf  the  test


was not  flow-through or renewal  (e.g.,  Dean  1974;  Evtushenko  et al.  1984;


Fayed et  al.  1983; Hughes  and Flos  1978;  Joyner 1961; Joyner  and Eisler 1961;


Lyngby et al.  1982;  Skipnes  et  al.  1975;  Sklar  1980;  Slater 1961;  Young


 1977) or if the concentration of zinc in the  test solution was not adequately


 measured (e.g., Mellinger 1972;  Munda 1979,1984;  Phillips  1976,1977).
                          «

 Hardy and Raber (1985) did not  measure the concentration of zinc in tissues.


      Van Hoof and Van San (1981) found high concentrations of zinc in their


 control fish.  Harvey (1974) studied depuration, but not uptake, of zinc


 by a  freshwater clam, and Ferguson and Bubela (1974) studied  uptake by


 homogenized algal suspensions.  The concentration of zinc  fluctuated too


 much' in  the tests reported by Kormondy  (1965) and O'Grady  and Obdullah  (1985).

                                      28

-------
            Reports of the concentrations of zinc in wild aquatic organisms




        (e.g., Abdullah et al. 1976; Abo-Rady 1979,1983; Adams et al.  1980,1981;




        Amemiya and Nakayama  1984; Anderson  1977; Anderson et al. 1978; Arnac  and




        Lassus 1985; Badsha and Goldspink  1982; Bailey  and Stokes 1985; Barber




        and Trefry  1981;  Bonn and Fallis  1978; Bosserman  1985; Bradley and  Morris




;    '    1986; Brezina  and Arnold  1977;  Brooks et  al.  1976; Brown 1977; Brown and




"   .    Chlow  1977; Burrows and Whitton 1983; Burton  and  Peterson 1979; Bussey et




        al.  1976;  Caines  et al.  1985;  Chapman  1985; Chassard and Balvay 1978;




        Coughtrey  and  Martin  1977;  Cover and Wilhm 1982;  Cowx 1982;  Dallinger




        and  Kautzky 1985; EIFAC  1977;  Elder and  Mattraw 1984; Elliott et  al.




        1981;  Elwood  et al.  1976;  Estabrook et  al. 1985;  Felat and Melzer 1978;




        Fletcher  and  King 1978;  Fletcher et al.  1975; Franzin and McFarlane 1980;




        Frazier 1975;  Friant  and Koerner 1981;  Friant and Sherman 1980; Gale  et




        al.  1973a,b;  Giesy and Weiner 1977; Greichus et al.  1978; Guillizzoni




        1980;  Hakanson 1984;  Harding and Whitton 1978; Hei-t and Klusek 1985;  Holm




        1980;  Howard and Brown 1983; Huggett et al. 1973; Jeng  and Lo 1974;




        Johannessan et al. 1983; Jones et al.  1985; Kleinert et  al.  1974;




        Kole et al. 1978; Korda et al.  1977; Lee et al.  1984; Lewis  1980;  Lobel




        and Wright 1983; Lord et al.  1977;  Lowe et al. 1985; Lucas  and Edgington




        1970; Lundholm and Andersson  1985;  Maas  1978;  McFarlane and  Franzin 1978;




        McHardy and George 1985; Moreau et  al.  1983; Morrison et al.  1985;  Nabrzyski




        1975; Nabrzyski  and  Gajewski  1978;  Namminga  and  Wilhm  1977;  Ney  and




   -     Martin 1985;  Ney et  al.  1982;  Norris and  Lake  1984;  O'Grady 1981;  Paul




        and Filial 1983; Pennington  et  al.  1982;  Percy and  Borland  1985;  Peverly




         1985; Rabe et al.  1977;  Ranta et  al.  1978; Ray and  White 1979; Rehwoldt




         et  al.  1976;  Romberg and  Refro 1973;  Salanki et  al.  1982;  Saltes and




        Bailey  1984;  Seagle  and  Ehlraann 1974;  Shearer 1984; Shimma  et al. 1984;



                                             29

-------
Shuman et al. 1977; Simpson 1979; Stary et al,  1982; Stokes et .al,, 1985;




Strufe 1964; Teherani et al. 1979; Tessier et al» 1984; lisa and Strange




1981; Tsui and McCart 1981; Uthe and Bligh 1971; Van Coillie and Rousseau




1974; Van Loon and Beamish 1977; Villarreal-Trevin© et al. 1986; Vinikour




et al. 1980; Wachs 1982; Walker et al. 1975; Wehr and Whitton 1983a,b;




Wehr et al. 1983; Whitton et al. 1981,1982; Wiener and Giesy 1979:; Winger




and Andreasen 1985; Wissmar et al. 1982; Young and Blevins 1981, Zadory




1984) were not used to calculate bioaccumulation factors because eiither




the number of measurements of the concentration in water was too




small or the range of the measured concentrations in water was too large.







Summary




     Acute toxicity values are available for 43 species of freshwater




animals and data for eight species indicate chat acute toxicity decreases




as hardness increases.  When adjusted to a hardness of 50 mg/L, sensitivities




range from 50.70 ^ig/L for Ceriodaphnia reticulata to 88,960 Mg/L  for  a




damselfly.  Additional data indicate that toxicity  increases as temperature




increases.  Chronic toxicity data are available  for nine  freshwater




species.  Chronic values  for two  invertebrates  ranged  from 46.73  Mg/L  for




Daphnia magga to >5,243 Mg/L for  the caddisfly,  Clistoronia magnifica.




Chronic values for seven  fish  species ranged from 36.41 rig/L  for  the  flagfish,




Jordanella floridae, to 854.7  (jg/L for the  brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis.




Acute-chronic ratios ranged from  0.2614 to  41.20, but  the  ratios  for  the




sensitive species were  all  less  than  7.3.




     The  sensitivity range  of  freshwater  plants to  zinc is  greater than




that  for  animals.  Growth of the  alga,  Selenastrum  capricornutum, was




inhibited by  30  Mg/L.   On the  other hand,  with  several other  species  of






                                    30

-------
   green algae,  4-day ECSOs  exceeded 200,000 Mg/L-   Zinc was found to bioaccumulate

   in freshwater animal tissues from 51 to 1,130 times the concentration

   present in the water.

        Acceptable acute toxicity values for zinc are available for 33

   species of saltwater animals including 26 invertebrates and 7 fish.

 .  LCSOs range from 191.5 MgA- for cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus to

   320,400 |Jg/L for adults of another clam, Macoma balthica.  Early life
A
   stages of saltwater invertebrates and fishes are generally more sensitive

   to zinc than juveniles and adults.  Temperature has variable and inconsistent

   effects on the sensitivity of saltwater invetebrates to zinc.  The sensitivity

   of saltwater animals to zinc decreases with increasing salinity, but the

   magnitude of the effect is species-specific.

        A life-cycle test with the mysid, Mysidopsia bahia, found unacceptable

   effects at 120 Mg/L» but not at 231  >Jg/L, and the acute-chronic ratio was

   2.997.  Seven species of saltwater  plants were affected  at concentrations

   ranging from 19 to  10,100 tJg/L.  Bioaccumulation data  for  zinc are available

   for  seven species of saltwater algae  and  five species  of saltwater animals.

   Steady-state zinc bioconcentration  factors  for the  twelve  species  range

   from 3.692 to 23,820.


   National Criteria

        The procedures  described  in  the "Guidelines  for  Deriving  Numerical

   National Water Quality Criteria  for the  Protection  of  Aquatic  Organisms

   and  Their Uses" indicate  that, except possibly where  a locally important

   species  is very sensitive,  freshwater aquatic organisms  and  their  uses

   should not be  affected unacceptably if the  four-day average  concentration

   (in  jJg/L)  of  zinc  does not  exceed  the numerical  value given  by


                                        31

-------
 (0.8473[In(hardness)]+0.7614)  more than once every three years on the

e


average and if the one-hour average concentration (in iJg/L) does not


                ...          .    (0.8473[ln(hardness)]+0.8604)  OT.a
exceed the numerical value given by e                              more



than once every three years on the average.   For example, at hardnesses



of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L as CaC03 the four-day average concentrations of



zinc are 59, 110, and 190 Mg/L, respectively, and the one-hour average



concentrations are 65, 120, and 210 pg/L.  If the striped bass is as



sensitive as some data indicate, it will not be protected by this criterion.



     The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical



National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms



and Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important



species is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses



should not be affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of



zinc does not exceed 86 ^g/L more than once  every three years on  the



average and if the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 95  \ig/l>



more than once every three years on the average.



     "Acid-soluble"  is probably the best measurement at present  for



expressing  criteria  for metals  and the criteria  for zinc  were developed



on  this basis.  However,  at this time, no EPA  approved method  for such a



measurement is available  to implement criteria for metals through the



regulatory  programs  of the Agency  and the States.  The Agency  is



considering development  and approval of  a method for  a measurement  such



as  "acid-soluble."  Until  one  is  approved, however, EPA recommends applying



criteria  for  metals  using the  total  recoverable method.   This  has two



 impacts:  (1)  certain species  of some metals  cannot be measured because



 the total recoverable method  cannot  distinguish between  individual  oxidation
                                     32

-------
states, and (2) in some cases these criteria might be overly protective




when based on the total recoverable method.



     Three years is the Agency's best scientific judgment of the average




amount of time aquatic ecosystems should be provided between excursions




(U.S. EPA 1985b).  The resiliencies of ecosystems and their abilities to




recover differ greatly, however, and site-specific allowed excursion




frequencies may be established if adequate justification is provided.




     Use of criteria for developing water quality-based permit limits and




for designing waste treatment facilities requires selection of an




appropriate wasteload allocation model.  Dynamic models are preferred for




the application of these criteria  (U.S. EPA  1985b).  Limited data or




other considerations might make their use impractical, in .which case one




must  rely on a. steady-state model  (U.S. EPA  1986).
                                     33

-------
Table 1.  Acute Toxic I ty of Zinc to Aquatic AnlMls
Species Method* Che»lcal
Worm, S, U Zinc chloride
Lumbrlculus varlegatus
Tublflcld worm, S, U Zinc sulfate
Llmnodrllus hoffmelstarl
Worm, S, M
Nals sp.
Snail (embryo), S, M
Amnlcola sp.
Snail (adult), S, M
Amnlcola sp.
Snail (adult), S, U Zinc sulfata
He) Isoma campanulatum
Snail (adult), S, U Zinc sulfate
Hel Isoma campanulatum
Snail (adult), S, U Zinc sulfate
Hal Isoma campanulatum
Snail (adult), S, U Zinc sulfate
Hal 1 soma campanulatum
Snail (adult), F, M Zinc chloride
Physa gyrlna
Snail, S, U Zinc chloride
Physa heterostropha
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOO
LC50
or EC50
Adjusted Species Mean
LC50 or EC50 Acute Value
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
30
100
50
50
50
20
(12.8'C)
20
(22.8 *C)
100
(12.8 *C)
100
(22.8 *C)
36
45
(20 *C)
6,300
>2,274
18,400f
20,200f
14,000f
870
1,270
3,030
1,270
1,274
1,800
9,712 9,712
>1,264 >1,264
18,400 18,400
20,200
14,000 16,820
1,891
2,760
1,684
705.9 1,578
1,683 1,683
1,968
Bailey and Liu 1980
Murtz and Bridges
1961
RehMoldt et al . 1973
Rehwoldt et al . 1973
RehMoldt et al . 1973
Wurtz 1962
Wurtz 1962
Wurtz 1962
Wurtz 1962
Nebekar et al . 1986
Cairns and Scheler
1958 b; Academy of Na
C*» lAn/*ne f Q^vA

-------
    TabU 1.  (Continued)
Ul


Species
Snail,
Physa heterostropha
Sna 1 1 ,
Physa heterostropha

Snail,
Physa heterostropha

Snail (adult).
Physa heterostropha
Snail (adult).
Physa heterostropha
Sna 1 1 ( young) ,
Physa heterostropha
Snail (young).
Physa heterostropha
Snail (young),
Physa heterostropha
Snail (young),
Physa heterostropha
Snail (young),
Physa heterostropha
Snail (young),
Physa heterostropha
Asiatic clam (10-21 mm),


Method*
^^^M«BM*H
S, U
S, U

s, u

s, u

s, u

s, u

s, u

s, u

s, u
s, u

s, u
S. M


Chemical
Zinc chlor Ida
Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfata
Zinc sul fata
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCO.)
45
(30*C)
170
(20*C)

170
(30*C)

20

100
•
20
(10.6*C)
20
(12.8*Ci
20
(32.2°C)
100
(10.6'C)
100
(12.8*C)
100
(32.2*C)
64
LC50 Adjusted Species Mean
or EC50 LC50 or EC50 Acute Value
(iig/t)** 1
1,000
6,200

7,100

1,110

3,160

303

434

350

434
1,390

1,110
6,040"*
[»fl/D*** (pa/L)****
1,093
2,198

2,517

2,413

1,756

658.6

943.3

760.8

241.2
772.6
'
617.0 1.0B8
4,900 4,900
Reference
Cairns and Scheler
1958b; Academy of
Natural Sciences 1960
Cairns and Scheler
1958b; Academy of
Natural Sciences
1960
Cairns and Scheler
1958b; Academy of
Natural Sciences
1960
Wurtz and Bridges
1961 ; Wurtz 1962

Wurtz and Bridges
1961; Wurtz 1962

Wurtz 1962

Wurtz 1962

Wurtz 1962

Wurtz 1962
Wurtz 1962

Wurtz 1962
Cherry et al . 1980;
t**A**~*- A4- •! 1 QUA
    Corblcula  flumlnea
                                                                                                                            Rodgers et al.  1980

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)

Species
Cladoceran <<24 hr) ,
Cerlodaphnla dubla

Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cl adoceran.
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cl adoceran ,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cl adocaran.
Oaphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran ,
Daphnla magna

Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cl adoceran,
Daphnla reagna
Cl adoceran.
Daphnla magna
Cl adoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex

Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex

Method*
R, M


S, U

S, U

S, M

S, U

S, U

S, M


S, U

S, M

S, M

S, M

F, M

S, M


S, U


Chemical
Zinc chlor Ida




Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc sul fate




Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc sul fate




Hardness
(•g/L as

52

45


45

45

-

45.3
.
45

45
t J *

54

105

196

130

45

45
*t J

IC50
or EC50
«,g/L)"
180

76


41

32

<71.95

100

280

68


334

525

655

798.9

500

107


Adjusted Species Me**
LC50 or EC50 Acute Value
(•oA)*** C»pA.»*"**

174.1 174.1

83.10


44.82

34.99 50.70

-

108.7

306.1

74.35


312.9

280.0

205.8

355.5 355.5

546.7

117.0 252.9



Reference
Carlson at al . 1986

Mount and Norberg
1984

Carlson and Roush
1985

Carlson and Roush
1985

Anderson 1948

Bleslnger and
Christ en sen 1972

Cairns et al . 1978

Mount and Norberg
1984

Chapman at al «
Manuscript

Chapman at al , •
Manuscript

Chapman et al »
Manuscript

Attar and Maty 1982

Cairns et at . 1978

Mount and Norberg
1984


-------
Table 1.  (Continued)

Species
1 so pod (3-7 mm) ,
Asel lus blcrenata
1 so pod.
Asel lus communls
1 so pod,
Asel lus communls
1 so pod (3-7 mm) ,
Llrceus alabamae
Am phi pod ,
Cranqonyx pseudoqracl 1 1 s
Am phi pod.
Gammarus sp.
Damsel fl y.
Argla sp.

Bryozoan,
Pectlnatella maqnifica

Bryozoan,
Lophopodella carter 1

Bryozoan,
Plumatella emarqlnata
Method* Che* leal
MWHBWMB^^ ^•^"•"••^^•^••™
F, M Zinc sul fate

S, U Zinc sul fate

S, U Zinc sul fate

F, M Zinc sul fate

R, U Zinc sul fate

S, M

S, U Zinc sul fate


S, U


S, U

S, U
Hardness
img/L as
CaCOm)
220

20

100

152

50

50

20

190-

220
190-
220
190-
220
LC50
or EC50
20,110n

12,734

8,755

8,375ft

19,800

8,100f

40,930

4,310
w

5,630

5,300
«•• f -~-~ ••—
Adjusted
LC5O or EC50
5,731

27,680

4,866

3,265

19,800

8,100

88,960

1,307


1,707

1,607

Species Mean
Acute Value
(.„/!.)••••
5,731

-

11,610

3,265

19,800

8,100

88,960

1,307


1,707

1,607

                                                                                                                       Reference

                                                                                                                       Bosnak and Morgan
                                                                                                                       1981

                                                                                                                       Wurtz and Bridges
                                                                                                                       1961

                                                                                                                       Wurtz and Bridges
                                                                                                                       1961

                                                                                                                       Bosnak and Morgan
                                                                                                                       1981

                                                                                                                       Martin and Holdlch
                                                                                                                       1986

                                                                                                                       RehMoldt et  al.  1973
                                                                                                                        Wurtz and Bridges
                                                                                                                        1961

                                                                                                                        Pardue and Wood 1980
                                                                                                                        Pardue and Wood 1980
                                                                                                                        Pardue and Wood 1980

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)

Method-
_E2Ł 	
American eel , S, M
Angul 1 la rostrata
American eel, S, M
Anqull la rostrata
Coho salmon (yearling), R, M
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon, F, M
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Sockeye salmon (parr), F, M
Oncorhynchus nerka
Chinook salmon (alevln), F, M
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (juvenile), F, M
oo Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon F, M
(swim-up alev In) ,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (parr), F, M
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (smolt), F, M
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Cutthroat trout R» M
( finger 1 Ing),
Salmo clarkl
Rainbow trout (juvenile), F, M
Salmo qalrdneri
Rainbow trout (juvenile), F, M
S a 1 mo qalrdneri
Rainbow trout (30.5 g) , F, M
S a Imo qalrdneri
Rainbow trout (22.6 g) , F, M
Salmo qalrdneri

Che* leal



Zinc nitrate

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc sul fate

Zinc chloride


Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride

Zinc sul fate


Zinc sul fate

Zinc sul fate

Zinc sul fate

Zinc sul fata

Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOjl
55


53

94

25

22

23

21

23


23

23

-


330

25

30

30

LC50
or EC50
14,500*


14,600f

4,600

905

749

>661ftt

84

97


463

701

90*


7,210

430

430

810

Adjusted Species Mean
LC50 or EC50 Acute Value
13,380


13,900 13,630

2,694

1,628 1.628

1,502 1,502

'

175.2

187.3


894.0

1,354 446.4

• "


1,457

773.6

662.9

1 , 249


Reference
Rehwoldt et al . 1972


Rehwoldt et al . 1973

Lorz and McPherson
1976,1977

Chapman and Stevens
1978

Chapman 1975,1978a

Chapman 1975J978b

Flnlayson and Verrue
1982

Chapman 1975J978b


Chapman 1975,1978b

Chapman 1975,t978b

Rabe and Sapping ton
1970


Slnley et al . 1974

Sjnley et a! , 1974

Goettl et al . 1974

Goettl et al . 1974


-------
TabU 1.  (Continued)

Species
Rainbow trout (29.7 g) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (18.3 o>
Rainbow trout (2.0 g) ,
S a 1 mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (34.6 g),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (4.9 g).
S a 1 mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (52.1 g).
S a 1 mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (15.4 g) ,
S a 1 mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (72 g) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (alevln).
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout
(swim-up alev In) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Ra Inbow trout ( parr) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (adult male).


Method*
F,

F.
F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

R,

F,

F,


F,

F,

F,
M

M
H

M

M

M

M

M

U

M

M


M

M

M


Chwlcal
Zinc

Zinc
Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc


Zinc

Zinc

Zinc
sul fate

sul fate
sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

chloride

chloride


chloride

chloride

chl orlde
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOO
30

317
312

23

22

30

314

102

5

23

23


23

23

83
UC50 Adjusted Species Meen
or ECM LC50 or BC50 Acute Value
(ng/L)** (»qA.)***
410 632.1

4 S70 
-------
Table 1.  (Continued)
Species
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (Juvenile),
Salmo galrdnerl
Ra 1 nbow tro ut ( j uv en 1 1 e) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (Juvenile),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout ( f Ingerl Ing),
Salmo galrdnerl
Ra Inbow trout ( fry) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Atlantic salmon (parr),
Salmo salar
Brook trout (Juvenile),
Salvel Inus fontlnal Is
Brook trout (juvenile),
Salvel Inus fontlnal Is
Brook trout (Juvenile),
Salvel Inus fontlnal Is
Brook trout (juvenile),
Salvel Inus fontlnal Is
Brook trout (juvenile).
Method*
F, M
F, M
F, M
FM
t n
F, M
F, M
S, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
Chemical
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sul fate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L as
46.8
47.0
44.4
178
179
170
14
9.2
(pH=7.0)
14
46.8
47.0
44.4
178
179
LC50
or ECSO
(»g/L)**
370
517
756
2,510
2,960
1,910
560
66
740
1,550
2,120
2,420
6,140
6,980
Adjusted Species Mean
LC50 or ECSO Acute Value
(»q/L)*** (.flA)****
391.3
544.8
836.0
855.9
1,005
677.2
1,647
277.0 689.3
2,176 2,176
1,639
2,234
2,676
2,094
2,369
SalvelInus fontlnalIs
                                                                                                                         Reference

                                                                                                                         Hoicombe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Hoi combe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Hoi combe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Hoicombe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Hoicombe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         HoIcombe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Spry and Mood  1984
                                                                                                                         Cuslmano et al .  1986
                                                                                                                         Carson and Carson  1972
                                                                                                                         Ho I combe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Hoi combe and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Ho I com be and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Ho I com be and. Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

                                                                                                                         Ho I con be and Andrew
                                                                                                                         1978

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)

Species
Brook trout (juvenile).
Salvel Inus fontlnalls
Longfln dace (juvenile).
Aqosla chrysogaster
Goldfish,
Car ass (us auratus
Goldfish (1-2 g).
Carasslus auratus
Common carp «20 cm).
Cyprlnus carplo
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Common car p ( 2 . 1 g) ,
Cyprlnus carplo
Golden shiner.
Notemlqonus crysoleucas
Fathead minnow (embryo).
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (embryo),
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry).
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,


Method*
F,

R,

S,

S,

s.

s.

R,

S.

F.

F.

F,

s.
M

M

U

U

M

M

U

U

M

M

M

U


Che* leal
Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc



Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc
sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

n 1 tr ate

-

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

su 1 fa te
Hardness
(wg/L as
CaCO}>
170

217

50

20

53

55

19

50

174-
198
174-
198
174-
198
20
LC50
or EC50
(»o./L)**
4,980

790f

7,500

6,440

7,800"*

7,800f

3,120

6.000

1,820

1,850

870

2,550
Adjusted Species Mean
LCSO or EC50 Acute Value
(»g/L)*** (ji^/L)****
1,766 2,100

227.8 227.8

7,500

14,000 10,250

7,424

7,194

7,083 7,233

6,000 6,000

599.0

608.9

286.3

5,543
PImephales promelas
                                                                                                                        Reference

                                                                                                                        HoIcombe and Andrew
                                                                                                                        1978

                                                                                                                        Lewis 1978
                                                                                                                        Cairns et al. 1969
                                                                                                                        Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                        1966

                                                                                                                        Rehwoldt et al . 1971
                                                                                                                        Rehwoldt et al . 1972
                                                                                                                        Khangarot et al . 1983
                                                                                                                        Cairns et al. 1969
                                                                                                                        Pickering and Vigor
                                                                                                                        1965

                                                                                                                        Pickering and Vigor
                                                                                                                        1965

                                                                                                                        Pickering and Vigor
                                                                                                                        1965

                                                                                                                        Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                        1966

-------
     Table  1.   (Continued)
M

Species
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promejas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2



Method*
g»

g).

g).

g).

g>.

g).

g).

g),

g).

g).

g>.
s.

s.

s.

s.

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,
U

U

U

U

M

M

M

M

M

M

M


Chemical
_

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc


sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCOj)
20
(15"C)
20
(25'C>
20
(25*C)
360
(25*C)
63

54

97

103

212

208

54
LC50
or EC5O
(Mg/L)**
2,330

770
(780)
960

33,400

1 2, 500

13,800

18,500

25,000

29,000

35,500

13,700
Adjusted
LC5O or EC50
<»9/
5,

1,

2,

6.

10,

12,

10,

!)»•»
064

674

087

271

280

930

550

13,550

8,

10,

12,

528

610

840
Species Mean
Acute Value
(pg/L)**** Reference
Pickering and
1966
Pickering and
1966
Pickering and
1966
Pickering and
1966
Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966


Henderson

Henderson

Henderson

Henderson














     PImephales promelas

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)

Species
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P 1 mepha 1 es prome I as
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales prome las
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
P Imephales promelas
Fathead minnow (44.6 mm) ,


Method*
F.

F,

F,

F.

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

F,

s.
M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

U



Chenlcal
Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc
sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul
fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaC03)
63

100

99

186

195

54

49

98

102

193

216

166
LC50
or ECSO
Adjusted
LC50 or EC50
***
6

12

12

19

13

4

5

a

9

8

15

7
,200

,500

,500

,000

,600

,700

,100

,100

,900

,200

,500

,630
5.

6.

7,

6,

4,

4,

5.

4.

5.

2.

097

948

007

242

293

403

188

580

411

611

4,486

2.

760
Species Mean
Acute Value
(»g/L>**** Reference
Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Mount 1966

Rachlln am
PImephales promelas
                                                                                                                         Par Im utter 1968

-------
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Hardness

(•g/L as
aCOO
             8
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                8
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U.Q.
                              M
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Fathead
Fathead
5                                     in
                                     10
                                                  ikj

                                                  Ł«•
                                                  E  0
Fathe

P Imep
                                 C *
                                 S (0
X  O
o  *-
c  a
c

1  S

•3  (O
fi  J=
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                                                            u. a.
                                        CM «

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he
Fat

P mep
                            r    fc


                            I  J
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                              0  0
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                           in

                           in

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  0 o
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                                                       44

-------
TabU 1.  (Continued)
Hardness
(•g/L as
Species Method* Chenlcal CaCO?)
Banded kllllflsh «20 cm), S, M Zinc nitrate 53
Fundulus dlaphanus
Banded kllllflsh, S, M - 55
Fundulus dlaghanus
Flagflsh (juvenile), F, M Zinc sul fate 44
Jordanella florldae
Guppy (6 mo), S, U Zinc sul fate 20
Poecllla retlculata
Guppy, S, U Zinc sul fate 120
Poecll la retlculata
Guppy ( fry) , S, M Zinc sul fate 30
Poecllla retlculata
Guppy (adult male), S, M Zinc sul fate 30
.*: Poecll la retlculata
Guppy (adult female), S, M Zinc sul fate 30
Poecllla retlculata
Guppy (adult male) , S, U Zinc sulfate 118
Poecllla retlculata
Guppy (adult female), S, U Zinc sulfate 118
Poecllla retlculata
Southern platyflsh S, U Zinc sulfate 166
(20.8 mm),
Xlphophorus maculatus
White perch «20 cm), S, M Zinc nitrate 53
Morone amerlcana
White perch, S, M - 55
Morone amerlcana
Striped bass ( finger 1 Inq) , S, M Zinc nitrate 53
LC30 Adjusted
or ECSO LC50 or ECSO
19.1001" 18,180
I9,200f 17,710
1,500 1,672
1,270 2,760
30,000 14,290
1,740 2,682
5,050 7,785
6,400 9,866
300,000tftt
278,000tm
12,000 4,341
14,300f 13,610
14,400f 13,280
6,70oMttt .
Acute Value
(pg/L)**** Reference

Rehwoldt et al . 1971
17,940 Rehwoldt et al . 1972
1,672 Spehar 1976a,b
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Cairns et al . 1969
Pier son 1981
PI arson 1981
Plerson 1981
Sehgal and Sax en a
1 9oo
6,053 $8&8a' *** Saxena
4,341 Rachl In and Perl mutter
1968
Rehwoldt et al . 1971
13,450ttttf Rehwoldt et al . 1972
Rehwoldt et al . 1971
Morone saxatlI Is

-------
TabU 1.  (Continued*


3P**'**
Striped bass,
Morone saxat Ills
Striped bass (63 d) ,
Morone saxat 1 1 Is
Striped bass (63 d) ,
Morone saxat Ills
Pumpklnseed (<20 cm).
Lepomls qlbbosus

Pumpkin seed ,
Lepomls qlbbosus
Blueqlll (3.5-3.9 g) ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (3.5-3.9 g) ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (3.5-3.9 g),
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (3.5-3.9 g) ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (2.5-3.9 g) ,
l.epomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (0.96 g).
Lepomls macrochlrus
Biueglll (2.80 g) ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Hardness
(«g/L as
Uff-HshH* nh^alcal C0CQ»J
- S«i
S, M - 3D

S, U Zinc chloride 40

S, U Zinc chloride 285

S, M Zinc nitrate 53
c u - 55
S, M ~ -'-'
S. U Zinc chloride ^45^
S, U Zinc chloride ^45^
S. U Zinc chloride 170
' (18*0
S U Zinc chlor Ide 170
(30*C>
S, U Zinc chlor Ide 45

F, M Zinc chloride 45
F, M Zinc chlor Ide 45

LC50 Adjusted Species MMM
or EC50 LCSO or BCSO Acute Value
t«a/Ll»* (BaA.)*** (•fl/LI**11* Reference
6 aoot,tttt - - Rehwoldt et al .
' 1972

120 145.0 - Palawskl et al . 1985

430 98.40 119.4 Pal awskl et al . 1985

20,000* 19,040 - Rehwoldt et al . 1971
20,100* 18,540 18,790 Rehwoldt et al . 1972

. 7nn 4 592 - Cairns and Scheler
4,200 4.3« 195^ 1968. AcadaBy Qf
Natural Sciences 1960
, 500 3 827 - Cairns and Scheler
3,500 J,«*' 1957j Academy Qf Natural
Sciences 1960
,9 QOO 4 574 - Cairns and Scheler
12,900 4,3/4 J957; Acad
-------
Table 1.  (Continued}
Species
Blueglll (54.26 g) ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll (1-2 g).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll (1-2 g).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll (1-2 g) ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueqlll (1-2 g).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll (1-2 g).
L epom 1 s macroch 1 rus
Slueglll (1-2 g).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochirus
Mozambique tllapla (18 g) ,
Method*
F, M

S, U

S, U

S, U

S, U

S, U

S, U

F, M

F, M

S, U
Chemical
Zinc chlor Ide

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc chloride

Zinc sulfate

Zinc sul fate

Zinc sulfate

Zinc chloride
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCO?>
45

20
(15*C)
20
(25*C)
20
(25*C)
20
(25"C>
20
(25*C)
360
(25*C)
46

46

115
LC50 Adjusted Species Mean
or EC50 LC50 or EC50 Acute Value
3,314

6,440

5,460

4,850

5,820

5,370

40,900

9,900

12,100

1,600tf
3,623

14,000

11,870

1 0, 540

12,650

1 1 ,670

7,679

10,620

12^990 5,937

790.0 790.0
Tllapla mossamblca
                                                                                                                       Reference

                                                                                                                       Cairns and Scheler
                                                                                                                       1959

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Pickering and Henderson
                                                                                                                       1966

                                                                                                                       Cairns et al . 1971
                                                                                                                       Cairns et al . 1971
                                                                                                             790.0     Qureshl and Saksena
                                                                                                                       1980

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)
Species
Polychaete worm (juvenile),
Neanthes arenaceodentata

Polychaete worm (adult),
Neanthes areanceodentata

Polychaete worm (adult),
Nereis divers I col or

Polychaete worm (adult),
Nereis diversicol or

Polychaete worm (adult),
Nereis dlverslcolor

Polychaete worm (adult),
Nereis vlrens

Polychaete worm (adult),
Ophryotrocha dladema

Polychaete worm (adult),
Ctenodrllus serratus

Polychaete worm (larva),
Cap I tell a capltata

Polychaete worm (adult),
Cap I tell a capltata

Mud snalI (adult),
Nassarlus obsoletus

Blue mussel,
Mytil us edulls planulatus

Blue mussel,
Mytllus edulIs planulatus
Blue mussel ,
               ptanulatus
Method*
Salinity
Cheat cat . (g/kg)
LC50
or EC50
Species Moan
Acute Value
(M9/L>«**
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
S, U
S, U
R, U
R. U
R, U
S. U
s. u
S. U
S, U
S, U
S, U
R, M
F. M
F, M
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
• Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
sul fate
su 1 f ate
sul fate 0.35
sul fate 3.5
sul fate 17.5
ch 1 or 1 de 20
sul fate
sul fate
su 1 f ate
sul fate
chloride 20
chloride 34
(21 °C)
chloride
cHlorlde
900
1,800
1.500
11,000
55,000
8,100
1,400
7,100
1.700
3,500
50,000
2,500
3,600
4,300
-
1,273
-
-
9,682
8,100
1,400
7,100
-
2,439
50,000
-
-
3,934
Relsh et al. 1976
Relsh et al. 1976
Bryan and Hummerstone
1973
Bryan and Hummers tone
1973
Bryan and Hummerstone
1973
Elsler and Hennekey
1977
Relsh and Carr 1978
Relsh and Carr 1978
Relsh et al. 1976
Relsh et al . 1976
Elsler and Hennekey
1977
Ahsanul lah 1976
Ahsanu! !ah 1976
Ahsanul lah 1976
                                                                      ua'c)

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)


Species
Pac 1 f 1 c oyster ( embryo) ,
Crassostrea qlqas
Pacific oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea qlqas
Eastern oyster (embryo).
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster (embryo).
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Clam (adult) ,
Macoma balthlca
Clam (adult).
Macoma balthlca
Clam (adult),
Macoma balthlca
Clan (adult) ,
Macoma balthlca
Clan (adult) ,
Macoma balthlca
Clam (adult) ,
Macoma balthlca
Clam (adult) ,
UAS~ssma K»l+hlf»Jk


Met1""!*
s.

s,

s,

s.

s.

s.

s.

s,

s.

s.
s.
s.

s.
M

M

U

U

U

U

U

u

u

u
u
u

u


Chemical •
Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc
Zinc
Zinc

Zinc
chloride

chloride

chloride

chloride

chloride

chloride

sulfate

sul fate

sul fate

sul fate
sul fate
sul fate

sulfate
Salinity
(a/kg)


30

25

26

26
(25 C)
26
1 XA •/"* \
13U L.I
1.5
(5"C)
25
(5*C)
35
1 C •("» \
(5 C)
15
(10*C)
25
(10-C)
35
(10'C)
15
(15'C)
LC50 Species Nean
or EC50 Acute Value
~~ Ma* " *.««.<»«• •* _ ,* ^ — ^—— _.

263.5*«»*»

206.5

310

205.7

324.5

229.6

140,000

700.000

750,000

210,000
900.000
950.000

60,000
|»g/Ll""" Kerei wn.m
Nelson 1972

233.3 Olnnel et al ,

Calabrese et

Maclnnes and
1978

Maclnnes and
1978

262.5 Maclnnes and
1978

Bryant et al

Bryant et al

Bryant et al

Bryant et al
Bryant et al
Bryant et al

Bryant et al



, 1983

al. 1973

Calabrese

Cal abrese

Calabrese

. 1985

. 1985

. 1985

. 1985
. 1985
. 1985

. 1985

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)
Species

Clam (adult),
Macoma balthlca

Clam (adult),
Macoma balthlca

Quahog clam  (embryo),
MercenarI a mercenarI a

Soft-shelI clam (adult),
Mya arenarla

Soft-shell clam (adult),
Mya arenarla

Squid (larva),
Loll go opalescens

Copepod (adult),
Eurytemora afflnls

Copepod (adult),
Acartla clausl

Copepod (adult),
Acartla tonsa

Copepod (adult),
Nltocra splnlpes

Mysld (juvenile),
Mysldopsls bahI a

Mysld (juvenile),
Mysldopsls bah I a

Mysld (juvenile),
Mysldopsls bahla
Method*
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
F.
u
u
u
u
u
M
U
U
U
u
M
M
M
Chemical
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
sul fate
sul fate
chloride
ch 1 or 1 de
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
ch 1 or 1 de
chloride
ch 1 or 1 de
ch 1 or 1 de
chloride
Salinity
»*
180,000
250,000
195
7,700
5,200
>1,920
4,074
1,507
294.2
1,450
520.8
547.2
499
Species Mean
Acute Value
(Mfl/L)*** Refere*
Bryant
320,400 Bryant
ce
et al. 1985
et al. 1985
195 Calabrese and Nets*
1974
Elsler
1977
and Henneke]
6,328 Elsler 1977a
>1,920 Dlnnel
4,074 Lussier
1985
1,507 Lussier
1985
294.2 Lussier
1985
et al. 1983
and Card In
and Card In
and Card In
1,450 Bengtsson 1978
Lussier
1985
Lussier
1985
499 Lussier
and Gentlli
and Gent HI
et al. 198!

-------
Table 1.  (Continued)
Species
Method"
Mysld (juvenile) ,
s.
H
Che* leal
Zinc
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
LC50
or EC50
(»g/L)*»

591.3
Specie* NMMI
Acute Value
<»Q/L)M»
591 .3
Mysldopsls blgelowl
Am phi pod
Coroph 1 urn
Am phi pod
Coroph 1 urn
Am phi pod
Coroph (urn
Am phi pod
Corophlum
Am phi pod
Corophlum
Am phi pod
Corophlum
Am phi pod
Corophlum
Am phi pod
(adult).
volutator
(adult).
vo 1 utator
(adult).
volutator
(adult).
volutator
(adult),
vo 1 utator
(adult),
volutator
(adult),
vo 1 utator
(adult).
s.

s.

S.

s.

S.

S.

s,

s,
U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U
Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc

Zinc
sul

sul

sul

sul

sul

sul
,
sul

sul
fata

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate

fate
Corophlum volutator
Am phi pod
Corophlum
Am phi pod
(adult),
volutator
(adult).
S,

s.
U

U
Zinc

Zinc
sul

sul
fate

fate
Corophlum volutator
Am phi pod
(adult) ,
s,
U
Zinc
sul
fate
Coroph 1 urn volutator
Am ph I pod
Coroph 1 urn
(adult).
vo 1 utator
s.

U

Zinc

sul

fate

5
(5*C)
10
(5*C)
15
(5*C)
25
(5*C)
35
(5*0
5
(10»C)
10
(10'C)
15
(10 *C)
25
(10 'O
35
(10 *C)
5
(15*C)
10
(15*C)
1.

4,

6,

12,

16.

>128,

1.

8,

11.

15,

1.

3.

000

600

500

000

000

ooomt

600

500

000

000

100

200

-

-

-

-

-

'_

-

-

-

-

-

-

                                                                                                                           Reference

                                                                                                                           Lussler  and Gentile
                                                                                                                           1985

                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1965


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al . 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant  et  al. 1985


                                                                                                                           Bryant  et  al. 1985

-------
     Table 1.  (Continued)
     Species

     Amphlpod (adult),
     Corophlum volutator

     Amphlpod (adult),
     Corophlum volutator

     Amphlpod (adult),
     Corophlum volutator

     Lobster (adult),
     Homarus amerlcanus

     Lobster (larva),
     Homarus amerlcanus

     Lobster ( larva),
     Homarus amerlcanus

     Lobster (larva),
<~n   Homarus amerlcanus

     Lobster (larva),
     Homarus amerlcanus

     Hermit crab (adult),
     Pagurus  long I carpus

     Dung en ass crab ( larva) ,
     Cancer maglster

     Green crab ( larva) ,
     Carclnus maenas

     Starfish (adult),
     Aster I as forbeslI
     Mummlchog (adult),
     Fundulus heteroclItus

     Munmlchoq (adult) ,
     Fundulus heteroclItus
Method*
s.
s.
s,
F,
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s,
s.
s,
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
H
u
u
u
u
Che* leal
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
sul fate
chloride
chloride
chloride
Salinity
Cg/kg)
15
25
(15*C)
35
(15*C)
-
30
30
30
30
20
30
-
20
6.1
24
LC50
or EC50
3,400
4,400
3,600
48,000**
575
574.5
362.5
175
400
586.1
1,000
39,000
17,500
31,500
Specie* Mean
Acute Value
(*g/L)*** Reference
Bryant et al
Bryant et al
4,683 Bryant et al
Hay a et al .
Johnson 1985
Johnson 1985
Johnson 1985
380.5 Johnson 1985
400 Elsler and H
1977
586.1 Olnnel et al
1,000 Connor 1972
39,000 Elsler and H
1977
Dorfman 1977
Dorfman 1977
. 1985
. 1985
. 1985
1983




en n eke
. 1983

enneke



-------
Table I.  (Continued)
Species

Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heterclltus

Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus

Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heterclltus

Mummlchog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclltus

Atlantic sllverslde
(2-wk larva),
Men Id la men Id la

Atlantic sllverslde
(newly hatched larva),
Men Id la men Id la

Atlantic sllverslde
(newly hatched larva),
Men Id la menldla

Atlantic sllverslde
(newly hatched larva),
Men Id la menldla

Atlantic sllverslde
(newly hatched larva),
Menldla menldla

Tidewater sllverslde
(juven lie),
Menldla penlnsulae

Striped bass (63 day),
Morone saxatIlls

Spot  ( juven lie) ,
Leiostomus  xantnurus
Method*
s. u
s, u
s, u
s. u
s, u
s, u
s, u
s, u
s, u
Salinity
Chemical (g/kg)
Zinc sulfate 6.0
Zinc sulfate 22.9
Zinc chloride 20
Zinc chloride 30
Zinc chloride 31.2
Zinc chloride 30
Zinc chloride 30.2
Zinc chloride 30
Zinc chloride 30
LC50
or EC50
(ng/L)"
32,000
27,500
60,000
6(3,040
4,960
4,170
3,703
3,060
2,728
Species Mean
Acute Value
(»q/L)**" Reference
Dorfman 1977
Oorfman 1977
Elsler and H
1977
36,630 Card In 1985
Card In 1965
Card In 1985
Card In 1985
Card In 1985
3,640 Card In 1985
S,  U
Zinc sulfate



Zinc chloride


Zinc sulfate
20



 I


25
 5,600



   430


38,000
 5,600



   430


38,000
                                                                                        Han sen 1983
                                                                                        Palawskl et al .
                                                                                        1985

                                                                                        Hansen 1983-

-------
TabI* 1.  (Continued)

Cabezon ( larva) ,
Scorpaenlchthys marmoratus
Winter flounder (larva),
Pseudopleuronectes amerlcanus
Winter flounder (larva),
P seudop 1 euronectes amer 1 can us
Method*
S. M
S, U
S. U
« S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through
** Results are expressed as zinc, not as the
«»» Freshwater LC50s and EC50s were adjusted
ChealcaL
Zinc chloride
Zinc chloride
Zinc ch.or.de
; M - measured
chemical .
to hardness =
Sellnlty
27
30
30
; U = measured.
50 mg/L using the
LC50 Species NMH
or EC50 Acute Value
191.4 191.4
18,207
4.922 9,467
pooled slope of 0.8195 (see text).
»c +Ka hjtrrlna^c -
Reference
Dlnnel et al . ,983
Card In 1985
Card In 1985
When the hardness Is
                 a  range,  the  geometric mean of the  I
*«»»    Freshwater  Species Maan  Acute Values were  calculated  at  hardness = 50 mg/L.
»»»»«   Calculated  by  problt analysis of  the authors' data.
*       In  river  water or stream water.
tf      Average of  values calculated using two different methods.
tft     Value not used in calculation of  slope or  Species  Mean Acute  Value because  this was . "greater  than"  value and  a number  of other
        values are available for this species.
tttt    value not ^ ,„ ca.cu.atlon of  slope or  Spec.es  Mean Acute  Value  because  va.ue appeared  to be high In comparison with  other values
        available for this species.
ttm  Not used In calculation of Genus  Maan  Acute  Value  (see text).
t«      Va,ue not used In calculation of Spec.es Mean Acute Value because data are callable for a more sensitive life stage.

-------
   Table 1.  (Continued)


                                       Results of Covarlance Analysis of Freslwater Acute Toxicltv versus Hardness
Ul
Ul
Species
n
Physa heterostropjia 12
Daphn la magna
Ra Inbow trout
Brook trout
Fathead minnow
Guppy
Striped bass
Bl ueq 1 1 1
Al 1 of above
7
25
6
36
5
2
16
109
Slope Standard Deviation
0
1
0
0
0
1
.9296
.2549
.8755
.8179
.8310
.6441
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2590
.4026
.1152
.1243
.2217
.4432
951 Confidence LI* Its
0.3521,
0
0
0
0
0
.2206,
.6370,
.4731,
.3802,
.2323,
1
2
1
1
1
.5071
.2892
.1140
.1627
.2818
3.0559
0.6500 -* -* , -*
0
0
.5603
.8473««
0
0
.1461
.0866
0.2467,
0
.6754,
0
1
.8739
.0192
Degrees of Freedom
10
5
23
4
34
3
0
14
100
                      *   Standard deviation and confidence limits cannot be calculated  because degrees of  freedom =• 0.

                      •»  P = 0.77 for equality of slopes.

-------
Table 2.  Chronic ToxicIty of Zinc to Aquatic Anlaals
Hardness
(MQ/L as Limits


Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran ,
Daphnla magna
Caddlsfly,
C 1 1 storon 1 a maqn 1 f 1 ca
Sockeye salmon,
Oncorhynchus nerka
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout.
Salmo galrdner j
Rainbow trout.
S a 1 mo qalrdner 1
Brook trout.
Salvel Inus fontlnal Is
Fathead minnow.
Plmephales promelas
Flag fish.
Jordanella florldae
Guppy,
Pnacllla retlculata
Test*

LC

LC
LC
LC
LC
ELS

ELS

ELS

ELS

LC

LC

LC

LC

Chemical

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
CaCO,)
FRESHWATER
45

52
104
211
31
32-37

25

26

25

45.9

46

.44

30

(uq/L)««
SPECIES
<140.3t

97-190
43-52
42-52
>5,243ft
>242n

270-510

140-547

444-819

534-1,368

78-145

26-51

<173f

Chronic Value
(iiq/L)

<140.3

135.8
47.29
46.73
>5,243
>242

371.1

276.7

603.0

854.7

106.3

36.41

<173


Reference

Bleslnger et al .
f QQ4L
I9OO
Chapman et al .
Manuscript
Chapman et al „
Manuscript
Chapman et al •
Manuscript
Nebeker et al .
1984
Chapman 1978a

Chapman 1975

Slnley at al . t974

Cairns at al «, 1982

Hoi combe at al . 1979

Benoit and Hoi com be
1 070
1 7/O
Spenar S976asb

PI arson 1981


-------
TabU 2. (Continued)
Spaclas
Mysld.
Mysldopsls bahla

Tast* ChaMlcal
LC Zinc
chlor Ide
Hardness
tmg/L as Halts Chronic Valu*
SALTWATER SPECIES
30m 120-231 166.5
Rafaraaca
Lussler at al .
1985
*   LC = life-cycle or partial life-cycle;  ELS = early life-stage.



**  Results are based on measured concentrations of zinc.



*   Unacceptable effects occurred at all  concentrations tested.
tt
    The highest concentration tasted did not cause unacceptable effects.
ttf salinity (g/kg), not hardness.

-------
Table 2.  (Continued)
                                                   Acute-Chronic Ratio
                                                Hardness

Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Sockeye salmon.
Onchohynchus nerka
Chinook salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytsgha
Rainbow trout.
S a 1 mo qalrdner 1
Brook trout.
Salvellnus fontlnal Is
Fathead minnow.
Plmephales promelas
F 1 aq f 1 sh ,
Jordanel la f lor Idas
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bah la

(•g/L as Acute Veloe
CaCOx) (MQ/L)
52-54 ^334

104-105 525

196-211 655

32-37 1,470

23-25 97-701*

25-26 430

45.9 1,996**

46 600

44 1 , 500

30*** 499

Chronic Value
(»g/L)
135.8

47.29

46.73

>242

371.1

276.7

854.7

106.3

36.41

166.5


Ratio
2.459

11.10

14.02

<6.074

0.2614
1 .889
1.554

2.335

5.644

41.20

2.997

                    *    Range of values given In Chapman (1975,1978a>  for  Juveniles.
                    *»   Geometric mean of three values In Table I  from Ho I combe and Andrew
                    »*»  Salinity (g/kg).
(1978).

-------
Table 3.  Ranked Genus NMM Acute Values tilth Species NMW Acute-Chronic Ratios
Rank*
«B^HW^M»
35
34
33
32
31
30
Ol
VO
29

28
27
26
Genus Mean
Acute Value
t.g/L)*"

88,960
19,800
18,400
17,940
16,820
13,630
10,560

10,250
9,712
8,157
Species
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Dam set fly,
Argia sp.
Am phi pod,
Crangonyx pseudogracl 1 Is
Worm,
Nal^ sp.
Banded kill Iflsh,
Fundulus dlaphanu^
Snail ,
Amnlcola sp.
American eel ,
Angull la rostrata
Pumpkin seed ,
Lepomls glbbosus
Bluegll 1,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Worm,
Lumbrlculus varlegatus
Iso pod,
A sell us blcrenata
1 so pod ,
Species Mean
Acute Value
(nfl/L)*"*

88.960
19,800
18,400
17,940
16,820
13,630
18,790
5,937
10,250
9,712
5,731
11,610
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio****

-
-
-
-
-
-
                      AselI us communls

-------
Table 5.  (Continued)
Rank*
••^•WMW
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
Genus Nean
Acute Value
**
8,100
7,233
6,580
6,053
6,000
5,228
4,900
4,341
3.830
3,265
2,100
1,707
Species
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Northern squawflsh,
Ptychochellus oreqonens Is
Guppy,
Poecll la retlculata
Golden shiner,
Notemlqonus crysoleucas
White sucker,
Catostomus commersonl
Asiatic clam,
Cor bleu la flumlnea
Southern platyflsh,
Xlphophorus maculatus
Fathead minnow,
P 1 mepha 1 es prome 1 as
1 so pod,
Llrceus alabamae
Brook trout ,
Salvellnus tontlnalls
Bryozoan ,
Lophopodella carter 1
Species Mean
Acute Value
8,100
7,233
6,580
6,053
6,000
5,228
4,900
4,341
3,830
3,265
2,100
1,707
Species Nean
Acute-Chroelc
-
~
-
-
5.644
2.335

-------
TabU 3.  (Continued)
Rank*
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
Genus Mean
Acut* Valua
(*gA)** Species
1,672 Flaqflsh,
Jordanella florldae
1,607 Bryozoan,
P 1 umate 1 1 a rostrata
1,578 Snail,
Hellsoma campanulatum
1,353 Snail,
Physa gyrlna
Snail ,
Physa heterostropha
1,307 Bryozoan,
Pectlnetella magnified
>1,264 Tublflcld worm,
Llmnodrllus hof froelsterl
1,225 Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
1,030 Co ho salmon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Sockeye salmon, -
Oncorhynchus nerka
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
790.0 Mozambique tllapla.
Species Keen Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
*** Ratio****
1,672 41.20
1,607
1,578
1 ,683
1,088
1,307
>1,264
689.3 1.554
2, 176
1 ,628
1,502 <6.074
446.4 0.7027f
790.0
                          Tllapla mossamblca

-------
                                 Table 3.  (Continued)
Rank*
4

3
2
1
Genus Mean
Acute Value
299.8

227.8
119.4
93.95
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Longfln dace,
Agosla chrysogaster
Striped bass,
Morone saxatllls
Cladoceran ,
Cerlodaphnla dubla
Cladoceran,
Species Mean
Acute Value
Ufl/L)***
355.5
252.9
227.8
119.4
174.1
50.70
Species Neaa
Acute-ChroM Ic
Ratio****
7.260tf
-
-
-
                                                          Cerlodaphnla retlculata
N>

-------
TabU 3.  (ContlniMd)
Rank*
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
Genus M»an
Acute Value
<»S/L)**
320,400
50,000
39,000
38,000
36,630
9,467
7,100
6,328
4,683
4,515
Species Maan
Acute Value
Species <.a/L>*«
SALTWATER SPECIES
Clam,
Macoma balthlca
Mud snail,
Nassarlus obsoletus
Starfish,
Asterlas forbesll
Spot,
Lelostomus xanthurus
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroci Itus
Winter flounder,
P seudop 1 euronectes amerlcanus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodr 1 1 us worm
Soft-shel 1 clam,
Mya arenarla
Am phi pod,
Corophlum volutator
Atlantic sllverslde.
Men Id la men Id la
Tidewater sllverslde.
320,400
50,000
39,000
38,000
36,630
9,467
7,100
6,328
4,683
3,640
5,600
Species Maan
Acute-Chronic
-
                         Men Id la penlnsulae

-------
Table 3.  (Continued)
Rank*
^MBMBBVi^BV
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
6enus Man
Acute Value
<«q/L)** Species
8,856 Polychaete worm.
Nereis divers Icolor
Polychaete worm.
Nereis vlrens
4,074 Copepod,
Eurytemora afflnls
3,934 Blue mussel ,
Mytllus edulls
2,439 Polychaete worm,
Capltel la capitate
>1,920 Squid,
Lol 1 go opalescens
1,450 Copepod,
Nltocra splnlpes
1,400 Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
1,273 Polychaete worm
Neanthes arenaceodentata
1,000 Green crab,
Carclnus maenus
665.9 Copepod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod,
Acartla tonsa
586.1 Oungeness crab.
Specie* Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
(»g/L>*** Ratio****
9,682
8,100
4,074
3,934
2,439
>1,920
1,450
1,400
1,273
1,000
1,507
294.2
586.1
_
                          Cancer mag I star

-------
                                TabU 3.  (Continued)
                                          Genus Mean
                                          Acute Value
Ul
6


5


4


3






2


t
543.2






430


400


380.5


247.5






195


191.4
Spec Us

Mysld.
Mysldopsls bah Ia

Mysld,
Mysldoopsls blgelowl

Striped bass,
Morone saxatlI Is

Hermit crab,
Pagurus long I carpus

Lobster,
Homarus amerlcanus

Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea glgas

Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virgin lea

Qua hog clam,
Mercenarla mercenarla

Cabezon,
Scorpaenlchthys marreoratus
Spacles New*
Acute Value
  (i.g/1.)***

     499


     591.3


     430


     400


     380.5


     233.3


     262.5


     195


     191.4
                                                                       Sp«cles Mean
                                                                       Acute-CliroNlc
                                                                         Ratio"***

                                                                            2.997
                                *     Ranked fron  most resistant  to most  sensitive based  on Genus  Mean Acute Value.
                                      Inclusion of "greater  than" values  does not necessarily Imply a true ranking,
                                      but does allow use of  all genera for which useful  data are available so that
                                      the Final  Acute Value  Is not unnecesarlly lowered.

                                **    Freshwater Genus Mean  Acute Values  are at hardness » 50 mg/L.

                                ***   From Table 1;  freshwater values are at hardness •  50 mg/L.

                                »»»»  From Table 2.

                                *     Geometric mean of range given In Table 2.

                                **    Geometric mean of three values In Table 2.

-------
Table 3.  {Continued)
Fresh water
     Final Acute Value = 130.1  pg/L (at hardness = 50 mg/L)
     Criterion Maximum Concentration = (130.1  pg/L) / 2 = 65.05  pg/L (at hardness = 50 mg/L)
          Pooled Slope = 0.8473 (see Table 1)
          ln(Crlterlon Maximum Intercept) - ln(65.05) - (slope x ln(50)l
                                          * 4.175 - (0.8473 x 3.9120) =• 0.8604
     Criterion Maximum Concentration = e«>.8473Un(hardness) 1*0.8604)
          Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 2.208 (sea text)
     Final Chronic Value = (130.1 pg/L) / 2.208 = 58.92 pg/L (at hardness = 50 mg/L)
          Assumed Chronic Slope = 0.8473 (see taxt)
           ln(Flnal Chronic Intercept) = ln<58.92) - Islope x  ln(50)l
                                      = 4.076 - (0.8473 x 3.9120) = 0.7614
     Final Chronic Value = e10'8473' '"'hardness) '^^614)

 Salt water
     Final Acute Value = 190.2 pg/L
     CrSterlon Maximum Concentration =  (190.2 pg/L) /2  = 95,10 pg/L
          Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 2.208 (saa  text)
     Final Chronic  Value =  (190.2  [JQ/D / 2.208  =  86.14  pg/L

-------
Table 4.  ToxicIty of Zinc to Aquatic Plants
           Hardness
Species
Blue- green alqa,
Chroococcus par Is
Green alga,
Chlaraydomonas varlabllls
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas sp.
Green alqa,
Chloral la pyrenoldosa
Green alga,
Chlorel la saccharophl la
Green alga,
Chlorel la sal Ina
Green alga,
Chlorel la vulgarls
Green alga,
Chlorel la vulgarls
Green alga,
Chlorel la vulgarls
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadr Icauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadr Icauda
Green alga,
Selenastrum caprlcornututn
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr Icornutucn
Chemical
(•g/L as Duration Concentration
CaCOi) (days) Effect (*9/L)*
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
10
6
68 10
4
4
4
4
15
33
68 5
4
7
14
Reduced growth
3 Of reduction In
division rate
Reduced growth
LC50
EC50
LC50
EC 50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(cell division)
Reduced growth
LC50
>400
503
15,000
>200,000
7,100
>200,000
2,400
11,990-
23,980
5,100
20,000
>200.000
Incipient growth 30
Inhibition
EC95 40.4
(growth)
                                                                 Reference
                                                                 Las  and Walker  1984
                                                                 Bates  et  al.  1983
                                                                 Cairns  et al.  1978
                                                                 Wong  et  al .  1979
                                                                 Rachlln  et al .  1982
                                                                  Wong  et al . 1979
                                                                  Rachl In and  Farran
                                                                  1974

                                                                  Ral  et al. 1981 a
                                                                  Rosko and Rachl In
                                                                  1977

                                                                  Cairns et al. 1978
                                                                  Wong et al . 1979
                                                                  Bartleft et al. 1974
                                                                  Greene et al . 1975

-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Species

Green alga,
Selenastrum caprlcornutum

Green alga,
Selenastrum caprlcornutum

Diatom,
Cyclotella meneqhinlana

Diatom,
Navlcula  Incerta

Diatom,
Navlcula  semlnulum

Diatom,
Navlcula  semlnulum

Diatom,
Navlcula  semlnulum

Diatom,
Navlcula  semlnulum

Diatom,
Navlcula  semlnulum

 Diatom,
Navlcuia  semlnulum

 Diatom,
 Nltzschla_ 11 near Is

 Duckweed,
 Lemma qlbba

 Duckweed,
 Lemna minor
Chemical

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
chloride
 Zinc
 chloride

 Zinc
 sul fate

 Zinc
 sulfate
 Duckweed,
 Lemna minor
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOj)

-
68
-
58
(22 °C)
58
(28 *C)
58
(30 *C)
174
(22 *C)
174
(28 *C>
174
(30 *C)
294.6
-
-
-
Duration Concentration
fdavs) Effect («fl/L»*
14 EC95
(growth)
14-21 EC50
( blomass)
5 Reduced
growth
4 EC50
5 EC50
(growth)
5 EC50
(growth)
5 EC50
(growth)
5 EC50
(growth)
5 EC50
(growth)
5 EC50
(growth)
5 LC50
70 Did not re-
duce bl amass
28 EC50
(tissue damage
and death)
4 EC50
(growth)
68
50.9
20,000
10,000
4,290
1,590
1,320
4,050
2,310
3,220
4,300
654
67,700
10,000
Reference
Greene at al . 1975
Turbak at al . 1986
Cairns at al . 1978
Rachlln at al. 1983
Academy of Natural
Sciences 1960
Academy of Natural
Sciences 1960
Academy of Natural
Sciences I960
Academy of Natural
Sciences 1960
Academy of Natural
Sciences 1960
Academy of Natural
Sciences 1960
Patrick at al . 1968
Van der Werff and
Pruyt 1982
Brown and Rattlgen .
1979
Wang 1986 a

-------
Table 4.  (Continued)
Specie*                      Chealcal

Duckweed,                    Zinc
Splrodela  polyrhlza          sulfate

Macrophyte,                  Zinc
Callltrlche plataycarpa      sulfate

Eurasian waterm II fol I,
MyrlophyIlum splcatum

Macrophyte,                  Zinc
El odea canadensls            sulfate
Macrophyte,                  Zinc
Elodea nuttallll             sulfate
Diatom,                      Zinc
Navlcula  Incerta             chloride

Diatom,                      Zinc
Nltzschla cIosterlum         sulfate

Diatom,                      Zinc
Nltzschla cIosterturn         sulfate

Diatom,                      Zinc
Schroederella schroedarl     sulfate

Dlnoflagellate.              Zinc
Gymnodlnlum splendens        sulfate

Dlnoflagellate.              Zinc
Procentrum ml cans            sulfate
Hardness
(•g/L M
CaCO,)
-
-
-
—
-
SALTWATER
-
-
-
32*«»
32»»»
32»«»
Duration
(days)
70
73
32
28
73
SPECIES
4
4
4
4
4
4
Concentration
Effect (PoA)»
Did not re- 654
duce blomass
Did not re- 654
duce blomass
EC50 21,600
(root weight)
EC50 22,500
(tissue damage
and death)
Did not re- 654
duce blomass
EC50 10,100
(growth)
EC 50 271
(growth)
EC50«» 360
(growth)
EC50 19.01f
(growth)
EC50 3,716f
(growth)
EC50 319.1f
(growth)
Refer ance
Van der Werff and
Pruyt 1982
Van der Werff and
Pruyt 1982
Stanley 1974
Brown and Rattlgan
1979
Van der Werff and
Pruyt 1982
Rachlln et al . 1983
Rosko and Rachl In
1975
Rosko and Rachl In
J975
Kayser 1977
Kayser 1977
Kayser 1977

-------
Table 4. {Continued)
Species Che* leal
Coccol Ithophor Id, Zinc
Crlcosphaera carterae sul fate
Giant kelp (young fronds),
Macrocvstls pyrlfera

Hardness
{«g/L as Duration Concentration
CaCOj) (do»») Effect (»g/L>*
• 4 EC50 76.69»»
(growth)
4 EC50 10,000
(photo syn-
thetic rate)
Reference
StlllweN IS
ClendennSng
North 1959
>77
and
*   Ooncentratlon of zinc, not the chemical



**  With chelatlng agent.



*** Salinity (g/kg), not hardness.



*   Calculated from author's data.

-------
                                   Table 5.  BloaccuMulatloH off Zinc by Aquatic Organ I
Spec Us                      Chamlcal
Asiatic clam.                Zinc
(1-3 yr),                    sulfate
Corblcula flumlnea

Asiatic clam.                Zinc
(1-3 yr),                    sulfate
Corblcula flumlnea

Asiatic clam,                Zinc
(1-3 yr) ,                    sulfate
Corblcula flumlnea

Mayfly,                      Zinc
Ephemeral la 9rand Is          suIfate

Stonefly,                    Zinc
Pteronarcys callfornlca      sulfate

Atlantic  salmon,             Zinc
Salmo  salar                  sulfate

Flag fish,                    Zinc
Jordanella florldae          sulfate

Guppy,                       Zinc
Poecllla  retlculata          sulfate

Guppy,                       Zinc
PoeclI la  retlculata          sulfate

Guppy,                       Zinc
PoeclI la  retlculata          sulfate
                   Hardness
Concentration      («g/L as    Duration
In water (»q/L)«    CaCCM      (days!   Tissue
            FRESHWATER SPECIES

    218             58.3          28



    433             58.3          28



    835             58.3          28



                   30-70          14


                   30-70          14


                   12-24  ..       80


     139             45            100


     173             30            134


     328             30            134


     607             30            134
Soft
tlssua
Soft
tissue
Soft
tissue
Whole
body

Whole
body

Whole
body

Whole
body

Whole
body

Whole
body

Whole
body
                                                                                             BCF or
                                                                                             BAF*"      Reference
                                                                                             126.2*»*   Graney et al. 1963
   71.6*»»    Graney  et al.  1983
  102.2»*»   Graney  et al.  1983
1,130        Nehrlng  1976
  106        Nehrlng  1976
   51         Farmer et al . 1979
  417.3««"   Spehar et al . 1978
  477.8
  534.9

  492.8
  965.5

  466.3
  512.4
Pier son 1981


Plerson 1981


Plerson 1981

-------
IBUIV *• %v*»*ii ••••••——-
Species
Concentration
s»h._i«»i In water (iiQ/L)*

Salinity Duration
Co/ka) 
-------
         Table 5.  (Continued)
OJ

Species
Barnacle (adult) ,
Balanus balanoldes

Shrimp (adult).
Pandalus montagu 1
Mummlchog (Juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus

Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (juvenile).
Fundulus heteroclltus
Che* leal

—


Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Concentration
In water (»q/L>*
to Ł
IB.O

ŁC
O J
210

210
O 1 f\
810

810
7,880

7,880

Salinity Duration
 (days)
30


14

56

56
56


56
56

56

Tissue
Soft
tissue

Whole
body
Scales

Whole
body
Scales


Whole
body
Scales

Whole
body

BCF or
BAF"
951.6*


3.692»»»'t»
+ * •*• +
40.95T'm

18. 10*'*"
t4> <•>•*•
«.*, 'tft


•*• •*• + +
28.60t»ttT
t+ + +
,.,«, 'tft

Reference
White and Walker
1981

*** Ray at a' •
Y%0
wIV!Eeaf^84

Sata«arte4
Sauer and
Watabe™ 984

§3^9^984
wS^Ee"?^

Wa^Ite"?^

* Measured concentration of zinc.
»» Bloconcentratloi
i factors (BCFs)
and bloaccumul atlon
_ _ _ 	 	 .^__.^ i
factors (BAFs) are based on measured concentrations ?' zl"c ["
,:„ *JL ^.i^h +h« n«omatrlc mean factor was calculated Is given
                 IT a I t\Jii  i «*- i *-" 3 * UVM ^ *  M..—  —.	—
       	_.._  In  tissue.   Number of  exposure concentrations from

       fn parentheses  when  It Is greater than 1.

»»«    Factor was converted  from dry weight to wet weight basis.


*«»*   Steady-state  reached.

*****  F|a|d study.


f      Calculated  from  authors' data or graph.


t*     Steady-state not reached.


       Concentration of zinc was the same  In exposed  and  control  animals.
           ftt

-------
Table 6.  Other Data on  Effects of Zinc on Aquatic Organ I
Species
Green alga,
Chlorel la vulgar is
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr icornutum
Green alga,
Selenastrum capr t cor nut urn
Green alga,
Chlorel la vulgar Is
Green alga,
Pedlastrum tetras
Green alga,
Scanedesmus quadr Icauda
Perl phyton,
Mixed species
Water weed,
E lodea (Anachar Is)
canadensis
Moss,
F ont 1 na 1 1 s ant ! pyret 1 ca
Bacter turn,
Escher Ichla col 1
Bacterium,
Escher Ichla col 1
Mixed hetartrophlc
bacter la
Mixed haterotrophlc
bacter la
Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
phosphate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
-
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chior Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Hardness
Cng/L as
CaCOjl. Duration
FRESHWATER SPECIES
1 hr
14 days
4 hr
3 wk
3 wk
96 hr
3 wk"
1 day
1-6 days
30 mln
0.5 hr
3 days
Concentration
Effect 
-------
Table 6. (Continued)


Species
Bacterium,
NItrobacter sp. and
Nltrosomonas sp.
Protozoan,
Mlcroreqma heterostoma
Protozoan,
Parameclum caudatum
Euglena,
Euqlena vlrldls
PI ankton,
Mixed species
Zoopl ankton.
Mixed species
Rotifer,
Phllodlna acutlcornls


Worm,
Aeolosoma headleyl


Tub! field worm,
Tublfex tublfex
Tubl field worm.
Tublfex tublfex
Tubl field worm,
Tublfex tublfex and
Hardness
(•g/L as
Chen leal CaCOj)



Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sulfate
-
Zinc
chloride
Zinc 45
sul fate


Zinc 45
sul fate


Zinc 34.2
sul fate
Zinc 224
chloride
Zinc
sul fate


Concentration
n.«r»+ln« Effect CuO/D"
4 hr EC50


28 hr Incipient
Inhibition
1.5 hr Reduced vitality

3 wk BCF=144

2 wk Reduced primary
productivity
100,000


330
3,500

-

15
3 wk Reduced crustacean 100
density and diversity
48 hr lŁ50(5*C)
(10'C)
(15*C)
(20 *C)
(25*C)
48 hr LC50(5BC)
(10'C)
(I5'C)
(20'C>
(25 *C)
48 hr LC50
48 hr LC50

24 hr LC50

1,550
1,300
780
600
500
18,100
17,600
15,600
15,000
13,500
2,980
130,000

46,000


Reference
Will lam son and
Nelson 1983


Br Ingmann and Kuhn
1959b
Mills I976a

Coleman et al . 1971

Marshal 1 et al . 1983
Marshal 1 et al . 1981
Cairns et al . 1978


Cairns et al . 1978


Brkovlc-Popovlc and
Popov Ic 1977a
Qureshl et al . 1980

Whltley 1968

 Llmnodrllus hoffmelsterl

-------
Table 6. fContlnued)
SpeCleS

Snail,
Gonlobasls llvescens

Snail,
Nltocrls sp.
Sna 11,
Lymnaea emarqlnata

Snail  (adult),
Physa gyrlna

Snail,
Physa Integra

Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla dubla

Cl adoceran,
Cerlodaphnla dubla
Cladoceran (<6 hr),
Cerlodaphnla retlculata


Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate



Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride



Zinc
chloride



Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCO}>
137-171

45




137-171

36

137-171

36

36
36
68
82
90
353
376
392
362
392




Concentration
Duration
48 hr

48 hr




48 hr

30 days

48 hr

7 days

48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr




Effect
LC50

LC50(5*C)
(10«C)
(15*C)
(20 'O
(25*0
LC50

No effect
LC50
LC50

Chronic value
(river water)
EC 50 (Immobll
za t Jon; river
water)


EC50 (high
solids)



Cng/L)*
13,500

4,800
4,600
2,800
1,900
1,650
4,150

570
771
4.400

167

1- 164
149
222
366
255
224
114
96
264
195
Reference
Cairns at al . 1976

Cairns et al . 1978




Cairns et al . 1976

Nebeker et al . 1986

Cairns et al . 1976

Carlson et al . 1986

Carlson et al „ 1986




Carl son and Roush
1985




-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species

Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnla galeata mendotae
Cladoceran (young),
Daphnla galeata mendotae

Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna

Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna

Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna

Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna

Cl adoceran,
Daphnla magna

Cladoceran (3-5 days),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnla magna
 Cl adoceran,
 Daphnla magna
Chemical
-
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fata
Zinc
sul fata
Zinc
sul fata
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCO}> Duration
2 wk
2 Mk
16 hr
48 hr
45.3 48 hr
45.3 21 days
45.3 21 days
288 24 hr
72 hr
72 hr
45 48 hr
Concentration
Effect (iiq/L)«
BCF =9,400
BCF=5.833
BCF =6, 333
BCF =9 ,933
BCF=6,933
EC50
( Immobll Izatlon)
EC50
(river t«ter)
EC 50
( Immobll Izatlon)
(fed)
EC50
( Immobll Izatlon)
\6% reproductive
Itnpa Irment
EC50
(swimming)
LC50(10*C)
(15*C)
(25 *C)
(30*C)
LCSOdO'C)
(15*C)
(25 *C)
(30'C)
LC50(5*C>
(10*C)
(15*C)
(20*C>
15
30
60
15
30
<1 9,440
1,800
280
158
70
14,000
5,050
1,096
565
14.0
1,316
1,100
1,010
5.0
2,300
1,700
1,100
560
Reference
Marshall at al . 1983
Marshall at al . 1983
Anderson 1944
Brlngmann and Kuhn
1959a,b
Bleslnger and
Chrlstensen 1972
Bleslnger and
Chrlstensen 1972
Bleslnger and
Chrlstensen 1972
Brlngmann and Kuhn
1977
Brag Inskly and
She her ban 1978
Brag Inskly and
Shcherban 1978
Cairns et al . 1978

-------
TabU 6. (ContlnuMl)
Spaclas
Cl adoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cl adoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cl adoceran
Bosmlna longlrostrls
Cl adoceran,
Eubosmlna coreqon 1
Cope pod (adult),
Tj-opocykops praslnus
Crayfish (adult) ,
Orconectes v Iritis
Mayfly,
Cloeon dlpterum
Mayfly (naiad),
Ephemeral la grand Is
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la subvarla
Damsel f 1 y.
Unidentified
Stonef !y (naiad) ,
Pteronarcys callfornlca
Stonef 1 y,
Acroneurla lycorlas
Caddlsfly,
Hydropsyche batten 1
Chanlcal
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
-
-
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCO,)
130-160
45
-
-
10
10
120
26
30-70
54
50
30-70
50
52
Duration
50-70 days
48 hr
2 wk
2 wk
48 hr
14 days
72 hr
14 days
10 days
96 hr
14 days
14 days
11 days
Effact
Reduced
1 ong ev 1 ty
LC50(5*C)
(10'C)
(15*0
(25*C>
BCF=1 1,930
BCF- 6,300
BCF- 5,183
BCF»1 0,870
8CF- 6,833
BCF- 3,867
EC50
(motll Ity)
1C 50
LC50(10*C)
(15*0
(25'C)
(30 "O
LC50
1C 50
I,C50
LC50
UC50
LC50
CoacaNtratloN
(pg/L)»
100
1,600
1,200
940
280
15
30
60
15
30
60
52
264
2,934
84,000
35,710
6,920
2,846
1,330
>9,200
16,000
26,200
>13,900
32,000
32,000
R«fwwica
Winner 1981
Cairns at al. 1978
Marshall at al. 1983
Marshall at al. 1983
Lalanda and Plnal-
Alloul 1986
Miranda 1986
Braglnskly and
Shcherban 1978
Nehrlng 1976
War nick and Bel 1
1969
Rehwoldt at al . 1973
Nehrlng 1976
War nick and Bel 1
1969
War nick and Bel 1
1969

-------
Tabla 6. (Continued)
Spaclas

Caddlsfly,
Un Identified

Mosquito (pupa),
Aedes aegyptl

Midge,
Chlronomous sp.

Midge (embryo  to 3rd  In star),
Tanytarsus dIsslmlI Is

Coho salmon (fry),
Oncorhynchus klsutch

Coho salmon (2.9 g),
Oncorhynchus klsutch

Sockeye salmon (alavln)
(acclimated to zinc),
Oncorhynchus nerka

Sockeye salmon (alevln)
(acclimated to zinc),
Oncorhynchus nerka

Sockeye salmon (alevln),
Oncorhynchus nerka

Sockeye salmon,
Oncorhynchus nerka

Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerI
Rainbow trout
(7.62  cm),
Salmo  galrdnerI

Ra Inbow trout
(7.62  cm),
Salmo  galrdnerI

Rainbow trout (fIngerlInq),
Salmo  qalrdnerl
                                      ChaMlcal
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
chloride

Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
chloride

Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
 Zinc
 sulfate
Hardness
C*g/L as
CaOM
50
4
50
46.8
3-10
30.5
-
-
-
20-84
320
Duration
96 hr
72 hr
96 hr
10 days
24 hr
1.75 hr
96 hr
115 hr
115 hr
3 mo
285 mln
180 mln
162 mln
Effact
LC50
20% mortal Ity
30* mortality
LC50
LC50
Decrease white
blood eel Is
No effect on
ol faction
LC50
LC50
LC50
None (adult to
smalt)
LT50
Coacantratloa
(•4/L>*
50,100
500
5,000
18,200
36.8
500
654
1,663
>630
447
112
10,000
11,000
11,500
Rafaranca
Rehwoldt at al
Abbas 1 et al .
Rehwoldt at al
Anderson at al
McLeay 1975
. 1973
1985
. 1973
. 1980

Re hn berg and Schreck
1986
Chapman 1978a
Chapman 1978a
Chapman 1978a
Chapman 1978a
Lloyd 1960





                                                        15-20
                 320
                 320
7 days
3 days
                               48 hr
                                                                                 LC50 (fed)
                                            LC50 (fed)
            LC50
                                                                560
3,500
3,860
              Lloyd 1961a,b
                                            Lloyd  1961a,b
Herbert and Shir ben
1964

-------
Table 6. (Continued)

Specie*
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Ra Inbow trout ,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (3-4 mo).
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (yearling).
Salmo qalrdnerl
Ra Inbow trout
(46.7-125.5 g),
S a 1 mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (13.7 g) ,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Ra Inbow trout (1 yr> ,
Salmo qalrdner 1
Rainbow trout (100.9 g) ,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout ( fry).
Salroo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (embryo),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout ( flnqerl Ing
to adult) ,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (15-17.5 cm).
S a 1 mo qalrdner i
Rainbow trout,
S a 1 mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (200 mm),
S a 1 mo qalrdner i
ChaMlcal
WVI***l**
-------
     Tablo 6. (Continued)
00
     Species

     Rainbow trout,
     Salmo galrdnerl

     Rainbow trout (yearling),
     Salmo galrdnerl

     Rainbow trout (2 mo),
     Salmo galrdnerl

     Rainbow trout,
     Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva),
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout
(80-120 g),
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout (50 g),
Salmo galrdnerl^

Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout
(Juvenlle),
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout
(j uvenl le),
Salmo galrdnerl

Rainbow trout
(fIngerllng),
Salmo galrdnerl
                                 Chealcal

                                 Zinc
                                 sulfate

                                 Zinc
                                 sulfate

                                 Zinc
                                 acetate

                                 Zinc
                                 sulfate
                                      Zinc
                                      chI orIde
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
suI fate
                                       Zinc
                                       sulfate

                                       Zinc
                                       chloride

                                       Zinc
                                       sulfate
                                       Zinc
                                       sulfate
                                                            Hardness
                                                            (•g/L as
                                                             CaCOQ
                       374
                        36
                       104
                     (92-110)
                                                             112
                                                              18.7
                      6.0-6.5
                        14
                     (pH-6.0)
Duration
5.1-10.5
hr
85 days
96 hr
24 hr
28 days
40 mln
30 days
Concentration
Effect (P9/L>* Reference
1 ncreased
lactic acid
Inhibited
growth
LC50
LC50(5°C)
(15*C)
(30*C)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
94$ avoidance
Increased gl 1 1
enzymes
15,340
1,120
550
2,800
1,560
2,100
1,060
(1,120)
47
290
Hod son 1976
Watson and McKeown
1976
Hale 1977
Cairns et al . 1978
Blrge 1978; Blrge et
al. 1978.1980,1981
Black and Blrge
1980a, b
Watson and Beamish
1980
72 hr


96 hr


 9 days
                                                                           96  hr
                                                                                        LC50
                                                                    2,000       Lovegrove and Eddy
                                                                                1982
                                                  Circulatory       1,250
                                                  vasoconstrIctIon
                              Tuurala and Solvlo
                              1982
HypergIycemla
                                                                           42  days       Damaged
                                                                                        hepatocytes
                                                                                         LC50
352       Wagner and McKeown
          1982
                                                                                                            431.5      Lei and 1983
                                                                      670       Spry and Wood 1984

-------
Table 6. (Continued*
Rainbow trout (gamete),
Salmo galrdnerj
Rainbow trout (2.7-3.3 g),
Salmo qalrdneri
Che*lea8

Zinc
sul fate
Rainbow trout (embryo),
Salmo galrdnerI
 Zinc
 n I trate
 Rainbow  trout  (embryo
 with capsule removed),
 Salmo qalrdneri
 Zinc
 n I trate
                                                      Hardness
                                                      (•g/L as
                                                       CaCO»)
Duration

  40 mln
                                                               Concentration
                                                   Effect          (»g/U*     Reference
385
(pH=6«,99)
30.5
(pH=6.98)
390
(pH=5.49)
32.5
(pH=5.49)
389
(pH=7.00)
385
(pH=6.99)
388
(pH=7.02)
30

'

.




30








9.4 hr

10.4 hr

11.5 hr

16.0 hr

6.3 hr

9.4 hr

12.9 hr

10 hr
9 hr
20 hr
18 hr
18 hr
18 hr
20 hr
36 hr
>168 hr
14 hr
18 hr
36 hr
30 hr
37 hr
58 hr
70 hr
>!68 hr
>168 hr
Reduction In
spermatozoa
survival; no
affect on
fertilization
LT50







LT50








LT50








20,000




19,100

5,780
18,900
5,570
26,900
19,100
13,800
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
14,000
13,000
1 2,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
Bit lard and Roubaud
1985



Bradley and Sprague
1985






Rom bough 1985








Rombough 1985









-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Rainbow trout (5 days
post fertilization),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (10 days
post fertilization),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (15 days
post fertilization),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (22 days
post fertilization),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (29 days
post fertilization),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (36 days
post fertilization),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (2 days
post hatch),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (7 days
post hatch) ,
Salmo galrdnerl
Atlantic salmon (parr),
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon (7.38 g) ,
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon,
Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaCOti Duration
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
87.7 48 hr
18 4 hr
14 23-25 hr
14
Effect
Concentrat Ion
LC50 24,000
LC50 <1 ,000
LC50 9,100
LC50 7,000
LC50 4,300
LC50 9,200
LC50 3,200
LC50 3,400
EC50 (avoidance) 49.88
LT50 954.4
Incipient 150-1,000
Reference
Shazll 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazl 1 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazll 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazll 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazll 1 and Pascoe
1986
Shazl 1 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazl 1 1 and Pascoa
1986
Shazl 1 1 and Pascoa
1986
Sprague 1964 b
Zltko and Carson 1<
Zltko and Carson It
Salmo salar
                                                                                    lethal  level

-------
                          I
                          i
                          0Ł

                                          •o
                                          s
                                                   00
           fe
  gOOQOO   OOo^O
  Or-ft   O--iftgO>
^>Oift*'n'O   rO»>OO^
O

8
o*
o
                                          9     «-
                                          Q)      .


                                          6 vO    Ol
                                              I—   CD
                                                   0
                                                   s
                                                         CO
                                                         !».
                                                         Ot
                                              in
                                              c
                                              L.

                                              a
                                              o
                                              88i
                                                                    CM
                                                                    00
                                                                    o>
                                                          >
                                                          a
                                                         u
                                                         >-

                                                         1
                                                          a

                                                          <3

                                                          &
                                                          ^
                                                                 S
                                                             s
                                                             1
                                                             a
                                                                              a


                                                                              *
                                    JŁ     Ł

                                    8     O!
                                    o CM   e
                                      JCO   10

                                      -   5
                                                                         CO
                                                                         r»
                                                                         O
             I/I
             e
             i_

             a
             O
r-     o     2 Q °
o     oo     o 
35
                                                                     3
o
4-
10
                             10
                           y*-

                           — a
                           M ">
                                       10      ID     U
                                     O *•   O *•   O O

                                     — "3   — "3   —!e
                                     M i/i   si  in   MO
                                                                e

                                                                10
                                               — 3
                                               M in
                                                             in      u     fl      (O
                                                           o •*•    oo   o*-    o*-

                                                           5-5    *•Ł   5=    fa
                                                           rviui    MO   Mm    Mm
A
e
             «J  « i-
             in ^ ID
               d) —
             f> ^ 10
             ii — m
             — 3 —
                            L.
                            10


                            1
ic sa

salar
At

Sa
* -» Q * 3
_ O O --^ W
« I/I
m4»
Goldfish (3-5 <
Carasslus aura'
* M
4- 4-
Goldf Ish ( Imma
Carasslus aura;
.!§
••» 4-
Go 1 d f 1 sh
(embryo, larva
Carasslus aura
m
3

Goldfish,
Carasslus aura
" ' a
a i~> " "i

o •
00
9S O
Common carp (3
Cyprlnus carpi
• o
Common carp (2
Cyprlnus carpi
;>
Golden shiner,
Notemfgonus cr
                                                    84

-------
Table 6. (Continued!

Species
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow.
P 1 mepha 1 es prome 1 as
Fathead minnow,
(adult).
Plmephales promelas
Fathead m In now.
( 1 arv a) ,
Plmephales promelas
fathead minnow (larva),
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (<24 hr) ,
oo Plmephales promelas
l_n 	 f 	

Channel cattish,
(f Ingerl Inq) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish.
(emtx-yo, larva),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
( f Ingerl Ing) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Guppy (5 mo) ,
Poecll la retlculata

Guppy,
Pncwllla retlculata
Che* leal
Zinc
acetate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
_
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
sut fate
7 1 nf
Ł. 1 nc
sul fata
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOy)
20
203
103
254-271
392

48
36
55
68
82
90
206-236
90

313



260

Concentration
Pur-*.~ c**~* (.Q/L>« Reference
96 hr LC50
JO mo EC83 (fecundity)
96 hr LC50 (Fish from
pond contaminated
with heavy metal s)
96 hr LC50 (high solids)

7 days Reduced growth
96 hr UC50 (river water)


• 40 hr Decreased blood
osmolarlty
5 days Increased
al ban Ism

14 days LC50 (high
alkalinity)
4 mo Reduced repro-
duction

96 hr LC50 (high
sol Ids)
880
180
6,140
5,960
<2,660
<2,930

125
393
440
556
655
807
12,000
-

8,200
880


54,950

Pickering and
Henderson 1966
Brungs 1969
Blrge et al . 1983
Carl son and Roush
1985

Norberg and Mount
1985
Carlson et al . 1986


Lewis and Lewis 1971
Master-man and Blrge
1978

Reed et al . 1980
Uv lovo and Beatty
1979

Khangarot 1981


-------
     Table 6. (Continued)
CD
     Species

     Guppy  (184 mg),
     Poecllla retlculata

     Guppy  ( fry),
     Poecllla retlculata

     Striped bass (embryo),
     Morone saxatlI Is

     Striped bass ( fry),
     Morone saxatlI Is

     Blueqlll (2.5-3.9  g),
     Lepomls macrochlrus
      Biueglll,
      Lepomls macrochlrus
      Biueglll  (fry),
      Lepomls macrochlrus
      Biueglll  (18.7  g),
      Lepomls macrochlrus

      Biueglll  (39.97  g),
      Lepomls macrochlrus

      Biueglll,
      Lepomls macrochlrus
      Biueglll  (juvenile),
      Lepomls macrochlrus

      Biueglll  (fry),
      Lepomls macrochlrus


Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
-
-
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
sul fate




Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Hardness
img/L as
CaCOO
260

30

137
137
44.3


370





51


68

_

36


112

313





Concentration
Durat Ion
48 hr

167.5 hr

20-25 hr
48 hr
96 hr


20 days





3 days


12 hr
4.7 hr
1-24 hr

24 hr


40 mln

14 days

Effect
LC50

1C 50

1C 50
LC50
LC50 (periodic
low D.O.)

LC50(00=1.91)
(00=2.12)
(00=3.46)
(00=3.29)
(00=5.50)
(00=5.53)
Lethal


LT50(20*C)
(30*C)
Increased cough
response
LC50(5*C)
(15*C>
(30 *C)
13jf avoidance

LC50 (high
alkal Inlty)
Ufl/L>«
75,000

1,450

1,850
1,180
4,900


7,200
7,500
10,700
10.500
12,000
10.700
235


32,000
32,000
3.000

23,000
19,100
8,850
43,700

11.000

Reference
Khangarot et al. 1981

Pier son 1981

O'Rear 1971
O'Rear 1971
Cairns and Scheler
1958a; Academy of
Natural Sciences 1960
Pickering 1968





Cairns and Sparks
1971 ; Sparks et al .
1972b.
Burton et al . 1972a

Sparks et al . 1972a

Cairns et al . 1978


Black and Blrge 1980

Reed et al . 1980


-------
       Table 6. (Continued)
oo
Species
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Mlcropterus sal mo Ides
Largemouth bass (juvenile),
Mlcropterus sal mo Ides
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Mlcropterus sal mo Ides
Largemouth bass
( f Inqerl Inq) ,
Mlcropterus sal mo Ides
Narrow-mouthed toad
(embryo, larva),
Gastrophryne carol Inensis
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Chemical
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fata
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaCOj) Duration
93-105 8 days
112 40 mln
9 days
313 14 days
195 7 days
93-105 8 days
Concentration
Effect <»q/L)» Reference
EC 50 (death and 5,160
deformity)
57jl avoidance 7,030
EC 50 (death and 5,180
deformity)
LC50 (high 8,000
alkal Inlty)
0350 (death 10
and deformity)
BC50 (death 2,380
and deformity)
Blrge et al . 1978
Black and Blrge 1980
Slack and Blrge 1980
Reed et al . 1980
Blrge 1978; Blrge et
al. 1979
Blrge et al . 1978
       Ambystoma opacum

-------
Table 6. (Continued)

Species
Green alga,
Carter la sp.

Green alga,
Chlamydomonas sp.

Green alga,
Dunallella euchlora

Green alga,
Dunallella euchlora

Green alga,
Dunallei la salIna

Green alga,
Dunallella tertloiecta
Green alga,
Dunallella trertlolecta

Green alga,
Dunallei la tertlolecta

Green alga,
Nanochloris  atomus

Go I den-brown  alga,
Isochrysls galbana
Go I den-brown  alga,
 Isochrysls galbana
 Got den-brown  alga,
 Isochrysls galbana
Che»lcal
65Zlnc
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sulfate
65Zlnc
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
65z,nc

-

-
Salinity
(q/kq)
35
34
-
-
44
-
-
_

42

12
16
20
28
7
12
16
20
28
37
12
16
20
28
Duration
SALTWATER SPECIES
7 days
7 days
12 days
12 days
7 days
1 5" m In
15 mln
72 hr

7 days

48 hr
48 hr
(20 *C)
48 hr
(28 -C)
(
Effect
BCF = 2.184«»»
BCF = 16.12«»»
EC 50 (growth)
EC 50 (growth)
BCF - 43.88«*»
No effect on
potassium re-
tention
EC50 (oxygen
production)
EC50 (growth)

BCF = 16.12*»»

Reduced chlorophyll
_a_ about 65%
Reduced chlorophyll
Ł aboilt 65}
Red uced ch 1 orophy 1 1
a about 65}
Doncentratloi
-
-
>33,600
37,220*
-
6,538
65,380
13,000

-

2,000
430
810
1,200
4,400
1,300
74
520
too
2,300
1,000
3,000
800
3,000
1
Referen<
Styron
1976
Styron
1976
Wlkfors
1982
Wlkfors
1982
Styron
1976
Over net
Overnel
Fisher

Styron
1976
Wilson
1980
Wll son
1980
Wilson
1980
ce
et al.
et al.
and Ukeles
and Ukeles
et al .
1 1975
8 8976
et al. 1984

et al «

and Freeberg
and Freeberg
and Freeberg

-------
         Table 6. (Continued)
                                                        Salinity
                                                                                                       Concentration
00
Species
Golden-brown alga,
Isochrysls galbana
Got den- brown alga,
Isochrysls galbana
Golden-brown alga,
Monochrysls lutherl
Golden-brown alga,
Monochrysls lutherl
Golden- brown alga,
Monochrysls lutherl
Diatom,
Achnanthes brevlpes
Diatom,
Nltzschla longlsslma
Diatom,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
D I atom ,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Diatom,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
D 1 atom ,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Diatom,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
D 1 atom ,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
D 1 atom ,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Cnealcal
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
65Zlnc
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
65Zlnc
Zinc
su 1 f ate
Zinc
chlor Ide
(g/kg) Duration
12 days
12 days
15 mln
12 days
12 days
40 7 days
30 1-5 days
11-15 days
13 days
14 days
15 mln
37 7 days
25 10-14 days
12 days
Effect
EC50 (growth)
EC50 (growth)
EC50 (reducted
oxygen pro-
duction)
EC50 (growth)
EC50 (growth)
BCF = 0.04***
Stimulated growth
2J>% reduction
In growth
BCF = 1,800***'*
BCF = 873*** •*
No effect on
oxygen evolution
BCF - 16.12***
19J reduction
In growth
EC50 (growth)
(M9/D*
>33,600
33,100*
1,308-1,961
>33,600
31,010*
<100
25,000
250
10,000
>65,380
3,000
>33,600
Reference
Wikfors and Ukeles
1982
Wikfors and Ukeles
1982
Overnel 1 1976
Wikfors and Ukeles
1982
Wikfors and Ukeles
1982
Styron et al .
1976
Subramanlan et al.
1980
Jensen et al . 1974
Jensen et al •
1974
Jensen et al .
1974
Overnel 1 1976
Styron et al .
1976
Braek et al . 1980
Wikfors and Ukeles
1982

-------
Table 6. {Continued)
Species
Diatom,
P haeodactv lunt tr Icornutum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Thalassloslra pseudonana
Diatom,
Thalassloslra pseudonana
Diatom,
Thalassloslra pseudonana
Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Salinity
(q/Kg) Duration
12 days
13 days
12 days
11-15 days
10-14 days
10-14 days
15 mln
25 10-14 days
30 1-3 days
3 days
3 days
11-15 days
13 days
15 days
Concentration
Effect Cnq/L)"
74.2$ reduction
In growth
BCF " 4,000***'*
BCF = 160»»»'t
23* reduction
In growth
BC50 (growth)
BC50 (growth)
No effect on
oxygen evolution
20% reduction
In growth
Stimulated growth
Altered cytoplas-
mlc morphology
BCF = 765
41% reduction
In growth
BCF = MS"*'*
BCF = 350***'*
48,000
50
192. 9f
175.6f
>65,380
100
^200
265
500
Reference
Wlkfors and like las
1982
Jensen et al .
1974
Jensen et al .
1974
Jensen et al . 1974
Braek et al . 1976
Braek et al . 1976
Overnell 1976
Braek et al . 1980
Subraman Ian et al .
1980
Smith 1983
Smith 1983
Jensen et al . 1974
Jensen et al .
1974
Jensen et al .
1974

-------
Tab la 6. (Continued)
CMC|K Che»lcnl
Diatom, Zinc
Thalassloslra pseudonana sulfate
Diatom,
Thalassloslra pseudonana



Diatom, Zinc
Thalassloslra pseudonana chloride
Diatom, Zinc
Thalassloslra rotula sulfate
Phytoplankton (diatom)
DInof lagel late. Zinc
Amph Id In 1 urn carter 1 sulfate
DInof lagal late. Zinc
AntDhldlnlum carter 1 sulfate



DInof lagel late,
Glenodlnlum hat 1 1
DInof lagal late,
Gymnodlnlum splendens
DInof lagel late,
Gymnodlnlum splendens



Salinity
(q/kg) Duration
10-14 days

14 2 days
(12'C)
(20 *C)
(24*C)
(28 'O
72 hr

32 5 days

- •*
10-14 days

10-14 days


28 2 days
14 2 days
(16*C)
(30 'O
28 2 days
(16'C)
(20*C)
(24 'O
(28*C)
(30 *C)
Concentration
Effect <»fl/L>" Reference
EC50 (growth)

Red uced ch 1 orophy 1 1
a about 65}




EC 50 (growth)

EC50 (growth)
•
BAF = 113
EC 50 (growth)

No significant
effect on growth;
Inhibited growth
In presence of 50
M g copper /L
Reduced chlorophyll
a about 65}
Reduced chlorophyll
_a_ about 65%
Reduced chlorophyll
a about 65}



470. 8f


-------
Table 6. (Continued)
• V1WIW «* • \u*n* B »•»••»—•
Species
Dlnof lagel late,
Scrlppslella faeroense
Brown macroalga.
Ascophyllum nodosum
Brown macroalga,
Ascophyllum nodosum
Brown macroalga,
Fucus serratus
Brown macroalga,
Fucus serratus
Brown macroalga,
Fucus spiral Is
Brown macroalga.
Fucus veslculosls
Brown macroalga,
Fucus veslculosls
Brown macroalga.
Lamlnarla dlgltata
Brown macroalga.
Lamlnarla hyperborla
Brown macroalga,
Lamlnarla hyperbor 1 a
Brown macroalga,
Pelvetla canal Iculata
Green macroalga.
Ulva lactuca
Green macroalga.
Ulva 1 actuca

Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
-

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
.

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg) Duration
32 50 days
.

33 10 days
33 10 days
1 hr
33 10 days
_

33 10 days
24 days

8-10 days

7 days
33 10 days
6 days

6 days

Concentration
Effect
33< reduction
In cell numbers
BAF * 1,603***'tf

Decreased growth;
no effect at 100 ug/L
Decreased growth;
no effect at 100 ug/L
Altered llpld
metabol Ism
Decreased growth;
no effect at 100 pg/L
BAF = 1,612***'**

Decreased growth;
no effect at 2,900 Mg/L
Reduced growth

Reduced growth of
sporophytes
Abnormal maturation
of gametophytes
Decreased growth;
no effect at 100 Mg/L
BCF = 255*** •*

BCF = 5.150***'*

(»q/D*
10,000
_

250
1,400
>8.8
1,400
-

7,000
MOO

250

5,000
1,400
65.38

6,538

Reference
Kayser 1977
Melhuus et al .
1978
Stromgren 1979
Stromgren 1979
Smith and Ha r wood
1984
Stromgren 1979
Mel huus et al .
1 Q7H
1 7 f O
Stromgren 1979
Bryan 1969

Hopkins and Kaln 1971

Hopkins and Kaln 1971
Stromgren 1979
Harltonldls et
al IQAA
al . I yOJ
Harltonldls et
,! (OCX
fli . i yoj

-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Red macroalga,
Gracllarla verrucosa
Red macroalga,
Gracllarla verrucosa
Red macroalga,
Gracllarla verrucosa
C 1 1 late protozoan ,
Crlstlgera sp.
CIMate prdtozoan,
Euplotes vannus
Clllata protozoan,
Euplotes vannus
Polychaeta worm (juvenile),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaeta worm (adult),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (adult),***
Nereis dlverslcolor
Polychaete worm (adult),***
Nereis dlverslcolor

Salinity
Chemical (g/kg)
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc 34
sul fate
Zinc 35
chloride
Zinc 35
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc 0.35
sul fate 3.5
17.5
Zinc 17.5
sul fate
Duration
6 days
6 days
6 days
4-5 hr
48 hr
48 hr
28 days
28 days
96 hr
34 days '
Effect
BCF = 107.5***'*
BCF = 16.25***'*
BCF = 3.225***'*
Reduced growth
\0% reduction
In growth
lOOf reduction In
In growth
LC50
LC50
LC50
BCF - 26*57*
19.71
15.47
3.314
2.867
1.274
1.204
Concentration
Ug/L>*
65.38
653.8
6,538
50.63
10.000
100,000
900
1.400
ii:o88
94,000
18:888
25,000
25,000
100,000
100,000
250,000
250.000
Reference
Harltonldls et
al. 1983
Harltonldls et
al. 1983
Harltonldls et
al. 1983
Gray and Ventll la
1973; Gray 1974
Persoone and '
Uyttersprot 1975
Persoone and
Uyttersprot 1975
Relsh et al . 1976
Relsh et al . 1976
Mart-tone 1973
Polychaata worm (adult).       Zinc
Ophryotrocha dladema           chloride
                                              31
48 hr
                                                                        LC50
330-1,000
                                                                                                            Parker  1984

-------
Table 6. (Continued)

Species                        Chealcal

Polychaate *orm.               Zinc
Ophryotrocha dladema           sulfate
Polychaata worm.               Zinc
Ctenodrllus serratus           sulfate
Polychaete worm (larva).       Zinc
Capital la capltata             sulfate

Polychaate worm (adult).       Zinc
Capltella capltata             sulfate

Mud  snail (adult).             Zinc
Nassarlus obsoletus            chloride

Mud  snail (adult).             Zinc
Nassarlus obsoletus     .       chloride

Mud  snail (adult).             Zinc
Nassarlus obsoletus            chloride

Blue mussel (adult).           Zinc
Mytllus  edulIs                 sulfate

Blue mussel (adult).           Zinc
MytHus  edul Is                 sulfate

Blue mussel (adult).           Zinc
Mytllus  edulIs                 chloride
Blue mussel  (adult),            Zinc
Mytllus  edulIs                  chloride
Salinity
 (oAg)
   25


   25


   25
   22
                                               35
 Duration

 2t  days



 21  days



>16 days


 28 days


 72 hr


 72 hr


 72 hr


  7 days


  7 days
  Appro*.
 to days
  6 days
  4 days

 14 days
Effect
                    Concentration
                        (»g/L)*    Reference
Chronic value;****       223.6
(acute-chronic ratio*
6.261)

Chronic value;****       223.6
(acute-chronic ratio »
31.75)

Abnormal develop-
ment

LC50
Depressed oxygen       ^2,000
consumption

Inhibited locomotor     10,000
bahav lor

MortalIty               50,000
                             IC50                    >5,000
K50 (byssal thread      1,800
production)
LT50
    (IO*C)
    (I6*C)
    (22 *C)

Reduced resis-
tance to thermal
shock
                                                      3,000
                                                      3.000
                                                      3,000

                                                  800-1,000
                                                                Relsh  and Carr  1978
                                                                                                            Relsh and Carr  1978
                                                     50-100      Relsh et al,  1974


                                                      1,250      Relsh et al.  1976
                                    Maclnnes and Thurberg
                                    1973

                                    Maclnnes and Thirberg
                                    1973

                                    Maclnnes and Thurberg
                                    1973

                                    Martin et al. 1975
                                                                 Martin et al. 1975
                                                                 Cotter et al .,  1982
                                                                                                             Cotter  et al.  1982

-------
 Table 6.  (Continued)

 Species                       Che»lca>

 Blue  mussel  (adult).           Zinc
 Mytllus edulIs                chloride

 Blue  mussel  (embryo).          Zinc
 Mytllus edulIs                chloride

 Blue  mussel  (adult),
 Mytllus edulIs

.Pacific oyster (larva).        Zinc
 Crassostrea qlgas             sulfate

 Pacific oyster (embryo).       Zinc
 Crassostrea glgas             sulfate

 Pacific oyster (larva).        Zinc
 Crassostrea glgas             sulfate

 Pacific oyster                Zinc
 (6-day larva),                chloride
 Crassostrea glgas

 Pacific oyster                Zinc
 (6-day larva),            '    chloride
 Crassostrea glgas

 Pacific oyster                 Zinc
 (16-day larva),               chloride
 Crassostrea qlgas

 Pacific oyster                 Zinc
 (16-day larva),               chloride
 Crassostrea glgas

 Pacflclc oyster (sperm).       Zinc
 Crassostrea qlgas              chloride

 Pacific oyster
 (19-day  larva),
 Crassostrea qlgas
Salinity
 (q/kq)

  33.1
   30






   29


   29


   29


   34



   34



   34



   34



   27


   34
 Duration

2-6 days


 72 hr


  3 days


  6 days


  2 days


  5 days


  4 days



  4 days



  4 days



   4 days



  60 mln


  20  days
Effect
EC50 (shell growth)
EC50 (development)
to vel Iger)
Red uced she! 1
deposition
Abnormal development
and decreased growth
IJC50
Delayed and reduced
larval settlement
EC50 (growth)
LC50
EC 50 (growth)
LC50
Concentration
60
>96<314
>200
M25
241.5*
125
80
>100
95
>100
EC50 (tertll Izatlon) 443.6
success)
Reduced larval
settlement
10-20
Reference
Stromgren 1982
Dlnnel et al . 1983
Man ley et al . 1984
Brereton et al . 1973
Brereton et al .
1973
Boyden et al . 1975
Watl Ing 1982
Watl Ing 1982
Watl Ing 1982
Watl Ing 1982
Dlnnel et al . 1983
Watl Ing 1983

-------

Species
Pacific oyster
(19-day larva) ,
Crassostrea qlgas
Pacific oyster (Juvenile),
Crassostrea qlgas
Clam ( larva) ,
Mullnla lateral Is
Clam ( larva) ,
Mul Inla lateral ts
Qua hog clam ( larva) ,
Mercenar la mercenar la
Co pa pod (adult) , '
Paracalanus parvus
Copepod (adult) ,
Pseudod laptomus coronatus
Copepod (adult).
Acartla clausl
Copepod (adult).
Acartla simplex
Copepod (adult),
Scutel 1 Idlum sp.

Zooplankton (copepod
and euphausld)
Barnacle (adult) ,
Balanus balanoldes
Barnacle (adult) ,
Ralanus balanoldes
Che* leal


-

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chlor Ide
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride

"•

Zinc
nitrate
Zinc
nitrate
Salinity
(g/kg)
34

34

34

34
24

35

30

30

35

35


"

-

-

Duration
6 days

23 days

72 hr

72 hr
8-10 days

24 hr

72 hr

72 hr
'
24 hr

24 hr

*«


2 days

5 days

Effect
EC50 (larval
settl Ing)

LC50

53 % mortal Ity

EC 50 (uptake of
calcium)
UC50

LC50

LC50

LC50

IC50

LC50

BAF = 1,670


LC90

LC90

(XMC«nTT*TI
-------

Specie*
Isopod (adult) ,
Idotea bait lea
Isopod (adult).
1 dotea bait lea
Isopod (adult) ,
Idotea bait lea
Isopod (adult),
Idotea bait lea


lospod (adult),
1 dotea bait lea
Isopod (adult),
Jaera alblfrons


lospod (adult),
Jaera alblfrons


1 so pod (adult) ,
Jaera alblfrons
Isopod (adult),
Jaera alblfrons
Grass shrimp (larva).
Pal aemonetes |>uqjo.
Chad leal
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate


Zinc
sul fata
Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
sul fate

Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
chloride
Salinity
(q/kg>
13.6
20.4
34.0

27.2-34.0
13.6
20.4
O*J 1
27.2
34.0
34.0
13.6
20.4
27.2
34.0
13.6
20.4
27.2
34.0
3.4
17-34
3-3!
Duration
48 hr
80 hr
W Ki-
ll 1
120 hr

120 hr
<24 hr
30 hr
TOK'*•
nt
54 hr
120 hr
120 hr

120 hr

120 hr
120 hr
35 days
IX
Effact
LT50
40* mortal Ity

No effect on osmo-
regulatory ability
LT50


Affected osmo-
requlatory abll Ity
80* mortal Ity
30* mortality
6* mortal Ity
16* mortality
84* mortal Ity
44* mortality
40* mortal Ity
22* mortal Ity
Affected osmo-
regulatory ability
No effect on osmo-
regulatory ability
Mortal Ity related
to sal In Ity and
temoarature: altered
HICen TT«T 101
(•9/0*
10,000
10,000

10,000
20,000


20,000
10,000

20,000

20,000
20,000
>250
i
Rafaranca
Jonas 1975
Jones 1975

Jones 1975
Jones 1975


Jones 1975
Jones 1975

Jonas 1975

Jones 1975
Jones 1975
McKenney 1
HcKanney a
1979,1981
development rates

-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Pink shrimp (adult) ,
Panda 1 us montagul
American lobster (adult),
Homarus amerlcanus
American lobster (adult),
Homarus amerlcanus
Green crab (adult),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (adult),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (adult),
,c Carclnus maenas
oo
Green crab (adult),
Carclnus maenas
Mud crab ( larva) ,
Rh 1 thropanopeus harr 1 s 1 t
Mud crab ( larva) ,
Rhl thropanopeus harr Is) 1
Fiddler crab Sadult),
Uca pugl lator
Starfish (adult).
Aster las forbesll
Chemical
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
65Zlnc
chloride
65Zlnc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Salinity Concentration
(q/kq) Duration Effect J ,000
2,212
Portman 1968
Hay a et al . 1983
Hay a et al . 1983
Connor 1972
Portman 1968
Ren fro et al .
1975
Ren fro et al .
1975
Ben 1 j ts-C 1 aus and
Benljts 1975
Ben IJ ts-C 1 aus and
Benljts 1975
Wels 1980
Galtsoff and
Loosanoff 1937

-------
Table 6. (Continued)

Species                        Che*leaI

Sand dollar (sperm).           Zinc
Dendraster excentrlcus         chloride

Sand dollar (embryo).          Zinc
Dendrastar excentrlcus         chloride

Sea urchin (embryo).           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             chloride

Sea urchin (embryo),           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             chloride
Sea urchin (embryo).           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             sulfate

Sea urchin (embryo),           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             suI fate
Sea urchin (embryo).           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             acetate

Sea urchin (gamete),           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             chloride

Sea urchin (gamete),           Zinc
Arbacla punctulata             chloride

Green sea urchin (sperm).      Zinc
S trongyIocentrotus             chloride
droebachlensls

Green sea urchin (embryo),     Zinc
S trongyIocentrot us             chloride
droebachI ens Is

Red sea urchin (sperm),        Zinc
StrongyIocentrotus             chloride
franclscanus
Salinity
 (g/kg)

   27
   30
   27
   30
   27
Duration

   60 mln


   72 hr


21-42 hr


21-42 hr



21-42 hr


21-42 hr



21-42 hr


4-12 mln


4-12 mln


  60 mln



   5 days



  60 mln
Effect

BC50 (fertll I-
zatlon success)

EC50 (development
to pi uteus stage)

Inhibited gastril-
lation

MortalIty and
Inhibition of
gastrulatlon

Inhibited gastru-
latlon

Mortal Ity and
Inhibition of
gastrulatlon

Inhibited gastru-
latlon

Stimulated sperm
motlllty

Reduced sperm
mot) I Ity

EC50 (fertll I-
zatlon success)
Concentration
   (»a/L)*     Reference

       28      Olnnel et al. 1983
  580-820      Olnnel et al . 1983
                                                      1,199      Waterman 1937
                                                      3,998      Waterman 1937
                                                        810
                                                      3,564


                                                      1,634


                                                      3,269
    147.6
    382.8
EC50 (development   >26.6<50.6
to pi uteus stage
               Waterman 1937
                                                      2,314      Waterman 1937
BC50 (fertll I-
zatlon success)
    313.3
               Waterman 1937
               Young and Nel son 1974
               Young and Nelson 1974
Dlnnel et al. 1983
               Dlnnel et al .  1983
Dlnnel et al. 1983

-------
Table 6. (Continued)
                                            Salinity
                               ChewleaI       (g/kg)       Duration
Effect
Concentration
   (H9/L)»     Reference
Purple sea urchin (gamete),
S trongy 1 ocentrotu s
purpuratus
Purple sea urchin (gamete),
Strongy 1 ocentrotus
purpuratus
Purple sea urchin (gamete),
Strongy locentrotus
purpuratus
Purple sea urchin (sperm),
Strongy locentrotus
purpuratus
Purple sea urchin (embryo),
Strongy locentrotus
purpuratus
Atlantic herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring (embryo
and larva),
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring (larva),
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring (larva),
C lupea harengus
Atlantic barring (larva),
Clupea harengus
-

-

-

Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride

Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
sulfate
100-400 mln

0-100 mln

100-400 mln
i
27 60 mln
30 5 days

21 17 days
21 17 days
21 17 days
21 27 days
21 27 days
21 27 days
2! 27 days
Enhanced sperm
2,000
>100
6,000
>50
>500
>2,000
>6.000
Tlmourlan and
Matchmaker 1977

T 1 mour 1 an and
Watchmaker 1977

Tlmourlan and
Watchmaker 1977

Dlnnel et al. 1983
Dlnnel et al . 1983

Somasundaram et al
1984 a
Sonasundaram et al
1984 a
Somasundarum et al
1984 a
Somasundaram et al
1984a
Somasundaram et al
1984a
Somasundaram et al
1984 a
Somasundaram et al
1984a

-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Species
Atlantic herring (larva),
Clupea harengus
Co ho salmon (sperm),
Oncorhynchus klstuch
Rainbow trout (yearling),
Salmo galrdnerl
Atlantic salmon (smolt),
Salmo salar
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Chemical
Zinc
sulfate
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
sul fate
Zinc
sul fata
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chlor Ide
Salinity
(Q/kq)
21
27
5.8
It. 5
16.3
24.1
5.8
It. 5
16.3
24.1
24
24
24
20
20
20
Duration
14 days
60 mln
48 hr
48 hr
192 hr
48 hr
48 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
                                                                         Effect

                                                                         Ultrastructural
                                                                         changes  In bra In
                                                                         eel Is and  somatic
                                                                         muscle tissues

                                                                         EC50 (fertll I-
                                                                         zatlon success)

                                                                         LC50
                                                                          LC50
                                                                          100$  survival
                                                                          1001  mortal Ity


                                                                          BCF =• 7f643«»»»f
                                                                          (fish that  died
                                                                          during exposure)

                                                                          BCF =• 35.61 »»»•*
                                                                          BCF  -  18.
                                                                          30$  mortal Ity;
                                                                          hi sto pathological
                                                                          lesions In  oral
                                                                          epithelium
Concentration
   <»g/L)»     Ref
     >500      Somasundaram et al
     ~~        t984c,d
     1,208      Dlnnel et  al.  1983
27,000*
64,000;
64,ooo;
34,000'
16,000*
3 5, 000 *
32, 000 I
27,000f
43.000
157,000
157,000
36,000
60,000
60,000
Herbert and
Make ford 1964
Herbert and
Makeford 1964
Elsler 1967
Elsler 1967
Elsler 1967
Elsler and
Gardner 1973
Elsler and
Gardner 1973
Elsler and
Gardner 1973

-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heterocl Itus
Mummlchoq (adult),
Fundulus heterocl Itus
Mummlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heterociltus
Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heterociltus
Mummlchog (juvenile),
Fundulus heterociltus
Mosqultof Ish (adult) ,
Gambusla aft In Is
Mosqultof Ish (adult),
Gambusla afflnls
i — • "
NJ Spot ( juvenile) ,
Lelostomus xanthurus
Spot ( juvenile) ,
Lelostomus xanthurus

Salinity
CheMlcal (q/kg)
Zinc
chloride
Zinc 10-30
chloride
Z Inc 30
chloride
Zinc 25
chloride
Z Inc 30
chloride
tftt 30
ttft 30
fttt 30
ttft 30
Duration
14 days
14 days '
96 Ir
70 days
56 days
120 days
120 days
28 days
28 days
Conceit trat lot
Effect f»g/L)*
Increased activity
of 1 Iver enzyme
Enhanced regeneration
of tall fin and
am el (orated effects
of methyl mercury
Ainel (orated terato-
gen Ic effects of
methyl mercury
Inhibited scale
calcification
BCF = 33.91-240.0
( scales)
BCf » 8* ( uptake 4
Trent Mater alone)
BAF =45* (uptake 4
from food ana water)
BCF = 3* (uptake %
from Mater alone)
BAF = 28* (uptake
from food and Mater)
2,200
>_1,000
10,000
760-
7,100
210-
7,880
650
650
650
650
1
Reference
Jacklm 1973
Me Is and We Is 1980
Wats et si, 198!
Sauer and Matabe 1984
Sauer and Watabe 1984
Mlljls.and
Sunda 1984
Mlllls and
Sunda 1984
Ml II Is. and
Sunda 1984
Will Is. and
Sunda 1984
*     Concentration of  zinc, not  the chemical.
**    Field study.
*"*   Converted  from  dry weight to  wet weight basis.
****  Static test; concentrations not measured.
*     Derived  from authors' data  or graph.
**    Geometric mean  of data from four stations, but concentrations  In water varied widely.
ttt
tttt
Animals obtained  from  sediment heavily contaminated with zinc.
N Itrllotr lacetlc  acid  (NTA) was  used to buffer the concentration of zinc  Ions.

-------
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