United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/1-91-002
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards
Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 May 1991
Air/Superfund
AIR/SUPERFUND
&EPA NATIONAL TECHNICAL
GUIDANCE STUDY SERIES
Estimation of Air Impacts
For Air Stripping
Of Contaminated Water
-------
AIR/SUPERFUND NATIONAL TECHNICAL
GUIDANCE STUDY SERIES
Estimation of Air Impacts
for Air Stripping
of Contaminated Water
Prepared by:
Bart Eklund
Sandy Smith
Michael Hunt
Radian Corporation
Austin, Texas
Contract Number 68-02-4464
Prepared for:
Mr. James Durham
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May 1991
-------
DISCLAIMER .
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
ESTIMATION OF AIR EMISSIONS 1
Uncontrolled Emissions From Air Strippers 2
ESTIMATION OF AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS 5
ESTIMATION OF HEALTH EFFECTS 7
Cancer Effects Due to Long-Term Exposure ." 7
Non-Cancer Effects Due to Long-Term Exposure 13
Short-Term Exposure 14
SIMPLIFIED SCREENING PROCEDURE 15
EXAMPLE 22
CONCLUSIONS 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 23
- ^»
REFERENCES 25
APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS FOR SELECTED
CHEMICALS
LIST OF TABLES
1 Example Scenarios for Air Stripping 3
2 Long-Term and Short-Term Health-Based Action Levels for Ambient Air''. '. '. 8
3 Water Concentrations of Concern for Selected Chemicals '. 16
4 Estimated Emission Rates and Ambient Air Concentrations 24
5 Action Level Concentrations 24
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Stripper Efficiency vs. Henry's Law Constant, Parameter = G/L (vol/vol),
Low Efficiency Range ................................ ' 4
2 Stripper Efficiency vs. Henry's Law Constant, Parameter = G/L (vol/vol),
High Efficiency Range ...................... ;-; ............ 4
3 Dispersion Factor (Maximum Hourly)
-------
-------
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc/s Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards and the Regional Air Offices have been given the responsibility
to evaluate air impacts from Superfund sites. An important part of this program is the
analysis of air impacts from various alternatives to cleaning up Superfund sites. Since
these analyses are frequently required for planning purposes prior to actual cleanup they
depend on estimated emissions and ambient concentrations rather than on field
measurements.
This report provides procedures for roughly estimating the ambient air
concentrations associated with air stripping. Air stripping is a widely used technique for
removing volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated water. Procedures are
given to evaluate the effect of the concentration of contaminants in water and the
stripping rate on the emission rates and on the ambient air concentrations at selected
distances from the air stripper.
Health-based ambient air action levels are also provided for comparison to
the estimated ambient concentrations. Many of the health levels have not been verified
by EPA or are based on extrapolations of oral exposures or occupational exposures.
Their indiscriminate use could either under or over estimate the potential health effects.
The statements and conclusions presented in this report are those of the authors and do
not reflect U.S. EPA policy.
ESTIMATION OF AIR EMISSIONS
The primary parameters affecting the emission rate for a given compound
from an air stripper are: the concentration of the contaminant in the influent to the
stripper, the influent flowrate, the stripping efficiency of the tower, and the effectiveness
of any control technologies that are in place. The stripping efficiency will depend on a
-------
number of factors including: the compound's volatility (Henry's Law constant), the type
of packing material in the tower, and the gas to liquid contact ratio within the tower.
Equation 1 can be used to estimate the emission rate (ER) from an air
stripper in grams/second.
Uncontrolled Emissions From Air Strippers
ER. (g/sec) = (CU)(U (1.67 * 10")
where: ERj = Emission rate of species i (g/sec);
Cu = Concentration of species i in influent water (mg/L or ppm);
LR = Influent liquid flowrate (L/min);
SE = Stripping Efficiency (%); and
1.67 x 10"5 = Constant (g-min/mg-sec).
»
Typical water flow rates and other air stripper operating conditions are presented in
Table 1 for three different sizes of air strippers. VOC concentrations in ground water
typically range from 0.1 to 1 ppmw. A stripping efficiency of 100% for volatile organic
compounds is a reasonable, conservative assumption. Alternatively, the stripping
efficiency can be determined from Figures 1 and 2, once the G/L ratio and the log of
the Henry's Law constant are known. G/L is the gas to liquid ratio within the tower
(e.g. m3 air divided by m3 of water treated). A typical G/L is 50. Default values for LR
and SE are 5,700 L/min and 100%, respectively. Henry's Law constants and their logs
for frequently encountered organic compounds are given in Appendix A along with other
physical properties. A worst-case scenario for cases when the influent contaminant
concentrations are not well known is to assume that slightly soluble organic contaminants
are present in the water at their maximum water solubility (see Appendix A).
-------
Table 1.
Example Scenarios for Air Stripping
Parameter
Total Influent Liquid Flowrate
Column Height
Column Diameter
Exhaust Gas Flowrate
Stack Height
Stack Diameter
Structure Dimensions3
Exit Gas Velocity
Exit Gas Temperature
Ambient Temperature
Air/Liquid Ratio (G/L)
Stripping Efficiency
Units
L/min
gpm
m
m
m3/min
cfhi
m
m
m
m/sec
C
C
(vol/vol)
%
:^==^=
Typical Value
Small
570
150
7.6
1.2
29
1,020
8.5
0.31
7.6 x 1.2 x 1.2
6.4
20
20
50
99 +
Medium
2,840
750
9
3.6
140
5,000
10
0.61
9.0 x 3.6 x 3.6
8.0
20
20
50
99 +
Large
5,700
1,500
14
3.6
285
10,000
15
0.91
13.0 x 3.6 x 3.6
7.3
20
20
50
99+
"For purposes of calculating downwash.
-------
x '' -X s
.' ..-' x X
y/V
If
i
- G/L = 10
/ i O/L = IVJ
/ / G/L = 20
/ ' G/L =50
G/L= 100
G/L = 200
G/L = 400
-4
-3
-2
Log (Henry's Law Constant, atm-nf /gmole)
-1
Figure 1. Stripper efficiency vs. Henry's Law constant, parameter = G/L (vol/vol),
low efficiency range.
99.99
.99.9
5
S 99
UJ
01
I.
Q.
w 90
G/L =10
G/L = 20
G/L = 50
- G/L =100
G/L = 200
G/L = 400
-5
-4
-3
-2
Log (Henry's Law Constant, atm-m3/gmole)
Figure 2. Stripper efficiency vs. Henry's Law constant, parameter = G/L (vol/vol),
high efficiency range.
-------
Control technologies for air stripping are not addressed in this document,
but can generally be assumed to reduce emissions by one to two orders of magnitude (90
to 99%). The effect on emissions for any control device could be taken into account by
adding the following term to Equation 1:
l-(Removal Efficiency (%)/100)
ESTIMATION OF AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS
Estimates of short term ambient concentrations should be obtained by
using site specific release parameters in the EPA's SCREEN model2. Estimates of long
term concentrations should be obtained by using EPA's Industrial Source Complex
(ISCLT) model. Here, for simplicity, the long term estimates are derived by multiplying
the short term estimate obtained from the SCREEN model, by a conversion factor to
obtain the annual average estimates. This approach results in a higher estimate of the
annual average concentration than if the ISCLT model, with site specific data, is used.
Figure 3 was constructed using release parameters for three sizes of air
strippers described in Table 1. In addition to these input parameters, a flat terrain
without any structures near the tower was assumed, and downwash was taken into
account with the stripper column being the only structure. The fluctuations seen in the
dispersion curves are an artifact of the SCREEN model and should be ignored.
Figure 3 can be used to estimate the maximum hourly ambient air
concentration for an emission rate of 1 gram per second at selected distances downwind
from an air stripper. The dispersion factor, in micrograms/m3 per g/sec, obtained from
Figure 3 can be substituted into Equation 2 to estimate the maximum hourly ambient
concentration and into Equation 3 to estimate the annual average ambient air
concentration for a given downwind distance. Since SCREEN provides maximum short
term estimates, the factor of 0.025 in Equation 3 is used to convert the short term
-------
700
100H
100 1000
Downwind Distance (meters)
10000
Figure 3 Dispersion Factor
(Maximum Hourly)
-------
estimate to a maximum annual average estimate. A conservative factor of 0.025 assumes
that the wind blows downwind 2.5% of the time over-one year and that the terrain is
relatively flat.
Cm = (ER)(F) ' (Eq.2)
Ca = (ER)(F)(0.025) (Eq. 3)
where: Cm = Maximum hourly ambient air concentration
Ca = Annual average ambient air concentration (/*g/m3);
ER = Emission rate (g/sec); and
F = Dispersion Factor from Figure 3 (wg/m3/g/sec).
ESTIMATION OF HEALTH EFFECTS
Cancer Effects Due to Long-Term Exposure
Potential cancer effects resulting from long-term exposure to substances
emitted to the air can be evaluated using inhalation unit risk factors. Inhalation unit risk
factors are a measure of the cancer risk for each /ig/m3 of concentration in the ambient
air. They are available on EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the
Agency's preferred source of toxicity information. User Support can be contacted at
(513) 569-7254. Table 2 provides inhalation unit risk factors listed in IRIS as of January
1991 for selected organic compounds.
The next best source of inhalation unit risk factors is EPA's Health Effects
Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) which are updated quarterly.3
-------
Table 2.
Long-Term and Short-Term Health-Based Action Levels for Ambient Air
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonilrile
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonilrile
Alryl alcohol
Ally! chloride
Aniline
Anthracene
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzole acid
3enzyl alcohol
13-Butadiene
n-Butane
2-Buianol
n-Butanol
n-Butyl-Aceute
Tert-Butyl-Alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
^blorodifluoromethane
Chloroform
3iloropentafluoroethane
CAS Number
75-07-0
64-19-7
108-24-7
67-64-1
75-05-8
107-02-8
79-10-7
107-131
107-18-6
107-05-1
62-53-3
120-12-7
100-52-7
71-43-2
65-85-0
100-51-6
106-99-0
106-97-8
15892-23-6
71-36-3
123-86-4
75-65-0
75-15-0
56-23-5
108-90-7
75-45-6
67^6-3
76-15-3
Carctoogenicity*
Inhalation Unit
Risk 1/OigAn3)
-
-
-
-
-
NDc'e
-
6.8e05
--
NDc-e
(1.6e-06)D
-
-
8.3e-06
-
-
2.8e-04
-
--
-
--
-
-
1.5e^)5
-
-
2.3e-05
-
Chronic
Toacity*
Inhalation
RfC (mg/in3)
-
-
(4e-01)b
5e02
le-04c
3e-04
-
(2e-02)D
Sle03
-
(le+00)b
(4e^l)D
-
(le+01)b
(Ie+00)b
-
-
(4e-01)b
-
-
le-02
(2e-03)b
2e-02
-
(4e-02)c
-
Long-Term Action Levels
Risk-Specific
Concentrations for
Cardnogenchy
10-6 70-year Risk
Oig/m3)
-
-
-
-
.
-
--
1.5e-02c
-
-
6.3e-01
-
-
1.2e-01c
-
-
3.6e03
-
-
-
-
-
-
6.7e-02
-
-
4.3e-02c
-
RfC-Based
Concentrations for
Non-Carcinogenic
Effect* (fig/m3)
,
-
-
400
50
0.1
0.3
-
20
7
--
1,000
400
-
10,000
1,000
-
-
-
400
--
-
10
2
20
-
40
--
Concentrations
Bated on
Occupational
Exposure*
Lowest OEL/1 000
(MgAn3)
180
25
20
1,780
67
0.23
5.90
4.30
4.80
3.00
7.60
0.20
--
' 0.30
~
-
22
1,900
303
152
710
300
12
12.60
46
3,540
9.78
6,320
Short -/IWrit
Action Level*"
Lowest OEL/100
Oig/m3}
1,800
250
200
17,800
670
2.30
59
43
48
30
76
2.00
I
3.00
-
-
220
19,000
3,030
< 1,520
7,100
3,000
120
126
460
35,400
98
63,200
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
p
No
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
58
Chemical
ra-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclopenlane
Dibutyl-O-Phlhalale
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorodinuoromethane
1 ,1 -Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
,1 -Dichloroelhylene
is-1 ,2-dichloroelhylene
rans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene
Dichloromelhane
Dichloromonofluoromelhane
,2-Dichloropropane
,2-Dichloro-l,l,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane
Dielhyl amine
Dielhyl el her
Dimelhylamine
,4-Dioxane
Diphenyl
lhanol
thyl acetate
CAS Number
108-39-4
95-48-7
106-445
460195
11082-7
108-93-0
108-94-1
110-83-8
287-92-3
84-74-2
95-50-1
106-46-7
75-71-8
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
56-59-2
56-60-5
75-09-2
75-43-4
78-87-5
6-14-2
09-89-7
60-29-7
24-40-3
2391-1
92-52-4
64-17-5
41-78-6
40-88-5
Carcinogenicity*
Inhalation Unit
Risk 1/OigAn3)
NDe
NDe
NDe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(6.9e-06)b
-
NDe
2.6e-05
5e-05
-
-
4.7e-07
-
(1.9e-05)b
-
-
-
-
(3.1e-06)°
-
-
-
(1.4e-05)°
Chronic
Toxicily8
Inhalation
RfC (mg/m3)
(2e01)b
(2e01)b
(2eOl)b
(leOI)b
-
-
-
-
-
(4e-01)b
2e-01
}e-01c
2cOI
5e-01
-
(3e-02)b
(4c02)b
(7-02)b
3e+00c
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(3.0e+00)b
--
Long-Tenn Action Levels
Risk-Specific
Concentrations fo
Carcinogencity
10-6 70-year Risk
(Mg/m3)
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
1.4C-01
. --
-
3.8e-02c
2.0e02
-
-
2.1e-00
-
5.3e-02
-
-
-
-
3.2e41
, ..
-
-
7.1e-02
RfC-Based
Concentrations fo
Non-Carcinogenic
Effects (Mg/m3)
200
200
200
100
-
--
--
--
-
400
200
700
200
500
-
30
40
70
3,000
~
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,000
--
Concentrations
Based on
Occupational
Exposure'1
Lowest OEL/JOOQ
(Mg/m3)
22
22
22
20
1,030
200
100
1,010
1,720
5.00
300
450
4,950
400
4.00
4.00
790
790
174
40
347
6,990
36
1,200
18
90
1.00
1,880
1,400
20
Action Levels"
Lowest OEL/100
(Mg/m3)
220
220
220
200
10,300
2,000
1,000
10,100
17,200
50
3,000
4,500
49,500
4,000
40
:. 40
7,900
7,900
1,740
400
3,470
69,900
300
12,000
180
900
10
18,800
14,000
200
-------
Table!. (Continued)
No,
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Chemical
Ethyl amine
Elhylbenzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethylenediamine
Elhylene glycol
Ethylene inline
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Furan
Glycerol
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Hydrogen cyanide
[sobutanol
[sobutyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl amine
Isopropylbenzene
Methanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl amine
Methyl bromide
Melhyl-tert-butyl-ether
Methyl chloride
Methylcyclohexane
Methyl-ethyl-keione
Methyl formate
CAS Number
75-04-7
100-41-4 ,
74-96-4
75-00-3
107-15-3
107-21-1
151-56-4
75-21-8
50404
64-18-6
110-00-9
56-81-5
142-82-5
11054-3
74-90-8
78-83-1
110-19-0
67-634
75-31-0
98-82-8
67-56-1
79-20-9
96-333
74-89-5
74-83-9
63444-4
74-87-3
08-87-2
78-93-3
07-31-3
Carcinogenicity*
Inhalation Unit
Risk 1/Gig/m3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.0e44
1.3e-05
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.8e-06
-
NO
Chronic
Toxicily*
Inhalation
RfC (mg/m3)
-
le-00
-
le+01
(7.0e-02)b
(7.0e+00)b
-
-
-
(7e+00)
(4.0e43)b
S -
-
2e-01
-
le+00
-
-
-
9C-031-
(2e+00)b
(4e+00)b
(le-01)b
-
(6e-03)b
-
--
-
3e-01
Long-Term Action Levels
Risk-Specific
Concentrations fa
Carcjnogcncity
10-6 70-year Risk
(Mg/m3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.0e42
7.7e-02
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
.
-
-
-
--
5.5e-01
-
-
-
RfC-Based
Concentrations for
Non-Carcinogentc
Effect* (Mg/m3)
--
1,000
-
10,000
70
7,000
-
--
-
7,000
4
-
-
200
-
1,000
-
-
-
9
2,000
4,000
100
-
6
-
-
-
300
-
Concentration*
Based on
Occupational
Exposure**
Lowest OEL/1000
Og/m3)
18
434
22
2,600
25
125
0.88
1.80
0.37
9.00
.
5.00
1,600
176
11
150
700
980
12
245
260
606
35
12
19
-
103
1,600
590
246
Action Level**
Lowes* OEL/100
(Mg/m3)
180
4,340
220
26,000
250
1.250
8.80
18
3.70
90
-
50
16,000
1,760
. U0
:, 1,500
7,000
9,800
120
2,450
2,600
' 6,060
350
120
190
-
1,030
16,000
5,900
2,460
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
No
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Chemical
Methyl hydrazinc
Methyl iodide
Mcthyl-Isobutyl-Ketone
Methyl-Isopropyl-Kelone
Methyl mercaptan
Melhyl-n-Propyl-ketone
Alpha-methyl-styrene
Monoethanolamine
Morpholine
Naphthalene
n-Nonane
n-Oclane
n-Pentane
Phenanlhrene
Phenol
Pbthalic anhydride
Propane
Propionic acid
-Propyl-Acelate
Pyndine
tyrene
,l,l,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-Dinuoroethane
,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethanc
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
>-Toluidine
CAS Number
6034-4
74-88-4
108-10-1
563-80-4
74-93-1
107-87-9
98-839
141-43-5
11091-8
91-20-3
111-84-2
111-659
109-66-0
85-01-9
108-95-2
85-44-9
74-98-6
57-55-6
71-23-8
7949-4
09-60^
75-56-9
10-86-1
00-42-5
6-11-9
9-34-5
27-18-4
0999-9
08-88-3
06^9-0
Carcinogenicity*
Inhalation Unit
Risk 1/OigAn3)
(3.1e-04)b
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
~
-
«
-
--
-
-
-
3.7e-06
-
5.7e-07
-
5.8e-05
5.2C-07
--
-
(5.4e-05)°
Chronic
Toricity*
Inhalation
RfC (mg/m3)
-
-
8c-02
-
-
-
(2e-01)s
-
-
(le-02)D
-
S -
--
-
(2e+00)b
(7e+00)°
-
6e+00
~
-
-
3e-02
4e03
(7e-01)b
-
-
(4e02)c
-
2e+00c
~
Long-Term Action Levels
Risk-Specific
Concentrations fo
Carrinogentity
10-6 70-year Risk
(MgAn3)
3.2e4)3
-
-
-
~
~
-
. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.7e-01
-
1.8e+00
-
1.7e-02
1.9e+00
-
~
1.9e-02
RfC-Based
Concentrations fo
Non-Carcinogenic
Effect* (pg/m3)
-
-
80
-
--
-
200
-
-
10
-
-
-
-
2,000
7,000
~
6,000
-
-
-
30
4
700
-
-
40
-
2,000
~
Concentrations
Based on
Occupational
Exposure**
Lowest OEL/1000
(MgAn3)
0.019
10
205
705
0.98
700
240
7.50
70
50
1,050
1,400
1,770
0.20
19
6.00
1,800
-
492
30
835
48
15
213
4,170
6.90
170
590
375
8.80
Action Levels4
Lowest OEL/100
(Mg/m3)
0.19
100
2,050
7,050
10
7,000
2,400
75
700
500
10,500
14,000
17,700
2
190
: 60
18,000
-
4,920
300
8,350
480
150
2,130
41,700
69
1,700
5,900
3,750
88
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
No.
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Chemical
1,1,1 -Trichloroet hane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroelhane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromeihane
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloro-l ,2,2-Trifluoroelhanc
Triclhylamine
Trifluorobromomelhane
1 ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1 3,5-Trimelhylbenzene
Vinyl acelale
Vinyl-chloride
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
CAS Number
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
75-69-4
96-18-4
76-131
121-44-8
75-63^
526-73-8
95-63-6
108-67-8
108-05-4
75-01-4
108-38-3
95-47-6
106-42-3
Carcinogenicity*
Inhalation Unit
Risk 1/Oig/m3)
-
l.oe-05
1.7e-6
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.4e05
-
-
--
Chronic
Tcodcity*
Inhalation
RfC (mgAn3)
l.Oe+00
(1.0e-02)D
--
7.0e-01
(2.0e-02)b
(2.7e+01)b
-
-
-
-
-
S 2e-01
-
7.0C-01
7.0e-01
3.0e^)l
Long-Tenn Action Levels
Risk-Specific
Concentration* for
Careinogenctiy
10-6 70-year RUk
Gigta3)
--
6.3e42
. 5.9e-01
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.2e-02
-
-
-
RfC Based
Concentrations for
Non-Carcinogenic
Effect* (Mgta3)
1,000
10
1
700
20
27,000
-
-
-
-
-
200
-
700
700
300
Concentration*
Baaed on
Occupational
Exposure*
lowest OEL/JOOQ
Gig/to3)
1,900
45
269
5,620
60
7,600
40
6,090
123
123
123
30
2.60
434
434
434
Clir\r4 IVrm
j»nori-icim
Action Levels'1
Lowest OEL/100
(Mfrto3)
19,000
450
2,690
56,200
600
76,000
400
60,900
1,230
1,230
1,230
300
26
4,340
. 4,340
; 4,340
K)
INSTRUCTIONS ON USE:
Read short-term action level directly from last column. For the three columns of long-term action levels, use the 10-6 risk data, if available, then the RfC data; use the OEL/1000 if
no other data exists.
a EPA does not necessarily endorse the use of oral slope falors or oral RfDs lo derive inhalation values. These are intended to serve as screening levels only and do not represent EPA
guidance.
b Derived based on oral slope factor (or oral RID).
c Verified, available on IRIS or Workgroup occurrence on final database file, and IRIS input pending.
d EPA does not necessarily endorse the use of occupational exposure limits to derive short- and long-term action levels for ambient air. These are intended to serve as screening levels
only and do not represent EPA guidance. Intended changes for OEL values are included, where applicable.
8 EPA das* C or D carcinogen.
-------
Equation 4 can be used to estimate the cancer risk at a specified distance
downwind of the air stripper. Cancer risk is a measure of the increased probability of
developing cancer in a lifetime as a result of the exposure in question. Equation 4
assumes continuous exposure (24 hours/day, 365 days/year for 70 years) to the estimated
annual average concentration in air.
R = (Ca)(IUR) (Eq. 4)
R is the cancer risk from long-term exposure to a specific VOC in air,
dimensionless; Ca is the annual average ambient concentration estimated from Equation
3, ,ag/m3; IUR is the inhalation unit risk factor, (wg/m3)"1.
If the source operates for less than 70 years, multiply Ca by x/70, where x
is the expected operating time of the source in years before using Equation 4. If more
than one VOC is present, the cancer risks for ach VOC can be summed to derive the
total cancer risk at a specified distance downwind of the source.
Non-Cancer Effects Due to Long-Term Exposure
Non-cancer effects can be evaluated by using chronic inhalation reference
concentrations (RfCs). An inhalation RfC is the an estimate (with uncertainty spanning
perhaps an order of magnitude) of continuous exposure to the human population that is
likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. RfCs for a
limited number of compounds are available in IRIS and HEAST.
If inhalation RfCs were not available from either IRIS or HEAST, then
chronic oral reference dose (RfD) data (in mg/kg/day) were multiplied by 70 kg
(average body weight of an adult), then divided by 20 m3/day (average adult inhalation
rate), and finally multiplied by 1000 //g/mg to derive a value in /
-------
Ambient air action levels based on extrapolated oral data should be used
cautiously. Before extrapolating data an array of factors should'be assessed on a
compound by compound basis to determine the feasibility of route-to-route
extrapolations. Important factors include the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of the compound; portal of entry effects; acute and chronic toxicities, and other
information.
For compounds lacking RfC or RfD values, action levels were based on
occupational exposure levels recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)4 and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH)5. The action levels were estimated by using the lower of the OSHA
Permissible Exposure Limit-Time Weighted Average (PEL-TWA) level (or ceiling value)
or the ACGIH Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) level (or
ceiling value). The lower value was divided by 1000 to compensate for differences
between occupational and residential exposures.
Long term non-cancer ambient air action level concentrations based on
RfCs, extrapolated RfDs and occupational exposure levels for over 130 compounds are
listed in Table 2. The action levels are in units of ^g/m3 to facilitate comparison to the
ambient air concentrations estimated from Equation 3.
Short-Term Exposure
The short term (one hour) action levels, in fig/m3, are presented in the last
column of Table 2. The listed values were obtained by dividing the lowest of (1) the
OSHA PEL-TWA or (2) the ACGIH TLV-TWA (or ceiling limits if 8-hour averages are
not available) by 100. Division by 100 accounts for variations in human sensitivity
(occupational levels are designed to protect healthy adult workers) and for uncertainties
in using occupational exposure levels to derive ambient air action levels.
14
-------
The occupational exposure levels on which the short-term action levels are
based are subject to change. To check the values in Table 2 (or to derive values for
compounds not listed in Table 3), determine the current OSHA PEL-TWA values by
consulting 29 CFR Section 1910 and the most recent edition of the ACGIH publication
entitled Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
The short-term action levels listed in Table 2 can be compared directly
with the estimated maximum hourly ambient air concentrations obtained by using
Equations 1 and 2 and Figure 3. Use of the short term action levels should consider that
no EPA accepted method exists to determine the short-term concentrations of airborne
chemicals acceptable for community exposure.
SIMPLIFIED SCREENING PROCEDURE
Using conservative estimates of emissions and atmospheric dispersion,
water concentrations were estimated that correspond to the ambient air action levels
listed in Table 2. These water concentrations are listed in Table 3. They represent
values that, if exceeded, may result in annual average ambient concentrations that exceed
the long term action levels listed in Table 2. Table 3 can be used for quick, but rough
determinations of possible adverse health effects from long term exposures to emissions
from air strippers.
The water concentrations listed in Table 3 correspond to a cancer risk of
1CT6. If risk values were not available, then the water concentrations were based on the
listed RfC-based action levels. If RfCs were not available, then values based on
occupational exposure levels were used.
15
-------
Table 3.
Water Concentrations of Concern for Selected Chemicals
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Anthracene
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzole acid
Benzyl alcohol
1,3-Butadiene
N-Butane
2-Butanol
N-Butanol
N-Butyl-Acetate
Tert-Butyl-Alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
"Action Level"
Basis For
Health-Biased
Action Level
OEL
OEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc
Rfc
Rfc-Oral
IUR
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
lUR-Oral
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
IUR
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
IUR
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
IUR
Rfc
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
500
70
56
1100
140
140
840
0.042
56
20
1.8
2800
1100
0.34
28000
2800
0.010
5300
850
430
2000
840
34
0.19
56
16
-------
Table 3-1. (Continued)
No.
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Chemical
Chlorodifluoromethane
Chloroform
Chloropentafluoroethane
M-Cresol
O-Cresol
P-Cresol
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexene *>
Cyclopentane
Dibutyl-O-Phthalate
O-Dichlorobenzene
P-Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1, 1-Dichloroethylene
cis- 1,2-Dichloroethylene
Trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Dichloromonofluoromethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloro- 1, 1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane
"Action Level"
Basis For
Health-Based
Action Level
OEL
IUR
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc
lUR-Oral
Rfc
lUR-Oral
IUR
IUR
OEL
Rfc-Oral
IUR
OEL
IUR
OEL
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
9800
0.12
18000
560
560
560
56
2900
560
280
2800
4800
1100
560
0.39
560
0.11
0.11
0.056
2200
20
0.67
110
0.15
20000
17
-------
Table 3-1. (Continued)
No.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Chemical
Diethyl amine
Diethyl ether
Dimethyiamine
1,4-Dioxane
Diphenyl
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl amine
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethylenediamine
Ethylene giycol
Ethylene imine
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Furan
Glycerol
N-Heptane
N-Hexane
Hydrogen cyanide
Isobutanol
Isobutyl acetate
"Action Lever
Basis For
Health-Based
Action Level
DEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
Rfc-O'ral
lUR-Oral
OEL
Rfc-Oral
OEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
OEL
IUR
IUR
OEL
Rfc-Oral
OEL
OEL
Rfc
OEL
Rfc
OEL
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
84
3400
50
250
2.8
5300
8400
0.20
50
1100
2500
7300
200
20000
2.5
4.9
1.3
25
11
14
4500
110
31
2800
2000
18
-------
Table 3-1. (Continued)
No.
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Chemical
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl amine
Isopropylbenzene
Methanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl amine
Methyl bromide
Methyl t-butyl ether
Methyl chloride
Methylcyclohexane '"
Methyl-ethyl-ketone
Methyl formate
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide
Methyl-Isobutyl-Ketone
Methyl-Isopropyl-Ketone
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl-N-Propyl-Ketone
Alpha-Methyl-Styrene
Monoethanolamine
Morpholine
Naphthalene
N-Nonane
N-Octane
"Action Level"
Basis For
Health-Based
Action Level
OEL
OEL
Rfc
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
OEL
Rfc-Oral
IUR
OEL
Rfc
OEL
IUR
OEL
Rfc
OEL
OEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
OEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
OEL
OEL
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
2700
34
25
730
11000
280
34
14
«*
0.76
4500
840
r 690
0.0090
28
220
2000
2.7
2000
560
21
200
28
2900
3900
19
-------
Table 3-1. (Continued)
No.
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Chemical
N-Pentane
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phthalic anhydride
Propane
1,2-Propanediol
1-Propanol
Propionic acid
N-Propyl-Acetate
Propylene oxide
Pyridine
Styrene
1, 1, l,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-Difluoroethane
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
P-Toluidine
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
1, 1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,23-Trichloropropane
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-Triflouroethane
Triethylamine
"Action Level"
Basis For
Health-Based
Action Level
DEL
OEL
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
OEL
RfC
OEL
OEL
OEL
IUR
Rfc
IUR
OEL
IUR
IUR
OEL
Rfc
IUR
Rfc
Rfc-Oral
IUR
Rfc
Rfc-Oral
Rfc-Oral
OEL
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
5000
0.56
5600
20000
5000
17000
1400
84
2300
0.76
11
5.0
12000
0.048
3.1
1700
5600
0.053
2800
0.18
1.7 .
200
56
290000
110
20
-------
Table 3-1. (Continued)
No.
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Chemical
Trifluorobromomethane
1,2^-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl-chloride
M-Xylene
O-Xylene
P-Xylene
"Action Level"
Basis For
Health-Based
Action Level
OEL
DEL
OEL
OEL
OEL
IUR
Rfc
Rfc
Rfc
Water Cone.
(mg/L)
17000
340
340
340
84
0.067
1200
1200
1200
Notes: IUR = Inhalation Unit Risk
FUR-Oral = Derived based on oral slope factor
Rfc = Reference Concentration
Rfc-Oral = Derived based on oral reference concentration
OEL = Occupational Exposure Limit/1000
21
-------
A number of asumptions were made to generate the values in Table 3.
The values in Table 3 assume 100% VOC removal at a" stripping rate of 5700 L/minute
and an annual average dispersion factor of 3.75 //g/m3 per g/s of emissions. Using
chloroform as an example, Equation 4 and the inhalation unit risk factor' listed in
Table 2 were used to estimate the annual average ambient concentration that
corresponds to a cancer risk of 10"6 (10^/2.3 x 10'5 = 0.043 /
-------
The emission rates estimated from Equation 1 and the ambient air
concentrations estimated from Equations 2 and 3 are presented, in Table 4. The action
level water concentrations from Table 3 and the action level ambient air concentrations
from Table 2 are presented in Table 5. None of the estimated maximum hourly or
annual average ambient concentrations exceed the applicable action levels.
CONCLUSIONS
The procedures presented here are not intended to negate the need for
rigorous analyses that consider site specific meteorological conditions and the health
effects of the specific compounds involved. Although the procedures are based on what
is typical and reasonable for cleaning up Superfund sites, the underlying assumptions
need to be kept in mind. Emission models assume steady-state conditions, dispersion
models assume Gaussian distribution of the plume contaminant concentration, and many
of the health levels are not endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's
Regional Toxicologist should be contacted for general lexicological information and
technical guidance on evaluation of chemicals without established toxicity values.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Jawad Touma and Norman Huey of EPA contributed to the overall
direction of this project. Michael Hunt of the Radian Corporation prepared the sections
for estimating the ambient air concentrations. The health effects sections were prepared
in consultation with Fred Hauchman of EPA.
23
-------
Table 4.
« .
Estimated Emission Rates and Ambient Air Concentrations
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Water
Concentration
(ppmw)
0.01
0.01
0.5
Emission Rate
(g/s)
0.00084
0.00084
0.042
Ambient Concentrations
(^g/m3)
Maximum
Hourly
0.1
0.1
5.1
Annual
Average
0.0025
0.0025
0.13
Table 5.
Action Level Concentrations
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Table 3 Water
Concentrations
(ppmw)
0.12
2,800
1.7
Table 2 Action Levels /*g/m3
Long-Term
0.0431
1,000*
0.591
Short-Tenn
98
19,000
2,690
on 10^, 70-year risk.'
2Based on reference dose concentrations (RfCs).
24
-------
REFERENCES
1. Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series - Air Stripper
Design Manual. EPA-450/1-90-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1990, NTIS PB91-125997, pp 51-52.
2. Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary
Sources. EPA-450/4-88-010, Research Triangle Park, NC August 1988,
NTIS PB89-159396.
3. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Wash. D.C., Fourth Quarter, 1990, OERR
9200.6-303(91-1), NTIS No. PB91-92199, January 1991.
4. 29 CFR ch. XVII. Subpart Z. Section 1910.1000. July 1, 1990.
5. 1990-1991 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents and Biological Indices. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati,. Qhio, 1990.
25
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
-»
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS
FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS
-------
-------
APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
HeaiycLaw
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Chamad
Acetaldehyde
Ace tic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone .
Acetonitrile
Acrokin
Acrylic acid
Acrytonitrile
Ally! alcohol
Ally! chloride
Aniline
Anthracene
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
1,3-Butadiene
N-Butane
2-Butanol
N-Butanol
N-Butyl-Acetate
Ten-Butyl-Alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodifluoromethane
Chloroform
Chloropentafluoroethane
M-Cresol
O-Cresol
P-Cresol
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Cyclohennol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexene
Cyclopentane
CAS Number
75-07-0
64-19-7
108-24-7
67-64-1
75-05-8
107-02-8
79-10-7
107-13-1
107-184
107-05-1
62-53-3
120-12-7
100-52-7
7W3-2
65-85-0
100-51-6
106-99-0
106-97-8
15892-23-6
71-36-3
123-86-4
75-65-0 --»
75-15-0
56-23-5
108-90-7
75-45-6
67-66-3
76-15-3
108-39-4
95^8-7
10644-5
460-19-5
110-82-7
108-93-0
108-94-1
110-83-8
287-92-3
Formula
C2H40
C2H4O2
C4H6O3
C3H6O
C2H3N
C3H4O
C3H402
C3H3N
C3H6O
C3H5CL
C6H7N
C14H10
C7H6O
C6H6
C7H602
C7H80
C4H6
C4H10
C4H10O
C4H10O
C6H12O2
C4H100
CS2
CCL4
C6H5CL
CHCLF2
CHCL3
C2CLES
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C2N2
C6H12
C6H12O
C6H10O
C6H10
C5H10
H
9.50e-05
6.27e-02
5.91e-06
Z50e-05
5.80e-06
5.66e-OS
l.OOe-07
8.80C-05
1.80e-Q5
3.71e-01
2.60e-06
6.75e-02
4.23c-Q5
5.50e-03
1.82e-08
6.10e-07
1.42e-01
2.91e-01
2.20e-06
2.20e-06
1.64e-04
2.20C-06
1.68e-02
3.00C-02
3.93e-03
l.OOe-01
339e-03
2.45e-01 .
4.43e-07
2.60e-06
4.43e-07
4.96e-03
137e-02
4.47e-06
4.13e-06
1.03e+01
l.OOe-02
LogH
-4.02
-1.20
-5.23
-4.60
-5.24
-4.25
-7.00
-4.06
4.74
-0.43
-5.59
-1.17
-t.37
-2.26
-7.74
-6.21
-0.85
-0.54
-5.66
-5.66
-3.79
-5.66
-1.77
-1.52
-2.41
-1.00
-2.47
-0.61
-635
-5.59
-635
-230
-1.86
-5.35
-5.38
1.01
-2.00
img/14
inf
inf
_
inf
inf
208000
inf
73500
inf
3600
35000
13
3000
1780
2900
35000
735'
61
184000
77000
14000
inf
2900
800
488
2
9300
25000
31000
24000
9300
100
38200
23000
213
156
-------
APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
Holly's Law
- " Conrtui
(atm-.-3/gmoi)
No.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Chemical
Dibutyl-O-Phthalate
O-Dichlorobenzene
P-Dichlorobenzene
Dichiorodifluoromethane
1,1-Oichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
U-Dichloroethytene
cis-l,2-Dichloroethyicne
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Dichloromonofluoromethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
l,2-Dichloro-l,l,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane
Diethyl amine
Diethyl ether
Dimethylamine
1,4-Dioxane
Diphenyi
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl amine
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethylenediamine
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene imine
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Furan
Glycerol
N-Heptane
N-Hexane
Hydrogen cyanide
Isobutanol
Isobutyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl amine
Isopropyi benzene
CAS Number
84-74-2
95-50-1
106-46-7
75-71-8
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
156-59-2
156^0-5
75-09-2
75-43-4
78-87-5
76-14-2
109-89-7
60-29-7
124-40-3
123-91-1
92-52-1
64-17-5
141-78-6
140-88-5
75-04-7 .
100-41-4
74-96-4
75-00-3
107-15-3
107-21-1
151-564
75-21-8
50-00-0
64-15-6
110-00-9
56-81-5
142-82-5
110-54-3
74-90-8
78-83-1
110-19-0
67-63-0
75-31-0
98-82-8
Formula
C16H22O4
C6H4CL2
C6H4CL2
CCL2F2
C2H4CL2
C2H4CL2
C2H2CL2
C2H2CL2
aH2CL2
CH2CL2
CHCL2F
C3H6CL2
C2CL2F4
C4H11N
C4H10O
C2H7N
C4H8O2
C12H10
C2H6O
C4H8O2
C5H8O2
C2H7N
C8H10
C2H5Br
C2H5C1
C2H8N2
C2H6O2
C2H5N
C2H4O .
CH20
CH202
C4H4O
C3H8O3
C7H16
C6H14
CHN
C4H10O
C6H12O2
C3H80
C3H9N
C9H12
H
2.80e-07
1.94e-03
1.60e-03
4.01e-01
U>4e-02
1.20e-03
2-S9e-02
4.35e-03
9.46e-03
3.19e-03
9.21e+02
230e-03
2.45e-01
731e-03
2.65e-04
5.;!4e-06
231e-05
l.Ole-01
.3.03e-05
1.28C-04
3_SOe-04
5.;!4e-06
6.44e-03
l.OOe-02
1.40e-02
8.46e-06
l.03e-07
4^i4e-04
1.42c-04
5.76e-05
7.00C-07
534e-03
130e-08
2.02e+001.2
2c-01
4.65e-07
2.20e-06
1.64e-04
lJIOe-04
3_'i8e-04
6Ji9e-03
LogH
-6J5
-2.71
-2.80
-0.40
-1.81
-2.92
-1.59
-234
-2.02
-2.50
2.96
-2.64
-0.61
-2.14
-3^8
-5.28
-1.64
-1.00
-t-52
-3.89
-3.46
-5.28
-2.19
-2.00
-1.85
-5.07
-6.99
-334
-3.85
-4.24
-6.15
-2.27
-7.89
031
-0.91
-633
-5.66
-3.79
-3.82
-3.45
-2.18
SaMMfity
(mg/L)
400
145
79
280
5500
8690
210
800
600
16700
0.2
2700
137
20000
60400
inf
7.5
inf
79000
inf
152
5740
inf
inf
inf
550000
inf
10000
10000
3
13
inf
95000
6300
inf
100000
50
-------
APPENDIX A - PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
Henry* Law
ronBint
. ' (adfr.-3/gmol)
No.
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
%
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
C^imiiCM CAS Number Frmmita
Methanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl amine
Methyl bromide
Methyl t-butyl ether
Methyl chloride
Methyicydohenne
Methyi-etbyt-ketone
Methyl formate
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide
MethyMsobutyl-Ketone
MethyMcopropyi-Ketone
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl-N-Propyl-Ketone
AJpha-Metlwi-Styrene
Monoethanolamme
Morpholine
Naphthalene
N-Nonane
N-Octane
N-Pentane
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phthalic anhydride
Propane
1,2-Pfopanediol
1-Propanol
Propionic acid
N-Propyt-Acetate
Propytene oxide
Pyridine
Styrene
l,l,l,2-Tetnchloro-2^-Difluoroethane
1,1^2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
P-Toluidine
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethytene
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,23-Trichloropropane
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-Triflouroethane
Triethylamine
Trifluorobfomomethanc
1,23-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
13,5-Trimethyibenzene
67-56-1
79-20-9
96-33-3
74-89-5
74-83-9
1634-04-4
74-87-3
108-87-2
78-93-3
107-31-3
60-34-4
74-88-4
108-10-1
563-80-4
74-93-1
107-87-9
98-83-9
14143-5
110-91-8
91-20-3
111-84-2
111-65-9
109-66-0
85-01-8
108-95-2
8544-9
74-98-6
57-55-6
71-23-8
79-094
109-60-4
75-56-9
11046-1
10042-5
76-11-9
79-34-5
127-184
109-99-9
108-88-3
10649-0
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
75-69-4
96-184
76-13-1
121444
75-63-8
526-73-8
95-634
10847-8
CH40
C3H602
C4H702
CH5N
CH3BR
C5H12O
CH3Q
C7H14
C4H80
C2H4O2
CH6N2
CH3I
C6H12O
C5H10O
CH4S
C5H10O
C9H10
C2H7NO
C4H9NO
C10H8
C9H20
f-
C8H18
C5H12
C14H10
C6H6O
C8H4O3
C3H8
C3H8O2
C3H80
C3H6O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O
C5H5N
C8H8
C2CL4F2
C2H2CL4
C2CL4
C4H80
C7H8
C7H9N
C2H3CL3
C2H3CL3
C2HCL3
CCL3F
C3H5CL3
C2CL3F3
C6H15N
CBRF3
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
H
2.70e-06
1.02e-04
1.44e-07
5.38e-03
2.21e-01
5.92e-04
8.146-03
9.79e-01
2.166-04
1306-01
3.44e-«6
2.53e-03
4.95e-05
4-S8e-04
4.18e-03
4.586-04
5.91e-03
3.22e-07
5.73e-05
4.80e-04
4.48C-01
3.876+00
1.22e-01
6.Q5e-03
4.54e-07
9.00e-07
2.20e-02
1.50C-06
lJOe-04
4.87e-05
2.946-04
1346-03
2366-05
2.61C-03
2.45e-01
2-50e-04
2.90e-02
4.90e-05
6.686-03
1.916-05
1.74e-02
7.406-04
9.106-03
. 5.836-02
2£0e-02
2.45e-01
2.666-03
l.OOe-01
1.47e-01
~~ 1.47e-01
1.47e-01
LogH
-5J7
-3.99
4.84
-2^7
-0.65
-3^3
-2.09
-0.01
-3.67
-0.89
-5.46
-2.60
4.31
-334
-238
-334
-2.23
-6.49
4.24
-3.32
-0.35
0.59
-0.91
-2.22
434
4.05
-1.66
-5.82
-3.82
-4.31
-3.53
-2X7
4.63
-2J8
-0.61
-3.60
-1.54
4.31
' -2.18
4.72
-1.76
-3.13
-2.04
-1.23
-U5
-0.61
-2.58
-1.00
-0^3
-0^3
-0.83
V nL ifailTaM
ooMoiaty
(mc/L)
inf
194000
60000
11500
17500
48,000
6360
14
275000
304
inf
14000
19000
47000
23300
^_
2
100000
inf
30
79
20
360
0.82
80000
6200
62
20000
inf
inf
20400
30000
inf
300
2900
150
inf
515
7400
4400
4500
1100
1100
170
20000
57
20
-------
APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
HeaiftLnr
(atmH.-3/pmH)
N0- Chemical CAS Number Formula H LogH
130 Vinyl acetate IDS-OS^ C4H6O2 6.20e-04 -3.21 20000
131 Vinyl-chloride 75-01-4 C2H3CL 8.60e-02 -1.07 l.l
132 M-Xytene 108-38-3 C8H10 5.20e-03 -2.28 200
133 0-Xylene 95-47-6 C8H10 5.27e-03 -228 175
134 P-Xytene 106-42-3 C8H10 5.27e-03 -2.28 198
------- |