United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/1 -92-003
February 1992
Air/Superfund
AIR/SUPERFUND
NATIONAL  TECHNICAL
GUIDANCE STUDY SERIES
Screening Procedures  for
Estimating the Air Impacts
of Incineration
at Superfund Sites

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    SCREENING PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING
        THE AIR IMPACTS OF INCINERATION
              AT SUPERFUND SITES
                       by
         International Technology Corporation
         South Square Corporate Centre One
           3710 University Drive, Suite 201
         Durham, North Carolina 27707-6208
              Contract No. 68-02-4466
             Work Assignment No. 91-77
                JTN 803770-077-02
      Joseph Padgett, Work Assignment Manager
             Aaron Martin, Project Officer
        Revised under Subcontract No. A580-01
        to Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
                   JTN 465045
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711

                  February 1992
                               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                               Region 5, Library (PL-1?.0
                               77 West Jackson Ecu!-..  ', ;...,;, noor
                               Chicago, IL  60604-3^0

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                                 DISCLAIMER
      This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by
International Technology Corporation, Durham, North Carolina, under Contract No  68-
02-4466, Work Assignment No. 91-77. The contents are reproduced herein as
received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are
those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.

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                                  CONTENTS

Figures                                                                      v
Tables                                                                       vj
Acknowledgment                                                             Vjj

      1.     Introduction                                                       -\

                  Background/objectives                                       1
                  Approach                                                   3
                  Limitations                                                  3

      2.     Assessment of Incineration Parameters                              6

                  Information/data requirements                                6
                  Waste characterization data                                   6
                  Incineration parameters                                       8
                  Site configuration                                           13

      3.     Estimation of Emission Rates                                      14

                  General procedures                                         14
                  Organic compounds                                        15
                  Metals                                                     18
                  Acid gases                                                 21
                  Particulate matter                                           25
                  Emissions of other contaminants                             26
                  Worksheet for emissions calculations                          26

      4.     Estimation of Ambient Air Concentrations                            30

                  Dispersion models                                         30
                  Data input requirements                                     30
                  Short-term concentration estimates                           31
                  Long-term concentration estimates                           32
                                     MI

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                          CONTENTS (continued)


      5.    Evaluation of ARARs and Health Effects                          33

                 ARARs                                                33
                 Health effects                                           41

      6.    Case Example                                                46

References                                                              58
                                    IV

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                               FIGURES
                                                                    Pae
1         Conceptual flowchart of screening procedures                      4
2         Example of a rotary kiln incineration system                        10
3         SCREEN model run                                            53

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                                   TABLES


Number

  1         Input Data Requirements                                          7

  2         Typical Parameters for Rotary Kiln Incineration Systems              12

  3         Stack  Parameters for Rotary Kiln Incinerators                        13

  4         Typical Temperatures  and Residence Times for Hazardous
             Waste Destruction                                              17

  5         Conservative Estimates of Metals Partitioning (%) to APCD           20

  6         Estimated APCD Efficiencies for Controlling Toxic Metals              22

  7         Stoichiometric Ratios of Acid Gas to Element                        24

  8         Worksheet for Emissions Calculations                              27

  9         Selected Action-Specific Potential ARARs for Incineration              34

 10         Selected Chemical-Specific Potential ARARs for Incinerator
             Stack Emissions                                                40

 11         Long-Term Action Levels for Ambient Air                           43

 12         Soil Sample Data                                                47

 13         Data Taken From Ultimate Analysis                                 47

 14         Emissions Calculations for Case Example                           50

 15         Case Example - Ambient Air Concentrations                         54

 16         Case Example - Action Level Comparison                           55
                                     VI

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                             ACKNOWLEDGMENT
n  hv ,r£  rfort,™as PrePare<* for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region

A^LL     f ?H  A e,Cc n°^9y CorP°ration' Durham' North Carolina, under Technical
Ass.stance to the A.r/Superfund program. The project was directed by Mr Steven H


?PWP    T,l9etd by .Mr- J°hn P' Carr°"' Jr' The PrinclPal author fe John P. Carroil
Jr.  We would l.ke to acknowledge Mr. Joseph Padgett, the U.S. Environmental

Protect.on Agency Work Assignment Manager, for his overall guidance and direction

We would also l.ke to thank Ms. Grace Musumeci, and Ms. Alison Devine us0"10"'


             Pr°teCti0n A9ency> Region "'for their assistance in making this'effort
                                    VII

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                                   SECTION 1
                                INTRODUCTION

 1.1    Background/Objectives
       The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regional Air Offices are
 routinely involved in the analysis and evaluation of air impacts from various remedial
 alternatives selected for cleanup actions at Superfund sites.  The reviews and
 evaluations are based largely on information supplied by the .Regional Superfund
 Offices in site documents such as the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS),
 Record of Decision (ROD), and other associated documents. A preliminary evaluation
 of the  air impacts of any proposed remedial alternative is required before the ROD is
 signed, and an in-depth evaluation is necessary during the> Remedial Design (RD) and
 testing phases before the Remedial Action  (RA) is implemented.  Two threshold criteria
 for remedy selection, as stated in the National Contingency Plan  (NCP), must be
 shown to be satisfied during the detailed analysis of remedial alternatives. These
 criteria are 1) compliance with Federal and State applicable or relevant and
 appropriate requirements (ARARs), and 2) the remedy selected is protective of human
 health  and the environment.  A screening analysis is  necessary to show that these
 criteria are satisfied.
       This document presents predictive screening procedures for evaluation  of the
 air impacts of onsite high temperature incineration during the detailed analysis of
 remedial  alternatives.  Results of the screening  procedures are conservative.  The
 screening procedures are generally not  appropriate for use in the in-depth evaluation
 of existing incineration systems. It has been assumed that the  users of this document
 have a general understanding of incineration; therefore, in-depth discussions of
various aspects of the incineration process have not been included.  Various general

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 references on the incineration process and on incinerators used at Superfund sites are
 available in the literature.1i2'3'4'5
       This document focuses on rotary kiln incinerators in determining emissions
 characteristics; however, many elements of the analysis are common to other types of
 incinerators.  Rotary kiln incinerators are frequently used for high temperature thermal
 treatment of Superfund wastes and are especially suited for treatment of soils
 contaminated with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds.  Sludges and liquid
 organic wastes can also be handled by these systems, but treatment of wastes
 containing high concentrations of metals is not desirable because metals are not
 destroyed by the incineration  process.
       Air impacts are dependent on the actual incinerator emissions, meteorological
 dispersion conditions and topography, and distances to receptors. The emissions are
 dependent on such  factors as the waste chemical components, incinerator feed rates,
 thermal  destruction and  removal  efficiency, and characteristics of the air pollution
 control system. This document provides guidance in evaluating these factors, in
 estimating air emission rates, and in predicting ambient air concentrations at receptors
 of interest so that health effects and compliance with air ARARs can be evaluated.
       If data are available from a detailed incinerator design and/or from waste
 material  treatability tests, the analysis will be improved because fewer assumptions or
 estimates will be required. Treatability tests for the waste material may be particularly
 valuable in predicting emissions characteristics. When  pilot-scale tests or trial burn
 data are available for an  existing incinerator, emission rates may be directly derived
 and the screening analysis would begin with the dispersion modeling  procedures in
 Section 4.
      This document may be  useful to the Regional Air/Superfund Coordinators, On
Scene Coordinators  (OSCs), Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), and others involved
in the review and evaluation of high temperature incineration.  These procedures may
also be useful to Superfund contractors in preparing their original analyses of the
incineration alternative.

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 1.2   Approach
       The overall approach of this screening procedure assumes that incineration has
 been identified as the preferred treatment alternative and that a preliminary or
 conceptual design of the incineration system has been developed. The analysis
 begins with assessment of the waste characteristics, treatment rates, incineration
 system parameters, and general site data. Emissions estimates of organic
 compounds, paniculate matter (PM), metals, and acid gases are developed based on
 the waste components, control equipment efficiency, and/or emissions-limiting ARARs.
 Ambient air concentrations at receptors of interest are then estimated using dispersion
 modeling procedures.  These concentrations are compared to air quality ARARs, and
 a health  effects assessment is performed for inhalation exposure to carcinogenic and
 noncarcinogenic compounds. The final step is summarization of the screening
 analysis  results including the assumptions made and any recommendations or
 conclusions.  A conceptual flowchart of the screening procedures for incineration is
 shown in Figure 1.
 1.3    Limitations
       Determining the applicability of these screening procedures to a specific site
and/or incineration system is the responsibility of the individuals performing the
analysis or document review.  The use of "typical" or assumed data as a substitute for
nonspecified parameters should be performed with caution. Major limitations and
limiting assumptions for the screening procedures are summarized below:
            The incineration systems discussed are limited to rotary kilns only.
            The screening procedures assume that the destruction and removal
            efficiencies and control efficiencies required by regulation are achievable
            for a given incinerator.  This can only be verified  by a series of trial
            burns.

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 INCINERATION SCREENING PROCEDURES
                     Organ ics
                     PCBs / Dioxins
                     Metals
                     Acid-Forming Elements
                     Paniculate Matter
    Incineration
    Parameters
    Controlled
  Emission Rates
    Dispersion
     Analysis
     Ambient
  Concentrations
                                i
    Feed Rates
   Uncontrolled
  Emission Rates
  ,, -'    ,'",-'' <
    /, /Sftetv
  Configuration
ARAR Comparison.
Health Effects
Assessment
                               T
                           Screening
                            Results
Figure 1.  Conceptual flowchart of screening procedures.

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The screening procedures only consider incinerator stack emissions

Fugitive emissions (from waste feed storage, blending, auxiliary

equipment, and ash handling) may have a greater impact than stack

rfSE?£teSS ^ ^n adec>uate|y controlled.  The preferred method
of control «s to enclose all waste storage and feed areas and to vent
emissions to the incinerator as make-up air.



£? Sf^Sf ^ospheric deposition and secondary pathways are not
included in the dispersion or health effects analyses

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                                    SECTION 2
                  ASSESSMENT OF INCINERATION PARAMETERS

  2.1    Information/Data Requirements
        Information required to perform the screening procedures is presented in this
  section.  This information includes the waste characterization data, incineration system
  parameters, and site configuration data.  Where information is missing in the remedial
  planning documents, the missing parameters may be estimated based on "typical-
  data and/or conservative engineering judgement. Some of the required data must be
  calculated from other parameters or converted to different formats for use in the
  screening procedures.  Table 1 lists the site-specific data required to estimate
  emission rates and assess air impacts using these procedures.  The  significance of
  each parameter and the use of default data are discussed in the remainder of this
 section.
       Supplemental information used in the analysis that is not site-specific includes
 .physical and chemical properties of the contaminants, health effects data for specific
 contaminants,  and ARARs for incineration and air quality. These items are discussed
 in later sections of this document
 2.2    Waste Characterization Data
       Waste characterization data are generally obtained from the Rl  and any
 treatability studies conducted. The type of waste and the moisture content will affect
 the feed rate capacity of a given incinerator.  Rotary kiln incinerators can
 accommodate a larger mass throughput of solid wastes such as contaminated soils
than liquid wastes. As the moisture content of the waste increases, the feed rate
capacity of the  incinerator generally decreases because a larger portion of the heat
input is  required to evaporate water.

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                                      TABLE 1.  INPUT DATA
 Waste
 characterization
 Incineration
 parameters
Site
configuration
                                Data item or parameter
  ° Waste media
  * Waste quantity
  * Moisture content (%)
   List of chemical compounds
   "Average" concentrations in waste feed

   Maximum expected concentrations in waste
   feed
 * Chlorine content (%) -  Average and maximum
  —————	.———^_______
   Description  of incinerator
   Description  of air  pollution  control  system
   Thermal  capacity of system
   Feed  rates or  throughput capacity  by  waste
   media
   Operating intervals  and cumulative
   operating time of incinerator
   Stack height
   Stack inner diameter
   Exhaust temperature/ambient air temperature
   Exit  gas velocity
   Exit gas flow rate


0 Distance to  fenceline

* Distance to MEI

* Surrounding land  use

  Area  topography

  Special  features  or  special meteorological
  conditions
  Solid,  sludge,  or liquid
  Tons  or kg

  From  sampling data
  For analysis of chronic  exposures/long-
   term ARARs
  For analysis of subchronic/acute
   exposures/short-term ARARs
  Calculate from  waste concentrations or
   obtain from ultimate

  Flow diagrams are helpful
  Flow diagrams are helpful
  106 Btu/h
 Tons/h or kg/h

 For exposure assessment

 For dispersion  analysis
 For dispersion  analysis
 For dispersion  analysis
 For dispersion  analysis
 For  emission  rates if stack
   concentrations are known
 For dispersion  analysis  and exposure
  assessment
 For dispersion  analysis  and exposure
  assessment
 For urban or rural classification
  (dispersion analysis)
 For complex or noncomplex terrain
  (dispersion analysis)
To determine if site-specific
  dispersion modeling is required

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         The quantity of waste to be treated is important because this will determine
   what size incineration system will be used and how long ft must operate at a given
   feed rate.  The total mass, in kg or tons, is required for contaminated soils or other
   solid wastes.  If volume is given, the density or unit weight of the solid waste media is
   required to convert from volume to mass.
         The list of chemical compounds and their concentrations in the waste media are
   obtamed from the sampling data Both "average" concentrations and maximum
   concentrations are necessary to determine contaminant feed rates to be used in long-
   term and short-term health effects assessment, and assessment of regulatory limits
   So-ls/solids from different site areas, however, may be blended before entering the
   •nanerator feed system, so that maximum concentrations found in core samples from
   a srte with varying degrees of contamination may represent much higher
  concentrations than would actually be found in the feed. An accounting of all
  components of the waste is necessary to  properly assess incineration. The role of
  these components with respect to air emissions is presented in Section 3   If an
  urtimate analysis of the waste-has been performed, information on moisture content
  chlonne content,  heating value of the waste, etc. can be used in the screening
  analysis. An ultimate analysis will  be required for the Remedial Design and is
  recommended any time incineration is considered as a likely remedial alternative
 Treatabilrty studies will provide even more valuable information for the screening
 analysis and incinerator design.
 2.3   Incineration Parameters
       Review of the incineration  alternative for a given Superfund site requires some
 bas,c .nformation on the size, type, and operating characteristics of the incineration
 system to be used. Much of this information may be generated in the preliminary or
 conceptual design required to produce a cost estimate for the remedial arternative in
 the FS. If preliminary design data are not available, some important assumptions and
 estimates must be made by the reviewer in  order to perform the screening analysis
These assumptions, such as the use of an assumed feed rate, stack height, ex* gas
                                      8

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 velocity, etc., can become limiting factors and must be clearly stated in the
 conclusions of the screening analysis.
        High temperature thermal treatment technologies that have proven to be
 effective at Superfund sites include rotary kiln incineration, infrared incineration, and
 circulating bed combustion. Other technologies that may be applicable to Superfund
 sites include oxygen-enriched incineration, electric pyrolysis or plasma incineration,
 and high temperature thermal desorption.6 Each of these systems may have different
 equipment configurations, operating characteristics,  and air pollution control systems
 depending on the manufacturer and site-specific application.  The emissions
 characteristics of each technology will be different and will require different estimation
 procedures. The examples and "typical" data used to estimate emission rates in this
 document are applicable to rotary kiln incineration systems.
       Rgure 2 shows an example of a proposed rotary kiln incineration system. In
 this example soil and liquids contaminated with volatile and semivolatile organics are
 both processed in the rotary kiln.  Organics are volatilized in the  kiln and exit with the
 hot gases into the secondary combustion chamber (SCC) where destruction is
 completed. Cyclones ahead of the SCC provide removal of large particulate matter.  A
 water quench reduces gas temperature, and a packed tower  scrubber provides
 primary removal of acid gases.  An ejector scrubber removes fine particulate matter
 and additional acid gases before release to the atmosphere from the stack.
       In the above example, the conceptual design of the incinerator and air pollution
 control system is adequately described for screening purposes.  The thermal capacity
 of the system and the feed rates of soils and liquids are also shown in the diagram.
 Stack parameters shown include the physical stack height and approximate  exhaust
 gas temperature. The exit gas velocity and gas flow rate are not specified, but
 conservative estimates of these parameters can be made.  If adequate waste
 characterization data are available,  good estimates of controlled emission rates can be
 made for this example. After emission rates are established, site  configuration
parameters are necessary to complete the dispersion analysis. The final incineration
parameters that are necessary are the operating intervals (i.e., hours per day, days

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o
                     Stack

                     Height 12m


                     Temp 160°F
                                         Liquid

                                         1000lb/hr
                                                   i—;":	
                                                       Incinerator

                                                   1    35mm BTU/hr
1 	 * 	
Soil Rotary Kiln
_6Tons/hr i4oo-i8oo°F

I
t
"Clean'
L

t r 	
r
/
F
~
I

\
1

1
1
" ! >
• i
1 	 -- i
1 C?' _i
1 Ejector
„ 	 I Scrubber
1
1 t
« Secondary
^ S Combustion
£ Chamber
o
2100-2400°F .

'Soil

— — — — — 	 — — ..«. J
"^™ ™™ "•* ••— B «•«. ••_ ^BM <^BM
1

Backed uuencn
"ower





Air Pollution
                                                                                                        n
                                              L
                                                                                                       j
                                     Figure 2.  Example of a rotary kiln incineration system.

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   per week, etc.) and the cumulative operating time G.e, total weeks, months, or years)
   These parameters are used to determine the exposure duration for the health effects
   assessment. A good estimate of these parameters can be made based on the total
   waste quantity and feed rates.
        Table 2 shows ranges of typical parameters for rotary kiln incineration systems
   by s,ze category. This table can be used as a guide for estimating unknown or
  unspecified parameters when  evaluating a proposed incineration system.
        Incineration systems are generally identified by their maximum thermal
  capacities (10* Btu/h), and by their feed rate capacities (tons/h).  The thermal
  capacrty is a fixed value based on the maximum heat input to the combustion system
  (k,ln and SCC).  The feed rate capacity is generally based on the maximum allowable
  input of solids at  a given condition  (say, 10% moisture  and less than 5,000 Btu/lb
  heating value). As moisture and heating value of the waste increases,  the feed rate
  capacity of an incinerator is decreased.  For example, an incinerator designed to bum
  10 tons/h of low-Btu soil wrth a moisture content of 10  percent is capable of burning
  only 1  ton/h of tar sludge with  heating value of 8,000 Btu/lb. .f the same incinerator is
  burn,ng soil with a moisture content of 30 percent, the feed rate must be reduced to
 less than 6 tons/h.  Heating value is related to the concentration of organics in the
 waste,  and therefore liquid wastes with high organic concentrations require much
 smaller feed rates than soils.7
       The typical  quantities of soil given in Table 2 represent ranges in which each
 s,ze moderation system may be operated economically.* Therefore, if the quantity of
 so.l to be treated is known, the  size  of a "typical" incineration system can be estimated
 for screening purposes. The corresponding gas volumes shown in Table 2 are
 estimates based on the given thermal capacities without regard to free moisture in the
 waste, and operation at 50 percent excess air.9 These estimates may be used to
 calculate maximum emission rates of particulate matter based on the maximum
allowable stack gas concentration as shown in Section 3.5.
                                      11

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JABLE 2
          Parameter
         "
 Thermal  capacity

 Typical  feed  rates for
 soils8

 Typical  feed  rates for
 nqulds/sludges6

Typical site  quantity of

Gas volume
JYPICAL PARAMETERS FOR ROTARY KILN INCINERATE SYSTEMS7'8'''"
                                    ""   "      —~      —•
                                          Size
           10
       Units
         i—

   16 Btu/h
           tons/h
           kg/h
           tons/h
           kg/h
           short  tons
           metric tons
           dscfm  @  7% 0
           dscm/min 6 79.
                            1-2
                         900-1800

                         0.1-0.6
                          90-550

                          <5000
                          <4500

                        1800-5000
     4-9
 3600-8200

  0.5-3.5
  450-3200

5000-30,000
4500-27,000

5000-10,000
  150-280
     10-30
 9100-24,000
     1-15
  900-13,600

   >20,000
   >18,000

10,000-25,000
   280-710

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         Table 3 gives typical stack parameters for rotary kiln incineration systems  The
   gas exit velocity and temperature are independent of system size, but physical stack
   he,ght generally increases with system size. Stack heights of 12 meters or less are
   most common." Gas exit velocity depends on the actual gas volume and inner
   d,ameter of the stack. Tne exit gas temperature is dependent on the combustion
   temperature, quench conditions,  and characteristics of the air pollution control system
   Rotary Un systems used at Superfund sites generally  use a quench to reduce the gas
  temperature and a wet absorber/scrubber to remove acid gases.  Paniculate matter is
  removed by various types of high-efficiency wet scrubbers, although one system uses
  cyclones and fabric fitters before the  acid gas absorber." The defauft values in Table
  3 are conservative estimates to be used when the actual parameters are not available
            TABLE 3.  STACK PARAMETERS FOR ROTARY KILN INCINERATORS9-11
   Physical  stack height
  Exit temperature3
                                 1400 -  4000 ft/min
                                     7 -  20  m/s
2000 ft/min
  10 m/s
                                     System at «""»t1c saturation of the
 2.4    Site Configuration

       Stack parameters, controlled emission rates, and site configuration data are the
 •nputs to the dispersion analysis.  The first consideration in collecting site configuration
 data ,s the physical location of the incinerator stack.  Distance to the fenceline and/or
 MEI ,s required to determine ambient air levels for the human health evaluation and
other regulatory requirements.  The significance of surrounding land use, topography,
and meteorology are discussed in Section 4.
                                      13

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                                   SECTION 3
                       ESTIMATION OF EMISSION RATES

 3.1    General  Procedures
       This section presents procedures for estimating emission rates from rotary kiln
 incinerators burning hazardous waste.  The general procedures followed are to 1)
 establish feed rates of the individual compounds or groups of compounds in the
 waste, 2) calculate uncontrolled emission rates (except for organic compounds), and
 3) calculate controlled emission rate estimates using the equations provided in this
 section.  The input data required to estimate emission rates are the waste
 characterization data and incineration parameters previously discussed in Sections 2.2
 and 2.3. Other data required as variables in the emission rate equations are available
 from tables included in this section. The convention used in these equations is that  all
 feed rates are given in Ib/h and all emission rates are given in g/s.
      The remainder  of this section is organized by type of emissions,  i.e., organic
 compounds, metals, acid gases, and particulate matter. The  assumptions or basis for
 the emissions  estimates are given prior to the equations.  In the cases where
 regulatory limits are used to define the emission rates, citations for these ARARs are
 given in the tables in Section 5.1.
      A worksheet for emissions calculations is given at the end of this section.  The
worksheet is used to summarize the input data and the results of the emissions
calculations. The applicable equations and tables are cited for use with the worksheet.
                                       14

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3.2   Organic Compounds
      For purposes of this screen, organic compounds will be divided into three
groups by waste classification. The three groups are total hydrocarbons (THCs),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins. THC compounds are considered to be
all volatile and semivolatile organic compounds that are not PCBs or dioxin wastes.
3.2. 1  Feed Rates for Organics
      In order to determine the feed rate of each group of organic compounds, the
total concentration of organics in the waste from each group must be determined.
PCBs and dioxin compounds should be separated from the sampling data first. All
remaining organic compounds will then form the THC group.  The concentration of
each group of organic compounds in the waste is given by the following equation:

                                 c0 = E c0i                             d)
                                      /=i

where        C0  =  Concentration of the group of organic compounds of interest
                   (THC, PCB, or dioxin), ppm
            C0  =  Concentration of organic species  i of the same group, ppm.
    The feed rate of each group of organic compounds can be calculated using the
following equation:
                            FR = (F^COxlO-6)                        (2)
                               0
where      FR0  =  Feed rate of organic compounds of interest, Ib/h
            FR  =  Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
            C0  =  Concentration of the group of organic compounds of interest,
                   ppm
         IxlO"6  =  Conversion factor for ppm.
                                     15

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 3.2.2 Emission Rates of Organics
       Emissions of organic compounds depend on the destruction and removal
 efficiency (ORE) of the incinerator for those compounds.  The ORE is affected by the
 gas residence times and temperatures in the incinerator combustion  chambers. A key
 assumption in the screening procedures is that the incinerator will be capable of
 meeting the DREs required by the ARARs (Section 5.1). This can only be verified by a
 trial burn or treatability tests of wastes from the site. Table 4 contains typical
 temperatures, residence times, and DREs achieved for incinerators by waste type, and
 may be used for comparison purposes in evaluating a preliminary incinerator design.
      The emission rate estimates for organics are determined by assuming that the
 DREs required by regulation and achieved through design and proper operation of the
 incinerator are met  exactly for each group of organics.  RCRA standards require a
 DRE of 99.99 percent for each principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC) in the
 waste feed. POHCs are organic compounds chosen as indicators for the trial burn,
 and are a subset of the  THC compounds.  It is assumed that a DRE of exactly 99.99
 percent will be  achieved for THCs, except when the incinerator is designed and
 operated  to burn PCBs or dioxin wastes.  RCRA standards require a DRE of 99.9999
 percent for all dioxin wastes, and Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) standards also
 require a  DRE of 99.9999 percent for PCBs. It is assumed that a DRE of exactly
 99.9999 percent will be achieved for all PCBs, dioxins, and THC when PCBs or dioxins
 are incinerated.
      Small quantities of  products of incomplete combustion (PIC) are formed by the
 reaction and reformation of organic compounds during the combustion process.  PIC
 may include dioxins, furans, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, and other polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).  Emissions of PIC cannot be determined by predictive
methods.  PIC  may be monitored during a trial burn, although levels may be below
detection limits of the monitoring equipment.  In the screening risk assessment
                                     16

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           TABLE 4.  TYPICAL TEMPERATURES AND RESIDENCE TIMES FOR
                        HAZARDOUS WASTE DESTRUCTION1
Waste type
Lean gases containing
Tempera-
ture, *C
650-750
Tempera-
ture, *F
1200-1400
Residence
time, s
0.5 - 0.75
ORE, %
99
hydrocarbons of sulfur,
fume streams

Liquid streams containing      900-1000
hydrocarbons, vapor streams
containing CO or ammonia

Halogenated hydrocarbons      1000-1100
liquids and vapors, long
chain hydrocarbons, waste
liquids

Combustible solids            1100-1300

NOX or compounds with bound   1300-1400
nitrogen (reducing
atmosphere, i.e., excess
fuel)

PCBs, dioxins                 1200-1300
1600-1800   1.0 - 2.0     99.99
1800-2000   1.5-2.0     99.99
2000-2400   1.5 - 2.0     99.99

2400-2600   1.0 - 2.0     99.99
2200-2400   1.0 - 2.0     99.9999
                                     17

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 procedure discussed in Section 5.2, PIC are considered to be present in the THC
 emissions, and an aggregate unit cancer risk value for THC may be used to assess
 these emissions.13
      There are no uncontrolled emission rate calculations for organic compounds
 because the destruction and removal occurs in the incinerator combustion chambers.
 Controlled emission rates are calculated using the  equation:
                                                                           (3)

 where      ER0  =  Emission rate of organic compounds, g/s
            FR0  =  Feed rate of organic compounds, Ib/h (Equation 2)
           DRE0  =  99.99 for THCs alone
                 =  99.9999 for PCBs or dioxins, and THCs
           0.126  =  Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.

 3.3  Metals
     Metals may be present with organics in soils or other solid wastes and in liquid
 waste fuels. EPA has identified 10 toxic metals that may pose a hazard to  human
 health and the environment when released in incinerator .emissions:  antimony,
 arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead,  mercury, silver, and
 thallium.  Four of these metals (or their compounds) are known or suspected
 carcinogens:  arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium.  A conservative
 assumption used in the screen is that emissions of chromium are all in the  hexavalent
 state.
3.3. 1     Feed Rates for Metals
    The feed rates of each individual metal must be determined from the
concentration of each metal in the waste feed and the total or mass feed rate of the
                                      18

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waste to the incinerator.  The following equation may be used to calculate feed rates
for each metal:

                                                                             (4)
where     FRm  =  Feed rate of metal specie, Ib/h
             FR  =  Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
             Cm  =  Concentration of metal species in the waste, ppm
          IxlO"6  =  Conversion factor, dimensionless.
3.3.2 Uncontrolled Emission Rates
    The uncontrolled emission rate of a metal is affected by the feed rate of the metal
and the "partitioning" of the metal within the incinerator system.  Partitioning refers to
the fact that a portion of the metals in the waste feed will remain in the solids in the
rotary kiln and be discharged with the bottom ash, and a portion of the metals will be
carried out of the rotary kiln and SCC with the combustion gases.
     Conservative estimates of the partitioning of metals in incinerators have been
developed by EPA5 and are shown in Table 5. The partitioning factor represents the
percent metal that leaves the incinerator combustion chambers and travels into the air
pollution control device (APCD).  Table 5 represents worst case conditions for various
types of incinerators.  Other partitioning factors based on test results from specific
types of rotary kiln incinerators may be substituted where available.  The partitioning
factors are used, along with the feed rates of each metal calculated in Section 3.3.1, to
determine uncontrolled emission rate estimates for the appropriate metals.  The
uncontrolled  emission rate of each metal may be calculated using the equation:

                           ERm  = (F/?J (—1  (0.126)                        (5)
                               u         MOO;
                                       19

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     TABLE 5.  CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES OF METALS PARTITIONING (%}  TO APCD8'11
Metal0
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
Thallium

1600'F
100
100
50
5
100
5
100
100
100
100
Solids6
2000°F
100
100
100
5
100
5
100
100
100
100
Liquids
All temperatures
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
     remaining percentage is contained in the bottom ash  of the  incinerator
The combustion gas temperature is estimated to be 100°  - 400eF  higher than'
 the solids temperature.
Assumptions:       •    Chlorine content <  1% of waste feed
         Excess air = 50%
         Entrainment = 5%
         Waste metals content  < 100  ppm for  each metal.   For a given set of
         combustion chamber  conditions, the maximum  amount  of metal which will
         be  vaporized will become  constant as the  metal concentration  in the
         solids increase.  As  a result, higher concentrations of metals are
         expected  to have lower partitioning factors.
                                     20

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 where      FRm  =  Feed rate of metal specie, Ib/h
           ERm   =  Uncontrolled emission rate of metal specie, g/s
             PF  =  Partitioning factor for metal specie, % (from Table 5)
          0.126  =  Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.
 3.3.3 Controlled Emission Rates of Metals
      The controlled emission rates of metals are dependent on the efficiency of the
 incinerator's APCD in the removal of metals from the combustion gases.  EPA has
 developed efficiency  estimates for the removal of particulate matter and metals for
 various APCDs15 as shown in Table 6.  The APCD efficiencies are used with the
 uncontrolled emission rates of metals determined in Section 3.3.2 to calculate
 controlled emission rates using the equation:
                            ER  =  fiF?l  - -»                         (6)
where     ERm  =  Controlled emission rate for metal specie, g/s
          EMm  =  Uncontrolled emission rate for metal specie, g/s
              u
           CEm =  Control efficiency for APCD, % (from Table  6).

3.4 Acid Gases
    The presence of halogenated organics and/or sulfur in the waste feed can cause
the formation of acid gases during incineration.  The acid gases  of primary interest are
hydrogen chloride  (HCI), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and sulfur
dioxide (SO2). These gases are formed from the chlorine-, fluorine-, bromine-, and
sulfur-bearing compounds in the waste feed.
3.4. 1     Feed Rates of Acid-Forming Elements
    By knowing the concentration and molecular weights of the  compounds
containing acid-forming elements  in the waste, the aggregate concentration of each
                                      21

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Pollutant
APCD
WS8
VS-20a
VS-608
ESP-1
ESP-2
ESP-4
WESPa
FFa; FF/WSa
PSa
SD/FF; SD/C/FF
DS/FF
ESP-l/WS; ESP- I/PS
ESP-4/WS; ESP-4/PS
VS-20/WS3
WS/IWS8
WESP/VS-20/IWS8
C/DS/ESP/FF; C/DS/C/ESP/FF
SD/C/ESP-1
Ba, Be
50
90
98
95
97
99
97
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
99
99
99
Ag
50
90
98
95
97
99
97
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
99
99
99
Cr
50
90
98
95
97
99
96
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
98
99
98
As, Sb, Cd,
Pb, Tl
40
20
40
80
85
90
95
90
95
95
98
90
95
96
95
97
99
95
Hga
30
20
40
0
0
0
60
50
80
90
50
80
85
80
85
90
98
85
It is assumed that flue gases have been precooled (usually in a quench)   If
gases are not cooled adequately, mercury recoveries will diminish, as will
cadmium and arsenic to a lesser extent.
APCD Codes
    C = Cyclone
    WS = Wet Scrubber including:    Sieve  Tray Tower
                                    Packed Tower
    nr   _                          Bubble Cap Tower
    PS = Proprietary Wet Scrubber Design (high efficiency PM and gas
         collection)
    VS-20 = Venturi Scrubber, ca.  20-30 in W.  G. Ap
    VS-60 = Venturi Scrubber, ca.  > 60 in  W.  G. Ap
    ESP-1  = Electrostatic Precipitator; 1  stage
    ESP-2  = Electrostatic Precipitator; 2  stages
    ESP-4  = Electrostatic Precipitator; 4  stages
    WESP = Wet  Electrostatic Precipitator
    IWS  =  Ionizing Wet  Scrubber
    DS = Dry Scrubber
    FF = Fabric  Filter  (Baghouse)
    SD = Spray Dryer (Wet/Dry Scrubber)

                                    22

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 element can be determined using the equation:
                                   n
                                                                           (7)
 where       CA  =  Concentration of acid-forming element (Cl, F, Br, or S) in the
                    waste, ppm
             CA  =  Concentration of compound i containing the same element, ppm
           MWA  =  Molecular weight of acid-forming element
           MWA  =  Molecular weight of compound i containing the same element.
 If an ultimate analysis of waste samples has been performed, the concentration  of
 each element will be available from this data, and the use of Equation 7 will not  be
 necessary.  Ultimate analysis data for each element is reported in percent (1  percent
 = 10,000 ppm).
     The feed rate of each acid-forming element is calculated using the equation:
                                                 )                         (8)

where      FRA =  Feed rate of acid-forming element, Ib/h
             FR =  Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
             CA =  Concentration of acid-forming element, ppm
          IxlO"6 =  Conversion factor for ppm.
If sulfur is present in the auxiliary fuel, the feed rate of sulfur from the fuel must be
added to the feed rate of sulfur from the waste to obtain the total sulfur feed rate.
3.4.2     Uncontrolled Emission Rates of Acid Gases
    Uncontrolled emission rates for acid gases formed from halogenated compounds
in the waste are calculated by assuming that the total mass of each acid-forming
element combines with hydrogen in stoichiometric proportion to form the acid  gases.
Likewise, it is assumed that all sulfur combines with oxygen to form SO2.  The

                                      23

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  stoichiometric ratios of acid gas-to-element are given in Table 7. Uncontrolled
  emission rates of acid gases are calculated using the equation:
                                                                             (9)
  where     ERA   =  Uncontrolled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
             FRA  =  Feed rate of element, Ib/h
              RA  =  Stoichiometric ratio of acid gas-to-element, g/g (From Table 7)
           0.126  =  Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.

             TABLE 7.   STOICHIOHETRIC RATIOS OF ACID GAS TO ELEMENT
Element
Bromine (Br)
Chlorine (Cl)
Fluorine (F)
Sulfur (S)
Stoichiometric ratio,
Acid gas (q/Q)
Hydrogen bromide (HBr)
Hydrogen chloride (HCI)
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Sulfur dioxide (SO,)
1.013
1.028
1.053
1.998
 3.4.3 Controlled Emission Rates of Acid Gases
      Hazardous waste incinerators are equipped with acid gas scrubbers in order to
 control HCI emissions to a maximum of 1.8 kg/h (0.5 g/s) or 1 percent of the
 uncontrolled HCI emissions as presently required by RCRA (Section 5.1).  Therefore,
 99 percent of the HCI must be removed by the APCD unless the HCI emissions are
 less than or equal to 0.5  g/s. Wet scrubbers are typically used for acid gas control by
 rotary kiln incinerators at Superfund sites.
     Typical control efficiencies for wet scrubbers used for acid gas control are
 reported as:14                   ,  ^
                                HCI       99%
                                HF       99%
                                SO2       90%+
Typical efficiencies for removal of HBr by wet scrubbers have not been reported.
                                      24

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      Controlled emission rates of acid gases are calculated using the following
 equation:
 where     ERA   =  Controlled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
              c
           ERA   =  Uncontrolled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
            CES  =  Scrubber control efficiency for the acid gas, % (use values given
                    previously for wet scrubbers).

 3.5  Paniculate Matter
     Under the existing RCRA standards (Section 5.1), incinerator particulate matter
 (PM) emissions must not exceed a stack concentration of 0.08 grains per dry standard
 cubic foot  (gr/dscf)(or 180 mg/dscm) corrected to 7 percent oxygen in the stack gas
 (50% excess air). Some of the factors affecting PM emissions are waste composition,
 particle size distribution, feed rate, and incinerator  design. Because PM emissions
 cannot be  predicted  accurately without detailed data, the maximum allowable emission
 rate, based on RCRA standards, will be used as a conservative estimate.  The
 allowable emission rate of PM is calculated by the  equation:
                             = (0.08 grjdscf)(Q<:)(O.OQW8)                  (11)

where     ERPM =  Emission rate of PM, g/s
            QG =  Gas flow rate, dscfm at 7 percent oxygen in the stack gas
        0.00108 =  Conversion factor, gr/min to g/s.
                                      25

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 3.6  Emissions of Other Contaminants
 3.6.1    Oxides of Nitrogen
      Formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) is a potential concern with any combustion
 source including incinerators. The rate of NOX formation is a function of fuel firing rate,
 excess oxygen, flame temperature, and burner design. NOX emissions can be
 effectively controlled by proper design of the combustion equipment.  Evaluation of
 NOX emissions is beyond the scope of these screening procedures.
 3.6.2    Carbon Monoxide
      Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are also a concern with combustion sources.
 CO emissions, however, are directly related to the combustion efficiency and THC
 emissions of incinerators. CO monitoring of stack gases is a regulatory requirement
 for incinerators under RCRA. If the required DREs for organics are met, CO emissions
 will generally be within acceptable levels.
 3.6.3     Chlorine
     EPA has raised the concern that free chlorine (CI2) emissions from incinerators
 may be a potential problem when there is insufficient hydrogen available (from
 hydrocarbon compounds or water vapor) to react with all of the chlorine in the
 waste.16 CI2 can be controlled by emissions testing and by providing more hydrogen
 in the waste or auxiliary fuel  or the  addition  of superheated steam to the stack gas.
 Emissions of CI2 can be calculated  for a worst case scenario using procedures similar
 to those for acid gas emissions in Section 3.4.  This is generally not necessary  for
 screening purposes unless there are very high levels of chlorine in the waste feed.

 3.7 Worksheet for Emissions Calculations
    Table 8 is included in the screen as a summary worksheet for emissions
calculations.  In this table, the double underlines represent input data, and the single
underlines represent calculated values.  References to the applicable text sections,
                                      26

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                               TABLE 8.   WORKSHEET FOR EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS
Uncontrolled DRE/control Controlled
Waste Concentra- Feed rate, Compound emissions, efficiency, emissions,
element tion, ppm Ib/h emitted PF or R&a g/s % g/s
Total mass
ORGANICS;
THC
PCBs
Dioxins
METALS:
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryl! ium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
N/A
Equation 1



Section 2.3

Equation 2




Sampl ing
data









Equation 4









N/A
THC
PCB
Dioxin
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Cd
Cr(+6)
Pb
Hg
Au
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
Table 5









Equation 5









N/A
99.99b
99.9999°
99.9999b
Table 6









N/A
Equation 3




Equation 6









(continued)

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      TABLE 8 (Continued)
03
Waste
element
Thall ium

GASES:
Chlorine
Sulfur
Fluorine
Bromine
PM:

Particulate
Concentra-
tion, ppm


Equation 7






N/A
Feed rate,
Ib/h


Equation 8






N/A
Compound
emitted
Tl


HC1
S02
HF
HBr


PM
PF or R4°



1.028
1.998
1.053
1.013


N/A
Uncontrolled
emissions,
9/s


Equation 9




Gas flow,
dscfm
Table 2

DRE/control
efficiency,
%


Section
3.4.3
99b



Stack con-
centration
gr/dscf

0.08b
Controlled
emissions,
g/s


Equation 10





Equation 11

     "Partitioning  factor, %  (metals) or Stoichiometric  ratio,  g/g (gases).
     bRCRA requirement  (Section 5,1).

      Note:   If  the incinerator  is  designed  to burn PCBs or Dioxins, a ORE of 99.9999 should be achieved for all
      0rCJ3D1 CS .

     CTSCA requirement  (Section 5.1).

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look up tables, and needed equations are included in the worksheet. This table is
used as an aid in the calculation and summarization of feed rates, uncontrolled
emission rates, and controlled emission rates for incineration. The worksheet can be
assembled in this format using a spreadsheet program on a personal computer.
                                      29

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                                  SECTION  4
                ESTIMATION OF AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS

 4.1    Dispersion Models
        If emission rates and release parameters for the incinerator stack are known,
 dispersion modeling techniques are used to estimate ambient air concentrations at
 offsrte receptors or at the fenceline, as appropriate.  The computer dispersion models
 can use either site-specific meteorology (preferred) or generic worst-case conditions to
 produce ambient air concentration estimates. Because this document is concerned
 with screening procedures only, the range of available dispersion models is not
 discussed here. The recommended dispersion models to be used in these screening
 procedures, as discussed in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, are EPA's  SCREEN model17 and/or
 Industrial Source Complex (ISCLT) model.18 The TSCREEN model also incorporates
 the SCREEN algorithm and may be used in conjunction with its associated
 workbook.19  These dispersion models are available from EPA's Support Center for
 Regulatory Air Models Bulletin Board System (SCRAM-BBS), accessed through the
 OAQPS Technology Transfer Network,  at (919) 541-5742 or FTS 629-5742.  The
 appropriate user's manuals should be consulted for data  input procedures and
 interpretation of outputs. The  EPA Regional Air/Superfund Coordinator, Meteorologist
 or Modeling Contact may be consulted if assistance is needed.

 4.2    Data Input Requirements
       An incinerator stack is treated as a point source for purposes of dispersion
analysis.  The required inputs to the analysis are emission rate, stack height, exit
velocity, stack diameter, gas temperature, and ambient air temperature.  Site
                                     30

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configuration data include location of the stack, fenceline, and MEI, which are required
to determine appropriate downwind distances for concentration estimates. The
surrounding land use should be examined to determine rural or urban classification.
Examination of the topography is necessary to determine complex or noncomplex
terrain classification and any unusual features. The presence of buildings should be
noted for possible downwash situations. If site-specific meteorological data are
available, they should be used in the dispersion analysis.  Use of generic worst-case
conditions, however, will generally produce more conservative estimates.

4.3    Short-Term Concentration Estimates
       Use the SCREEN dispersion  model to predict short-term  downwind ambient air
concentrations in /ig/m3.  The SCREEN model produces a maximum one-hour
average concentration estimate at specified downwind distances.
       When running SCREEN, use an emission rate of 1 g/s and run all wind stability
classes.  The result will be a one-hour  ambient concentration estimate, in pg/m3, for a
1 g/s emission rate. This value may be used as a dispersion factor (/jg/m3 per g/s) in
computing  ambient concentration estimates for multiple pollutants.  To obtain
concentration estimates for each pollutant use the following equation:
                                 Cm, = (ER)(F)                            (12)

where       Cmi  =  Maximum hourly ambient air concentration of pollutant i, /tg/m3
            ERi  =  Emission rate of pollutant i, g/s
              F  =  Dispersion factor  from SCREEN model run, /jg/m3 per g/s.
       If estimates for other short-term averaging times are needed (i.e.,  to determine
ARAR compliance), multiply the one-hour estimate by the appropriate factor below:
                   Averaging time                 Multiplying factor19
                    3 hours                        0.9 (± 0.1)
                    8 hours                        0.7 (± 0.2)
                    24 hours                        0.4 (± 0.2)

                                      31

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 4.4     Long-term Concentration Estimates
        If site-specific meteorological data are available, use the ISCLT model to
 predict long-term downwind ambient air concentrations in /xg/m3.  As an alternative,
 long-term estimates may be made by multiplying the short-term estimate obtained from
 SCREEN by a conversion factor to obtain annual average estimates.  This approach
 generally results in a higher estimate of the annual average concentration than if the
 ISCLT model, with site-specific data, is used. The conservative conversion factor,
 0.025, can be used when the terrain is relatively flat and no unusual meteorological
 conditions exist. Use the following equation to obtain concentration estimates for each
 pollutant:

                              £„ =  (B?;(/}(0.025)                         (13)

where      Cai =  Annual average ambient air concentration of pollutant i, /ig/m3
            ER(. =  Emission rate of pollutant i, g/s
             F =  Dispersion factor from SCREEN model run, ng/m3 per g/s.
       Use of the SCREEN model in predicting ambient air concentrations is
illustrated in the Case Example in Section 6.
                                     32

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                                 SECTION 5

                EVALUATION OF ARARS AND HEALTH EFFECTS
5.1    ARARS
       The 1990 revisions to the NCR require compliance with ARARs during remedial
action, and compel attainment of ARARs during removal actions whenever practicable.
Guidance on compliance with federal ARARs for incineration at Superfund sites can be
found in the EPA documents, CERCLA Compliance With Other Laws Manual:  Parts I
and II  (OSWER Directives 9234.1-01  and 9234.1 -02).20-21  Information taken from these
documents is summarized in Tables 9 and 10. Table 9 presents selected action-
specific ARARs for incineration, and Table 10 presents selected chemical-specific
ARARs for incinerator stack emissions. All potential ARARs should be  identified and
addressed in the FS stage of the remedial process.
       Regulatory standards that may apply to incineration include RCRA, the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), Clean Air Act (CAA), State Air Toxic Program
requirements, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,  and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
New regulatory standards for hazardous waste incinerators (proposed  amendments to
RCRA Subpart O) have not been released at the time this document was prepared.
While the regulations on burning of hazardous waste in Boilers and Industrial  Furnaces
(BIF rule)22 are not directly applicable to Superfund incinerators, substantive
requirements of the BIF rule may be applied to certain incinerators at the discretion of
regulatory authorities.
       The chemical-specific ARARs evaluation is performed by simply comparing the
ARAR limits for pollutants of interest (i.e.,  lead, PM, SO2, etc.) to the estimated ambient
air concentrations (Sections 4.3 - 4.4). Action-specific ARARs may be evaluated by
examining the proposed incinerator design, if available.
                                     33

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          Actions
       RCRA

       Incineration
w
     TABLE 9'   SELECTED ACTION-SPECIFIC POTENTIAL  ARARS  FOR INCINERATION


                   Requirements	
Prerequisites for
  applicabilitj
 Analyze the waste feed
                       Dispose of all
                       including ash,
                       sludge.
                hazardous waste and residues,
                scrubber water, and scrubber
 No further requirements  apply to incinerators
 that only burn  wastes  that  are listed as
 hazardous solely  by  virtue  of combination with
 other wastes, and if the waste analysis
 demonstrates  that no Appendix VII  constituent is
 present  that  might reasonably be expected to  be
 present

 Performance standards  for incinerators:

   Achieve  a destruction  and removal  efficiency
   of 99.99 percent for each principal  organic
   hazardous constituent  in the waste  feed and
   99.9999  percent  for dioxins

   Reduce hydrogen  chloride emissions  to  1  8 kq/h
   or  1 percent of  the HC1 in  the stack gases
   before entering  any pollution control  devices

  Not release particulate in excess of 180
  mg/dscm corrected for amount of oxyqen  in
  stack gas

Monitoring of various parameters during
operation of the incinerator is required.  These
parameters include:
                                                                         RCRA hazardous waste
                                                                        RCRA hazardous waste
                                                                                                      Citation
                      40 CFR 264.341

                      40 CFR 264.351



                      40 CFR 264.340
                                                                                                  40 CFR 264.343




                                                                                                  40 CFR 264.342



                                                                                                  40 CFR 264.343



                                                                                                  40 CFR 264.343
     (continued)

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      TABLE  9  (Continued)
          Actions
                  Requirements
    Prerequisites for
      applicability
   Citation
CO
en
* Combustion temperature

* Waste feed rate  .

' An indicator of combustion gas velocity
* Carbon monoxide

Control fugitive emissions either by:

' Keeping combustion zone sealed or

' Maintaining combustion-zone pressure
  lower than atmospheric pressure

Utilize automatic cutoff system to stop waste
feed when operating conditions deviate	
                                                                                                   40  CFR  264.345
      TSCA

      Incineration
      of liquid PCBs
Combustion requirements
Incineration of liquid
PCBs at concentrations
of 50 ppm or greater
unless specified in 40
CFR section 761.70"
40 CFR 761.70
(TSCA)
                        Either:

                        2-second dwell time at 1200* C(± 100'C) and 3
                        percent excess oxygen in stack gas
                        or
                        1.5 second dwell time at 1600'C and 2 percent
                        excess oxygen in stack gas
     (continued)

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TABLE 9  (Continued)
                                                                       Prerequisites for
     Actlons	Requirements	applicability	Citation

                 * Combustion efficiency of at least 99.9999
                   percent

                 * Rate and quantity of PCBs fed to the
                   combustion system shall be measured and
                   recorded at regular intervals no longer than
                   15 minutes

                 * Temperature of incineration shall be
                   continuously measured and recorded

                 " Flow of PCBs to incinerator must stop
                   automatically whenever the combustion
                   temperature drops below specified temperature

                 Monitoring must occur:

                 0 When the incinerator is first used or                                     40 CFR 761.70
                   modified; monitoring must measure for 02,  CO,                              (TSCA)
                   C02,  Oxides of Nitrogen,  HC1,  RC1,  PCBs,  Total
                   Particulate Matter

                   Whenever the incinerator is incinerating PCBs,                             40 CFR 761.70
                   the 02  and  CO  levels must  be  continuously                                 (TSCA)
                   checked.  C02  must  be  periodically  checked.

                 Water scrubbers  must be used for HC1  control
(conti nued)

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      TABLE 9 (Continued)
          Actions
                  Requirements
    Prerequisites for
      applicability
                                                                                                      Citation
                       Treatment standards  under  RCRA  land  disposal
                       restrictions  (LDRs):

                       '  Incineration  or

                       0  Burning in  high efficiency  boilers
CO
                                                  Incineration of liquid
                                                  PCBs under the
                                                  California List Waste
                                                  land disposal
                                                  restrictions, assuming
                                                  that HOC wastes are
                                                  mixed with a RCRA-Hsted
                                                  or -characteristic waste
                                                  and total HOC
                                                  concentration is equal
                                                  to or greater than 1,000
                                                  mg/kg or PCB
                                                  concentration alone is
                                                  50 ppm	
                          40 CFR 268.42
                          (RCRA)
       Incineration
       of Nonliquid
       PCBs,  PCB
       Articles,   PCB
       Equipment,  and
       PCB Containers
Same as for liquid PCBs
Incineration of non-
liquid PCBs, PCB
articles, PCB equipment,
and PCB containers at
concentrations of 50 ppm
or greater unless
specified in 40 CFR
section 761.70
40 CFR 761.70
(TSCA)
                      Mass air emissions from the incinerator shall be
                      no greater than 0.001 g PCB per kg of the PCBs
                      entering the incinerator

                      Monitoring is required
                                                                            40 CFR 761.70
                                                                            (TSCA)


                                                                            40 CFR 761.70
                                                                            and 761.180
                                                                            (TSCA)
     (continued)

-------
       TABLE  9  (Continued)
           Actions
                                         Requirements
                       Same as for liquid PCBs
CO
oo
       Incineration
       of Organic
       Pesticides
Performance standards:

  2-second residence time at 1000'C (or
  equivalent that will assure complete
  destruction)

Meet requirements of CAA relating to gaseous
emissions

Dispose of liquids,  sludges,  or solid residues
in accordance  with applicable Federal,  State,
    local pollution  control  requirements.
    Prerequisites for
      applicability
                                                                                                      Citation
 Incineration  of non-
 liquid  PCBs regulated  as
 HOCs  under the
 California List Wastes
 land  disposal
 restrictions, provided
 that  HOC wastes  are
 mixed with a  RCRA-listed
 or RCRA-characteristic
 waste and total  HOC
 concentrations  equal to
 or greater than  1,000
                                                                                                   40 CFR 268.42
                                                                                                   (RCRA)
Incineration of organic
pesticides, except
organic mercury, lead,
cadmium, and arsenic
(recommended).
40 CFR 165.8
40 CFR 165.1
                                                                                                   40  CFR  165.8
                                                                                                  40 CFR  165.8
     (continued)

-------
      TABLE 9 (Continued)
          Actions
                  Requirements
    Prerequisites for
      applicability
                                                                                                      Citation
       Incineration
       of Metallo-
       organic
       Pesticides
Chemically or physically treat pesticides to
recover heavy metals; incinerate in same manner
as organic pesticides.
Incineration of metallo-
organic pesticides,
except mercury, lead,
cadmium, or arsenic
compounds (recommended).
40 CFR 165.8
CD
       Incineration
       of Combustible
       containers
Incinerate in same manner as organic pesticides.
Incineration of
combustible containers
that formerly held
organic or metallo-
organic pesticides,
except organic mercury,
lead, arsenic, and
cadmium (recommended).
40 CFR 165.9
      An approved  incinerator  (under  section  761.70) can  be  used  to destroy  any  concentration  of  PCBs; a high
       -efficiency  boiler approved under section  761.60(a)(2)(iii) can  be used  for mineral  oil  dielectric  fluid
       from PCB-contaminated electrical  equipment Containing  PCBs  in  concentrations greater than or equal  to  50
       ppm  but less than 500 ppm;  and  a  RCRA-approved  incinerator  [under RCRA *3005(a)]  can be  used for PCBs  that
       are  not subject  to the incineration  requirements  of TSCA (i.e.,  at concentrations less than 50  ppm).
       Except  as  provided in section 761.75(b)(ii),  liquid PCBs shall not be  processed into nonliquid  forms to
       circumvent the high-temperature incineration  requirements of section 761.60(a).

      'Incineration of nonliquid PCBs  can only be carried  out in TSCA-approved  incinerators  (under  section
       761.60), which may be used  to destroy  any  concentration  of  PCBs.

-------
           TABLE  10.  SELECTED CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC  POTENTIAL ARARS  FOR  INCINERATOR  STACK  EMISSIONS
   Chemical  name

 CLEAN AIR ACT

  NESHAPS

 Beryllium
             Requirements
      Prerequisites  for
        applicability
Citation
 Ncrtmore than 10 /ig/day or 0.01      Extraction plants, ceramic
 g/m  ambient  concentrations  (with 3  plants, foundries,
 years of monitoring data)            Incinerators, rocket
                                      propellant plants, machine
	.	shops	
                                                                                      40 CFR Part 61 (CAA)
   NAAQS

Carbon monoxide
Lead
 Not to exceed  9 ppm over 8-hour
 period and  not to  exceed 35 ppm
 over a 1-hour  period (primary); no
 secondary standards

 Not to exceed  1.5  jzg/m3  based on  a
 quarterly average
Nitrogen dioxide   Not to exceed 0.053 ppm annually
Particulate
matter (PM10)


Ozone


Sulfur oxides
 Not  to  exceed  50 ng/m  annually
 Not  to  exceed  150/jg/m3/24-hour
 period

 Not  to  exceed  0.12 ppm/h


 Not  to  exceed  0.03 ppm annually
 Not  to  exceed  0.14 ppm/24-hour
 period.  Not to exceed 0.5  ppm/3-
 hour period	
                                                         Major stationary and mobile  40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
                                                         sources
Major stationary sources     40 CFR  Part 50  (CAA)


Major stationary and mobile  40 CFR  Part 50  (CAA)
sources

Major stationary sources     40 CFR  Part 50  (CAA)



Major stationary and mobile  40 CFR  Part 50  (CAA)
sources

Major stationary sources     40 CFR  Part 50  (CAA)

-------
5.2    Health Effects
       The evaluation of health effects from incinerator emissions should conform to
EPA's Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Part C23, once this document
is released.  Part C presents general guidance on risk assessment procedures for
evaluation of remedial alternatives during and after the Feasibility Study. If ambient air
concentrations have been estimated, RAGS Part A24 may be consulted for detailed
procedures for assessing inhalation exposure. The remainder of this section presents
a simplified procedure for health effects screening for inhalation exposure.  Exposures
from secondary pathways due to deposition of paniculate emissions from  Superfund
site incinerators are generally thought to be insignificant when compared to the
inhalation pathway.
5.2.7   Chemical Compounds
       As discussed in Section 3.2.2, THC emissions are considered to be all
unburned hydrocarbons and PIC produced from organic compounds in the feed,
exclusive of any  PCBs or dioxins in the feed.  For predictive screening purposes only,
an aggregate inhalation unit risk of 1x10"5 m3//jg is to be used for THC emissions.
This approach is consistent with the proposed RCRA Tier II CO and THC Limits
presented in the  Guidance on PIC Controls for Hazardous  Waste Incinerators.13
       Emissions of PCBs are to be treated separately from other organic
compounds.  For emissions of dioxins, all forms of dioxin are to be aggregated  in the
waste feed and the inhalation unit risk value of the most toxic specie present (usually
2,3,7,8-TCDD) is to be used for assessment of the undestroyed dioxin emissions.
Emissions of each metal and HCI are  evaluated individually for health effects.
5.2.2  Action Levels
       Potential carcinogenic health effects from long-term exposure to emissions of
carcinogenic substances are evaluated using inhalation unit risk factors. Potential
health effects from long-term exposure to substances with  noncarcinogenic effects are
evaluated using chronic inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs).  These factors are
                                      41

-------
 obtained from EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).  User support for IRIS
 is available at (513) 569-7254.  If health effects data are not found in IRIS, consult the
 latest EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST).25 For assessment of
 health effects due to exposure to lead emissions, contact the EPA Regional
 Toxicologist for guidance.
        For convenience, the unit risk and/or RfC factors for chemicals of interest have
 been listed, and converted to ambient air concentrations in jig/m3, in Table 1 1 .  Where
 inhalation data were not available, the oral slope factor or RfD was converted to an
 inhalation concentration using a body weight of 70 kg and breathing rate of 20 m3/day
 (average adult values).  The risk-specific concentration for carcinogens are based on a
 IxlO"6 risk and lifetime (70-year) exposure.  For nonpermanent incinerators, the risk-
 specific concentration for carcinogens may be adjusted using the following equation:
                               c  =    p    years)
                                           y
where       Cc  =  Risk-specific ambient concentration adjusted for exposure period,
                    /ig/m3
            C70  =  Risk-specific ambient concentration for 70-year exposure,
              y  =  Incinerator operating life or exposure period, years.
The adjusted risk-specific concentrations and RfC concentrations are compared to the
predicted ambient air concentrations.  If any of the long-term action levels are
exceeded, a potential air emissions problem is indicated.
5.2.3    Risk Calculation and Combined Exposures
    The potential health effects due to combined exposure to multiple substances
must be evaluated. For screening purposes, the individual risks for all carcinogens
are summed, and the hazard index is computed for noncarcinogenic effects of
substances.
                                       42

-------
                                   TABLE 11.  LONG-TERM ACTION  LEVELS  FOR AMBIENT  AIR
OJ
Carcinogen- Risk-
icity Chronic specific
inhalation toxicity cone.
Carcinogenic unit risk inhalation (Care.) 10"6
Chemical group (/Jg/m3)" RfC mg/m3 70 yr, yq/m3
THC
PCBs B2
Dioxin B2
(2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Antimony
Arsenic A
Barium
Beryllium B2
Cadmium Bl
Chromium (VI) A
Lead B2
Mercury
Silver
Thai! ium
HC1
1E-5 o.l
(7.7E+0)8 0.00046
3.3E-2 0.00003
(4E-4)b
4.3E-03 NO 0.00023
5E-3
2.4E-03 ND 0.00042
1.8E-03 ND 0.00055
1.2E-02 2E-6 0.000083
NA ND NA
3E-4
(3E-3)b
(7E-5)b
7E-3
Regulatory
RfC cone. limit annual
(noncarc.), average,
Mg/m yq/m3



1.4

5
0.01 pg/m3
(NESHAPS)

0.002
ND 0.9 /ig/m3
(NAAQS)
0.3
10.5
0.24
7
     "Oral  Slope Factor (mg/kg/day)
     bOral  RfD, mg/kg/day.
                                   -1

-------
      The individual risk for exposure to each carcinogen is calculated using the
  following equation:
                                   =
                                  1     70 years                            (15)

 where        R,  =  Cancer risk for inhalation exposure to compound i, dimensionless
              Cai  =  Ambient air concentration of compound i, /jg/m3
             IUR  =  Inhalation unit risk, (pg/m3)'1
               y  =  Incinerator operating life of exposure period, years.

     The combined risk is obtained by summing the individual risks for each
 carcinogen:

                          Aggregate Inhalation _ JZ „                    ....
                               Cancer Risk    ~ L Hi                    (16)
                                                7=1

 The combined risk should not exceed the target level of 1x1 CT6.
     For substances with noncarcinogenic effects, calculate the hazard quotient and
 sum these -values to produce the hazard index:

                                  HO, = — ^
                                     1   RfC,
and
                                        n
                                  ///-£/*?,                            (18)
                                       7=1
where      HQ;  =  Hazard quotient for compound i, dimensionless
            Cai  =  Ambient air concentration of compound i, /ig/m3
              j  =  RfC concentration of compound i, /^g/m3
            HI  =  Hazard index for combined exposure, dimensionless.
                                     44

-------
Neither the individual hazard quotients nor the hazard index should exceed a value of
1.0.
                                      45

-------
                                   SECTION 6
                                 CASE EXAMPLE

        The following is a hypothetical case example used to illustrate the use of the
 screening procedures.  The incineration system to be evaluated is similar to the
 system shown in Figure 2.  Average emission rates and long-term exposures are
 calculated in the example.
        The Udumprt site is a 10-acre abandoned waste site previously used to bury,
 dump, and store industrial wastes such as paint sludges, solvents, and other wastes
 containing RGBs, oils and greases,  phenols, and heavy metals. The site is located in
 a relatively flat rural area.  The site area to be remediated by incineration contains
 66,600 tons of soil contaminated primarily with PCBs and lead.  Table 12 contains
 sampling data for the average concentrations of compounds found in the soil waste.
 Table 13 contains relevant data taken from the ultimate analysis of composite soil
 samples.  Emission rates based on  average concentration (average feed conditions)
 will be calculated assuming that soils will be blended before incineration.
       The proposed incineration system is a 35 x 106 Btu/h with a feed rate capacity
 of 6 tons/h for soils with a moisture content of 10  percent or less.  No free liquids are
 to be incinerated. The air pollution control system and general configuration are
 shown in Figure 2. The ejector scrubber is considered equivalent to a venturi
 scrubber with a pressure drop of 25 inches of water. The kiln is to be operated at a
 temperature of 1600° F and the SCC at 2200° F. The system will be operated  24
 hours per day, 6 days per week. The incinerator stack is to be located 300 meters
from the fenceline and will be 8 meters tall. An adult apartment complex borders the
fence.  Calculations begin below.
                                      46

-------
                         TABLE 12.  SOIL SAMPLE DATA
                  Compound
                                               Average concentration, ppm
 Orqanics
HUBS
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Trichloroethene
Tetrachl oroethane
Benzene
Toluene
Methylene chloride
Carbon disulfide
Acetone
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Total xylenes
Inorganics
Barium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Arsenic
Cadmium
272
0.06
0.005
47
50
50
5
11
160
3
37
50
28
3

591
85
778
301
2
20
                TABLE 13.  DATA TAKEN FROM ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Moisture content
Ash content
Chlorine content
Sulfur content
Higher heating value
    9.0%
    81%
   0.08%
   0.02%
<1000 Btu/lb
                                     47

-------
       The time required to incinerate all soil is:

                       (66,600 tons) (  1 h  } = 11.100/7
                                    (6 tons)
Elapsed days:
         (11,100 h) \l-j&\ Li**"**   } = 540 days, or 1.5 years
                   (24 h )(6 days operation)
       Convert the sampling data to the proper format to be used in the worksheet to
calculate emission rates. For organics,  separate and total each of the  PCBs, dioxin
wastes, and all other organic waste concentrations from Table 12:
            PCBs        =     272 ppm

            Dioxins (total of TCDD and TCDF):
              Dioxin       =     0.065 ppm

            THC (total hydrocarbons - all other organics):
             THC        =     444  ppm

            Metals - use concentration data directly from Table 12
            Elements forming acid gases - use values for chlorine and sulfur from
            Table 13:
             Cl  =      0.08%      =     800 ppm
             S   =      0.02%      =     200 ppm
                                     48

-------
       The only other input data necessary to estimate emission rates is the exhaust
gas volume for particulates. This is estimated from Table 3 to be 8,750 dscfm.  At this
point, the worksheet (Table 8) is used to calculate the emission rates.
       Table 14 shows the summaries of emissions calculations for the case example.
Sample detailed calculations for selected components are shown below:
       Feed rate (Equation 2),
               FRKB = (1200 Ibfh) (272 ppm) (1x1 0"6) = 3.264 Ibfh

       Emission rate (Equation 3),

                 = (3.264 Ibfh) fl -  "-"  (0.126) = 4.113x1Q-7 gfs
Lead
       Feed rate (Equation 4),
              FRn = (12,000 Ibfh) (778 ppm) (1x10-*) = 9.336 Ibfh

       Uncontrolled emission rate (Equation 5),

                 ERnu = (9.336 Ibfh) fJ    (0.126) = 1.176 gfs
Controlled emission rate (Equation 6),

                                  -
                                        /
                   ERnc = (1.176 gfs)  l  -    - = 0.047 tfs
                                      49

-------
en
o
— 	 	 	 — 	 	 *-*• •* • • i-'n^^ii/nj OMLUU/LHI 1UIXO rUK UM5t tAAMPLt
Waste Concentra- Feed rate CnmnmmH Uncontrolled DRE/control Controlled
element ««,. pi %?*' '.M pr -. . • ^A0"*' eff«> -««!•"«.
Total mass
ORGANICS:
THC
PCBs
Dioxins
METALS:
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryl 1 ium
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
N/A
Equation 1
444
272
0.065

Sampling
data

2
591

20
85
778


Section 2.3
12,000
Equation 2
5.3280
3.2640
0.00078

Equation 4
0
0.024
7.092
0
0.24
1.02
9.336
0
0


N/A

THC
PCB
Dioxin
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Cd
Cr(+6)
Pb
Hg
Au
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
. N/A N/A
Table 5
======
100
======
50
i
100
"=============
5
===&=
100
•-1 ! •""'• ' ' i-":1" ',:g
"-1 ' "-'" ' ""rsasssa
™" • -- ' ' 'saa^as
Equation 5
1
0.0030
	 —
0.4468
— — — — — — — -
0.302
0.0064
1.1763
— • "— ' ..
•
N/A
99.9999
99.9999
99.9999
Table 6
========
96
==^=B====:
97
.
96
a==3a=Bssi=Bs=s=
97
96
======
=== i
	 -at -
N/A
Equation 3
6.713E-07
4.113E-07
9.828E-11

Equation 6

1.21E-04
1.34E-02

1.210E-03
1.928E-03
4.705E-02


     (continued)

-------
TABLE 14 (Continued)
Waste
element
Thallium

GASES:
Chlorine
Sulfur
Fluorine
Bromine
PM:

Particulate
Concentra-
tion, ppm


Equation 7
800
200




N/A
Feed rate,
Ib/h
0

Equation 8
9.6
2.4
0
0


N/A
Compound
emitted
Tl


HC1
S02
HF
HBr


PM
PF or R,a



1.028
1.998
1.053
1.013


N/A
Uncontrolled
emissions,
g/s


Equation 9
1.2435
0.6042


Gas flow,
dscfm
Table 2
8750
DRE/control
efficiency,
%


Section
3.4.3
99
90


Stack con-
centration
gr/dscf

0.08
Controlled
emissions,
g/s


Equation 10
1.243E-02
6.042E-02



Equation 11
0.756
'Partitioning  factor,  % (metals)  or  Stoichiometric  ratio,  g/g  (gases).

-------
  HCI
         Feed rate of chlorine (Equation 8),

                    FRCI = (12,000 Ibfh) (800) (Ix-IO-6) = 9.6 Ib/h


         Uncontrolled emission rate (Equation 9),

                    ERHCIU = (9-6 Ibfh) (1.028) (0.126) = 1.244 gfs


        Controlled emission rate (Equation 10),

                           =  (1.244 gls) l  - ->L  = 0.0124 gfs
        Using the procedure outlined in Section 4, the SCREEN model was run to
 produce a one-hour ambient air concentration estimate for a 1 g/s emission rate
 (Figure 3).  The resulting dispersion factor at a downwind distance of 300 m is:
                               F= 197.5 \iglm3lgjs

 This factor was multiplied by the controlled emission rates to produce the one-hour
 ambient air concentration estimates.  The one-hour estimates were multiplied by a
 factor of 0.025 to obtain annual ambient concentration estimates.  The results of these
 operations are shown in Table 15.
       In  order to assess ARARs and health effects, the chemical-specific ARARs and
 health effects data were assembled with the predicted annual ambient air
 concentrations in Table 16. The risk-specific concentrations for carcinogens were
adjusted by a factor of 70/1.5 to account for the incinerator operating life (Equation
14).  None of the action  levels were exceeded when compared to  the predictive
concentrations.
                                       52

-------
 •«* SCREEN-1.1 MODEL RON •*•
 •** VERSION DATED  88300 •**

UDUMPIT SITE INCINERATOR

SIMPLE TERRAIN INPUTS:
   SOURCE TYPE            -    POINT
   EMISSION RATE (G/S)    -    l.OOO
   STACK HEIGHT (M)       -     8.00
   STK INSIDE DIAM (M)    -      .50
   STK EXIT VELOCITY (M/S)-    10.00
   STK GAS EXIT TEMP (K)  -   344.OO
   AMBIENT AIR TEMP (K)   -   293.00
   RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M)    -      .00
   IOPT (1-URB.2-RUR)      -     2
   BUILDING HEIGHT (M)    -      .00
   MIN HORIZ BLDG DIM (M)  -      .00
   MAX HORIZ BLDG DIM (M)  -      .00
                                                                     04-18-91
                                                                     15:57:13
BUOY. FLUX -     .91 M**4/S**3;  MOM. FLUX

*** FULL METEOROLOGY •**


*** SCREEN AUTOMATED DISTANCES ***
            5.32 M*«4/S**2.
«** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF    0.  M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES  **<
DIST
(M)
50.
100.
200.
300.
400.
500.
600.
700.
800.
900.
1000.
1100.
1200.
1300.
1400.
1500.
1600.
1700.
1800.
1900.
2000.
MAXIMUM
140.
CONC
(UG/M**3)
144.3
201.9
212.5
197.5
177.3
156.8
149.7
137.3
123.6
110.7
98.93
89.10
80.65
82.75
84.21
84.92
85.02
84.64
83.88
82.83
81.55
STAB
1
2
3


4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1-HR CONCENTRATION
219.1
3
U10M
(M/S)
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
a.o
1,0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
AT OR
3.0
USTK
(M/S)
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
BEYOND
3.0
MIX HT
(M)
960.0
960.0
640.0
640.0
640.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
50. M:
960.0
PLUME
HT (M)
14.6
14.6
18.0
18.0
18.0
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9

14.6
SIGMA
Y (M)
14.5
19.4
23.8
22.8
29.6
36.6
43.1
49.5
55.9
62.1
68.4
74.5
80.6
43.6
46.5
49.5
52.4
55.4
58.3
61.2
64.0

17.2
SIGMA
Z (M)
7.5
10.8
14.3
12.4
15.5
19.2
22.0
24.7
27.4
30.0
32.6
34.6
36.5
17.8
18.6
19.3
20.0
20.7
21.4
22.0
22.7

10.4
DWASH
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO

NO
DWASH=   MEANS NO CALC MADE  (CONC - 0.0)
DWASH-NO MEANS NO BUILDING DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-HS MEANS HUBER-SNYDER DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-SS MEANS SCHULMAN-SCIRE DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-NA MEANS DOWNWASH NOT APPLICABLE, X<3*LB
                      *** SUMMARY OF SCREEN MODEL RESULTS •**
                      *******************************•***»»**
                  CALCULATION
                   PROCEDURE
 MAX CONC
(UG/M**3)
DIST TO
MAX (M)
TERRAIN
 HT (M)
                 SIMPLE TERRAIN
                                     219.1
                                                    140.
                                                                0.
                 • • REMEMBER TO INCLUDE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS **
                        Figure 3.  SCREEN Model Run.
                                      53

-------
TABLE 15.  CASE EXAMPLE - AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS
Compound
emitted
THC
PCB
Dioxin
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
HC1
S02
PM
Controlled
emissions, g/s
6.71E-07
4.11E-07
9.83E-11
1.21E-04
1.34E-02
1.21E-03
1.93E-04
4.71E-02
1.24E-02
6.04E-02
7.56E-01
Dispersion
factor,
/ig/m3-g/s
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
1-hour ambient
concentration,
M9/m3
1.33E-04
8.12E-05
1.94E-08
2.39E-02
2.65E+00
2.39E-01
3.81E-02
9.29E+00
2.46E+00
1.19E+01
1.49E+02
Annual ambient
concentration,
M9/m3
3.31E-06
2.03E-06
4.85E-10
5.97E-04
6.62E-02
5.97E-03
9.52E-04
2.32E-01
6.14E-02
2.98E-01
3.73E+00
                        54

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                                TABLE  16.   CASE  EXAMPLE - ACTION LEVEL COMPARISON (/ig/m3)
en
01
Compound
THC
PCBs
Dioxin
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (VI)
Lead
HC1
S02
PM
Risk-specific
RfC cone. cone. 10"6 70 yr
0.1
0.00046
0.00003
0.00023
5
0.00055
0.002 0.000083
7


Adjusted
risk-specific
cone. 1.5 yr
4.67
0.021
0.0014
0.011

0.026
0.0039



ARAR annual Predicted annual
basis avg. cone.
3.3E-6
2.0E-6
4.9E-10
0.0006
0.066
0.006
0.001
0.9 0.23
0.061
80 0.30
50 3.7
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK

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       The risks for exposure to carcinogenic compounds were calculated using



 Equation 15, with unit risks taken from Table 11.  These calculations are shown below:





                     „   _  (3.3E-6)(1.0E-5)(1.5)    .

                     nTHC	^^	  ~ '
                             (2.0C-6)(2.2g-3)(1.5)  .
                          = (4.9E-10)(3.3E-2)(1.5)  = Q 5£_13
                          ,  (0.0006)(4.3g-3)(1.5)
                             (0.006)(1.8E-3)(1.5)


                                     70
                           _  (0.001)(1.2E-2)(1.5)
                           	—	*.
                                          = 5.5E-7
The total estimated carcinogenic risk is 6x10"7, which is below the target level of


       For noncarcinogenic effects of compounds, the hazard indices and hazard


quotient were calculated using Equations 17 and 18 as shown below.




                                     0.066    n n
                                   = —-—  = 0.01
                              HQcr -        = 0.5

                                 ^    0.002
                                      56

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                                             - 0 01
                                               u.ui
                               HI (TOTAL) = 0.52


Since the hazard index is below 1.0, no potential problem is indicated for
noncarcinogenic effects of the incinerator emissions.
       Considering the conservative nature of the screening analysis, and if all of the
design assumptions held true, the incinerator stack emissions (excluding consideration
of lead) should not pose an adverse air impact.  Exposure to the lead emissions
should be investigated further using guidance from an EPA Toxicologist.
                                      57

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                                REFERENCES
 1.     American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  Hazardous Waste Incineration - A
       Resource Document. ASME, New York, NY. 1988.

 2.     Donnelly, J. R. Air Pollution Control for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.
       Proceedings of the 12th National Conference:  Hazardous Materials
       Control/Superfund '91.  Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute.
       December 1991.

 3.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Superfund Engineering Issue:  Issues
       Affecting the Applicability and Success of Remedial/Removal Incineration
       Projects. EPA/540/2-91/004.  February 1991.

 4.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Engineering Bulletin:
       Mobile/Transportable Incineration Treatment. EPA/540/2-90/014. September
       1990.

 5.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Experience in Incineration Applicable to
       Superfund Site Remediation. EPA/625/9-88/008.  December 1988.

 6.     Johnson, N. P. and Cosmos, M. G. Thermal Treatment Technologies for
       Hazardous Waste Remediation.  Pollution Engineering.  October 1989.

 7.     McCormick, R. J. and Duke, M. L Onstte Incineration as a Remedial Action
       Alternative.  Pollution Engineering. August 1989.

8.     Cudahy, J. J. and Eicher, A. R. Thermal Remediation Industry:  Markets,
       Technologies, Companies.  Pollution Engineering.  November 1989.

9.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Engineering Handbook for Hazardous
       Waste Incineration.  September 1981.

10.     Cudahy, J. J. and Troxler, W. L.  1990 Thermal Remediation Contractor
       Survey.  Journal of the Air and Waste  Management Association. Volume 40,
       No. 8. August 1990.
                                     58

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 11.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Background Document.
       Control of Metals and HCI Emissions From Hazardous Waste  Incinerators.
       Versar, Inc.  August 1989.

 12.    DiAntonio, K. K. and Tillman, D. A. Incineration of Contaminated Soil at a
       Superfund Site:  From Pilot Test to Remediation.  Proceedings of 11th National
       Conference:  Superfund '90.  Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute.
       November 1990.

 13.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on PIC Controls for
       Hazardous Waste Incinerators.  Volume V of the Hazardous Waste Incineration
       Series.  EPA/530-SW-90-040. April 1990.

 14.    Radian Corporation. Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series.
       Volume ill - Estimation of Air Emissions From Cleanup Activities at  Superfund
       Sites.  EPA/450/1-89-003.  January 1989.

 15.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Guidance on Metals and Hydrogen
       Chloride Controls for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.  Volume IV of the
       Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series.  August 1989.

 16.    Federal Register.  Environmental Protection Agency.  Standards for Owners
       and Operators of Hazardous Waste Incinerators and Burning of Hazardous
       Wastes in Boilers and Industrial  Furnaces. Vol. 55, No. 82, page 17862  April
       27, 1990.

 17.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Screening Procedures for Estimating
       the Air Quality Impacts of Stationary Sources.  EPA-450/4-88-010.  August
       1988.

 18.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Industrial Source Complex  (ISC)
       Dispersion Model User's Guide - Second Edition  (Revised). Volume I and II.
       EPA-450/4-88-002a and 002b. December 1987.

 19.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A Workbook of Screening Techniques
       for Assessing Impacts of Toxic Air Pollutants. EPA-450/4-88-009.  September
       1989.

20.    U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency. CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws
       Manual: Interim Final. EPA/540/6-89/006. August 1988.

21.    U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency. CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws
       manual: Part II Clean Air Act and Other Environmental Statutes and State
       Requirements. EPA/540/6-89/009. August 1989.


                                      59

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22.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods Manual for Compliance with
       the BIF Regulations.  EPA/530-SW-91-010. December 1990.

23.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Risk Assessment Guidance for
       Superfund:  Volume I - Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part C, Risk
       Evaluation of Remedial Alternatives). Publication 9285.7-01 C.  October 1991.

24.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Risk Assessment Guidance for
       Superfund:  Volume I - Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A).  EPA/540/1-
       89/002.  December 1989.

25.    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Health Effects Assessment Summary
       Tables, Annual FY-91. OERR 9200.6-303(91-1). January 1991.
                                    60

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                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. Ri
             -92-003
                              2.
                                                             3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. Tl
   A₯/SlJp%fti!Mcf National Technical Guidance Study Series,
   Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Impacts of
   Incineration at Superfund Sites
                                                             5. REPORT
                     February 1992
              6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
                                                             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
   John P. Carroll, Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
   International Technology Corporation
   3710 University Drive, Suite 201
   Durham, North Carolina 27707
                                                             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
              11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                     68-02-4466
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
   Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
   Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
                                                             13. TYPE OE..REPPRT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                                    Fmar
              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
         The purpose of the project was to develop screening procedures for estimating the air
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   uncontrolled and controlled emission rates of hydrocarbons, particulate matter, metals, acid
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   and for health effects.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
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  Air Pathway Analysis
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Air Pathway Analysis
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