United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/1 -92-003
February 1992
Air/Superfund
AIR/SUPERFUND
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
GUIDANCE STUDY SERIES
Screening Procedures for
Estimating the Air Impacts
of Incineration
at Superfund Sites
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SCREENING PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING
THE AIR IMPACTS OF INCINERATION
AT SUPERFUND SITES
by
International Technology Corporation
South Square Corporate Centre One
3710 University Drive, Suite 201
Durham, North Carolina 27707-6208
Contract No. 68-02-4466
Work Assignment No. 91-77
JTN 803770-077-02
Joseph Padgett, Work Assignment Manager
Aaron Martin, Project Officer
Revised under Subcontract No. A580-01
to Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
JTN 465045
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
February 1992
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-1?.0
77 West Jackson Ecu!-.. ', ;...,;, noor
Chicago, IL 60604-3^0
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DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by
International Technology Corporation, Durham, North Carolina, under Contract No 68-
02-4466, Work Assignment No. 91-77. The contents are reproduced herein as
received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are
those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
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CONTENTS
Figures v
Tables vj
Acknowledgment Vjj
1. Introduction -\
Background/objectives 1
Approach 3
Limitations 3
2. Assessment of Incineration Parameters 6
Information/data requirements 6
Waste characterization data 6
Incineration parameters 8
Site configuration 13
3. Estimation of Emission Rates 14
General procedures 14
Organic compounds 15
Metals 18
Acid gases 21
Particulate matter 25
Emissions of other contaminants 26
Worksheet for emissions calculations 26
4. Estimation of Ambient Air Concentrations 30
Dispersion models 30
Data input requirements 30
Short-term concentration estimates 31
Long-term concentration estimates 32
MI
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CONTENTS (continued)
5. Evaluation of ARARs and Health Effects 33
ARARs 33
Health effects 41
6. Case Example 46
References 58
IV
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FIGURES
Pae
1 Conceptual flowchart of screening procedures 4
2 Example of a rotary kiln incineration system 10
3 SCREEN model run 53
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TABLES
Number
1 Input Data Requirements 7
2 Typical Parameters for Rotary Kiln Incineration Systems 12
3 Stack Parameters for Rotary Kiln Incinerators 13
4 Typical Temperatures and Residence Times for Hazardous
Waste Destruction 17
5 Conservative Estimates of Metals Partitioning (%) to APCD 20
6 Estimated APCD Efficiencies for Controlling Toxic Metals 22
7 Stoichiometric Ratios of Acid Gas to Element 24
8 Worksheet for Emissions Calculations 27
9 Selected Action-Specific Potential ARARs for Incineration 34
10 Selected Chemical-Specific Potential ARARs for Incinerator
Stack Emissions 40
11 Long-Term Action Levels for Ambient Air 43
12 Soil Sample Data 47
13 Data Taken From Ultimate Analysis 47
14 Emissions Calculations for Case Example 50
15 Case Example - Ambient Air Concentrations 54
16 Case Example - Action Level Comparison 55
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
n hv ,r£ rfort,as PrePare<* for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region
A^LL f ?H A e,Cc n°^9y CorP°ration' Durham' North Carolina, under Technical
Ass.stance to the A.r/Superfund program. The project was directed by Mr Steven H
?PWP T,l9etd by .Mr- J°hn P' Carr°"' Jr' The PrinclPal author fe John P. Carroil
Jr. We would l.ke to acknowledge Mr. Joseph Padgett, the U.S. Environmental
Protect.on Agency Work Assignment Manager, for his overall guidance and direction
We would also l.ke to thank Ms. Grace Musumeci, and Ms. Alison Devine us0"10"'
Pr°teCti0n A9ency> Region "'for their assistance in making this'effort
VII
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background/Objectives
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regional Air Offices are
routinely involved in the analysis and evaluation of air impacts from various remedial
alternatives selected for cleanup actions at Superfund sites. The reviews and
evaluations are based largely on information supplied by the .Regional Superfund
Offices in site documents such as the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS),
Record of Decision (ROD), and other associated documents. A preliminary evaluation
of the air impacts of any proposed remedial alternative is required before the ROD is
signed, and an in-depth evaluation is necessary during the> Remedial Design (RD) and
testing phases before the Remedial Action (RA) is implemented. Two threshold criteria
for remedy selection, as stated in the National Contingency Plan (NCP), must be
shown to be satisfied during the detailed analysis of remedial alternatives. These
criteria are 1) compliance with Federal and State applicable or relevant and
appropriate requirements (ARARs), and 2) the remedy selected is protective of human
health and the environment. A screening analysis is necessary to show that these
criteria are satisfied.
This document presents predictive screening procedures for evaluation of the
air impacts of onsite high temperature incineration during the detailed analysis of
remedial alternatives. Results of the screening procedures are conservative. The
screening procedures are generally not appropriate for use in the in-depth evaluation
of existing incineration systems. It has been assumed that the users of this document
have a general understanding of incineration; therefore, in-depth discussions of
various aspects of the incineration process have not been included. Various general
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references on the incineration process and on incinerators used at Superfund sites are
available in the literature.1i2'3'4'5
This document focuses on rotary kiln incinerators in determining emissions
characteristics; however, many elements of the analysis are common to other types of
incinerators. Rotary kiln incinerators are frequently used for high temperature thermal
treatment of Superfund wastes and are especially suited for treatment of soils
contaminated with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. Sludges and liquid
organic wastes can also be handled by these systems, but treatment of wastes
containing high concentrations of metals is not desirable because metals are not
destroyed by the incineration process.
Air impacts are dependent on the actual incinerator emissions, meteorological
dispersion conditions and topography, and distances to receptors. The emissions are
dependent on such factors as the waste chemical components, incinerator feed rates,
thermal destruction and removal efficiency, and characteristics of the air pollution
control system. This document provides guidance in evaluating these factors, in
estimating air emission rates, and in predicting ambient air concentrations at receptors
of interest so that health effects and compliance with air ARARs can be evaluated.
If data are available from a detailed incinerator design and/or from waste
material treatability tests, the analysis will be improved because fewer assumptions or
estimates will be required. Treatability tests for the waste material may be particularly
valuable in predicting emissions characteristics. When pilot-scale tests or trial burn
data are available for an existing incinerator, emission rates may be directly derived
and the screening analysis would begin with the dispersion modeling procedures in
Section 4.
This document may be useful to the Regional Air/Superfund Coordinators, On
Scene Coordinators (OSCs), Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), and others involved
in the review and evaluation of high temperature incineration. These procedures may
also be useful to Superfund contractors in preparing their original analyses of the
incineration alternative.
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1.2 Approach
The overall approach of this screening procedure assumes that incineration has
been identified as the preferred treatment alternative and that a preliminary or
conceptual design of the incineration system has been developed. The analysis
begins with assessment of the waste characteristics, treatment rates, incineration
system parameters, and general site data. Emissions estimates of organic
compounds, paniculate matter (PM), metals, and acid gases are developed based on
the waste components, control equipment efficiency, and/or emissions-limiting ARARs.
Ambient air concentrations at receptors of interest are then estimated using dispersion
modeling procedures. These concentrations are compared to air quality ARARs, and
a health effects assessment is performed for inhalation exposure to carcinogenic and
noncarcinogenic compounds. The final step is summarization of the screening
analysis results including the assumptions made and any recommendations or
conclusions. A conceptual flowchart of the screening procedures for incineration is
shown in Figure 1.
1.3 Limitations
Determining the applicability of these screening procedures to a specific site
and/or incineration system is the responsibility of the individuals performing the
analysis or document review. The use of "typical" or assumed data as a substitute for
nonspecified parameters should be performed with caution. Major limitations and
limiting assumptions for the screening procedures are summarized below:
The incineration systems discussed are limited to rotary kilns only.
The screening procedures assume that the destruction and removal
efficiencies and control efficiencies required by regulation are achievable
for a given incinerator. This can only be verified by a series of trial
burns.
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INCINERATION SCREENING PROCEDURES
Organ ics
PCBs / Dioxins
Metals
Acid-Forming Elements
Paniculate Matter
Incineration
Parameters
Controlled
Emission Rates
Dispersion
Analysis
Ambient
Concentrations
i
Feed Rates
Uncontrolled
Emission Rates
,, -' ,'",-'' <
/, /Sftetv
Configuration
ARAR Comparison.
Health Effects
Assessment
T
Screening
Results
Figure 1. Conceptual flowchart of screening procedures.
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The screening procedures only consider incinerator stack emissions
Fugitive emissions (from waste feed storage, blending, auxiliary
equipment, and ash handling) may have a greater impact than stack
rfSE?£teSS ^ ^n adec>uate|y controlled. The preferred method
of control «s to enclose all waste storage and feed areas and to vent
emissions to the incinerator as make-up air.
£? Sf^Sf ^ospheric deposition and secondary pathways are not
included in the dispersion or health effects analyses
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SECTION 2
ASSESSMENT OF INCINERATION PARAMETERS
2.1 Information/Data Requirements
Information required to perform the screening procedures is presented in this
section. This information includes the waste characterization data, incineration system
parameters, and site configuration data. Where information is missing in the remedial
planning documents, the missing parameters may be estimated based on "typical-
data and/or conservative engineering judgement. Some of the required data must be
calculated from other parameters or converted to different formats for use in the
screening procedures. Table 1 lists the site-specific data required to estimate
emission rates and assess air impacts using these procedures. The significance of
each parameter and the use of default data are discussed in the remainder of this
section.
Supplemental information used in the analysis that is not site-specific includes
.physical and chemical properties of the contaminants, health effects data for specific
contaminants, and ARARs for incineration and air quality. These items are discussed
in later sections of this document
2.2 Waste Characterization Data
Waste characterization data are generally obtained from the Rl and any
treatability studies conducted. The type of waste and the moisture content will affect
the feed rate capacity of a given incinerator. Rotary kiln incinerators can
accommodate a larger mass throughput of solid wastes such as contaminated soils
than liquid wastes. As the moisture content of the waste increases, the feed rate
capacity of the incinerator generally decreases because a larger portion of the heat
input is required to evaporate water.
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TABLE 1. INPUT DATA
Waste
characterization
Incineration
parameters
Site
configuration
Data item or parameter
° Waste media
* Waste quantity
* Moisture content (%)
List of chemical compounds
"Average" concentrations in waste feed
Maximum expected concentrations in waste
feed
* Chlorine content (%) - Average and maximum
.^_______
Description of incinerator
Description of air pollution control system
Thermal capacity of system
Feed rates or throughput capacity by waste
media
Operating intervals and cumulative
operating time of incinerator
Stack height
Stack inner diameter
Exhaust temperature/ambient air temperature
Exit gas velocity
Exit gas flow rate
0 Distance to fenceline
* Distance to MEI
* Surrounding land use
Area topography
Special features or special meteorological
conditions
Solid, sludge, or liquid
Tons or kg
From sampling data
For analysis of chronic exposures/long-
term ARARs
For analysis of subchronic/acute
exposures/short-term ARARs
Calculate from waste concentrations or
obtain from ultimate
Flow diagrams are helpful
Flow diagrams are helpful
106 Btu/h
Tons/h or kg/h
For exposure assessment
For dispersion analysis
For dispersion analysis
For dispersion analysis
For dispersion analysis
For emission rates if stack
concentrations are known
For dispersion analysis and exposure
assessment
For dispersion analysis and exposure
assessment
For urban or rural classification
(dispersion analysis)
For complex or noncomplex terrain
(dispersion analysis)
To determine if site-specific
dispersion modeling is required
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The quantity of waste to be treated is important because this will determine
what size incineration system will be used and how long ft must operate at a given
feed rate. The total mass, in kg or tons, is required for contaminated soils or other
solid wastes. If volume is given, the density or unit weight of the solid waste media is
required to convert from volume to mass.
The list of chemical compounds and their concentrations in the waste media are
obtamed from the sampling data Both "average" concentrations and maximum
concentrations are necessary to determine contaminant feed rates to be used in long-
term and short-term health effects assessment, and assessment of regulatory limits
So-ls/solids from different site areas, however, may be blended before entering the
nanerator feed system, so that maximum concentrations found in core samples from
a srte with varying degrees of contamination may represent much higher
concentrations than would actually be found in the feed. An accounting of all
components of the waste is necessary to properly assess incineration. The role of
these components with respect to air emissions is presented in Section 3 If an
urtimate analysis of the waste-has been performed, information on moisture content
chlonne content, heating value of the waste, etc. can be used in the screening
analysis. An ultimate analysis will be required for the Remedial Design and is
recommended any time incineration is considered as a likely remedial alternative
Treatabilrty studies will provide even more valuable information for the screening
analysis and incinerator design.
2.3 Incineration Parameters
Review of the incineration alternative for a given Superfund site requires some
bas,c .nformation on the size, type, and operating characteristics of the incineration
system to be used. Much of this information may be generated in the preliminary or
conceptual design required to produce a cost estimate for the remedial arternative in
the FS. If preliminary design data are not available, some important assumptions and
estimates must be made by the reviewer in order to perform the screening analysis
These assumptions, such as the use of an assumed feed rate, stack height, ex* gas
8
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velocity, etc., can become limiting factors and must be clearly stated in the
conclusions of the screening analysis.
High temperature thermal treatment technologies that have proven to be
effective at Superfund sites include rotary kiln incineration, infrared incineration, and
circulating bed combustion. Other technologies that may be applicable to Superfund
sites include oxygen-enriched incineration, electric pyrolysis or plasma incineration,
and high temperature thermal desorption.6 Each of these systems may have different
equipment configurations, operating characteristics, and air pollution control systems
depending on the manufacturer and site-specific application. The emissions
characteristics of each technology will be different and will require different estimation
procedures. The examples and "typical" data used to estimate emission rates in this
document are applicable to rotary kiln incineration systems.
Rgure 2 shows an example of a proposed rotary kiln incineration system. In
this example soil and liquids contaminated with volatile and semivolatile organics are
both processed in the rotary kiln. Organics are volatilized in the kiln and exit with the
hot gases into the secondary combustion chamber (SCC) where destruction is
completed. Cyclones ahead of the SCC provide removal of large particulate matter. A
water quench reduces gas temperature, and a packed tower scrubber provides
primary removal of acid gases. An ejector scrubber removes fine particulate matter
and additional acid gases before release to the atmosphere from the stack.
In the above example, the conceptual design of the incinerator and air pollution
control system is adequately described for screening purposes. The thermal capacity
of the system and the feed rates of soils and liquids are also shown in the diagram.
Stack parameters shown include the physical stack height and approximate exhaust
gas temperature. The exit gas velocity and gas flow rate are not specified, but
conservative estimates of these parameters can be made. If adequate waste
characterization data are available, good estimates of controlled emission rates can be
made for this example. After emission rates are established, site configuration
parameters are necessary to complete the dispersion analysis. The final incineration
parameters that are necessary are the operating intervals (i.e., hours per day, days
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o
Stack
Height 12m
Temp 160°F
Liquid
1000lb/hr
i;":
Incinerator
1 35mm BTU/hr
1 *
Soil Rotary Kiln
_6Tons/hr i4oo-i8oo°F
I
t
"Clean'
L
t r
r
/
F
~
I
\
1
1
1
" ! >
i
1 -- i
1 C?' _i
1 Ejector
I Scrubber
1
1 t
« Secondary
^ S Combustion
£ Chamber
o
2100-2400°F .
'Soil
..«. J
"^ "* B ««. _ ^BM <^BM
1
Backed uuencn
"ower
Air Pollution
n
L
j
Figure 2. Example of a rotary kiln incineration system.
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per week, etc.) and the cumulative operating time G.e, total weeks, months, or years)
These parameters are used to determine the exposure duration for the health effects
assessment. A good estimate of these parameters can be made based on the total
waste quantity and feed rates.
Table 2 shows ranges of typical parameters for rotary kiln incineration systems
by s,ze category. This table can be used as a guide for estimating unknown or
unspecified parameters when evaluating a proposed incineration system.
Incineration systems are generally identified by their maximum thermal
capacities (10* Btu/h), and by their feed rate capacities (tons/h). The thermal
capacrty is a fixed value based on the maximum heat input to the combustion system
(k,ln and SCC). The feed rate capacity is generally based on the maximum allowable
input of solids at a given condition (say, 10% moisture and less than 5,000 Btu/lb
heating value). As moisture and heating value of the waste increases, the feed rate
capacity of an incinerator is decreased. For example, an incinerator designed to bum
10 tons/h of low-Btu soil wrth a moisture content of 10 percent is capable of burning
only 1 ton/h of tar sludge with heating value of 8,000 Btu/lb. .f the same incinerator is
burn,ng soil with a moisture content of 30 percent, the feed rate must be reduced to
less than 6 tons/h. Heating value is related to the concentration of organics in the
waste, and therefore liquid wastes with high organic concentrations require much
smaller feed rates than soils.7
The typical quantities of soil given in Table 2 represent ranges in which each
s,ze moderation system may be operated economically.* Therefore, if the quantity of
so.l to be treated is known, the size of a "typical" incineration system can be estimated
for screening purposes. The corresponding gas volumes shown in Table 2 are
estimates based on the given thermal capacities without regard to free moisture in the
waste, and operation at 50 percent excess air.9 These estimates may be used to
calculate maximum emission rates of particulate matter based on the maximum
allowable stack gas concentration as shown in Section 3.5.
11
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JABLE 2
Parameter
"
Thermal capacity
Typical feed rates for
soils8
Typical feed rates for
nqulds/sludges6
Typical site quantity of
Gas volume
JYPICAL PARAMETERS FOR ROTARY KILN INCINERATE SYSTEMS7'8'''"
"" " ~
Size
10
Units
i
16 Btu/h
tons/h
kg/h
tons/h
kg/h
short tons
metric tons
dscfm @ 7% 0
dscm/min 6 79.
1-2
900-1800
0.1-0.6
90-550
<5000
<4500
1800-5000
4-9
3600-8200
0.5-3.5
450-3200
5000-30,000
4500-27,000
5000-10,000
150-280
10-30
9100-24,000
1-15
900-13,600
>20,000
>18,000
10,000-25,000
280-710
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Table 3 gives typical stack parameters for rotary kiln incineration systems The
gas exit velocity and temperature are independent of system size, but physical stack
he,ght generally increases with system size. Stack heights of 12 meters or less are
most common." Gas exit velocity depends on the actual gas volume and inner
d,ameter of the stack. Tne exit gas temperature is dependent on the combustion
temperature, quench conditions, and characteristics of the air pollution control system
Rotary Un systems used at Superfund sites generally use a quench to reduce the gas
temperature and a wet absorber/scrubber to remove acid gases. Paniculate matter is
removed by various types of high-efficiency wet scrubbers, although one system uses
cyclones and fabric fitters before the acid gas absorber." The defauft values in Table
3 are conservative estimates to be used when the actual parameters are not available
TABLE 3. STACK PARAMETERS FOR ROTARY KILN INCINERATORS9-11
Physical stack height
Exit temperature3
1400 - 4000 ft/min
7 - 20 m/s
2000 ft/min
10 m/s
System at «""»t1c saturation of the
2.4 Site Configuration
Stack parameters, controlled emission rates, and site configuration data are the
nputs to the dispersion analysis. The first consideration in collecting site configuration
data ,s the physical location of the incinerator stack. Distance to the fenceline and/or
MEI ,s required to determine ambient air levels for the human health evaluation and
other regulatory requirements. The significance of surrounding land use, topography,
and meteorology are discussed in Section 4.
13
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SECTION 3
ESTIMATION OF EMISSION RATES
3.1 General Procedures
This section presents procedures for estimating emission rates from rotary kiln
incinerators burning hazardous waste. The general procedures followed are to 1)
establish feed rates of the individual compounds or groups of compounds in the
waste, 2) calculate uncontrolled emission rates (except for organic compounds), and
3) calculate controlled emission rate estimates using the equations provided in this
section. The input data required to estimate emission rates are the waste
characterization data and incineration parameters previously discussed in Sections 2.2
and 2.3. Other data required as variables in the emission rate equations are available
from tables included in this section. The convention used in these equations is that all
feed rates are given in Ib/h and all emission rates are given in g/s.
The remainder of this section is organized by type of emissions, i.e., organic
compounds, metals, acid gases, and particulate matter. The assumptions or basis for
the emissions estimates are given prior to the equations. In the cases where
regulatory limits are used to define the emission rates, citations for these ARARs are
given in the tables in Section 5.1.
A worksheet for emissions calculations is given at the end of this section. The
worksheet is used to summarize the input data and the results of the emissions
calculations. The applicable equations and tables are cited for use with the worksheet.
14
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3.2 Organic Compounds
For purposes of this screen, organic compounds will be divided into three
groups by waste classification. The three groups are total hydrocarbons (THCs),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins. THC compounds are considered to be
all volatile and semivolatile organic compounds that are not PCBs or dioxin wastes.
3.2. 1 Feed Rates for Organics
In order to determine the feed rate of each group of organic compounds, the
total concentration of organics in the waste from each group must be determined.
PCBs and dioxin compounds should be separated from the sampling data first. All
remaining organic compounds will then form the THC group. The concentration of
each group of organic compounds in the waste is given by the following equation:
c0 = E c0i d)
/=i
where C0 = Concentration of the group of organic compounds of interest
(THC, PCB, or dioxin), ppm
C0 = Concentration of organic species i of the same group, ppm.
The feed rate of each group of organic compounds can be calculated using the
following equation:
FR = (F^COxlO-6) (2)
0
where FR0 = Feed rate of organic compounds of interest, Ib/h
FR = Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
C0 = Concentration of the group of organic compounds of interest,
ppm
IxlO"6 = Conversion factor for ppm.
15
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3.2.2 Emission Rates of Organics
Emissions of organic compounds depend on the destruction and removal
efficiency (ORE) of the incinerator for those compounds. The ORE is affected by the
gas residence times and temperatures in the incinerator combustion chambers. A key
assumption in the screening procedures is that the incinerator will be capable of
meeting the DREs required by the ARARs (Section 5.1). This can only be verified by a
trial burn or treatability tests of wastes from the site. Table 4 contains typical
temperatures, residence times, and DREs achieved for incinerators by waste type, and
may be used for comparison purposes in evaluating a preliminary incinerator design.
The emission rate estimates for organics are determined by assuming that the
DREs required by regulation and achieved through design and proper operation of the
incinerator are met exactly for each group of organics. RCRA standards require a
DRE of 99.99 percent for each principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC) in the
waste feed. POHCs are organic compounds chosen as indicators for the trial burn,
and are a subset of the THC compounds. It is assumed that a DRE of exactly 99.99
percent will be achieved for THCs, except when the incinerator is designed and
operated to burn PCBs or dioxin wastes. RCRA standards require a DRE of 99.9999
percent for all dioxin wastes, and Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) standards also
require a DRE of 99.9999 percent for PCBs. It is assumed that a DRE of exactly
99.9999 percent will be achieved for all PCBs, dioxins, and THC when PCBs or dioxins
are incinerated.
Small quantities of products of incomplete combustion (PIC) are formed by the
reaction and reformation of organic compounds during the combustion process. PIC
may include dioxins, furans, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, and other polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Emissions of PIC cannot be determined by predictive
methods. PIC may be monitored during a trial burn, although levels may be below
detection limits of the monitoring equipment. In the screening risk assessment
16
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TABLE 4. TYPICAL TEMPERATURES AND RESIDENCE TIMES FOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE DESTRUCTION1
Waste type
Lean gases containing
Tempera-
ture, *C
650-750
Tempera-
ture, *F
1200-1400
Residence
time, s
0.5 - 0.75
ORE, %
99
hydrocarbons of sulfur,
fume streams
Liquid streams containing 900-1000
hydrocarbons, vapor streams
containing CO or ammonia
Halogenated hydrocarbons 1000-1100
liquids and vapors, long
chain hydrocarbons, waste
liquids
Combustible solids 1100-1300
NOX or compounds with bound 1300-1400
nitrogen (reducing
atmosphere, i.e., excess
fuel)
PCBs, dioxins 1200-1300
1600-1800 1.0 - 2.0 99.99
1800-2000 1.5-2.0 99.99
2000-2400 1.5 - 2.0 99.99
2400-2600 1.0 - 2.0 99.99
2200-2400 1.0 - 2.0 99.9999
17
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procedure discussed in Section 5.2, PIC are considered to be present in the THC
emissions, and an aggregate unit cancer risk value for THC may be used to assess
these emissions.13
There are no uncontrolled emission rate calculations for organic compounds
because the destruction and removal occurs in the incinerator combustion chambers.
Controlled emission rates are calculated using the equation:
(3)
where ER0 = Emission rate of organic compounds, g/s
FR0 = Feed rate of organic compounds, Ib/h (Equation 2)
DRE0 = 99.99 for THCs alone
= 99.9999 for PCBs or dioxins, and THCs
0.126 = Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.
3.3 Metals
Metals may be present with organics in soils or other solid wastes and in liquid
waste fuels. EPA has identified 10 toxic metals that may pose a hazard to human
health and the environment when released in incinerator .emissions: antimony,
arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, silver, and
thallium. Four of these metals (or their compounds) are known or suspected
carcinogens: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. A conservative
assumption used in the screen is that emissions of chromium are all in the hexavalent
state.
3.3. 1 Feed Rates for Metals
The feed rates of each individual metal must be determined from the
concentration of each metal in the waste feed and the total or mass feed rate of the
18
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waste to the incinerator. The following equation may be used to calculate feed rates
for each metal:
(4)
where FRm = Feed rate of metal specie, Ib/h
FR = Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
Cm = Concentration of metal species in the waste, ppm
IxlO"6 = Conversion factor, dimensionless.
3.3.2 Uncontrolled Emission Rates
The uncontrolled emission rate of a metal is affected by the feed rate of the metal
and the "partitioning" of the metal within the incinerator system. Partitioning refers to
the fact that a portion of the metals in the waste feed will remain in the solids in the
rotary kiln and be discharged with the bottom ash, and a portion of the metals will be
carried out of the rotary kiln and SCC with the combustion gases.
Conservative estimates of the partitioning of metals in incinerators have been
developed by EPA5 and are shown in Table 5. The partitioning factor represents the
percent metal that leaves the incinerator combustion chambers and travels into the air
pollution control device (APCD). Table 5 represents worst case conditions for various
types of incinerators. Other partitioning factors based on test results from specific
types of rotary kiln incinerators may be substituted where available. The partitioning
factors are used, along with the feed rates of each metal calculated in Section 3.3.1, to
determine uncontrolled emission rate estimates for the appropriate metals. The
uncontrolled emission rate of each metal may be calculated using the equation:
ERm = (F/?J (1 (0.126) (5)
u MOO;
19
-------
TABLE 5. CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES OF METALS PARTITIONING (%} TO APCD8'11
Metal0
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
Thallium
1600'F
100
100
50
5
100
5
100
100
100
100
Solids6
2000°F
100
100
100
5
100
5
100
100
100
100
Liquids
All temperatures
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
remaining percentage is contained in the bottom ash of the incinerator
The combustion gas temperature is estimated to be 100° - 400eF higher than'
the solids temperature.
Assumptions: Chlorine content < 1% of waste feed
Excess air = 50%
Entrainment = 5%
Waste metals content < 100 ppm for each metal. For a given set of
combustion chamber conditions, the maximum amount of metal which will
be vaporized will become constant as the metal concentration in the
solids increase. As a result, higher concentrations of metals are
expected to have lower partitioning factors.
20
-------
where FRm = Feed rate of metal specie, Ib/h
ERm = Uncontrolled emission rate of metal specie, g/s
PF = Partitioning factor for metal specie, % (from Table 5)
0.126 = Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.
3.3.3 Controlled Emission Rates of Metals
The controlled emission rates of metals are dependent on the efficiency of the
incinerator's APCD in the removal of metals from the combustion gases. EPA has
developed efficiency estimates for the removal of particulate matter and metals for
various APCDs15 as shown in Table 6. The APCD efficiencies are used with the
uncontrolled emission rates of metals determined in Section 3.3.2 to calculate
controlled emission rates using the equation:
ER = fiF?l - -» (6)
where ERm = Controlled emission rate for metal specie, g/s
EMm = Uncontrolled emission rate for metal specie, g/s
u
CEm = Control efficiency for APCD, % (from Table 6).
3.4 Acid Gases
The presence of halogenated organics and/or sulfur in the waste feed can cause
the formation of acid gases during incineration. The acid gases of primary interest are
hydrogen chloride (HCI), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and sulfur
dioxide (SO2). These gases are formed from the chlorine-, fluorine-, bromine-, and
sulfur-bearing compounds in the waste feed.
3.4. 1 Feed Rates of Acid-Forming Elements
By knowing the concentration and molecular weights of the compounds
containing acid-forming elements in the waste, the aggregate concentration of each
21
-------
Pollutant
APCD
WS8
VS-20a
VS-608
ESP-1
ESP-2
ESP-4
WESPa
FFa; FF/WSa
PSa
SD/FF; SD/C/FF
DS/FF
ESP-l/WS; ESP- I/PS
ESP-4/WS; ESP-4/PS
VS-20/WS3
WS/IWS8
WESP/VS-20/IWS8
C/DS/ESP/FF; C/DS/C/ESP/FF
SD/C/ESP-1
Ba, Be
50
90
98
95
97
99
97
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
99
99
99
Ag
50
90
98
95
97
99
97
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
99
99
99
Cr
50
90
98
95
97
99
96
95
95
99
98
96
99
97
95
98
99
98
As, Sb, Cd,
Pb, Tl
40
20
40
80
85
90
95
90
95
95
98
90
95
96
95
97
99
95
Hga
30
20
40
0
0
0
60
50
80
90
50
80
85
80
85
90
98
85
It is assumed that flue gases have been precooled (usually in a quench) If
gases are not cooled adequately, mercury recoveries will diminish, as will
cadmium and arsenic to a lesser extent.
APCD Codes
C = Cyclone
WS = Wet Scrubber including: Sieve Tray Tower
Packed Tower
nr _ Bubble Cap Tower
PS = Proprietary Wet Scrubber Design (high efficiency PM and gas
collection)
VS-20 = Venturi Scrubber, ca. 20-30 in W. G. Ap
VS-60 = Venturi Scrubber, ca. > 60 in W. G. Ap
ESP-1 = Electrostatic Precipitator; 1 stage
ESP-2 = Electrostatic Precipitator; 2 stages
ESP-4 = Electrostatic Precipitator; 4 stages
WESP = Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
IWS = Ionizing Wet Scrubber
DS = Dry Scrubber
FF = Fabric Filter (Baghouse)
SD = Spray Dryer (Wet/Dry Scrubber)
22
-------
element can be determined using the equation:
n
(7)
where CA = Concentration of acid-forming element (Cl, F, Br, or S) in the
waste, ppm
CA = Concentration of compound i containing the same element, ppm
MWA = Molecular weight of acid-forming element
MWA = Molecular weight of compound i containing the same element.
If an ultimate analysis of waste samples has been performed, the concentration of
each element will be available from this data, and the use of Equation 7 will not be
necessary. Ultimate analysis data for each element is reported in percent (1 percent
= 10,000 ppm).
The feed rate of each acid-forming element is calculated using the equation:
) (8)
where FRA = Feed rate of acid-forming element, Ib/h
FR = Mass feed rate of waste to the incinerator, Ib/h
CA = Concentration of acid-forming element, ppm
IxlO"6 = Conversion factor for ppm.
If sulfur is present in the auxiliary fuel, the feed rate of sulfur from the fuel must be
added to the feed rate of sulfur from the waste to obtain the total sulfur feed rate.
3.4.2 Uncontrolled Emission Rates of Acid Gases
Uncontrolled emission rates for acid gases formed from halogenated compounds
in the waste are calculated by assuming that the total mass of each acid-forming
element combines with hydrogen in stoichiometric proportion to form the acid gases.
Likewise, it is assumed that all sulfur combines with oxygen to form SO2. The
23
-------
stoichiometric ratios of acid gas-to-element are given in Table 7. Uncontrolled
emission rates of acid gases are calculated using the equation:
(9)
where ERA = Uncontrolled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
FRA = Feed rate of element, Ib/h
RA = Stoichiometric ratio of acid gas-to-element, g/g (From Table 7)
0.126 = Conversion factor, Ib/h to g/s.
TABLE 7. STOICHIOHETRIC RATIOS OF ACID GAS TO ELEMENT
Element
Bromine (Br)
Chlorine (Cl)
Fluorine (F)
Sulfur (S)
Stoichiometric ratio,
Acid gas (q/Q)
Hydrogen bromide (HBr)
Hydrogen chloride (HCI)
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Sulfur dioxide (SO,)
1.013
1.028
1.053
1.998
3.4.3 Controlled Emission Rates of Acid Gases
Hazardous waste incinerators are equipped with acid gas scrubbers in order to
control HCI emissions to a maximum of 1.8 kg/h (0.5 g/s) or 1 percent of the
uncontrolled HCI emissions as presently required by RCRA (Section 5.1). Therefore,
99 percent of the HCI must be removed by the APCD unless the HCI emissions are
less than or equal to 0.5 g/s. Wet scrubbers are typically used for acid gas control by
rotary kiln incinerators at Superfund sites.
Typical control efficiencies for wet scrubbers used for acid gas control are
reported as:14 , ^
HCI 99%
HF 99%
SO2 90%+
Typical efficiencies for removal of HBr by wet scrubbers have not been reported.
24
-------
Controlled emission rates of acid gases are calculated using the following
equation:
where ERA = Controlled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
c
ERA = Uncontrolled emission rate of acid gas, g/s
CES = Scrubber control efficiency for the acid gas, % (use values given
previously for wet scrubbers).
3.5 Paniculate Matter
Under the existing RCRA standards (Section 5.1), incinerator particulate matter
(PM) emissions must not exceed a stack concentration of 0.08 grains per dry standard
cubic foot (gr/dscf)(or 180 mg/dscm) corrected to 7 percent oxygen in the stack gas
(50% excess air). Some of the factors affecting PM emissions are waste composition,
particle size distribution, feed rate, and incinerator design. Because PM emissions
cannot be predicted accurately without detailed data, the maximum allowable emission
rate, based on RCRA standards, will be used as a conservative estimate. The
allowable emission rate of PM is calculated by the equation:
= (0.08 grjdscf)(Q<:)(O.OQW8) (11)
where ERPM = Emission rate of PM, g/s
QG = Gas flow rate, dscfm at 7 percent oxygen in the stack gas
0.00108 = Conversion factor, gr/min to g/s.
25
-------
3.6 Emissions of Other Contaminants
3.6.1 Oxides of Nitrogen
Formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) is a potential concern with any combustion
source including incinerators. The rate of NOX formation is a function of fuel firing rate,
excess oxygen, flame temperature, and burner design. NOX emissions can be
effectively controlled by proper design of the combustion equipment. Evaluation of
NOX emissions is beyond the scope of these screening procedures.
3.6.2 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are also a concern with combustion sources.
CO emissions, however, are directly related to the combustion efficiency and THC
emissions of incinerators. CO monitoring of stack gases is a regulatory requirement
for incinerators under RCRA. If the required DREs for organics are met, CO emissions
will generally be within acceptable levels.
3.6.3 Chlorine
EPA has raised the concern that free chlorine (CI2) emissions from incinerators
may be a potential problem when there is insufficient hydrogen available (from
hydrocarbon compounds or water vapor) to react with all of the chlorine in the
waste.16 CI2 can be controlled by emissions testing and by providing more hydrogen
in the waste or auxiliary fuel or the addition of superheated steam to the stack gas.
Emissions of CI2 can be calculated for a worst case scenario using procedures similar
to those for acid gas emissions in Section 3.4. This is generally not necessary for
screening purposes unless there are very high levels of chlorine in the waste feed.
3.7 Worksheet for Emissions Calculations
Table 8 is included in the screen as a summary worksheet for emissions
calculations. In this table, the double underlines represent input data, and the single
underlines represent calculated values. References to the applicable text sections,
26
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TABLE 8. WORKSHEET FOR EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS
Uncontrolled DRE/control Controlled
Waste Concentra- Feed rate, Compound emissions, efficiency, emissions,
element tion, ppm Ib/h emitted PF or R&a g/s % g/s
Total mass
ORGANICS;
THC
PCBs
Dioxins
METALS:
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryl! ium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
N/A
Equation 1
Section 2.3
Equation 2
Sampl ing
data
Equation 4
N/A
THC
PCB
Dioxin
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Cd
Cr(+6)
Pb
Hg
Au
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
Table 5
Equation 5
N/A
99.99b
99.9999°
99.9999b
Table 6
N/A
Equation 3
Equation 6
(continued)
-------
TABLE 8 (Continued)
03
Waste
element
Thall ium
GASES:
Chlorine
Sulfur
Fluorine
Bromine
PM:
Particulate
Concentra-
tion, ppm
Equation 7
N/A
Feed rate,
Ib/h
Equation 8
N/A
Compound
emitted
Tl
HC1
S02
HF
HBr
PM
PF or R4°
1.028
1.998
1.053
1.013
N/A
Uncontrolled
emissions,
9/s
Equation 9
Gas flow,
dscfm
Table 2
DRE/control
efficiency,
%
Section
3.4.3
99b
Stack con-
centration
gr/dscf
0.08b
Controlled
emissions,
g/s
Equation 10
Equation 11
"Partitioning factor, % (metals) or Stoichiometric ratio, g/g (gases).
bRCRA requirement (Section 5,1).
Note: If the incinerator is designed to burn PCBs or Dioxins, a ORE of 99.9999 should be achieved for all
0rCJ3D1 CS .
CTSCA requirement (Section 5.1).
-------
look up tables, and needed equations are included in the worksheet. This table is
used as an aid in the calculation and summarization of feed rates, uncontrolled
emission rates, and controlled emission rates for incineration. The worksheet can be
assembled in this format using a spreadsheet program on a personal computer.
29
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SECTION 4
ESTIMATION OF AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS
4.1 Dispersion Models
If emission rates and release parameters for the incinerator stack are known,
dispersion modeling techniques are used to estimate ambient air concentrations at
offsrte receptors or at the fenceline, as appropriate. The computer dispersion models
can use either site-specific meteorology (preferred) or generic worst-case conditions to
produce ambient air concentration estimates. Because this document is concerned
with screening procedures only, the range of available dispersion models is not
discussed here. The recommended dispersion models to be used in these screening
procedures, as discussed in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, are EPA's SCREEN model17 and/or
Industrial Source Complex (ISCLT) model.18 The TSCREEN model also incorporates
the SCREEN algorithm and may be used in conjunction with its associated
workbook.19 These dispersion models are available from EPA's Support Center for
Regulatory Air Models Bulletin Board System (SCRAM-BBS), accessed through the
OAQPS Technology Transfer Network, at (919) 541-5742 or FTS 629-5742. The
appropriate user's manuals should be consulted for data input procedures and
interpretation of outputs. The EPA Regional Air/Superfund Coordinator, Meteorologist
or Modeling Contact may be consulted if assistance is needed.
4.2 Data Input Requirements
An incinerator stack is treated as a point source for purposes of dispersion
analysis. The required inputs to the analysis are emission rate, stack height, exit
velocity, stack diameter, gas temperature, and ambient air temperature. Site
30
-------
configuration data include location of the stack, fenceline, and MEI, which are required
to determine appropriate downwind distances for concentration estimates. The
surrounding land use should be examined to determine rural or urban classification.
Examination of the topography is necessary to determine complex or noncomplex
terrain classification and any unusual features. The presence of buildings should be
noted for possible downwash situations. If site-specific meteorological data are
available, they should be used in the dispersion analysis. Use of generic worst-case
conditions, however, will generally produce more conservative estimates.
4.3 Short-Term Concentration Estimates
Use the SCREEN dispersion model to predict short-term downwind ambient air
concentrations in /ig/m3. The SCREEN model produces a maximum one-hour
average concentration estimate at specified downwind distances.
When running SCREEN, use an emission rate of 1 g/s and run all wind stability
classes. The result will be a one-hour ambient concentration estimate, in pg/m3, for a
1 g/s emission rate. This value may be used as a dispersion factor (/jg/m3 per g/s) in
computing ambient concentration estimates for multiple pollutants. To obtain
concentration estimates for each pollutant use the following equation:
Cm, = (ER)(F) (12)
where Cmi = Maximum hourly ambient air concentration of pollutant i, /tg/m3
ERi = Emission rate of pollutant i, g/s
F = Dispersion factor from SCREEN model run, /jg/m3 per g/s.
If estimates for other short-term averaging times are needed (i.e., to determine
ARAR compliance), multiply the one-hour estimate by the appropriate factor below:
Averaging time Multiplying factor19
3 hours 0.9 (± 0.1)
8 hours 0.7 (± 0.2)
24 hours 0.4 (± 0.2)
31
-------
4.4 Long-term Concentration Estimates
If site-specific meteorological data are available, use the ISCLT model to
predict long-term downwind ambient air concentrations in /xg/m3. As an alternative,
long-term estimates may be made by multiplying the short-term estimate obtained from
SCREEN by a conversion factor to obtain annual average estimates. This approach
generally results in a higher estimate of the annual average concentration than if the
ISCLT model, with site-specific data, is used. The conservative conversion factor,
0.025, can be used when the terrain is relatively flat and no unusual meteorological
conditions exist. Use the following equation to obtain concentration estimates for each
pollutant:
£ = (B?;(/}(0.025) (13)
where Cai = Annual average ambient air concentration of pollutant i, /ig/m3
ER(. = Emission rate of pollutant i, g/s
F = Dispersion factor from SCREEN model run, ng/m3 per g/s.
Use of the SCREEN model in predicting ambient air concentrations is
illustrated in the Case Example in Section 6.
32
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SECTION 5
EVALUATION OF ARARS AND HEALTH EFFECTS
5.1 ARARS
The 1990 revisions to the NCR require compliance with ARARs during remedial
action, and compel attainment of ARARs during removal actions whenever practicable.
Guidance on compliance with federal ARARs for incineration at Superfund sites can be
found in the EPA documents, CERCLA Compliance With Other Laws Manual: Parts I
and II (OSWER Directives 9234.1-01 and 9234.1 -02).20-21 Information taken from these
documents is summarized in Tables 9 and 10. Table 9 presents selected action-
specific ARARs for incineration, and Table 10 presents selected chemical-specific
ARARs for incinerator stack emissions. All potential ARARs should be identified and
addressed in the FS stage of the remedial process.
Regulatory standards that may apply to incineration include RCRA, the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), Clean Air Act (CAA), State Air Toxic Program
requirements, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
New regulatory standards for hazardous waste incinerators (proposed amendments to
RCRA Subpart O) have not been released at the time this document was prepared.
While the regulations on burning of hazardous waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces
(BIF rule)22 are not directly applicable to Superfund incinerators, substantive
requirements of the BIF rule may be applied to certain incinerators at the discretion of
regulatory authorities.
The chemical-specific ARARs evaluation is performed by simply comparing the
ARAR limits for pollutants of interest (i.e., lead, PM, SO2, etc.) to the estimated ambient
air concentrations (Sections 4.3 - 4.4). Action-specific ARARs may be evaluated by
examining the proposed incinerator design, if available.
33
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Actions
RCRA
Incineration
w
TABLE 9' SELECTED ACTION-SPECIFIC POTENTIAL ARARS FOR INCINERATION
Requirements
Prerequisites for
applicabilitj
Analyze the waste feed
Dispose of all
including ash,
sludge.
hazardous waste and residues,
scrubber water, and scrubber
No further requirements apply to incinerators
that only burn wastes that are listed as
hazardous solely by virtue of combination with
other wastes, and if the waste analysis
demonstrates that no Appendix VII constituent is
present that might reasonably be expected to be
present
Performance standards for incinerators:
Achieve a destruction and removal efficiency
of 99.99 percent for each principal organic
hazardous constituent in the waste feed and
99.9999 percent for dioxins
Reduce hydrogen chloride emissions to 1 8 kq/h
or 1 percent of the HC1 in the stack gases
before entering any pollution control devices
Not release particulate in excess of 180
mg/dscm corrected for amount of oxyqen in
stack gas
Monitoring of various parameters during
operation of the incinerator is required. These
parameters include:
RCRA hazardous waste
RCRA hazardous waste
Citation
40 CFR 264.341
40 CFR 264.351
40 CFR 264.340
40 CFR 264.343
40 CFR 264.342
40 CFR 264.343
40 CFR 264.343
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Actions
Requirements
Prerequisites for
applicability
Citation
CO
en
* Combustion temperature
* Waste feed rate .
' An indicator of combustion gas velocity
* Carbon monoxide
Control fugitive emissions either by:
' Keeping combustion zone sealed or
' Maintaining combustion-zone pressure
lower than atmospheric pressure
Utilize automatic cutoff system to stop waste
feed when operating conditions deviate
40 CFR 264.345
TSCA
Incineration
of liquid PCBs
Combustion requirements
Incineration of liquid
PCBs at concentrations
of 50 ppm or greater
unless specified in 40
CFR section 761.70"
40 CFR 761.70
(TSCA)
Either:
2-second dwell time at 1200* C(± 100'C) and 3
percent excess oxygen in stack gas
or
1.5 second dwell time at 1600'C and 2 percent
excess oxygen in stack gas
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Prerequisites for
Actlons Requirements applicability Citation
* Combustion efficiency of at least 99.9999
percent
* Rate and quantity of PCBs fed to the
combustion system shall be measured and
recorded at regular intervals no longer than
15 minutes
* Temperature of incineration shall be
continuously measured and recorded
" Flow of PCBs to incinerator must stop
automatically whenever the combustion
temperature drops below specified temperature
Monitoring must occur:
0 When the incinerator is first used or 40 CFR 761.70
modified; monitoring must measure for 02, CO, (TSCA)
C02, Oxides of Nitrogen, HC1, RC1, PCBs, Total
Particulate Matter
Whenever the incinerator is incinerating PCBs, 40 CFR 761.70
the 02 and CO levels must be continuously (TSCA)
checked. C02 must be periodically checked.
Water scrubbers must be used for HC1 control
(conti nued)
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Actions
Requirements
Prerequisites for
applicability
Citation
Treatment standards under RCRA land disposal
restrictions (LDRs):
' Incineration or
0 Burning in high efficiency boilers
CO
Incineration of liquid
PCBs under the
California List Waste
land disposal
restrictions, assuming
that HOC wastes are
mixed with a RCRA-Hsted
or -characteristic waste
and total HOC
concentration is equal
to or greater than 1,000
mg/kg or PCB
concentration alone is
50 ppm
40 CFR 268.42
(RCRA)
Incineration
of Nonliquid
PCBs, PCB
Articles, PCB
Equipment, and
PCB Containers
Same as for liquid PCBs
Incineration of non-
liquid PCBs, PCB
articles, PCB equipment,
and PCB containers at
concentrations of 50 ppm
or greater unless
specified in 40 CFR
section 761.70
40 CFR 761.70
(TSCA)
Mass air emissions from the incinerator shall be
no greater than 0.001 g PCB per kg of the PCBs
entering the incinerator
Monitoring is required
40 CFR 761.70
(TSCA)
40 CFR 761.70
and 761.180
(TSCA)
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Actions
Requirements
Same as for liquid PCBs
CO
oo
Incineration
of Organic
Pesticides
Performance standards:
2-second residence time at 1000'C (or
equivalent that will assure complete
destruction)
Meet requirements of CAA relating to gaseous
emissions
Dispose of liquids, sludges, or solid residues
in accordance with applicable Federal, State,
local pollution control requirements.
Prerequisites for
applicability
Citation
Incineration of non-
liquid PCBs regulated as
HOCs under the
California List Wastes
land disposal
restrictions, provided
that HOC wastes are
mixed with a RCRA-listed
or RCRA-characteristic
waste and total HOC
concentrations equal to
or greater than 1,000
40 CFR 268.42
(RCRA)
Incineration of organic
pesticides, except
organic mercury, lead,
cadmium, and arsenic
(recommended).
40 CFR 165.8
40 CFR 165.1
40 CFR 165.8
40 CFR 165.8
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Actions
Requirements
Prerequisites for
applicability
Citation
Incineration
of Metallo-
organic
Pesticides
Chemically or physically treat pesticides to
recover heavy metals; incinerate in same manner
as organic pesticides.
Incineration of metallo-
organic pesticides,
except mercury, lead,
cadmium, or arsenic
compounds (recommended).
40 CFR 165.8
CD
Incineration
of Combustible
containers
Incinerate in same manner as organic pesticides.
Incineration of
combustible containers
that formerly held
organic or metallo-
organic pesticides,
except organic mercury,
lead, arsenic, and
cadmium (recommended).
40 CFR 165.9
An approved incinerator (under section 761.70) can be used to destroy any concentration of PCBs; a high
-efficiency boiler approved under section 761.60(a)(2)(iii) can be used for mineral oil dielectric fluid
from PCB-contaminated electrical equipment Containing PCBs in concentrations greater than or equal to 50
ppm but less than 500 ppm; and a RCRA-approved incinerator [under RCRA *3005(a)] can be used for PCBs that
are not subject to the incineration requirements of TSCA (i.e., at concentrations less than 50 ppm).
Except as provided in section 761.75(b)(ii), liquid PCBs shall not be processed into nonliquid forms to
circumvent the high-temperature incineration requirements of section 761.60(a).
'Incineration of nonliquid PCBs can only be carried out in TSCA-approved incinerators (under section
761.60), which may be used to destroy any concentration of PCBs.
-------
TABLE 10. SELECTED CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC POTENTIAL ARARS FOR INCINERATOR STACK EMISSIONS
Chemical name
CLEAN AIR ACT
NESHAPS
Beryllium
Requirements
Prerequisites for
applicability
Citation
Ncrtmore than 10 /ig/day or 0.01 Extraction plants, ceramic
g/m ambient concentrations (with 3 plants, foundries,
years of monitoring data) Incinerators, rocket
propellant plants, machine
. shops
40 CFR Part 61 (CAA)
NAAQS
Carbon monoxide
Lead
Not to exceed 9 ppm over 8-hour
period and not to exceed 35 ppm
over a 1-hour period (primary); no
secondary standards
Not to exceed 1.5 jzg/m3 based on a
quarterly average
Nitrogen dioxide Not to exceed 0.053 ppm annually
Particulate
matter (PM10)
Ozone
Sulfur oxides
Not to exceed 50 ng/m annually
Not to exceed 150/jg/m3/24-hour
period
Not to exceed 0.12 ppm/h
Not to exceed 0.03 ppm annually
Not to exceed 0.14 ppm/24-hour
period. Not to exceed 0.5 ppm/3-
hour period
Major stationary and mobile 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
sources
Major stationary sources 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
Major stationary and mobile 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
sources
Major stationary sources 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
Major stationary and mobile 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
sources
Major stationary sources 40 CFR Part 50 (CAA)
-------
5.2 Health Effects
The evaluation of health effects from incinerator emissions should conform to
EPA's Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Part C23, once this document
is released. Part C presents general guidance on risk assessment procedures for
evaluation of remedial alternatives during and after the Feasibility Study. If ambient air
concentrations have been estimated, RAGS Part A24 may be consulted for detailed
procedures for assessing inhalation exposure. The remainder of this section presents
a simplified procedure for health effects screening for inhalation exposure. Exposures
from secondary pathways due to deposition of paniculate emissions from Superfund
site incinerators are generally thought to be insignificant when compared to the
inhalation pathway.
5.2.7 Chemical Compounds
As discussed in Section 3.2.2, THC emissions are considered to be all
unburned hydrocarbons and PIC produced from organic compounds in the feed,
exclusive of any PCBs or dioxins in the feed. For predictive screening purposes only,
an aggregate inhalation unit risk of 1x10"5 m3//jg is to be used for THC emissions.
This approach is consistent with the proposed RCRA Tier II CO and THC Limits
presented in the Guidance on PIC Controls for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.13
Emissions of PCBs are to be treated separately from other organic
compounds. For emissions of dioxins, all forms of dioxin are to be aggregated in the
waste feed and the inhalation unit risk value of the most toxic specie present (usually
2,3,7,8-TCDD) is to be used for assessment of the undestroyed dioxin emissions.
Emissions of each metal and HCI are evaluated individually for health effects.
5.2.2 Action Levels
Potential carcinogenic health effects from long-term exposure to emissions of
carcinogenic substances are evaluated using inhalation unit risk factors. Potential
health effects from long-term exposure to substances with noncarcinogenic effects are
evaluated using chronic inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs). These factors are
41
-------
obtained from EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). User support for IRIS
is available at (513) 569-7254. If health effects data are not found in IRIS, consult the
latest EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST).25 For assessment of
health effects due to exposure to lead emissions, contact the EPA Regional
Toxicologist for guidance.
For convenience, the unit risk and/or RfC factors for chemicals of interest have
been listed, and converted to ambient air concentrations in jig/m3, in Table 1 1 . Where
inhalation data were not available, the oral slope factor or RfD was converted to an
inhalation concentration using a body weight of 70 kg and breathing rate of 20 m3/day
(average adult values). The risk-specific concentration for carcinogens are based on a
IxlO"6 risk and lifetime (70-year) exposure. For nonpermanent incinerators, the risk-
specific concentration for carcinogens may be adjusted using the following equation:
c = p years)
y
where Cc = Risk-specific ambient concentration adjusted for exposure period,
/ig/m3
C70 = Risk-specific ambient concentration for 70-year exposure,
y = Incinerator operating life or exposure period, years.
The adjusted risk-specific concentrations and RfC concentrations are compared to the
predicted ambient air concentrations. If any of the long-term action levels are
exceeded, a potential air emissions problem is indicated.
5.2.3 Risk Calculation and Combined Exposures
The potential health effects due to combined exposure to multiple substances
must be evaluated. For screening purposes, the individual risks for all carcinogens
are summed, and the hazard index is computed for noncarcinogenic effects of
substances.
42
-------
TABLE 11. LONG-TERM ACTION LEVELS FOR AMBIENT AIR
OJ
Carcinogen- Risk-
icity Chronic specific
inhalation toxicity cone.
Carcinogenic unit risk inhalation (Care.) 10"6
Chemical group (/Jg/m3)" RfC mg/m3 70 yr, yq/m3
THC
PCBs B2
Dioxin B2
(2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Antimony
Arsenic A
Barium
Beryllium B2
Cadmium Bl
Chromium (VI) A
Lead B2
Mercury
Silver
Thai! ium
HC1
1E-5 o.l
(7.7E+0)8 0.00046
3.3E-2 0.00003
(4E-4)b
4.3E-03 NO 0.00023
5E-3
2.4E-03 ND 0.00042
1.8E-03 ND 0.00055
1.2E-02 2E-6 0.000083
NA ND NA
3E-4
(3E-3)b
(7E-5)b
7E-3
Regulatory
RfC cone. limit annual
(noncarc.), average,
Mg/m yq/m3
1.4
5
0.01 pg/m3
(NESHAPS)
0.002
ND 0.9 /ig/m3
(NAAQS)
0.3
10.5
0.24
7
"Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg/day)
bOral RfD, mg/kg/day.
-1
-------
The individual risk for exposure to each carcinogen is calculated using the
following equation:
=
1 70 years (15)
where R, = Cancer risk for inhalation exposure to compound i, dimensionless
Cai = Ambient air concentration of compound i, /jg/m3
IUR = Inhalation unit risk, (pg/m3)'1
y = Incinerator operating life of exposure period, years.
The combined risk is obtained by summing the individual risks for each
carcinogen:
Aggregate Inhalation _ JZ ....
Cancer Risk ~ L Hi (16)
7=1
The combined risk should not exceed the target level of 1x1 CT6.
For substances with noncarcinogenic effects, calculate the hazard quotient and
sum these -values to produce the hazard index:
HO, = ^
1 RfC,
and
n
///-£/*?, (18)
7=1
where HQ; = Hazard quotient for compound i, dimensionless
Cai = Ambient air concentration of compound i, /ig/m3
j = RfC concentration of compound i, /^g/m3
HI = Hazard index for combined exposure, dimensionless.
44
-------
Neither the individual hazard quotients nor the hazard index should exceed a value of
1.0.
45
-------
SECTION 6
CASE EXAMPLE
The following is a hypothetical case example used to illustrate the use of the
screening procedures. The incineration system to be evaluated is similar to the
system shown in Figure 2. Average emission rates and long-term exposures are
calculated in the example.
The Udumprt site is a 10-acre abandoned waste site previously used to bury,
dump, and store industrial wastes such as paint sludges, solvents, and other wastes
containing RGBs, oils and greases, phenols, and heavy metals. The site is located in
a relatively flat rural area. The site area to be remediated by incineration contains
66,600 tons of soil contaminated primarily with PCBs and lead. Table 12 contains
sampling data for the average concentrations of compounds found in the soil waste.
Table 13 contains relevant data taken from the ultimate analysis of composite soil
samples. Emission rates based on average concentration (average feed conditions)
will be calculated assuming that soils will be blended before incineration.
The proposed incineration system is a 35 x 106 Btu/h with a feed rate capacity
of 6 tons/h for soils with a moisture content of 10 percent or less. No free liquids are
to be incinerated. The air pollution control system and general configuration are
shown in Figure 2. The ejector scrubber is considered equivalent to a venturi
scrubber with a pressure drop of 25 inches of water. The kiln is to be operated at a
temperature of 1600° F and the SCC at 2200° F. The system will be operated 24
hours per day, 6 days per week. The incinerator stack is to be located 300 meters
from the fenceline and will be 8 meters tall. An adult apartment complex borders the
fence. Calculations begin below.
46
-------
TABLE 12. SOIL SAMPLE DATA
Compound
Average concentration, ppm
Orqanics
HUBS
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Trichloroethene
Tetrachl oroethane
Benzene
Toluene
Methylene chloride
Carbon disulfide
Acetone
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Phenol
Total xylenes
Inorganics
Barium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Arsenic
Cadmium
272
0.06
0.005
47
50
50
5
11
160
3
37
50
28
3
591
85
778
301
2
20
TABLE 13. DATA TAKEN FROM ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Moisture content
Ash content
Chlorine content
Sulfur content
Higher heating value
9.0%
81%
0.08%
0.02%
<1000 Btu/lb
47
-------
The time required to incinerate all soil is:
(66,600 tons) ( 1 h } = 11.100/7
(6 tons)
Elapsed days:
(11,100 h) \l-j&\ Li**"** } = 540 days, or 1.5 years
(24 h )(6 days operation)
Convert the sampling data to the proper format to be used in the worksheet to
calculate emission rates. For organics, separate and total each of the PCBs, dioxin
wastes, and all other organic waste concentrations from Table 12:
PCBs = 272 ppm
Dioxins (total of TCDD and TCDF):
Dioxin = 0.065 ppm
THC (total hydrocarbons - all other organics):
THC = 444 ppm
Metals - use concentration data directly from Table 12
Elements forming acid gases - use values for chlorine and sulfur from
Table 13:
Cl = 0.08% = 800 ppm
S = 0.02% = 200 ppm
48
-------
The only other input data necessary to estimate emission rates is the exhaust
gas volume for particulates. This is estimated from Table 3 to be 8,750 dscfm. At this
point, the worksheet (Table 8) is used to calculate the emission rates.
Table 14 shows the summaries of emissions calculations for the case example.
Sample detailed calculations for selected components are shown below:
Feed rate (Equation 2),
FRKB = (1200 Ibfh) (272 ppm) (1x1 0"6) = 3.264 Ibfh
Emission rate (Equation 3),
= (3.264 Ibfh) fl - "-" (0.126) = 4.113x1Q-7 gfs
Lead
Feed rate (Equation 4),
FRn = (12,000 Ibfh) (778 ppm) (1x10-*) = 9.336 Ibfh
Uncontrolled emission rate (Equation 5),
ERnu = (9.336 Ibfh) fJ (0.126) = 1.176 gfs
Controlled emission rate (Equation 6),
-
/
ERnc = (1.176 gfs) l - - = 0.047 tfs
49
-------
en
o
*-* * i-'n^^ii/nj OMLUU/LHI 1UIXO rUK UM5t tAAMPLt
Waste Concentra- Feed rate CnmnmmH Uncontrolled DRE/control Controlled
element ««,. pi %?*' '.M pr -. . ^A0"*' eff«> -««!"«.
Total mass
ORGANICS:
THC
PCBs
Dioxins
METALS:
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryl 1 ium
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Silver
N/A
Equation 1
444
272
0.065
Sampling
data
2
591
20
85
778
Section 2.3
12,000
Equation 2
5.3280
3.2640
0.00078
Equation 4
0
0.024
7.092
0
0.24
1.02
9.336
0
0
N/A
THC
PCB
Dioxin
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Cd
Cr(+6)
Pb
Hg
Au
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
. N/A N/A
Table 5
======
100
======
50
i
100
"=============
5
===&=
100
-1 ! ""' ' ' i-":1" ',:g
"-1 ' "-'" ' ""rsasssa
" -- ' ' 'saa^as
Equation 5
1
0.0030
0.4468
-
0.302
0.0064
1.1763
" ' ..
N/A
99.9999
99.9999
99.9999
Table 6
========
96
==^=B====:
97
.
96
a==3a=Bssi=Bs=s=
97
96
======
=== i
-at -
N/A
Equation 3
6.713E-07
4.113E-07
9.828E-11
Equation 6
1.21E-04
1.34E-02
1.210E-03
1.928E-03
4.705E-02
(continued)
-------
TABLE 14 (Continued)
Waste
element
Thallium
GASES:
Chlorine
Sulfur
Fluorine
Bromine
PM:
Particulate
Concentra-
tion, ppm
Equation 7
800
200
N/A
Feed rate,
Ib/h
0
Equation 8
9.6
2.4
0
0
N/A
Compound
emitted
Tl
HC1
S02
HF
HBr
PM
PF or R,a
1.028
1.998
1.053
1.013
N/A
Uncontrolled
emissions,
g/s
Equation 9
1.2435
0.6042
Gas flow,
dscfm
Table 2
8750
DRE/control
efficiency,
%
Section
3.4.3
99
90
Stack con-
centration
gr/dscf
0.08
Controlled
emissions,
g/s
Equation 10
1.243E-02
6.042E-02
Equation 11
0.756
'Partitioning factor, % (metals) or Stoichiometric ratio, g/g (gases).
-------
HCI
Feed rate of chlorine (Equation 8),
FRCI = (12,000 Ibfh) (800) (Ix-IO-6) = 9.6 Ib/h
Uncontrolled emission rate (Equation 9),
ERHCIU = (9-6 Ibfh) (1.028) (0.126) = 1.244 gfs
Controlled emission rate (Equation 10),
= (1.244 gls) l - ->L = 0.0124 gfs
Using the procedure outlined in Section 4, the SCREEN model was run to
produce a one-hour ambient air concentration estimate for a 1 g/s emission rate
(Figure 3). The resulting dispersion factor at a downwind distance of 300 m is:
F= 197.5 \iglm3lgjs
This factor was multiplied by the controlled emission rates to produce the one-hour
ambient air concentration estimates. The one-hour estimates were multiplied by a
factor of 0.025 to obtain annual ambient concentration estimates. The results of these
operations are shown in Table 15.
In order to assess ARARs and health effects, the chemical-specific ARARs and
health effects data were assembled with the predicted annual ambient air
concentrations in Table 16. The risk-specific concentrations for carcinogens were
adjusted by a factor of 70/1.5 to account for the incinerator operating life (Equation
14). None of the action levels were exceeded when compared to the predictive
concentrations.
52
-------
«* SCREEN-1.1 MODEL RON *
** VERSION DATED 88300 **
UDUMPIT SITE INCINERATOR
SIMPLE TERRAIN INPUTS:
SOURCE TYPE - POINT
EMISSION RATE (G/S) - l.OOO
STACK HEIGHT (M) - 8.00
STK INSIDE DIAM (M) - .50
STK EXIT VELOCITY (M/S)- 10.00
STK GAS EXIT TEMP (K) - 344.OO
AMBIENT AIR TEMP (K) - 293.00
RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M) - .00
IOPT (1-URB.2-RUR) - 2
BUILDING HEIGHT (M) - .00
MIN HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) - .00
MAX HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) - .00
04-18-91
15:57:13
BUOY. FLUX - .91 M**4/S**3; MOM. FLUX
*** FULL METEOROLOGY **
*** SCREEN AUTOMATED DISTANCES ***
5.32 M*«4/S**2.
«** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF 0. M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES **<
DIST
(M)
50.
100.
200.
300.
400.
500.
600.
700.
800.
900.
1000.
1100.
1200.
1300.
1400.
1500.
1600.
1700.
1800.
1900.
2000.
MAXIMUM
140.
CONC
(UG/M**3)
144.3
201.9
212.5
197.5
177.3
156.8
149.7
137.3
123.6
110.7
98.93
89.10
80.65
82.75
84.21
84.92
85.02
84.64
83.88
82.83
81.55
STAB
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1-HR CONCENTRATION
219.1
3
U10M
(M/S)
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
a.o
1,0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
AT OR
3.0
USTK
(M/S)
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
BEYOND
3.0
MIX HT
(M)
960.0
960.0
640.0
640.0
640.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
5000.0
50. M:
960.0
PLUME
HT (M)
14.6
14.6
18.0
18.0
18.0
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
14.6
SIGMA
Y (M)
14.5
19.4
23.8
22.8
29.6
36.6
43.1
49.5
55.9
62.1
68.4
74.5
80.6
43.6
46.5
49.5
52.4
55.4
58.3
61.2
64.0
17.2
SIGMA
Z (M)
7.5
10.8
14.3
12.4
15.5
19.2
22.0
24.7
27.4
30.0
32.6
34.6
36.5
17.8
18.6
19.3
20.0
20.7
21.4
22.0
22.7
10.4
DWASH
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
DWASH= MEANS NO CALC MADE (CONC - 0.0)
DWASH-NO MEANS NO BUILDING DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-HS MEANS HUBER-SNYDER DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-SS MEANS SCHULMAN-SCIRE DOWNWASH USED
DWASH-NA MEANS DOWNWASH NOT APPLICABLE, X<3*LB
*** SUMMARY OF SCREEN MODEL RESULTS **
**********************************»»**
CALCULATION
PROCEDURE
MAX CONC
(UG/M**3)
DIST TO
MAX (M)
TERRAIN
HT (M)
SIMPLE TERRAIN
219.1
140.
0.
REMEMBER TO INCLUDE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS **
Figure 3. SCREEN Model Run.
53
-------
TABLE 15. CASE EXAMPLE - AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS
Compound
emitted
THC
PCB
Dioxin
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
HC1
S02
PM
Controlled
emissions, g/s
6.71E-07
4.11E-07
9.83E-11
1.21E-04
1.34E-02
1.21E-03
1.93E-04
4.71E-02
1.24E-02
6.04E-02
7.56E-01
Dispersion
factor,
/ig/m3-g/s
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
197.5
1-hour ambient
concentration,
M9/m3
1.33E-04
8.12E-05
1.94E-08
2.39E-02
2.65E+00
2.39E-01
3.81E-02
9.29E+00
2.46E+00
1.19E+01
1.49E+02
Annual ambient
concentration,
M9/m3
3.31E-06
2.03E-06
4.85E-10
5.97E-04
6.62E-02
5.97E-03
9.52E-04
2.32E-01
6.14E-02
2.98E-01
3.73E+00
54
-------
TABLE 16. CASE EXAMPLE - ACTION LEVEL COMPARISON (/ig/m3)
en
01
Compound
THC
PCBs
Dioxin
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium (VI)
Lead
HC1
S02
PM
Risk-specific
RfC cone. cone. 10"6 70 yr
0.1
0.00046
0.00003
0.00023
5
0.00055
0.002 0.000083
7
Adjusted
risk-specific
cone. 1.5 yr
4.67
0.021
0.0014
0.011
0.026
0.0039
ARAR annual Predicted annual
basis avg. cone.
3.3E-6
2.0E-6
4.9E-10
0.0006
0.066
0.006
0.001
0.9 0.23
0.061
80 0.30
50 3.7
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
-------
The risks for exposure to carcinogenic compounds were calculated using
Equation 15, with unit risks taken from Table 11. These calculations are shown below:
_ (3.3E-6)(1.0E-5)(1.5) .
nTHC ^^ ~ '
(2.0C-6)(2.2g-3)(1.5) .
= (4.9E-10)(3.3E-2)(1.5) = Q 5£_13
, (0.0006)(4.3g-3)(1.5)
(0.006)(1.8E-3)(1.5)
70
_ (0.001)(1.2E-2)(1.5)
*.
= 5.5E-7
The total estimated carcinogenic risk is 6x10"7, which is below the target level of
For noncarcinogenic effects of compounds, the hazard indices and hazard
quotient were calculated using Equations 17 and 18 as shown below.
0.066 n n
= - = 0.01
HQcr - = 0.5
^ 0.002
56
-------
- 0 01
u.ui
HI (TOTAL) = 0.52
Since the hazard index is below 1.0, no potential problem is indicated for
noncarcinogenic effects of the incinerator emissions.
Considering the conservative nature of the screening analysis, and if all of the
design assumptions held true, the incinerator stack emissions (excluding consideration
of lead) should not pose an adverse air impact. Exposure to the lead emissions
should be investigated further using guidance from an EPA Toxicologist.
57
-------
REFERENCES
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Hazardous Waste Incineration - A
Resource Document. ASME, New York, NY. 1988.
2. Donnelly, J. R. Air Pollution Control for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.
Proceedings of the 12th National Conference: Hazardous Materials
Control/Superfund '91. Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute.
December 1991.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund Engineering Issue: Issues
Affecting the Applicability and Success of Remedial/Removal Incineration
Projects. EPA/540/2-91/004. February 1991.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Engineering Bulletin:
Mobile/Transportable Incineration Treatment. EPA/540/2-90/014. September
1990.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Experience in Incineration Applicable to
Superfund Site Remediation. EPA/625/9-88/008. December 1988.
6. Johnson, N. P. and Cosmos, M. G. Thermal Treatment Technologies for
Hazardous Waste Remediation. Pollution Engineering. October 1989.
7. McCormick, R. J. and Duke, M. L Onstte Incineration as a Remedial Action
Alternative. Pollution Engineering. August 1989.
8. Cudahy, J. J. and Eicher, A. R. Thermal Remediation Industry: Markets,
Technologies, Companies. Pollution Engineering. November 1989.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Engineering Handbook for Hazardous
Waste Incineration. September 1981.
10. Cudahy, J. J. and Troxler, W. L. 1990 Thermal Remediation Contractor
Survey. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. Volume 40,
No. 8. August 1990.
58
-------
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Background Document.
Control of Metals and HCI Emissions From Hazardous Waste Incinerators.
Versar, Inc. August 1989.
12. DiAntonio, K. K. and Tillman, D. A. Incineration of Contaminated Soil at a
Superfund Site: From Pilot Test to Remediation. Proceedings of 11th National
Conference: Superfund '90. Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute.
November 1990.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on PIC Controls for
Hazardous Waste Incinerators. Volume V of the Hazardous Waste Incineration
Series. EPA/530-SW-90-040. April 1990.
14. Radian Corporation. Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series.
Volume ill - Estimation of Air Emissions From Cleanup Activities at Superfund
Sites. EPA/450/1-89-003. January 1989.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Metals and Hydrogen
Chloride Controls for Hazardous Waste Incinerators. Volume IV of the
Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. August 1989.
16. Federal Register. Environmental Protection Agency. Standards for Owners
and Operators of Hazardous Waste Incinerators and Burning of Hazardous
Wastes in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces. Vol. 55, No. 82, page 17862 April
27, 1990.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Screening Procedures for Estimating
the Air Quality Impacts of Stationary Sources. EPA-450/4-88-010. August
1988.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial Source Complex (ISC)
Dispersion Model User's Guide - Second Edition (Revised). Volume I and II.
EPA-450/4-88-002a and 002b. December 1987.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A Workbook of Screening Techniques
for Assessing Impacts of Toxic Air Pollutants. EPA-450/4-88-009. September
1989.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws
Manual: Interim Final. EPA/540/6-89/006. August 1988.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws
manual: Part II Clean Air Act and Other Environmental Statutes and State
Requirements. EPA/540/6-89/009. August 1989.
59
-------
22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods Manual for Compliance with
the BIF Regulations. EPA/530-SW-91-010. December 1990.
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund: Volume I - Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part C, Risk
Evaluation of Remedial Alternatives). Publication 9285.7-01 C. October 1991.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund: Volume I - Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-
89/002. December 1989.
25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment Summary
Tables, Annual FY-91. OERR 9200.6-303(91-1). January 1991.
60
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. Ri
-92-003
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. Tl
A₯/SlJp%fti!Mcf National Technical Guidance Study Series,
Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Impacts of
Incineration at Superfund Sites
5. REPORT
February 1992
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
John P. Carroll, Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
International Technology Corporation
3710 University Drive, Suite 201
Durham, North Carolina 27707
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-4466
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OE..REPPRT AND PERIOD COVERED
Fmar
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The purpose of the project was to develop screening procedures for estimating the air
impacts of incineration at Superfund sites. The document outlines procedures for estimating
uncontrolled and controlled emission rates of hydrocarbons, particulate matter, metals, acid
gases and other contaminants as well as screening procedures for estimating ambient air
concentrations of these contaminants. The document also provides screening evaluation
procedures for compliance with applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs)
and for health effects.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pathway Analysis
Air Pollution
Superfund
Air Pathway Analysis
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19 SECURITY CLASS (Tins Report)
21 NO OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-] (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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(b) IDENTIFIERS AND OPEN-ENDED TERMS - Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators etc Use open-
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EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) (Reverse)
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