United States Office of Air Quality December 1979
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards uecemoer
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
&EFA Summary of Group II
Control Technique
Guideline Documents
for Control of Volatile
Organic Emissions
from Existing
Stationary Sources
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EPA-450/2-80-001
Summary of Group II Control
Technique Guideline Documents
for Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Existing
Stationary Sources
by
Stephen V. Capone and Malcolm Petroccia
GCA Corporation
GCA/Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
Contract No. 68-02-2607
Work Assignment No. 39
EPA Project Officer: Tom Williams
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
December 1979
-------
This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors,
general public, grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
last - from the Library Services Office (MD-35) , U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or for
a nominal fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by GCA
Corporation, Technology Division, Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts
01730 in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2607, Work Assignment No. 39.
This document has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
Publication No. EPA-450/2-80-001
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ABSTRACT
r
Huideline (CTC) documents have been prepared by the
January 1978 (Croup I) was published in December 1978.
summarizes the CTG documents issued
facility.
iii
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CONTENTS
ill
Abstract
1
1. Introduction ... 1
Background 3
Purpose of Document • • • * s
2. Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products .... 5
3 Surface Coating of Flat Wood Paneling
4! Manufacture of Synthesized Pharmaceutical Products >
5. Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires • ^
6. Manufacture of Vegetable Oil
7. Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography
8 Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems 2Q
9. Leaks from Petroleum Refinery Equipment . . . . • • • •
10. Petroleum Liquid Storage in External Floating Roof Tanks .... ^
11. Leaks from Gasoline Tank Trucks and Vapor Collection Systems. . . 26
28
References
v
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
have been published.*
Eleven CTGs covering 15 VOC source categories were published prior to
January 1978. These first eleven CTGs were:
. Surface Coating of Cans, Coils Paper Fabric, Automobiles
and Light-Duty Trucks (EPA-450/2-77-008).
' . Surface Coating of Metal Furniture (EPA-450/2-77-032).
, Surface Coating for Insulation of Magnetic Wire
(EPA-450/2-77-033).
. Surface Coating of Large Appliances (EPA-450/2-77-034).
• Storage of Petroleum Liquids in Fixed Roof Tanks
(EPA-450/2-77-036).
• Bulk Gasoline Plants (EPA-450/2-77-035).
. Solvent Metal Cleaning (EPA-450/2-77-022).
• Use of Cutback Asphalt (EPA-450/2-77-037).
• Refinery Vacuum Producing Systems, Wastewater
Separators and Process Unit Turnarounds
(EPA-450/2-77-025).
T^^nT^d not have to be adopted for these stationary sources
if a state can demonstrate attainment of the photochemical oxxdant standard
by photochemical dispersion modeling.
-------
• Hydrocarbons from Tank Truck Gasoline Loading Terminals
(EPA-450/2-77-026).
• Design Criteria for Stage I Vapor Control Systems,
Gasoline Service Stations, U.S. EPA, OAOPS, November 1975.
For each source category, a CTG document describes the source, identifies the
VOC emission points, discusses the applicable control methods, analyzes the
costs required to implement the control methods, and recommends regulations
for limiting VOC emissions from the source.
A document entitled "Regulatory Guidance for Control of Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions from 15 Categories of Stationary Sources," EPA-905/2-78-001,
was published in April 1978. This document provided guidance to the states in
preparing RACT regulations for the 15 source categories listed above.
In December 1978, a document entitled "Summary of Group I Control Tech-
nique Guideline Documents for Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources," EPA-450/3-78-120, was published. This document
provided an overview of the affected source facilities, the magnitude of the
VOC emissions emitted from the facilities, and the recommended VOC emission
limits.
EPA published an additional 10 CTG documents (Group II) in 1978. The
10 source categories covered were:
• Leaks from Petroleum Refinery Equipment (EPA-450/2-78-036).
• Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(EPA-450/2-78-015).
• Manufacture of Vegetable Oil (EPA-450/2-78-035).
• Surface Coating of Flat Wood Paneling (EPA-450/2-78-032).
• Manufacture of Synthesized Pharmaceutical Products
(EPA-450/2-78-029).
• Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires (EPA-450/2-78-030).
• Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography
(EPA-450/2-78-033).
• Petroleum Liquid Storage in External Floating Roof Tanks
(EPA-450/2-78-047).
• Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems (EPA-450/2-78-050).
• Leaks from Gasoline Tank Trucks and Vapor Collection Systems
(EPA-450/2-78-051).
-------
regulatory guidance document was developed from these Group II CTGs.
£,rt\.— tJ"/ f. ij vy^-r, ~-- .
in preparing RACT regulations for the 10 industrial
Hjouau^-w-'v---1*""*-- — —1» *^
categories covered by the Group II CTG documents.
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this report is to summarize the Group II CTG documents.
The summaries are intended to present an overview of ^Y^^^L.! tJe~
ities The magnitude of the VOC emissions emitted from the facilities, and the
ShrJ6,:^^ ^^^^ r^j^
Er^r^;^^^^^
areas where difficulties exist in converting CTG infor-
• •1 m__*_-_ -> C -I«J..«rt+--V--»T f* ^\TTVfn£in t"G f^n { , I (-T
from other sources.
Cost estimates in the CTG documents were normally developed by use of
model facilities to represent typical,operations. Applicable alternative
controls were costed for these model facilities. As such, these costs, even
with tJe broad ranges provided for several of the source categories, may not
encompass the actual cost incurred at any specific facility.
The CTG document summaries which follow include a brief discussion of the
VOC source category and emission control techniques, as well as a tabular
presentation of the following information for each source category:
Affected Facilities - Types of operations, facilities, or
equipment covered by the CTG
Number of Affected Facilities - A national count of the
operations, facilities, or equipment specified
VOC Emissions Nationwide - Estimate of annual emissions from
the source category
VOC Emission Range per Facility - Estimate of annual emissions
from a typical facility in the source category
100 Ton/Yr Source Size - The estimated size of a facility
which would emit 100 ton/yr of VOC if uncontrolled
CTG Emission Limit - VOC emission limits as recommended in
the CTG document
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VOC Reduction Per Facility - Percent emission reduction which
can be effected by use of CTG recommended controls
Costs — Values in parentheses represent net savings
Capital — purchase and installation costs
Annualized — includes operating cost, annualized capital
charges plus tax and interest, less value of
recovered VOC. Only primary heat recovery or fuel
value credit considered
Cost Effectiveness — Cost of control measure per ton
of VOC controlled.
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SECTION 2
SURFACE COATING OF MISCELLANEOUS
METAL PARTS AND PRODUCTS1
Tills CTG document provides guidance on VOC emission control for job shop
and original equipment manufacturing industries which apply coatings on metal
substrates, except those industries which were covered by previous CTG docu-
ments T^ recolended emission limits in this CTG are also intended to apply
to S; coating of hardware for wood and metal cabinets and the coating of metal
pails and drums. There are many dissimilarities between the plants and in-
dustries represented by this category.
Slaving is the more common method of applying coatings for single-coat
operations, but flow coating and dipping are also used For two-coat opera-
tions the primers are more likely to be applied either by flow or dip coating
while the topcoats are almost always sprayed.
The coated parts are often conveyed through a flashoff tunnel to evapo-
rate solvent and allow the coating to flow out properly. After coating and
flashoff, the parts are baked in single or multiple pass bakxng ovens. Some
products are air or forced air dried.
The recommended emission limits are based on the use of coatings low in
organic solvents. The CTG document recommends four different emission limi-
tations based on the type of coating, the number of colors or color changes
and the method of drying. The applicable control technology to meet the emis-
sion limitations includes process modifications (such as conversion to water-
borne, electrodeposition, higher solids or powder coatings) and exhaust gas
treatment (such as incineration and carbon adsorption).
Due to the large number of different coating processes and the varJous
methods of controlling VOC emissions from each of these processes, there- are
significant variations in the cost-effectiveness of control options for this
CTG category. The CTG document provides cost estimates for small, medium and
large model plants for seven different types of coating operations and between
four and six control options depending on the type of coating operation.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
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SECTION 3
SURFACE COATING OF FLAT WOOD PANELING2
Factory finished flat wood products includes printed interior panels made
of hardwood plywood and thin particle board (1/4 inch or less); natural finish
hardwood plywood panels; and hardboard paneling with Class II finishes. ANSI
Class II finishes meet less stringent requirements than Class I coatings; spe-
cifically there are no heat, humidity or steam requirements.
Different forms of roll coating are the favored procedures for applying
coatings to flat woods. However, curtain coating, spray coating, and brush
coating techniques are also used. The basic series of coatings applied to
printed interior panels consist of filler, basecoat, inks and topcoat. Natural
hardwood plywood panels usually have the real wood surface modified in color
and appearance by a series of stains, toners, fillers, sealers, glazes, and
topcoats.
For purposes of recommending levels of control, flat wood interior panel
products have been divided into three subcategories:
1. Printed interior wall panels made of hardwood plywood and
thin particle board (1/4 inch or less);
2. Natural finish hardwood plywood; and
3. Class II finishes for hardwood paneling.
Class I hardwood panels, particle board used in furniture, insulation board,
and softwood plywood are not considered in this CTG document. The emissions
from inks used to print simulated grain or decorative patterns on printed
interior panels are covered in this CTG category, and should not be considered
a Graphic Arts activity.
Recommended VOC limitations are given in kg/100 m2 (lb/1000 ft2) of sur-
face covered to allow panel coaters maximum flexibility in adjusting VOC con-
tent of the different coatings so as to meet the emission limitation while
maintaining product quality. In each case, the aggregate of the VOC emissions
from al] coating applied shall be used for comparison to the recommended emis-
sion limitations. In general, the emission limitations are based on the use of
a combination of water-borne coatings and solvent-borne coatings within a pro-
duct line. Other applicable methods of VOC reduction include add-on devices
(incinerators and carbon adsorbers), ultraviolet curing, and electron beam
curing.
-------
SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR FACTORY SURFACE COATING OF
FLAT WOOD PANELING
Affected
facilities
(p. 1-2)*
Number of
affected
facilities
(p. 1-2)*
VOC
emlHuions
nationwide
VOC
emlBH ton
range! per
facility
(Table 2-2
p. 2-5)*
100 tons/yr
source size
(calculated)
CTC
emisBion
limit
(p. v)*
VOC
reduction
ler facility
(Table 2-1
P. 2-4)*
CoHtH
(Table 3-2
p. 1-9)*
The affected t.'icl tiles ,-ire factories that surface coat the
following types of flat wood panels:
a. Hardwood plywood
b. Particleboard
c. Hardboard
Affected Facilities Nationwide Total
a. Hardwood plywood 247
b. Particleboard 80
c. Hardboard 67
8.4 x 101* Mg/yr (9.3 x lO4 tons/yr) estimated for 1977 which
represents about 0.5 percent of stationary source estimated
emissions. l l
Potential VOC emissions per coated surface area are:
0.4 to 8.0 kg/100 m? (0.8 to 16.5 lb/1000 ft2)
depending on the coating/curing process as well as the coating
materials used.
Based on the VOC emission range above, a 100 tpy source would
coat a minimum annual throughput of:
3.8 * 10'' to 7.7 x 10fc standard panels/yr
Where a standard panel is 2.97 m2 (32 ft2).
Recommended limitation
Printed hardwood plywood 2.9 kg VOC/100 m?
and particleboard (6.0 Ib VOC/1000 ft2)
Natural finish hardwood plywood 5.8 kg VOC/100 m2)
(12.0 Ib VOC/1000 ft?)
Class II1 finishes for hard- 4.8 kg VOC/100 m2)
board paneling (10.0 Ib VOC/1000 ft2)
70 to 90 percent VOC emission reduction, depending on coating
material and coverage, through use of water-borne coatings,
incineration, adsorption, ultraviolet curing or electron beam
curing.
Basis:
Shifts: 1 2
Panels/yr: 2,000,000 4,000,000
Waterborne UV/Waterborne Waterborne UV/Waterborne
Capital cost 52 155 52 155
($1000)
Annual i/.ecl cost 101 124.6 200 8 234 A
($1000)
Cost effectiveness
($/Mg) 269 292 256 264
($/ton) 244 264 232 240
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page number in "Control of
Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources, Volume VII- Factory
Surface Coating of Flat Wood Paneling," EPA-450/2-78-032.
'Definition on p. vil of KPA-450/2-78-032.
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SECTION 4
MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHESIZED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS3
The CTG covers the manufacture of synthesized pharmaceutical products
under SIC codes 2833 and 2834. Synthesized pharmaceutical products are nor-
mally manufactured in a series of batch operations according to the following
sequence: (a) reaction(s), (b) product separation, (c) purification, and
(d) drying. The equipment which emit VOC during this process are: reactors,
distillation units, dryers, crystallizers, filters, centrifuges, extractors
and VOC storage tanks. VOC emission rates from each of these sources vary
tremendously, so that typical emission rates by either process component or
facility type are not calculated in the CTG document.
The recommended control strategy for reactors, distillation operations,
crystallizers, centrifuges and vacuum dryers that emit 6.8 kg/day (15 Ib/day)
or more of VOC is Installation of a surface condenser on the equipment uxhaust.
Operation of the surface condenser must be such that the exhaust gas temperature
is reduced to:
(1) -25°C when condensing VOC of vapor pressure greater than
40 kPa (5.8 psi),*
(2) -15°C when condensing VOC of vapor pressure greater than
20 kPa (2.9 psi),*
(3) 0°C when condensing VOC of vapor pressure greater than
10 kPa (1.5 psi),*
(4) 10°C when condensing VOC of vapor pressure greater than
7 kPa (1.0 psi),* and
(5) 25°C when condensing VOC of vapor pressure greater than
3.5 kPa (0.5 psi),*
Additional controls are recommended for air dryers, production equipment
exhaust systems and storage and transfer of liquids containing VOC. VOC emis-
sions from air dryers and production equipment exhaust systems should be re-
duced by 90 percent if they emit 150 kg/day (330 Ib/day) or more and should be
reduced to 15 kg/day (33 Ib/day) if they emit less than 150 kg/day (330 Ib/day).
Transfer of liquids containing VOC from trucks or railcars to tanks with a
*Vapor pressures as measured at 20°C.
-------
capacity of more than 7,500 liters (2000 gal) should employ a 90 percent effec-
tive vapor balance system or equivalent. Tanks storing liquid containing VOC
with a vapor pressure greater than 10 kPa (1.5 psi) at 20°C, should have
pressure/vacuum vents set at ±0.2 kPa (±0.03 psi) except where more effective
controls are used.
There arc three remaining recommendations to reduce VOC emissions from
pharmaceutical synthesis operations. First, all centrifuges, rotary vacuum
filters and other filters with exposed liquid surfaces should be enclosed
when processing liquids with a total VOC vapor pressure of 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi)
or more at 20°C. Second, all in-process tanks containing liquids with VOC
should be covered. Third, all leaks of VOC containing liquids should be re-
paired as soon as possible.
10
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SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHESIZED
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
Affected
facilities
(p. 1-4)*
Number of
affected
facilities
(p. 1-2)*
voc
amisulons
nationwide
VOC
etnlsHion
range per
facility
Synthesized pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. Specific
aources include:
5. Filters
6. Extraction equipment
7. Centrifuges
8. Crystallizers.
1. Dryers
2. Reactors
3. Distillation Units
4. Storage and transfer
of VOC
Estimated 800 plants nationwide
50,000 Mg/yr (55,000 tons/yr) estimated for 1977 which represents
about 0.3 percent of stationary source estimated VOC emissions.
Not available
100 ton/yr
source size
Not available
CTG
amission
limit
(p. 1-5)*
1. a. Surface condensers or equivalent control on vents from
reactors, distillation operations, crystallizers, cen-
trifuges, and vacuum dryers that emit 6.8 kg/day (15 Ib/day)
or more VOC.
b. Surface condensers must meet certain temperature versus VOC
vapor pressure criteria.
2. Additional specific emission reductions are required for air
dryers, production equipment exhaust systems, and storage and
transfer of VOC.
3. Enclosures or covers are recommended for rotary vacuum filters,
processing liquid containing VOC and in-process tanks.
4. Repair of components leaking liquids containing VOC.
VOC
reduction
par facility
Not available
Costs
(pp. 5-14
to 5-42)*
Capital and Annualized Cost graphs are provided for the following types
of control equipment: conservation vents, floating roofs, pressure
vessels, carbon adsorption systems, thermal and catalytic incineration
systems, water cooled condensers, chilled water and brine cooled con-
densers, freon cooled condensers, packed bed scrubbers and venturi
scrubbers.
Cost effectiveness data is not calculated for typical plants.
The source of the summary information is the indicated page(s) in "Control of Volatile
Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Synthesized Pharmaceutical Products,"
EPA-450/2-78-029.
11
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SECTION 5
MANUFACTURE OF PNEUMATIC RUBBER TIRES4
The manufacture of pneumatic rubber tires includes the production of
passenger vehicle and light- and medium-duty truck tires, and tires manufac-
tured on assembly lines using automated equipment.
The general process for tire manufacturing consists of: (1) preparation
or compounding of raw materials, (2) transformation of these compound ma-
terials into tire components, (3) tire assembly, and (A) molding of the final
product. Each step employs unit operations that are sources of VOC emissions.
Recommended levels of control are applicable to four of the unit opera-
tions which are major sources of VOC emissions at a tire manufacturing plant.
The operations are undertread cementing, treadend cementing, bead dipping,
and green tire spraying which account for 83 percent of potential VOC emis-
sions from a typical tire manufacturing plant. Compounding, milling, tread
and sidewall preparation, calendering, molding and curing, and finishing are
not recommended for control because of their lower emission factors. Latex
dipping is not frequently employed and will be covered under a textile manu-
facturing CTG. Tire building, although a significant source, is not recom-
mended for control because the machines occupy about 25 percent of a plant's
floor space over which the VOCs are emitted at very dilute concentrations. A
plant which manufactures a part of a pneumatic rubber tire by employing one
or more of the four affected unit operations is also recommended for control.
The manufacture of tire treads for the tire recapping industry should be con-
trolled while the actual recapping operation is not recommended for control.
Quantitative emission limitations are not recommended. However, VOC
emissions from the four affected unit operations can be effectively reduced
by application of carbon adsorption or incineration systems if capture hoods
and ductwork are designed in accordance with good engineering practice. The
recommended scheme for reducing VOC emissions from green tire spraying is
conversion to water-based sprays. The expected reduction in VOC emissions is
shown in the following table.
12
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SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR MANUFACTURE OF PNEUMATIC RUBBER TIRES
Affected
facilities
(PP. 1-1,
1-3)*
Number of
affected
facilities
(p. 2-2)*
VOC
emissions
nationwide
(p. 1-2)*
nting, bead dipping, tread end cementing, and green tire spraying.
Maximum
of 62 rubber tire plants nationwide
1976 VOC emissions estimate from rubber tire manufacturing totalled
88,200 Mg/yr (97,200 tons/yr). This quantity represents 0.6 percent
of'total national VOC emissions from stationary sources.
VOC
emission
range per
facility
(p. 1-2)*
The average tire plant is estimated to release 4,000 kg per day
(8,820 Ib/day) of emissions or 1,000 Mg VOC per year (1,100 tons/yr),
100 tons/yr
source size
(p. 2-8)*
The model plant, producing 16,000 tires/day, has potential to emit
1 A60 Mg/yr (1,600 tons VOC/yr). Therefore a plant producing approxi-
mately 1,000 Lires/day would be a potential 100 tons/yr source.
CTG
emission
limit
(p. 4-2) *
VOC emissions reduction from the affected operations is recommended
through use of carbon adsorption or incineration. Water-based coat-
ings may be used for green tire spraying.
VOC
reduction
per facility
(p. 1-4) *
a. Carbon adsorption gives an overall efficiency of 62-86 percent in
reducing VOC emissions, when applied to the affected operations.
b. Incineration gives an overall efficiency of 59-81 percent when
applied to the affected operations.
c. Water-based coatings, applied to green tire spraying, provide an
overall emission reduction efficiency of 97 percent.
Costs
(pp. 4-11,
4-15) *
Basis: A model 16,000 tires/day plant using the various control
technologies recommended on the following affected operations.
All costs are based on January 1978 dollars.
Capital cost
($1000)
Annual!zed cost
($1000)
Cost effectiveness
($/Mg)
($/ton)
Undertread
cementing
130-340
92-280
166-505
150-458
Bead dipping
115-250
70-985
1,400-20,800
1,340-18,800
Tread end
cementing
135-375
100-340
1,140-3,880
1,000-3,500
Green tire
spraying
15-450
118-490
202-839
184-763
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page(s) in "Control
of Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires,"
EPA-450/2-78-030.
13
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SECTION 6
MANUFACTURE OF VEGETABLE OIL5
This guideline provides information on the vegetable oil process as well
as guidance on the planning and analysis required for the control of VOC emis-
sions at vegetable oil extraction facilities. At the time this document was
published, EPA acknowledged that there were uncertainties about the testing
methods. EPA also had a field testing program that was developing useful data
in the area of testing and monitoring. Initial results from several scheduled
field tests indicated that the measured data are significantly more variable
than had been anticipated. Consequently, in a letter dated June 22, 1979
(see next page), EPA asked the States to defer any regulatory action for veg-
etable oil plants until after the field testing program is completed and all
the data analyzed. It is anticipated that the testing program will be com-
pleted in mid-1980. Since the original CTG document may be modified, it is
not summarized in this report.
14
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SUBJECT
FROM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air QualHy, Plaiming and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
DATE JUN 2 2 1979
Initial Results of Emission Testing of Volatile Organic Compounds from
Vegetable Oils Manufacture n
Walter C. Barber, Director ^
Office of Air Quality Planning
Standards (MD-10)
T0 Director, Air and Hazardous Materials Division, Regions I-X
As you are aware, in June 1978 EPA published a Control Techniques
Guideline (CTG) for the manufacture of vegetable oils Control of
Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Vegetable Oils,
EPA-450/2-78-035, June 1978). That document stated that the regulatory
Guidelines were based on engineering calculations and that further
verification of these emission levels would be made upon review of data
developed in conjunction with New Source Performance Standard development,
Initial results from the first of several scheduled field tests
indicate that the measured results are significantly more variable than
originally anticipated. Accordingly, I have concluded that it would be
prudent to defer regulatory action for vegetable oil plants until after
the test program is completed this fall and all the data have been
analyzed.
States should not be required to adopt rules for this CTG category
during 1979. Further information will be provided on this matter after
the completion of the field test program.
cc: Don Goodwin
Jack Fanner
Fred Porter
George Walsh
EPA Fo.m 1320-6 (R»v- 3-76)
15
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SECTION 7
GRAPHIC ARTS - ROTOGRAVURE AND FLEXOGRAPHY6
The graphic arts industry encompasses printing operations which fall into
four principal categories: letterpress, offset lithography, rotogravure and
flexography. This guideline is applicable to the flexographic and rotogravure
processes as applied to both publication and packaging printing. Letterpress
and offset lithography printing are not affected since these processes use
inks containing small quantities of volatile organic compounds.
In flexographic printing, the image areas are raised above the nonimage
surface. The distinguishing feature is that the image carrier is made of
rubber and other elastomeric materials. In the gravure method of printing,
image areas are recessed relative to nonimage area. The image carrier is a
copper-plated steel cylinder usually also chrome plated to enhance wear
resistance.
The emission limits are based on the use of VOC capture and control equip-
ment, water-borne inks or high solids inks. Emission limits vary for opera-
tions using capture and control equipment, primarily because the expected
capture efficiencies vary with the type of printing operation.
If water-borne inks are used as a control technique, the volatile frac-
tion of the ink must contain 25 percent or less by volume organic solvent and
75 percent or more water. High solids inks must contain 60 percent or more
by volume nonvolatile material.
A potential issue in this CTG category is whether a particular operation
is a coating or printing operation. A coating operation is the application of
a uniform layer of material across the entire width of a web. A printing
operation is the formation of words, designs and pictures, usually by a series
of application rolls each with only partial coverage. All units in a machine
which contains both coating and printing units will be considered as perform-
ing a printing operation. However, the printing of simulated grain or decora-
tive patterns on printed interior panels is not covered in this CTG category,
and should be considered as a Flat Wood Paneling coating activity.
16
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SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR GRAPHIC ARTS
AND FLEXOGRAPHY
ROTOGRAVURE
Affected
facilities
(p. 1-0*
Nunfcer of
affected
facilities
(p. 2-5)*
VOC
emissions
nationwide
(p. 2-8)*
VOC
emission
range per
facility
(calculated)
100 tons/yr
source size
CTG
emission
limit
(pp. 1-2,
1-3) *
VOC
reduction
per facility
Costs
(pp. 4-8
4-13) *
Flexographic and rotogravure processes
packaging printing.
applied to publication and
a. Publication printing is done in large printing plants, m.mbi-r In,-.
less than 50 in total.
b. There are approximately 13 to 14 thousand gravure printing unlis
and 30 thousand flexographic printing units.
a. Gravure 100,000 Mg/yr 1976 (110,000 tons/yr)
b. Flexography 30,000 Mg/yr 1976 (33,000 tons/yr)
This represents about 0.8 percent of stationary source estimated
emissions. ' '
a. Cravure 7.4 Mg/printing unit per year
(8.2 tons /unit)
b. Flexography 1 Mg/printing unit per year
(1.1 tons/printing unit per year)
A plant will be a potential 100 tons/yr VOC source if it uses
110-180 Mg (120-200 tons) of ink per year, where the solvent
concentration is 50-85 percent.
!
1
1
Use of water-borne or high solids inks meeting certain composition
criteria or the use of capture and control equipment which provides:
a. 75 percent overall VOC reduction where a publication
rotogravure process is employed;
b. 65 percent overall VOC reduction where a packaging roto-
rotogravure process is employed; or,
c. 60 percent overall VOC reduction where a flexographic
printing process is employed.
Same as CTG limit above.
VOC control option
Ink usage,
Mg/yr
(tons/yr)
VOC concentration ppm
Capital cost
Annual! zed cost
Cost effectiveness
S/Mf,
$/ton
Incinerator
7
(7.7)
500
94,000
24,900
8,360
7,570
'
Incinerator
2,500
(2,750)
500
1,110,000
1,665,500
1,650
1,480
Carbon
adsorption
3,500
(3,860)
1,200
701,000
72,800
51
46
Carbon
adsorpt Ion
7 ,000
(7,720)
2 , 400
701 ,000
(41,700)1-
(lr-)l
I ] O>
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page number in "Control of
Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources, Volume VIII: Graphic
Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography," EPA-450/2-78-033.
'''Numbers in parentheses arc savings.
17
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SECTION 8
PERCHLOROETHYLENE DRY CLEANING SYSTEMS"
The dry cleaning industry is segregated into three categories: (1) coin-
operated, (2) commercial, and (3) industrial. The principal steps in the dry
cleaning process are identical to those of ordinary laundering in water:
(1) one or more washes (baths) in solvent; (2) extraction of excess solvent
by spinning; and (3) drying by tumbling in an air stream.
The CTG recommended emission limitation is based on use of a carbon
adsorption system, good maintenance practices and reduction of VOC emissions
from filtration and distillation wastes. The carbon adsorption system should
reduce VOC emissions to 100 ppm or less before dilution. Good maintenance
practices include repairing all gaseous and liquid leaks. Diatomaceous earth
filters should be reduced to no more than 25 kg of solvent per 100 kg of wet
waste materials. Residue from solvent stills should contain no more than 60
kg of solvent per 100 kg of wet waste material. Filtration cartridges should
be drained in the filter housing for at least 24 hours before being discarded.
The CTG document indicates that most, if not all, coin-operated facilities
will have Insufficient space or steam capacity to install a carbon adsorption
system. These facilities should be exempted from having to install adsorption
equipment, but should be required to meet the other housekeeping type of
requirements.
18
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SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR PERCHLOROETHYLENE DRY CLEANING SYSTEMS
Affected
facilities
(p. 2-1)*
Number of
affected
facilities
(calculated)
VOC
emissions
nationwide
(pp. 1-2,
2-1) *
Affected facilities are coin-operated, commercial, and industrial dry
cleaning systems which utilize perchloroethylene as solvent.
a. Coin-op
b. Commercial
c. Industrial
14,900
44,600
230
a. Coin-op
b. Commercial
c. Industrial
21,400 Mg/yr
123,000 Mg/yr
13,600 Mg/yr
(23,500 tons/yr)
(135,000 tons/yr)
(15,000 tons/yr)
The estimated 158,000 Mg VOC/yr is 0.9 percent of total stationary
source estimated emissions.
VOC
emission
range per
facility
(l>. 5-2)*
100 tons/yr
source size
(extrapolated)
Uncontrolled VOC emissions
Type of plant
a. Coin-op
b. Commercial
c. Industrial
1,460
3,240
32,400
(Ib/yr)
(3,200)
(7,200)
(72,000)
A large industrinJ dry cleaning plant, processing 750 Mg (825 tons) of
clothes per year, would be a potential 100 tons VOC per year source.
CTG
emission
limit
(pp. .6-1
6-4)*
a. Reduction of dryer outlet concentration to less than 100 ppm VOC,
by means of carbon adsorption. (Facilities with inadequate space
or steam capacity for adsorbers are excluded.)
b. Reduction of VOC emissions from filter and distillation wastes.
c. Eliminate liquid and vapor leaks.
VOC
reduction
per facility
(pp. 2-5,
2-7)*
Carbon adsorption applied to commercial and industrial plants will
reduce overall VOC emissions by 40-75 percent.
Costs
(p. 4-5)*
Basis; Carbon adsorbers for a commercial plant cleaning 46,000 kg
(100,000 lb) of clothes per year.
Cap!tal cost
Annualized cost
Cost effectiveness
$4,500
$300
$90. credit/Mg
$80 credit/ton
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page number in "Control of
Volatile Organic Emissions from Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems," EPA-450/2-78-050.
19
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SECTION 9
LEAKS FROM PETROLEUM REFINERY EQUIPMENT8
Petroleum refineries produce gasoline, aromatics, kerosene, distillate
finery VOC emissions, that have been addressed in previous CTG documents are
fixed roof storage tanks; vacuum producing systems, wastewater separators and
process unit turnarounds; and gasoline transfer operations. Parators> and
Even though present estimates show that petroleum refinery leaks are a
significant .source of VOC emissions, the emission factors which yield ?hese
estimates are based on 20-year old data. Emission factors for petroleum re-
oLT^ak ePrV6akS 3re belng UPdated' ^ P'^nary data indicate the
total Jeak emission rate is greater than present estimates.
The CTG document recommends a two-phase program of monitoring and main-
V'rvor V°C emiS?10nS fr°m Petr°leUm refiner>' ei«iP"en? Tea™
A 10,000 ppm VOC concentration, when tested in the manner described in
Appendix B of the document, constitutes a leak. The monitoring plan consists
of annual inspection of pump seals, pipeline valves in liquid Lrvice and
process drains; quarterly inspection of compressor seals, pipelinf valves in
in8YeM Y PrGSSUre reUef ValV6S ln gas Servlce; ««d weekly visual
inspection of pump seals. The maintenance portion of the program consists of
repairing any detected leaks within 15 days. In some cases ifwill not be
possible to compete the repair until the next scheduled unit turnaround
£ cer af fT*" "^ "^ ^ rGPalred UDtil the ne— ^ shutdown occurs.
f ,lnsta"ces «»re than unit shutdown repairs will be necessary to
g "°mPnent lnt° comPliance- Temporary variances should be
^^enance or equip-
fn, I!'0 CT(;,als« ^commends recording and reporting requirements to facili-
tate the monitoring and maintenance program. A leaking components monitoring
M "** ^ C°ntainS "**"&** information on leaks and their
Also quarterly reports should be submitted to the air pollution con-
c certif
o e ar pouto
trol agency certifying that the monitoring has been performed according
" "^"^ **** ^ «" «* "*»*
rrecHt1^ CTG ^^T" d°eS n0t PreSent calculati°ns fpr recovered product
credits or cost-effectiveness ratios because emission reduction factors were
20
-------
not available. The necessary factors became available in January 1980 and
have been used to calculate the emission reduction and cost-effectiveness
figures presented in the following table.13
21
-------
SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR LEAKS FROM PETROLEUM REFINERY EQUIPMENT
Affected
facilities
(p. 6-1)*
Petroleum refinery equipment including pump seals, compressor
seals, seal oil degassing vents, pipeline valves, flanges and
other connections, pressure relief devices, process drains
and open ended pipes. '
Number of
affected
facilities
There were 311 petroleum refineries in the nation as of
January 1, 1979.12
VOC
emissions
nationwide
(p. 5-1)*
The estimated VOC emissions nationwide are 170,000 Mg/year
or about ] percent of the total VOC emissions from stationary
sources.
VOC
emissions
range per
facility
(p. 3-2)*
The potential VOC emissions per leaking source range from 1.0 to
10 kg/day.
100 ton/year
source size
(p. 1-3, 2-3)*
vnr/ n to emit O.A to 3.7 Mg
VOC/year (0.5 to 4.1 ton/yr). A refinery with between 25 and
227 leaking components would emit 100 tons/year of VOC. A
model medium size refinery may have 90,000 leaking components.
CTG
emission
limits
(p. 1-3)*
If a leaking component has a VOC concentration of over 10 000 ppm
at the potential leak source, it should be scheduled for main-
tenance and repaired within 15 days.
VOC
reduction per
facility
(calculated)
vearTofvoc P"vent/fe r^ease °f 1821.1 Kg/year (2007.4 ton/
year) of VOC at a model medium size refinery (15,900 m3/day) by
reducing emissions from 2933.6 Mg (3233.5 ton) to 1112.5 Mg
(1226.1 ton) per year.13
Costs
(p. 4-8)*
Basis: A monitoring and maintenance program for a 15,900 m3/day
(100,000 bbl/day) refinery (Fourth quarter 1977 dollars).
Instrumentation Capital Cost 8,80p
Total Annual!zed Costs 115,000
Cost Effectiveness $/Mg (86.85)tl3
$/ton (78.81.)tl3
The source of the summary Information is the indicated page number(s) in "Control
?r/ Or8anlc Compound Leaks from Petroleum Refinery Equipment,"
— ~* ~
Numbers in parentheses are savings.
22
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SECTION 10
PETROLEUM LIQUID STORAGE IN EXTERNAL
FLOATING ROOF TANKS9
Petroleum liquid storage in external floating roof tanks occurs at pe-
troleum refineries, terminals, tank farms and along pipelines The recom-
mended control technology Us retrofitting certain affected tanks with rim-
mounted secondary seals.
There are several exceptions to the general requirement that all exter-
nal floating roof petroleum liquid storage tanks larger than 150,000 liters
(40,000 gal) must have secondary seals. The exempt liquid storage tanks are
those which:
1. are used to store waxv, heavy pour crude oil;
2. have capacities less than 1,600,000 liters (420,000 gal)
and are used to store produced crude oil and condensate
prior to lease custody transfer;
3. contain a petroleum liquid with a true vapor pressure of
less than 10.5 kPa (1.5 psi);
4. contain a petroleum liquid with a true vapor pressure
less than 27.6 kPa (4.0 psi); and
(a) are of welded construction; and
(b) presently possess a metallic-type shoe seal, a liquid-
mounted liquid filled type seal, or other closure
device of demonstrated equivalence;
5. are of welded construction, equipped with a metallic-type shoe
primary seal and have a secondary seal from the top of the
shoe seal to the tank wall (shoe-mounted secondary seal).
Tanks storing waxy, heavy pour crude oil are exempted because waxy depo-
sits on the tank wall would damage the secondary seal. If the tank is of
riveted construction and not used for lease custody transfer, the only exemp-
tion IK when true vapor pressure is less than 10.5 kPa. If the vessel is
welded construction (and also not used for lease custody transfer) the vapor
pressure exemption becomes a function of the existing primary seal type. If
the seal Is a metallic-shoe type, liquid-mounted foam type, liquid-mounted
liquid filled type, or equivalent, the minimum true vapor pressure for exemp-
tion rises to 27.6 kPa (4.0 psi). For other primary seals on welded tanks,
the minimum vapor pressure for exemption remains at 10.5 kPa (1.5 psi).
23
-------
Finally, if the tank is of welded construction, equipped with a metallic shoe
seal and has a secondary seal from the top of the shoe seal to the tank wall
(shoe mounted secondary seal) it is not an affected facility.
The affected tank size changes from 150,000 liters (40,000 gal) to
1,600,000 liters (420,000 gal) only for tanks storing produced crude oil and
condensatc prior to lease custody transfer (oil field production storage).
This exception applies to tanks storing petroleum liquid from the time it is
removed from the ground until custody is transferred from the production
operation to the transportation operation.
A rim-mounted secondary seal is continuous and extends from the floating
roof to the tank wall, above, and covering the entire primary seal. Installed
over mechanical shoe seals, liquid mounted primary seals or vapor mounted
primary seals, rim-mounted secondary seals effectively reduce VOC emissions.
In order for the secondary seal to be effective, the accumulated area of gaps
exceeding 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) in width between the secondary seal and the tank
wall should not exceed 2].2 cm7 per meter of tank diameter (1.0 in.2 per foot
of tank diameter).
Several ancillary control techniques are recommended in the CTG document.
These include keeping covers, seals and lids closed except when in actual use
and providing projections below the liquid surface on certain openings. Also
automatic bleeder vents should be kept closed except when the roof is floated
off or landed on the roof leg supports, and rim vents should be set to open
only when the roof is being floated off the roof leg supports. Finally, roof
drains should be provided with slotted membrane fabric covers or equivalent.
24
-------
SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS
Affected
facilities
(p. 1-2)*
Number of
affected
facilities
(p. 2-1) *
voc
emissions
nationwide
(p. 1-2)*
VOC
emission
range per
facility
(pp. 3-3,
3-9)*
100 tons/yr
source size
CTG
emission
limit
(PP. 5-1,
5-4)*
VOC
reduction
per facility
(pp. 3-3,
3-9)*
Costs
(PP. 4-9,
4-12) *
External floating roof tanks larger than 150,000 liters (40,000 gal)
storing petroleum liquids. See exceptions noted in text.
There is an estimated 13,800 internal and external floating roof tanks
that are larger than 150,000 liters (40,000 gal). The number of ex-
ternal floating roof tanks is not available.
An estimated 65,000 Mg (71,630 tons) of VOC was emitted in 1978 which
represents about 4.0 percent of stationary source estimated emissions.
The emission range for a 30.5 m (100 ft) diameter tank storing 41.4 kPa
(6 psi) vapor pressure gasoline is 212 Mg/yr (233 tons/yr) for a slightly
gapped primary seal to 2.2 Mg/yr (2.4 tons/yr) for a tight rim-mounted
secondary seal over a tight primary seal.
No single floating roof tank is expected to emit more than 100
tons/yr. ] r'
A continuous secondary seal or equivalent closure on all affected
storage tanks, plus certain inspection and recordkeeping requirements.
Ranges from about 200 to 2 Mg/yr (220 to 2.2 tons/yr).
Basis:
External floating roof tank 30.5 m (100 ft) in diameter with a
capacity of 8.91 * 106 liters (55,000 bbl) controlled by a rim
mounted secondary seal.
Capital cost 16.9
($1000)
Annualized cost
($1000)
Cost effectiveness
($/Mg)
($/ton)
3.3
(66)f-3,655
(59)f-3,316
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page(s) in "Control of Volatile
Organic Emissions from Petroleum Liquid Storage in External Floating Roof Tanks,"
EPA-450/2-78-047.
^Numbers in parenthesis indicate credits.
25
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SECTION 11
LEAKS FROM GASOLINE TANK TRUCKS AND VAPOR
COLLECTION SYSTEMS10
The Intent of this guideline is to define leak tight conditions and re-
lated te.st procedures for vapor collection systems and tank trucks while
loading and unloading at bulk plants, bulk terminals and service stations.
The two separate affected facilities are gasoline tank trucks that are
equipped for vapor collection and vapor collection systems at bulk terminals,
bulk plants, and service stations that are equipped with vapor balance and/or
vapor processing systems. The control approach is a combination of testing,
monitoring, and equipment design requirements to ensure good operation and
maintenance practices.
Annual testing of gasoline tank trucks is recommended. The test consists
of pressurizing to 4,500 Pa (18 in. of water) and evacuating to 1,500 Pa
(6 In. of water). The truck tank should not sustain a pressure change of more
than 750 Pa (3 in. of water) in 5 minutes under either condition. Each truck
tank should display a sticker indicating the date it last met this pressure
and vacuum test criteria.
The vapor collection and vapor processing equipment should be designed
and operated to prevent gauge pressure in the tank truck from exceeding
4,500 Pa (18 in. of water) and prevent vacuum from exceeding 1,500 Pa (6 in.
of water). In addition, vapor concentration at 2.5 cm around the perimeter
of a potential leak source should be below 100 percent of the lower explosive
limit (LEI.,, measured as propane) at all times when measured by a combustible
gas detector.
The CTG document provides detailed descriptions of the testing of tank
trucks and vapor collection systems. In addition, calibration procedures for
the combustible gas detectors which are recommended for use by regulatory
agencies for compliance monitoring are provided. Recordkeeping and reporting
requirements are also discussed in the CTG document.
Additional information on control techniques, costs, and monitoring pro-
cedures IH presented in a report entitled "Evaluation of Vapor Leaks and
Development of Monitoring Procedures for Gasoline Tank Trucks and Vapor
Piping," EPA-450/3-79-018, April 1979.
26
-------
SUMMARY OF CTG DOCUMENT FOR LEAKS FROM GASOLINE TANK TRUCKS AND
VAPOR COLLECTION SYSTEM
Affected
facilities
(p. 2)*
Number of
affected
facilities
VOC
emissions
nationwide
a. Gasoline tank trucks that are equipped for vapor collection.
b. Vapor collection systems at bulk terminals, bulk plants, and service
stations that are equipped with vapor balance and/or vapor processing
systems.
Not available
Not available
VOC
emission
range per
facility
Not available
CTG
emission
limit
(pp. 1
and 2)
VOC
reduction
per facility
The control approach is a combination of testing, monitoring, and equip-
ment design to ensure that good maintenance practices are employed to
prevent leaks from truck tanks or tank compartments and vapor collection
systems during gasoline transfer at bulk plants, bulk terminals, and
service stations. A leak is a reading greater than or equal to 100
percent of the LEL at 2.5 cm from a potential leak source as detected by
a combustible gas detector.
Not available
Costa
Not available
*The source of the summary information is the indicated page number in "Control of Volatile
Organic Compound Leaks from Gasoline Tank Trucks and Vapor Collection Systems,"
EPA-450/2-78-051.
27
-------
REFERENCES
1. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources -
Volume VI: Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, June 1978, EPA-450/2-78-015.
2. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary
Sources - Volume VII: Factory Surface Coating of Flat Wood Paneling,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, June 1978, EPA-450/2-78-032.
3. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Synthesized
Pharmaceutical Products, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, December 1978, EPA-450/2-78-029.
4. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Pneumatic
Rubber Tires, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, December 1978, EPA-450/2-78-030.
5. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Vegetable
Oils, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Plan-
ning and Standards, June 1978, EPA-450/2-78-035.
6. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources -
Volume VIII: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
December 1978, EPA-450/2-78-033.
7. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Perchloroethylene Dry Clean-
ing Systems, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, December 1978, EPA-450/2-78-050.
8. Control of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks from Petroleum Refinery Equip-
ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Plan-
ning and Standards, June 1978, EPA-450/2-78-036.
9. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Petroleum Liquid Storage in
External Floating Roof Tanks, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, December 1978, EPA-450/2-
78-047.
10. Control of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks from Gasoline Tank Trucks
and Vapor Collection Systems, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, December 1978,
EPA-450/2-78-051.
11. Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary Sources,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, May 1978, EPA-450/2-78-022.
28
-------
12. Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S.
Territories, Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
Washington, D.C., dated January 1, 1979, released for printing June 28,
1979, DOE/EIA-0111/79.
13. Memorandum from S. V. Capone, GCA/Technology Division, to T. Williams,
EPA/CPDD. Cost Effectiveness for RACT Application to Leaks from Pe-
troleum Refinery Equipment. February 1, 1980.
14. Enforceability Aspects of RACT for Surface Coating of Miscellaneous
Metal Parts and Products, Preliminary Memorandum. PEDCo. EPA Contract
68-01-4147, Task Order No. 121. January 11, 1980.
15. Calculations by R. K. Burr, ESED, author of Reference 9.
29
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
mill l/jiirnclKins on the riTcnc hc/oic completing)
I H I I' (1 R 1 N O
_FPA-450/2-80-001
4. 1 I I L L AND SUB1 Hit
SUMMARY OF GROUP II CONTROL TECHNIQUE GUIDELINE
DOCUMENTS FOR CONTROL OF VOLATILE ORGANIC EMISSIONS
FROM EXISTING STATIONARY SOURCES
Stephen V. Cnpone
Mslcolm W. IVtroccia
Pt RF ORMING ORGAN I/ATI ON NAME AND ADDRESS
CCA CORPORATION
OCA/TECHNOLOGY D i V ISION
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
1.2. SPONSORING AGLNCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT!ON AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning, and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
15. SUI'PLI MENTAHY NOTES
P'-ojcct Officer: Tom Williams
3 RECIPIENTS ACCESSIOONO.
5 REPORT DATE
_February 1_980 _
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-79-79-G
10 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO
68-02-2607
Work Assignment No. 39
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
_ ____
14. SPONSOR I NG~AG¥rgcV~COD~E
6. ABSTRACT
Control Technirnie Guideline CCTG) documents have been prepared b/ the Office
of Air Oualitv Planning and Standards of the U.S. F?A to assist states in defin-
ing reasonably available control technology (RACT) for the control of volatile
organic compound emissions from existing stationary sources. A document (EPA-
450/1-78-120) summarizing the CTG documents issued prior to January 1978 (Croup I)
was published in December 1978.
This document (FPA-45D/2-80-001) summarizes the CTG documents issued between
Tnmmrv 1978 and January 1979 (Group IT). A description of each source category
is provided, a I on p. with RACT and costs to retrofit a model facility. The source
categories included are: leaks from petroleum refinery equipment, surface coat-
ing of miscellaneous metal parts and products, manufacture of vegetable oil,
surface coating of flat wood paneling, synthesized pharmaceutical products manu-
facturing, pneumatic rubber tire manufacturing, graphic arts (rotogravure and
flexographv), external floating roof tanks, perchloroethylene dry cleaning, and
leaks from gasoline tank trucks and vapor collection systems.
IK SCRIPT OHf,
Air Pollut ion
Control Guidelines
Volatile Organic Chemicals
Organic Compounds
K( Y WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
l>. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Reasonably Available
Control Technology
Organic Chemical
Emissions
Emission Limitations
ui"> r RIHU rioN s r A u MI NT
Unlimited
EPA Ponn 2220-1 (9-73)
19 SFCURITY CLASS (1 His Report)'
Uncla s sjijfi e d
20 "
Unclassi fied
COSATI 1 k'kl/(lroii|i
21 NO OF PAGES
34
22 PRICE
31
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