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EPA-450/3-90-009
BENZENE ENABLING DOCUMENT
FOR STANDARDS ON
BENZENE TRANSFER AND
WASTE OPERATIONS
Prepared By
Emissions Standards Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1990
ifs: Envfrowiwrtal Protection Agency
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards Division
of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products is not intended to constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use. The purpose of this document is to
provide information in a summary form but not to indicate the
intent of any EPA decisions. Copies of this report are available
through the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, or from
National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield VA 22161.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
Section 1 Introduction 1
Section 2 Press Release 4
Section 3 Summary of Regulations 10
Section 4 General Provisions 26
Section 5 Regulations for Each Source Category 36
Section 6 List of Sources Affected 67
Section 7 Interrelationship with Other Regulations 76
Section 8 Implementation Plan for Benzene NESHAPs 89
APPENDIX A National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants Compliance Status Information 93
APPENDIX B List of OAQPS Contacts 100
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Regulatory Approach for Benzene Transfer Operations. ... 12
2 Regulatory Approach for Benzene Waste Operations 16
3 Alternative Standard for Process Wastewater Streams. ... 18
4 Example Table Format for Reporting Waste Stream
Regulatory Status 20
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Benzene Waste Operations NESHAP (40 CFR 61 Subpart FF)
Summary of General Standards for Affected Waste Streams
at a Facility with a Total Annual Benzene Quantity
> 10 Mg/yr 17
2 Benzene Waste Operations NESHAP (40 CFR 61 Subpart FF)
Summary of Benzene Air Emission Control Requirements
Prior to and During Treatment of an Affected Waste
Stream 19
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Section 1 Introduction
The EPA has promulgated standards that were proposed in September 1989.
These standards are for benzene transfer and benzene waste operations source
categories. This Benzene Enabling document is a compilation and presentation
of pertinent information regarding the Benzene NESHAP rulemaking in a simple,
easy to understand format. It is intended to assist the EPA enforcement and
other personnel who will need to respond to comments and questions on, and
will implement these regulations. Any comments on this document may be sent
to Fred Dimmick, Chief, Regulations Preparation Section (MD-13); U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Section 2 contains a copy of the press release announcing the rules that
are being promulgated for benzene transfer and benzene waste operations.
Section 3 presents the summary of the standards for each of the source
categories. It summarizes the applicability, exemptions, control
requirements, reporting and recordkeeping, and compliance dates of the
standards. It presents a brief synopsis designed to be useful in a quick
determination of whether any facility is subject to the rules or not.
Enforcement/compliance personnel, however, should carefully read the other
pertinent sections of the published regulations before making a final
determination.
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2
Section 4 presents three important sections of the general provisions
from the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 61) which relate to NESHAP
requirements; § 61.10 source reporting and waiver request; § 61.11 waiver of
compliance; and § 61.13 emission tests and waivers of emission tests. Each
benzene source (existing or new) affected by the standards signed on
February 27, 1990, must file initial information reports within the first 90
davs of the effective date (March 7. 1990). These three sections are included
to assist EPA enforcement personnel in complying with these requirements.
Section 5 presents important sections i.e., applicability, definitions,
and standards of the promulgated regulations for each source category. For
detailed information on monitoring, recordkeeping, reporting, and test method
requirements, one must consult the Federal Register notice (55 FR 8292)
announcing the rulemaking for various benzene sources.
Section 6 presents the SIC codes for the affected source categories and a
list of sources that were identified in the development of the standards. It
should be noted, however, that the list may not be accurate or complete as the
databases used were old and may not reflect current operations at many
facilities. This list is presented here merely as a guideline of the sources
that might be affected.
In Section 7 the interrelationship of the benzene waste standard with
other EPA standards under the CAA, RCRA, CERCLA and FWPCA is discussed.
Regulations promulgated under other Acts require treatment of the waste to
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3
remove or destroy benzene, they do not ensure control of air emissions from
management of the waste before treatment or from the treatment process. This
section describes how the requirements generally relate to other standards and
the steps taken to make the requirements as compatible.
Lastly, Section 8 presents an implementation plan to assist the EPA
regions in enforcing these regulations. A detailed compliance monitoring
strategy will be developed through standard procedures.
Appendix A presents an example of a compliance status information form
that each facility in both source categories should fill out and submit to EPA
within 90 days of the effective date of the rule.
Appendix B presents a list of people at OAQPS who can be contacted
regarding the technical as well as regulatory aspects of the promulgated
standards.
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Section 2 Press Release
The final rules were issued on February 27, 1990. A copy of the press
release announcing these final rules is included here.
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5
02/27/90 12:20 Q202 252 0186 PRESS DIVISION 21001/005
Communications And
Unmxl Sl;ii«M Public Affairs
EtwuoiiMwnUl Ptoloction (A-107) __
Environrn^ntaTNews
TOTSDAY, FBBRUJUtt 27, 1990
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency i.sued final rule.
of «- h.,«— P*l«"»t benZ.n. by
tod.y to out air e»i..ion. of
about 10,000 ton. a y.ar fro» o.rtain industrial sourc...
-Today'. rul.s will !«•« -J"^'^ .SSS-ftSttT ris.s
as
emissions."
« JTSJ: -Jrjass? ass1---"
leukemia.
B.n»n. i. u..d to -nu^tur. a vide variety ejf _ product.
including ^"••' ^."^f^StomoMl. .xhaust and auto refueling
ar°.ltrrrxenand many consumer products
to indutrial b.nzen.
of emissions.
P.olf.Tivi1n3gnVlV.I.ato0S.°or0urc.. of emissions.
Under Section 112. th. hazardous »^ ^^^^^.asi^e
c«rr.nt Cl.an Air Act, EPA .«>» « P" protecting the greatest
protection against risk. ",•?_*"„.„;„«•, in the United states-
Ub»:ViVKVio7da.rihoping cancer no nigh.r than
cancer no nigh.r than
approximately one in a million.
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02/27/90 12:21 ff202 252 0186 PRESS DIVISION 121002/005
EPA also seeks to limit to no higher than approximately one
in 10,000 the estimated risk that people living near a plant would
have if they were exposed to the maximum pollutant concentrations
possible for 70 years. Today's regulations will result in over 99
percent of the exposed population living near certain plants facing
a maximum individual risk of less than one chance in a million.
EPA estimates that about half of all Americans are exposed to
benzene emissions from industrial sources. For the great majority
of the population, the predicted cancer risk is very low (less than
one chance in a million based on lifetime exposure). The cancer
risks from all the sources covered by EPA under the final rules
issued today and last September currently amount to an estimated
excess incidence of leukemia of approximately four cases per year
nationwide. The rules would reduce the excess incidence to one case
every three years, a 90-percent reduction.
The benzene rules are the third set of hazardous air pollutant
regulations issued (after those set for other benzene categories
last August and radionuclides in December) since the landmark 1987
ruling by the Federal Appeals Court of Washington, D.C., on vinyl
chloride. In that decision, the court mandated a two-step process
for regulating hazardous air pollutants under Section 112.
In the first step, EPA must establish an "acceptable" level
of risk based solely on health considerations. In the second step,
the Agency must then set enforceable standards that provide an
"ample margin of safety" to the public. In determining the ample
margin of safety, EPA may take pollution control costs and
technological feasibility into consideration. The final enforceable
standard developed in the second step can be tougher, but not
weaker than, the "acceptable" level of risk developed in the first
step.
On Sept. 14, 1989 EPA published final rules in the Federal
Register reducing benzene emissions 97 percent from coke by-product
recovery plants and also requiring significant benzene emission
reductions from benzene storage tanks.
In the same Sept. 14 Federal Register notice, EPA proposed
benzene emission reduction rules for: benzene waste operations;
the loading of benzene into railroad tank cars, trucks, and marine
vessels (benzene transfer operations); industrial solvent use in
activities such as rubber tire manufacturing; and gasoline
terminals, bulk plants and service stations in the gasoline
marketing system.
EPA is today announcing final rules for benzene waste
operations and benzene transfer operations. After careful review,
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02/27/90 12:23 ©202 2S2 0188
PRESS DIVISION 3l003<005
the Agency has decided not to regulate gasoline marketing and
industrial solvent sources at this time.
Benzene transfer operations include the loading process at
production facilities and bulk terminals where benzene is loaded
into rail tank cars, tank trucks and marine vessels. EPA estimates
there are 110 transfer operation sources emitting about 5,000 tons
of benzene a year. The rules call for vapor collection and vapor
recovery systems and other add-on control devices such as
incinerators, carbon adsorbers, flares and condensers. Benzene
emissions from benzene transfer operations will be reduced
approximately 98 percent, to 300 tons per year. Cancer incidence
will be reduced from one additional case per year to one case every
50 years, and maximum individual risk will be reduced from one
chance in 165 to one chance in 25,000. The capital costs for
meeting this standard are $167 million and annualized costs are
$30 million.
EPA estimates that benzene waste operations at chemical
plants, petroleum refineries, coke by-product recovery plants and
commercial treatment, storage and disposal facilities emit
approximately 5,800 tons of benzene each year at about 390
facilities. Today's rules would require covers or enclosures,
treatment processes and waste incineration to reduce emissions at
these facilities to 275 tons per year, a 93-percent reduction. EPA
estimates that cancer cases attributible to these sources would be
reduced from one case every one and one-half years to one case
every 20 years. Maximum individual lifetime risk would be reduced
from one chance in 500 to less than one chance in 10,000. The
capital costs of meeting the standard are estimated to be $250
million and annualized costs are.estimated at about $90 million.
The industrial solvent use category is not being regulated at
this time. Benzene is used as a distilling and extracting agent,
a reaction solvent and a dissolver of other substances. EPA
estimates there are only 10 plants in the pharmaceutical, general
organic synthetics and alcohol manufacturing industries that use
and emit benzene as a solvent. In addition, benzene is present in
trace quantities in solvents used in the manufacture of rubber
tires. Various occupational health and other regulations have gone
into effect in recent years that have reduced or completely stopped
benzene solvent use in many plants. The capital cost of meeting the
proposed requirements was estimated to be $23 million and the
annualized cost was estimated at $12 million. EPA received
information after the September proposal showing that its emission
estimates were based on incorrect assumptions and that it had
overstated benzene emissions. EPA also received information showing
that risks are much lower than it had previously estimated. EPA has
decided that the cost of additional control on the solvent use
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02/27/90 12:23 O202 252 0186 PRESS DIVISION (2)004-005
industry is disproportionately large in comparison to the small
additional emission and risk reduction achieved.
EPA has also decided not to regulate the gasoline marketing
industry at this time. Gasoline marketing refers to the storage and
transfer of gasoline as it moves from bulk terminal to the gasoline
service station storage tank. The major benzene emission sources
in this system are bulk gasoline terminals, bulk gasoline plants,
service stations and delivery tank trucks. This category and the
prS?° rul®8 last September did not include the refueling of
Vf?wi?* a?,,th* pump by consun«rs. The proposed rule only dealt
with the filling of underground storage tanks at service stations
by tank trucks. The vehicle-refueling process is addressed
separately as a major component of EPA's strategy to reduce
volatile organic compound emissions contributing to urban ground-
level ozone (smog). President Bush's clean air proposal requires
many of the areas not meeting the smog standard to apply what is
known as "Stage II Vapor Recovery," which controls the emissions
at cne pump.
For each of the gasoline marketing source categories, existing
controls result in the maximum individual risk being less than
EPA s acceptable risk benchmark of approximately one in 10,000
maximum individual risk. In considering whether further
regulations beyond existing controls would be necessary in order
to provide an ample margin of safety, EPA reviewed cancer incidence
reductions, control costs and the potential population at risk
greater than one in one million. The incidence reduction for each
of the gasoline marketing categories would be very low, in the
5Svl.£l °'J3 t04 0>07 °f « case per year. For the gasoline
marketing categories, the capital cost would be approximately $1
billion, with annualized costs of $130 million. The majority of the
health risk reduction would occur in the population exposed at
risks less than one in one million. EPA, therefore, has decided not
ILf6? th* Baseline marketing categories because the cost of
additional control was considered disproportionately high, relative
to the small health benefits, and existing controls provide an
ample margin of safety.
j;— This deciflion on gasoline marketing does not preclude
different means of benzene control in the future, the Agency noted.
JS5»IS"Pw **.% EPA 5laJ?S within «»• n«xt several months to issue an
Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the control of air
toxics, including benzene specifically, through gasoline and diesel
reformulation. Also, President Bush's proposed clean Air Act
amendments include a major initiative on alternative fuels, under
which EPA would set performance standards for clean-fuel vehicles
*,t0 reduce Benzene and other toxic air emissions. The
President's proposal would also reguire that service station owners
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02/27/90 12:27 «202 252 0186 PRESS DIVISION 31005,003
in certain parts of the country install Stage II vapor recovery
systems. In addition, the President's proposal also authorizes
regulation of air toxic emissions from mobile sources.
For further information on the final benzene rules, contact
either Doug Bell at 919-541-5568, or Dr. Janet Meyer at 919-541-
5254, Standards Development Branch, Emission Standards
Division (MD-13), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. For information concerning the health
effects of benzene and risk assessment, contact Scott Voorhees at
919-541-5348, Pollutant Assessment Branch, Emission Standards
Division (MD-13) at the above address.
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10
Section 3 Summary of Regulations
This section presents a summary of the regulations for benzene transfer
and waste operations. Figure 1 is a simple diagram that assists in the
determination of the applicability of a transfer operation to the promulgated
standards. Similarly, Figure 2 is also a flow diagram to assist in
determining the applicability of a waste operation to the standards. Once it
is determined that standards do apply, then benzene emissions from all the
affected facility must be controlled according to the requirements of the
standards.
Table 1 presents a summary of general requirements for waste streams at a
facility which must be controlled under the standards. These requirements are
for process wastewater streams and other streams that are not considered
process wastewaters. The regulations provide alternative means of compliance.
For process wastewater streams, the alternative means of compliance allow the
facility owner to select the wastewater streams for treatment as long as the
total annual benzene quantity is <1 Mg for all treated and untreated process
wastewater streams. Figure 3 is a simple flow diagram describing this
alternative standard for process wastewater streams. Table 2 presents a
summary of benzene air emission control requirements prior to and during
treatment of an affected waste stream.
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Figure 4 is an example of a form that each benzene waste operation
facility could fill out to determine the waste stream characteristics.
Enforcement compliance personnel might want to send this form to each facility
and suggest that it would be helpful to use it. By completing this form, the
total annual quantity of benzene in the wastes would be easily determined and
the applicability of the standards could also be established.
The summary of standards describes briefly the highlights of the
standards. It describes the applicability, exemptions from the rules, the
provisions of the standards, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and the
compliance dates by which the control system should be installed and
operational. The information gathering, reporting, and recordkeeping
requirements of various degree depending on the applicability of the standards
begin from the effective date. For complete details on several other
requirements such as control device installation, testing, and monitoring
etc., the final regulations as published must be followed.
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Is the loading rack covered
by the Benzene transfer
rules?
Is the
rack loading
<70% wt. Benzene
material?
Yes
No
No controls
required
Maintain documents
^ Is the rack
loading <1.3xlOb l/yr
material containing
>70% by wt.
Benzene
Yes
No
Facility loading racks,
tank trucks, raiTcars,
and marine vessels sub-
ject to rules
Figure 1. Regulatory Approach for Benzene Transfer Operations
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13
Summary of Standards
Benzene Transfer Operations
o The standard applies to:
all loading racks where benzene is loaded into tank trucks,
railcars, or marine vessels at each production facility and each bulk
terminal.
o The standard exempts:
all racks loading only liquids containing <70% wt. benzene, px
facilities loading <1.3xl06 1 of >70% wt. benzene annually from the
collection and control provisions. These facilities must file a report
documenting the annual quantity and weight percent of benzene loaded in
the first year of the standard.
facilities handling benzene laden waste, gasoline, and benzene-laden
liquid from coke by-product recovery plants from all the provisions in
the standard.
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14
o The standard requires:
facilities loading >1.3xlO 1/yr of >70% wt. benzene to equip each
loading rack with a vapor collection system and route emissions from the
collection system to a 98% efficient control device.
loading be limited to vapor-tight tank trucks, railcars, or marine
vessels.
each affected facility to obtain a copy of the vapor-tightness
documentation prior to the loading of liquid into tank truck, railcar, or
marine vessel. The documentation must be updated at least once annually.
tank trucks and railcars to be tested for vapor tightness using
Method 27 of 40 CFR Part 60, App. A, and marine vessel be tested using
Method 21 of App. A (test method in section 61.304(f), Subpart BB may be
used in lieu of test Method 21). In lieu of vapor-tightness
documentation, marine vessels may be loaded at negative pressure i.e.,
with a benzene product tank below atmospheric pressure.
that the pressure during loading will not cause pressure-vacuum
vents to open, and
that inspections for leak and repair of identified leaks are
conducted in a timely manner.
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o Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements:
a report is required the first year of the wt. % benzene loaded,
type vessel, and annual quantity loaded from facilities loading <1.3xl06
1/yr benzene or loading only <70% wt. benzene liquids.
all performance tests and monitoring results to be maintained for at
least two years. The vapor-tightness documentation for all tank trucks,
railcars, and marine vessels be maintained in a permanent file.
quarterly reports of malfunctions as defined in § 61.305(f), Subpart
BB. The initial quarterly report would be filed within 90 days of the
effective date of the standard or 90 days after the startup date, if the
startup is after the effective date.
o Compliance dates:
all tank truck and railcar loading racks at each affected facility
must be in compliance with the standard within 90 days of the effective
date of the standard, or obtain a waiver of compliance as provided for in
§61.11 of the General Provisions (see Section 4). Tank trucks and
railcars must have vapor tightness documentation.
the standard requires marine vessels to be in compliance by February
28, 1991 (this date may change in the future depending on the status of
Coast Guard Regulations). The loading racks used to load marine vessels
must be in compliance by February 28, 1991.
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(Is a facility covered by the\
Benzene Waste Rule? ^/
\
r
Determine the total mass
of benzene (Mg/yr) in
wastes with > 10% H2O.
Is mass of
benzene in waste
< 10 Mg/yr?
No additional controls required.
Maintain documentation.
No additional controls required.
Maintain documentation and
submit report annually on
regulatory status of each
waste stream.
Determine which waste
streams require controls.
Does the waste stream
require controls?
Yes
the concentration of
benzene in the stream less than
0 ppmw (annual av
Is the
stream process wastewater?
Manage in
controlled units
and treat waste.
waste stream flow
< 0.02 liter/min or total mass
of stream < 10 Mg/yr
Can the
facility not control this
stream and still meet the
1 Mg/yr cut
No controls required on stream.
Maintain documentation and
recertify determination annually
in report on regulatory status of
each waste stream.
Yes
Figure 2. Regulatory approach for benzene waste operations.
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Table L, BENZENE WASTE OPERATIONS NESHAP (40 CFR 61 Subpart FF)
SUMMARY OF GENERAL STANDARDS FOR AFFECTED WASTE STREAMS
AT A FACILITY WITH A TOTAL ANNUAL BENZENE QUANTITY ^ 10 Mg/yr
Waste Stream
Category
Affected
Waste Stream
General
Requirements
Standard for
waste streams
other than
process wastewatera
streams [refer
to §61.342(c)(l)]
Contains 10 ppmw or more
benzene^
[refer to §61.342(0(2)]
Treat each affected waste
stream to remove or destroy
benzeneC; and control
benzene air emissions from
management of waste prior
to and during treatment**
Standard for
process wastewater
streams [refer
to §61.342(0(1)]
Waste stream:
A. contains ^ 10
benzene and flow rate
is ^ 0.02 liter/min
or
B. contains ^ 10 ppmwb
benzene and waste
quantity is ^ 10 Mg/yr
[refer to §61.342(0 (2)
and (C)(3J]
Treat each affected waste
stream to remove or
destroy benzenec; and control
benzene air emissions from
management of waste prior
to and during treatment**
Alternative
standard for
process wastewater
streams [refer
to §61.342(d)]
All process
streams at
wastewater Owner or operator selects
a facility which process wastewater
streams are treated0 to
achieve a total annual
benzene quantity less than
1 Mg/yr from all treated
and untreated process
wastewater streams at the
. . facility. Each treated
waste stream is controlled
for benzene air emissions
from management of waste prior
to and during treatment**
NOTES:
a. Process wastewater is defined in the regulation to mean water which comes in
contact with benzene during manufacturing or processing operations conducted
within a process unit. Process wastewater is not organic wastes, process
fluids, product tank drawdown, cooling tower blowdown, stream trap
condensate, or landfill leachate.
b. Determined on a flow-weighted annual average basis.
c. Waste stream must be treated to reduce the waste stream benzene content
to meet specific levels listed in §61.348.
d. Benzene air emission control requirements for specific types of
waste management units summarized in Table 2b.
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Identify all
process wastewater (PW)
streams at the facility
Select PW stream(s) to be treated
i
Determine annual benzene quantity
exiting the treatment process unit
for each treated PW stream
I
Determine annual benzene quantity
at the point of waste generation
for each untreated PW stream
I
Determine Total Annual Benzene
from Facility Process Wastewater
by summing the
annual benzene quantity for each
treated and untreated PW stream
Is
Total Annual
''Benzene Quantity frorr?
^Facility Process Wastewatej>
less than 1 Mg/yr?,
NO
YES
Treat waste stream and apply
benzene air emission controls
for each selected PW stream
Additional PW streams
must be treated
Figure 3. Alternative Standard for Process Wastewater Streams
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Table 2; BENZENE WASTE OPERATIONS NESHAP (40 CFR 61 Subpart FF)
SUMMARY OF BENZENE AIR EMISSION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
PRIOR TO AND DURING TREATMENT OF AN AFFECTED WASTE STREAM
Waste Management
Unit
Benzene Air Emission
Control Requirement
Alternative
Control Requirement^
Tank
Surface Impoundment
Container used for
benzene waste
storage or transfer
Container used for
benzene waste
treatment
Individual Drain
System
Oil-Water Separator
Fixed-roof with closed vent
system routed to control
device3 [refer to §61.343].
Cover with closed vent system
routed to control device*
[refer to §61.344]
Cover except when loading or
unloading waste, and submerged
fill of pumpable waste
[refer to 61.345(a)(l) & (a)(2)]
Cover with closed vent system
routed to control devicea, and
submerged fill of pumpable waste
[refer to 61.345(a)(2) & (a)(3)]
Cover with closed vent system
routed to control device*
[refer to §61.346(a)]
Fixed-roof with closed vent
system routed to control
device* [refer to §61.347]
Internal or external
floating roof
[refer to §61.351]
none
none
none
Drains capped or use
water seal controls,
junction boxes use
water seal controls,
and sewer lines
covered or enclosed
[refer to §61.346(b)]
Internal or external
floating roof
[refer to §61.352]
Treatment Process or Comply with the appropriate Treatment process unit
Wastewater Treatment waste management unit standardsC in compliance with
System Unit [refer to §61.348(a)(2) & (b)(l)] other EPA regulations
[refer to §61.348(d)]
NOTES:
a. Closed vent system must be designed and operated with no detectable
emissions, and the control device must be designed and operated to reduce
total organic emissions by at least 95% by weight [refer to §61.349].
b. An owner or operator may also request permission from the Administrator to
use an alternative means of emission limitation pursuant to §61.353.
c. For example, if the treatment process is a tank, then the owner or operator
must comply with the control requirements for a tank in §61.343 or §61.351.
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Facility Name:
WASTE
STREAM
I.D.
BENZENE WASTE OPERATIONS WASTE STREAM REGULATORY STATUS
Prepared Bv: Date: Paae of
Benzene
Controls8
(check one)
Yes No
i
WASTE STREAM CHARACTERISTICS
Water Content
(check one)
<«
>,«*
Waste Stream Type (check one)
Process
Wastewater
Product Tank
Drawdown
or
Landfill
Leachate
Other
Annual
Waste
Quantity
(Mg/yr)
Benzene Concentration (ppmw)
Range
Lower
Limit
Upper
Limit
Flow-
Weighted
Annual
Average
Annual
Benzene
Quantity
-
a. Waste stream is treated and is controlled for benzene emissions prior to and during treatment in accordance with 40 CFR 61 Subpart FF.
Figure 4. Example Table Format for Reporting Waste Stream Regulatory Status
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Summary of Standards
Benzene Waste Operations
o The standard applies to:
owners or operators of chemical plants, petroleum refineries, and
coke by-product recovery plants. Also commercial treatment, storage, and
disposal facilities (TSDF) that receive wastes from the above facilities.
o The standard exempts:
specifically certain wastes such as in-process recycle streams
(e.g., reflux from a distillation column and reboilers), segregated storm
water runoff, and process offgases from all aspects of the standards.
facilities with <10 Mg/yr total benzene in the waste from any
control requirements. The total annual benzene quantity from facility
waste shall be determined in accordance with the procedures specified in
§ 61.355(a), Subpart FF.
facilities with <1 Mg/yr total benzene in the waste from any control
requirements and most reporting requirements. These facilities must
submit an initial report and maintain a record of the initial
determination. No further action required unless total benzene waste
quantity increases to 1 Mg/yr or more.
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o The standards also exempts:
facilities with >1 Mg/yr but <10 Mg/yr total benzene in the waste
from any control requirements. These facilities must submit an initial
report, maintain a record of documentation, and update and resubmit the
report annually.
waste streams having <10 ppmw benzene on an annual average basis.
Knowledge of the waste or waste testing may be used to determine waste
quantity as well as benzene concentration.
process wastewater streams with a flow rate <0.02 1/min. or a total
mass of waste <10 Mg/yr. Knowledge of the waste or waste testing may be
used to demonstrate this requirement.
process wastewater streams from control provisions even though they
contain >10 ppm of benzene if the facility treats a sufficient number of
process wastewater streams such that the total benzene in both the
treated and untreated process wastewater is <1 Mg/yr. Treated process
wastewater streams must meet the treatment requirements specified by this
rule.
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o The standard requires:
reduction of the concentration of benzene in the waste to a level
<10 ppm, or
reduction of the concentration of benzene in the waste by 99% or
greater, and
units in which wastes are managed prior to treatment to be
controlled for air emissions as follows:
tanks, surface impoundments, and oil-water separators must be
equipped with a cover (such as fixed roof or enclosure) vented to a closed
vent system and control device.
containers must be covered and submerged fill loading must be
used for pumpable wastes. The containers in which waste treatment is
performed must also be vented to a closed vent system and control device.
individual drain systems must be completely closed and equipped
with a closed vent system and control device. As an alternative, individual
drain systems can comply with both the control requirements of the NSPS for
petroleum refinery waste water systems (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart QQQ) and
control junction boxes either by installing water seals to isolate the
junction boxes or venting the junction box to a closed vent system and control
device.
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The standard also requires:
treatment processes must be operated to either remove benzene from a
waste stream to <10 ppmw on a flow-weighted annual average, remove
benzene by 99% or more on a mass basis, or destroy in a combustion unit
with an efficiency of. >99% for benzene.
control devices to be designed and operated to remove or destroy 95%
of the organics in the vent system.
engineering calculations or emission testing to demonstrate
compliance with the performance standards.
monitoring of process parameters indicative of treatment device
performance to ensure proper operation and maintenance.
covers and closed vent systems to be operated with "no detectable
emissions." which means the instrument reading using EPA Method 21 must
be below 500 ppm above background. Measurements for detectable emission
must be conducted initially and annually. Visual inspections of covers
must be conducted initially and quarterly.
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Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements:
within 90 days of effective date, owners or operators of facilities
subject to standards must complete the initial determination of the
amount of benzene in waste managed and also determine which waste streams
must be controlled. This determination may be made through waste testing
or through "knowledge of the waste" that is documented. Any benzene in
waste streams containing <10% water is excluded from this determination.
This report must describe the regulatory status of each waste stream. A
record of these determinations must be maintained at each facility,
including documentation to support a conclusion that controls are not
required. (See Figure 4 as an example of a form to be completed)
monitoring of control device parameters or treatment device
performance. Quarterly reports of when monitored parameters exceeded
acceptable levels.
quarterly reports certifying all required inspections have been
carried out.
annual report of all inspections where detectable emissions (>500
ppm) are measured or visual inspections of gaps, tears etc. are
identified. The report shall include information on the repairs or
corrective actions.
Compliance Dates:
facilities that must install controls to meet control requirements
must complete installation and begin operating control system within two
years of the effective date. (Note: This is an industry-wide waiver of
compliance being provided because of time needed to evaluate, design,
bid, and construct a control system.)
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Section 4 General Provisions
General provisions are presented in Subpart A of 40 CFR Part 61, from §
61.01 to § 61.19. These provisions should be consulted whenever
there are questions regarding applicability or implementation of the standard.
In this section, summaries of §§ 61.10 (source reporting and waiver requests),
61.11 (waiver of compliance), and 61.13 (emission tests and waivers of
emission tests) are presented. The reason for explaining waiver requirements
is that all new and existing sources affected by the standards promulgated
will be required to provide source information to EPA within 90 davs of the
effective date of the rule. In order to enable industry personnel to meet
these reporting requirements or to properly request a waiver, the information
in §§ 61.10 and 61.11 is summarized here.
In brief, the Clean Air Act at § 112(c)(l)(B)(ii) gives the statutory
requirements for granting a waiver. The Administrator may grant a waiver if
he or she finds that the source needs the time to install controls and that
the source will take steps during the period of the waiver to protect public
health from imminent danger. At § 112(c)(2), the Act allows the President to
exempt a source if he or she finds that the technology does not exist to
implement the standard and the source must operate for reasons of national
security. Only an exemption granted by the President may be extended for more
than two years. Please note that the power to grant a temporary waiver of
compliance has been delegated from the Administrator to the Regional
Administrators. On the other hand, the power to grant an exemption for
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national security under § 112(c)(2) has not been delegated from the President
to the Administrator.
The requirements for compliance and testing waivers are found at 40
CFR Part §§ 61.10, 11, and 13. A brief description of what should be included
in an initial compliance report and a waiver request is found in Appendix A to
Part 61, which is reprinted as Appendix A of this document. Given that the
authority to grant compliance and test waivers has been delegated to the
Regional Administrators, Stationary Source Compliance Division (SSCD) expects
the regional compliance offices to process the waivers to completion and to
record any waivers in compliance data system (CDS). SSCD provides the
following pages as summaries of §§ 61.10, 11, and 13 to assist EPA compliance
personnel in uniformly processing any requests for waivers they may receive.
It is important to note that, for waste operations, an owner or operator
of an existing facility has up to two years to comply with the standards if
they can not comply within 90 days of the effective date. They are not
required to apply for a waiver. In contrast, for the benzene transfer
operations, an owner or operator of an existing facility can request a waiver
of compliance if he or she determines that they can not comply with the
regulations within 90 days of the effective date. Therefore, there may be
some facilities that will request waiver of compliance with the standards.
However, the loading racks that load benzene material into marine vessels have
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up to February 28, 1991, to comply with these standards. The affected
facility is not required to request a waiver of compliance till this date for
the marine vessel loading rack.
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SOURCE REPORTING AND COMPLIANCE WAIVERS
40 CFR 61.10 and 61.11*
1. WITHIN 90 DAYS OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE
OF A NESHAP:
The owner or operator of each existing source or new source which
had an initial start-up before the effective date shall provide the
information required at 40 CFR 61.10(a) in writing to the Administrator.
This information is self-explanatory and is used to identify the affected
sources.
2. IF THE SOURCE CANNOT COMPLY WITH THE
STANDARD WITHIN 9O DAYS OF THE
EFFECTIVE DATE:
The owner or operator may request a waiver of compliance for a
period not to exceed 2 years after the effective date.
3. IF THE OWNER OR OPERATOR OF A SOURCE
DECIDES TO SEEK A WAIVER OF
COMPLIANCE:
The owner must make the request in writing and provide the
information required at 40 CFR 61.10(b). This information is self-
explanatory and describes the steps to be taken to bring the source into
compliance.
*Please refer to the most recent CFR for details.
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4. IF THE OWNER OR OPERATOR OF A SOURCE
SUBMITS A REQUEST FOR A WAIVER OF
COMPLIANCE FOR A NESHAP:
The rule for granting or denying compliance waivers is found at 40
CFR 61.11.
The rule does not mandate a deadline for submitting the request for
a waiver compliance, but practically speaking, 90 days should be the
limit by which a source submits such a request.
The rule does not mandate as to when the EPA must make a decision
regarding the request for a waiver of compliance, but SSCD recommends
that a waiver request be reviewed and a decision to deny or grant the
request be made within 60 days of receiving the request.
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5. ONCE EPA DECIDES TO DENY A REQUEST,
IT MUST:
notify the owner or operator of its intention to issue a denial.
identify to the owner or operator the information and findings on
which the denial is based.
specify a time limit by which the owner or operator must be given an
opportunity to present additional information or arguments before a final
decision is made. SSCD recommends 30 days as an appropriate time limit.
A final decision to deny a waiver request must be made within 60
days after presentation of additional information or argument, or within
60 davs after the final date specified for the presentation of additional
information or argument, if no presentation is made. This time period is
mandated at 40 cH* 61.11(e).
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SUGGESTED TIMELINE FOR COMPLIANCE WAIVERS
* 90 DAYS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE FOR RULE:
Source should submit request for compliance waiver.
* 60 DAYS LATER:
EPA makes initial determination. If the decision is to approve the
request, issue a waiver as required at 40 CFR 61.11(b).
If the decision is to disapprove the request, notify the source's owner
or operator and allow for additional information to be submitted within
30 days.
* 30 DAYS LATER:
Owner/operator submits additional information for consideration in
processing waiver request.
* 60 DAYS LATER:
Final decision must be made and a denial or approval of the waiver
request must be issued.
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EMISSION TESTS AND WAIVER OF EMISSION TESTS
40 CFR 61.13*
1. FOR EXISTING SOURCES OR SOURCES WITH AN INITIAL START-UP DATE BEFORE THE
DATE OF THE EFFECTIVE RULE, emission testing must take place within 90
days of the effective date of the rule.
2. FOR SOURCES WITH AN INITIAL START-UP DATE AFTER THE DATE OF THE EFFECTIVE
RULE, emission testing must take place within 90 days of the start-up
date.
3. THE OWNER OR OPERATOR OF A SOURCE must give EPA at least 30 days notice
before an emission test is to be performed to allow EPA the opportunity
to have an observer present at the site.
4. SAMPLES MUST BE ANALYZED AND EMISSIONS DETERMINED within 30 days of an
emission test. The owner or operator must submit the results of the test
to the Administrator by registered letter by close of business (COB) on
the 31st day after the test.
5. FOR SOURCES SEEKING A WAIVER OF EMISSION TESTING, the source must submit
a request for a waiver under 40 CFR 61.13. The request for an emission
test waiver must be submitted with the information required at 40 CFR
61.10 or 61.09
*See 40 CFR 61.13 for the complete rule.
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6. A WAIVER MAY BE GRANTED, IF EPA BELIEVES:
the source is meeting the standard, or
the source is operating under a waiver of compliance, or
the owner or operator of the source has sought a waiver of
compliance that is still under consideration by the Administrator.
7. NOTICE MUST BE GIVEN IF THE EMISSION TESTING WAIVER IS CANCELLED.
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TIMELINE FOR EMISSION TESTING
NO LATER THAN:
* 30 DAYS BEFORE TEST (60 DAYS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF RULE OR START-UP
DATEa) - source must notify EPA of pending emission test.
* 90 DAYS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF RULE OR START-UP DATE - source must conduct
emission test or have submitted a request for a waiver of emission testing.
* 30 DAYS AFTER DATE OF EMISSION TEST - source must have samples analyzed
and determined emissions.
* 31 DAYS AFTER DATE OF EMISSION TEST - source must have submitted
determination of emission test to EPA by registered letter.
* 2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF EMISSION TEST - source must retain record of emission
tests and other data needed to determine emissions for inspection by EPA upon
request.
aSee 40 CFR 61.13(a) for exact determination.
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Section 5 Regulations for Each Source Category
The applicability, definitions, and the standards sections of the
rulemaking for each source category are presented here in detail. These are
as they appear in the Federal Register notice for the promulgation of these
benzene standards. These are presented here to assist in the clarification of
the rules as to their applicability, source definition, or the standards.
These can be referred to whenever questions arise after reviewing the summary
of standards presented earlier. However, other sections covering the
monitoring of operations, test methods, procedures, and compliance provisions,
and recordkeeping and reporting requirements are not presented in detail here.
They can be found in the printed Federal Register notice and should be
referred to whenever questions such as the waivers, knowledge of waste (waste
operations), or design evaluation of control device performance etc., arise.
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Subpart BB - National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Benzene
Transfer Operations
§ 61.300 Applicability
(a) The affected facility to which this subpart applies is the total of
all loading racks at which benzene is loaded into tank trucks, railcars, or
marine vessels at each benzene production facility and each bulk terminal.
However, specifically exempted from this regulation are loading racks at which
only the following are loaded: benzene-laden waste (covered under Subpart FF
of this part), gasoline, or benzene-laden liquid from coke by-product recovery
plants.
(b) Any affected facility under paragraph (a) of this section which
loads only liquid containing less than 70 weight-percent benzene is exempt
from the requirements of this subpart, except for the recordkeeping and
reporting requirements in §61.305(i).
(c) Any affected facility under paragraph (a) of this section shall
comply with the standards in §61.302 at each loading rack that is handling a
liquid containing 70 weight-percent or more benzene.
(d) Any affected facility under paragraph (a) of this section whose
annual benzene loading is less than 1.3 million liters of 70 weight-percent or
more benzene is exempt from the requirements of this subpart, except for the
recordkeeping and reporting requirements in §61.305(i).
(e) The owner or operator of an affected facility, as defined in
§61.300(a) that loads a marine vessel shall be in compliance with the
provisions of this subpart on and after February 28, 1991. If an affected
facility that loads a marine vessel also loads a tank truck or railcar, the
marine vessel loading racks shall be in compliance with the provisions of
this subpart on and after February 28, 1991, while the tank truck loading
racks and the railcar loading racks shall be in compliance as required by
§61.12.
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§ 61.301 Definitions
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the
meaning given them in the Act, or in Subpart A or Subpart V of Part 61.
"Bulk terminal" means any facility which receives liquid product
containing benzene by pipelines, marine vessels, tank trucks, or railcars, and
loads the product for further distribution into tank trucks, railcars, or
marine vessels.
"Car-sealed" means having a seal that is placed on the device used to
change the position of a valve (e.g., from open to closed) such that the
position of the valve cannot be changed without breaking the seal and
requiring the replacement of the old seal, once broken, with a new seal.
"Control device" means all equipment used for recovering or oxidizing
benzene vapors displaced from the affected facility.
"Incinerator" means any enclosed combustion device that is used for
destroying organic compounds and that does not extract energy in the form of
steam or process heat. These devices do not rely on the heating value of the
waste gas to sustain efficient combustion. Auxiliary fuel is burned in the
device and the heat from the fuel flame heats the waste gas to combustion
temperature. Temperature is controlled by controlling combustion air or fuel.
"Leak" means any instrument reading of 10,000 ppmv or greater using
Method 21 of 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A.
"Loading cycle" means the time period from the beginning of filling a
tank truck, railcar, or marine vessel until flow to the control device
ceases, as measured by the flow indicator.
"Loading rack" means the loading arms, pumps, meters, shutoff valves,
relief valves, and other piping and valves necessary to fill tank trucks,
railcars, or marine vessels.
„ %
"Marine vessel" means any tank ship or tank barge which transports
liquid product such as benzene.
"Nonvapor tight" means any tank truck, railcar, or marine vessel that
does not pass the required vapor-tightness test.
"Process heater" means a device that transfers heat liberated by burning
fuel to fluids contained in tubes, except water that is heated to produce
steam.
"Steam generating unit" means any enclosed combustion device that uses
fuel energy in the form of steam.
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"Vapor collection system" means any equipment located at the affected
facility used for containing benzene vapors displaced during the loading of
tank trucks, railcars, or marine vessels. This does not include the vapor
collection system that is part of any tank truck, railcar, or marine vessel
vapor collection manifold system.
"Vapor-tight marine vessel" means a marine vessel with a benzene product
tank that has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months to have no
leaks. This demonstration shall be made using Method 21 of Part 60,
Appendix A, during the last 20 percent of loading and during a period when
the vessel is being loaded at its maximum loading rate. A reading of greater
than 10,000 ppm as methane shall constitute a leak. As an alternative, a
marine vessel owner or operator may use the vapor-tightness test described in
§61.304(f) to demonstrate vapor tightness. A marine vessel operated at
negative pressure is assumed to be vapor-tight for the purpose of this
standard.
"Vapor-tight tank truck" or "vapor-tight railcar" means a tank truck or
railcar for which it has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months
that its product tank will sustain a pressure change of not more than
750 pascals within 5 minutes after it is pressurized to a minimum of
4,500 pascals. This capability is to be demonstrated using the pressure test
procedure specified in Method 27 of Part 60, Appendix A, and a pressure
measurement device which has a precision of ±2.5 mm water and which is
capable of measuring above the pressure at which the tank truck or railcar is
to be tested for vapor tightness.
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§ 61.302 Standards
(a) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall equip each
loading rack with a vapor collection system that is:
(1) Designed to collect all benzene vapors displaced from tank trucks,
railcars, or marine vessels during loading, and
(2) Designed to prevent any benzene vapors collected at one loading
rack from passing through another loading rack to the atmosphere.
(b) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall install a
control device and reduce benzene emissions routed to the atmosphere through
the control device by 98 weight percent. If a boiler or process heater is
used to comply with the percent reduction requirement, then the vent stream
shall be introduced into the flame zone of such a device.
(c) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall operate any
flare used to comply with paragraph (b) of this section in accordance with
the requirements of §60.18(b) through (f).
(d) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall limit loading of
benzene into vapor-tight tank trucks and vapor-tight railcars using the
following procedures:
(1) The owner or operator shall obtain the vapor-tightness
documentation described in §61.305(h) for each tank truck or railcar loaded
at the affected facility. The test date in the documentation must be within
the preceding 12 months. The vapor-tightness test to be used for tank trucks
and railcars is Method 27 of Part 60, Appendix A.
(2) The owner or operator shall cross-check the identification number
for each tank truck or railcar to be loaded with the file of vapor-tightness
documentation before the corresponding tank truck or railcar is loaded. If
no documentation is on file, the owner or operator shall obtain a copy of the
information from the tank truck or railcar operator before the tank truck or
railcar is loaded.
(3) Alternate procedures to those described in paragraphs (d)(l) and
(2) of this section may be used upon application to, and approval by, the
Administrator.
(e) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall limit the
loading of marine vessels to those vessels that are vapor tight as determined
by either paragraph (e)(l), (e)(2), (e)(3) or (e)(4) of this section.
(1) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall ensure that each
marine vessel is loaded with the benzene product tank below atmospheric
pressure (i.e., at negative pressure). If the pressure is measured at the
interface between the shoreside vapor collection pipe and the marine vessel
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vapor line, the pressure measured according to the procedures in §61.303(f)
must be below atmospheric pressure.
(2) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall use the
following procedure to obtain the vapor-tightness documentation described in
§61.305(h). The vapor-tightness test for marine vessels is Method 21 of
Part 60, Appendix A, and shall be applied to any potential sources of vapor
leaks. A reading of 10,000 ppmv or greater as methane shall constitute a
leak.
(i) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall obtain the leak
test documentation described in §61.305(h) for each marine vessel prior to
loading, if available. The date of the test listed in the documentation must
be within the 12 preceding months.
(ii) If there is no documentation of a successful leak test conducted on
the marine vessel in the preceding 12 months, the owner or operator of an
affected facility shall require that a leak test of the marine vessel be
conducted during the final 20 percent of loading of the marine vessel or
shall not load the vessel. The test shall be conducted when the marine
vessel is being loaded at the maximum allowable loading rate.
(A) If no leak is detected, the owner or operator of an affected
facility shall require that the documentation described in §61.305(h) is
completed prior to departure of the vessel. The owner or operator of the
affected facility shall retain a copy of the vapor-tightness documentation on
file.
(B) If any leak is detected, the owner or operator of an affected
facility shall require that the vapor-tightness failure be documented for the
marine vessel owner or operator prior to departure of the vessel. The owner
or operator of the affected facility shall retain a copy of the
vapor-tightness documentation on file. Delay of repair of equipment for
which leaks have been detected will be allowed if the repair is technically
infeasible without dry-docking the vessel. This equipment will be excluded
from future Method 21 tests until repairs are effected. Repair of this
equipment shall occur the next time the vessel is dry-docked.
(iii) If the marine vessel has failed its most recent vapor-tightness
test as described in §61.302(e)(2)(ii), the owner or operator of the affected
facility shall require that the owner or operator of the nonvapor-tight
marine vessel provide documentation that the leaks detected during the
previous vapor-tightness test have been repaired, or proof that repair is
technically infeasible without dry-docking the vessel. Once the repair
documentation has been provided, the owner or operator may load the marine
vessel. The owner or operator shall require that the vapor-tightness test
described in §61.302(e)(2)(ii) be conducted during loading, and shall retain
a copy of the vapor-tightness documentation on file.
(3) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall obtain a copy
of the marine vessel's vapor-tightness documentation described in §61.305(h)
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for a test conducted within the preceding 12 months in accordance with
§61.304(f).
(4) Alternate procedures to those described in paragraphs (e)(l), (e)(2)
and (e)(3) of this section may be used upon application to, and approval by,
the Administrator.
(f) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall limit loading
of benzene to tank trucks, railcars, and marine vessels equipped with vapor
collection equipment that is compatible with the affected facility's vapor
collection system.
(g) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall limit loading
of tank trucks, railcars, and marine vessels to tank trucks, railcars, and
marine vessels whose collection systems are connected to the affected
facility's vapor collection systems.
(h) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall ensure that the
vapor collection and benzene loading equipment of tank trucks and railcars
shall be designed and operated to prevent gauge pressure in the tank truck or
railcar tank from exceeding, during loading, the initial pressure the tank
was pressured up to and shown to be vapor tight at during the most recent
vapor-tightness test using Method 27 of Part 60, Appendix A. This
vapor-tightness test pressure is not to be exceeded when measured by the
procedures specified in §61.304(c).
(i) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall ensure that no
pressure-vacuum vent in the affected facility's vapor collection system for
tank trucks and railcars shall begin to open at a system pressure less than
the maximum pressure at which the tank truck or railcar is operated.
(j) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall ensure that the
maximum normal operating pressure of the marine vessel's vapor collection
equipment shall not exceed 0.8 times the relief set pressure of the
pressure-vacuum vents. This level is not to be exceeded when measured by the
procedures specified in §61.304(d).
(k) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall inspect the
vapor collection system and the control device for detectable emissions, and
shall repair any leaks detected, in accordance with §61.242-1l(e) and (f).
This inspection of the vapor collection system and control device shall be
done during the loading of tank trucks, railcars, or marine vessels.
(1) Vent systems that contain valves that could divert a vent stream
from a control device shall have car-sealed opened all valves in the vent
system from the emission source to the control device, and car-sealed closed
all valves in the vent system that would lead the vent stream to the
atmosphere, either directly or indirectly, bypassing the control device.
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Subpart FF - National Emission Standard for Benzene Waste Operations
§ 61.340 Applicability
(a) The provisions of this subpart apply to owners and operators of
chemical manufacturing plants, coke by-product recovery plants, and petroleum
refineries.
(b) The provisions of this subpart apply to owners and operators of
facilities at which waste management units are used to treat, store, or
dispose of waste generated by any facility listed in paragraph (a) of this
section.
(c) At each facility identified in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section,
the following waste is exempt from the requirements of this subpart:
(1) Waste in the form of gases or vapors that is emitted from process
fluids;
(2) Waste that is contained in a segregated stormwater sewer system; and
(3) Waste that is not discharged from the process unit which generates
the waste stream and, instead, is returned directly to the process. Examples
of such waste are intermediate and product distillation reflux streams.
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§ 61.341 Definitions
"Benzene concentration" means the fraction by weight of benzene in a
waste as determined in accordance with the procedures specified in 61.355 of
this subpart.
"Chemical manufacturing plant" means any facility engaged in the
production of chemicals by chemical, thermal, physical, or biological
processes for use as a product, co-product, by-product, or intermediate
including but not limited to industrial organic chemicals, organic pesticide
products, pharmaceutical preparations, paint and allied products, fertilizers,
and agricultural chemicals. Examples of chemical manufacturing plants include
facilities at which process units are operated to produce one or more of the
following chemicals: benzenesulfonic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, cumene,
cyclohexane, ethylene, ethylbenzene, hydroquinone, 1inear alklylbenzene,
nitrobenzene, resorcinol, sulfolane, or styrene.
"Closed-vent system" means a system that is not open to the atmosphere
and is composed of piping, ductwork, connections, and, if necessary, flow
inducing devices that transport gas or vapor from an emission source to a
control device.
"Coke by-product recovery plant" means any facility designed and operated
for the separation and recovery of coal tar derivatives (by-products)
evolved from coal during the coking process of a coke oven battery.
"Container" means any portable waste management unit in which a material
is stored, transported, treated, or otherwise handled. Examples of containers
are drums, barrels, tank trucks, barges, dumpsters, tank cars, dump trucks,
and ships.
"Control device" means an enclosed combustion device, vapor recovery
system, or flare.
"Cover" means a device or system which is placed on or over a waste
placed in a waste management unit so that the entire waste surface area is
enclosed and sealed to minimize air emissions. A cover may have openings
necessary for operation, inspection, and maintenance of the waste management
unit such as access hatches, sampling ports, and gauge wells provided that
each opening is closed and sealed when not in use. Examples of covers include
a fixed roof installed on a tank, a lid installed on a container, and an air-
supported enclosure installed over a waste management unit.
"External floating roof" means a pontoon-type or double-deck type cover
with certain rim sealing mechanisms that rests on the liquid surface in a
waste management unit with no fixed roof.
"Facility" means all process units and product tanks that generate waste
within a stationary source, and all waste management units that are used for
waste treatment, storage, or disposal within a stationary source.
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"Fixed roof" means a cover that is mounted on a waste management unit in
a stationary manner and that does not move with fluctuations in liquid level.
"Floating roof" means a cover with certain rim sealing mechanisms
consisting of a double deck, pontoon single deck, internal floating cover or
covered floating roof, which rests upon and is supported by the liquid being
contained, and is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space
between the roof edge and unit wall.
"Individual drain system" means the system used to convey waste from a
process unit, product storage tank, or waste management unit to a waste
management unit. The term includes all process drains and common junction
boxes, together with their associated sewer lines and other junction boxes,
down to the receiving waste management unit.
"Internal floating roof" means a cover that rests or floats on the liquid
surface inside a waste management unit that has a fixed roof.
"Liquid-mounted seal" means a foam or liquid-filled primary seal mounted
in contact with the liquid between the waste management unit wall and the
floating roof continuously around the circumference.
"Loading" means the introduction of waste into a waste management unit
but not necessarily to complete capacity (also referred to as filling).
"No detectable emissions" means less than 500 parts per million by volume
(ppmv) above background levels, as measured by a detection instrument reading
in accordance with the procedures specified in 61.355(h) of this subpart.
"Oil-water separator" means a waste management unit, generally a tank or
surface impoundment, used to separate oil from water. An
oil-water separator consists of not only the separation unit but also the
forebay and other separator basins, skimmers, weirs, grit chambers, sludge
hoppers, and bar screens that are located directly after the individual drain
system and prior to additional treatment units such as an air flotation unit,
clarifier, or biological treatment unit. Examples of an oil-water separator
include an API separator, parallel-piate interceptor, and corrugated-plate
interceptor with the associated ancillary equipment.
"Petroleum refinery" means any facility engaged in producing, gasoline,
kerosine, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, or other
products through the distillation of petroleum, or through the redistillation,
cracking, or reforming of unfinished petroleum derivatives.
"Petroleum" means the crude oil removed from the earth and the oils
derived from tar sands, shale, and coal.
"Point of waste generation" means the location where samples of a waste
stream are collected for the purpose of determining the waste flow rate, water
content, or benzene concentration in accordance with procedures specified in
61.355 of this subpart. For a chemical manufacturing plant or petroleum
refinery, the point of waste generation is a location after the waste stream
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exits the process unit component, product tank, or waste management unit
generating the waste, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere or
mixed with other wastes. For a coke-by-product recovery plant subject to and
complying with the control requirements of 61.132, 61.133, or 61.134 of this
part, the point of waste generation is a location after the waste stream exits
the process unit component or waste management unit controlled by that
subpart, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere. For other
facilities subject to this subpart, the point of waste generation is a
location after the waste enters the facility, and before the waste is exposed
to the atmosphere or placed in a facility waste management unit.
"Process unit" means equipment assembled and connected by pipes or ducts
to produce intermediate or final products. A process unit can be operated
independently if supplied with sufficient fuel or raw materials and sufficient
product storage facilities.
"Process wastewater" means water which comes in contact with benzene
during manufacturing or processing operations conducted within a process unit.
Process wastewater is not organic wastes, process fluids, product tank
drawdown, cooling tower blowdown, steam trap condensate, or landfill leachate.
"Process wastewater stream" means a waste stream that contains only
process wastewater.
"Product tank" means a stationary unit that is designed to contain an
accumulation of materials that are fed to or produced by a process unit, and
is constructed primarily of non-earthen materials (e.g., wood, concrete,
steel, plastic) which provide structural support.
"Product tank drawdown" means any material or mixture of materials
discharged from a product tank for the purpose of removing water or other
contaminants from the product tank.
"Segregated stormwater sewer system" means a drain and collection system
designed and operated for the sole purpose of collecting rainfall runoff at a
facility, and which is segregated from all other individual drain systems.
"Sewer line" means a lateral, trunk line, branch line, or other enclosed
conduit used to convey waste to a downstream waste management unit.
"Slop oil" means the floating oil and solids that accumulate on the
surface of an oil-water separator.
"Surface impoundment" means a waste management unit which is a natural
topographic depression, man-made excavation, or diked area formed primarily of
earthen materials (although it may be lined with man-made materials), which is
designed to hold an accumulation of liquid wastes or waste containing free
liquids, and which is not an injection well. Examples of surface impoundments
are holding, storage, settling, and aeration pits, ponds, and lagoons.
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"Tank" means a stationary waste management unit that is designed to
contain an accumulation of waste and is constructed primarily of non-earthen
materials (e.g., wood, concrete, steel, plastic) which provide structural
support.
"Treatment process" means a steam stripping unit, thin-film evaporation
unit, waste incinerator, or any other process used to comply with 61.348 of
this subpart.
"Vapor-mounted seal" means a foam-filled primary seal mounted
continuously around the perimeter of a waste management unit so there is an
annular vapor space underneath the seal. The annular vapor space is bounded
by the bottom of the primary seal, the unit wall, the liquid surface, and the
floating roof.
"Waste" means any material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining
or agricultural operations, or from community activities that is discarded or
is being accumulated, stored, or physically, chemically, thermally, or
biologically treated prior to being discarded, recycled, or discharged.
"Waste management unit" means a piece of equipment, structure, or
transport mechanism used in handling, storage, treatment, or disposal of
waste. Examples of a waste management unit include a tank, surface
impoundment, container, oil-water separator, individual drain system, steam
stripping unit, thin-film evaporation unit, waste incinerator, and landfill.
"Waste stream" means the waste generated by a particular process unit,
product tank, or waste management unit. The characteristics of the waste
stream (e.g., flow rate, benzene concentration, water content) are determined
at the point of waste generation. Examples of a waste stream include process
wastewater, product tank drawdown, sludge and slop oil removed from waste
management units, and landfill leachate.
"Wastewater treatment system" means any component, piece of equipment, or
installation that receives, manages, or treats process wastewater, product
tank drawdown, or landfill leachate prior to direct or indirect discharge in
accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
regulations under 40 CFR Part 122. These systems typically include individual
drain systems, oil-water separators, air flotation units, equalization tanks,
and biological treatment units.
"Water seal controls" means a seal pot, p-leg trap, or other type of trap
filled with water that has a design capability to create a water barrier
between the sewer line and the atmosphere.
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§ 61.342 Standards: General
(a) An owner or operator of a facility at which the total annual benzene
quantity from facility waste is less than 10 megagrams per year (Mg/yr) shall
be exempt from the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
The total annual benzene quantity from facility waste is the sum of the annual
benzene quantity for each waste stream at the facility that has a flow-
weighted annual average water content greater than 10 percent. The total
annual benzene quantity from facility waste shall be determined in accordance
with the procedures specified in 61.355(a) of this subpart.
(b) Each owner or operator of a facility at which the total annual
benzene quantity from facility waste is equal to or greater than 10 Mg/yr as
determined in paragraph (a) of this section shall be in compliance with the
requirements of paragraphs (c) through (g) of this section no later than
March 7, 1990, or by the initial startup for a new source with an initial
startup after this date.
(c) Each owner or operator of a facility at which the total annual
benzene quantity from facility waste is equal to or greater than 10 Mg/yr as
determined in paragraph (a) of this section shall manage and treat the
facility waste as follows:
(1) For each waste stream, the owner or operator shall:
(i) Remove or destroy the benzene contained in the waste using a
treatment process or wastewater treatment system that complies with the
standards specified in 61.348 of this subpart.
(ii) Comply with the standards specified in 61.343 through 61.347 of
this subpart for each waste management unit that receives or manages the waste
stream prior to and during treatment of the waste stream in accordance with
paragraph (c)(l)(i) of this section.
(iii) Each waste management unit used to manage or treat waste streams
that will be recycled to a process shall comply with the standards specified
in 61.343 through 61.347 of this subpart. Once the waste stream is recycled
to a process, the material is no longer subject to paragraph (c) of this
section.
(2) A waste stream is exempt from paragraph (c)(l) of this section
provided that the owner or operator demonstrates initially and, thereafter, at
least once per year that the flow-weighted annual average benzene
concentration for the waste stream is less than 10 ppmw as determined by the
procedures specified in 61.355(c) of this subpart.
(3) A process wastewater stream is exempt from paragraph (c)(l) of this
section provided that the owner or operator demonstrates initially and,
thereafter, at least once per year that one of the following conditions is
met:
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(i) The process wastewater stream flow rate is less than 0.02 liters per
minute; or
(ii) The annual waste quantity of the process wastewater stream is less
than 10 Mg/yr.
(d) As an alternative to the requirements specified in paragraph (c) of
this section, an owner or operator of a facility at which the total annual
benzene quantity from facility waste is equal to or greater than 10 Mg/yr as
determined in paragraph (a) of this section may elect to manage and treat the
facility waste as follows:
(1) The owner or operator shall manage and treat facility waste other
than process wastewater in accordance with the requirements of paragraph
(c)(l) of this section.
(2) The owner or operator shall manage and treat process wastewater in
accordance with the following requirements:
(i) Process wastewater shall be treated to achieve a total annual
benzene quantity from facility process wastewater less than 1 Mg/yr. Total
annual benzene from facility process wastewater shall be determined by adding
together the annual benzene quantity at the point of waste generation for each
untreated process wastewater stream plus the annual benzene quantity exiting
the treatment process for each process wastewater stream treated in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph (c)(l)(i) of this section.
(ii) Each treated process wastewater stream identified in paragraph
(d)(2)(i) shall be managed and treated in accordance with paragraph (c)(l) of
this section.
(iii) Each untreated process wastewater stream identified in paragraph
(d)(2)(i) of this section is exempt from the requirements of paragraph (c)(l)
of this section.
(e) Rather than treating the waste onsite, an owner or operator may elect
to comply with paragraph (c)(l)(i) of this section by transferring the waste
offsite to another facility where the waste is treated in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph (c)(l)(i) of this section. The owner or operator
transferring the waste shall:
(1) Comply with the standards specified in 61.343 through 61.347 of this
subpart for each waste management unit that receives or manages the waste
prior to shipment of the waste offsite.
(2) Include with each offsite waste shipment a notice stating that the
waste contains benzene which is required to be managed and treated in
accordance with the provisions of this subpart.
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(f) Compliance with this subpart will be determined by review of
facility records and results from tests and inspections using methods and
procedures specified in 61.355 of this subpart.
(g) Permission to use an alternative means of compliance to meet the
requirements of 61.342 through 61.352 of this subpart may be granted by the
Administrator as provided in 61.353 of this subpart.
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§ 61.343 Standards: Tanks
(a) Except as provided in 61.351 of this subpart, the owner or operator
shall meet the following standards for each tank in which the waste stream is
placed in accordance with 61.342(c)(l)(ii) of this subpart. The standards in
this section apply to the treatment of the waste stream in a tank, including.
dewatering.
(1) The owner or operator shall install, operate, and maintain a fixed-
roof and closed-vent system that routes all organic vapors vented from the
tank to a control device.
(i) The fixed-roof shall meet the following requirements:
(A) The cover and all openings (e.g., access hatches, sampling ports,
and gauge wells) shall be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as
indicated by an instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background, as
determined initially and thereafter at least once per year by the methods
specified in 61.355(h) of this subpart.
(B) Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position
(e.g., covered by a 1 id that is gasketed and latched) at all times that waste
is in the tank except when it is necessary to use the opening for waste
sampling or removal, or for equipment inspection, maintenance, or repair.
(ii) The closed-vent system and control device shall be designed and
operated in accordance with the requirements of 61.349 of this subpart.
(b) Each cover seal, access door, and all other openings shall be checked
by visual inspection initially and quarterly thereafter to ensure that no
cracks or gaps occur between the cover and tank wall and that access doors and
other openings are closed and gasketed properly.
(c) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, or when detectable emissions are
measured, first efforts at repair shall be made as soon as practicable, but
not later than 45 calendar days after identification.
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§ 61.344 Standards: Surface impoundments
(a) The owner or operator shall meet the following standards for each
surface impoundment in which waste is placed in accordance with
61.342(c)(l)(ii) of this subpart:
(1) The owner or operator shall install, operate, and maintain on each
surface impoundment a cover (e.g., air-supported structure or rigid cover) and
closed-vent system that routes all organic vapors vented from the surface
impoundment to a control device.
(i) The cover shall meet the following requirements:
(A) The cover and all openings (e.g., access hatches, sampling ports,
and gauge wells) shall be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as
indicated by an instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background,
initially and thereafter at least once per year by the methods specified in
61.355(h) of this subpart.
(B) Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position
(e.g., covered by a lid that is gasketed and latched) at all times that waste
is in the surface impoundment except when it is necessary to use the opening
for waste sampling or removal, or for equipment inspection, maintenance, or
repair.
(C) The cover shall be used at all times that waste is placed in the
surface impoundment except during removal of treatment residuals in accordance
with 40 CFR 268.4 or closure of the surface impoundment in accordance with 40
CFR 264.228. (Note: the treatment residuals generated by these activities may
be subject to the requirements of this part.)
(ii) The closed-vent system-and control device shall be designed and
operated in accordance with 61.349 of this subpart.
(b) Each cover seal, access hatch, and all other openings shall be
checked by visual inspection initially and quarterly thereafter to ensure that
no cracks or gaps occur and that access hatches and other openings are closed
and gasketed properly.
(c) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, or when detectable emissions are
measured, first efforts at repair shall be made as soon as practicable, but
not later than 15 calendar days after identification.
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§ 61.345 Standards: Containers
.(a) The owner or operator shall meet the following standards for each
container in which waste is placed in accordance with 61.342(c)(l)(ii) of this
subpart:
(1) The owner or operator shall install, operate, and maintain a cover
on each container used to handle, transfer, or store waste in accordance with
the following requirements:
(i) The cover and all openings (e.g., bungs, hatches, and sampling
ports) shall be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as indicated
by an instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background, initially and
thereafter at least once per year by the methods specified in 61.355(h) of
this subpart.
(ii) Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position
(e.g., covered by a lid that is gasketed and latched) at all times that waste
is in the container except when it is necessary to use the opening for waste
loading, removal, inspection, or sampling.
(2) Loading a pumpable waste into a container shall be performed by the
owner or operator using a submerged fill pipe. The submerged fill pipe outlet
shall extend to within two fill pipe diameters of the bottom of the container
while the container is being loaded. During loading of the waste, the cover
shall remain in place and all openings shall be maintained in a closed, sealed
position except for those openings required for the submerged fill pipe and
for venting of the container to prevent physical damage or permanent
deformation of the container or cover.
(3) Treatment of a waste in a container, including aeration, thermal or
other treatment, shall be performed by the owner or operator in a manner such
that whenever it is necessary for the container to be open while the waste is
being treated, the container is located under a cover (e.g., enclosure) with a
closed-vent system that routes all organic vapors vented from the container to
a control device.
(i) The cover and all openings (e.g., doors, hatches) shall be designed
to operate with no detectable emissions as indicated by an instrument reading
of less than 500 ppmv above background, initially and thereafter at least once
per year by the methods specified in 61.355(h) of this subpart.
(ii) The closed-vent system and control device shall be designed and
operated in accordance with 61.349 of this subpart.
(b) Each cover and all openings shall be visually inspected initially
and quarterly thereafter to ensure that they are closed and gasketed properly.
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(c) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, first efforts at repair shall be made
as soon as practicable, but not later than 15 calendar days after
identification.
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§ 61.346 Standards: Individual drain systems
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the owner or
operator shall meet the following standards for each individual drain system
in which waste is placed in accordance with 61.342(c)(l)(ii) of this subpart:
(1) The owner or operator shall install, operate, and maintain on each
drain system opening a cover and closed-vent system that routes all organic
vapors vented from the drain system to a control device.
(i) The cover shall meet the following requirements:
(A) The cover and all openings (e.g., access hatches, sampling ports)
shall be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as indicated by an
instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background, initially and
thereafter at least once per year by the methods specified in 61.355(h) of
this subpart.
(B) Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position
(e.g., covered by a 1 id that is gasketed and latched) at all times that waste
is in the drain system except when it is necessary to use the opening for
waste sampling or removal, or for equipment inspection, maintenance, or
repair.
(ii) The closed-vent system and control device shall be designed and
operated in accordance with 61.349 of this subpart.
(2) Each cover seal, access'hatch, and all other openings shall be
checked by visual inspection initially and quarterly thereafter to ensure that
no cracks or gaps occur and that access hatches and other openings are closed
and gasketed properly.
• (3) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, or when detectable emissions are
measured, first efforts at repair shall be made as soon as practicable, but
not later than 15 calendar days after identification.
(b) As an alternative to complying with paragraph (a) of this section,
an owner or operator may elect to comply with the following requirements:
(1) Each drain shall be equipped with water seal controls or a tightly
sealed cap or plug.
(2) Each junction box shall be equipped with a cover and may have a vent
pipe. The vent pipe shall be at least 90 cm (3 ft) in length and shall not
exceed 10.2 cm (4 in) in diameter.
(i) Junction box covers shall have a tight seal around the edge and
shall be kept in place at all times, except during inspection and maintenance.
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(ii) One of the following methods shall be used to control emissions
from the junction box vent pipe to the atmosphere:
(A) Equip the junction box with a system to prevent the flow of organic
vapors from the junction box vent pipe to the atmosphere during normal
operation. An example of .such a system includes use of water seal controls.
A flow indicator shall be installed, operated, and maintained on each junction
box vent pipe to ensure that organic vapors are not vented from the junction
box to the atmosphere during normal operation.
(B) Connect the junction box vent pipe to a closed-vent system and
control device in accordance with 61.349 of this subpart.
(3) Each sewer line shall not be open to the atmosphere and shall be
covered or enclosed in a manner so as to have no visual gaps or cracks in
joints, seals, or other emission interfaces.
(4) Equipment installed in accordance with paragraphs (b)(l), (b)(2), or
(b)(3) shall be inspected as follows:
(i) Each drain using water seal controls shall be checked by visual or
physical inspection initially and thereafter quarterly for indications of low
water levels or other conditions that would reduce the effectiveness of water
seal controls.
(ii) Each drain using a tightly sealed cap or plug shall be visually
inspected initially and thereafter quarterly to ensure caps or plugs are in
place and properly installed.
(iii) Each junction box shall be visually inspected initially and
thereafter quarterly to ensure that the cover is in place and to ensure that
the cover has a tight seal around the edge.
(iv) The unburied portion of each sewer line shall be visually inspected
initially and thereafter quarterly for indication of cracks, gaps, or other
problems that could result in benzene emissions.
(5) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal,
gap, crack or other problem is identified, first efforts at repair shall be
made as soon as practicable, but not later than 15 calendar days after
identification.
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§ 61.347 Standards: Oil-water separators
(a) Except as provided in 61.352 of this subpart, the owner or operator
shall meet the following standards for each oil-water separator in which waste
is placed in accordance with 61.342(c)(l)(ii) of this subpart:
(1) The owner or operator shall install, operate, and maintain a fixed-
roof and closed-vent system that routes all organic vapors vented from the
oil-water separator to a control device.
(i) The fixed-roof shall meet the following requirements:
(A) The cover and all openings (e.g., access hatches, sampling ports,
and gauge wells) shall be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as
indicated by an instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background, as
determined initially and thereafter at least once per year by the methods
specified in 61.355(h) of this subpart.
(B) Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position
(e.g., covered by a 1 id that is gasketed and latched) at all times that waste
is in the oil-water separator except when it is necessary to use the opening
for waste sampling or removal, or for equipment inspection, maintenance, or
repair.
(ii) The closed-vent system and control device shall be designed and
operated in accordance with the requirements of 61.349 of this subpart.
(b) Each cover seal, access hatch, and all other openings shall be
checked by visual inspection initially and quarterly thereafter to ensure that
no cracks or gaps occur between the cover and oil-water separator wall and
that access hatches and other openings are closed and gasketed properly.
(c) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, or when detectable emissions are
measured, first efforts at repair shall be made as soon as practicable, but
not later than 15 calendar days after identification.
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§ 61.348 Standards: Treatment processes
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, the owner or
operator shall treat the waste stream in accordance with the following
requirements:
(1) The owner or operator shall design, install, operate, and maintain a
treatment process that either:
(i) Removes benzene from the waste stream to a level less than 10 parts
per million by weight (ppmw) on a flow-weighted annual average basis,
(11) Removes benzene from the waste stream by 99 percent or more on a
mass basis, or
(111) Destroys benzene in the waste stream by incinerating the waste in
a combustion unit that achieves a destruction efficiency of 99 percent or
greater for benzene.
(2) Each treatment process complying with paragraphs (a)(l)(i) or
(a)(l)(ii) of this section shall be designed and operated in accordance with
the appropriate waste management unit standards specified in 61.343 through
61.347 of this subpart. For example, if a treatment process is a tank, then
the owner or operator shall comply with 61.343 of this subpart.
(3) For the purpose of complying with the requirements specified in
paragraph (a)(l)(i) of this section, the intentional or unintentional
reduction in the benzene concentration of a waste stream by dilution of the
waste stream with other wastes or materials is not allowed.
(4) An owner or operator may aggregate or mix together individual waste
streams to create a combined waste stream for the purpose of facilitating
treatment of waste to comply with the requirements of paragraph (a)(l) of this
section except as provided in paragraph (a)(5) of this section.
(5) If an owner or operator aggregates or mixes any combination of
process wastewater, product tank drawdown, or landfill leachate subject to
61.342(c)(l) of this subpart together with other waste streams to create a
combined waste stream for the purpose of facilitating management or treatment
of waste in a wastewater treatment system, then the wastewater treatment
system shall be operated in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The owner or operator that aggregates or mixes individual waste
streams as defined in paragraph (a)(5) of this section for management and
treatment in a wastewater treatment system shall comply with the following
requirements:
(1) The owner or operator shall design and operate each waste management
unit that comprises the wastewater treatment system in accordance with the
appropriate standards specified in 61.343 through 61.347 of this subpart.
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(2) The provisions of paragraph (b)(l) of this section do not apply to
any waste management unit that the owner or operator demonstrates to meet the
following conditions initially and, thereafter, at least once per year:
(i) The benzene content of each waste stream entering the waste
management unit is less than 10 ppmw on a flow-weighted annual average basis
as determined by the procedures specified in 61.355(c) of this subpart; and
(ii) The total annual benzene quantity contained in all waste streams
managed or treated in exempt waste management units comprising the facility
wastewater treatment systems is less than 1 Mg/yr. For this determination,
total annual benzene quantity shall be calculated as follows:
(A) The total annual benzene quantity shall be calculated as the sum of
the individual benzene quantities determined at each location where a waste
stream first enters an exempt waste management unit. The benzene quantity
exiting from an exempt waste management unit shall not be included in this
calculation.
(B) The annual benzene quantity in a waste stream managed or treated in
an enhanced biodegradation unit shall not be included in the calculation of
the total annual benzene quantity, if the enhanced biodegradation unit is the
first exempt unit in which the waste is managed or treated. A unit shall be
considered enhanced biodegradation provided that the process generates
biomass, some of which is recycled as well as periodically removed from the
unit; and typically operates at a food-to-microorganism ratio in the range of
0.05 to 1.0 kg of biological oxygen demand per kg of biomass per day, a mixed
liquor suspended solids ratio in the range of 1 to 8 grams per liter, and a
residence time in the range of 3 to 36 hours.
(c) The owner and operator shall demonstrate that each treatment process
or wastewater treatment system unit, except as provided in paragraph (d) of
this section, achieves the appropriate conditions specified in paragraphs (a)
or (b) of this section in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) Engineering calculations in accordance with requirements specified
in 61.356(e) of this subpart; or
(2) Performance tests conducted using the test methods and procedures
that meet the requirements specified in 61.355 of this subpart.
(d) A treatment process or waste stream is in compliance with the
requirements of this subpart and exempt from the requirements of paragraph (c)
of this section provided that the owner or operator documents that the
treatment process or waste stream is in compliance with other regulatory
requirements as follows:
(1) The treatment process is a hazardous waste incinerator for which the
owner or operator has been issued a final permit under 40 CFR Part 270 and
complies with the requirements of 40 CFR 264, Subpart 0;
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(2) The treatment process is an industrial furnace or boiler burning
hazardous waste for energy recovery for which the owner or operator has been
issued a final permit under 40 CFR Part 270 and complies with the requirements
of 40 CFR 266, Subpart D;
(3) The waste stream is treated by a means or to a level that meets
benzene-specific treatment standards in accordance with the Land Disposal
Restrictions under 40 CFR Part 268, and the treatment process is designed and
operated with a closed-vent system and control device meeting the requirements
of 61.349 of this subpart;
(4) The waste stream is treated by a means or to a level that meets
benzene-specific effluent limitations or performance standards in accordance
with the Effluent Guidelines and Standards under 40 CFR Parts 401-464, and the
treatment process is designed and operated with a closed-vent system and
control device meeting the requirements of 61.349 of this subpart; or
(5) The waste stream is discharged to an underground injection well for
which the owner or operator has been issued a final permit under 40 CFR Part
270 and complies with the requirements of 40 CFR Part 122.
(e) If the treatment process or wastewater treatment system unit has any
openings (e.g., access doors, hatches, etc), all such openings shall be sealed
(e.g., gasketed, latched, etc.) and kept closed at all times when waste is
being treated, except during inspection and maintenance.
(f) Each seal, access door, and all other openings shall be checked by
visual inspections initially and quarterly thereafter to ensure that no cracks
or gaps occur and that openings are closed and gasketed properly.
(g) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, when a broken seal or
gasket or other problem is identified, first efforts at repair shall be made
as soon as practicable, but not later than 15 calendar days after
identification.
(h) Except for treatment processes complying with paragraph (d) of this
section, the Administrator may request at any time an owner or operator
demonstrate that a treatment process or wastewater treatment system unit meets
the applicable requirements specified in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section
by conducting a performance test using the test methods and procedures as
required in 61.355 of this subpart.
(i) The owner or operator of a treatment process or wastewater treatment
system unit that is used to comply with the provisions of this section shall
monitor the unit in accordance with the applicable requirements in 61.354 of
this subpart.
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§ 61.349 Standards: Closed-vent systems and control devices
(a) For each closed-vent system and control device used to comply with
standards in accordance with 61.343 through 61.348 of this subpart, the owner
or operator shall properly design, install, operate, and maintain the closed-
vent system and control device in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) The closed-vent system shall:
(i) Be designed to operate with no detectable emissions as indicated by
an instrument reading of less than 500 ppmv above background, as determined
initially and thereafter at least once per year by the methods specified in
61.355(h) of this subpart.
(ii) A flow indicator shall be installed on each vent stream to the
control device to ensure that the vapors are being routed to the device. The
flow indicator shall be installed in the vent stream at the nearest feasible
point to the control device inlet but before being combined with other vent
streams.
(iii) All gauging and sampling devices shall be gas-tight except when
gauging or sampling is taking place.
(2) The control device shall be designed and operated in accordance with
the following conditions:
(i) An enclosed combustion device (e.g., a vapor incinerator, boiler, or
process heater) shall meet one of the following conditions:
(A) Reduce the organic emissions vented to it by 95 weight percent or
greater;
(B) Achieve a total organic compound concentration of 20 ppmv on a dry
basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen; or
(C) Provide a minimum residence time of 0.5 seconds at a minimum
temperature of 760°C. If a boiler or process heater is used as the control
device, then the vent stream shall be introduced into the flame zone of the
boiler or process heater.
(ii) A vapor recovery system (e.g., carbon adsorption system or
condenser) shall recover the organic emissions vented to it with an efficiency
of 95 weight percent or greater.
(iii) A flare shall comply with the requirements of 40 CFR 60.18.
(b) Each closed-vent system and control device used to comply with this
subpart shall be operated at all times when waste is placed in the waste
management unit vented to the control device except when maintenance or repair
of the waste management unit cannot be completed without a shutdown of the
control device.
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62
(c) An owner and operator shall demonstrate that each control device,
except for a flare, achieves the appropriate conditions specified in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section by using one of the following methods:
(i) Engineering calculations in accordance with requirements specified
in 61.356(f) of this subpart; or
(ii) Performance tests conducted using the test methods and procedures
that meet the requirements specified in 61.355 of this subpart.
(d) An owner or operator shall demonstrate compliance of each flare in
accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section.
(e) The Administrator may request at any time an owner or operator
demonstrate that a control device meets the applicable conditions specified in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section by conducting a performance test using the
test methods and procedures as required in 61.355 of this subpart.
(f) Each closed-vent system and control device shall be visually
inspected initially and quarterly thereafter. The visual inspection shall
include inspection of ductwork and piping and connections to covers and
control devices for evidence of visible defects such as holes in ductwork or
piping and loose connections.
(g) Except as provided in 61.350 of this subpart, if visible defects are
observed during an inspection, or if other problems are identified, or if
detectable emissions are measured, a first effort to repair the closed-vent
system and control device shall be made as soon as practicable but no later
than 5 calendar days after detection. Repair shall be completed no later than
15 calendar days after the emissions are detected or the visible defect is
observed.
(h) The owner or operator of a control device that is used to comply
with the provisions of this section shall monitor the control device in
accordance with 61.354(c) of this subpart.
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63
§ 61.350 Standards: Delay of repair
(a) Delay of repair of facilities or units that are subject to the
provisions of this subpart will be allowed if the repair is technically
impossible without a complete or partial facility or unit shutdown.
(b) Repair of such equipment shall occur before the end of the next
facility or unit shutdown.
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64
§ 61.351 Alternative standards for tanks
(a) As an alternative to the standards for tanks specified in 61.343 of
this subpart, an owner or operator may elect to comply with one of the
following:
(1) A fixed roof and internal floating roof meeting the requirements in
40 CFR 60.112b(a)(l);
(2) An external floating roof meeting the requirements of
40 CFR 60.112b(a)(2); or
(3) An alternative means of emission limitation as described in
40 CFR 60.114b.
(b) If an owner or operator elects to comply with the provisions of this
section, then the owner or operator is exempt from the provisions of 61.343 of
this subpart applicable to the same facilities.
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65
§ 61.352 Alternative standards for oil-water separators
(a) As an alternative to the standards for oil-water separators
specified in 61.347 of this subpart, an owner or operator may elect to comply
with one of the following:
(1) A floating roof meeting the requirements in 40 CFR 60.693-2(a); or
(2) An alternative means of emission limitation as described in
40 CFR 60.694.
(b) For portions of the oil-water separator where it is infeasible to
construct and operate a floating roof, such as over the weir mechanism, a
fixed roof vented to a vapor control device that meets the requirements in
61.347 and 61.349 of this subpart shall be installed and operated.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, if an owner or
operator elects to comply with the provisions of this section, then the owner
or operator is exempt from the provisions in 61.347 of this subpart applicable
to the same facilities.
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66
§ 61.353 Alternative means of emission limitation
(a) If, in the Administrator's judgment, an alternative means of
emission limitation will achieve a reduction in benzene emissions at least
equivalent to the reduction in benzene emissions achieved by the applicable
requirements in 61.342 through 61.349 of this subpart, the Administrator will
publish in the FEDERAL REGISTER a notice permitting the use of the alternative
means for purposes of compliance with that requirement. The notice may
condition the permission on requirements related to the operation and
maintenance of the alternative means.
(b) Any notice under paragraph (a) of this section shall be published
only after public notice and an opportunity for a hearing.
(c) Any person seeking permission under this section shall collect,
verify, and submit to the Administrator information showing that the
alternative means achieves equivalent emission reductions.
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67
Section 6 List of Sources Affected
In this section sources that may be affected by the promulgated
regulations are listed. These sources were identified in the source
categories of benzene transfer and benzene waste operations. This list should
assist the EPA/State air program personnel in informing the industry regarding
the new regulations. The benzene waste operations source list must be used
with caution as it was compiled from 10 year old databases, and some sources
may have ceased production of benzene, may have changed ownership, or may have
changed operations since then. At the same time, there may be some other
sources that are not on the list but may be subject to the standards. Latest
information available should be used in the determination of the sources being
subject to standards. This list may be supplemented by using Toxic Release
Inventory System (TRIS) and other databases available.
Benzene Transfer Facilities
Bulk benzene transfer operations occur at benzene production facilities
and benzene bulk terminals. Most of these facilities are benzene production
facilities. It is estimated that 43 existing sources will be subject to the
standards; however, no new sources are expected. A currently
available list of sources is presented here.
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68
DIRECTORY OF CHEMICAL PRODUCERS
Benzene (Benzol) (Cyclohexatriene) (Phenyl hydride) Producers
Amerada Hess Corporation
Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp. (subsidiary)
St. Croix, Virgin Islands
American Petrofina Incorporated
Fina Oil and Chemical Company (subsidiary)
Port Arthur, Texas
Amoco Corporation
Amoco Oil Company (subsidiary)
Texas City, Texas
Aristech Chemical Corporation
Clairton, PA
Arochem International Inc.
Penuelas, Puerto Rico
Ashland Oil, Inc.
Ashland Chemical Company, Division
Petrochemicals Division
Catlettsburg, KY
Atlantic Richfield Company
Lyondell Petrochemical Company
Division
Channel view, TX
Houston, TX
BP America, Inc
BP Chemicals America, Inc., Subsidiary
Lima, OH
Sohio Oil Company
Alliance, LA
Champlin Refining & Chemicals Inc.
Corpus Christi, TX
Chevron Corporation
Chevron Chemical Company (Subsidiary)
Aromatics and Derivates Division
Philadelphia, PA
Port Arthur, TX
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69
Benzene (Cont'd)
Citgo Petroleum Corp.
Lake Charles, LA
The Coastal Corporation
Coastal Eagle Point Oil Co. (Subsidiary)
Westville, NJ
Coastal Refining and Marketing, Inc (Subsidiary)
Corpus Christi, TX
Crown Central Petroleum Corporation
Chemical Division
Pasadena, TX
Dow Chemical U.S.A.
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Exxon Corporation
Exxon Chemical Company, division
Exxon Chemical Americas
Baton Rouge, LA
Baytown, TX
Hoechst Celanese Corp.
Engineering Plastics Group
Bayport, TX
Kerr-McGee Corporation
Kerr-McGee Refining Corporation (Subsidiary)
Southwestern Refining Company, Inc.
Corpus Christi, TX
Koch Industries, Inc.
Koch Refining Company (Subsidiary)
Corpus Christi, TX
Mobil Corporation
Mobil Oil Corporation
Mobil Chemical Company, division
Petrochemicals Division
Beaumont, TX
U.S. Marketing and Refining
Division
Chalmette, LA
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70
Benzene (Cont'd)
Occidental Petroleum Corporation
Cain Chemical Inc. (Subsidiary)
Petrochemical Division
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Phillips Petroleum Company
Phillips 66 Company (Subsidiary)
Chemicals Division
Specialty Chemicals
Sweeny, TX
Phillips Puerto Rico Core Inc. (Subsidiary)
Guayama, PR
Salomon Inc.
Phibro Energy, Inc.
Hill Petroleum
Hill Chemical Co.
Houston, TX
Shell Oil Company
Shell Chemical Company, division
Deer Park, TX
Odessa, TX
Wood River, IL
Sun Company, Inc.
Sun Refining and Marketing Co. (Subsidiary)
Marcus Hook , PA
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
Texaco Inc.
Texaco Chemical Company (Subsidiary)
Delaware City, DE
Eldorado, KS
Port Arthur, TX
Unocal Corporation
Union Oil Company of California
(Subsidiary)
Oil & Gas Division
Beaumont, TX
Chicago, IL
USX Corporation
Marathon Oil Company (Subsidiary)
Marathon Petroleum Company (Subsidiary)
Texas City, TX
Source: SRI International, January 1, 1989.
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71
Benzene Waste Operations
Wastes that contain benzene are generated by facilities such as chemical
plants, petroleum refineries, and coke by-product recovery plants. Commercial
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF) also may
receive benzene-laden wastes (the rule only affects these industries). The
EPA's data base for this analysis includes 398 facilities that generate
benzene wastes. The data base encompasses the facilities and wastes likely to
account for the majority of benzene emissions from waste operations. This
list of 398 sources is included here by EPA regions.
The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes for the respondents
include 2800 (chemical products), 2911 (petroleum refineries), 3312 (blast
furnace and steel mills), 4959 (sanitary services), and 9511 (air, water,
solid waste management).
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72
LIST OF FACILITIES USED FOR BENZENE WASTE ANALYSIS
PLANT
CITY
STATE
REGION 1:
1 CECOS
2 CECOS INT'L
3 DON CHEMICAL
4 ENV. WASTE RESOURCES
5 UPJOHN CO..THE
SCIBACORNING
7 COMCRCIAL DISPOSAL
REGION 2:
8 AMERADA-HESS
9 AMERICAN CYANAMID
10 AMERICAN CYANAMID CO
11 ATLANTIC WOOD INDUST
12 BASF WYANDOTTE CORP.
13 CHEVRON
14 CIBA-GEIGY
15 COASTAL EAGLE PT.
16 COSAN CHEMICAL
17 DUPONT
18 DUPONT
19 EXXON
20 HERCULES
21 INT'L FLAVORS & FRAG
22 MANTUA OIL
23 MARISOL INC.
24 MOBAY CORP.
25 MOBIL OIL
26 MONSANTO CO
27 ORB IS PRODUCTS CORP
28 QRTHO DIAGNOSTICS
29 REICHHOLO CHEMICALS
30 ROLLINS ENV. SERVICE
31 SOLVENT RECOV. SERVI
32 SOUTHLAND CORP.
33 STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO
34 TROY CHEMICAL CORP.,
35 AYERST LABS
36 BETHLEHEM STEEL
37 CALLEIA RES. RECOVER
38 CECOS INT'L
39 CIBRO PETROLEUM
40 EASTMAN KODAK
41 FRONTIER CHEMICAL
42 GENERAL ELECTRIC
43 NEPERA CHEMICAL CO.,
44 TONAWAMDA
45 UNION CARBIDE
46 UNION CARBIDE CAR IBE
STAMFORD
BRISTOL
LEDYARO
WATERBURY
NORTH HAVEN
MEDFIELO
NEST SPRINGFIEL
PORT READING
BRIOGEWATER
LINDEN
HAINESPORT
JAMESBURG
PERTH AMBOY
TOMS RIVER
WESTVILLE
CARLSTADT
DEEPWATER
GIBBSTOWN
LINDEN
GIBBSTOWN
UNION BEACH
THOROFARE
MIDDLESEX
HALEDON
PAULSBORO
BRIDGEPORT
NEWARK
RARITAN
ELIZABETH
BRIDGEPORT
LINDEN
GREAT MEADOWS
EDISON
NEWARK
ROUSES POINT
LACKAWANNA
BROOKLYN
NI AGRA FALLS
ALBANY
ROCHESTER
NI AGRA FALLS
NATERFORO
HARRIMAN
TONAWANOA
PENUELAS
PONCE
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
MA
MA
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
PR
PR
PLANT
REGION 3:
47 STANDARD CHLORIDE CH
48 STAR REF.
49 BETHLEHEM STEEL CORP
50 CHEM-CLEAR INC.
51 FMC CORP.
52 VISTA CHEMICAL
53 AMCHEM PRODUCTS INC.
54 ATLANTIC REF IN ING
55 ATLANTIC RICHFiaO C
56 BETHLEHEM STEEL CORP
57 BP OIL
58 CALGON CARBON
59 CHEVRON
60 DELAWARE CONTAINERS
61 ERIE COKE
62 INDUSTRIAL WASTE REM
63 KOPPERS CO INC
64 LTV STEEL COMPANY
65 MINE SAFETY APPL.
66 PENNZOIL COMPANY
67 QUAKER STATE OIL REF
68 SHARON STEEL
69SHENANGO
70 SUN PETROLEUM
71 UNITED REF.
72 U.S. STEEL CORP.
73 WASTE CONVERSION
74 WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.
75 AMOCO OIL REFINERY
76 ATLANTIC WOOD IttUST
77 E.I. DUPONT
78 MIOATLANTIC REF.
79 MOBAY CHEMICAL CORP
30 QUAKER STATE OIL REF
31 WHEELING PITT
CITY
DELAWARE CITY
DELAWARE CITY
SPARROWS POINT
BALTIMORE
BALTIMORE
BALTIMORE
AMBLER
PHILADELPHIA
MONACA
BETHLEHEM
MARCUS HOOK
NEVILLE ISLAND
PHILADELPHIA
COATSVILLE
ERIE
LEWISBERRY
BRIOGEVILLE
PITTSBURGH
EVANS CITY
ROUSEVILLE
SMETHPORT
MONESSEN
SHENANGO
MARCUS HOOK
WARREN
CUIRTON
HATFIELO
BRADFORD
YORKTOWN
PORTSMOUTH
PARKERSBURG
ST. MARYS
NEW MART INS VI
NEWELL
E STEUBENVILLE
STATE
OE
DE
M)
M3
M)
M)
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
VA
VA
WV
WV
WV
WV
NV
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73
LIST Of FACILITIES USED FOR BENZENE HASTE ANALYSIS
PLANT
REGION 4:
82 ABC COKE
83 ALLIED SIGNAL
84 BELCHER REF.
85 CHEM. HASTE MGMT
86 EMPIRE COKE COkPANY
87 GULF STATES
88 HUNT REFINING
89KOPPERS
90 LOUISIANA LAND & EXP
91 MONSANTO CO
92 SLOSS INDUSTRIES
93 ALPHA CHEMICAL
94 01 IN CORP.
95 AMOCO
96 ATLANTIC WOOD INDUS!
97 DON CHEMICAL
98 DSM CHEMICALS
99 NIPRO, INC.
100 01 IN CHEMICALS
101 YOUNG REF.
102 ARMCO INC.
103 ASHLAND CHEMICAL
104 ASHLAND PETROLEUM CO
105 BF GOODRICH CHEMICAL
106 OEVOE & RAYNOLDS
107 GAF CORP.
108 SOMERSET REFINERY
109 TREMCO INC.
1 10 USS CHEMICALS
111 AMERADA HESS
112 CHEVRON
113 ERGON REF.
114 FIRST CHEMICAL CORP
115 KERR-MCGEE CHEM. COR
116REICHHOLD CHEMICALS
117 ROGERS LANDFILL
118 SOUTHLAND OIL
119 SOUTHLAND OIL
120 MALLINCKROOT CHEM.
121 OUPONT
122 CHATTEM CHEMICALS
123 MAPCO PETROLEUM
124 RHONE-POULENC.INC.
125 US ARMY MUNITIONS
CITY
TAJWANT
BIRMINGHAM
MOBILE BAY
EkCLLE
TUSCALOOSA
GADSDEN
TUSCALOOSA
WOODWARD
SAft ALAND
ANNISTON
BIRMINGHAM
LAKELAND
ST. MARKS
SAVANNAH
SAVANNAH
0 ALTON
AUGUSTA
AUGUSTA
AUGUSTA
DOUGLASVILLE
ASHLAND
BOYD CO.
ASHLAND
CALVERT CITY
LOUISVILLE
CALVERT CITY
SOMERSET
BARBOURVILLE
FLORENCE
PURVIS
PASCAGOULA '
VICKS8URG
PASCAGOULA
MERIDIAN
GULFPORT
CENTREVILLE
SANDERSVILLE
LUMBERTON
RALEIGH
LUGOFF
CHATTANOOGA
MEMPHIS
MT. PLEASANT
KINGSTON
STATE
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
FL
FL
GA
GA
GA
GA
GA
GA
GA
KY
KY
KY
KY
KY
KY
KY
KY
KY
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
NC
sc
TN
TN
TN
TN
PLANT
CITY
STATE
REGION 5:
126 ACME STEEL
127 CHEM. HASTE MGMT.
128 CID-LANDFILL
129 CLARK OIL & REFINING
130 CLARK OIL & REFINING
131 CLARK OIL & REF.
132 GOODRICH, (B.F.)
133 LTV STEEL
134 MARATHON PETROLEUM
135 MOBIL OIL
136 MONSANTO CO
137 NATIONAL STEEL
138 NORCHEM. INC.
139 PEORIA DISPOSAL CO.
140 REILLY TAR AND CHEMI
141 SHELL OIL
142 STEPAN CO.
143 UNION OIL OF CALIFOR
144 US INDUSTRIAL CHEM.
145 AMOCO CHEMICAL
146 BETHLEHEM STEEL
147 CITIZENS GAS
148 HERITAGE ENV. SERVIC
149 INDIANA FARM BUREAU
150 INLAND STEEL
151 LAKETON REFINING
152 MEAD JOHNSON
153 REILLY TAR AND CHEMI
154 ROCK ISLAND REFINING
155 U.S. STEEL CORP.
156 CHEM-MET SERVICES
157 CRYSTAL REF.
158 DETROIT COKE
159 DON CORNING
160 LAKESIDE REF.
161 MARATHON PET.
162 MICHIGAN DISPOSAL IN
163 NATIONAL STEEL GROUP
164 PARKE-OAVIS
165 TOTAL PETROLEUM
166 TRICIL ENV. SERVICES
167 NAYNE DISPOSAL
168 3-M COVPANY
169 ASHLAND PETROLEUM
170 KOCH REFINING
171 ALLIED CHEMICAL
172 ARIS TECH CHEMICAL
173 ARMCO INC
174 ASHLAND OIL
175 BF GOODRICH
176 CECOS INT'L
177 CECOS INT'L
178 CHEM-CLEAR INC.
179 ECOLOTEC
180 ENVIROSAFE SERVICES
181 ENV. ENTERPRISES
182 ERIEWAY POLL. CONTRO
183 LTV STEEL
184 LTV STEEL
185 MONSANTO CO
186 NEN BOSTON COKE
187 PPG INDUSTRIES
188 PPG INDUSTRIES
189 STANDARD OIL OF OHIO
190 STANDARD OIL OF OHIO
191 SUN CO.
192 TOLEDO COKE
193 USS CHEMICAL
194 ALDRICH CHEMICALS
195 MURPHY OIL CORPORATI
CHICAGO
CALUMET CITY
CALUMET CITY
BLUE ISLAND
BLUE ISLAND
HARTFORD
HENRY
S CHICAGO
R081NSON
JOLIET
SAUGET
GRANITE CITY
MORRIS
PEORIA
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
GRANITE CITY IL
WOOD RIVER IL
ELNOOO IL
LEMONT IL
T-TOLA IL
*-. 'ING IN
BURNS HARBOR IN
INDIANAPOLIS IN
INDIANAPOLIS IN
MT. VERNON IN
E CHICAGO IN
LAKETON IN
EVANSVILLE IN
INDIANAPOLIS IN
INDIANAPOLIS IN
GARY IN
WYANDOTTE Ml
CARSON CITY Ml
DETRIOT Ml
MIDLAND Ml
KALAMAZOO Ml
DETROIT Ml
BELLEVILLE Ml
ECORSE Ml
HOLLAND Ml
ALMA . Ml
MUSKEGON HEIGHT Ml
BELLEVILLE Ml
COTTAGE GROVE MN
ST. PAUL PARK MN
ROSEMOUNT MN
IRONTON OH
HAVERHILL OH
MIOOLETOWN OH
CANTON OH
AVON LAKE OH
WILLIAMSBURG OH
CINCINNATI OH
CLEVELAND OH
DAYTON OH
OREGON OH
CINCINNATI OH
BEDFORD OH
CLEVELAND OH
WARREN OH
ADOYSTON OH
PORTSMOUTH OH
DELAWARE OH
NORTON OH
LIMA OH
TOLEDO OH
TOLEDO OH
TOLEDO OH
IRONTON OH
MILWAUKEE Wl
SUPERIOR Wl
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74
LIST OF FACILITIES USED FOR BENZENE WASTE ANALYSIS
PLANT
CITY
STATE
PLANT
CITY
STATE
REGION 6:
196 BERRY PETROLEUM
197 CROSS OIL & REFINING
198 ENSCQ
199 GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL
200 LION OIL
201 BP OIL
202 CALCASIEU REFINING
203 CALUMET REFINING COM
204 CANAL REF.
205 CECOS INT'L
206 CI TOO PETROLEUM
207 CONOCO CHEMICALS
208 DON CHEMICAL
209 ETHYL CORP.
210 EXXON CORP
211 GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP
212 HANS8ROUGH ENERGY
213 HILL PETROLEUM
214 HILL PETROLEUM
215 KERR-MCGEE REFINING
216 MARATHON PETROLEUM
217 MOBIL
218 MURPHY OIL CORPORATI
219PENNZOIL
220 PLACID REFINING
221 RUBICON CHEMICALS IN
222 SHELL CHEM CO
223 STAR REF.
224 STAUFFER CHEMICAL
225 UNION CARBIDE CORP.
226 VISTA CHEMICAL
227 BLOOMFIELD REFINING
228 GIANT REFINERY
229 NAVAJO REFINING
230 BARRETT REF.
231 CHEMICAL RESOURCES
232 CONOCO
233 XERR MCGEE
234 SINCLAIR OIL
235 SUN REFINING
236 TOTAL PETROLEUM
237 AMERICAN HOECHST COR
238 AMERICAN HOECHST COR
239 AMOCO
240 AMOCO CHEMICAL
241 ATLANTIC RICHFIELD
242 CAIN CHEMICAL
243 CELANESE CHEMICAL
244 CELANESE CORP.
245 CHAMPLIN PETROLEUM C
246 CHEVRON
247 CHEVRON
248 COASTAL REFINING
STEVENS
SMACKOVER
EL DORADO
EL DORADO
EL DORADO
BELLE CHASSE
LAKE CHARLES
PRINCETON
CHURCH POINT
LIVINGSTON
LAKE CHARLES
WESTLAKE
PLAQUEMINE
BATON ROUGE
BATON ROUGE
PLAOJEMINE
CRONLEY
ST. ROSE
KROTZ SPRINGS
COTTON VALLEY
GARYVILLE
CHALMETTE
MERAUX
SHREVEPORT
PORT ALLEN
GEISMAR
NORCO
CONVENT
BATON ROUGE
HAHNVILLE
WESTLAKE
BLOOMFIELD
GALLUP
ARTESIA
THOMAS
TULSA
PONCA CITY
WYNNEWOOD
TULSA
TULSA
AROMORE
PASADENA
HOUSTON
TEXAS CITY
TEXAS CITY
HOUSTON
BRAZORIA
BISHOP
PAMPA
CORPUS CHRISTI
PORT ARTHUR
EL PASO
CORPUS CHRISTI
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
NM
NM
NM
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
249 COSDEN OIL & CHEMICA
250 CROWN CENTRAL
251 DENKA CHEMICAL CO.
252 DIAMOND SHAMROCK
253 DIAMOND SHAMROCK COR
254 DIAMOND SHAMROCK REF
255 DON CHEMICAL USA
256DUPONT
257 E I DUPONT DE NEMOUR
258 EASTMAN KODAK. INC.
259 EL PASO REFINING
260 EXXON CORP
261 FINAOIL
262 FINA OIL & CHEMICAL
263 GEORGIA GULF CORP.
264 GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP
265 GLIODEN COATINGS
266 GOODYEAR TIRE
267 GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBB
268 GULF COAST NASTE OIS
269 HEAT ENERGY TECH.
270 HILL PETROLEUM
271 HILL PETROLEUM
272 HONELL HYDROCARBONS
273 KOCH INDUSTRIES
274 KOCH INDUSTRIES
275 KOPPERS
276 LA GLORIA OIL AND GA
277 LILLY IND. COATINGS
278 LIQUID ENERGY CORP.
279 LYONOELL PETROCHEMIC
280 MALONE SERVICE CO.
281 MARATHON OIL
282 MOBIL CHEMICALS
283 MOBIL OIL
284 MONSANTO CO
285 PHILLIPS
286 PHILLIPS 66 REFINERY
287 PRIOE REFINING
288 Rat INS ENV. SERVICE
289 SHELL OIL
290 SHELL OIL REFINERY
291 SOUTHWESTERN REFIN IN
292 STAR REF.
293 S.O.S. BIOTECH CORP.
294 TEXAS ECOLOGISTS
295 TRI FINERY
296 UNION CARBIDE
297 UNION CARBIDE CORP
298 UNION OIL OF CALIFOR
299 UP JOHN CO
300 VALERO ENERGY CORP.
301 NITCO CHEMICAL CORPO
BIG SPRING
HOUSTON
HOUSTON
SUNRAY
DEER PARK
THREE RIVERS
FREEPORT
BEAUMONT
ORANGE
LONGV1EN
EL PASO
BAYTONN
BIG SPRING
PORT ARTHUR
PASADENA
PASADENA
CARROLLTON
BEAUMONT
LAPORTE
TEXAS CITY
DALLAS
HOUSTON
TEXAS CITY
SAN ANTONIO
CORPUS CHRISTI
CORPUS CHRISTI
HOUSTON
TYLER
DALLAS
BRIDGEPORT
HOUSTON
TEXAS CITY
TEXAS CITY
BEAUMONT
BEAUMONT
ALVIN
SWEENY
BORGER
ABILENE
DEER PARK
DEER PARK
ODESSA
CORPUS CHRISTI
PORT ARTHUR
HOUSTON
ROBSTOWN
CORPUS CHRISTI
SEADR IFT
TEXAS CITY
NEDERLANO
LA PORTE
CORPUS CHRISTI
POINT COMFORT
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
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75
LIST OF FACILITIES USED FOR BENZENE WASTE ANALYSIS
PLANT
REGION 7:
302 NORCHEMCO.
303 ABBOTT LABORATORIES
304 AIR PRODUCTS & CHEM.
305 DERBY REF IN ING COM? A
306 DERBY REF.
307 FARMLAND FACILITIES
308 FARMLAND INDUSTRIES
309 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE
310 TEXACO REFINING
311 TOTAL PETROLEUM
312 VULCAN MATERIALS
313 AMERICAN CYANAMID CO
314 MONSANTO CO
CITY
CLINTON
WICHITA
WICHITA
WICHITA
ELDORADO
PHILLIPSBURG
COFFEYVILLE
MCPHERSON
EL DORADO
ARKANSAS CITY
WICHITA
HANNIBAL
ST. LOUIS
STATE
IA
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
KS
MO
MO
REGION 8:
315 COLORADO REF.
316 CONOCO
317 WASTE TECH SERVICES
318 CENEX REF.
319 CONOCO REFINERY
320 EXXON
321 MONTANA REFINING COM
322 AMOCO
323 AMOCO OIL REFINERY
324 BIG WEST OIL
325 BROWNING MANUF.
328 CHEVRON
327 CRYSEN REFINING
328 HERCULES
329 PENNZOIL
330 PETROCHEM RECYCLING
331 PHILLIPS 66
332 RMT PROPERTIES
333 USPCI GRASSY MT.
334 U.S. STEEL CORP.
335 AMOCO
336 FRONTIER OIL
337 LITTLE AMERICA REF.
338 SINCLAIR OIL
339 WYOMING REF.
COMMERCE CITY CO
COMMERCE CITY CO
GOLDEN CO
LAUREL MT
BILLINGS MT
BILLINGS MT
GREAT FALLS MT
MANDAN NO
SALT LAKE CITY UT
SALT LAKE CITY UT
MORGAN UT
SALT LAKE CITY UT
WOODS CROSS UT
MAGNA UT
ROOSEVELT UT
SALT LAKE CITY UT
WOODS CROSS UT
NORTH SALT LAKE UT
KNOWLES UT
PROVO UT
CASPER WY
CHEYENNE WY
CASPER WY
SINCLAIR WY
NEWCASTLE WY
PLANT
REGION 9:
340 INTERMOUNTAIN REF.
341 ALPHA RESINS
342 ANCHOR REF.
343 ATLANTIC RICHFIELD
344 CASUAL 1 A RESOURCES
345 CHEMOIL
346 CHEVRON
347 CHEVRON
348 CONOCO
349 DON CHEMICAL
350 EDGINGTON OIL COMPAN
351 EXXON
352 FLETCHER OIL & REF IN
353 GOLDEN WEST REFINING
354 HUNTWAY REF.
355 HUNTWAY REF.
356 IT CORPORATION
357 IT CORPORATION
358 IT CORP .-PETROL. WAS
359 KERN OIL & REFINING
360 LILLY COATINGS
361 LUNOAY-THAGARD CO.
362 MOBIL OIL
363 NEWHALL REFINING CO.
364 OXNARO REF.
365 PACIFIC REF.
368 PARAMOUNT PET.
367 POWER IKE OIL
368 SAN JOAQUIN REF.
369 SHELL OIL
370 SHELL OIL
371 SUNLANO REF.
372 TEXACO REFINING
373 TEXACO REFINING
374 TOSCO CORP.
375 UNION OIL OF CALIFOR
376 UNION OIL OF CALIFOR
377 UNOCAL
378 WITCO CORP.
379 WITCO CORP."
380 CHEVRON
381 HAWAII- INOEP. REF.
382 MONTROSE CHEMICAL CO
383 NEVADA REF.
REGION 10:
384 ARCO ALASKA
385 ARCO ALASKA
386 CHEVRON
387 MAPCO PETROLEUM
388 PETRO STAR
389 TESARO ALASKA PETROL
390 CHEVRON
391 ARCO PETROLEUM
392 CHEMICAL PROCESSORS
393 CHEVRON
394 SHELL OIL
395 SOHIO
396 SOUND REF.
397 TEXACO USA
398 U.S. OIL & REFINING
CITY
FREDONIA
PERRIS
MCKITTRICX
CARSON
CASMALIA
SIGNAL HILL
RICHMOND
EL SEGUNDO
SANTA MARIA
PITTS8URG
LONG BEACH
BEN 1C 1 A
WILMINGTON
SANTA FE SPRING
BENECIA
WILMINGTON
BENECIA
WESTMORELAND
BUTTON* ILLOW
BAKERSFIELO
MONTEBELLO
SOUTH GATE
TORRANCE
NEWHALL
OXNARO
HERCULES
PARAMOUNT
SANTA FE SPRING
BAKERSFIELO
WILMINGTON
MARTINEZ
SAKERSFIELO
BAKERSFIELO
WILMINGTON
MARTINEZ
RODEO
WILMINGTON
LOS ANGELES
OILOALE
OILDALE
HONOLULU
EWA BEACH
HENDERSON
TONOPAH
KUPARUK
PRUOHOE BAY
KENAI
NORTH POLE
NORTH POLE
KENAI
PORTLAND
FERNDALE
SEATTLE
SEATTLE
ANACORTES
FERNDALE
TACOMA
ANACORTES
TACOMA
STATE
AZ
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
HI
HI
NV
NV
AX
AK
AX
AX
AK
AK
OR
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
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76
Section 7 Interrelationship with Other Regulations
Sources at benzene waste operations may be already regulated to some
degree by other regulations promulgated by EPA under the CAA and other Federal
Statutes (i.e., RCRA, CERCLA, and FWPCA) and by OSHA. The EPA has taken into
consideration the presence of other regulations during the development of the
final rule for waste operations (Subpart FF). The interrelationship of the
standards being promulgated with the other regulations is being presented here
for clarification.
The preamble to the proposed standards for benzene waste operations
discussed the interrelationship of the proposal with other EPA rulemakings
under the CAA, RCRA, CERCLA, and FWPCA. Regulations promulgated under these
Acts that affect the management of waste, for the most part, require treatment
of the waste to remove or destroy benzene or other organics in at least some
of the waste; they do not ensure control of air emissions from the management
of the waste prior to treatment or from the treatment process itself. In
response to comments on the proposed standards, certain requirements were
changed to make the final standards consistent with other related standards
promulgated by EPA and to improve the ease of implementation by the facility
owner and operator. In the preamble, EPA discusses why the other Acts do not
adequately address the problem of controlling benzene emissions from benzene
waste operations and how the requirements of the waste NESHAP standards
generally relate to other standards. Existing regulations were found to be
inadequate for controlling benzene emissions from waste operations for one or
more of the following reasons: (1) the other standards do not apply to the
sources of benzene emissions, (2) the other standards only apply to a subset
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of the sources (e.g., NSPS only applies to new, modified or reconstructed
facilities), or (3) the existing regulations do not require controls from the
point of generation, but, rather, requires controls only on certain downstream
units.
a. CAA Requirements
As discussed in the preamble to the proposed standards, EPA expected that
some requirements proposed for the national emission standard for benzene
waste operations would overlap with other regulations developed by EPA under
the CAA. Under Section 111 of the CAA, EPA has established NSPS controlling
VOC emissions from certain VOL storage tanks (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Kb) and
from petroleum refinery wastewater systems (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart QQQ). By
controlling VOC emissions, these NSPS also control benzene emissions from some
types of benzene waste operations but only at new, modified, or reconstructed
facilities. These standards do not require controls on all existing
facilities. The EPA has also established specific national emission standards
under Section 112 of the CAA for benzene emissions from equipment leaks (40
CFR Part 61, Subpart J), coke by-product recovery plants (40 CFR Part 61,
Subpart L), and benzene storage vessels (40 CFR Part 61, Subpart Y). The
standards previously promulgated under Sections 111 and 112 of the CAA control
benzene emissions from some but not all benzene waste operations.
The control requirements specified in the benzene waste NESHAP are
compatible with other CAA standards. Where the standards are applicable to a
benzene waste operation that is also regulated by another CAA standard, the
requirements for controls, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting are as
consistent as possible considering that the purpose of the final standards is
to specifically control benzene emissions. It is important to note that
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coverage under another regulation does not eliminate the requirement to
demonstrate compliance with the benzene waste rule.
(1) NSPS (Section 1111
The standards of performance for VOL storage vessels (40 CFR Part
60, Subpart Kb) apply only to those tanks constructed, reconstructed, or
modified after July 23, 1984 that contain organic liquid that meets specified
vapor pressure criteria. The VOL storage NSPS generally controls large
storage tanks (i.e., greater than 151 m3); waste storage tanks are typically
not as large as product storage tanks. Although there is a potential for
overlap of the VOL storage vessel rule with the benzene waste operations rule,
the control requirements of the two rules are the same. The benzene waste
operations rule allows the standards in 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Kb as
alternative standards for tanks.
The standards of performance for petroleum refinery wastewater systems
(40 CFR Part 60, Subpart QQQ) apply to affected facilities located in
petroleum refineries for which construction, modification, or reconstruction
commenced after May 4, 1987. The standards for individual drain systems and
oil-water separators established in Subpart QQQ do not apply to chemical
plants, TSDF, or coke by-product recovery plants. Therefore, the only overlap
that potentially arises is at new, modified, or reconstructed refinery
wastewater systems. The standards for individual drain systems in the final
benzene waste operations rule allow the alternative use of water seals for
drains and vents on covers applied to junction boxes as specified in 40 CFR
Part 60, Subpart QQQ. However, either water seal controls on waste streams
entering each junction box or venting the junction box to a closed vent system
and control device would be required for the benzene waste operations rule to
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ensure that no flow occurs through the sewer system and out the junction boxes
during normal operation. This additional requirement is necessary to control
benzene emissions. To the extent that the NSPS controls are now allowed, the
final rule is consistent with the NSPS. Any overlap in the two drain
standards is not expected to present a compliance problem.
(2) NESHAP (Section 112)
The national emission standards for benzene storage vessels (40 CFR
Part 61, Subpart Y) apply to tanks storing benzene (not mixtures) with a
capacity of greater than 38 m3 (10,000 gallons) that are not located at coke
by-product plants or on vehicles. The provisions of Subpart Y are essentially
the same as those in 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Kb. There appears to be no
potential for overlap with the benzene waste rule because Subpart Y applies to
product storage vessels as opposed to benzene containing wastes.
The national emission standards for equipment leaks of benzene
(40 CFR Part 61, Subpart J) apply to specific pieces of equipment (i.e.,
pumps, compressors, pressure relief devices, sampling connections, open-ended
valves or lines, valves, flanges, product accumulator vessels, and control
devices required by the subpart) that either contains or contacts a fluid with
at least 10 percent benzene by weight. The benzene waste operations rule does
not address the same type of emission sources as Subpart J.
The national emission standards for benzene emissions from coke by-
product recovery plants (40 CFR Part 61, Subpart L) regulate a number of
benzene emission sources from waste operations at coke by-product recovery
plants. These include the tar decanters, tar-intercepting sumps, and light-
oil sumps at both furnace and foundry coke plants and ammonia liquor storage
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tanks at furnace coke plants. These sources could also be regulated under the
benzene waste operations rule; however, the control requirements under Subpart
L are considered adequate to meet the requirements of the benzene waste rule.
Under the benzene waste operations rule, the point of generation for a waste
stream regulated by Subpart L is considered the outlet or effluent from the
regulated unit. In addition, there are other sources that handle benzene
containing wastes at coke by-product recovery plants that are not controlled
by Subpart L (e.g., wastewater from the light-oil sump that is not currently
stripped (in the ammonia stripper) and ammonia-1iquor storage tanks at foundry
coke plants). These sources would be regulated under the benzene waste
operations rule.
b. RCRA Requirements
Benzene is listed as a hazardous constituent in 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix
VIII, and has been identified as a component in several types of RCRA-listed
hazardous waste. The proposed organic toxicity characteristic (51 FR 21648,
June 13, 1986) would identify additional benzene containing wastes as
hazardous. Therefore, certain wastes containing benzene would be hazardous
wastes that would be affected by various emission control programs being
developed by EPA under authority of RCRA Sections 3004(m), (n), and (u).
Standards developed under these RCRA sections would control benzene emissions
from certain benzene waste operations, but because of exclusions and
exemptions allowed under RCRA not all benzene waste operations at TSDF would
be controlled. The benzene waste operations rule will in some cases overlap
with regulations developed under RCRA but, most importantly, the waste rule
will also control benzene emissions from benzene waste operations not
controlled under RCRA.
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(1) Land Disposal Restrictions
Under RCRA Section 3004(m), EPA is developing regulations
restricting the land disposal of untreated hazardous wastes. The LDR
establish standards that require certain hazardous waste be treated to reduce
specific hazardous waste properties (e.g., concentrations of individual toxic
constituents such as benzene) before the waste is placed in a land disposal
unit. The LDR treatment standards are expressed as either concentration
limits or specified technologies that are based upon the performance
achievable by the "best demonstrated available technologies" that will
minimize the health and environmental threats posed by the waste. When a
treatment standard is expressed as a concentration limit (i.e., performance
level), the owner or operator may use any nonprohibited technology to treat
the waste to meet the standard. However, when a treatment standard is
expressed as a specific technology or technologies (i.e., BOAT), the owner or
operator must treat the waste using the specified technologies prior to land
disposal.
The EPA is proposing and promulgating LDR in stages. The first set of
LDR, for certain dioxins and solvent-containing hazardous wastes was
promulgated on November 7, 1986 (51 FR 40572); the second set of restrictions,
the "California list," was promulgated on July 8, 1987 (52 FR 25760); the
"First Third" was promulgated on August 17, 1988 (53 FR 31138); and the
"Second Third" on June 23, 1989 (54 FR 26597). To date, the only benzene-
specific LDR treatment standards that have been promulgated are benzene
concentration limits for certain petroleum refining wastes (i.e., 0.011
milligrams of benzene per liter of wastewater and 9.5 milligrams per kilogram
of nonwastewaters) (53 FR 31138, August 17, 1988). These treatment standards
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82
are based on the use of solvent extraction or fluidized bed incineration, but
the LDR allow the owner or operator to meet this standard by using any
nonprohibited technology.
Because LDR treatment minimizes the benzene concentration in the residual
waste, LDR treatment processes are allowed as equivalent control systems
(treatment processes) under the benzene waste operations rule. While
treatment to meet benzene-specific LDR standards will minimize benzene
emissions from waste management units in which a waste is placed following
treatment, air emission controls are not required under RCRA for the LDR
treatment process. Thus, benzene emissions from waste management units in
which waste containing benzene is placed prior to LDR treatment and from LDR
treatment processes used to treat this waste are not controlled by the
standards under RCRA Section 3004(m). These sources of benzene emissions
would be controlled as part of the requirements of the benzene waste
operations rule.
(2) Air Emission Standards
Section 3004(n) of RCRA directs EPA to promulgate regulations for
the monitoring and control of air emissions from hazardous waste TSDF as may
be necessary to protect human health and the environment. In a separate
three-phase rulemaking, EPA is developing nationwide standards for the control
of organic emissions from certain waste management units at TSDF. The first
two phases of this rulemaking are addressing total organic emissions as a
class from TSDF sources (as opposed to emissions of specific organic compounds
such as benzene). For the third phase, EPA is planning to assess the
protectiveness of the organic emission control requirements specified by
standards developed for the first two phases and for other EPA air emission
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83
control programs such as national emission standards for benzene waste
operations. If this assessment determines that additional standards or
guidance are necessary to protect human health and the environment, then one
approach EPA may choose would be to develop nationwide TSDF standards for
individual constituents.
Although EPA is aware that there will be some overlap in the RCRA 3004(n)
air emission standards and the benzene waste operation rule, the controls
required by these regulations are, to the extent possible, consistent. In
addition, regulations being developed under RCRA Section 3004(n) apply to only
specific waste management units at TSDF subject to RCRA Subtitle C permitting
requirements. Not all facilities managing hazardous waste are subject to RCRA
permit requirements and not all waste management units at TSDF subject to RCRA
permit requirements will be subject to RCRA air emission standards.
The EPA's analysis indicates that a significant portion of the risk to
human health and the environment from benzene waste operations is due to
exposure to air emissions from wastewater and wastewater sludges containing
benzene. Many waste operations used to manage wastewater containing benzene
are not subject to RCRA Subtitle C permitting requirements. The RCRA
regulations under 40 CFR 270.1(c)(2)(iv) specifically exclude owners and
operators of elementary neutralization units or wastewater treatment units as
defined in 40 CFR 260.10 from obtaining a RCRA permit. This exception from
RCRA permitting requirements applies not only to the tank where the waste is
treated but also to any ancillary equipment connected to the tank (53 FR
34080; September 2, 1988). Thus, a major source of benzene emissions,
wastewater collection and treatment units, would be not controlled by the RCRA
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standards under Section 3004(n). Benzene emissions from Wastewater collection
and treatment units at the affected facilities are regulated by the benzene
waste rule.
Other benzene waste operation emission sources are also exempt from RCRA
Subtitle C permitting requirements and, therefore, may not be controlled by
standards under RCRA Section 3004(n). The RCRA regulations under 40 CFR
261.4(a)(8) exclude from the definition of hazardous waste those materials
that are reclaimed and returned within 12 months to the process which
generated the material. Thus, benzene waste operations that accumulate and
store materials containing benzene that are ultimately recycled to the process
or processes generating the material (e.g., slop oil collected in waste
management units at a petroleum refinery) may not be controlled by air
emission standards under RCRA Section 3004(n). Also under RCRA, tanks and
containers used to accumulate hazardous waste for short periods of time (i.e.,
up to 90 or 270 days depending on the quantity of waste generated) may be
exempted from the RCRA Subtitle C permitting requirements in accordance with
requirements specified in 40 CFR 262.34. Thus, air emission standards under
RCRA Section 3004(n) may not control benzene emissions from tanks and
containers used to accumulate waste containing benzene. Because these tanks
and containers manage the waste near the point where the waste is generated
and the potential for benzene emissions is greatest, if the accumulation tanks
and containers are not controlled, the majority of the benzene contained in
the waste may be emitted to the atmosphere before the waste is transferred to
a waste management unit subject to control under RCRA Section 3004(n). The
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85
benzene waste rule regulates benzene waste operations from the point where the
waste leaves the process unit where it is generated through treatment of the
waste to remove or destroy benzene, including any storage or accumulation
devices.
(3) Corrective Action
Under authority of RCRA Section 3004(u), EPA is developing
regulations to address releases of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents
from SWMU's that pose a threat to human health and the environment. This
corrective action program applies to contamination of soil, water, and air
media. Therefore, at TSDF with benzene waste operations, benzene emissions
from SWMU's may be addressed by a corrective action program. This corrective
action program would be designed to achieve target risk levels for individual
process units based on an examination of the particular TSDF. It is not
intended to set national emission standards for specific constituents, such as
benzene, from all TSDF. The final national emission standards for benzene
waste operations are applicable to those TSOF that meet the applicability
criteria and would require benzene controls for the benzene waste operations
conducted at these facilities.
(4) Waste Combustion
The proposed standards for benzene waste operations would have
established specific treatment requirements for certain waste streams
containing benzene. Several commenters claimed that these treatment
requirements would be inconsistent with the LDR treatment standards and the
RCRA regulatory approach proposed by EPA under 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart D for
burning hazardous waste in any boiler or industrial furnace. It was not EPA's
intention in developing the NESHAP for benzene waste operations to prevent or
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86
discourage an owner or operator fro. using a certain treatment process that
they are currently using or plan to use to comply with RCRA standards provided
that treatment process can meet or exceed the treatment requirements that EPA
has determined to be necessary for reducing benzene emissions to levels
protective of public health and the environment. Therefore, EPA concluded
that it was appropriate to include boilers and industrial furnaces allowed
under the proposed regulatory amendments to 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart D as
equivalent waste treatment processes in the final standards. It is important
to note that existing regulations in 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart D do not contain
substantive control requirements for these waste combustion processes.
c- CERCLA Requirements
The CERCLA as amended by SARA, 42 U.S.C 9601 et. seq., authorizes
EPA to undertake removal and remedial actions to clean up hazardous substance
releases. Removal actions typically are short-term or temporary measures
taken to minimize exposure or danger to humans and the environment from the
release of a hazardous substance. Remedial actions are longer term activities
that are consistent with a permanent remedy for a release. On-site remedial
actions are required by CERCLA Section 121(d)(2) to comply with the
requirements of Federal and more stringent State public health and
environmental laws that are ARAR's to the specific CERCLA site. "Relevant and
appropriate requirements" means those Federal or State requirements that,
while not applicable, address problems or situations sufficiently similar to
those encountered at the CERCLA site such that their use is well suited to the
particular site (53 FR 51478). In addition, the NCP provides that on-site
CERCLA removal actions "should comply with the Federal ARAR's to the extent
practicable considering the exigencies of the circumstances" (40 CFR
300.65(f)). The EPA has developed interim final guidance on the appropriate
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use of ARAR's. It is entitled "The CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws Manual:
Parts I and II (9234.1-01 and 9234.1-02). A requirement under a Federal or
State environmental law may either be "applicable" or "relevant and
appropriate," but not both, to a remedial or removal action conducted at a
CERCLA site. "Applicable requirements" as defined in the proposed revisions
to the NCP, means those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other
substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations
promulgated under Federal or State law that specifically address a hazardous
substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other
circumstance found at a CERCLA site [40 CFR 300.5 (proposed), 53 FR 51475;
December 21, 1988].
d. CWA Requirements
Wastewater containing benzene is subject to regulation under the
CWA. Because CWA controls apply to the point where the wastewater is
discharged to a POTW or directly into surface waters, the CWA requirements do
not generally control benzene either upstream at the benzene waste operations
or at the treatment process used to meet the discharge requirements.
e. OSHA Requirements
Standards are issued by OSHA to protect the health and safety of
personnel working at a facility. The OSHA standards limit exposure of workers
to hazardous materials such as benzene in the workplace but do not apply to
people living outside the facility boundaries. Controls implemented at a
facility to comply with OSHA standards are intended and designed to reduce
worker exposure to benzene. Consequently, these controls would not
necessarily result in reduced benzene emissions to the atmosphere. For
example, requiring workers to wear protective equipment such as respirators or
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installing engineering controls such as room or hood ventilation systems to
maintain benzene concentrations in work areas below specified limits would
reduce worker exposure but would not control benzene emissions to the
atmosphere. In addition, there is expected to be no overlap between the
benzene waste rule and OSHA requirements. Furthermore, sufficient flexibility
was included in the rule to allow owners and operators to consider safety in
the selection of benzene emission controls for compliance with the final waste
rule.
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Section 8 Implementation Plan for Benzene NESHAPs
This plan identifies those activities and documents necessary to
enable the regional offices and delegated authorities to implement and enforce
the national emission standards for benzene as promulgated at 54 FR 38044
(September 14, 1989) and at 55 FR 8292 (March 7, 1990). This plan will note
the lead office, contact person, due date, and objective of each activity and
document identified.
The goal of each activity and document identified in this plan should
be the successful implementation of the new benzene NESHAPs. In setting the
deadline for each item identified in this plan, SSCD tried to set realistic
dates, i.e., a balance between the need for timely guidance and training and
the recognition of the competing demands made upon the person responsible for
developing that guidance or training. Given that these two forces are often
in a state of flux, the deadlines in this plan are subject to change. SSCD
hopes to keep all parties informed of changes in deadlines as soon as those
changes are known. If you have any questions regarding this plan, please
contact Barbara Durso at FTS 245-3653.
I. Compliance Monitoring Strategy (CMS)
LEAD: SSCD CONTACT: Barbara Durso
DUE DATE: 6/1/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 245-3653
OBJECTIVE: SSCD will explore the need for a compliance monitoring strategy.
Designed for use by the headquarters, regions, and delegated authorities, a
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MS describes the responsibilities of each office in implementing the rule and
provides guidance on targeting inspections and using self-monitoring data
(where available and applicable). Since these NESHAPs are automatically
delegated in most cases to State and local authorities, SSCD will explore the
need to develop such a plan. A decision whether or not to develop a CMS for
the benzene NESHAPs will be made by 6/1/90.
II. Summary of Rules (Benzene transfer and benzene waste operations)
LEAD: ESD CONTACT: Lai it Banker
DUE DATE: 2/27/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 629-5420
OBJECTIVE: Designed for use by the regions, headquarters, state and local
authorities, and owners/operators of affected facilities, this document will
provide "plain English" summaries of the rules. This document will also
consist of flowcharts or tables for determining applicability, standards,
compliance, and exemptions. This document will summarize the benzene NESHAPs
into two categories: benzene transfer operations and benzene waste operations
III. Summary of Rules (Coke by-product plants and benzene storage tanks)
LEAD: SSCD CONTACT: Barbara Durso
DUE DATE: 3/15/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 245-3653
OBJECTIVE: Same as in II but will cover rules under those source categories.
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IV. Inspection Manual and Training for Subpart J
LEAD: SSCD CONTACT: Omayra Salgado
DUE DATE: 9/30/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 382-2837
OBJECTIVE: Designed for use by regional, state, and local inspectors and
in-house auditors, these documents will provide a step-by-step guide to
inspecting the facilities affected by Subpart J. Training for Subpart J is
expected in FY91. Inspection manuals for the other benzene NESHAPs is on the
Technical Agenda for FY91.
V. List of Sources Affected
LEAD: SSCD CONTACT: Barbara Durso
DUE DATE: 3/30/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 245-3653
OBJECTIVE: Designed for use by headquarters, regions, and delegated
authorities, this document will be an initial compilation of sources known
to be or believed to be affected by benzene transfer and waste operations
rules. This list was compiled from information in existing databases and from
data gathered in the process of rule development. The list also provides SICs
for source categories affected by the new rules. A second list will be
available within the next three weeks for regional offices or delegated
authorities to review and to identify which sources are already in CDS. The
regional offices will need to identify to SSCD those sources for which there
is not enough information to input the source in CDS.
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92
VI. Compilation of Available Technical Support
LEAD: SSCD with ESD CONTACT: Barbara Durso
DUE DATE: 9/30/91 TELEPHONE: FTS 245-3653
OBJECTIVE: Designed for headquarters, regions, delegated authorities, and
owners/operators of affected facilities, this document will serve as an
annotated bibliography of existing reference books, guidance, background
information documents, and hotlines related to benzene control methodology,
health risks, and related topics. This document must be placed on the
Technical Agenda and probably will be put together with contractor assistance.
VII. Inventory Assistance
LEAD: SSCD CONTACT: Barbara Durso
DUE DATE: 5/31/90 TELEPHONE: FTS 245-3653
OBJECTIVE: Explore possibility of having a contractor put together a list
with complete source names and addresses. The need for this list will be
evaluated based upon the information received from the regional offices under
item "V."
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93 APPENDIX A
Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 61, App. A
APPENDIX A
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Compliance Status Information
I. SOURCE REPORT
INSTRUCTIONS: Owners or operators of sources of
hazardous pollutants subject to the National
Emission Standards for Hazardous A1r Pollutants
are required to submit the Information contained
la Section I to the appropriate U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Regional Office prior to 90 days
after the effective date of any standards or amend-
ments which require the submission of such
Information.
A list of regional offices 1s provided In 161.04.
A. SOURCE INFORMATION
1. Identification/Location - Indicate the name and address of each source.
12 34 58 9 13 000 00 1
Region StaTe County Source Number 11 T6 17 IB W
20 22 23 26
AQCR t City Codt 27
Source Name 46
47Street Address (Location of Plant)66
Oup 1-18
T9" 20 City Name 34 SUflEe 3519
55 58
40State Regis. Number54 NEDS X Ref.
,-^r—^ „ 8 77 7?
59Sic62 ff . A/K Staff 8O
64 65
Oup 1-li 5
T9" CT 57> W BO"
30 31 49
2. Contact - Indicate the name and telephone number of the owner or operator
or other responsible official whom EPA may contact concerning this report.
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94
Pt. 61, App. A 40 CFR Ch , (7_|_w Editio|))
Dup 1-18 41
44 46 .
Art* Godt 47~-H3*t? 54
3. Swan* Otscrlptioii . Brltfly statt tht naturt of tht sourct (t o «Chi«,
alkali Plant' or "MacMnt Shop*). *°urct it.g.. Chlor-
Dup 1-18 4 2 ^
!*"-» 21 ' UtscHptlon
" continutd
4. *Utrn«ttvt M«nino Addrtst . imHcrtt an alttrnatlvt
Ml ling loortss IT corrtspondtnct Is to bt d
to a location dlfftrtnt thanthit sptclflid
Oup 1-18 4 3
15-70 « Nuabtr Strati or Box hUtf - ft jff
* N18 44 _ » w
21 - CT^F - S SBl?
fro* this sourct cm cannot
rrw tht sourct will
*' SuffL1?^^0!!- !5rt • *??"'•• *• eowltttd stparauly for tach
«h»ion TOT .acii hazardous pollutant. [Sourcts subjtct to (1.22(1)
21 » 3B- 3T
"OS X tef IS SIP
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95
Environmental Protection Agency
Pt. 61, App. A
1. Pollutant Emitted - Indicate the type of hazardous pollutant emitted by the
process. Indicate "AB" for asbestos, "BE* for beryl HUM, or "HG" for mercury.
32 33
PoTTuTant
Regulation
47
EC
2. Process Description - Provide a brief description of each process (e.q.,
•hydrogen end box" In a mercury chlor-alkall plant, "grinding machine" In
a beryllium machine shop). Use additional sheets If necessary.
50
Oup 1-18
51
Oup 1-18
51
Process Description 74 a
6
15"
/
1
ZO 21
79
2
20 21
79
J
50
BIT
50
HT
3. Amount of Pollutant - Indicate the average weight of the hazardous material
named in Item l which enters the process In pounds per month (based on the
previous twelve months of operation).
Oup 1-18 63
15 Zo
2T
Ibs./mo.
4. Control Devices
a. Indicate the type of pollution control devices. If any, used to reduce
the emissions from the process (e.g.. venturl scrubber, baghousc. wet
cyclone) and the estimated percent of the pollutant which the device
removes from the process gas stream.
Oup 1-18 64
15 2b
PRIHMY CONTROL DEVICE;
43
66
70
Primary Device name
Percent Removal
Efficiency
7Z
79
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96
Pt. 61, App. A
40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-89 Edition)
Oup
47
1-18
6 5
15 ?0
21
Secondary Device Name
SECONDARY CONTROL
64
66
Percent
DEVICES:
45
70
Reno vat
I EFFIC.
72 79 Bff
Efficiency
b. Asbestos Emission Control Devices Only
1.
*!«»» b*»i 99 I WIP teVM W W I WCV » VO Ull I J
If a baghouse Is specified In Item 4a. give the following
Information:
• The air flow permeability in cubic feet per Minute per square
foot of fabric area.
efm/ft2
Air flow oermeabllity »
The pressure drop In Inches water gauge acrqss the filter
at which the baghouse Is operated.
, Inches w.g.
Operating pressure drop • _____
If the baghouse material contains synthetic fill yarn, check
whether this material is / / spun / / or not spun.
If the baghouse utilizes a felted fabric, give the minimum
thickness in inches and the density in ounces per square yard.
Thickness «
. Inches Density •
.oz/ydz
11. If a wet collection device 1s specified In Item 4«. give the
designed unit, contacting energy In Inches water gauge.
Unit contacting energy
, Inches w.g.
C. DISPOSAL Of ASBESTOS-CONTAINING HASTES. Part C should be completed separately
ror each asbestos-containing waste generation operation arising from sources
subject to I61.22(a). (c). (e), and (h).
Oup 1-13
A B
32 33 3l
Pollutant
-r A9,.. ,1 ^
16 17 IB T* 20 5CC
Regulation 48 47
EC
~Z7 28T9 W JT
NEDS X Ref CS SIP
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97
Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 61, App. A
1. Waste Generation - Provide a brief description of each process that
generates asbestos-containing waste (e.g. disposal of control device wastes).
50 Process Description 79 Bff
2* Asbestos Concentration • Indicate the average percentage asbestos content
or tnese Materials.
Oup 1-18 6 1 ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION!
19 ZO 21~ & 43 ft
sir ar
3> *"ou"t of Hastes - Indicate the average weight of asbestos-containing wastes
disposed of. Measured In kg/day.
^ I'M , «2_, . ^ fca/dav
19 20 21 77 2934 W
4. Control Methods - Indicate the emission control Methods used 1n all stages
oTwwlSTTsposal, fro* collection, processing, and packaging to transporting
ana deposition.
Oup 1-18 6 3 Prlaary Control Method
19 ZO 2i
79 Bff
Oup 1-18 6 4
19 20 21 —-50
ST
"79
5. Haste Disposal - Indicate the type of disposal site (sanitary landfill.
openTc^raT or Incineration site (Municipal, private) where the waste
£ » X! *nf ?*° Ol>tr
-------
98
Pt. 61, App. A
Dupl-18
40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-89 Edition)
2T
.OPERATOR; s 3l-
«,-.. r, a mm> ,
..
Oup 1-13
00^ _5
•«—D ST?« 5 S
3i
Pollutant
EC
PISPOSM. SITE.
sr
rtsldenct. tnd closwt prt«try
Oupl-18 ,62
4r
l5TT02r
RESIDEMCtl^
29 30
62 53
ROAD:
-i!
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99
Environmental Protection Agency
Pt. 61, App. A
2. Inactlvatlon - After tlw sltt Is Inactivated. Indicate the tathod or Mthods
ustd to coasily with tht standard and sand a 11st of the actions that will bt
undertaken to Maintain tht Inactivated site.
Oup 1-18 6 8 HET»8Sffli8fflfk SITE;
19 TO zi sz
IL WAIVER REQUESTS
A. Waiver of Compliance. Owners or oper-
ators of sources unable to operate in compli-
ance with the National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants prior to 90
days after the effective date of any stand-
ards or amendments which require the sub-
mission of such information may request a
waiver of compliance from the Administra-
tor of the UJ3. Environmental Protection
Agency for the time period necessary to in-
stall appropriate control devices or make
modifications to achieve compliance. The
Administrator may grant a waiver of com-
pliance with the standard for a period not
exceeding two years from the effective date
of the hazardous pollutant standards, if he
finds that such period is necessary for the
Installation of controls and that steps will
be taken during the period of the waiver to
assure that the health of persons will be
protected from imminent endangennent.
The report information provided in Section
I must accompany this application. Applica-
tions should be sent to the appropriate EPA
regional office.
1. Processes Involved—Indicate the proc-
ess or processes emitting hazardous pollut-
ants to which emission controls are to be ap-
plied.
2. Controls
a. Describe the proposed type of control
device to be added or modification to be
made to the process to reduce the emission
of hazardous pollutants to an acceptable
level. (Use additional sheets If necessary.)
b. Describe the measures that will be
taken during the waiver period to assure
that the health of persons will be protected
from imminent endangennent. (Use addi-
tional sheets if necessary.)
3. Increments of Progress—Specify the
dates by which the following increments of
progress will be met.
Date by which contracts for emission con-
trol systems or process modifications will be
awarded; or date by which orders will be
issued for the purchase of the component
parts to accomplish emission control or
process modification.
Oup L16
0 1 7
17 T9
53T4
HO/DY/YR
Date of Initiation of on-slte construction or Installation of
Mission control equipment or process change. "*""10n of
~SS
Oup 1-16
027
17 T9
5TT4
•0 61 to/DY/YRSis 80"
Oup 1-16
Date by which on-slte construction or Installation of emission control
equip*** or process modification is to bt caapleted. am$10n contro1
sra
55 SO 61
Date by which final compliance Is to bt achieved.
Oup NIC
047
HU/OY/YR
W/DY/YR56 50"
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100
LIST OF OAOPS CONTACTS
Appendix B
Benzene Waste Operations
Hustvedt, K. C.
Lucas, Bob
Meyer, Jan
Telephone Number
919-541-5395
919-541-0884
919-541-5254
FTS
629-5395
629-0884
629-5254
Benzene Transfer Operations
Butler, Laura
Bell, Doug
Markwordt, Dave
919-541-5267
919-541-5568
919-541-0837
629-5267
629-5568
629-0837
Compliance Pol icy
Durso, Barbara
202-245-3653
245-3653
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-101
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-90-009
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Benzene Enabling Document for Standards on
Benzene Transfer and Waste Operations
5. REPORT DATE
March 1990
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
US Environmental Protection Agency
OAR, OAQPS, ESD, SDE (MD-13)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Lai it Banker
ABSTRACT Qn February 27, 1990, standards for Benzene were promulgated for benzene
:ransfer and benzene waste operations. This benzene enabling document summarizes
these standards. The basic purpose of this document is to assist the EPA regional
enforcement personnel in the understanding of these regulations and the implementation
plan for benzene NESHAPs. Flow diagrams that can assist in the determination of the
applicability of the standards to the sources and example forms to be filled out by
the waste operations listing stream characteristics are also included.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Summary of benzene standards
tenzene transfer operations
Benzene waste operations
•laiver of compliance request
Benzene implementation plan
Air Pollution Control
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY
i OF PAGES
20. SECURITY
Unclassified
j!
*• EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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U S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL42J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floo*
Chicago, tL 60604-3590
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