United States Office of Air Quality
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
_
EPA 450/3-91 -028
December 1991
EPA Enabling Document for New
Source Performance
Standards for Calciners and
Dryers In Mineral Industries
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EPA-450/3-91-028
Enabling Document for New
Source Performance Standards
for Calciners and Dryers
In Mineral Industries
Emission Standards Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Offlc* of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standarda
R»a«arch Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
December 1991
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards
Division of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
EPA, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
commerical products is not intended to constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use. The purpose of this document is to
provide information in a summary form but not to indicate the
intent of any EPA decisions. Copies of this report are
available through the Library Services Office (MD-35), U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711, or from National Technical Information Services, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ii:i-
LIST OF TABLES iv
Section 1 Introduction !
Section 2 Summary of Standards 3
Section 3 Process Description 10
Section 4 General Provisions 38
Section 5 Existing Industries/Sources Affected 44
Section 6 Federal Register Reprint of Regulation .... 52
APPENDIX A List of OAQPS Contacts A-l
in
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3-1 Simplified Process Flow Diagram for 20
for Alumina Production
3-2 Ball Clay Process 21
3-3 Bentonite Processing 22
3-4 Alternate Process Flow Diagram for 23
Diamite Production
3-5 Feldspar Flotation Process 24
3-6 Partial Flow Diagram for Fire Clay 25
Plant
3-7 General Flow Diagram for Fuller's 26
Earth Production
3-8 Process Flow Diagram for Gypsum 27
Production
3-9 Process Flow Diagram for Industrial 28
Sand Production
3-10 Typical Wet Mining and Process 29
for High Grade Kaolin Products
3-11 Schematic of a Typical LWA Plant 30
3-12 Typical Process Flow Diagram for 31
the Production of Magnesias from
Natural Brine Solutions
3-13 Flow Diagram for Perlite Ore 32
Processing
3-14 Roofing Granules Production 33
3-15 Process Flow Diagram for Talc 34
Processing
3-16 Simplified Flow Diagram of Chloride 35
Process—TiO2
3-17 Simplified Flow Diagram of Sulfate 36
Process—Ti02
3-18 Vermiculite Expansion System 37
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
2-1 Recordkeeping and Reporting 7
Requirements
2-2 Compliance Times for the NSPS 8
3-1 Types of Dryers Used by Each 12
Industry
3-2 Types of Calciners Used by Each 16
Industry
5-1 Mineral Industries: SIC and 45
Product Uses
5-2 Facilities Identified in Mineral 46
Industries
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Section 1. Introduction
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated
standards of performance (NSPS) for new, modified, and
reconstructed calciners and dryers in 17 mineral industries.
This enabling document presents pertinent information regarding
the NSPS for this source category.
This document is intended to assist the EPA enforcement
and other personnel who will be implementing and responding to
comments and questions concerning this regulation. Comments on
this document may be sent to Linda Chaput, Chief, Standards
Preparation Section (MD-13), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Section 2 presents a summary of the applicability,
exemptions, control requirements, performance testing
requirements, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting
requirements contained in the regulation (40 CFR 60.730-
60.737). This section presents a brief synopsis designed to be
useful in a quick determination of whether or not a facility is
subject to the rule.
Section 3 presents a brief discussion of the process
description for each of the 17 mineral industries covered by
the regulation.
Section 4 includes a discussion of the General Provisions
(Subpart A of 40 CFR Part 60) that are relevant to this
regulation: Sections 60.8 Performance tests; 60.11 Compliance
with standards and maintenance requirements; 60.13 Monitoring
requirements; 60.14 Modification; and 60.15 Reconstruction.
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Section 5 presents the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes for the affected industries and a list of sources
that were identified during the development of this rulemaking.
It should be noted, however, that this list may not be
complete, and may not reflect current operations at many
facilities due to a 5-year time lag between proposal and
promulgation. The list is provided as a guideline of the
sources that might be affected by the NSPS.
Section 6 contains a copy of the regulation for calciners
and dryers in mineral industries as it appeared in the Federal
Register.
Appendix A presents a list of people at OAQPS who can be
contacted regarding the technical as well as the regulatory
aspects of the promulgated standard.
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Section 2. Summary of Standards
Applicability
Affected industry: Any mineral processing plant that
processes or produces any of the following minerals, their
concentrates or any mixture of which the majority (> 50
percent) is any of the following minerals or a combination of
these minerals: alumina, ball clay, bentonite, diatomite,
feldspar, fire clay, fuller's earth, gypsum, industrial sand,
kaolin, lightweight aggregate, magnesium compounds, perlite,
roofing granules, talc, titanium dioxide, and vermiculite.
Affected facility; Each calciner and each dryer used in
any of the 17 mineral processing industries.
Exemptions
Feed and product conveyors, vertical shaft kilns in
the magnesium compounds industry; the chlorination-oxidation
process in the titanium dioxide industry; coating kilns,
mixers, and aerators in the roofing granules industry; and
tunnel kilns, tunnel dryers, apron dryers, and grinding
equipment that also dries the process material used in any of
the 17 mineral industries.
For the brick and related clay products industry, only
the calcining and drying of raw materials prior to firing of
the brick are covered.
An affected facility that is subject to the provisions
of Subpart LL of 40 CFR Part 60, Metallic Mineral Processing
Plants, is not subject to the provisions of this regulation.
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Standards
Limit stack emissions of particulate matter (PM) to
0.040 grain per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf) for calciners
and for calciners and dryers installed in series.
Limit stack emissions of PM to 0.025 gr/dscf for
dryers.
Limit visible emissions from affected facilities using
dry control devices to 10 percent opacity.
Compliance testing
Use Method 5 to determine the particulate matter
concentration. The sampling time and volume for each test run
is at least 2 hours and 1.70 dscm.
Use Method 9 and the procedures in Section 60.11 to
determine opacity from stack emissions.
During the initial performance test of a wet scrubber,
use the monitoring devices described in 40 CFR 60.734(d) to
determine the average change in pressure of the gas stream
across the scrubber and the average flowrate of the scrubber
liquid during each of the particulate matter runs. The
arithmetic averages of the three runs are to be used as the
baseline average values for the purposes of 40 CFR 60.735(c).
Monitoring reguirements
When a dry control device (baghouse or ESP) is used to
comply with the calciner or dryer mass emission standard, a
Continuous Opacity Monitoring System (COM3) is required to be
installed, operated, and maintained to measure and record the
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opacity of emissions discharged from the control device on all
calciners and dryers, except as follows;
In lieu of installing a COM3, the following units that
use a dry control device may have a certified visible emissions
observer measure and record three 6-minute averages of the
opacity of visible emissions to the atmosphere each day of
operation: ball clay vibrating grate dryer, bentonite rotary
dryer, diatomite flash dryer, diatomite rotary calciner,
feldspar rotary dryer, fire clay rotary dryer, industrial sand
fluid bed dryer, kaolin rotary calciner, perlite rotary dryer,
roofing granules fluid bed dryer, roofing granules rotary
dryer, talc rotary calciner, titanium dioxide spray dryer,
titanium dioxide fluid bed dryer, vermiculite fluid bed dryer,
or a vermiculite rotary dryer.
The following units are exempt from all monitoring:
ball clay rotary dryer, diatomite rotary dryer, feldspar fluid
bed dryer, fuller's earth rotary dryer, gypsum rotary dryer,
gypsum flash calciner, gypsum kettle calciner, industrial sand
rotary dryer, kaolin rotary dryer, kaolin multiple hearth
furnace, perlite expansion furnace, talc flash dryer, talc
rotary dryer, titanium dioxide direct or indirect rotary dryer,
or vermiculite expansion furnace.
If a wet scrubber is used to comply with the mass
emission standard for any affected facility, monitoring devices
are installed, calibrated, and maintained to continuously
measure and record the pressure loss of the gas stream through
the scrubber and scrubbing liquid flow rate to the scrubber.
The pressure loss monitoring device must be certified by the
manufacturer to be accurate within 5 percent of water column
gauge pressure at the level of operation. The liquid flow rate
monitoring device must be certified by the manufacturer to be
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accurate within 5 percent of design scrubbing liquid flow rate.
Recordkeepina and reporting requirements
The recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the NSPS
are contained in Table 2-1.
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TABLE 2-1. RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Requirement Reg. Gen. Prov.
Up-to-date, readily accessible 60.8(a)
records of data collected during
initial performance test and
during all subsequent
performance tests.
Records of startup, shutdown, 60.7(b)
or malfunction.
Records of pressure loss of the 60.735(b)
gas stream across the scrubber
and scrubbing liquid flow rate.
Continuous record of COM3 60.734(a)
results.
Records of daily visible 60.734(b)
emission observations.
2-year retention of records. 60.735(a)
Reports of performance test 60.8(a)
data and results.
Semiannual reports of excess 60.735(c)
emissions or exceedances of
control device operating
parameters.
Compliance dates
The compliance dates and timing requirements to be
followed for determining compliance with the NSPS are shown in
Table 2-2.
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TABLE 2-2. COMPLIANCE TIMES FOR THE NSPS
Activity
1. Notification of date of
commencement of
construction or recon.
[Sec. 60.7(a)(l)]
2. Notification of date of
anticipated initial
startup [Sec. 60.7(a)(2)]
3. Notification of date of
actual initial startup
[Sec. 60.7(a)(3)]
4. Notification of any
physical change to an
existing facility which
may increase the emission
rate [Sec. 60.7(a)(4)]
5. Notification of date of
commencement of
demonstration of COM3
performance
[Sec. 60.7(a)(5)]
6. Initial performance test
and written report of
results [Sec. 60.8(a)]
7. Notification of any
performance test
[Sec. 60.8(d)]
8. Notification that COM3
data results will be used
to determine compliance
with opacity standard in
lieu of Method 9
Postmarked Date
No later than 30 days
after date of commencement
No more than 60 days nor
less than 30 days prior to
anticipated startup*
Within 15 days after
actual startup*
60 days or as soon as
practicable before the
change is commenced
Not less than 30 days
prior to commencement
Within 60 days after
achieving maximum pro-
duction rate but not
later than 180 days
after initial startup*
30 days prior notifi-
cation reguired*
Not less than 30 days
prior to date of per-
formance test
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*For those sources that were constructed, reconstructed, or
modified between the date of proposal and the date of
promulgation, notification of the actual date of initial
startup must be postmarked no later than 30 days following the
date of promulgation, the initial performance test must be
conducted within 60 days following promulgation if the maximum
production rate at which the affected facility will be operated
has been achieved, or within 180 days following promulgation if
the maximum production capacity has not been achieved.
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Section 3. Process Description
The source category of mineral dryers and calciners
includes process equipment used to dry and calcine metallic and
nonmetallic minerals in 17 selected mineral processing
industries. Drying is defined as the removal of uncombined
(free) water from the mineral material through direct or
indirect heating. Calcining is the removal of combined
(chemically bound) water and/or gases from the mineral material
through direct or indirect heating. Calcining also refers to
the heating, at high temperatures, of certain clay materials to
create a ceramic change in the raw material.
In addition to the typical dryer and calciner process
units, other process equipment is included whose primary
purpose is not to remove water, although water is removed as a
secondary consideration. These special cases include expansion
furnaces in the perlite and vermiculite industries and rotary
kilns in the lightweight aggregate industry.
Description of Processing Equipment
The industries included in this source category utilize a
wide variety of processing equipment for the drying, calcining,
and expansion of raw materials. A schematic of each type of
dryer and calciner included in the source category can be found
in Chapter 3 of the background information document (EPA-450/3-
85-025a; October 1985).
Dryers. The dryer types used in the mineral industries
include direct rotary, indirect rotary, fluid bed, flash,
spray, and vibrating-grate. The types used in each industry
are shown in Table 3-1. Dryers use either a convection
(direct) or a conduction (indirect) method of drying. In the
convection method, a heating medium, usually air or the
products of combustion, is in direct contact with the wet
material. In the conduction method, heat is transmitted
10
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indirectly by contact of the wet material with a heated
surface. The thermal efficiency of direct-fired dryers is
higher than the thermal efficiency of indirect dryers. The
process material flow in direct rotary dryers may be concurrent
or countercurrent to the gas flow.
Dryers may be operated in a batch mode or in a continuous
mode. In several of the clay industries, batch operations are
used to process several different materials through a given
unit. Most dryers used in the mineral industries are operated
in the continuous mode.
Rotary Dryers. A rotary dryer consists of a cylindrical
shell, ranging in length from 4 to 10 times its diameter, into
which wet charge is fed at one end and from which dried product
is discharged at the other end. Direct rotary dryers are used
in the mineral industries when the materials to be dried can be
safely brought into contact with heated air or combustion gases
and when volatile, flammable, or noxious components are absent
or are present in only small amounts.
Direct rotary dryers in the mineral industries range in
diameter from 1.2 to 3.1 meters (m) (4 to 10 feet [ft]). Dryer
lengths vary from 6.1 to 19.8 m (20 to 65 ft). The production
rates for mineral rotary dryers vary within each industry and
range from 4.5 to 200 Mg/h (5 to 220 tons/h). The retention
times in these dryers are 2 to 45 minutes. Natural gas, fuel
oil, and coal are the predominant fuels used for direct rotary
dryers.
Fluid Bed Dryers. In a fluid bed dryer, a vertically
rising, hot stream of gas is introduced through a dispersion
plate (gas distributor) at the base of a bed or column of
particulate solids. The velocity of this air stream is such
that the wet feed bed expands to allow the particles to move
within the bed, i.e., the bed becomes fluidized. Feed rate,
product discharge rate, and the volumetric gas flow and gas
temperature are monitored on a fluid bed dryer to maintain
steady-state conditions and obtain the desired product moisture
11
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TABLE 3-1. TYPES OF DRYERS USED BY EACH INDUSTRY3
Industry
Ball clay
Bentonite
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fire clay
Fuller's earth
Gypsum
Industrial sand
Kaol in
Perl ite
Roofing granules
Talc
Titanium dioxide
Vermicul ite
Rotary Rotary Fluid Vibrating
(direct) (indirect) bed grate Flash Spray
h
x xb
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
XXX XX
X X
aDryers are not used in the alumina, lightweight aggregate, and magnesium
compounds industries.
D T — J ' „.— —i
• ^umyuuinj
"indirect.
12
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content. Wet feed material charged to the dryer above the bed
is removed as dried product near the base of the vessel. Gas
passing up through the bed is exhausted through the top of the
dryer to a control device. A high pressure air blower is
generally used to dilute high-temperature combustion gases from
the furnace and fluidize the bed.
Flash Drvers. A flash (pneumatic) dryer is designed to
dry material and convey it by a stream of hot gases from the
feed point to some other point. The feed material must be
reasonably free-flowing and capable of being entrained in the
gas stream. Separation of the dried product from the conveying
air usually takes place in a product cyclone followed by
further separation in other cyclones or baghouses. Because of
the short retention time (2 to 3 seconds) of material in a
flash dryer, only materials with good drying characteristics
are suitable for processing in these units. Feed materials
typically contain 6 to 60 percent moisture on a weight basis.
The ratio of solids to gas should not be less than 1:2 by
weight.
Spray Dryers. Spray dryers are used to dry liquids,
slurries, and pastes. A spray dryer consists of a source of
hot gases, a drying chamber, a means of atomizing the
feedstock, some provision for withdrawing the dried product and
exhaust gases from the drying chamber, and equipment for the
separation of the dried product from the exhaust gases.
For most operations, direct-fired combustion chamber air
heaters are used, with natural gas and oil being the most
common fuels. Inlet gas temperatures range from 93° to 760°C
(200° to 1400°F) depending upon the heating method. The spray
dryer may have concurrent, countercurrent, or mixed air and
material flow. Countercurrent dryers yield high bulk density
products and are the most common type used in the kaolin and
titanium dioxide industries.
Product collection may be carried out in various ways. If
a considerable amount of product separates out within the dryer
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chamber in the conical base, it may be removed continuously
under its own weight through a rotary valve or screw conveyor.
If most of the product remains entrained in the gas stream,
separation of the dry material is carried out first in high-
efficiency cyclones followed by baghouses.
Vibratina-arate Dryers. Fluidization is maintained by a
combination of pneumatic and mechanical forces. The heated gas
is introduced into a plenum and passes up through a perforated
or slotted conveying deck, through the fluidized bed of solids,
and into an exhaust hood. To ensure a uniform velocity
distribution through the bed of solids, a combination pressure
blower-exhaust fan system is used.
Vibrating-grate dryers are suitable for free-flowing
solids containing mostly surface moisture. They are not
effective on fibrous materials that form a mat, or on sticky
solids that agglomerate or adhere to the deck. The motion
imparted to the material particles may vary, but the objective
is to move the material upward and forward so that it will
travel along the conveyor path in a series of short hops. This
mechanical action, combined with the upward velocity of the air
flow through the grate, conveys and dries the raw material.
Vibrating-grate dryers in the mineral industries are 0.3 to 1.5
m (1 to 5 ft) wide and 3.1 to 45.7 m (10 to 150 ft) long. They
dry material at a rate of 14 to 23 Mg/h (15 to 25 tons/h) and
have retention times of 2 to 30 minutes. Natural gas and No. 2
fuel oil are the predominant fuels.
Calciners. The types of calciners used in mineral
industries are rotary, flash, and kettle calciners, and
multiple hearth (Herreshoff) and expansion furnaces. The types
used in each industry are shown in Table 3-2. Rotary
calciners, which are the most common type, are operated in a
continuous, direct-heat mode in most cases. Flash calciners
are used in the alumina, gypsum, and kaolin industries. Kettle
calciners are only used in the gypsum industry. Multiple
hearth furnaces are used in the kaolin and magnesium compounds
14
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industries, and expansion furnaces are used in the perlite and
vermiculite industries. Calciners are designed to remove the
majority of combined moisture in the process material and are
operated at higher temperatures than the dryers discussed
earlier.
Rotary Calciners. Rotary calciners are similar in
appearance to rotary dryers. Rotary calciners are used instead
of rotary dryers when the process requires removal of both
combined and uncombined moisture from the material. A rotary
calciner consists of a cylindrical shell, ranging in length
from 10 to 20 times its diameter, into which wet charge (wet-
feed) or predried (dry-feed) material is fed at one end and
calcined product is discharged at the other end. Rotary
calciner shells are lined with refractory brick that insulates
the steel shell and permits operation at high temperatures.
Rotary calciners used in the mineral industries are 2.4 to 3.7
m (8 to 12 ft) in diameter and 30.5 to 61.0 m (100 to 200 ft)
in length. The production rate is 0.9 to 66.4 Mg/h (1 to 73
tons/h) of material and the retention time ranges from
18 minutes to 14 hours.
Material movement through the kiln results from the
combined effects of the kiln inclination and the rotation of
the cylinder. Kiln inclination varies from 2 to 6 percent
slope and the peripheral speed of rotation varies from 0.5 to 5
rpm.
Most rotary calciners have countercurrent air and material
flow to achieve the most energy efficient reduction in moisture
content. Natural gas, oil, or pulverized coal are the
predominant fuels, with natural gas being used in the greatest
number of rotary calcining units.
Flash Calciners. Flash calciners are similar to flash
dryers in principle and operation except that they operate at
higher temperatures than flash dryers. A flash calciner is a
refractory-lined cylindrical vessel with a conical bottom.
15
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TABLE 3-2. TYPES OF CALCINERS USED BY EACH INDUSTRY
Industry
Alumina
Diatomite
Fire clay
Fuller's earth
Gypsum
Kaol in
Lightweight aggregate
Magnesium compounds
Perl ite
Talc
Titanium dioxide
Vermicul ite
Rotary
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Multiple
hearth Expansion
Flash furnace Kettle furnace
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
aCalciners are not used in the ball clay, bentonite, feldspar, industrial
sand, and roofing granules industries.
16
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A flash calcining system used in the alumina industry
consists of a two-stage cyclone, a preheater, a venturi-type
flash dryer, the calciner, a multi-stage cyclone cooler, and a
secondary fluid bed cooler. The material enters the calciner
from the cyclone preheater at a temperature of 300° to 400°
(570° to 750°F). The combustion air from the cooler enters the
calciner at 815°C (1500°F), and a gas temperature of 1100° to
1450°C (2000° to 2640°F) is achieved in the calciner.
Preheated, partly calcined material is discharged into the
reactor parallel to the bottom, just above the fuel inlet. The
calcined material is retained for a few seconds and is then
separated from hot gases in the separation cyclone, prior to
being discharged into the primary cooler.
Multiple Hearth (Herreshoff1 Furnaces. A multiple hearth
furnace consists of a number of annular-shaped hearths mounted
one above the other. Rabble arms on each hearth are driven
from a common center shaft. Multiple hearth furnaces handle
granular material and provide a long countercurrent path
between flue gases and process material. These furnaces are
used in the magnesium compounds and kaolin industries.
Material is fed by a screw conveyor into the furnace at
the center of the upper hearth. Rabble arms connected to a
center drive shaft move the charge to the periphery of the
hearth where it falls to the next lower hearth. The material
is then moved to the center of this second hearth from which it
falls to the next hearth, and the cycle continues down the
furnace. The hollow center shaft is cooled internally by
forced air circulation. Burners may be mounted at any of the
hearths, and the circulated air is used for combustion.
Kettle Calciners. Kettle calciners have cylindrical metal
shells, which are set in masonry brick and surrounded by a
steel jacket. The inner wall of the masonry is lined with a
refractory. Kettle calciners are equipped with a baffled
annular space between the kettle and the refractory lining.
Hot combustion gases from a firebox beneath or adjacent to the
17
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kettle pass through the annular space and through flues inside
the kettle to provide indirect heating. Horizontal arms
attached to a vertical shaft in the center of the kettle
agitate the raw material to provide mixing and thus prevent
over-heating of the material. Ambient air is passed through
the kettle to remove the water liberated by calcination. The
calcined material is discharged into "hot pits" located below
the kettle.
Kettle calciners used in the gypsum industry are 3.0 m (10
ft) in diameter and 4.3 m (14 ft) in height. They have
production rates of 4.5 to 12 Mg/h (5 to 13 tons/h) and a
retention time of 60 to 180 minutes. Natural gas and
distillate oil are the predominant fuel types used in most
units.
Expansion Furnaces. Expansion furnaces are used to
process ores that "expand" up to 20 times their original volume
when exposed to high temperatures. Factors that affect the
properties of the final product include the amount of entrapped
water, the degree to which the crude ore particles approximate
a cubic shape, size gradations, rate of heat application during
expansion, and the method of injecting the crude ore into the
expansion zone of the furnace. Expansion furnaces are used in
the perlite and vermiculite industries.
Two types of expansion furnaces are used in industries.
The stationary vertical furnace is the most common. The
stationary vertical expansion furnace consists of a steel tube
insulated with refractory or by means of a shell that provide
an air space around the furnace. Ore is introduced into the
furnace just above the flame located at the base of the furnace
cylinder. Expansion of the material occurs instantaneously as
the ore is blown up the furnace by the combustion gases. The
temperature at the point of expansion ranges from 700° to
1090°C (1300° to 2000°F), depending on the size of the crude
ore to be expanded and its initial moisture content. Most
furnaces process 0.9 to 1.8 Mg/h (1 to 2 tons/h) of material,
18
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and natural gas and fuel oil are used to fire most expansion
furnaces.
The horizontal rotary expansion furnace has a preheating
shell around the direct-fired expansion cylinder. After
preheating, the feed is introduced into the rotating inner
shell where it is exposed to the direct heat of the burner
flame. An induced draft fan draws the particles out of the
furnace and up to the product collection equipment.
The product from both furnace types is pneumatically
conveyed to a product collection cyclone system. The primary
cyclone removes the majority of the expanded particles, while
the secondary cyclone collects smaller material. Material from
the primary cyclone may then fall through a cooler/classifier
unit that reduces product temperature before bagging.
Process Diagrams. Figures 3-1 through 3-18 are process
flow diagrams of the 17 mineral industries covered by this
NSPS. Two diagrams depict the two different titanium dioxide
processes. These diagrams show where the drying and/or
calcining processes occur in these industries.
19
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SPENT
LIQUOR
STREAM
BAUXITE
STORAGE
PRIMARY
CRUSHER
&
SCREEN
WET
MILLING
SLURRY
MIXERS
DIGESTERS
CLARIFICATION
PRECIPITATION
CALCINING
I
ALUMINA
•RED MHO TO DISPOSAL POND
Figure 3-1. Simplified process flow diagram for alumina production,
20
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MINE
SHIPPED
SHED STORAGE
-^•SHIPPED
DISINTEGRATOR
\
DRYER
HAMMER
MILL
WATER
\
ROLLER MILL
MIXER
SHIPPED
SHIPPED
MIXER
SLURRY BULK
LOADED
WATER
SLURRY BULK LOADED
Figure 3-2. Ball clay process flow diagram.
21
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OPEN PIT MINE
OPEN STOCKPILE
CRUSHER
DRYER
i
ROLLER HILL
AIR .
CLASSIFICATION
PRODUCT
LOAOOUT
Figure 3-3. Bentonite processing.
22
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RECYCLE OF
KILN EXHAUS
FOR
FLASH
DRYING
-> PROCESS FLOW
*• AIRFLOU
Figure 3-4. Alternate process flow diagrams for diatomite production,
23
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CRUSHING, GRINDING
VIBRATING SCREEN
--20 MESH
HYOROCLASSIFIER
UNDERFLOW
CONDITIONER
FLOTATION CELLS
CYCLONE
CONDITIONER
FLOTATION CELLS
OVERFLOW SLIME
TO HASTE
— AMINE. H2SOdl
PINF. OIL, FUEL OIL
•OVERFLOW (MICA)
•H2S04, PETROLEUM SULFONATE
•OVERFLOW (GARNET)
CYCLONE
DRYER
AMINE
HF
CONDITIONER
FLOTATION CELLS
DRYER
GLASS PLANTS
GLASS PLANTS
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
PEBBLE MILLS
1
POTTERY
Figure 3-5. Feldspar flotation process,
24
-------
r>o
en
lo
V.n»
Slock
t
W.I
SciuUw *
•oil Co.
Unloading
liutk
k
t
CovM.d
1
1
1 SlockplUi 1
1
Oulild. Vafd Handling
1
Mulllclan.
ColUclo.
J.lfi.y
* Cloy fey.,
» . 1
Wwl. * ColUcLd
Watt, Dull
T
FM
PROCE.
Hr . 1 _ lalaf y Kiln Calcln*! 1
C'-^'h* .ndii.yC^I.. H*
r-L,
Oulild.
Ywd
|
1 SlockplUi 1
i 1
D TO FINAL
M- PROCESSING
SSING
IlaV.nl
Slock
. t
S.llllng v.,,,^,
ChoM^ond » $eiuU,.,
iiL.il If ..f Inn.
ColUclo. 1
tWail.
WaUi
* ColUcUd
Ouil
* Collected dust is mostly returned to process.
Figure 3-6. Partial flow diagram for fire clay plant (handling and processing
of raw materials prior to use in refractory manufacturing plant).67
-------
OPEN PIT
MINING
TRUCK
CRUSHING,
GRINDING
TEMPORARY
COVERED
STORAGE
SECONDARY
GRINDING
LOW/HIGH
TEMPERATURE
DRYING
GRINDING,
SCREENING,
PACKAGING
Figure 3-7. General flow diagram for fuller's earth production.
26
-------
MINING
1
CRUSHING
ro
STUCCO STORAGE
BINS
CRUSHED ROCK
STORAGE BINS
PRODUCT
CYCLONE
/ SOLO AS ,
[AGRICULTURAL]
\ FERTILIZER <
PLASTER
MIXER
SOLO AS
INDUSTRIAL
AND 8UILOIN
PLASTER
PLASTER
BAGGING
DRY MIXING
SCORING I
CHAMFERING
PAPER
ROLLS
BOARDLINE CONVEYOR
SOLD AS
PREFABRI-
CATED
BOARD
PRODUCTS
MULTI-DECK
BOARD-DRYING
KILN
LANDPLASTER
STORAGE BINS
HOT
PIT
Figure 3-8. Process flow diagram for gypsum production.
-------
Figure 3-9. Process flow diagram for industrial sand production.
28
-------
Pit Punpout
Water
OE6RITTING
AND
CLASSIFICATION
Tailings to
"Settling pond
BLEACHING
AND/OR
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
7« Slurry Product
Figure 3-10. Typical wet mining and process
for high grade kaolin products.
29
-------
oo
o
CRUSHING/SCREENING
SIOCICPUINC
HOOD
ROIAJU KI1N
ClINKCM COOtER
COHIRM. DEVIU
PRODUCT S10RAGE
EOAOOUI OCERAIION
SttlDS flOU
AIR FtOU
Figure 3- 11. Schematic of a typical LUA plant.
-------
BRINE
ROTARY
CALCINERS
ROTARY
COOLERS
\(
CAUSTIC-CALCINED
OR
DEAD-BURNED
MAGNESIA
REACTOR
DOLOMITIC LIME
Mg(OH).
THICKENERS AND
CLARIFIERS
\
DRUM
FILTERS
LIQUID DISPOSAL
DISC
FILTERS
HERRESHOFF
FURNACE
CAUSTIC-CALCINED
MAGNESIA
PELLETIZIN6
VERTICAL
SHAFT
FURNACE
BIN COOLERS
T
DEAD-BURNED
MgO
Figures-12. Typical process flow diagram for
the production of magnesias from natural brine solutions,
31
-------
YARD STORAGE
SECONDARY
CRUSHER
DRYER
STORAGE
PRIMARY
CRUSHER
CO
/
SCALPING
SCREEN
PRODUCT FLOW
AIR FLOW
DRYER
STACKS
TERTIARY
CRUSHING
SCREENING
AND SIZING
PRODUCT STORAGE
AND TRUCK LOADING
Figure 3-13. Flow diagram for perlite ore processing.
-------
PIGMENTS
UNCOATEO
GRANULES
COATED GRANULES
3-14. Roofing granules production.-
33
-------
TALC MINES
ROTARY
CALCINER
ROTARY
COOLER
PLANT YARD
STORAGE
CONVEYOR
JAW CRUSHER
SCREEN
OVERSIZE ORE
UNDERSIZE ORE
GYRATORY
CRUSHER
ROTARY
DRYER
PEBBLE MILL
PRODUCT
ROLLER MILL
AIR CLASSI-
FIERS
CLASSIFIER FINES
PRODUCTS
(COARSE AND
FINES)
TABLING
PROCESS
FLOTATION
DEWATERING
FILTRATION
FLASH
DRYER
PRODUCT
CUSTOM
GRINDING
PRODUCT
Figure 3-15. Process flow diagram for talc processi
ng.
34
-------
CO
en
RUTILE
COKE CJ, oll
. . 1 i -I .
\y.
"» CHLORIM
ORE DRYER ? tra-wi™
CI2 REC
.; MILLING
SCREENING <=
L -. i
FILTRATION
COATING WITH 1 5 AND
HYDROUS OXIDES | DEWATERING
— * —
ATI ON
SOLIDS — »-^ DISTILLATION
' REMOVAL
YCLE <
TIOj
^J
rnni 1UR iHD - nvin
SOLIDS PRECIPITATION
AKlj
f
HT10N
t
02
1
PIGMENT \ FLUID ENERGY
^ _„„,.,,- *\ ulillHG 1
S
UKTinu i n«*»--
1 1
J
ADDITIVES
PACKAGING
Figure 3-16. Simplified flow diagram of chloride process-T102.
-------
TITANIUM
SLAG OR
ILIMENITE
ORE DRYER
co
ROTARY
CALCINER
RAW
T102
COOLERS
GRINDING
STEAM
H2S04 INJECTION
J,
DIGESTER
K SALTS, PHOSPHATES,
CONDITIONING AGENTS Fe (OPTIONAL)
i
CONDITIONING
PULVERIZING,
MILLING, AND
SCREENING
FILTRATION,
WASHING. AND
DEUATERING
COATING WITH
HYDROUS OXIDES
T
SODIUM ALUMINATE
FLOCCULANT
1
CONCENTRATION
Zn OR Al OR
T12(SOJ3
LEACHING
FILTRATION
A
ORGANIC
REAGENTS
(OPTIONAL)
Figure 3-17. Simplified flow-diagram of sulfate process--Ti02.
T102 NUCLEA
i
PRECIPITATION
FILTRATION,
WASHING, AND
DEWATERING
PIGMENT
DRYER
FLUID ENERGY
MILLING
PACKAGING
-------
TO
ATMOSPHERE
BIN
VENT
CO
SILO
V
STACK
RAIL-
ROAD
HOPPER
I
WASTE
PRODUCT LINE
VENT SYSTEM
BAGGING
STATION
Figure 3-18. Vermiculite expansion system.
-------
Section 4. General Provisions
The general provisions for NSPS are presented in Subpart A
of 40 CFR Part 60, from Sections 60.1 to 60.18. These
provisions should be consulted whenever there are questions
regarding the applicability or implementation of this NSPS. In
this section, summaries of Sections 60.14, Modification, and
60.15, Reconstruction, and the applicability of those
provisions to the standards are discussed. This discussion
will help to ensure identification of existing facilities to
which the rule should or should not be applied.
Modification
Definition of Modification. Under Section 111 of the CAA,
a modification is any physical or operational change to an
existing facility which results in an increase in the emission
rate to the atmosphere of any pollutant to which a standard
applies.
Applicability to Dryers and Calciners. The impact of the
modification provisions on existing dryer and calciner
facilities at mineral processing plants should be minimal.
Repairs to dryer and calciner components subject to high
temperatures, abrasion, and impact (e.g., end seals, flights,
refractory lining) are routinely performed and, thus, are not
generally considered modifications. Also, many repairs do not
result in an increase in the particulate matter emission rate.
Normal maintenance procedures are similar for most dryers.
Typical maintenance includes replacing refractory brick or
patching with castable refractory once every 2 to 4 years;
repairing or replacing dryer lifters once a year; repairing
trunnions and trunnion bearings once every 2 to 5 years;
repairing or replacing the dryer liner once a year; rebricking
38
-------
the firebox once every 2 to 8 years; replacing the ring and
pinion gears, lubricating and greasing moving parts daily.
Other maintenance performed as needed includes replacing belts,
sheaves, bearings, and shafts; repairing or replacing the
burner; and replacing gaskets and flexible connectors. For
spray dryers, additional maintenance includes repairing the
spray feeding system.
Normal maintenance procedures for most calciners include
rebricking or replacing the castable refractory once every 2 to
10 years; repairing kiln trunnions and trunnion bearings every
5 to 10 years; replacing kiln seals once a year; repairing the
shell once every 6 months; and lubricating and oiling moving
parts daily. Maintenance performed as needed includes
replacing kiln flights or spillers; repairing or replacing
motor bearings; repairing kiln drives, feeders, conveyors, and
discharge eguipment; and replacing control valves. For flash
calciners, additional maintenance includes repairing or
replacing fluid bed gas distribution plates. Additional
maintenance items for multiple hearth furnaces include
replacing furnace arms and teeth once a year and repairing or
replacing the upper and lower hearths once every 5 to 8 years.
Additional maintenance for expansion furnaces includes
repairing or replacing the expansion tube once every 3 years.
When expansions at existing plants take place, usually a
completely new dryer or calciner is added. Such an increase in
production would not be considered a modification but rather a
new source. Drying and calcining operations usually operate
below 100 percent of capacity and are capable of handling
increased throughput without additional equipment. If a raw
material or fuel change occurs for which the dryer or calciner
was originally designed, the change is not considered a
modification. However, those changes that result in an
39
-------
increased production rate above the original design production
rate are considered a modification.
The appropriate enforcement office will make the final
determination as to whether a source is modified and, as a
result, becomes an affected facility.
Exceptions. As described in Section 60.14(e), there are
six specific exceptions to the modification provisions, any one
of which by itself, is not considered a modification. Also,
whenever a regulation is more specific than the general
provisions, the regulation takes precedence [Section 60.14(f)].
The exceptions under 60.14(e) are as follows:
1. Maintenance, repair, and replacement which the
Administrator determines to be routine for a source
category;
2. An increase in production rate of an existing
facility, if the increase was accomplished without a
capital expenditure on the facility;
3. An increase in the hours of production;
4. The use of an alternative fuel or raw material if,
prior to the date that the source became subject to an
applicable standard, the facility was designed to use
the alternative fuel or raw material;
5. The addition or use of any air pollution control
system or device except when such a system is removed
or replaced by a system that the Administrator
determines to be less environmentally beneficial; or
6. The relocation or change in ownership of an existing
facility.
Capital expenditure. The second specific exception
mentioned above hinges on the term "capital expenditure."
Capital expenditure is defined in Section 60.2 as an
expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing
facility which exceeds the product of the applicable "annual
40
-------
asset guideline repair allowance percentage" (specified in
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Publication 534) and the
existing facility's basis (defined by Section 1012 of the
Internal Revenue Code). However, the total expenditure for a
physical or operational change to an existing facility must not
be reduced by any "excluded additions" (as defined in IRS
Publication 534) as would be done for tax purposes.
Requirements following modification. Once modified, an
existing facility becomes an affected facility to which a
standard applies. Compliance with the applicable standards
must be accomplished within 180 days of completing the physical
or operational change [Section 60.14(g)].
Reconstruction
Definition. Reconstruction is defined in Section 60.15(b)
and means the replacement of components of an existing facility
to such an extent that (1) the fixed capital cost of the new
components exceeds 50 percent of the fixed capital cost that
would be required to construct a comparable entirely new
facility, and (2) it is technologically and economically
feasible to meet the applicable performance standard.
The term "fixed capital cost" included in the definition
is the capital needed to provide all the depreciable
components.
Applicability to Calciners and Dryers. When an existing
facility is reconstructed, it becomes an affected facility,
regardless of any change in emission rate. The modification
and reconstruction provisions should not cause many calciners
and dryers in the 17 mineral industries to become affected
facilities because replacement or refurbishing of equipment
parts subject to high temperatures, abrasion, and impact (e.g.,
end seals, flights, and refractory lining) is performed on a
41
-------
regular basis and is considered routine maintenance rather than
reconstruction (see Section 60.733 of the regulation).
Notification requirements. An owner or operator of an
existing facility who proposes to replace components and the
fixed capital cost of the new components exceeds 50 percent of
the fixed capital cost that would be required to construct a
comparable entirely new facility must notify the enforcement
office of the proposed replacements. It should be noted that
the fixed capital cost of the new components includes the
capital cost of all depreciable components replacement that
commences within any 2-year period following proposal of the
standard. The notice must be postmarked 60 days, or as soon as
practicable, before construction of the replacement begins, and
the notice must contain the seven key elements specified in
Section 60.15(d):
1. Name and address of the owner or operator;
2. The location of the existing facility;
3. A brief description of the existing facility and the
components which are to be replaced;
4. A description of the existing air pollution control
equipment and the proposed air pollution control
equipment;
5. An estimate of the fixed capital cost of the
replacements and of constructing a comparable entirely
new facility;
6. The estimated life of the existing facility after
replacements; and
7. A discussion of any economic or technical limitations
the facility may have in complying with the applicable
standards after the proposed replacements.
Procedure following notification. A determination of
whether the proposed replacement constitutes a reconstruction
will be made 30 days from receipt of the notice. The
42
-------
determination will be made by the appropriate enforcement
office, and will be based on technical and economic information
specified under Section 60.15(f):
1. The fixed capital cost of the replacements compared to
the fixed capital cost that would be required to
construct a comparable entirely new facility;
2. The estimated life of the facility after the
replacements compared to the life of a comparable
entirely new facility;
3. The extent to which the components being replaced
cause or contribute to the emissions from the
facility; and
4. Any economic or technical limitations on compliance
with applicable standards of performance which are
inherent in the proposed replacements.
43
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Section 5. Existing Sources Affected
Sources affected by the NSPS are calciners and dryers in
17 mineral processing industries. The 17 mineral industries
and applicable Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes
are listed in alphabetical order in Table 5-1. Also, the major
product uses are listed in the order of their importance for
the industry. Note that a number of industries share common
end product uses. A partial list of facilities within the 17
mineral industries identified during development of the NSPS
was taken from Table A-l of the background information
document, EPA-450/3-85-025a, October 1985. This list is
presented in Table 5-2. It should be noted, however, that the
list is not complete and may not be completely accurate at
present because of the length of time that has passed since
technical work on the NSPS was performed. It is presented here
only as a guide to assist in identifying sources that may be
affected.
44
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TABLE 5-1. MINERAL INDUSTRIES: SIC AND PRODUCT USES
Mineral Industry (SIC)'
Product uses
1. Alumina (1051, 3334)
2. Ball clay (1455)
3. Bentonite (1452)
4. Diatomite (1499)
5. Feldspar (1459)
6. Fire clay (1453)
7. Fuller's earth (1454)
8. Gypsum (1492, 3275)
9. Industrial sand (1446)
10. Kaolin (1455)
11. Lightweight aggregate (1499)
12. Magnesium compounds (3295)
13. Perlite (1499, 3295)
14. Roofing granules (3295)
15. Talc (1496)
16. Titanium dioxide (2816)
17. Vermiculite (1499, 3295)
Aluminum metal, abrasives, refractories,
chemicals
Pottery, sanitary ware, tile, china/dinner
ware
Drilling mud, iron ore pelletizing, foundry
sand
Filtration media, fillers
Glassmaking, pottery, porcelain enamel
Refractories, mortars
Pet waste, oil and grease absorbents
Wallboard, building and specialty plasters
Glass, foundry sand
Paper coating, paint
Concrete block, precast and prestressed
concrete products
Refractories, livestock feed additives,
chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, fertilizers,
construction materials, electrical heating
rods, fluxes, petroleum additives
Soil conditioners, loose-fill insulation,
construction fillers
Coated and uncoated roofing shingles
Ceramics, paint, plastics
Paint finishes, paper
Soil conditioner, lightweight concrete
aggregates, loose-fill insulation
aStandard Industrial Classification.
45
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TABLE 5-2. FACILITIES IDENTIFIED IN MINERAL INDUSTRIES
Company
Location
3M Company
A.P. Green Refractories Company
Aglite, Inc.
Allied Chemical Company
Allied Chemical Company
Aluminum Company of America
American Industrial Clay Company
American Colloid Company
American Colloid Company
American Cyanamid Company
Amiite Corp.
Amoco Minerals Corp.
Arkansas Lightweight Aggregate Corp.
Armstrong World Industries
Balcones Minerals Corp.
Barcroft Company
i
Basic Chemicals
Basic, Inc.
Big River Industries
Bird & Son, Inc.
Black Diamond Company
St. Paul MN & Wausa, WI
Mexico, MO
Minneapolis, MN
Morristown, NC
Owensville, MO
Point Comfort, TX
Sandersville, GA
Lethohatchee, AL
Aberdeen, MS
Savannah, GA
Snowden, VA
Englewood, CO
West Memphis, AR
Lancaster, PA
La Grange, TX
Lewes, DE
Gabbs, NV
Gabbs, NV
Baton Rouge, LA
Charleston, SC
Galena, KS
46
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TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
Company
Location
Black Hills Bentonite Company
Burgess Pigment Company
C-E Minerals
C-E Refractories
C-E Raymond
Carolina Stalite Company
Carolina Perl He Company
Cedar Heights Clay Company
Chandler Materials Company
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Cyprus Industrial Minerals Company
Dresser Industries, Inc.
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.
Eagle-Picher Industries
Eastern Magnesia Talc Company
Englehard Minerals Company
Excel-Minerals Company
F.L. Smidth and Company
Flintkote Company
Flintkote Company
Mills, WY
Sandersville, GA
Andersonville, GA
Vandalia, MO
Abilene, KS
Salisbury, NC
Gold Hill, NC
Oak Hill, OH
Choctaw & Tulsa, OK
Windsor, CT
Gleason, TN
Dallas, TX
DeLisle, MS
Reno, NV
Lovelock, NV
Johnson, VT
Attapulgus, GA
Buttonwillow, CA
Cresskill, NJ
Sweetwater, TX
Blue Diamond, TX
47
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TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
Company
Location
Florida Rock Industries, Inc.
Floridin Company
Foote Minerals Company
Frederick J. Dando Company
Freeport Kaolin Company
GAF Corp.
Galite Corp.
General Shale Products Corp.
Gouverneur Talc, Inc.
Grefco, Inc.
Grefco, Inc.
Grefco Minerals, Inc.
Gulf and Western Natural Resources Group
H.B. Reed, Inc.
H.C. Spinks Clay Company
Harbison-Walker Refractories
Harris Mining Company
Hydraulic Press Brick Company
1.1). International, Internationl
Management Corp.
IMC Corp.
Brooksville, FL
Quincy, FL
Kings Mountain, NC
Irondale, OH
Gordon, GA
Blue Ridge Summit, PA
Rockmart, GA
West Memphis, AR
Gouverneur, NY
Antonito, CO
Lompoc, CA
Torrance, CA
Nashville, TN
Highland, IN
Paris & Gleason, TN
Ludington, MI
Spruce Pine, NC
Cleveland, OH
Philadelphia, PA
Mundelein, IL
48
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TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
Company
Location
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
International Minerals & Chemical Corp.
Jesse S. Morie & Son, Inc.
Jesse S. Morie & Son, Inc.
Johns-Manville Perlite Corp.
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.
Lawson United Feldspar and Mineral Company
Lawson-United Feldspar and Mineral Company
Lorusso Corp.
Manley Brothers, Inc.
Manville Products Corp.
Martin-Marietta Chemicals
Martin-Marietta Alumina, Inc.
Mid-Florida Mining Company
N.L. Baroid, N.L. Industries, Inc.
National Gypsum Company
National Gypsum Company
National Gypsum Company
National Gypsum Company
New Jersey Silica Sand Corp
Oil-Dri Corp. of America
Spruce Pine, NC
Aberdeen, MS
Mauricetown, NJ
Junction City, GA
Antonito, CO
Gramercy, LA
Spruce Pine, NC
Baton Rouge, LA
Wai pole, MA
Chesteron, IN
No Agua, NM
Manistee, MI
St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Lowell, FL
Houston, TX .
Savannah, GA
Charlotte, NC
Richmond, CA
Wilmington, NC
Millville, NJ
Ochlocknee, GA
49
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TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
Company
Location
Oil-Dri Corp. of America, Inc.
Old Hickory Clay Company
Ormet Corp.
Patterson Vermiculite Company
Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp.
Persolite Products, Inc.
Pioneer Talc Company
Redco, Inc.
Reynolds Metals Company
SCM Corp.
Silbrico Corp.
Solite Corp.
Southern Talc Company, Inc.
Spartan Minerals Corp.
Strong-Lite Products
Texas Industries, Inc.
Texas Industries, Inc.
The Schundler Company
The Feldspar Corp.
The Milwhite Company, Inc.
The Milwhite Company, Inc.
The Fuller Company
Chicago, IL
Mayfield, KY
Burnside, LA
Enoree, SC
Berkeley Springs, WV
Florence, CO
Allamore, TX
North Hollywood, CA
Richmond, VA
New York, NY
Antonito, CO
Arvonia, VA
Chatsworth, GA
Pacolet, SC
Pine Bluff, AR
Houston, TX
Clodine, TX
Metuchen, NJ
Spruce Pine, NC
Houston, TX
Van Horn, TX
Bethlehem, PA
50
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TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
Company
Location
Tombigbee Lightweight Aggregate Corp.
United States Gypsum Company
United States Gypsum Company
United States Gypsum Company
United States Gypsum Company
United States Gypsum Company
United States Gypsum Company
Vermont Talc
Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd.
Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd.
Vulcan Materials Company
Vulcan Materials Company
W.R. Grace & Company
W.R. Grace & Company
W.R. Grace & Company
Whitehead Brothers Company
Windsor Minerals, Inc.
Witco Chemical Corp.
Wyo-Ben, Inc.
Livingston, AL
Chicago, IL
Fort Dodge, IA
Shoals, IN
Sweetwater, TX
East Chicago, IL
Southland, OK
Chester, VT
Arlington, VA
Trevilians, VA
Bessemer, AL
Birmingham, AL
Cambridge, MA
Irondale, AL
Enoree, SC
Leesburg, NJ
Windsor, VT
Woodcliff Lake, NJ
Lucerne, WY
51
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APPENDIX A
-------
LIST OF OAQPS CONTACTS
Technical Issues
Bill Neuffer
Ken Durkee
Regulatory Issues
Linda Herring
Compliance Issues
Ellen Rattigan
Sally Mitoff
Telephone Number
(919) 541-5435
(919) 541-5425
(919) 541-3803
(703) 308-8531
(703) 308-8692
629-5435
629-5425
629-5358
678-8531
678-8692
A-l
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 450/3-85-028
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Enabling Document for New Source
Performance Standards for Calciners and Dryers in
Mineral Industries
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
December 1991
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10, PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Director of Air Quality Planning & Standards
Office of Air and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Standards of performance for the control of emissions from calciners and dryers in
mineral industries have been promulgated under the authority of Section 111 of the
Clean Air Act. These standards would apply to new, modified, or reconstructed
calciners and dryers in 17 mineral industries. This document contains a summary
of the standards, requirements of the general provisions (under Subpart A, 40 CFR Part
60), a summary process description for 17 industries, and other information
pertaining to the implementation of these standards.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Enabling
Pollution Control
Standards of Performance
Particulate Emissions
Mineral Processing Plants
Air Pollution Control
13B
JJ ,
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
60
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
DATE DUE
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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