&EPA
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/3-92-001a
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards May 1992
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
VOC/HAP
Emissions from
Marine Vessel
Loading Operations
Technical Support
Document for
Proposed Standards
DRAFT
EIS
-------
ERRATA SHEET
VOC/HAP EMISSIONS from MARINE VESSEL
LOADING OPERATIONS
EPA-450/3-92-001a
p.2-4, Table 2-1. The emissions factor for loading alcohol onto
barges is 1.2 lb/1000 gal., not 0.012.
p.2-8, Table 2-2. Commodity category, "Toluene distillate fuel" is
incorrect as a heading; there are two commodity categories labeled
as one. The words "distillate fuel" should be moved down one line,
distillate capitalized, and a line drawn under "Tolene."
p.5-34, Table 5-12. Capital compliance costs in the 4,000,000
column should be inserted; values are the same as those in the
2,000,000 column.
(revised April 1993)
-------
EPA-450/3-92-001a
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VOC RULE
FOR MARINE VESSEL LOADING OPERATIONS
EMISSION STANDARDS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May 1992
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicagp, IL 60604-3590
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Background Information
and Draft
Environmental Impact Statement
for Tank Vessel Loading Operations
Prepared by:
lJ/0/13
Bruce C. Jordanr (Date)
Director, Emission Standards Division
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
1. The proposed standards would significantly reduce emissions
from marine tank vessel loading operations. Under Section
183(f) of the Clean Air Act Amendments, EPA is obligated to
promulgate standards applicable to VOC's and any other air
pollutant which causes, or contributes to, or may be
reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.
2. Copies of this document have been sent to the following
Federal Departments: Labor, Health and Human Services,
Defense, Transportation, Agriculture, Commerce, Interior,
and Energy; the National Science Foundation; the Council on
Environmental Quality; members of the State and Territorial
Air Pollution Program Administrators; the Association of
Local Air Pollution Control Officials; EPA Regional
Administrators; and other interested parties.
3. The comment period for review of this document is 60 days
from the date of publication of the proposed standard in the
Federal Register. Mr. David Markwordt may be contacted at
(919) 541-0837 regarding the date of the comment period.
4. -For additional information contact:
Mr. David Markwordt
-Chemicals and Petroleum Branch
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Telephone: (919) 541-0837
5. Copies of this document may be obtained from:
U. S. EPA Library (MD-35)
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
National Technical Information Service
111
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards Division
of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products is not intended to constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available
through the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, or from
National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.
IV
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
1.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 1'1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1-1
1.2 S'TATE REGULATIONS . . . .- 1-2
1.3 WCUS DATA BASE I'3
1.3.1 Commodity Categories 1-7
1.3.2 Terminals !-7
1.4 REFERENCES 1->11
2.0 EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS CONTROL 2-1
2.1 EMISSION SOURCES 2-1
2.2 CARGO LOADING EMISSIONS AND EMISSION FACTORS . . 2-3
2.2.1 Cargo Loading Emissions Factors 2-3
2.2.1.1 VOC Emission Factors 2-3
2.2.1.2 HAP Emission Factors 2-7
2.2.2 Cargo Loading Emissions 2-10
2.2.2.1 VOC Emissions 2-10
2.2.2.2 HAP Emissions 2-11
2.3 TANKSHIP BALLASTING 2-15
2.4 EMISSION CONTROLS 2-17
2.4.1 Closed Loading of Vessels 2-18
2.4.2 Combustion Processes 2-18
2.4.2.1 Flares 2-19
2.4.2.2 Incinerators 2-19
2.4.3 Recovery Devices 2-21
2.4.3.1 Lean Oil Adsorption 2-21
2.4.3.2 Refrigeration 2-22
2.4.3.3 Carbon Adsorption 2-23
2.5 CURRENT PRACTICES AND SAFETY PROCEDURES 2-24
2.6 REFERENCES •• • 2-25
3.0 COSTS : • 3'!
3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL TERMINALS AND VESSELS ... 3-1
3.1.1 Background 3-1
3.1.2 New Models 3-2
3.2 MODEL VESSELS •• 3'3
3.3 MODEL TERMINAL COSTS 3-4
3.3.1 Capital Costs 3-4
3.3.1.1 Incineration 3-5
3.3.1.2 Recovery 3-7
3.3.2 Annual Costs 3-8
3.4 NATIONWIDE COSTS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS 3-10
3.5 REFERENCES 3'47
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
4.0 REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES 4-1
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.2 REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES 4-1
5.0 ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 5-3.
' 5.1 SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 5-1
5.2 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING ECONOMIC IMPACTS . . 5-5
5.3 GROUNDRULE FOR ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THIS
REGULATION ' • • 5-7
5.4 POTENTIAL PRICE INCREASES 5-8
5.4.1 Crude Oil 5-8
5.4.2 Potential Price Increases for Marine
Transport of Crude .......... 5-12
5.4.3 Potential Price Increases for Final
Products from Crude Oil ........ 5-13
5.4.4 Potential Product Price Increases .... 5-16
5.4.5 Combined Potential Product Price
Increases 5-16
5.4.6 Potential Price Increases in the Costs
for Marine Transport of Products ... 5-19
5.5 MARKET IMPACTS 5-22
5.5.1 Marine Transport Versus Pipeline .... 5-22
5.5.2 Marine Terminals . 5-24
5.5.2.1 Crude Oil Terminals Impact
Analysis 5-30
5.5.2.2 Product Terminal Impact
Analysis 5-32
5.5.3 Marine Vessels 5-36
5.5.3.1 Tanker Impacts . 5-39
5.5.3.2 Barge Impacts . 5-44
5.5.4 Producers of the Regulated Products ... 5-44
5.6 SMALL BUSINESS IMPACTS 5-51
5.7 EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS 5-52
5.8 CONCURRENT LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS 5-54
5.8.1. Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 .... 5-54
5.8.2 The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 5-55
5.8.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. .... 5-56
5.8.4 Benzene NESHAP Handling Regulations . . .5-56
5.9 FIFTH-YEAR PROJECTIONS 5-56
5.9.1 Crude Oil 5-57
5.9.2 Gasoline 5-57
5.9.3 Other Products 5-57
5.9.4 Fifth-Year Demand Conclusions 5-57
5.9.5 Fifth-Year Supply Conditions 5-58
5.9.6 New Terminals and Vessels 5-58
5.10 REFERENCES 5-58
VI
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Appendix A. Detailed Description of Model Vessels and Terminals
Appendix B. Documentation of Costs for an Incineration-Based
Technology
Appendix C. Carbon Adsorber Design Characteristics and Adsorber
Capital Costs
Appendix D. Documentation of Costs for Model 5A for a Carbon
Adsorption-Based Technology
Appendix E. Printout of Terminals Represented in Data Base
vii
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1-1. Pie chart of facilities and 1-6
Figure 2-1. Emissions from cargo loading 2-2
Figure 5-1. Petroleum products pipeline capacities .... 5-47
viii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE 1-1. COMPARISON OF STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS
GOVERNING MARINE LOADING I'4
TABLE 1-2. COMMODITIES BY ANNUAL THROUGHPUT 1-8
TABLE 1-3. NUMBER OF TERMINALS BY THROUGHPUT 1-10
TABLE 2-1. VOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR CARGO LOADING .... 2-4
TABLE 2-2. HAP EMISSION FACTORS . . . . 2-8
TABLE 2-3. ANNUAL EMISSIONS BY COMMODITY (CONTROLLED
EMISSIONS EXCLUDED) 2-12
TABLE 2-4. ANNUAL EMISSIONS BY COMMODITY (CONTROLLED
EMISSIONS INCLUDED) 2-13
TABLE 2-5. HAP EMISSIONS ESTIMATES 2-14
TABLE 3-1. DESCRIPTION OF MODEL TERMINALS 3-13
TABLE 3-2. MODEL VESSELS 3-14
TABLE 3-3. MODEL VESSEL CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS .... 3-15
TABLE 3-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5A
(INCINERATION) '• • 3-16
TABLE 3-5. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5B
(INCINERATION) 3-18
TABLE 3-6. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5C
(INCINERATION) 3-20
'TABLE 3 - 7. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 6A
(INCINERATION) 3-22
'TABLE 3-8. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL SB
(INCINERATION) 3-24
TABLE 3-9. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 6C
(INCINERATION) 3-26
IX
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page
TABLE 3-10. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 7A
(INCINERATION) 3-28
TABLE 3-11. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 7B
(INCINERATION) 3-30
TABLE 3-12. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5A
(CARBON ADSORPTION) 3-32
TABLE 3-13. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5B (CARBON
ADSORPTION) 3-34
TABLE 3-14. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 5C (CARBON
ADSORPTION) 3-36
TABLE 3-15. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 7A (CARBON
ADSORPTION) . ..... 3-38
TABLE 3-16. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS: MODEL 7B (CARBON
ADSORPTION) 3-40
TABLE 3-17. CAPITAL COSTS COMPARISON (MODEL TERMINAL 5A):
INCINERATION VS. CARBON ADSORPTION 3-42
TABLE 3-18. TOTAL ANNUALIZED VESSEL RETROFIT COSTS .... 3-43
TABLE 3 -19. ANNUAL COSTS COMPARISON (MODEL TERMINAL 5A) :
INCINERATION VS. CARBON ADSORPTION 3-44
TABLE 3-20. NATIONWIDE CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS AND COST
EFFECTIVENESS 3-45
TABLE 3-21. NATIONWIDE ANNUAL COSTS TO CONTROL EMISSIONS . 3-46
TABLE 4 -1. REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES VOC'S (ALASKA
CONTROLLED) 4-4
TABLE 4-2. REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES VOC'S (ALASKA
UNCONTROLLED) 4-5
TABLE 4-3. REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES MAP'S (ALASKA
CONTROLLED) 4-6
TABLE 4-4. REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES HAP'S (ALASKA
UNCONTROLLED) 4-7
TABLE 4-5. SECONDARY AIR IMPACTS BY REGULATORY
ALTERNATIVE 4-8
-------
,F TABLES (continued)
,-1
i OF IMPACTS BY REGULATORY ALTERNATIVE
COSTS AND PRICE INCREASE PER BARREL
uCULATIONS FOR CRUDE OIL REGULATORY
,-2
xiTERNATIVES
5-4.
.BLE 5-5.
TABLE 5-6.
TABLE 5-7.
TABLE 5-8.
TABLE 5-9.
TABLE 5-10.
TABLE 5-11.
TABLE 5-12.
TABLE 5-13.
TABLE 5-14.
TABLE 5-15.
TABLE 5-16,
TABLE 5-17
CONTROL COST PER BARREL CALCULATIONS FOR
CRUDE OIL MODEL FACILITIES AND REGULATORY
ALTERNATIVES •
POTENTIAL PERCENTAGE PRICE INCREASES IN
MARINE TRANSPORT FOR CRUDE OIL
POTENTIAL PRICE INCREASES FOR PRODUCTS
PRODUCED FROM CRUDE OIL
POTENTIAL PRODUCT PRICE INCREASES FOR THE
VARIOUS REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES . . . .
POTENTIAL PRICE INCREASES FOR PRODUCTS . .
COMBINED POTENTIAL PRICE INCREASES FOR
SELECTED PRODUCTS
POTENTIAL PRICE INCREASES FOR MARINE
TRANSPORT OF PRODUCTS
1988 COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS BY STATE FOR
SIC 4491 . . .
SMALL ENTITY ANALYSIS
FINANCIAL ANALYSES OF SMALL PRODUCT TERMINALS
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MARINE TRANSPORT OF
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND CRUDE OIL AFFECTED BY
THE REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES
TANK SHIP FLEET BY AGE . . .
U.S. BARGE FLEET BY AGE, 1989
PORTIONS OF TOTAL MARKETS AFFECTED BY
REGULATORY ALTERNATIVE A
POTENTIAL CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT IN THE
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
5-2
5-9
5-11
5-14
5-15
5-17
5-18
5-20
5-21
5-28
5-30
5-34
5-40
5-43
5-45
5-49
5-53
XI
------- |