United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-81-022
May 1981
Air
USER'S MANUAL FOR MIXING HEIGHT COMPUTER PROGRAM
-------
USER'S MANUAL FOR MIXING HEIGHT COMPUTER PROGRAM
Robert F. Kelly
Air Management Technology Branch
Monitoring and Data Analysis Divisic
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air duality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May 1981
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - In limited quantities - from the
Library Services Office (MD-35), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-81-022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Method Used 1
3.0 Approximations 5
4.0 Input Data Format 6
5.0 Program Output 13
6.0 References 18
7.0 Program Listing 19
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ABSTRACT
A FORTRAN-!anguage computer program has been developed to estimate mixing
height values for use in the Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach/Ozone Isopleth
Plotting Package (EKMA/OZIPP). This program uses temperature, pressure and
height values measured at a surface site, and from atmospheric vertical profiles
(e.g., radiosondes). The manual contains instructions on how to use the program,
including a description of the data needed, how to format the data, and an
explanation of the output from the program. Examples of input and output are
also included.
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Page
1. Example of a Step-by-step Mathematical Method for
Estimating Mixing Heights 2
2. Graphical Example of How to Estimate a Mixing Height 3
3. Example of Data Input 10
4. Example of Data Output 14
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1. Examples of Data Needed to Find Mixing Heights 8
2. Input Format Used by Computer Program 9
3. Example of Input and Output for a Maximum Mixing Height Case. . 11
4. Example of Input and Output for a Mixing Height at 0800 LCT . . 12
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Helpful suggestions for this report were given by Dr. Edwin L. Meyer and
Mr. Norman C. Possiel. Messrs. Warren P. Frees and William N. Hamilton helped
the author test, debug and punch copies of the computer program. The User's
Manual was typed by Mrs. Carole J. Mask.
vn
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This FORTRAN language computer program has been developed specifically to
estimate mixing height values needed by the Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach/
Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package (EKMA/OZIPP). The program was written in standard
FORTRAN and tested on a UNIVAC 1100 computer system. Urban temperature and
pressure values and data from a nearby upper air sounding site are used to
estimate mixing height values for the urban area. This program enables non-
meteorologists to estimate mixing heights from available data without using
complex graphs or methods. The program statements are provided in Section 7.0
and a punched-card deck of the program may be obtained by writing or calling:
Mr. Robert F. Kelly, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Mail Drop 14, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, (919) 541-5522.
2.0 METHOD USED
Mixing heights can be found by following a series of mathematical steps
(like the example in Figure 1) or from a graph of temperature plotted against
height or pressure (such as the graph in Figure 2). The mathematical method can
be a long, tedious procedure. The graphical method, while easier to do, is less
precise.
This program applies the mathematical version of the graphical method and is
based on the steps in Figure 1. Measurements of temperature and pressure at the
surface and at levels aloft are used to calculate values of potential temperature
with height, as needed by the procedure. Potential temperature is a meteorological
-------
Step 1 For reference, the information at the top of Table A-4 should be listed
(e.g., date, city, etc.). If the morning mixing height 1s to be calculated, the 0800 LCT
surface data are used. If the maximum mixing height 1s to be calculated, the data cor-
responding to the tine of maxima temperature (I.e., between 800-1800 LCT) are used. In
the row labeled URBAN SURFACE DATA, enter the following Information: 1) the elevation of
the urban temperature site 1n meters above sea level; 2) the surface pressure 1n millibars
(this value 1s PSf,j! *nd 3) the surface temperature 1n degrees Celsus (*C).
Convert the surface temperature 1n collar four to degrees Kelvin (*K) by adding
273.2, and enter the result 1n colunn five. This value 1s T ^ ('IC).
Use Equation 1 below and the values just entered to calculate the potential
0.1 *K)
*286
temperature at the surface (6,,. 1n *K to the nearest 0.1 *K) and enter this value under
column six '8CK}'.
(1n mb)
Step 2 Using the temperature sounding data, find the highest pressure level other
than the sounding's surface value that 1s less than the pressure at the urban surface.*
Fro* this pressure level on the sounding, enter the height (1f listed}, pressure and
temperature (1n »C) Into tht row marked "(2}" on Table A-4.
Step 3 Convert the temperature at this leVel to the Kelvin scale and enter 1n
colusn 5. Compute the potential temperature (6 ) to the nearest 0.1 *K using the pressure
(P, 1n mb) and temperature (T 1n *K) at this level 1n Equation 2 below:
f p H* mM 1-0.286
Up C1n « - Tp (in 1C) l^fljj y J (2)
Enter the value of 9. found fron Equation (2) Into the same row under the column labeled
"8CK}". P
Step 4 If the potential temperature, "Q," of the last row that was entered 1s
greater than the potential temperature 6 . . and this 1s the first level above the surface,
then 250 meters should be used as the mixing height. Otherwise, go to Step 5. If 1t 1s
less than or equal to Osfc, then enter the height (If given), pressure and temperature of
the next. lowest pressure Tevel found on the sounding Into the next row of Table A-4 and
return to Step 3.
Step S~ The rixlng height fs between the last two levels entered Into Table A-4. If
height values are given for both of these levels, the elevation of the mixing height can be
found using Step 6. If one of the levels does not have a height value, use linear Inter-
polation to find the pressure value for the potential temperature value of C . + 0.1 *K.
Enter this pressure value Into the row marked "MIXING HEIGHT" at the bottom SrTable A-4
under the column "PRESSURE 1n mb. * Proceed to Step 7.
Step 6 From the two levels where height 1s given on the sounding surrounding the
mixing height level, use linear Interpolation to find the height (1n meters ASL) at the
value C f + Q.l'K (I.e., the potential temperature C at the mixing height). Enter the
value foufid by linear Interpolation Into the row labeled "MIXING HEIGHT" under the column
"HEIGHT CmASLl." and proceed to Step 8.
Step 7 -- Use linear Interpolation to find the height above sea level of the mixing
height using the pressure at the mixing height (found 1n Step 5) and the pressure levels on
the sounding above and below the mixing height pressure that have both pressure and height
values. Enter the height value found Into the row "MIXING HEIGHT" under the col USD marked
"HEIGHT, (mASL)" and proceed to Step 8.
Step 8 Subtract the elevation of the urban site (mASL) from the height (mASL) of
the nrlxlng height. The result 1s the height of the mixing height 1n meters above the
surface of the city OaAGL}. Enter this value Into Table A-4.
NOTE; Despite the fact that pressure and height, and potential temperature and
height, are not linearly related, linear Interpolation does not produce
significant errors over the limited ranges us*d above.
* For example, 1f the urban surface pressure 1s 285 mb, and the sounding pressures are:
1005, 1000, 963, 850 mb, etc., 9£3 mb 1s the "highest pressure level that 1s less than
the pressure at the urban surface." 850 mb 1s the "next lowest pressure level* needed
1n Step 4.
Figure 1. Example of a Step-by-step Mathematical Method for Estimating
Mixing Heights
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Figure 2.
This is a graphical example of the method in Figure 1. The solid
line is the temperature sounding and the dashed line is the tempera-
ture the surface air ((&)) would have at different pressures (rising
without exchanging heat with surrounding air). The air from the
surface will rise as long as it is warmer (i.e., less dense) than_
the surrounding air. The mixing height according to this method is
where the air rising from the surface becomes colder (i.e., denser)
than the surrounding air and will not rise further.
-------
term for the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were moved vertically,
without exchanging heat with the surrounding air, to a pressure of 1000 milli-
bars. The calculated potential temperature of the surface air is compared with
the potential temperature calculated for the sounding level nearest to the
surface (i.e., layer 1). If the potential temperature at the surface is greater
(i.e., wanner) than the potential temperature of layer 1, the surface air will
rise through that layer because warm air is less dense than cold air. The
potential temperature is computed for the next highest layer of air (i.e.,
layer 2) and all the layers above it (i.e., layers 3, 4, etc.) until a layer is
found that has a potential temperature warmer than the surface potential tempera-
ture. When the air rising from the surface enters a layer of air that is warmer
(i.e., less dense) than it is, the surface air will stop rising. This altitude
is the upper limit of the mixing of air from the surface and is called the
mixing height. The height of the top of this well-mixed layer will determine
the vertical extent to which pollutants emitted near the earth's surface will be
diluted.
The program described herein defines the mixing height as the lowest altitude
where the potential temperature is greater than the surface potential temperature.
If a sounding has height values for all the pressure levels needed, the program
estimates the mixing height by linear interpolation from potential temperature
to height. However, not all atmospheric soundings have height values for each
pressure level. Where height values are missing, the pressure value at the
mixing height is found by linear interpolation of pressure values associated
with potential temperature values above and below the mixing height. The eleva-
tion of the mixing height is then found by linear interpolation of heights
associated with the previously described pressure values.
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3.0 APPROXIMATIONS
Since the points used to describe a temperature sounding (i.e., a vertical
temperature profile) are connected by straight lines, we can assume that tempera-
ture is linear with height between the plotted points. Potential temperature is
roughly linear with temperature and therefore no significant error results if
potential temperature is taken as being linear with, height between the reported
sounding levels.
Some error may occur if height values are not given for each pressure
level. If a pressure level does not have a height values temperature (and
therefore potential temperature) may not be linear wTth height between the
levels where height "alues are given. Therefore, this program interpolates from
potential temperature to pressure and then from pressure to height. Even though
potential temperature is not linear with pressure, the error is not significant
over the small pressure intervals often encountered. The estimated pressure at
the mixing height is used to find the elevation of the mixing height by linear
interpolation using sounding levels that have both pressure and height. While
pressure is not linear with height, detailed height and pressure values from
soundings taken for the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study show that linear
interpolation from pressure to height over the interval from 1000 to 850 milli-
bars (about 1500 meters) gives a range of 0 to 40 meters above the actual value.
This error will approach zero for low mixing heights and will not be significant
for maximum mixing heights, where accuracy of 50 to 100 meters is acceptable for
most purposes.
-------
The change of mixing height due to errors in calculated potential tempera-
ture cannot be evaluated since the error depends on the rate of change of
temperature (and thus potential temperature) with height near the mixing height.
4.0 INPUT DATA FORMAT
To compute the mixing height for the city being modeled, this program needs
the following:
1) upper air sounding data (e.g., National Weather Service, local
urban radiosonde or helicopter spirals);
2) urban surface temperature and pressure at 0800 LCT* and at the time
of maximum temperature;
3) elevation of the urban temperature measurement in meters above sea
level, and
4) the climatological daily maximum mixing height value for summer
nonprecipitation days (listed for some cities in Reference 1 [page A-3] and for
others in Reference 2).
If the pressure data are not available at the elevation of the temperature data,
other data can be used if they are adjusted to the elevation of the temperature
measurement. Additional information on how to obtain these data is given in
* LCT stands for Local Civil Time, which is the prevailing local time for a
location. In other words, LCT is Local Standard Time, unless the locality
is on Local Daylight Time.
-------
Appendix A of the EKMA Guideline document. Also, Table 1 gives the urban
surface and upper air data used in the examples explained below.
The card format to be used to enter the data tnto the program is in Table 2.
The first number on card 1 tells the program that it is estimating the mixing
height for either 0800 LCT or the maximum mixing height. The second number on
the first card is the climatological daily maximum mixing height value. This
value allows the program to check for unusual estimated mixing heights. The
urban surface data are contained on the second data card. Sounding data should
be entered on the following cards, except for the surface data from the sounding,
which was replaced by the urban surface data entered on card 2. In Figure 3, the
surface and sounding data used to calculate maximum mixing height is used as an
example to explain the input data. The sounding data must be entered in order of
decreasing pressure (i.e., increasing height). Sounding levels with a pressure
greater than the urban surface pressure or a height less than the urban surface
height will be ignored by the program. Additional instructions and cautions are -
given in the program listing. Significant comments on program operation are
marked with an asterisk (*) in the program listing.
Tables 3 and 4 show the input and output for maximum and 0800 LCT mixing
height examples, respectively. Users should attempt to replicate the examples
illustrated in Tables 3 and 4 using their own computer system prior to using the
program for general application.
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Examples of me Date Needed for This Method
Hour Stertinc at, LCT
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Surface Data
Temperature "C
22.2
23.9
25.8
27.
28.
29.
30.
30.4
30.8
31.4
31.2
Pressure, mb
1010.3
1010.7
1010.8
1010.6
1010.3
1010.0
1009.6
1009.2
1008.8
1008.6
1008.5
Soundino Data
1200 GKT Soundinc
0000 _GMT Sounding
Pressure (mb) Heloht (m ASL) Temp. (°C) Pressure (mb) Height (rc ASL) Temp. (°C)
S 1015*
K 1000
S 957
hi 850
S 827
S 817
hi 700
S 680
-S 661
S 60E
f, 500
S 451
S ^£2
43E
K 400
S 38£
S 349
S 324
K 300
S 267
K 250
K 200
hi 1 50
S 14£
139
1550
3168
5860
7560
22.
22.
10890
12370
14190
24.4
16.2
14.2
12.6
4.6
5.6
5.6
0.4
-£.3
-£.3
-12.7
-13.9
-IE.7
-20.1
-26.3
-29.7
-23.7
-39.5
-47.7
-51.7
-60.9
-61.5
S 1012*
hi 1000
K 850
S 831
S 791
S 778
S 760
hi 700
-S 628
S 560
hi 500
K 400
S 371
y. 300
S 265
hi 250
S 205
hi 200
K 150
127
120
S
S
M 100
Y. 70
50
30
20
15
hi
hi
hi
S
8*
114
1537
3164
5860
7560
9650
10900
12370
14190
16690
18900
21040
24350
27030
y, = Mandatory Levels and S = Significant Levels
The 0000 GMT Sounding is the following day in GMT.
* The lowest level of the soundinc should not be used in the mixing
height calculations for EK
31.0*
30.6
16.4
13.2
11.8
11.2
7.0
1.6
-1.5
-7.3
-18.9
-21.7
-33.1
-39.9
-42.9
-52.9
-53.3
-61.1
-64.9
-61.7
-63.2
-58.5
-54.5
-49.9
-44.7
-42.1
Printed copies of National Weather Service sounding data can be ordered
by h-riting to: National Climatic Center, Federal Building, Asheville,
Uo'-tn Carolina 26801 or call inc (704) 258-2850, extension 683. The cost
(.as of April 1981) is 60 cents per sounding, with a minimum order of S5.00.
8
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Table 2. Card Input Format
Card
Number
1
Variable
Name
MNMX
CLIMPM
Column
Number(s)
5-11
FORTRAN
Format
II
F7.0
Data to be Entered
Mixing height to be computed:
0 = 0800 LCT
1 = Maximum
Climatological daily maximum
mixing height value in meters
above ground level
ELEV
PRESS
TEMP
2-9
10-17
18-23
URBAN SURFACE DATA
F8.1 Height in meters above sea
level
F8.1 Pressure in millibars
F6.1 Temperature in degrees Celsius
3 to
last
card
ELEvS (As on card 2, except input is the
PRESS) -I sounding data without the sounding
TEMP J /surface data
Note: Pressure reduced to sea level should not be used unless the height
of the pressure level is at sea level.
- This program was designed to use temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C.
Temperatures measured in degrees Fahrenheit should be converted to
the nearest 0.1°C. As explained in Section 2.0, pressure can be
rounded to the nearest whole millibar and height to the nearest 10 meters.
- Missing values can be entered using a height greater than 90000 or a
temperature greater than 900. If a level does not have a pressure
value, do not use that level in the input for the program, since the
program cannot use a level unless a pressure value is given.
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Card Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 1
62.
114.
1537.
99999.
99999.
99999.
99999.
3164.
700.
0 1008.
0
0
9
9
9
9
0
1000.
850.
831.
791.
778.
760.
700.
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31.
30.
1
1
1
1
1
6.
5.
3.
1.
1.
7.
4
6
4
4
2
8
2
0
Explanation
Card Number
1.
2.
3-9.
"1" indicates that the data is for a maximum mixing height
estimation. 1700 meters is the climatological daily
maximum mixing height.
Urban surface elevation (62.0 meters above sea level),
pressure (1008.6 millibars) and temperature (31.4°C).
-Sounding data (elevation,-pressure, temperature).
99999.9 = missing height value.
Figure 3. Data Input for Maximum Mixing Height Example
10
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Table 3. Example for Maximum Mixing Height
INPUT:
1700.
62.0
11*.0
1537.C
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
3164.0
8EOF
100E.6
100C.O
850.0
831. 0
791.0
778.0
760.0
700.0
31.*
30.6
16.*
15.*
13.2
11.8
11.2
7.0
OUTPUT:
HEIGHT
MASL
62. C
1U.O
1537.0
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
316*. 0
PRESSURE
MB
1008.6
1000.0
850.0
831.0
791.0
778.0
76C.C
700.0
TEMP.
OE6.C
31.4
30.6
16.4
15.4
13.2
11.8
11.2
7.0
POTENTIAL
TEMP.
DE6.K
303.9
303.8
303.4
304.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
MAX. MIXING HEIGHT 1613. METERS AGLi 837.3 MILLIBARS.
THE CLIMATOL06ICAL MAXIMUM MIXING HEIGHT VALUE ENTERED WAS 1700. METERS A6L.
11
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Table 4. Example for 0800 LCT Mixing Height
INPUT:
C 1700.
£2.0 1010.3 23.2
139.0 100C.O 23.0
99999.9
1550.0
99999.9
99999.9
3168.0
3EOF
967.0
850.0
827.0
817.0
70C.O
24.4
16.2
14.2 ----- - ---- -
13.6
4.6
OUTPUT:
HEIGHT PRESSURE TEMP.
MASL KB PEG.C
«.C 1010,3 23.2
135.0 1000.0 23.0
POTENTIAL
TEMP.
DE6.K
295.5
296.2
ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD, THE LOWEST LATER OF THE SOUNDING IS
NOT WELL MIXED. THIS IMPLIES * MIXIMC HEIGHT OF ZERO PETERS AGL.
THE URBAN MIXING HEIGHT IS GREATER THAN THE 0. METER
MIXING HEIGHT COMPUTED BY THIS METHOD. 250 METERS A6L
SHOULD BE USED FOR THE EKMA 0800 LXT MIXING HEIGHT.
THE CLIMATOLOGICAL MAXIMUM MIXING HEIGHT VALUE EKTERED WAS 170C. METERS
12
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5.0 PROGRAM OUTPUT
The output from the program gives the height of the mixing height in meters
above the surface elevation entered on data card 2. Figure 4 explains the
output from the input data in Figure 3. When unusual situations occur (e.g., not
enough data entered, possibly unrealistic mixing height values), the program
informs the user by various messages displayed at the end of the output. Most of
these messages direct the user to take some action or to refer to the EKMA Guide-
line document for further information. These program warnings and why they
occur are discussed below. When a problem occurs, the first step should be to
check that the data were entered correctly.
OUTPUT -
THE URBAN MIXING HEIGHT IS GREATER THAN THE METER
MIXING HEIGHT COMPUTED BY THIS METHOD. 250 METERS AGL
SHOULD BE USED FOR THE EKMA 0800 LCT MIXING HEIGHT.
EXPLANATION -
- A mixing height less than 250 meters above ground level has been estimated
by the program for the 0800 LCT mixing height. Data from St. Louis and Philadelphia
temperature soundings taken by helicopter indicate that this program's method of
estimating the mixing height underestimates the depth of the early morning urban
mixed layer.
OUTPUT
MIXING HEIGHT VALUE MAY BE TOO HIGH.
13
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HEI6HT
KASL
62. C
114.0
1537.0
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
99999.9
3 1 64 . 0
_ -
PRESSURE
KB
1008.6
1000.0
850.0
831.0
791.0
778 .t)
76C.O
700.0
- ^_ ~ -_ - ;-
TEKP.
DE&.C
31,4
30.6
16.4
15.4
13.2
1t.fi
11.2
7.0
POTENTIAL
TEKP.
OEG.K
303.9
303.8
303.4
304.3
.0
.0
.0 -
.0
I. BUIKG HEIGHT 1612. METERS A6Lt 837.3 KILLIBARS.
THE CLIBATOL061CAL HAXIHUK K1XIN6 HEI6KT VALUE EKTEREC UAS 1700. BETERS ACL.
Explanation -
- If height values are input in meters above ground level (mAGL), the output
n the "height" column will be in mAGL instead of meters above sea level
(mASL) as labeled. The mixing height value is in meters above the urban surface
elevation entered in columsn 2 through 9 of card 2.
Values of height, pressure and temperature in the output are the same as the
input values. The values of potential temperature in degrees Kelvin by the
program where needed.
The mixing height is between 850 and 831 millibars (MB) at a potential
temperature of 304. 0°K. The height values used for interpolation are at
850 and 700 MB and the mixing height is estimated to be at 1613. meters above
the urban surface elevation of 62 tnASL entered on card 2 of the input.' The
estimated mixing height is significant to the nearest 10 meters at best.
Figure 4. Detailed Example of Output for Maximum Mixing Height Estimation from
the Input Shown in Figure 3.
14
-------
EXPLANATION
- For 0800 LCT mixing height - estimated value is greater than 500 meters
above ground level. An incorrect value for urban surface temperature may have
been entered.
- For the maximum mixing height - estimated value is more than twice the
climatological value entered on card 1. An incorrect value may have been entered
for the urban surface temperature or the sounding may be unrepresentative of the
region being modeled.
OUTPUT
MIXING HEIGHT IS LOW FOR A MAXIMUM MIXING HEIGHT.
EXPLANATION
- The estimated maximum mixing height is less than one-third the climato-
logical value entered on card 1 of the data for the program or is less than
250 meters above ground level. The sounding may be from a location that is much"
warmer than the urban area being modeled. If that is true, another more repre-
sentative site should be found.
OUTPUT
SEE **USE OF CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA FOR OZONE SIPS**
FOR ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES
EXPLANATION
- This is a followup for other messages when possible solutions are outlined
in the EKMA Guideline document.
15
-------
OUTPUT
ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD, THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE SOUNDING IS
NOT WELL MIXED. THIS IMPLIES A MIXING HEIGHT OF ZERO METERS AGL.
EXPLANATION
- Even though this method gives a mixing height of zero meters above ground
level, either a low morning mixing height exists or a problem has been caused by
the data used for the maximum mixing height values. See other statements listed
by the program output for possible solutions. The program prints the statement
because the potential temperature of the surface air is lower (colder) than the
potential temperature of the layer above it.
OUTPUT
DATA FINISHED BEFORE MIXING HEIGHT FOUND - POSSIBLE BAD SURFACE DATA.
EXPLANATION
- Check to_ see ifthe correct urban surface temperature value was entered
on card 2. Otherwise the mixing height is above the highest sounding level
entered into the program. Also check to see if the sounding used is representa-
tive of the urban region.
MIXING HEIGHT WAS FOUND BUT HEIGHT VALUE ABOVE MIXING HEIGHT LEVEL
OF MILLIBARS IS NEEDED FOR INTERPOLATION.
EXPLANATION
- To do linear interpolation from pressure to height, the program needs
height values above and below the estimated mixing height. If no upper height
16
-------
value exists, use a height value from another nearby sounding on the same day or
a height value from the U.S. Standard Atmosphere.
17
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6.0 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guideline for Use of City-specific
EKMA in Preparing Ozone SIPs, EPA-450/4-80-027 (March 1981).
2. G. C. Holzworth, Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and Potential for Urban
Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous United States, AP-101, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
(January 1972).
18
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7.0 PROGRAM LISTING
TDS«MXHGT(1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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).MXHGT/EKHA
*»»*»*»*»*»*»*»**»**-»*»*»»*****»*»*»»***»*HHX00100
"COMPUTERIZED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING ATMOSPHERIC MIXING HEl6HTS*«*MHX00200
VERSION FOR USE WITH EKHA/OZIPP, MARCH 25t 1981MHX00300
****»***»*»»«»»»»»»**» ****-»»»** **»»»MHX 00400
NOTE: STARRED COMMENTS () MUST BE FOLLOWED FOR THIS PROGRAM MHXOC500
TO WORK PROPERLT. MHX00600
MHX00700
MHX00800
MHX00900
MHX01000
MHX01100
MNX01200
RHX01300
MHX01400
MHX01500
HKX01600
MHX01700
MKX01800
MHX01900
MHX02DOD
MHX02100
MHX02200
HHX0230D
M.HX02400
MKXC2500
MHX02600
MHX0270C
MHX0280C
MHX02900
MHX03000
MHX03100
MKX03200
MHX03300
MHX0340C
THE URBAN SURFACE DATA MUST BE INPUT FIRST IN PLACE OF THE SOUNDING MHX03500
SURFACE DATA AND MUST HAVE OBSERVED VALUES FOR ELEVATION, PRESSURE
THE
THIS PROGRAM FINDS THE MIXING HEIGHT USING URBAN SURFACE AND
RADIOSONDE SOUNDING DATA. THE PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN BT BOB KELLY
OF EPA'S AIR MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY BRANCH AND GIVES THE MIXING
HEIGHT BY FINDING THE LOWEST HEIGHT ON THE SOUNDING WHERE THE
POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE IS GREATER THAN THE POTENTIAL TEPERATURE
AT THE SURFACE.
DIMENSION ELEV(50),PRESS(50),TEMP(50),PT(50)
REAL M1XHT
UNIT NUMBERS FOR INPUT AND OUTPUT FOR THIS PROGRAM CAN BE CHANGED
BT THE USER IF UNIT NUMBERS OTHER THAN THE '5' (FOR CARD READER)
AND THE '6' (LINE PRINTER) USED IN THIS PROGRAM ARE NEEDED.
THIS CAN BE DONE BY CHANGING THE VALUES
DATA CARD BELOW TO THE INPUT AND OUTPUT
INTEGER IN,OUT
DATA IN/5/,OUT/6/
NN - 0
READ(Ih,250) MNMX, CLIMPM
250 FORMAT (3X,- II, F7.0)
'MNMX'- FOR 0800 LCT ENTER '0', FOR MAXIMUM MIXING HEIGHT ENTER
"CLIMPM' IS THE CLIMATOLOGICAL MAXIMUM MIXING HEIGHT
IN METERS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL.
IF MORE THAN 50 LEVELS ARE TO BE USED, THE SIZE OF THE ARRAYS
IN THE DIMENSION STATEMENT (ABOVE) SHOULD BE INCREASED TO THE
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LEVELS TO BE USED.
FOR "IN* AND 'OUT' ON
UNIT NUMBERS NEEDED.
AND TEMPERATURE. THE SOUNDING DATA MUST BE ENTERED IN ORDER OF
INCREASING HEIGHT (I.E. DECREASING PRESSURE).
ALL LEVELS ENTERED MUST HAVE PRESSURE VALUES.
THE LAST LEVEL OF THE SOUNDING DATA FOR THIS PROGRAM MUST
HAVE OBSERVED VALUES FOR HEIGHT, PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.
READ(IN,150) ELEVM), PRESSd), TEMP(I)
150 FORMAT (2F8.1, F6.1)
* 'ELEV * HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL IN METERS.
'PRESS' * PRESSURE IN MILLIBARS.
"TEMP" « TEMPERATURE TO THE NEAREST 0.1 DEGREES CELSIUS.
FOR MISSING VALUES USE THE FOLLOWING:
FOR HEIGHT ('ELEV') USE '99999.9',
FOR PRESSURE ("PRESS') MISSING VALUES ARE NOT ALLOWED,
FOR TEMPERATURE ('TEMP') USE '999.9'.
PT(1) * (TEMP(1>+273.2)*((PRESS(1)/1000.>«« -0.286)
PT(1) * (AINT((PT<1)f0.05)*10.))/1C.
'PT' IS THE POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE TO THE NEAREST 0.1 DEGREES
KELVIN FROM VALUES OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE AT LEVEL (L).
MHX03600
MHX03700
MHX03BOC
MHX03900
MHX04000
MHX04100
MHX04200
MHX04300
MHX044QO
HHX04500
MHX04600
MHX04700
MHX04800
MHX04900
MHX0500C
MHX05100
MHX0520C
MHX05300
MHX05400
MHX05500
MHX05600
19
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69
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79
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£2
S3
£4
£5
£6
£7
88
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91
92
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99
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10*
105
106
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108
109
11C
111
112
113
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THE URBAN SURFACE DATA IS AT L * 1.
L * 2
20 READCIN,150, END*55> E,P,T
IF = N-1
60 TO 33
41 PRESMH = (CPRESS(L)-PRESS(h))»l(PT(1)*0.1)-PT(L))/
7 (PT(L)-PT(H))>+PRESS(L)
PRESRH = (AINT((PRESKH+O.C5)*1C.))/1C.
"PRESKH' IS THE PRESSURE AT THE RIXIN6 HEIGHT
TO THE NEAREST 0.1 MILLIBARS.
50 IF (ELEVCK) ,6T. 90000) 60 TO 40
60 TO 51
40 K = K + 1
- READ(1W,15S, EKD«65) ELEVCK), PRESS
-------
11* 7 * MASL MB DE6.C DEC.*') MHX11400
115 t>0 1001 M « 1,K MHX11500
116 WRITE
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Insmicrions on The reierse before completing]
NO.
EPA-450/4-81-022
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
U T'TLc AND SUBTITLE
User's Manuel for Mixing Height Computer Program
5. REPORT DATE
May 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR1S)
Robert F. Kelly
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Monitoring and Data Analysis Divisipn/AMTB (MD-14)
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Same
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
4. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IE. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Supplements EPA-450/4-80-027, "Guideline for Use of City-specific EKMA in Preparing
Ozone SIPs."
16. ABSTRACT
"A FORTRAN-!anguage computer program has been developed to estimate mixing
height, values for use in the Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach/Ozone Isopleth
Plotting Package (EKMA/OZIPP). This program uses temperature, pressure and
height values measured at a surface site, and from atmospheric vertical profiles
(e.g., radiosondes). The manual contains instructions on how to use the program,
including a description of the data needed, how to format the data, and an
explanation of the output from the program. Examples of input and output are
also included. ~ ""
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI T'ieid/Group
Mixing Height
Computer Program
EKMA
OZIPP
£ DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
Forr- I22C-1 (Rev. 4-771 PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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