Ve|. 5
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-81 026e C /2>
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards September 1981
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
vvEPA Procedures for Emission
Inventory Preparation
Volume V: Bibliography
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NOTICE
The Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation consists of these
five volumes.
Volume I - Emission Inventory Fundamentals
Volume II - Point Sources
Volume III - Area Sources
Volume IV - Mobile Sources
Volume V - Bibliography
They are intended to present emission inventory procedures and
techniques applicable in State and local air programs, and for con-
tractors and other selected users. The object is to provide the best
available and "state of the art" information. For some areas, however,
the available source information and data either may allow more precise
procedures and more accurate estimation of emissions or may not be amen-
able to the use of these procedures. Therefore, the user is asked to
share his knowledge and experience by providing comments, successfully
applied alternative methods or other emission inventory information
useful to other users of these volumes. Please forward comments to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Management Technology Branch,
(MD-14), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Such responses will provide
guidance for revisions and supplements to these volumes.
Other U.S. EPA emission inventory procedures publications:
Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume I, Second Edition,
EPA-450/2-77-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980.
Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories of
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume II: Emission Inventory
Requirements for Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models,
EPA-450/4-79-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1979.
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EPA-450/4-81-026e
Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation
Volume V: Bibliography
by
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
September 1981
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This document is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current EPA contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities ~ from
the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by GCA
Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-3087. The contents of this report are reproduced herein as
received from GCA Corporation. The opinions, findings and conclusions
expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-81-026e
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION 1-1
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Organization 1-1
2.0 REFERENCES 2-1
2.1 All Sources 2-1
2.2 Point Sources 2-12
2.3 Area Sources 2-21
2.4 Mobile Sources 2-31
3.0 ABSTRACTS 3-1
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This document is the last of a five volume series dealing with the
preparation of emission inventories. It presents an extensive listing of
pertinent reference materials which are currently available in the
literature. These references were assembled to assist state and local air
pollution agency personnel in preparing and maintaining the emission
inventory. A concise abstract outlining the specific emission inventory
information is provided for each reference cited.
The other volumes in this Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation
series are:
Volume I—Emission Inventory Fundamentals
Volume II—Point Sources
Volume III—Area Sources
Volume IV—Mobile Sources
Each volume examines the rationale and procedures necessary to prepare an
emission inventory and includes examples to assist the user in understanding
specific methods and procedures.
This volume of the emission inventory preparation series is presented to
give the agency a central resource which lists relevant emission inventory-
related documents. As with the other volumes in this series, it will be
updated periodically to include the latest reports, articles, and studies on
emission inventory procedures and activities. Users of this document are
encouraged to suggest additional references for inclusion in the
bibliography. These suggestions should be forwarded to:
Air Management Technology Branch
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1.2 ORGANIZATION
This volume is divided into two main sections, References and Abstracts.
References are contained in subsections organized around source and pollutant
type, while the abstracts of the references are listed in numerical order.
Section 2.0, References, simply lists the title and sponsoring agency or
author for each document. When an EPA report number or paper number has been
assigned to the document, that number is also included to facilitate its
1-1
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retrieval. EPA reports can be obtained from EPA regional offices, the EPA
division which funded the project, or from the National Technical Information
Services in Springfield, Virginia. In attempting to locate any EPA-related
reference, the regional EPA Office Library should be contacted.
Each reference included in Section 2.0 is given an alphanumeric index
number. This number relates the reference to the source and pollutant types
it discusses and will enable the user to concentrate research efforts in
specific areas of concern. The left-most character of the index number (which
is always a letter) specifies the source type covered by the document. These
source types with their respective identifying letters are:
S - All source types
P - Point sources
A - Area sources
M - Mobile sources
When a reference is concerned with all types of sources, it is assigned a
letter "S." If a specific reference has applicability to two types of sources
(e.g., point and area), it is listed separately under each source type.
The first digit to the right of the letter specifies the pollutant
discussed in the reference. This numerical identifier is assigned as follows:
1 - All except lead (Pb)
2 - TSP
3 - S02
4 - CO
5 - NOX
6 - HC
7 - Pb
In addition, there is an index number (99) assigned to those documents which
cover program management or are more general in nature. Again, this numbering
convention allows the user to concentrate on those references which may be of
use in the area of concern.
Finally, following the pollutant indicator are the three right-most
digits which specify the abstract number. This number is sequentially
assigned to each abstract and identifies the location of each abstract within
Section 3.0.
1-2
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The alphanumeric system is diagrammed below for the references.
A
A
Title of Reference
—^^—
t
Abstract No. (ascending order)
Pollutant/category code (1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 99)
Source code (S,P,A,M)
Ninety-eight references are listed by source type and pollutant type in
the reference section. Table 1 presents a matrix, by source type and
pollutant, of the number of references included in this volume. Because some
references are listed under more than one source type and/or pollutant, the
total of the numbers shown in Table 1 exceeds the total number of references.
TABLE 1. NUMBER OF REFERENCES CONTAINED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY,
BY SOURCE TYPE AND POLLUTANT
Pollutant /code
Alla/l
TSP/2
S02/3
CO/4
NOx/5
HC/6
Pb/7
Program
management /99
All (S)
7
5
2
1
3
12
4
26
Source t]
Point (P)
1
5
1
0
0
9
3
6
fpe (code)
Area (A)
5
6
0
2
1
15
1
11
Mobile (M)
11
1
0
2
1
2
1
12
'Except lead (Pb).
1-3
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Abstracts in Section 3.0 are arranged in ascending order of the assigned
abstract number, independent of source type and pollutant. Abstracts are
assigned source/pollutant keys which cross-reference the abstract to locations
in the source/pollutant subsections of Section 2.0. The alphanumeric system,
as used with the abstracts, is presented below.
Title of Reference
t
Abstract No. (ascending order)
Source/Pollutant Key: A
t
Pollutant code
Source code
(Text of abstract)
The content of each abstract is oriented toward the emission inventory-
related aspects of the reference. By reading the abstracts, users of this
volume can quickly review the thrust of many references and select those which
are most pertinent.
Ideally, this bibliography can be used most efficiently in the following
manner:
Step 1—In the reference section, find all those references pertaining to
the source type and pollutant type of interest. Check listings for "all
sources" (source code "S") and all pollutants (pollutant/category code
"1"), in addition to those references cited in specific source/pollutant
areas.
Step 2—Use the abstract number associated with each reference to locate
the abstract in Section 3.0. Read the abstract and decide if the
reference may be of value in your project.
Step 3—Request those references which may be of use from your Regional
EPA Office Library. If they do not have the specific reference(s), they
will direct you to the nearest source.
This bibliography will be updated as additional documents on emission
inventory preparation become available. A new emission inventory document
will be assigned the appropriate source and pollutant codes and the reference
inserted under the corresponding subsection(s) in Section 2.0. The document
will then be assigned the next abstract number in sequence and the abstract
added at the end of Section 3.0. This system can also be expanded to include
new criteria pollutants (pollutant codes 8 through 98) and new source types
(designated with letter codes as appropriate).
1-4
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2.0 REFERENCES
2.1 ALL SOURCES
2.1.1 ALL POLLUTANTS (TSP, S02, CO, NOX, HC)
S 1 002 Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, APTD-1135,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1973.
S 1 013 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition with
Supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1980.
S 1 037 Emissions Forecasting Methodology, PB 238 259, State of California,
Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, July 1974.
S 1 050 Grems, C., "Air Force Emission Inventories," Emission
Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 5-1 to 5-14.
(See abstract 042.)
S 1 083 Regional Air Pollution Study: Emission Inventory Summarization,
EPA-600/4-79-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
NC, January 1979.
S 1 087 Revision of Emission Factors for Petroleum Refining,
EPA-450/3-77-030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1977.
S 1 098 Emission Factors and Inventories, Proceedings of the Specialty
Conference sponsored by the West Coast Section and the Technical
Council of the Air Pollution Control Association, Anaheim,
California, November 13-16, 1978.
2-1
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2.1.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP)
S 2 023 Particulate Control for Fugitive Dust, EPA-600/7-78-071, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April
1978.
S 2 024 Particulate Emission Factors Applicable to the Iron and Steel
Industry, EPA-450/4-79-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, August 1979.
S 2 028 Emissions Inventory in the SURE Region, Research Project 862-5,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1978.
S 2 029 Implementation and Coordination of the Sulfate Regional Experiment
(SURE) and Related Research Programs, Research Project 862-2,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, October 1977.
S 2 065 An Implementation Plan for Suspended Particulate Matter in the
Phoenix Area, Vol. II - Emission Inventory, EPA-450/3-77-021b, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1977.
2-2
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2.1.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE (802)
S 3 028 Emissions Inventory in the SURE Region, Research Project 862-5,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1978.
S 3 029 Implementation and Coordination of the Sulfate Regional Experiment
(SURE) and Related Research Programs, Research Project 862-2,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, October 1977.
2-3
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2.1.4 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
S 4 060 Control Techniques for Carbon Monoxide Emissions, EPA-450/3-79-006,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1979.
2-4
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2.1.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOY)
/v
S 5 028 Emissions Inventory in the SURE Region, Research Project 862-5,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1978.
S 5 029 Implementation and Coordination of the SulEate Regional Experiment
(SURE) and Related Research Programs, Research Project 862-2,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, October 1977.
S 5 040 Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, December 1980.
2-5
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2.1.6 HYDROCARBONS (HC); VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC)
S 6 028 Emissions Inventory in the SURE Region, Research Project 862-5,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1978.
S 6 029 Implementation and Coordination of the Sulfate Regional Experiment
(SURE) and Related Research Programs, Research Project 862-2,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, October 1977.
S 6 032 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume II, Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models, EPA-450/4-79-018, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1978.
S 6 033 Hydrocarbon Control Strategies for Gasoline Marketing Operations,
EPA-450/3-78-017, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1978.
S 6 034 End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds,
EPA-450/3-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1979.
S 6 040 Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, December 1980.
S 6 042 Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volumes I and II,
EPA-450/3-78-042a-b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978. Proceedings of Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
co-sponsored by the Air Pollution Training Institute and Air
Management Technology Branch, Raleigh, NC, September 13-15, 1977.
(Some of the 25 individual papers are also listed separately in this
section.)
S 6 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
S 6 048 Henderson, David C., "Documentation of Emission Inventories in
Region IX," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 3-1 to 3-14. (See abstract 042.)
2-6
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S & 052 Carter, E. L., and J. W. Paisie, "Maryland Special Factors and
Inventory Techniques," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume 1,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 7-1 to 7-22. (See abstract 042.)
S 6 073 Point and Area Source Organic Emission Inventory (RAPS),
EPA-600/4-78-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, June 1976.
S 6 091 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual,
EPA-450/4-80-015, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July
1980.
2-7
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2.1.7 LEAD (Pb)
S 7 020 Development of HATREMS Data Base and Emission Inventory Evaluation,
EPA-450/3-77-011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1977.
S 7 038 Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volume I,
EPA-450/2-77-012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1977.
S 7 068 Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans,
EPA-450/2-78-038, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1978.
S 7 075 Lead Emissions Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, June 1976.
2-8
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2.1.8 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
S 99 001 Southerland, James H., "Emission Inventories: A Perspective,"
presented at the 7ist Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, TX, June 25-30, 1978.
S 99 002 Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, APTD-1135,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1973.
S 99 007 AEROS Manual Series, Volume I: AEROS Overview, EPA-450/2-76-011,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. (Update
No. 3.)
S 99 010 Report on Source/Emission Inventory Systems and Data Bases for the
Standing Air Monitoring Work Group, Emission Inventory Work Group of
SAMWG, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1977,
Revised August 1978.
S 99 013 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition with
Supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1980.
S 99 014 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume I: Emission
Inventory Fundamentals, EPA-450/4-81-02ba, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1981.
S 99 018 Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis,
Vol. 2: Plan Preparation, SPA-450/4-74-002, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1974.
S 99 019 Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Vol.
7: Projecting County Emissions, EPA-450/4-74-008, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning, and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1974.
S 99 020 Development of HATREMS Data Baue and Emission Inventory Evaluation,
EPA-450/3-77-011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1977.
S 99 021 Evaluation of Emission Inventory Methodologies Cor the RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-78-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1978.
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S 99 022 A Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS): Preliminary Emission
Inventory, EPA-450/3-74-030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, January 1974.
S 99 026 Environmental Assessment Data Systems: Systems Overview Manual,
EPA-600/8-80-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1980.
S 99 032 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume II, Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models, EPA-450/4-79-018, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1978.
S 99 033 Hydrocarbon Control Strategies for Gasoline Marketing Operations,
EPA-450/3-78-017, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1978.
S 99 037 Emissions Forecasting Methodology, PB 238 259, State of California,
Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, July 1974.
S 99 040 Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, December 1980.
S 99 041 1977 National Emissions Report, EPA-450/1-80-005, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1980.
S 99 042 Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volumes I and II,
EPA-450/3-78-042a-b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978. Proceedings of Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
co-sponsored by the Air Pollution Training Institute and Air
Management Technology Branch, Raleigh, NC, September 13-15, 1977.
(Some of the 25 individual papers are also listed separately in this
section.)
S 99 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
2-10
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S 99 048 Henderson, David C., "Documentation of Emission Inventories in
Region IX," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 3-1 to 3-14. (See abstract 042.)
S 99 050 Grems, C., "Air Force Emission Inventories," Emission
Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 5-1 to 5-14.
(See abstract 042.)
S 99 052 Carter, E. L., and J. W. Paisie, "Maryland Special Factors and
Inventory Techniques," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume 1,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 7-1 to 7-22. (See abstract 042.)
S 99 069 Development of An Emission Inventory Quality Assurance Program,
EPA-450/4-79-006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1979.
S 99 070 Manpower Planning Model, EPA-450/3-75-034, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, March J975.
S 99 078 Emission Density Zoning Guidebook—A Technical Guide to Maintaining
Air Quality Standards Through Land Use Based Emission Limits,
EPA-450/3-78-048, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1978.
S 99 090 Development of Questionnaires for Various Emission Inventory Uses,
EPA-450/2-78-122, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1979.
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2.2 POINT SOURCES
2.2.1 ALL POLLUTANTS (TSP, S02, CO, NOX, HC)
P 1 003 New Jersey NEDS Point Source Emission Inventory, EPA-902/4-77-008,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, New York, NY, May
1977.
2-12
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2.2.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP)
P 2 Oil Emissions Control in the Grain and Feed Industry, Volume II:
Emission Inventory, EPA-450/3-73-003b, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1974.
P 2 030 Assessment of Fugitive Particle Emission Factors for Industrial
Processes, EPA-450/3-78-107, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, September 1978.
P 2 064 Fugitive Emissions From Integrated Iron and Steel Plants,
EPA-600/2-78-050, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
March 1978.
P 2 072 Technical Guidance for Control of Industrial Process Fugitive
Particulate Emissions, EPA-450/3-77-010, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1977.
P 2 097 Fine Particulate Emission Inventory and Control Survey,
EPA-450/3-74-040, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1974.
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2.2.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE (S02)
P 3 027 Regional Air Pollution Study: Point Source Methodology and Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-78-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1978.
2-14
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2.2.4 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
P 4
2-15
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2.2.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX)
P 5
2-16
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2.2.6 HYDROCARBONS (HC); VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC)
P 6 004 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds - Volume I (second edition), EPA-450/2-77-028,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980.
P 6 034 End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds,
EPA-450/3-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1979.
P 6 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emiss ion Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, uTs. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
P 6 055 Alexander, J. T., Jr., "Emission Inventory of Petroleum Storage and
Handling Losses (A Case History)," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 18-1 to 18-29. (See
abstract 042.)
P 6 056 Norton, R. L., and R. J. Bryan, "Inventorying Hydrocarbon Emissions
From Small Gasoline Bulk Plants," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 19-1 to 19-39. (See
abstract 042.)
P 6 057 Taback, H. J., T. W. Sonnicb.ien, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler, "An
Organic Species Emission Inventory for Stationary Sources in the Los
Angeles Area - Methodology," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 20-1 to 20-49. (See abstract 042.)
P 6 074 Control Techniques for VOC Emissions From Stationary Sources,
EPA-450/2-78-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978.
p 6 087 Revision of Emission Factors for Petroleum Refining,
EPA-450/3-77-030, U.S. Environmental Protection~Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1977.
2-17
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P 6 088 Emission Factors and Frequency of Leak Occurrence for Fittings in
Refinery Process Units, EPA-600/2-79-044, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1979.
2-18
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2.2.7 LEAD (Pb)
P 7 025 Regional Air Pollution Study: Noncriteria Pollutant Inventory,
EPA-600/4-77-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, April 1977.
P 7 039 Emission Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Air Pollutants, 1970,
APTD-1543, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April
1973.
P 7 093 A Method for Characterization and Quantification of Fugitive Lead
Emissions From Secondary Lead Smelters, Ferroalloy Plants and Gray
Iron Foundries (Revised), EPA-450/3-78-003, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1978.
2-19
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2.2.8 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
P 99 003 New Jersey NEDS Point Source Emission Inventory, EPA-902/4-77-008,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, New York, NY, May
1977.
P 99 008 The Emission Inventory System/Point Source User's Guide,
EPA-450/4-80-010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1980.
P 99 015 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume II: Point
Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, September 1981.
P 99 027 Regional Air Pollution Study: Point Source Methodology and Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-78-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1978.
P 99 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
P 99 072 Technical Guidance for Control of Industrial Process Fugitive
Particulate Emissions, EPA-450/3-77-010, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1977.
2-20
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2.3 AREA SOURCES
2.3.1 ALL POLLUTANTS (TSP, S02, CO, NOX, HC)
A 1 012 Airport Emission Inventory Methodology, EPA-450/3-75-048, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1974.
A 1 051 Tate, S. R., N. L. Matthews, D. J. Ames, and R. A. Bradley, "A
Format for the Storage of Area Source Emission Data," Emission
Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 6-1 to 6-35.
(See abstract 042.)
A 1 080 Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory
Methodology for the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-75-078,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1975.
A 1 092 Line and Area Source Emissions From Motor Vehicles in RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-77-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1976.
A 1 094 Emission Factor Development for Leaf Burning, EPA-450/3-76-044, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976.
2-21
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2,3.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP)
A 2 006 Development of a Methodology and Emission Inventory for Fugitive
Dust for the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-76-003, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1976.
A 2 031 Guideline for Development of Control Strategies in Areas with
Fugitive Dust Problems, EPA-450/2-77-029, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
A 2 036 Quantification of Dust Entrainment from Paved Roadways,
EPA-450/3-77-027, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July
1977.
A 2 079 Emissions Inventory of Agricultural Tilling, Unpaved Roads,
Airstrips, and Heavy Construction Sites, EPA-450/3-74-085, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1974.
A 2 096 Development of Emissions Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources,
EPA-450/3-74-037, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1974.
A 2 097 Fine Particulate Emission Inventory and Control Survey,
EPA-450/3-74-040, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1974.
2-22
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2.3.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE (802)
A 3
2-23
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2.3.4 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
A 4 004 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds - Volume I (second edition), EPA-450/2-77-028,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980.
A 4 094 Emission Factor Development for Leaf Burning, EPA-450/3-76-044, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976.
2-24
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2.3.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX)
A 5 035 Development of the Area Source Emission Inventory for the 1982 Ozone
State Implementation Plan for the Chicago Metropolitan Region of
Hlinois and Indiana, Contract No. 81C-279, Northeastern Illinois
Planning Commission, Chicago, IL, December 1980.
2-25
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2.3.6 HYDROCARBONS (HC); VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC)
A 6 034 End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds,
EPA-450/3-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1979.
A 6 035 Development of the Area Source Emission Inventory for the 1982 Ozonq
State Implementation Plan for the Chicago Metropolitan Region of
Illinois and Indiana, Contract No. 81C-279, Northeastern Illinois
Planning Commission, Chicago, IL, December 1980.
A 6 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
A 6 049 Trapasso, J. A., and W. K. Duval, "Methodologies and Problems
Encountered in a Level 3 Multi-State/County Hydrocarbon Area Source
Emissions Inventory," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 4-1 to 4-26. (See abstract 042.)
A 6 053 Finfer, E. Z., "Hydrocarbon Emissions From Households in New York
and New Jersey," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 9-1 to 9-20. (See abstract 042.)
A 6 054 Weins, F. J., Reactive Organic Gas Emissions From Pesticide Use in
California, PD-77-002, California Air Resources Board, December
1977. (Also in Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, see abstract
042.)
A 6 055 Alexander, J. T., Jr., "Emission Inventory of Petroleum Storage and
Handling Losses (A Case History)," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 18-1 to 18-29. (See
abstract 042.)
A 6 058 Zimmerman, P., "Procedures for Conducting Hydrocarbon Emission
Inventories of Biogenic Sources and Some Results of Recent
Investigations," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume II,
EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 25-1 to 25-32. (See abstract 042.)
2-26
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A 6 061 Friesen, R. , R. Menebroker, and D. Saito, VOC Emissions From
Architectural Coatings, California Air Resources Board (GARB), 1975.
A 6 074 Control Techniques for VOC Emissions From Stationary Sources,
EPA-450/2-78-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978.
A 6 077 Methodologies for Countywide Estimation of Coal, Gas and Organic
Solvent Consumption, EPA-450/3-75-086, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1975.
A 6 081 Study of Area Source Hydrocarbon Emissions, prepared for Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, July 1978.
A 6 082 Seasonal Variations in Organic Emissions for Significant Sources of
Volatile Organic Compounds, EPA-450/3-7S-023, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1978.
A 6 088 Emission Factors and Frequency of Leak Occurrence for Fittings in
Refinery Process Units, EPA-600/2-79-044, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1979.
A 6 094 Emission Factor Development for Leaf Burning, EPA-450/3-76-044, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976.
2-27
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2.3.7 LEAD (Pb)
A 1 089 A Lead Emission Factor for Reentrained Dust From a Paved Roadway,
EPA-450/3-78-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1978.
2-28
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2.3.8 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
A 99 006 Development of a Methodology and Emission Inventory for Fugitive
Dust for the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-76-003, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1976.
A 99 008 The Emission Inventory System/Point Source User's Guide,
EPA-450/4-80--010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1980.
A 99 016 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume III: Area
Sources, EPA-450/4-81~026c, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, September 1981.
A 99 031 Guideline for Development of Control Strategies in Areas with
Fugitive Dust Problems, EPA-450/2-77-029, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
A 99 035 Development of the Area Source Emission Inventory for the 1982 Ozone
State Implementation Plan for the Chicago Metropolitan Region of
Illinois and Indiana, Contract No. 81C-279, Northeastern Illinois
Planning Commission, Chicago, IL, December 1980.
A 99 046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
A 99 049 Trapasso, J. A., and W. K. Duval, "Methodologies and Problems
Encountered in a Level 3 Multi-State/County Hydrocarbon Area Source
Emissions Inventory," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 4-1 to 4-26. (See abstract 042.)
A 99 051 Tate, S. R., N. L. Matthews, D. J. Ames, and R. A. Bradley, "A
Format for the. Storage of Area Source Emission Data," Emission
Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.sT
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 6-1 to 6-35.
(See abstract 042.)
A 99 080 Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory
Methodology for the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-75-078,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1975.
2-29
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A 99 082 Seasonal Variations in Organic Emissions for Significant Sources of
Volatile Organic Compounds, EPA-450/3-78-023, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1978.
A 99 092 Line and Area Source Emissions From Motor Vehicles in RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-77-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, Juno
1976.
2-30
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2.4 MOBILE SOURCES
2.4,1 ALL POLLUTANTS (TSP, S02, CO, NOX, HC)
M 1 005 Regional Air Pollution Study, Off Highway Mobile Source Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-77-041, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
M 1 044 Determination of Percentage of Vehicles Operating in the Cold-Start
Mode, EPA-450/3-77-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1978.
M 1 045 User's Manual for the APRAC-2 Emissions and Diffusion Model,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, June 1977.
M 1 047 Computer Programs for Urban Transportation Planning,
PLANPAC/BACKPAC, General Information Manual, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC,
April 1977.
v[ 1 059 How to Pattern the Transportation Portion of Your State Air Quality
Implementation Plan, DOT/FHWA 6/80, Technical Guidance of the U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, arid
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
M 1 062 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Highway Mobile
Sources, EPA/460-3-81-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, MI, March
1981.
M 1 067 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontulled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines, Part 3: Motorcycles, APTD-1492,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1973.
M 1 071 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines, Part 2: Outboard Motors,
APTD-1491, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January
1973.
M 1 076 Methodology for Estimating Emissions From Off-Highway Mobile Sources
for the RAPS Program, EPA-450/3-75-002, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1974.
2-31
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M 1 084 Mobile Source Inventories Using Transportation Models, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978.
M 1 092 Line and Area Source Emissions From Motor Vehicles in RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-77-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1976.
2-32
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2.4.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP)
M 2 095 Evaluation of Particulate Emission Factors for Vehicle Tire Wear,
EPA-450/4-79-011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1979.
2-33
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2.4.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE (S02)
M 3
2-34
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2.4.4 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
M 4 085 Carbon Monoxide Hot Spot Guidelines, Volume I: Techniques,
EPA-450/3-78-033, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
March 1978.
M 4 086 Methodology for the Determination of Emission Line Sources,
EPA-450/3-76-035, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
February 1975.
2-35
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2.4.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX)
M 5 086 Methodology for the Determination of Emission Line Sources,
EPA-450/3-76-035, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
February 1975.
2-36
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2.4.6 HYDROCARBONS (HC); VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC)
M 6 049 Trapasso, J. A., and W. K. Duval, "Methodologies and Problems
Encountered in a Level 3 Multi-State/County Hydrocarbon Area Source
Emissions Inventory," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC5 May
1978, pp. 4-1 to 4-26. (See abstract 042.)
M 6 086 Methodology for the Determination of Emission Line Sources,
EPA-450/3-76-035, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
February 1975.
2-37
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2.4.7 LEAD (Pb)
M 7 089 A Lead Emission Factor for Reentrained Dust From a Paved Roadway,
EPA-450/3-78-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1978.
2-38
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2.4.8 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
M 99 005 Regional Air Pollution Study, Off Highway Mobile Source Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-77-04L, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
M 99 017 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile
Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, September 1981.
M 99 045 User's Manual for the APRAC-2 Emissions and Diffusion Model,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, June 1977.
M 99 047 Computer Programs for Urban Transportation Planning,
PLANPACTBACKPAC, General Information Manual, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC,
April 1977.
M 99 049 Trapasso, J. A., and W. K. Duval, "Methodologies and Problems
Encountered in a Level 3 Multi-State/County Hydrocarbon Area Source
Emissions Inventory," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1978, pp. 4-1 to 4-26. (See abstract 042.)
M 99 059 How to Pattern the Transportation Portion of Your State Air Quality
Implementation Plan, DOT/FHWA 6/80, Technical Guidance of the U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
M 99 062 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Highway Mobile
Sources, EPA/460-3-81-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, MI, March
1981.
M 99 063 User's Guide Co M08ILE2 (Mobile Source Emissions Model),
EPA-460/3-81-006b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, MI, March 1981.
M 99 066 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines, Part 5: Farm, Construction and
Industrial Engines, APTD-1494, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, October 1973.
M 99 076 Methodology for Estimating Emissions From Off-Highway Mobile Sources
Eor the RAPS Program, EPA-450/3-75-002, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1974.
2-39
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M 99 084 Mobile Source Inventories Using Transportation Models, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978.
M 99 092 Line and Area Source Emissions From Motor Vehicles in RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-77-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1976.
2-40
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3.0 ABSTRACTS
001 Southerland, James H., "Emission Inventories: A Perspective," presented
at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, TX, June 25-30, 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This paper discusses the purpose and associated constraints of emission
inventories and is not intended as a technical guide. Topics include the
role of emission inventories in air quality management programs, as
planning tools, and as data bases for simulation modeling. Technical,
legal, and economic constraints in conducting emission inventories are
considered as well as agency interaction with the private sector.
Deficiencies of inventories are examined and measures of quality
assurance are suggested.
3-1
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002 Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, APTD-1135, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1973.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1, S 99
This document represents a significant early effort by EPA to establish a
uniform documented set of procedures for preparing emission inventories.
Detailed procedures are given for obtaining and codifying information
about air pollutant emissions from stationary and mobile sources. The
NEDS system, which was developed specifically for use by state and local
air pollution control agencies, is described in some detail. Because of
the large amount of information that must be collected, it is recommended
that the data be handled by ADP means.
A uniform coding system (NEDS) for the data is encouraged in order that
the information from one region may be compared with that from another.
Detailed procedures are given concerning the information to be gathered
from each source, the methods to be used to gather the information, the
codes to be used to simplify the information on standard coding forms,
the geographical and population information needed about the area of
interest, the apportionment techniques and emission factors needed, and
the methods of displaying the data. The relation of state and local
emission inventory systems to the EPA National Emission Data System is
also explained.
3-2
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003 New Jersey NEDS Point Source Emission Inventory, EPA-902/4-77-008, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, New York, NY, May 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: Pi, P 99
This report summarizes the updating of the New Jersey NEDS for EPA
Region II. Methodology used in upgrading the NEDS files included
identification of missing data on facilities, sources, or data requisite
for air quality dispersion modeling. Samples of letters, instructions
and questionnairas used to collect additional information from stationary
sources are included in the report. A Missing Data Form was developed to
identify missing information and additional emission sources common to
particular industries. Regular amendments of the NEDS files and the
establishment of a verification file for identifying facilities not in
the NEDS files are recommended.
3-3
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004 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds - Volume I (second edition), EPA-450/2-77-028, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6, A 6
The major emphasis of this volume is on the development of a VOC emission
inventory that is useful in various facets of an ozone control program.
The procedures in this document will be generally applicable to
developing VOC emission inventories for use in other program areas and
also to developing inventories of pollutants other than VOC, including
NOX.
Various planning considerations are explored, and guidance is offered to
the agency to help it decide which inventory approach should ultimately
be pursued, given the resources it has available. A generalized
flowchart is presented which outlines the major activities necessary in
the basic emission inventory compilation effort. A description of the
various ways source and emission data can be collected on individual
sources for use in the point source inventory is provided, as well as
descriptions of procedures for making collective activity level and
emission estimates for those area sources generally too small or too
numerous to be considered individually in the point source inventory.
Such procedures include making field surveys of actual area source
activity as well as the use of surrogate indicators of area source
activity such as population and employment.
Procedures for handling source test data and performing material balances
are described. The basic use of emission factors is reviewed, including
cases where adjustments can be made to reflect specific source parameters
and environmental conditions. Also presented are procedures for "scaling
up" the inventory to account for missing sources as well as for adjusting
the VOC emissions to exclude nonreactive components. Finally, seasonal
adjustment of the inventory is discussed along with techniques for
projecting emission totals and for the presentation of inventory
information in various ways useful to the agency. Reporting can include
listings of the individual data items contained in the inventory files as
well as various kinds of summary manipulations.
The appendices contain a glossary of important terms used in conjunction
with VOC emission inventories; a detailed listing of point source process
emission points; summary descriptions of the VOC sources for which EPA
has or will establish control techniques guidelines (CTG); an example of
a cover letter and questionnaire used in mailing surveys for point source
inventories; a number of examples of emission inventory documentation;
and summary descriptions of the NEDS and EIS/P&R inventory systems
available from EPA for general use.
3-4
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005 Regional Air Pollution Study, Off Highway Mobile Source Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-77-041, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1, M 99
Emissions calculations were performed for the metropolitan St. Louis Air
Quality Control Region for unregulated sources with a spatial correlation
to a grid-element system. EPA methodology was used to determine
pollutant emissions. Equipment source categories included motorcycles,
lawn and garden equipment, construction equipment, industrial equipment,
farm equipment, and outboard motorboats.
Procedures for the estimation of the number of sources, emission factors,
and emissions by grid elements are explained in detail. Due to the
limited data available, some assumptions were made to determine the order
of magnitude of emissions.
3-5
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006 Development of a Methodology and Emission Inventory for Fugitive Dust for
the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-76-003, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, January 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 2, A 99
The development of a methodology for a fugitive dust emission inventory
for the metropolitan St. Louis Air Quality Control Region included
adjusting emission factors for local climate and surface conditions,
deriving temporal apportioning factors, and estimating hourly
distributions. Six sources were examined: unpaved roads, agricultural
land tillings, wind erosion of agricultural land, construction sites,
aggregate storage piles, and unpaved airstrips. Example calculations are
included, and results presented show county emission totals for each
source. An assessment of factors which determine the drift distance of
fugitive dust particles is included in the Appendix.
3-6
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007 AEROS Manual Series, Volume I: AEROS Overview, EPA-450/2-76-011, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. (Update No, 3.)
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
The Aeroraetric and Emissions Reporting System (AEROS) was established by
the Environmental Protection Agency to serve as a management information
system for EPA's air pollution research and control programs. As such,
AEROS is mainly concerned with the collection, processing, and reporting
of basic air pollution data. Various supplementary data files are also
maintained to provide additional information valuable for the preparation
and analysis of air pollution data.
In addition to this overview Volume I, there are four additional AEROS
volumes which describe AEROS operations in more detail. AEROS Volume II
is the AEROS User's Manual, which gives instructions for users to input
data to AEROS, along with detailed systems descriptions. Volume III, the
AEROS Summary and Retrieval Manual, is intended for those who want to
obtain data from AEROS. Volume III describes AEROS reports and how they
may be used, and gives instructions for obtaining them. Volume IV is the
NADB Internal Operations Manual, which documents in detail all NADB
procedures related to AEROS. Although Volume IV is intended mainly as a
guide for NADB personnel, certain portions may be useful to persons
interested in the details of AEROS operations. Volume V is the AEROS
Coding Manual. It contains tables of standard codes required for AEROS
data input.
3-7
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008 The Emission Inventory System/Point Source User's Guide,
EPA-450/4-80-010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 99
The major functions of the Emissions Inventory System/Point Source
Subsystem (EIS/PS) are creating and maintaining a valid data base,
accessing and manipulating that data base, and producing reports. This
User's Guide is structured to reflect these functions; i.e., the programs
and procedures in EIS/PS are documented within these three groupings.
The discussions of the EIS/PS functions and programs comprise Section 4.0
FILE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE, Section 5.0 DATA ACCESSING AND
MANIPULATION, and Section 6.0 REPORTS.
Each of these sections contains an introduction which explains the
particular function and operating instructions for each of the programs
which comprise that function. Flow charts illustrating the operation of
the programs are included in each introduction. The program operating
instructions consist of a description of the program, the formats of the
files accessed by the program, a discussion of program options, and a
list of error messages produced by the program. A discussion of the Job
Control Language (JCL) for executing the program, warnings and special
instructions, cost estimates, and related programs and procedures are
also included.
In addition to these program sections, this User's Guide includes
sections which provide information necessary for full utilization of
EIS/PS. Section 2.0 OVERVIEW OF EIS/PS provides a brief discussion of
the subsystem, explains the program design, and provides a system
flowchart. Section 3.0 ECONOMICS discusses the cost of installing and
operating EIS/PS as well as ways to reduce these costs. Section 7.0
INTER-FUNCTIONAL PROCEDURES describes sample run streams which execute
programs from more than one functional area, such as producing a report
from a retrieved answer file. Section 8.0 JCL AND GENERAL TOPICS
discusses the IBM JCL used in the EIS/PS catalogued procedures and
explains the installation and updating processes.
3-f
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009 The Emission Inventory System/Area Source User's Guide, EPA-450/4-80-009,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 99
The Emissions Inventory System/Area Source (EIS/AS) is a subsystem of the
Comprehensive Data Handling System (CDHS). Its major functions are
creating and maintaining a valid area source emission data base,
assessing and manipulating that data base, and producing reports. The
User's Guide is structured to reflect these three functions—each has its
own section, describing the function in general and including operating
instructions for each of its programs. A discussion of the necessary
JCL, warnings and special instructions, cost estimates, and related
programs and procedures are also included.
3-9
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010 Report on Source/Emission Inventory Systems and Data Bases for the
Standing Air Monitoring Work Group, Emission Inventory Work Group of
SAMWG, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1977,
Revised August 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
The Emission Inventory Work Group was formed by SAMWG to recommend the
required items comprising a source/emission inventory.. The report
identifies the objectives of an emission inventory as well as
requirements set by the Clean Air Act and its Amendments. A
comprehensive listing of information necessary for geographical and
categorical emission inventories for point, area and line sources is
included.
Some recommendations of the work group include: a more flexible
source/emissions inventory system; provisions for uniform source
categories by different agencies; standardized data collection and
feedback procedures; higher priority and greater allocation of resources
for emission inventory activities; and elimination of conflicting
definitions for air pollution control programs.
3-10
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OH Emissions Control in the Grain and Feed Industry, Volume II: Emission
Inventory, EPA-450/3-73-003b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2
Information provided by Volume I of the study served to identify emission
sources within the grain and feed industry, while in Volume II the
information is utilized to prepare an emission inventory and project
emissions for years 1975 and 1980. The methodology employed includes:
identification of operations within each segment of industry;
determination of production rates and portion of rate associated with
specific operations; evaluation of Volume I data and selection of
emission factors; application of control and calculated efficiencies; and
calculation of annual emissions. Sources include: grain elevators, feed
mills, alfalfa dehydration plants, wheat mills, rye mills, dry corn
mills, oat mills, rice mills, soybean and wet corn mills.
3-11
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012 Airport Emission Inventory Methodology, EPA-450/3-75-048, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1
This report describes a methodology for performing emission inventories
at airports, with a specific focus on the St. Louis AQCR. This work was
performed in support of EPA's RAPS program. The report details available
data and techniques, and outlines how to refine methodologies for
inventorying emissions from municipal, civilian and military airports.
Sources include aircraft operations, engine maintenance testing, ground
support vehicles, and fuel storage and handling. A discussion of factors
and their interrelationships with respect to airport emissions is also
presented and a methodology summary provided to show computation of
emissions from the St. Louis AQCR airports.
3-12
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013 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition with
Supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1, S 99
Emission data obtained from source tests, material balance studies,
engineering estimates, etc., have been compiled for use by individuals
and groups responsible for conducting air pollution emission
inventories. Emission factors given in this document, the result of the
expansion and continuation of earlier work, cover most of the common
emission categories: fuel combustion by stationary and mobile sources;
combustion of solid wastes; evaporation of fuels, solvents, and other
volatile substances; various industrial processes; and miscellaneous
sources. When no source test data are available, these factors can be
used to estimate the quantities of primary pollutants (particulates, CO,
S02, NOX, and hydrocarbons) being released from a source or source
group.
Information on the availability of future supplements to Compilation of
Air Pollutant Emission Factors can be obtained from the Environmental
Protection Agency, Library Services, MD-35, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711 (Comm. Telephone: 919-541-2777, FTS: 629-2777).
Comments and suggestions regarding this document should be directed to
the attention of Director, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
3-13
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014 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume I: Emission
Inventory Fundamentals, EPA-450/4-81-026a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, September 1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This volume is the first of a five-volume series designed to assist
personnel of air pollution control agencies in preparing and maintaining
emission inventories. Volumes II, III, and IV address specific areas of
the inventory process, namely the preparation of inventories of point,
area, and mobile sources, respectively; the fifth volume is a
bibliography of pertinent publications relating to inventorying
activities. Emphasis in this series is placed on a systematic approach
to identifying emission data requirements and sources; collecting and
processing the required information; and presenting the data in a format
consistent with the intended application of the inventory. Although
specific procedures for preparing the emission inventory are provided
whenever possible, available options and the reasons for them are
identified and discussed.
Specifically, this volume is presented as a reference guide for managers
and planners of state and local air quality control programs. In
conjunction with the other volumes, it serves as a resource for
management's use in:
Planning an emission inventory,
Establishing an agency organization to carry on the emission
inventory programs, and
Establishing documented procedures and quality assurance activities
for emission inventory programs.
3-14
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015 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume II: Point Sources
EPA-450/4-81-026b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 99
This document presents methods for the collection, analysis and
presentation of data contained in the point source emission inventory.
Emphasis is given to methods that produce annual emission estimates.
However, attention is devoted to preparing an annual inventory of
emissions that can be adjusted to seasonal or daily temporal levels.
Problems encountered in inventorying major source categories and
solutions to them are provided in the final chapter. The appendices
contain copies of questionnaires and associated process and emission
information that have been developed by EPA for the purpose of preparing
a point source inventory.
3-15
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016 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume III: Area Sources,
EPA-450/4-81-026c, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 99
The purpose of this report is to assist the user in identifying area
source categories and relevant sources of data that can be used to
estimate emissions from these categories. Methods for the development of
the inventory of area sources are provided for the following major source
categories:
Combustion Sources,
Solid Waste Incineration and Open Burning Sources,
Fugitive Dust Sources, and
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sources.
In each chapter, the data requirements for establishing emission levels
are presented along with the available data sources. Validation methods
and cross checks which are available to assess data accuracy and to
establish the reliability of the inventory are also delineated.
3-16
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017 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile
Sources, EPA-450/4-81~-026d, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 99
This document focuses on the technical aspects of inventorying emissions
from mobile sources. More specifically, the document presents an
overview of the uobile source category as a whole and identifies specific
methods that can be used to identify and inventory sources, estimate
emissions, and establish and maintain a useful, current mobile source
inventory file. The mobile source category is described in terms of the
individual sources included, the significance of each source with respect
to the mobile source category, the relative significance of the entire
mobile source category with respect to other emission sources, and a
general indication of the methods used to develop the inventory.
Specific methods are presented for use in deriving emission estimates for
the following mobile source subcategories:
Off-highway Vehicles,
Highway Vehicles,
Aircraft,
Railroad Locomotives, and
Vessels.
3-17
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018 Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Vol. 2:
Plan Preparation, EPA-450/4-74-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This document provides the guidance and information for the preparation
of air quality maintenance plans for areas which have the potential to
exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards because of present air
quality or projected growth. The plan preparation includes: time
scheduling; intergovernmental cooperation; maintenance strategy
development; AQMP preparation and assembly; and plan revision and
review. Procedures for projecting air quality through 1985 and
identifying any potential air quality maintenance problems are provided
in the report.
3-18
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019 Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Vol. 7:
Projecting County Emissions, EPA-450/4-74-008, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
The procedures for estimating air pollutant emissions from point and area
sources within a county or a small localized area as well as forecasting
future air pollution emissions are presented. Future emissions are
determined by tho levels of activity and the estimated economic and
demographic growth. Forecasting procedures include determination of
baseline emission levels, estimation of growth patterns, and definition
of the relationship between activity levels and actual emissions
produced. Procedures for NEDS files updating and emission projections
are also included.
3-19
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020 Development of HATREMS Data Base and Emission Inventory Evaluation,
EPA-450/3-77-011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 7, S 99
This report presents the results of an extensive data collection and
analysis program which was conducted to (a) develop an emission factor
data base for HATREMS; (b) prepare this data for loading into HATREMS;
and (c) evaluate emission inventory information for HATREMS. HATREMS is
a computerized subsystem of EPA's AEROS. HATREMS stores and reports
source and emission data for noncriteria pollutants in a manner parallel
to NEDS which stores and reports data for the five criteria pollutants.
Three hazardous pollutants (lead, fluorides, and HCl/chlorine) are
treated in detail, and special report chapters which present emission
factors for these pollutants are included as appendices to this report.
3-20
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021 Evaluation of Emission Inventory Methodologies for the RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-78-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
The general objective of the work described in this report was to
evaluate and quantify the methodology developed and used for the Regional
Air Pollution Study (RAPS) emission inventory. Improved emission
methodologies were one of the RAPS objectives. However, they were also
essential to the realization of one of the other principal objectives—
namely, the evaluation of mathematical air quality simulation models.
The thrust of this work was to evaluate individual emission models and
relate them to their application to air quality models.
3-21
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022 A Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS): Preliminary Emission Inventory,
EPA-450/3-74-030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
An operational methodology to provide emission data for the St. Louis
RAPS is described in this report. This report also presents existing
emission inventories for the St. Louis area and reviews other emission
inventory models. The methodology presented identifies tasks and
objectives required by the inventory to ascertain the users and uses of
the emission data in the RAPS program, to specify the content and nature
of the emission inventory, and to specify data formats and data handling.
3-22
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023 Particulate Control for Fugitive Dust, EPA-600/7-78-071, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 2
This report discusses fugitive emissions from major sources and methods
of control. Emission factors are presented for the following sources:
Agricultural Tilling,
Construction Activity,
Stockpile and Waste Heap Data Base,
Unpaved Roads, and
Reentrained Street Dust.
It was concluded that fugitive dust sources are significant emitters of
particulates in a majority of the AQCRs. Of the 150 AQCRs that do not
meet the TSP standards, fugitive dust emissions exceed point source
emissions in 139, or 92 percent. In fact, fugitive emissions are 10
times greater than point source emissions in 58, or 39 percent, of the
AQCRs. In most cases, unpaved roads provide the largest source of
particulate emissions in the AQCRs. Agricultural tilling and
construction sources are also very important and in some cases are the
largest emitters.
Control effectiveness for fugitive sources is highly variable and depends
on such things as type of control, characteristics of the source, local
climatic conditions, and source activity. Present control technology for
unpaved roads, agricultural tilling, and construction activity is
inadequate.
3-23
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024 Particulate Emission Factors Applicable to the Iron and Steel Industry,
EPA-450/4-79-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2
This report represents the combined efforts of EPA and steel industry
experts to establish reasonable particulate emission factors with ranges
for all known stack and fugitive sources within an integrated steel mill.
An intensified effort was made to update the iron and steel industry
particulate emission factors presented in AP-42 and to add, for the first
time, fugitive source emission factors. The report is divided into three
major areas. First, background information related to the processes in
the iron and steel industry, along with a process flow chart, is
presented. Second, all of the particulate source test data are presented
and summarized in chart form. Third, the methodology for selecting
single source-specific emission factors and the resulting particulate
emission factors are identified.
3-24
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025 Regional Air Pollution Study: Noncriteria Pollutant Inventory,
EPA-600/4-77-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, April 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 7
The Clean Air Act mandates the achievement of air quality standards
established for the criteria pollutants as a goal. Other substances are
also released which affect the air quality. This report describes the
inventory of noncriteria pollutants from point sources using information
from the NEDS inventory for the St. Louis AQCR. The assessment of
emissions of 21 noncriteria pollutants from 1300 point sources;
information concerning the pollutants; and data for grid square, county,
state, or AQCR analysis are presented.
3-25
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026 Environmental Assessment Data Systems: Systems Overview Manual,
EPA-600/8-80-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, January
1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
The Environmental Assessment Data System (EADS) is a group of independent
computerized data bases which are interlinked to provide common
accessibility to data produced by a variety of EPA projects. RTF's
Environmental Assessment programs are expected to be heavy contributors
and users. Accordingly, the EADS has been structured in a manner such
that EA data can easily be transferred to the input forms. However, the
structure is flexible and comprehensive enough so that data from
virtually any pollutant sampling and analysis protocol could be
included. The EADS is intended to accept data from either energy systems
or industrial processes. Often times these data are multimedia in
nature; that is, the data include fine particles, gaseous, liquid and
solid discharge streams, or any combination, emanating from one source.
Because pollution controls are developed on a media/pollutant basis, EADS
must be a media-specific data base system. Thus, the EADS is composed of
four independent data bases: the Fine Particle Emissions Information
System (FPEIS), the Gaseous Emissions Data System (GEDS), the Liquid
Effluent Data System (LEDS), and the Solid Discharge Data System (SDDS).
While independent, the four data bases are very similar in structure and
are interlinked. Interlinking is necessary to enable a control strategy
analyst or an R&D program planner to select the most environmentally
acceptable control methods on a systems basis.
3-26
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027 Regional^ Air Pollution Study: Point Source Methodology and Emission
Inventory, EPA-600/4-78-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 3, P 99
The RAPS study was undertaken to validate atmospheric dispersion models
that predict ambient air concentrations on an hourly basis. Hourly
measurements of 862 concentrations were collected over a period of 2
years to form a data base as a requirement of this study. Ultimately,
measurements of other criteria pollutants were included in the data
base. This report also discusses the approach to assembling a
"precision" inventory for the St. Louis AQCR using EPA"s Weighted
Sensitivity Analysis Program to limit the scope of the work. Data
acquisition and preparation for entry into a data bank are discussed as
well.
3-27
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028 Emissions Inventory in the SURE Region, Research Project 862-5, Electric
Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S2, S3, S5, S6
The Electric Power Research Institute sponsored a major air pollution
monitoring and modeling study which included the Eastern United States
and parts of Southern Canada. The primary purpose of the Sulfate
Regional Experiment (SURE) program was to define the physical and
chemical mechanisms which link emissions of sulfur oxides (SOX), total
emitted particulates (TEP), nitrogen oxides (NOX), arid hydrocarbons
(HC) to ambient concentrations of SC>2 and sulfates. A major goal of
the SURE program was to develop a useful air quality model to relate
emissions to ambient sulfur oxide and sulfate levels over distances of
1,000 km.
This report describes one phase of the SURE program and consists of the
development of a detailed emission inventory. Source parameters such as
location, stack height, flue gas temperature, etc. were defined for major
sources, and emission estimates for manmade sources were developed for
the following pollutants: SC^; SO^; NO; N02; low, moderate and
high reactivity hydrocarbons; and total emitted particulates.
The compilation of accurate hourly SOX emission estimates for utility
sources during the SURE intensive measurement periods in 1977, 1978 and
1979 was emphasized. One of the crucial aspects of the emission
inventory program was to provide emission data consistent with associated
measurement and modeling activities.
3-28
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029 Implementation and Coordination of the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE)
and Related Research Programs, Research Project 862-2, Electric Power
Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, October 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 2, S 3, S 5, S 6
An overview of the SURE program is presented in this report. The
specific objectives of the SURE were to:
Establish a regional air quality data base through measurement of
several parameters at the ground and aloft with specified accuracy
and precision;
Establish the location and magnitude of emissions occurring during
the air quality measurement period with specific accuracy and
precision;
Derive a quantitative method for relating emissions from the
electric power industry to regional ambient air quality as measured
by sulfur dioxide (S02) and particulate sulfate to establish the
relative importance of emission density distribution, meteorology,
chemical transformations and removal processes to the regional
occurrence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOX and NOX);
Define the circumstances that govern the shape, location, and
duration of zones influenced (Zones of Influence) by a combination
of emissions from large point sources or a cluster of sources; and
Determine the applicability of readily measurable air quality
parameters as surrogates for establishing the origins of the
suspended particulate complex (SPC) and for quantifying various
chemical species produced in the atmosphere.
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030 Assessment of Fugitive Particle Emission Factors for Industrial
Processes, EPA-450/3-78-107, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2
The U.S. EPA has called for the revision of SIPs for areas where SIP
standards have been exceeded. The purpose of this report was to develop
a priority lisiting of fugitive industrial processes for which source
sampling is needed. Industrial processes covered in the assessment are
those which contribute to fugitive particulate emissions. The criteria
used to evaluate the listing were based on adequacy of available fugitive
emission factor data and total potential uncontrolled fugitive
particulate emissions. The factors were evaluated for adequacy for
inclusion in AP-42. The appendix contains emission factors suitable for
input into AP-42, and particle size information.
3-30
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031 Guideline for Development of Control Strategies in Areas with Fugitive
Dust Problems, EPA-450/2-77-029, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 2, A 99
The purpose of this document is to outline a methodology for the
development of control strategies for nonattainment areas with fugitive
dust problems. This document synthesizes the results of dust control
methods and establishes a procedural method for the development of air
programs to control high total suspended particulates. Discussions of
the representativeness of monitoring sites, the compilation of emission
inventories for the base year and projected inventories, and the
formulation of a model to translate emission levels into suspended
particulate concentrations are included. Procedures for the evaluation
of appropriate control strategies, including consideration of control
effectiveness, air quality impact, costs, and implementation problems,
are discussed as well.
3-31
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032 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume II, Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models. EPA-450/4-79-018, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
This volume describes procedures for compiling VOC emission inventories
in sufficient detail for use in photochemical air quality simulation
models. Because photochemical models can simulate the hour-by-hour
photochemistry occurring over numerous, small subcounty areas (i.e., grid
cells), more temporal and spatial resolution of input data must be
included in the inventories that provide emission data to these models.
In addition, total VOC (and NOX) emissions must be apportioned into
species classes, and information may be required on other pollutants such
as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulates. Methodologies for
providing this added detail are presented in this document.
3-32
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033 Hydrocarbon Control Strategies for Gasoline Marketing Operations,
EPA-450/3-78-017, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
This informational document provides basic and current descriptions of
gasoline marketing operations and methods that are available to control
hydrocarbon emissions from these operations. The three types of
facilities that are described are terminals, bulk plants, and service
stations. Operational and business trends are also discussed. Emissions
from typical facilities, including transport trucks, are estimated.
The operations which lead to emissions from these facilities include (1)
gasoline storage, (2) gasoline loading at terminal and bulk plants, (3)
gasoline delivery to bulk plants and service stations, and (4) the
refueling of vehicles at service stations.
Available and possible methods for controlling emissions are described
with their estimated control efficiencies and costs. The costs for
control of a unit weight of hydrocarbons are calculated from these
estimates.
This report also includes a bibliography of references cited in the text,
and supplementary sources of information.
3-33
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034 End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds,
EFA-450/3-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, P 6, A 6
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are one of the major
targets of the control programs being developed by the EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Organic solvents are a major part of
these emissions. Knowledge of the end uses of these solvents provides an
important clue as to the ways in which solvents are emitted to the
atmosphere. The objective of this project was to determine total
domestic solvent consumption and to provide as complete an end use
breakdown of this consumption as possible.
Recently published information on production and end uses of individual
solvents was reviewed in the initial phase of the project. When this
published information was found to be incomplete, it was supplemented
through interviews with solvent producers and marketers. A rapid
laboratory method for determination of the approximate solvent content in
consumer products was developed to complement the findings of the solvent
survey. The method was applied to products from 16 product categories.
The solvent survey provided information about major uses for major
solvents. The information on those end uses in which solvents are used
in minor quantities was frequently not available. This unidentified
solvent consumption was determined by subtracting the total identified
consumption from the total quantity of solvent produced. Adjustments
were made for the nonsolvent uses in which the compounds are chemically
modified (e.g., chemical raw materials, fuels, etc.). The methods used
for determination of unidentified solvent consumption are described.
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035 Development of the Area Source Emission Inventory for the 1982 Ozone
State Implementation Plan for the Chicago Metropolitan Region of Illinois
and Indiana, Contract No. 81C-279, Northeastern Illinois Planning
Commission, Chicago, IL, December 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 5, A 6, A 99
A- VOC and NOX area source emission inventory was developed for the
entire Chicago ozone nonattainment area. The nonattainment area includes
Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will counties in Illinois, and
Lake and Porter counties in Indiana. The base year of the inventory is
• 1980 and the projected attainment year is 1987. To the greatest extent
possible, the methods used in developing this inventory are consistent
with the EPA1s guidance documents: Procedures for the Preparation of
Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds and Final Emission
Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation Plans. Other
objectives included: temporally distributing emissions to derive typical
ozone season weekday emissions in kilograms/day, taking into account
regulatory measures adopted by the States of Illinois and Indiana, and in
effect by December 31, 1980, separating exempt from nonexempt solvent
emissions, and computerizing the inventory into Emission Inventory
System/Area Source (EIS/AS) format.
3-35
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036 Quantification of Dust Entrainment from Paved Roadways, EPA-450/3-77-027,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 2
This report presents the results of a field testing program to develop
emission factors for fugitive dust entrainment from paved urban roads.
Substantial evidence has been compiled which indicates that dust
emissions from city streets are a major cause of nonattainment of
national air quality standards for total suspended particulates (TSP).
Therefore, the quantification of this source is necessary to the
development of effective attainment and maintenance strategies.
Field testing was conducted at representative sites in the Kansas City
area. At one location, controlled amounts of pulverized top soil and
gravel fines were applied to the road surface. The basic measurements
consisted of isokinetic exposure and concentration profiles of airborne
dust, particle size distributions, dust deposition profiles, surface dust
loadings, and traffic characteristics. In addition, conventional
high-volume samplers were used to determine attenuation of TSP
concentration with distance from the source.
Emissions were found to vary directly with traffic volume and surface
loading of silt (fines). The dust emission factor for normally loaded
urban streets ranges from 1 to 15 g/vehicle-km, depending on land use.
3-36
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037 Emissions Forecasting Methodology. PB 238 259, State of California, Air
Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, July 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1, S 99
A methodology for forecasting emissions for any future year is
described. Techniques and specific emission factors for 1975, 1985, and
1995 are given for both mobile and stationary sources. Motor vehicle
emissions are based on the CVS-2 test cycle and a data base specific for
California. A discussion of current and developing approaches and
driving cycles used to quantify motor vehicle emissions is presented
including a discussion of speed adjustment factors. Stationary sources
are divided into power plants and other stationary sources; power plant
emissions are based on projections of electrical energy generation, and
other stationary source emissions are based on normalized projections of
total earnings by source category (e.g., petroleum refining, mineral
extraction). The base year for stationary source emissions is 1972.
3-37
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038 Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volume I, EPA-450/2-77-012,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 7
Emission factors for lead were developed for each source category; they
are based on source tests, particulate chemical analyses in the
literature, industry responses, material balances, and engineering
judgment. Because data in the literature are limited, most of the
emission factors should be regarded as approximations.
The overall control device collection efficiencies for lead were assumed
equivalent to those for collection of nonlead particulates. This
assumption has been verified by limited EPA source tests on fabric
filters. For ESPs and wet scrubbers, some recent information indicates
differences in the collection efficiency between particulates and lead.
Lead compounds are probably less efficiently removed by ESPs and wet
scrubbers whenever lead emissions are concentrated in the very fine
particulate sizes.
3-38
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039 Emission Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Air Pollutants, 1970,
APTD-1543, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1973.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 7
This emission study was conducted to investigate and determine the extent
of industrial lead emissions to the atmosphere in the U.S. during the
year 1970. Background information about the lead industry has been
included with some process descriptions which are limited to or are
closely related to lead emissions. Lead data and lead emission factors
presented in the report are based on information from industrial sources
and field trips to inspect air pollution control systems. The primary
uses and sources of lead are described.
3-39
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040 Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December
1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 5, S 6, S 99
This guidance document describes the emission inventory requirements
related to preparation and submission of 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans for those states which requested and have been granted an extension
beyond July 1982 of an attainment date for the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for ozone. Addressed in the document are emission
inventory requirements relating to geographic area of coverage, point
source cutoff size specifications, pollutants of interest, data reporting
formats, documentation requirements, quality of data base, years to be
addressed, and specific inventory techniques to be employed.
3-40
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041 1977 National Emissions Report, EPA-450/1-80-005, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This report summarizes, by source category, estimates of emissions in
1977 of those air pollutants for which national standards have been
promulgated. These pollutants, which are called criteria pollutants, are
particulates, sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX),
hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). National Emissions Reports,
which are a series of annual reports, are compiled from information
contained in the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) on emission
sources. Compilations of emission data are presented for the nation as a
whole, for individual states, for intrastate Air Quality Control Regions
(AQCRs), for respective state portions of interstate AQCRs, and for
interstate AQCRs.
This report represents the best available indicators of national
emissions for the calendar year 1977. More detailed emission summary
reports for the nation, each state, and AQCR, based on NEDS data, are
given in the body of the report. The estimates reported are based on
emission-source records contained in NEDS as of February 1980.
State-submitted Annual Reports that were successfully updated in
accordance with NEDS files prior to this date also are included. Thus,
the data are generally comparable to data collected for the development
of State Implementation Plans (SIPs), but include revisions and updated
information where they are available. Text sections provide a detailed
technical description of the procedures that were used to develop the
emission data.
3-41
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042 Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volumes I and II, EPA-450/3-78-042a-b,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978. Proceedings of Emission
Inventory/Factor Workshop, co-sponsored by the Air Pollution Training
Institute and Air Management Technology Branch, Raleigh, NC, September
13-15, 1977. (Abstracts of some of the 25 papers are also listed
separately in this section.)
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
Major components of an air pollution control program are emission
Inventories and emission factors which allow air pollution control
agencies to plan strategies for the control of emissions. On September
L3-15, 1977, a workshop hosted by the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards was held in Raleigh, NC to discuss emission inventories and
emission factors related to organic emissions. This document is
comprised of the papers presented and the ensuing discussions.
Twenty-five papers concerning emission inventories are contained in the
two volumes. Authors represented EPA, state air pollution control
agencies, and private industry.
3-42
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043 Methodology for Inventorying Hydrocarbons, EPA-600/4-76-013, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6, P 99, A 6, A 99
A methodology for estimating emissions of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere
is described, with emphasis on emissions from stationary point and area
sources. The methodology is an elaboration of the National Emissions
Data System (NEDS), and is based upon, but not limited to, an inventory
of hydrocarbon emissions within the Boston, MA, Air Quality Control
Region; emissions from motor vehicles are not considered, since they are
subject to a different methodology. Sources of data and procedures to
obtain data are described. Data sources include trade associations,
census figures, and wholesale suppliers. Examples are given of work
sheets for compiling data, and of questionnaires with instructions for
completion that can be sent to potential emission sources. Application
of the methodology to the St. Louis Air Quality Control Region for
development of a hydrocarbon emission inventory for the Regional Air
Pollution System is outlined.
3-43
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044 Determination of Percentage of Vehicles Operating in the Cold-Start Mode,
EPA-450/3-77-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1
Estimates of the percentages of vehicles operating in the cold start mode
are made for 60 locations in the Pittsburgh and Providence regions. Cold
start percentages are presented for the morning commuter hours, the
midday period, the evening commuter hours, and the evening and early
norning off-peak periods. The percentage was found to be highly
variable, depending on both location and time period. The cold mode
percentages found were different from those assumed in the Federal Test
Procedure. An attempt was made to generalize these results, with
suggested ranges of values presented for various times and locations.
3-44
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045 User's Manual for the APRAC-2 Emissions and Diffusion Model, Stanford
Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, June 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1, M 99
The computer program for a completely revised version of the APRAC-1A
diffusion model is presented and discussed. The new code uses EPA's
emission calculation methodology from AP-42. Gridded and link-by-link
emissions can be output for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, or oxides of
nitrogen. Diffusion calculations make use of a receptor-oriented
Gaussian plume model. Local winds at the receptor can be used; they are
interpolated from multiple wind inputs. Mixing heights can be calculated
from sounding data or can be input directly. Two local source models are
available, one treating pollutant behavior in a street canyon and the
other treating vehicle and pollutant effects at a signalized
intersection. A small program is included lor decoding Federal Highway
Administration data tapes.
3-45
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046 Bartosh, C. P., W. J. Moltz, and B. P. Cerepuka, "Organic Emission
Inventory Considerations and Purposes," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 1-1 to 1-14. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
The evaluation of the causes of ambient levels of ozone and oxidants and
the development of control strategies are difficult due to the diversity
of sources and the varying characteristics of organic compounds. A basic
approach in defining some of the factors involves the determination of
the quantity, location, and sources of hydrocarbon emissions. This paper
defines the preliminary considerations of a hydrocarbon emission
inventory which include: determination of the need for an emission
inventory, requirements of the inventory, and constraints of the
inventory preparation.
3-46
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047 Computer Programs for Urban Transportation Planning, PLANPAC/BACKPAC,
General Information Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration, Washington, DC, April 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1, M 99
The PLANPAC package of computer programs is described in this manual.
This package contains models to carry out traditional transportation
planning and analysis: trip generation, trip distribution, mode split,
and traffic assignment. Auxiliary models are also included. For each
model, the complete program and instructions on its use are presented.
3-47
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048 Henderson, David C., "Documentation of Emission Inventories in Region IX,"
Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3~78-042a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 3-1 to 3-14. (See
abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
To ensure that emission inventories being developed are prepared using
current emission factors and are fully documented, U.S. EPA Region IX
instituted a program to provide inventory guidance to state and local
agencies and to evaluate the completeness of the inventories. This paper
presents the problems encountered by the regional office in dealing with
incomplete inventories and discusses the minimum criteria for documenting
an inventory. These criteria include: reasons the inventory was
compiled, differences from previous emission inventories, description of
data sources, documentation of the copies of questionnaires used in
surveys, and the documentation of emission factors. Sufficient
documentation of supportive information should be provided so that a
third party can determine how emission estimates were derived. A summary
of documentation requirements is included in the text.
3-48
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049 Trapasso, J. A., and W. K. Duval, "Methodologies and Problems Encountered
in a Level 3 Multi-State/County Hydrocarbon Area Source Emissions
Inventory," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978,
pp. 4-1 to 4-26. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6, A 99, M 6 M 99
This paper describes the methodologies utilized and problems encountered
in multi-state/county Level 3 area source emission inventories. The
study discussed encompassed 47 counties in 7 states and 2 EPA regions.
Area source categories included residential fuel use, commercial and
institutional fuel use, industrial fuel use, incineration, open burning,
transportation sources, and evaporative sources. The methodologies
employed consisted of a mix of three levels of analysis and various other
techniques which were subject to constraints imposed by funding, time,
etc. Problems discussed include: planning considerations, surveying
methodology, railroad inventory methodology, and synchronization of
activities with state and local agencies.
3-49
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050 Grems, C., "Air Force Emission Inventories," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 5-1 to 5-14. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: SI, S 99
This paper describes the Air Quality Assessment Model (AQAM) developed by
the Air Force for use in conducting air pollutant emission inventories of
Air Force activities in support of environmental impact analyses. The
AQAM is a complex dispersion model that combines operational data and
meteorological conditions to predict downwind concentrations of five
pollutants from multiple sources of various geometries. The discussion
of the paper is limited to Source Inventory Program of the AQAM, and the
emission factors and data sources developed for it. Military aircraft
operations differ significantly from civilian usage which is considered
in the AQAM. Field testing of military aircraft engine emissions are
discussed, as well as emission factors specific to those engines.
3-50
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051 Tate, S. R., N. L. Matthews, D. J. Ames, and R. A. Bradley, "A Format for
the Storage of Area Source Emission Data," Emission Inventory/Factor
Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 6-1 to 6-35. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1, A 99
This paper describes a format developed for the computer storage of area
source data with advantages over the EPA-developed National Emission Data
System (NEDS). The format provides for: data fields for both spatial
and temporal distribution of emissions, accommodation of a wide variety
of area source information from gross estimates for major categories to
detailed individual process emission estimates, and documentation of the
source and reliability of emission factors and process rates.
Descriptions of the structure of the storage format and each data field
are presented in the paper. An outline of the area source data fields
has been included.
3-51
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052 Garter, E. L., and J. W. Paisie, "Maryland Special Factors and Inventory
Techniques," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I,
EPA-450/3-78-042a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978,
pp. 7-1 to 7-22. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
This paper discusses the Maryland emission inventory system which
consists of a master tape file of registered sources with supporting
documents of data input forces. The tape contains information on
individual process equipment, with the data updated on a semi-annual
basis. The Registration Survey System (RSS) is a file of stationary
sources above certain minimum sizes which is stored on a master tape. A
discussion of the registration of process equipment, new constructions,
additional constructions, modifications, replacements, or elimination of
old equipment is presented. A special inventory of photochemically
reactive organic material with a total inventory of organic emissions
consisting of natural, mobile, and stationary sources is described.
Techniques for inventorying mobile sources include traffic counts, wide
area surveys, fuel sales/uses, etc. Stationary source emissions can be
estimated from census data, surveys, fuel usage and other data sources.
A listing of organic emissions by source category for counties in
Maryland is included.
3-52
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053 Finfer, E. Z., "Hydrocarbon Emissions From Households in New York and New
Jersey," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume I, EPA-450/3-78-042a,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978, pp. 9-1 to 9-20. (See
abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6
This paper summarizes a study conducted by EPA Region II to estimate the
quantity of gaseous hydrocarbons released from household products in New
York and New Jersey. Sources included in the inventory were:
fluorocarbon aerosol propellants, refrigerants, organic compounds and
trade name solvents, paints and thinners, cooking, domestic fuel
combustion, and cigarette smoking. Emissions from thermal decomposition
and evaporation were cataloged and described. Emission factors derived
for hydrocarbon emissions were obtained from product use data for New
York and New Jersey. Listings of organic emissions in tons per year for
various compounds are included.
3-53
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054 Weins, F. J., Reactive Organic Gas Emissions From Pesticide Use in
California, PD-77-002, California Air Resources Board, December 1977.
(Also in Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, see abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6
The identification of a major source of reactive organic emissions from
pesticide usage in agricultural areas in California is discussed in this
report. The goals and objectives of the study were: to obtain factual
data in order to quantify actual emissions to improve the methodology for
inventorying reactive organic gases from pesticide usage, to assess
existing inventory methodologies, and to determine inadequacies of
current inventories. The amounts of pesticide materials and their
volatility and reactivity are also discussed.
3-54
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055 Alexander, J. T., Jr., "Emission Inventory of Petroleum Storage and
Handling Losses (A Case History)," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
May 1978, pp. 18-1 to 18-29. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6, A 6
Gasoline and distillate products emissions were calculated for the
Northern Virginia sector of Metropolitan Washington for the peak oxidant
month of July using factors adjusted for specific July weather
conditions. Sources included floating roof and fixed roof storage, bulk
terminal loading racks, service station delivery and sales, airports, and
small bulk plants. Calculations were made for peak periods under summer
conditions using emission factors developed in a previous study.
Empirical equations, from EPA publications AP-42 and AP-40, of
evaporative losses were found to be inadequate, thereby necessitating the
use of new factors. The emission estimates of evaporative losses for an
inventory conducted in July 1976 were compared to an inventory for July
1972. Data tables were provided detailing meteorological conditions,
storage tank sizes, bulk terminal emission factors, loading rack emission
factors, service station emission factors, peak period conversions, total
hydrocarbon evaporative emissions, and effects of vapor control measures.
3-55
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056 Norton, R. L., and R. J. Bryan, "Inventorying Hydrocarbon Emissions From
Small Gasoline Bulk Plants," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
May 1978, pp. 19-1 to 19-39. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6
This paper describes the technique used to inventory hydrocarbon
emissions for nearly 400 gasoline bulk plants in the San Joaquin Valley
and San Diego County AQCR, Houston/Galveston AQCR, Baltimore/Washington,
DC AQCR, and the Metropolitan Detroit AQCR. Updated throughput
information and complete inventories of bulk plant operations were
obtained. Emission estimates were generated for potential as well as
controlled hydrocarbon losses within each survey region. This paper
describes the emission factors used and the methodology for presenting
the emission estimates. This study was performed to determine whether
Federal vapor recovery regulations needed revision. Survey techniques to
inventory the 400 bulk plants, emission estimate formulations, and
problems associated with information gathering are discussed. Summary
data tables are included in the report.
3-56
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057 Taback, H. J., T. W. Sonnichsen, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler, "An
Organic Species Emission Inventory for Stationary Sources in the Los
Angeles Area - Methodology," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop,
Volume II, EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
May 1978, pp. 20-1 to 20-49. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6
An inventory of gaseous organic emissions from stationary sources was
conducted in the California South Coast Air Basin to provide detailed
data for modeling photochemical formation, and to provide information on
which to base control strategy development. Emission profiles were
developed in this inventory for 200 sources through a comprehensive field
sampling and laboratory GC-MS analysis program, with the identification
of up to 30 different organic species. The work performed for this study
was to provide new information, check validity of existing data, and
update existing data to reflect current trends. Descriptions of data
sources, data management, methodology for compiling emission profiles,
and emission factors were included.
3-57
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058 Zimmerman, P., "Procedures for Conducting Hydrocarbon Emission
Inventories of Biogenic Sources and Some Results of Recent
Investigations," Emission Inventory/Factor Workshop, Volume II,
EPA-450/3-78-042b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978,
pp. 25-1 to 25-32. (See abstract 042.)
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6
This report details a study performed by Washington State University Air
Pollution Research Section to develop a technique for the evaluation of
natural organic emissions. This study developed the following
techniques: a standardized sampling and analytical methodology, emission
factors for a limited number of species, standardized emission inventory
methods, and preliminary nationwide emission estimates. Procedures for
sampling and analysis, preparation of an emission inventory, and listings
of average raw emission rates for selected samples are included.
Discussions of hydrocarbons, terpene emissions, and natural and
anthropogenic sources are presented.
3-58
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059 How to Pattern the Transportation Portion of Your State Air Quality
Implementation Plan, DOT/FHWA 6/80, Technical Guidance of the U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: Ml, M 99
This manual describes available techniques for completing technical air
quality planning tasks necessary for the preparation of the SIPs.
Techniques are presented for developing emission inventories for highway
vehicles. Nonhighway emissions are also covered, in somewhat less
detail. Methods to determine nonhighway emission growth, background
emission levels, and intercity transportation of pollutants are also
discussed. Models for converting emissions into air quality
concentrations are described, and procedures for calculating emission
reduction benefits for transportation control measures are presented.
Examples are included in the Appendices.
3-59
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060 Control Techniques for Carbon Monoxide Emissions, EPA-450/3-79-006, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 4
This control techniques document was written in compliance with Section
108(c) of the Clean Air Act which requires the Administrator to review
and, where appropriate, modify and reissue any air quality criteria or
information on control techniques. Thus, this document represents an
updated and expanded version of AP-65. It includes information on
significant stationary sources of carbon monoxide emissions as well as
available methods for control of carbon monoxide emissions from mobile
sources.
This document characterizes carbon monoxide emission sources and controls
for use by states in revising State Implementation Plans (SIPs). It is
intended for use by state and local air pollution control engineers to
provide basic available information on carbon monoxide emissions from
mobile sources, stationary combustion sources, and industrial process
sources. Both demonstrated and feasible control strategies are presented
for each source. Information is also provided on emission reduction
benefits, energy requirements of controls, and annualized and operating
costs of controls.
3-60
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061 Friesen, R., R. Menebroker, and D. Saito, VOC Emissions From
Architectural Coatings, California Air Resources Board (GARB), 1975.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6
By using the data in this paper, estimates can be made of Volatile
Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from the use of architectural coatings
and associated solvents. These emissions contribute significantly to air
pollution in California. In an effort to reduce these emissions, the
staff of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) developed a model rule
to regulate the solvent content of architectural coatings. Essential to
the development of the model rule was a data base. This data base was
established by use of responses to questionnaires that were mailed to
coatings manufacturers. These responses provided data on the sales
volume of coatings and solvents and the VOC content of these coatings and
solvents for a given year, 1975. With these data, the CARB staff
determined the level of VOC emissions in California for 1975. In
addition, by dividing the level of VOC emissions by the 1975 population
of California, the CARB staff has devised a method to estimate VOC
emissions when sales data are not known. Thus, two methods of computing
VOC emissions are given in this document and, for each method, the effect
of the model rule is shown.
3-61
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062 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Highway Mobile Sources,
EPA/460-3-81-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, MI, March 1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1, M 99
This document summarizes the emission factors and calculation
methodologies used in the MOBILE2 computer program. The emission factors
are presented for eight individual vehicle types in three regions of the
country. The document describes the basic test procedures used to
collect HC, CO, and NOX emissions and the generalized emission factor
calculation equations. The emissions presented include: basic exhaust
emissions, crankcase and evaporative HC emissions, January 1 basic
exhaust emission levels, and idle exhaust emissions. Nonmethane HC
fractions and particulates are also presented. Emission correction
factors are presented to adjust emissions for various ambient and vehicle
usage conditions such as speed, temperature, and humidity.
3-62
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063 User's Guide to MOBILE2 (Mobile Source Emissions Model),
EPA-460/3-81-006b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Source Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, MI, March 1981.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 99
This guide presents documentation on EPA's MOBILE2 program, which
calculates composite emission factors for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and oxides of nitrogen from motor vehicles, using the methodology and
factors presented in "Compilation of Pollutant Emission Factors for
On-Highway Mobile Sources." The program calculates the emission factors
based on year, speed, ambient temperature, vehicle type and age
distribution, operating mode, and the presence of an Inspection and
Maintenance program. All these factors can be input directly to
represent local conditions, or national averages already built into the
program can be used. New emission factors can also be input at the
user's discretion.
3-63
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064 Fugitive Emissions From Integrated Iron and Steel Plants,
EPA-600/2-78-050, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency7~0ffice of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2
This report is the result of an engineering study of fugitive emissions
from iron and steel industries. The objectives of the investigation
were: the identification of fugitive emission sources, a ranking of the
sources based on relative environmental impact, and recommendations for
future research. Fugitive emission factors for iron and steel sources
were compiled from literature and from industry sources. Field sampling
of particulate emissions from material handling operations was performed
to develop improved emission factors for open fugitive emission sources.
Devices for emission control are discussed along with evaluations of
retrofitting proposed systems to existing operations.
3-64
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065 An Implementation Plan for Suspended Particulate Matter in the Phoenix
Area, Vol. II - Emission Inventory, EPA-450/3-77-021b, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 2
This report presents an evaluation of particulate emission sources in the
Phoenix, Arizona, area including a detailed methodology to derive the
base year and project baseline emission estimates. Estimates were made
for three major particulate emission source categories: conventional
sources, anthropogenic fugitive dust sources, and wind blown fugitive
dust emissions. Each major source category was organized to provide a
review of previous inventories, documentation of the emission estimation
procedures, and the base year emission estimates. Emissions were
resolved on both a spatial and a seasonal basis. Growth and activities
are evaluated to project emissions in the years 1980 and 1985. Grid maps
and graphical emission maps are also presented.
3-65
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066 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using
Internal Combustion Engines, Part 5: Farm, Construction and Industrial
Engines, APTD-1494, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1973.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1
This report investigated exhaust emissions from heavy duty gasoline and
diesel engines used in farm, construction, and industrial applications.
Exhaust emissions from 12 engines were measured, including 8 diesels and
4 gasoline engines. Emissions which were measured included hydrocarbons,
CO, C02, NO, NOX, 02, total aliphatic aldehydes (HCHO),
formaldehyde (HCHO), and particulates.
The emission results obtained in this study, as well as data obtained
from other sources, were used in conjunction with information on engine
population and usage to estimate emission factors. Estimates of emission
factors were made using emission data developed on as broad a range of
engines as possible, taking into account that several of the engines
tested (as well as others on the market) are widely used in more than one
of the three areas of application treated in this report (farm,
construction, and industrial). National impact was estimated separately
for each of the three engine applications, based on population and usage
information developed independently for each application.
3-66
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067 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using
Internal Combustion Engines, Part 3: Motorcycles, APTD-1492, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1973.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1
In this report exhaust emissions from seven motorcycles were measured
using three separate procedures for each bike. Those emissions which
were measured included hydrocarbons, CO, C02, NO, NOX, 02, total
aliphatic aldehydes (HCHO), formaldehyde (ECHO), and particulate.
The motorcycles were operated on a modified automotive chassis
dynamometer, and the emission results were used in conjunction with
statistics on motorcycle population and usage to estimate national
emissions impact.
3-67
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068 Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans, EPA-450/2-78-038,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 7
This guideline appeared in draft form in November of 1977 and was
referred to in the preamble to the proposed regulations on lead
implementation plans, which appeared in the Federal Register of
December 14, 1977 (42 FR 63087). This final edition reflects a number of
changes from the draft version. Some significant revisions are as
follows:
Revision of Section 4.3 on projecting automotive lead emissions to
correct errors in the units in the equations and provide values for
several expressions;
Inclusion of a new section (4.4) on air quality modeling;
Revision of Chapter 5 on siting of urban area ambient air quality
monitors for lead to reflect a number of comments; and
Revision of the inorganic lead testing method that appeared in
Appendix A, and the inclusion of a test method for alkyl lead, which
appears as the new Appendix B.
3-68
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069 Development, of An Emission Inventory Quality Assurance Program,
EPA-450/4-79-006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
Quality assurance comprises three types of procedures: standard
operating procedures; procedures for finding and correcting errors and
inconsistencies; and procedures for data quality assessment. Quality
assurance for emission inventories focuses more attention on human error
than on equipment parameters. This report presents a set of guidelines
for developing an emission inventory quality assurance program which
calls for identifying the inventory components, estimating the potential
for errors and errors with greatest impact on inventory results, and
developing techniques for the control and correction of errors. Sources
of errors within emission inventory procedures are discussed and control
techniques are devised to be preventive or corrective measures.
3-69
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070 Manpower Planning Model, EPA-450/3-75-034, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, March 1975.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This report presents a computerized manpower planning model designed to
estimate the manpower requirements of non-Federal control agencies and to
project the effects on manpower levels of various policy options and
other decisions. This model is intended to replace a simpler model
developed by DHEW-NAPCA in the late 1960's, which could not accommodate
the changes and development of air pollution agencies' functions. The
predictive relationships for use in the model are derived from empirical
information provided by selected existing agencies: seven state agencies
and two local agencies within two of the seven states. These agencies
were chosen with regard to the characteristics of each agency and its
jurisdiction in order to provide a balanced data set. The model presents
projections for three major groups of activities: air quality
monitoring, source related activities; and administrative and support
activities. Emission inventory activities are encompassed by these three
major groups.
3-70
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071 Exhaust Emissions From Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using
Internal Combustion Engines, Part 2: Outboard Motors, APTD-1491, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1973.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1
In this report exhaust emissions from four 2-stroke outboard motors were
measured before-and after being bubbled through water, and the
constituents measured were: total hydrocarbons by FID; CO, C02, NO,
and hydrocarbons by NDIR; NO and NOX by chemiluminescence; Q£ by
electrochemical analysis; light hydrocarbons by gas chromatography; and
total aliphatic aldehydes and formaldehyde by the MBTH and chromotropic
acid methods, respectively.
The engines tested were a Chrysler 35 hp twin, a Mercury 65 hp in-line
four, and OMC twins of 4 hp and 9.5 hp. The engines were operated on
stationary test stands with power absorption by electric (eddy current)
dynamometers driven from the propeller shafts. Pertinent operating data
were recorded along with emissions, and mass emissions computed from data
gathered during this project were used in conjunction with available
sales and usage data to estimate national emissions impact.
3-71
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072 Technical Guidance for Control of Industrial Process Fugitive Particulate
Emissions, EPA-450/3-77-010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March
1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2, P 99
This document provided guidance for evaluating "Industrial Process
Fugitive Particulate Emission" (IPFPE) sources in light of upcoming
revisions to State Implementation Plans. For 24 selected industrial
categories, IPFPE data are presented on identification of sources;
emission estimates; example plant inventory; emission characteristics;
control technology options; and a list of pertinent references.
Control technologies, including selection of control techniques, IPFPE
capture and control options, and removal equipment, are presented.
Techniques are developed to estimate impact of IPFPE sources on air
quality. Evaluation of short-term localized impact using dispersion
modeling and field measurements (upwind/downwind sampling) is discussed.
In addition, state-of-the-art measurement techniques for IPFPEs are
identified.
Integration of IPFPE impacts into the State Implementation Planning
process is also covered. Procedures for development of control
strategies for IPFPE sources are presented along with factors which
influence the IPFPE planning process. The document summarizes existing
regulations applicable to IPFPE sources, model regulations for IPFPE
sources, and an evaluation of enforcement procedures.
3-72
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073 Point and Area Source Organic Emission Inventory (FLAPS),
EPA-600/4-78-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, June 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6
The Regional Air Pollutant Study (RAPS) program's goal is the validation
of atmospheric dispersion models using emission data from emission
inventories. This report details an inventory of organic emissions from
stationary and mobile sources for the St. Louis Air Quality Control
Region (AQCR). The inventory encompasses both point and area sources for
process, combustion, and evaporative emissions. A breakdown into five
hydrocarbon categories, including paraffins, olefins, aromatics,
aldehydes and nonreactives, was designated for each source type.
3-73
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074 Control Techniques for VOC Emissions From Stationary Sources,
EPA-450/2-78-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6, A 6
This document is a revised and updated version of a March 1970 EPA
publication entitled Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic
Solvent Emissions From Stationary Sources, (AP-68). The information
contained in the report concerns the control of hydrocarbons and other
vapor phase organics which contribute to the formation of oxidants. The
document was intended primarily as a general reference for state and
local air pollution control personnel. It includes basic information on
sources of photochemical oxidant precursors and control of these sources,
estimates of control costs, estimates of control technique energy
requirements, and estimates of emission reductions achievable through
control application.
3-74
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075 Lead Emissions Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 7
This report identifies information sources concerning emission rates and
emission inventories of lead compounds which are released into the
atmosphere. Listings of lead/lead compound sources and quantities of
emissions are included.
3-75
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076 Methodology for Estimating Emissions From Off-Highway Mobile Sources for
the RAPS Program, EPA-450/3-75-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: Ml, M 99
This report compiled and summarized all available data on emissions,
population and usage from seven internal combustion engine categories in
the RAPS study area. These categories included outboard motors,
snowmobiles, motorcycles, lawn and garden, construction, industrial, and
farm engines. This study also compiled a list of data sources for
counties and other small areas. Finally, methodologies are derived for
estimating emissions down to the county and grid element levels.
3-76
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077 Methodologies for Countywide Estimation of Coal, Gas and Organic Solvent
Consumption, EPA-450/3-75-086, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1975.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1
This study provides the results of the development of methods for
estimating fuel consumption on a countywide basis for area sources in the
NEDS data bank. Method were also devised to determine the countywide
consumption of organic solvents, gasoline and diesel fuel, retail sales
of gasoline, and aircraft landing and take-off cycles. County allocation
factors were determined through the use of statistical correlations.
3-77
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078 Emission Density Zoning Guidebook—A Technical Guide to Maintaining Air
Quality Standards Through Land Use Based Emission Limits,
EPA-450/3-78-048, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This report describes the use of Emission Density Zoning (EDZ) to
maintain air quality levels. EDZ is defined as "...a type of air
pollution control regulation in which the maximum legal rate of emission
of an air pollutant is based on location, land area, land use zoning, and
air quality constraints." In general, EDZ may be thought of as an air
pollution control regulation that is superimposed upon an existing zoning
ordinance. This guidebook describes how to implement this emission
allocation scheme and includes a step-by-step explanation of the computer
software that is needed.
3-78
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079 Emissions Inventory of Agricultural Tilling, Unpaved Roads, Airstrips,
and Heavy Construction Sites, EPA-450/3-74-085, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 2
Area dust emission sources contribute substantially to the atmospheric
particulate burden in many parts of the country. The Environmental
Protection Agency has identified several fugitive source categories for
inclusion in the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) area source file.
Among them are the following categories of fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads (dirt and gravel),
Heavy construction sites (such as road and building construction),
Agricultural land tilling, and
Unpaved airstrips.
To determine the impact of these sources, it is necessary to develop a
national emission inventory of these sources on a county-by-county
basis. Calculation of county emission totals for each source category
requires, in addition to the basic emission factor, (1) an appropriate
measure of the extent of the source type within the county and (2)
correction factors which adjust the emission estimates for local climatic
conditions and properties of the emitting surface.
3-79
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080 Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Methodology for
the Regional Air Pollution Study, EPA-450/3-75-078, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1975.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1, A 99
This report presents a methodology for estimating the pollutant emissions
from stationary residential and commercial-institutional area sources on
an hour-by-hour basis, and apportioning them to a grid system especially
designed for RAPS. Data were collected on fuel usage, distribution of
residential and commercial-institutional car use, gasoline sales, paint
sales, use of dry cleaning fluids, solid waste disposal, and uncontrolled
fires for the region. These data were analyzed and a series of models
were developed which were used to estimate the area emissions of sulfur
dioxide, particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide
for specified grid squares. A temporal allocation procedure was then
developed from the data to apportion emissions on an hourly basis.
3-80
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081 Study of Area Source Hydrocarbon Emissions, prepared for Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, July 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 6
This study was undertaken to provide an inventory of hydrocarbon
emissions suitable for use in evaluating potential control strategies
which may be required to ensure the attainment and maintenance of the
National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for photochemical
oxidants. A total of 32 industrial categories were examined within a
six-county region in the Chicago AQMA and a three-county region in the
St. Louis AQMA. The survey was focused on emission sources of less than
50 tons/year (area sources) of volatile organic compounds.
The methodology of the study consisted of identifying the population of
business establishments which represent potential emission sources in the
areas of interest. A statistically designed sampling of this list was
surveyed by a questionnaire mailing. Verification of the questionnaire
information was obtained by site visits to selected establishments. The
resulting data were analyzed by regression analysis techniques to develop
models for estimating emissions from the remainder of the population.
3-81
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082 Seasonal Variations in Organic Emissions for Significant Sources of
Volatile Organic Compounds, EPA-450/3-78-023, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, June 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6, S 99
To investigate the magnitude of discrepancies between emission rates of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) determined on an annual basis and those
occurring during the summer season, the significance of sources during
the summer season was studied for three areas where oxidant air quality
standards have been exceeded. Reactive VOCs were estimated by correcting
total VOCs for methane content. Basic data on emissions were provided by
output from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) file. A
methodology for adapting annual VOC inventories to reflect summer
emission patterns is outlined in the report.
3-82
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083 Regional Air Pollution Study: Emission Inventory Summarization,
EPA-600/4-79-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1
As part of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), data for an air
pollution emission inventory are summarized for point and area sources in
the St. Louis Air Quality Control Region. Data for point sources were
collected for criteria pollutants and for hydrocarbon species, sulfur
trioxide, particle size distribution, and heat. For area sources, data
were collected on criteria pollutants, hydrocarbon species, and heat.
All the data have been entered into the RAPS Data Bank. Hourly values
are available for all point sources; locations are identified by UTM
coordinates (zone 15) to within +10 m. Area sources are assigned to a
network of 1989 grid squares of variable size. The emission inventory is
applicable for the years 1975 and 1976 and complements the RAPS
aerometric data.
3-83
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084 Mobile Source Inventories Using Transportation Models, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 1, M 99
Due to the expected increase in use of grid-based photochemical oxidant
models to attempt to predict the impact of future HC and NOX controls
on ozone levels, there has been renewed interest in emission inventories
with accurate estimates of the spatial and temporal variations in
pollutant emissions in urban areas. Because mobile sources contribute
such a large proportion of the total HC and NOX emitted in an urban
area, different procedures for translating highway vehicle miles traveled
to emissions were investigated and a comparison made of the methodologies
used in different cities for compiling gridded mobile source emission
inventories. The five cities are: Denver, San Francisco, Los Angeles,
Tulsa, and Tampa Bay. The Denver, Los Angeles, and Tulsa inventories
were compiled for applications of the SAI photochemical oxidant model.
The San Francisco inventory was used in the LIRAC air quality model.
3-84
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085 Carbon Monoxide Hot Spot Guidelines, Volume I; Techniques,
EPA-450/3-78-033, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 4
This report presents guidelines for the identification and evaluation of
localized violations of carbon monoxide air quality standards (i.e., hot
spots) in the vicinity of streets and highways. These guidelines
facilitate the rapid and efficient review of carbon monoxide conditions
associated with existing urban street systems without the need for
extensive air quality monitoring. The procedures presented in the
guidelines employ traffic and roadway data in two stages of analysis.
First, a screening procedure is used to identify specific locations on
the highway network that have hot spot potential. This is followed by a
verification procedure, which provides a more detailed analysis of
specific locations (i.e., those identified by the screening procedure as
having hot spot potential). Both the screening and verification
procedures utilize a series of nomographs along with the various traffic
and street data to assess hot spot potential. The two procedures are
performed manually and are based on EPA's Guidelines for Evaluating
Indirect Sources.
3-85
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086 Methodology for the Determination of Emission Line Sources,
EPA-450/3-76-035, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1975.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 4, M 5, M 6
This study was performed to develop a methodology which documents the
bases and criteria for determining line sources in a metropolitan area,
and the sensitivity to monitoring frequency. The study of automotive
emissions requires the efficient monitoring of traffic flow, identifying
location parameters critical to emissions, and adequate knowledge of
vehicular emissions under a range of operating conditions. The report
describes the methodology used for documenting the most recent traffic
data; estimating emission levels; computing aggregate emissions and
concentrations of CO, NOX, and HC; conducting sensitivity analyses; and
verifying the methodology in the St. Louis AQCR.
3-86
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087 Revision of Emission Factors for Petroleum Refining, EPA-450/3-77-030,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1977.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1, P 6
This report updates existing AP-42 data on petroleum refining. The
general descriptions of petroleum refining objectives and the major
processes used to achieve these objectives are expanded. Detailed
process descriptions are prepared for 14 major refinery emission
sources. These descriptions are accompanied by a discussion of emission
characteristics and applicable emission control technology. In addition,
corrections, adjustments, and additions are made to a major portion of
the nonfugitive emission factors.
3-87
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088 Emission Factors and Frequency of Leak Occurrence for Fittings in
Refinery Process Units, EPA-600/2-79-044, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, February 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 6, A 6
As part of EPA's petroleum refinery assessment program, this report
discusses fugitive hydrocarbon emissions which were measured from a
number of types of sources in refineries. Data was obtained from nine
refineries throughout the United States. Sources measured for
hydrocarbon emissions included valves, flanges, pump seals, compressor
seals, relief valves, and process drains. Emission factors for
nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from these sources were developed. In
addition, a source "screening" procedure was developed and nomographs
were prepared which relate the maximum screening value to the percentage
of sources leaking and to the percentage of total emissions represented
by these leaking sources.
3-88
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089 A Lead Emission Factor for Reentrained Dust From a Paved Roadway,
EPA-450/3-78-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 7, M 7
This report documents the methodology used to develop the lead emission
factor for reentrained dust. Samples of airborne particulate from two
paved roadways were analyzed for lead content. The results of these
analyses were used to derive the combined particulate lead emission
factor for vehicle exhaust and reentrained dust. A separate calculation
procedure was used to divide the combined particulate emission factor
into the emission factors for vehicle exhaust and for reentrained dust.
3-89
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090 Development of Questionnaires for Various Emission Inventory Uses,
EPA-450/2-78-122, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 99
This report was written as a guide for agencies interested in developing
emission inventory mail-out questionnaires. It addresses both the
physical and psychological constraints on questionnaire design. The
information provided is based on the knowledge of agencies and
individuals that have experience in the design of questionnaires.
The first section discusses the choice of mail-out questionnaires over
other information-gathering methods. The second section describes the
individual elements of a mail-out questionnaire—the cover letter, the
instructions, and the questions—and what should be included in each.
The third section addresses design considerations for maximizing the
return rate and the accuracy. Formulation of appropriate questions is
also discussed. The formatting of a questionnaire for computer input and
the use of a computer's capabilities are described. Appendices include
sample questionnaire elements.
3-90
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091 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, EPA-450/4-80-015,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1980.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 6
This manual summarizes the available species information on Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) from stationary and mobile sources. The data are
provided in a format that is especially useful to those preparing
emission inventories for photochemical models. A data table format has
been developed that depicts the species data for each source in a manner
to facilitate the allocation of all VOCs into reactivity classes as
required by various photochemical models. This table also includes the
following information for each VOC identified: SAROAD code, chemical
name and classification, molecular weight, and percent concentration by
weight and volume.
3-91
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092 Line and Area Source Emissions From Motor Vehicles in RAPS Program,
EPA-450/3-77-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1, A 99, M 1, M 99
This report presents a methodology for estimating line source and nonline
or area source emissions for a particular study region. The methodology
developed allows the estimation of emissions from line sources for any
specified hour of the day or any specified day of the week. In addition,
a methodology is presented which enables CO, HC, N0y, particulate, and
S02 emissions to be estimated from nonline sources. These estimates
can also be performed for any hour of the day and day of the week and
account for cold start phenomena. The methods and techniques devised are
tested for a number of time-of-the-day/day-of-week combinations.
3-92
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093 A Method for Characterization and Quantification of Fugitive Lead
Emissions From Secondary Lead Smelters, Ferroalloy Plants and Gray Iron
Foundries (Revised), EPA-450/3-78-003, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, August 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 7
This report summarizes current information relative to fugitive lead
emissions from secondary lead smelters, ferroalloy plants, and gray iron
foundries. It also investigated the application of fugitive lead
emission factors developed for other source categories, and reported the
applicability of fugitive lead factors developed from a field study. In
addition, current state-of-the-art techniques which were developed for
source measurements of fugitive emissions (i.e., inplant) and ambient
measurements of fugitive emissions (i.e., upwind (downwind)) are
discussed.
3-93
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094 Emission Factor Development for Leaf Burning, EPA-450/3-76-044, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 1, A 4, A 6
This report discusses the methodology and results of a test program
conducted to develop emission factors for particulates, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbons from the burning of street tree leaves. Leaf samples
from 15 species were burned under controlled conditions to obtain the
emission factors for each tree species. In addition, the moisture
content of the leaves was maintained at two distinct levels, 10 and 20
percent (dry weight basis), to ascertain the affect of this variable on
emission rates. Raising the leaf moisture level generally increased the
production of all three pollutants, although in varying amounts.
3-94
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095 Evaluation of Particulate Emission Factors for Vehicle Tire Wear,
EPA-450/4-79-011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1979.
Source/Pollutant Key: M 2
Vehicle-related emissions are a major contributor to urban particulate
concentrations. Particles from tire wear have been identified by
microscopic analysis as a significant component of roadside dust. This
study discusses the mechanics for vehicle tire wear, the available
methods for evaluating tire tread wear, and calculations of tire wear
estimates. Existing emission rate estimates are analyzed and a breakdown
of the various components of tire wear loss are given.
3-95
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096 Development of Emissions Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources,
EPA-450/3-74-037, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: A 2
This report presents the results of an extensive field testing program
which was conducted to determine emission factors for four categories of
fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads and airstrips,
Agricultural tilling,
Construction sites, and
Aggregate storage piles.
The testing was necessitated by the lack of reliable data on the
characteristics of these sources. For each source type, the observed
relationship between emission rate and source activity was used to derive
a basic emission factor. In addition, test data were analyzed to
determine the dependence of the emission rate on properties of the
emitting surfaces and characteristics of the vehicle or implement which
caused the emissions.
3-96
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097 Fine Particulate Emission Inventory and Control Survey, EPA-450/3-74-040,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1974.
Source/Pollutant Key: P 2, A 2
This report presents an emission inventory of fine particulates in the
United States. Attention was focused on estimates of primary
particulates, and not on secondary particulates formed by subsequent
reaction of source emissions in the atmosphere. Both point and area
stationary sources of fine particulate were studied and their emissions
included in the emission inventory. A compilation of information on the
chemical and physical properties of fine particulate emissions is given,
as is a methodology for performing a detailed fine particulate emission
inventory.
3-97
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098 Emission Factors and Inventories, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference
sponsored by the West Coast Section and the Technical Council of the Air
Pollution Control Association, Anaheim, California, November 13-16, 1978.
Source/Pollutant Key: S 1
This reference includes 17 papers on diverse aspects of emission
inventories and emission factors. Topics covered include pesticide
emissions, fine particulate emissions, mobile source emission estimates,
emission inventory requirements for photochemical air quality simulation
models, and a discussion of the Emission Inventory Subsystem (EIS).
3-98
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Initrut nous or, !ht tei crsc before 1oini
k'ting)
1. REPORT NO
EPA-450/4-81-026e
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation
Volume V: Bibliography
5 REPORT DATE
September 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHORlS)
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards_
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11 CONTRACT, GRANT NO
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAMt AND ADDRESS
[ 13. TYPE OF RtPORT AND PERIOD COVE, hi L'
"G AGENCY CODE
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: A. A. MacQueen
16. ABSTRACT
Procedures are described for compiling the complete comprehensive emission
inventory of the criteria pollutants and pollutant sources. These procedures
described are for use in the air quality management programs of state and local
air pollution control agencies.
Basic emission inventory elements—planning, data collection, emission esti-
mates, inventory file formatting, reporting and maintenance—are described.
Prescribed methods are presented; optional methods are provided. The procedures
are presented in five (5) volumes:
Volume I, Emission Inventory Fundamentals
Volume II, Point Sources
Volume III, Area Sources
Volume IV, Mobile Sources
Volume V, Bibliography
EY VY! 'RDS AND POoUMENT ANALYS! 3
jb IDHNTif ILKV& " \ L NT ED TERIVS
Emission Inventory
Inventory
Source Inventory
Emissions Source
Emissions Files Formatting
Questionnaire
Air Quality Management
Bibliography
CO
sATl 1 icI'l/'Ooup '
'•>, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19 SECURITY CLASS (Tim Report)
21 NO. OF PAGES
146
20. SECURITY CLASS (TMtpage)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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