United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-82-006
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards April 1982
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
_
v>EPA Emissions Inventories For
Urban Airshed Model Application
In The Philadelphia AQCR
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EPA-450/4-82-005
Emissions Inventories For
Urban Airshed Model Application
In The Philadelphia AQCR
Contract No. 68-02-3509
EPA Project Officer: William H. Lamason, II
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
April 1982
-------
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication as received from Engineering-Science, Inc., Fairfax, VA.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommen-
dation for use. Copies of this report are available from the Air Manage-
ment Technology Branch, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 ANNUALIZED POINT SOURCE INVENTORIES
Introduction
Base Year Inventory Development
Projection Year Inventory Development
Emissions Summary
CHAPTER 3 ANNUALIZED AREA SOURCE INVENTORIES
Introduction
Fuel Use
Gasoline Marketing
Solvent Use
Other Small Industrial Processes
Dry Cleaning
Pesticides
Cutback Asphalt Paving
Natural Gas Leaks
Agricultural Equipment
Construction Equipment
Industrial Equipment
Small Gasoline Engines
Aircraft
Vessels
Railroads
Forest Fires
Agricultural Burning
Prescribed Burning
On-Site Incineration
Open Burning
Structural Fires
References
CHAPTER 4 VOC AND NO.. PROFILES
A.
Alternative Speciation and Development
Aldehyde Correction Procedure
Halogenated Hydrocarbon Correction Procedure
Area Source Component Splits
Point Source Component Splits
References
1-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-11
2-14
3-1
'3-1
3-9
3-1 1
3-25
3-36
3-36
3-39
3-44
3-44
3-46
3-53
3-56
3-56
3-60
3-69
3-80
3-84
3-84
3-90
3-91
3-94
3-94
3-99
4-1
4-4
4-7
4-9
4-9
4-12
4-27
ill
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CHAPTER 5 TEMPORAL FACTOR FILES
Introduction
Point Sources
Area Sources
References
CHAPTER 6 PREPARATION OF EMISSIONS PACKETS FOR THE AIRSHED
MODEL
Emission Files
Data Preparation Program
Major/Minor Source Division
Post Processing Program
Shift to Daylight Time
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-3
5-10
6-1
6-11
6-12
6-13
6-13
6-14
APPENDIX A NEDS AREA SOURCE INPUT FORMS
APPENDIX B AREA SOURCE ALLOCATION PARAMETERS
APPENDIX C CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC COMBINATIONS FOR VOC
SUMMARIES
APPENDIX D VOC/NOX PROFILES
APPENDIX E TEMPORAL FACTOR FILES
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR Grid System 3-5
6.1 Preparation of Gridded Area Source Master File 6-6
6.2 Preparation of Airshed Model Data Packet for Area
Sources 6-7
6.3 Preparation of Airshed Model Data Packet for Highway
Vehicles 6-8
6.4 Preparation of Airshed Model Data Packet for Major
Point Sources 6-9
6.5 Preparation of Airshed Model Data Packet for Minor
Point Sources 6-1 0
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Summary of VOC Emissions for 1979 in the Philadelphia
AQCR 1-4
1.2 Summary of VOC Emissions for 1987 in the Philadelphia
AQCR 1-6
2.1 Projection Factors, Bucks County, Pennsylvania,
Base Year 1978 2-6
2.2 Projection Factors, Chester County, Pennsylvania,
Base Year 1978 2-7
2.3 Projection Factors, Delaware County, Pennsylvania,
Base Year 1978 2-8
2.4 Projection Factors, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,
Base Year 1978 2-9
2.5 Plants Inventoried in Detail 2-10
2.6 Information Sources of Industrial Growth Data 2-13
2.7 Projection Factors for 1987, Philadelphia County,
Pennsylvania, Bast Year 1979 2-15
2.8 Projection Factors for 1987, Burlington County,
New Jersey, Base Year 1979 2-16
2.9 Projection Factors for 1987, Camden County, New
Jersey, Base Year 1979 2-17
2.10 Projection Factors for 1987, Gloucester County,
New Jersey, Base Year 1979 2-18
2.11 Projection Factors for 1987, Mercer County, New
Jersey, Base Year 1979 2-19
2.12 Projection Factors for 1987, Salem County, New
Jersey, Base Year 1979 2-20
2.13 Projection Factors for 1987, New Castle County,
Delaware, Base Year 1979 2-21
2.14 Emission Categories by Source Classification Code
(SCC) 2-22
2.15 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
New Castle, Delaware 2-23
2.16 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Burlington, New Jersey 2-24
2.17 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Camden, New Jersey 2-25
2.18 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Gloucester, New Jersey 2-26
2.19 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Mercer, New Jersey 2-27
2.20 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Salem, New Jersey 2-28
VI
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2.21 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Bucks, Pennsylvania 2-29
2.22 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Chester, Pennsylvania 2-30
2.23 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Delaware, Pennsylvania 2-31
2.24 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Montgomery, Pennsylvania 2-32
2.25 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2-33
2.26 Emissions from Selected Point Source Categories -
Philadelphia AQCR 2-34
2.27 Summary of 1979 Point Source Emissions 2-36
3.1 Categories of Area Sources 3-2
3.2 Summary of Area Source Emissions 3-4
3.3 Population 3-7
3.4 Employment Projections 3-8
3.5 Residential, Commercial/Institutional, and Industrial
Fuel Use Emission Factors 3-1 2
3.6 Area Source Fuel Use Emissions (tpy) 3-13
3.7 Gasoline Service Station (SIC 554) Employment 3-15
3.8 Gasoline Marketed (103 gal) 3-16
3.9 Daily Vehicle-Miles Travelled 3-18
3.10 Automobile Average MPG for 1979 3-19
3.11 Automobile Average MPG for 1987 3-20
3.12 Gasoline Truck Average MPG for 1979 3-21
3.13 Gasoline Truck Average MPG for 1987 3-22
3.14 Emission Factors for Gasoline Marketing 3-23
3.15 Gasoline Marketing VOC Emissions 3-24
3.16 Solvent Use Category Per-Capita Factors 3-26
3.17 Solvent Use Emissions 3-27
3.18 Degreasing Employment 3-29
3.19 Degreasing Emissions 3-30
3.20 Auto Refinishing Employment 3-32
3.21 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating 3-33
3.22 Small Industrial Surface Coating Employment 3-34
3.23 Surface Coating Emissions 3-35
3.24 Small Industrial Processes 3-37
3.25 Small Industrial Process Emissions 3-38
3.26 Dry Cleaning Emissions 3-40
3.27 Pesticide Per Crop-Acre Factors 3-42
3.28 Pesticide Emissions 3-43
3.29 Cutback Asphalt Emissions 3-45
3.30 Average Gas Analysis by Chromatograph 3-47
3.31 VOC Emissions from Natural Gas Leaks (tpy) 3-48
3.32 Farm Machinery Usage Data 3-50
3.33 Agricultural Equipment Emission Factors 3-51
3.34 Agricultural Equipment Emissions (tpy) 3-52
3.35 Construction Equipment Emission Factors 3-54
3.36 Construction Equipment Emissions (tpy) 3-5S
3.37 1979 Industrial Equipment Activity 3-57
3.38 Industrial Equipment Emission Factors (lb/103 gal) 3-58
3.39 Industrial Equipment Emissions (tpy) 3-59
VI1
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3.40 Small Gasoline Engine Data 3-61
3.41 Fuel Consumption by Small Gasoline Engines 3-62
3.42 Small Gasoline Engines Emission Factors 3-63
3.43 Small Gasoline Engine Emissions 3-64
3.44 Fleet Mix Classification 3-66
3.45 Aircraft Class Emission Factors 3-68
3.46 Aircraft Emissions (tpy) 3-70
3.47 Commercial Vessel Activity (104 gallons) 3-72
3.48 Pennsylvania State Motorboat Registrations (1978) 3-73
3.49 Pennsylvania County Motorboat Population 3-74
3.50 New Jersey and Delaware County Motorboat Population
(1977) 3-76
3.51 Annual Gasoline Consumption of Motorboats (gallons) 3-77
3.52 Weighted Vessel Emission Factors 3-78
3.53 Vessel Emissions (tpy) 3-79
3.54 Railroad Growth Factors from Pennsylvania SIP 3-81
3.55 Rail Locomotive Emission Factors 3-82
3.56 Railroad Locomotive Emissions (tpy) 3-83
3.57 Forest Fire Emission Factors (Ibs/ton) 3-85
3.58 Forest Fire Emissions (tpy) 3-86
3.59 Agricultural Burning Emission Factors 3-88
3.60 Agricultural Burning Emission Factors for New
Castle County, Delaware 3-89
3.61 Incinerator Emission Factors 3-92
3.62 On-site Incineration Emissions 3-93
3.63 Number of Structural Fires by County 3-95
3.64 Emission Factors Used for Structural Fires 3-97
3.65 Structural Fire Emissions (tpy) 3-98
4.1 Unreactive Volatile Organic Compounds as Developed
by the Source Receptor Analysis Branch/OAQPS 4-2
4.2 Classification of Miscellaneous Compounds for Use
in the Urban Airshed Model 4-3
4.3 Data for Deriving Airshed Model Organic Breakdowns 4-5
4.4 Equations for Computing Organic Categories 4-6
4.5 Pollutant Splits Supplied by SRAB 4-8
4.6 Exhaust/Evaporative Splits for the Philadelphia AQCR 4-11
4.7 Miscellaneous Area Source Component Splits 4-13
4.8 KV3 Component Splits Used in the Philadelphia
Inventory 4-1 5
4.9 Major Point Source SCCs Used in VOC Splits 4-17
6.1 Grid Values Packet Format 6-2
6.2 Emissions Values Packet Format 6-2
6.3 Fields Common to Grid and Emissions Values Packets 6-3
6.4 Point Sources Packet Format 6-4
6.5 Time Interval Packet Format 6-5
VI11
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) is attempting to validate and test the Urban
Airshed photochemical oxidant model in several cities around the country.
Such a model is needed to develop accurate source-receptor relationships
for reactive pollutants discharged to the atmosphere. The program under-
taken by EPA will compare model predictions with measured ambient air
quality data and with output of simpler models such as EKMA. In addition,
the impact of growth and the significance of selected control strategies
will be examined. Engineering-Science (ES) is participating in the pro-
gram by developing the emissions data required by the model for applica-
tion to the metropolitan Philadelphia area. This report documents the
preparation of emissions input for the Urban Airshed model.
An ambient monitoring program was conducted in the Philadelphia area
during the summer and fall of 1979. The data collected during this pro-
gram will be used as a basis for validation of the Urban Airshed model.
In support of this effort, ES developed inventory data representative of
calendar year 1979 for a typical weekday during the oxidant season.
Since the entire 11-county Metropolitan Philadelphia Air Quality
Control Region (AQCR) is classified as nonattainment with respect to
photochemical oxidants, the area selected for emission data development
was the AQCR. The inventory area encompasses the monitoring station
sites used to collect ambient data. The AQCR is approximately 12,500 km2
in area and is comprised of five counties in New Jersey, five counties
in Pennsylvania, and one county in Delaware. The grid system used in
generating model input consists of 502 grid cells which are five kilo-
meters on a side.
Within the AQCR, ES generated emissions data for both point and non-
highway area sources. The development of the highway vehicle inventory
was completed by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC).
DVRPC documented its efforts in Philadelphia Air Quality Control Region
Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. For the base year 1979, ES compiled
hour-by-hour emissions data for a representative weekday in the oxidant
season. Emission rates were determined for the following pollutants:
nitric oxide (NO); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); five categories of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) required for the Urban Airshed model; four cate-
gories of VOC defined in the St. Louis, Missouri, Regional Air Pollution
Study (RAPS); carbon monoxide (CO); particulate matter (TSP); and sul-
fur dioxide (S02). County level area source data were allocated to the
1-1
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502-cell grid system. Projection factors were developed in order to gene-
rate a 1987 inventory.
The first major task for the preparation of emissions input to the
model was to assemble annualized emissions data for point and area sources
in Emission Inventory Subsystem/Permits and Registration (EIS/P&R) format.
Data files containing temporal and VOC/nitrogen oxide (NOX) profiles were
then generated. These data files, along with the EIS/P&R masterfiles,
were input to a module of the Engineering-Science Air Quality (ESAQ) sys-
tem, which output the data packets required by the Airshed model. DVRPC
provided gridded hourly emissions values which required only that ES de-
velop VOC/NOX profiles to produce model input.
The inventory procedures used in developing the emissions data,
followed as closely as possible guidance published by EPA for preparing
emissions inventories for the 1982 Ozone State Implementation Plan (SIP)
revisions. This was done to maximize the usefulness of the effort to
the regulatory agencies in their SIP revisions and to enable the products
of the study to be used in the Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Pro-
ject (NECRMP).
The organization of this report reflects the general procedures
employed. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the methods used to develop EIS/P&R
masterfiles for point and area sources. Chapters 4 and 5 address the
VOC/NOX profile development and the generation of temporal factors,
respectively. Finally, Chapter 6 describes the process of data packet
creation for input to the Airshed model. The appendices contain de-
tailed information used in the study.
Tables 1.1 and 1.2 summarize 1979 and 1987 VOC emissions for the
Philadelphia AQCR. The table shows emissions according to the categories
suggested in Volume I of Procedures for the Preparation of Emission In-
ventories for Volatile Organic Compounds, EPA-450/2-77-028 (September
1980). The emissions data for highway vehicles developed by DVRPC are
included in the tables. Summarizing data in this fashion provides a
means for comparing data from the Philadelphia area with inventories
generated in other parts of the country. For the point source categories
included in Tables 1.1 and 1.2, Appendix C identifies the source classifi-
cation codes (SCC) and/or standard industrial classification (SIC) codes
in the masterfile which were aggregated to develop the emission totals.
This report documents a final version of emissions inputs for the
Urban Airshed model. A draft report for interim emissions input was pre-
pared in March 1981. Differences in the reports and emissions inputs are:
o Highway vehicle emissions in the draft were based on MOBILE 1
emission factors and in the final on MOBILE 2 emission factors.
o Revised methodologies were employed in the final for developing
emissions data for significant area source categories.
o Revised point source masterfiles were used in the final report as
well as revised information on emission reductions resulting from
regulations included in the 1979 SIP revisions.
1-2
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o The 1982 projection year was not considered in the final document.
1-3
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TABLE 1.1
SUMMARY OF VOC EMISSIONS FOR 1979 IN THE PHILADELPHIA AQCR
Emissions (tons)
Source Category
Point
Area
Total
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND
MARKETING OF VOC
Oil and Gas Production & Processing
Gasoline and Crude Oil Storage
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage
& Transfer
Ship and Barge Transfer of VOC
Barge and Tanker Cleaning
Bulk. Gasoline Terminals
Gasoline Bulk Plants
Service Station Loading (Stage 1)
Service Station Unloading (Stage 2)
Others
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
15,989
4,640
9,340
1,307
4,807
5,595
10,119
2,004
15,989
4,640
9,340
1,307
4,807
5,595
10,119
2,004
Petroleum Refineries
Lube Oil Manufacture
Organic Chemical Manufacture
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
Fermentation Processes
Vegetable Oil Processing
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Plastic Products Manufacture
Rubber Tire Manufacture
SBR Rubber Manufacture
Textile Polymers & Resin Manufacture
Synthetic Fiber Manufacture
Iron and Steel Manufacture
Othe rs
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Large Appliances
Magnet Wire
Automobile
Cans
Metal Coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal Wood Products
Miscellaneous Metal Products
Plastic Parts Painting
Large Ships
Large Aircraft
Others
23,516
23,516
7,064
1 ,860
440
1 ,020
5,428
30
2,105
131
9,966
2,039
198
2,456
2,837
7,929
6,238
7,064
1 ,860
198
2,456
440
1 ,020
5,428
2,867
10,034
131
9,966
8,277
1 3
8,403
2,617
1 1
15,332
1,141
1,145
5,259
1 ,775
283
16
4,088
810
4,926
969
5,837
65
4,371
19,140
2,525
13
810
8,403
7,543
980
21 ,1 69
1 ,206
5,516
24,399
4,300
283
16
4,088
1-4
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TABLE 1.1—Continued
Source Category
NON- INDUS TRIAL SURFACE COATING
Architectural Coatings
Auto Refinishing
Others
OTHER SOLVENT USE
Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Arts
Adhesives
Cutback Asphalt
Solvent Extraction Processes
Consumer/Commercial Solvent Use
Other
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Fuel Combustion
Solid Waste Disposal
Forest, Agricultural, and Other
Open Burning
Pesticide Application
Waste Solvent Recovery Processes
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Natural Gas Leaks
MOBILE SOURCES
Highway Vehicles3
Off Highway Vehicles
Rail
Vessels
Aircraft
Agricultural Equipment
Construction Equipment
Industrial Equipment
Small Gasoline Engines
AQCR TOTALS
a Approximated from Philadelphia Air Quality
Emissions (tons
Point Area
13,519
76 7,832
537 19,892
126 6,684
4,333 1,862
2,833
29,402
2,464 1,410
545 26
2,054
7,565
143
22,003
1 27,100
3,210
2,229
3,097
731
534
1 ,698
5,539
137,989 335,239
Control Region Mobile
)
Total
13,519
7,908
20,429
6,810
6,195
2,833
29,402
3,874
571
2,054
7,565
143
22,003
1 27,100
3,210
2,229
3,097
731
534
1 ,698
5,539
473,228
Source
Emissions Inventory, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission.
1-5
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TABLE 1.2
SUMMARY OF VOC EMISSIONS FOR 1987 IN THE PHILADELPHIA AQCR
Emissions (tons)
Source Category
Point
Area
Total
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND
MARKETING OF VOC
Oil and Gas Production & Processing
Gasoline and Crude Oil Storage
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage
& Transfer
Ship and Barge Transfer of VOC
Barge and Tanker Cleaning
Bulk Gasoline Terminals
Gasoline Bulk Plants
Service Station Loading (Stage 1)
Service Station Unloading (Stage 2)
Others
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petroleum Refineries
Lube Oil Manufacture
Organic Chemical Manufacture
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
Fermentation Processes
Vegetable Oil Processing
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Plastic Products Manufacture
Rubber Tire Manufacture
SBR Rubber Manufacture
Textile Polymers & Resin Manufacture
Synthetic Fiber Manufacture
Iron and Steel Manufacture
Others
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Large Appliances
Magnet Wire
Automobile
Cans
Metal Coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal Wood Products
Miscellaneous Metal Products
Plastic Parts Painting
Large Ships
Large Aircraft
Others
8,849
2,395
7,457
886
3,536
12,384
11
4,617
1 ,034
11
8,002
332
795
2,632
1 ,795
183
20
1 ,905
226
778
1,573
828
5,033
990
5,963
66
4,466
19,554
2,580
8,849
2,395
7,457
886
3,536
226
778
1 ,573
12,384
3,323
1 ,754
442
1 ,007
2,884
22
2,1 14
53
4,144
1 ,642
203
2,513
2,903
8,1 15
6,384
3,323
1 ,754
203
2,513
442
1 ,007
2,884
2,925
10,229
53
4,144
8,026
11
828
4,617
6,067
1 ,001
1 3,965
398
5,261
22,186
4,375
183
20
1,905
1-6
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TABLE 1.2--Continued
Emissions (tons)
Source Category Point
NON- INDUS TRIAL SURFACE COATING
Architectural Coatings
Auto Refinishing 78
Others
OTHER SOLVENT USE
Degreasing 560
Dry Cleaning 120
Graphic Arts 1 , 654
Adhesives
Cutback Asphalt
Solvent Extraction Processes
Consumer/Commercial Solvent Use
Other
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Fuel Combustion 2,184
Solid Waste Disposal 604
Forest, Agricultural, and Other
Open Burning
Pesticide Application
Waste Solvent Recovery Processes
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines 151
Natural Gas Leaks
MOBILE SOURCES
Highway Vehicles3
Off Highway Vehicles
Rail
Vessels
Aircraft
Agricultural Equipment
Construction Equipment
Industrial Equipment
Small Gasoline Engines
AQCR TOTALS 79,580
a Approximated from Philadelphia Air Quality Control
Area
14,073
8,183
20,545
6,370
1 ,943
1,540
30, 606
1,341
26
2,788
8,301
24,599
49,900
3,305
2,327
1,193
827
569
1 ,730
5,795
248,1 36
Region Mobile
Total
14,073
8,261
21 ,105
6,490
3,597
1,540
30, 606
3,525
630
2,788
8,301
151
24,599
49,900
3,305
2,327
1 ,193
827
569
1,730
5,795
327,71 6
Source
Emissions Inventory, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission.
1-7
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CHAPTER 2
ANNUALIZED POINT SOURCE INVENTORIES
INTRODUCTION
Baseline inventories were obtained from the four air pollution con-
trol agencies in the 11-county area. Each agency supplied to ES a mag-
netic tape containing its most current point source masterfile. ES then
collected any additional information that existed to update each master-
file and produce an accurate 1979 base year inventory. These updates
were obtained through examinations of agency permit files, agency infor-
mation not yet included in the masterfiles, and conversations with plant
representatives. The primary procedure used to update the masterfiles
was the application of projection factors along with a few EIS/P&R update
transactions.
The major emphasis for the inventory was on emissions of VOC and NOX,
although the emissions of particulates, carbon monoxide, and sulfur di-
oxide were included. The inventory parameters updated as necessary were:
stack location; actual stack emissions; percent annual throughput by
season; normal hours per day, days per week, and weeks per year of oper-
ation; stack parameters (i.e., height, diameter, temperature, velocity,
and flow rate) for those stacks to be modeled as elevated points; source
classification code; and operating rate of processes for which emissions
were updated. Projection data were gathered to use in developing the
1987 inventory. However, more effort was expended for the 1979 inventory
since: (1) more accurate information was available to develop the 1979
inventory; (2) ambient monitoring data were collected during 1979 for
validation of the model; and (3) the accuracy of the 1987 inventory is
dependent upon the accuracy of the base year inventory.
In order to more fully explain the processes used to develop the
base and projection year inventories, the following section delineates
those procedures applied to the inventories provided by the four agencies
in the study area. A detailed discussion is presented of the 1987 pro-
jection factors and those used to produce the 1979 base year inventory
from the masterfiles provided by the agencies. Also discussed are the
specific plant projection factors obtained during visits to plants with
VOC or NOX emissions of 5,000 tons per year or more.
BASE YEAR INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
The first step taken in the development of the 1979 base year in-
ventory was the collection of the most current point source masterfiles.
2-1
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These masterfiles were updated as necessary before being finalized. Pro-
jection factors, along with information obtained from the respective agen-
cies and plant representatives, were then used to generate data reflec-
tive of 1979 conditions. The following sections describe the procedures
employed to produce the base year inventory.
Existing Inventories
The four air pollution control agencies within the Philadelphia AQCR
provided magnetic tapes containing their most up-to-date masterfiles. The
following subsections detail by each agency's geographic area the data
collection, review, and update activities conducted.
Delaware - New Gas tie •? County
The Delaware Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Con-
trol (DNREC) supplied ES with 1979 emissions data in EIS/P&R format for
New Castle County. DNREC includes all permitted sources on its EIS/P&R
masterfile. A 1978 version of the masterfile was used in preparing a
preliminary set of emission inputs to the Urban Airshed model. A review
of the 1978 masterfile using an EIS/P&R edit program showed it to be com-
plete and accurate. The 1979 version of the masterfile was summarized
and compared to the 1978 file. The differences were discussed with DNREC
personnel and found to be minor in most cases. Nearly all the differences
resulted from changes in operating rates. Allowable emissions were en-
tered in the 1979 masterfile for the General Motors plant. Based on a
recommendation from DNREC personnel, the 1979 emission rates were changed
to reflect the actual emissions in the 1978 masterfile. It was later
discovered that the gasoline barge loading operation and fugitive losses
from valves and seals at the Getty refinery were not included on the
masterfile. Emissions of VOC from the barge loading amounted to 1,680
tons in 1980 and the fugitive losses were 207 tons in the same year.
The UTM coordinates of these sources are approximately 446.0 easting and
4381.7 northing. These emissions were not included in the 1979 Urban
Airshed model input supplied to EPA since the omission was discovered
after the 1979 input had been submitted to EPA.
Pennsylvania - Philadelphia County
The Philadelphia Air Management Services (AMS) supplied ES with
a tape containing 1979 emissions data in NEDS format for Philadelphia
County. The inventory contained all permitted plants with emissions
greater than one ton per year. A 1978 version of the inventory was used
in preparing a preliminary set of emission inputs to the Urban Airshed
model. A review of the 1978 masterfile using an EIS/P&R edit program
showed it to be complete and accurate. The 1979 inventory was converted
to EIS/P&R format, summarized, and compared to the 1978 file. The dif-
ferences were discussed with AMS personnel and found to be accurate in
most cases. The Philadelphia Electric Company station on N. Delaware
and the Publicker Industries plant had lower NOX emissions due to lower
operating levels, and VOC reductions occurred at the Gulf Oil Company
of Pennsylvania refinery as a result of reduced throughputs. AMS per-
sonnel later identified two changes which were necessary to the 1979
inventory. It was discovered that 3,200 tons per year of acetone was
being emitted from a process at the Allied Chemical plant and that NOX
2-2
-------
emissions at Hastings and Company were 64 instead of 685 tons per year.
These changes were incorporated in the 1979 EIS/P&R masterfile before
generating the input to the Airshed model.
Pennsylvania - Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties
The four remaining Pennsylvania Counties in the study area are under
the regulatory jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmen-
tal Resources (DER). DER maintains its inventory on a computer system
called the Pennsylvania Emission Data System (PEDS) which differs signifi-
cantly from NEDS as to the type, amount, and arrangement of information.
According to DER, the 1978 version of this masterfile contains data for
all plants with uncontrolled emissions in excess of 50 tons per year. A
1976 version of the inventory, after it had been updated by ES, was used
in preparing a preliminary set of emission inputs to the Airshed model.
A review of the 1976 data provided by DER in NEDS format indicated that
the computerized conversion from PEDS to NEDS had not been performed ac-
curately. ES spent a considerable amount of time in correcting the prob-
lems which included omission of some emission points and plants, incor-
rect stack data, and inaccurate control device efficiencies.
DER subsequently provided a tape containing 1978 emissions data in
NEDS format for Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties. The
inventory was created from the 1978 PEDS masterfile using a revised con-
version program. The 1978 inventory was converted to EIS/P&R format,
summarized, and compared to the updated 1976 masterfile. A number of
differences in VOC emissions were discovered. After discussing the dif-
ferences with DER personnel, they suggested that the 1978 masterfile be
modified to reflect the 1978 emissions data compiled by DER for inclusion
in their 1982 Ozone SIP revision. These data were provided to ES in ta-
bular form and contained VOC emissions for the plant on an annual basis
and for the principle emitting operations at each plant on a typical
summer day basis. In cases that these data showed different emissions
than the 1978 masterfile, updates by emission point were made based on
the total annual plant emissions and the annual contribution from each
principle emitting operation. Also, personnel in the DER regional office
in Norristown provided revised stack or emissions data for two emission
points associated with the coking operation at U.S. Steel. These updates
were incorporated in the 1978 masterfile before generating the input to
the Airshed model.
New Jersey - Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Mercer, and Salem
Counties
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) employs
a computerized emission data system for the entire State. The computer
system is called the Air Pollution Emission Data System (APEDS) and it
differs radically from NEDS. At the time the preliminary inputs to the
Airshed model were being developed, too little usable information could
be retrieved from APEDS to warrant use of its data. A NEDS inventory
which generally represented 1974 or 1975 conditions had to be used for
the preliminary model input. The accuracy and completeness of that in-
ventory, although DEP was able to provide some 1979 updates, is quejtion-
able.
2-3
-------
DEP undertook a large program to update and add information to APEDS.
After this work was completed, ES created an EIS/P&R masterfile from the
1979-1980 APEDS data using a conversion program prepared by ES under con-
tract to EPA Region II. ES discovered several problems with the EIS/P&R
masterfile and identified them to DEP personnel. Information to correct
these problems was supplied to ES and the masterfile was updated. In
order to check the data in the updated masterfile, ES obtained a list of
major facilities (those with actual emissions of VOC or NOX of 100 tons
per year or more) and corresponding emissions and compared the data in
the list to the updated masterfile. Several discrepancies were found
and discussed with DEP and EPA personnel. It was decided that a trip to
the DEP field offices would be necessary to resolve the discrepancies.
At that time, DEP was able to provide ES with an EIS/P&R masterfile which
was created from further improved 1979-1980 APEDS data. These data com-
pared more closely to the DEP major facilities list but a number of dif-
ferences still existed.
A trip to the DEP field offices was made by ES and EPA and data for
updating the 1979-1980 EIS/P&R masterfile provided by DEP were collected.
Only sources with actual VOC or NOX emissions of 100 tons per year or
more were investigated. A detailed review of the data maintained at the
field offices showed that a few plants which were thought to be major
actually had emissions less than 100 tons per year. On the other hand a
few sources were found that had emissions in excess of 100 tons per year
although they were not on the major facilities list. All needed emissions
and stack data were collected and updates made to the EIS/P&R masterfile.
Insufficient data were available in the DEP field office for the Dupont
Chambers Works plants. The Supervisor of Air Quality for the Chambers
Works was asked to provide emissions and stack data representative of
1979 conditions for the largest VOC and NOX emitters. These data were
used to make final updates to the EIS/P&R masterfile before creation of
the Airshed model input.
DEP personnel later indicated that another major facility of VOC
emissions had been discovered in Gloucester County. EKCO Products, an
aluminum coil coating operation in Clayton, had about 700 tons of VOC
emissions in 1980. Existing regulations require 50% control for this
plant which would result in a 1987 emission rate of 350 tons. The plant
was discovered after the 1979 model input was submitted to EPA and thus
was not accounted for in the input. Insufficient information was avail-
able on location of the plant to include it in the 1987 model input.
Inventory Adjustment to 1979 Base Year
The project required the use of a 1979 base year inventory for model
validation. Both the Philadelphia County and New Castle County inventories
collected from the respective agencies and updated represent 1979 condi-
tions. No further modifications were necessary for these point source
data. The New Jersey masterfiles represent 1979, 1980, and 1981 condi-
tions but no data were available to determine differences between 1980/81
and 1979. DEP personnel suggested that all data be regarded as 1979 and
as a result, no adjustments were made. The year of record of the point
source data for the other Pennsylvania Counties was 1978. DER personnel
recommended the application of projection factors to the 1978 data to
2-4
-------
obtain a 1979 masterfile. The projection factors applied are presented
in Tables 2.1 through 2.4 and discussed in detail later in this chapter.
Information obtained from the plant visits relative to 1979 opera-
tions were not considered in making inventory adjustments. This is be-
cause the plant visits were conducted some time ago for the preliminary
Airshed model input. Actual operation and emission data for 1979 have
now become available for most counties. The most current masterfile
available from DER is 1978 but these data are improved compared to the
1976 data previously used. Therefore, as suggested by DER personnel,
employment-based projection factors were applied to the 1978 data to
obtain the 1979 masterfile.
Plant Visits
Those plants with emissions of VOC or NOX in excess of 5,000 tons per
year contribute significantly to the total burden of these pollutants in
the Philadelphia AQCR. As such, these plants were identified and either
visited or contacted by phone (under the auspices of the local agency)
to obtain more information on their operations. These plants are listed
in Table 2.5 by company. Although the 3-M Company was identified as a
source with emissions significant enough to warrant a visit, the company
did not respond to information requests. The information requested of
the plants was as follows:
o Verify data in the emission inventory:
UTM coordinates
Stack parameters
Control equipment type and efficiency
Operating information
o Information on 1979 operations to update inventory to 1979 condi-
tions .
o Information on expected future operations including:
Expansions
Modifications
Emission reductions
Shutdowns
Increased utilization of existing processes
o Information on operation data that would provide temporal varia-
tions for each hour of a typical weekday for at least the oxidant
season and percent of annual emissions that could be expected
during the oxidant season.
o Information available from stack tests or other types of emission
characterization studies that would provide insight into the VOC
and NOX species present for each emission point.
The information obtained from the plants was applied, as appropriate, in
the generation of the Urban Airshed model input for 1979 and 1987. The
incorporation of these data is discussed in other sections of this chapter,
2-5
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TABLE 2.1
PROJECTION FACTORS
BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BASE YEAR 1978
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1979
.9825
.9825
.9936
.9936
1.0032
1.0032
1.0138
.9955
1.0010
.9850
.9994
1.0058
1 .0058
.9998
.9973
1.0004
.9853
1.0O10
1 .0010
1.0036
1 .0000
.9997
1 .0043
1.0017
1.0307
1.0233
1.0010
1 .0082
1987
.8594
.8594
.9511
.951 1
1.0255
1.0255
1.1105
.9642
1.0078
.8797
.9954
1.0463
1 .0463
.9981
.9673
1.0028
.8828
1 .OO78
1 .0078
1.0391
.9776
.9975
1 .0340
.991 1
1.2452
1 . 1 8 61
1.0078
1 .0652
SIC
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
1979
1.0051
.9955
1.0051
1.0051
.9964
1.0055
1.0031
1.0031
1.0092
1.0092
1 .0092
.9872
1 .0092
1 .0092
1.0062
1 .0062
1 .O119
1 .0107
1.0062
1 .0062
1.0201
1 .0201
1987
1.0401
.9641
1.0401
1 .0401
.971 6
1.0444
1.0252
1.0252
1.0738
1.0738
1.0738
.8973
1.0738
1.0738
1.0493
1 .0493
1.O953
1 .0856
1.0493
1 .0493
1 . 1 608
1 . 1 608
SIC 1979
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.0201
91 1.0159
92
93
94
95
96 1.0159
97 .9969
1987
1 . 1 608
1.1271
1.1271
.9698
2-6
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TABLE 2.2
PROJECTION FACTORS
CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BASE YEAR 1978
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1979
.9838
.9838
.9929
.9929
1 .0003
1 .0003
1.0138
.9955
1.0025
.9850
.9994
1 .0058
1 .0058
.9998
.9973
1 .0004
.9853
1 .0025
1 .0025
1 .0036
1 .0000
.9997
1 .0043
1 .0017
1 .0307
1.0233
1 .0025
1 .0082
1987
.8705
.8705
.9484
.9484
1.0021
1.0021
1 .1105
.9642
1.0202
.8797
.9954
1.0463
1 .0463
.9981
.9673
1.0028
.8828
1.0202
1 .0202
1 .0391
.9776
.9975
1 .0340
.991 1
1.2452
1 . 1 8 61
1 .0202
1 .0652
SIC
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
1979
1.0018
.9955
1 .0018
1 .0018
.9964
1.0055
1.0043
1.0043
1.0073
1.0073
1 .0073
.9872
1 .0073
1 .0073
1 .001 6
1 .0016
1 .0119
1 .0107
1 .0016
1 .0016
1 .0134
1 .0107
1987
1 .0152
.9641
1 .0152
1 .0152
.971 6
1.0444
1 .0343
1.0343
1 .0581
1 .0581
1 .0581
.8973
1 .0581
1 .0581
1.0123
1 .0123
1 .0953
1 .0856
1 .0123
1 .0123
1 .1074
1 .0853
SIC 1979
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.0107
91 1.0145
92
93
94
95
96 1.0145
97 .9952
1987
1 .0853
1.1163
1 . 1 1 63
.9618
2-7
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TABLE 2.3
PROJECTION FACTORS
DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BASE YEAR 1978
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
. 37
38
39
1979
.9837
.9837
.9961
.9961
1.0015
1.0015
1.0138
.9955
1.0022
.9850
.9994
1.0058
1.0058
.9998
.9973
1.0004
.9853
1 .0022
1.0022
1 .0036
1.0000
.9997
1.0043
1.0017
1.0307
1.0233
1.0022
1987
.8682
.8682
.9620
.9620
1.01 19
1.0119
1 .1105
.9642
1.0179
.8797
.9954
1.0463
1.0463
.9981
.9868
1.0028
.8828
1 .0179
1.0179
1 .0391
.9776
.9975
1 .0340
.991 1
1.2452
1 . 1 8 61
1.0179
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
1979
1 .0082
1.0051
.9955
1.0051
1 .0051
.9964
1 .0055
1 .0054
1 .0054
1 .0088
1.0088
1 .0088
.9872
1 .0088
1 .0088
1.0034
1 .0034
1.0119
1 .0107
1 .0034
1 .0034
1 .0192
1987
1.0652
1 .0408
.9641
1 .0408
1 .0408
.971 6
1 .0444
1.0431
1 .0431
1.0704
1.0704
1 .0704
.8973
1.0704
1 .0704
1 .0273
1 .0273
1.0953
1 .0856
1 .0273
1 .0273
1 .1485
SIC 1979 1987
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.0192 1.1485
91 1.0212 1.1692
92
93
94
95
96 1.0212 1.1692
97 1.0000 1.0000
2-8
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TABLE 2.4
PROJECTION FACTORS
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BASE YEAR 1978
SIC 1979 1987 SIC 1979 1987 SIC 1979 1987
1 .9827 .8620 40 1.0082 1.0652 78
2
7
8
41 1.0047 1.0374 79
42 .9955 .9641 80
43 1.0047 1.0374 81
9 .9827 .8620 44
10 .9943 .9556 45
1 1
12
13
46
82
83
84
47 1.0047 1.0374 86
48 .9964 .971 6 88
14 .9943 .9956 49 1.0055 1.0444 89 1.0143 1.1141
15 1.0050 1.0402 50 1.0025 1.0196 91 1.0222 1.1777
16 1.0050 1.0402 51 1.0025 1.0196 92
17 1.0138 1.1105 52 1.0096 1.0767 93
20 .9955 .9642 53 1.0096 1.0767 94
21 1.0025 1.0197 54 1.0096 1.0767 95
22 .9850 .8797 55 .9872 .8973 96 1.0222 1.1777
23 .9994 .9954 56 1.0096 1.0767 97 .9981 .9752
24 1.0058 1.0463 57
25 1.0058 1.0463 58
26 .9998 .9981 59 1.0096 1.0767
27 .9973 .9673 60 1.0050 1.0404
28 1.0004 1.0028 61
29 .9853 .8828 62
30 1.0025 1.0197 63 1.0050 1.0404
31 1.0025 1.0197 64 1.0119 1.0953
32 1.0036 1.0391 65 1.0107 1.0856
33 1.0000 .9776 66 1.0050 1.0404
34 .9997 .9975 67 1 .0050 1 .0404
35 1.0043 1.0340 70 1.0134 1.1074
36 1.0017 .9911 72 1.0143 1.1141
37 1.0307 1.2452 73
38 1.0233 1.1861 75
39 1.0025 1.0197 76
2-9
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TABLE 2.5
PLANTS INVENTORIED IN DETAIL
Company
State/County
BP Oil Company
Sun Oil Company
3-M Company
Gulf Oil Company
Philadelphia Electric Company
Delmarva Power Company
Getty Oil Company
Public Service Electric and
Gas Company (two plants)
Atlantic City Electric Company
(Penns Grove)
Texaco, Inc.
E. I. Dupont (Deep Water)
Pennsylvania/Delaware
Pennsylvania/Delaware
Pennsylvania/Bucks
Pennsylvania/Philadelphia
Pennsylvania/Delaware
Delaware/New Castle
Delaware/New Castle
New Jersey/Burlington
and Mercer
New Jersey/Salem
New Jersey/Gloucester
New Jersey/Salem
2-10
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PROJECTION YEAR INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
The inventory for 1987 was developed by modifying the 1979 base
year inventory to account for expected growth or emission reductions.
The sources of information for these modifications in the order each
was considered are as follows:
o SIP revision regulations
o Information from plant visits
o Employment/population forecasts
All of the information obtained on industrial growth patterns indicated
that 1979 through 1987 would, in general, be a period of static activity
for those industrial categories responsible for the major portion of the
inventoried emissions.
SIP Revisions
Each agency provided information developed for its 1982 Ozone SIP
revision that pertained to growth and future year emissions. The follow-
ing subsections discuss the data used to generate the 1987 masterfile in
each area.
Delaware
DNREC supplied ES with a list of plants and, when possible, emission
points at a plant along with the emission reductions as required by the
applicable regulations. In general, most of the reductions come from
surface coating and degreasing operations. The remainder involved emis-
sion reductions from refineries, primarily controls on wastewater sepa-
rators. Two boilers at Delaware Power's Edgemoor plant are converting
from oil to coal. Differences in VOC and NOX emissions are, however,
expected to be insignificant. Therefore, no changes were made for these
boilers.
Pennsylvania
DER supplied ES with emission reductions by plant for four of the
five Pennsylvania counties. However, there were no emission point-spe-
cific reductions provided. At the time of the study, the plants had
not submitted to DER the plans or schedules identifying the specific
emission points that would be controlled in order to meet the required
overall plant emission reduction. From DER's information, most of the
reductions will come from surface coating and printing operations with
the remainder involving various storage tanks.
AMS provided ES with emission reductions by plant and point for VOC
and NOX within Philadelphia County. Reductions in VOC emissions resulted
from regulations on fugitive and storage tank losses at petroleum refin-
ing operations. Other VOC reductions reflect controls on surface coating,
rubber, and chemical operations. A new catalytic cracking unit has been
added to the ARCO refinery. AMS personnel provided estimates of the
changes in plant-wide emissions that resulted when the unit began fall
time operation.
2-1 1
-------
New Jersey
DEP provided ES with a table of 1987 estimated VOC emissions for all
major facilities in the New Jersey portion of the Philadelphia AQCR. No
information concerning emission point reductions was available. The emis-
sion reduction expected at each plant is identified in relation to its
1980 emissions. The bulk of the emission reductions is attributable to
controls at petroleum refining operations and fabricated metal product
manufacturers.
Plant Visits
Those sources with either VOC or NOX emissions greater than 5,000
tons per year generally provided very specific information about opera-
tions in 1987. The power plants were better able to supply projections
for specific emission points. The refineries provided good estimates of
refinery throughputs in future years. The data for these plants were
incorporated as projection factors to the base year inventory for the
plant or, if possible, for the individual emission points. In each case,
the factor was applied to both the operating rate or throughput and the
emissions to indicate that the emission change was the result of some
variation in operating characteristics. Because the Philadelphia AQCR
is a nonattainment area for oxidants, plant VOC emission increases were
limited to 50 tons per year.
In order to determine if any new power plants were scheduled to come
online in the study area through 1987, the power plants that were visited
and the participating agencies were questioned. Additionally, the Depart-
ment of Energy publication DOE/FERC-0004/1, Status of Coal Supply Contracts
for New Electric Generating Units, was reviewed. No new power plants were
identified by these information sources.
Employment/Population Data
In order to fulfill the requirement of producing a 1979 base year
as well as a 1987 projection year inventory, a set of projection factors
for at least two- and in some cases four-digit SIC codes for each county
in the study area was developed. Information was obtained from the plan-
ning agencies which had industrial activity projections for any of the
11 counties. Table 2.6 indicates the information sources available for
each county.
Data on growth were available in two different forms. A majority of
the data sources, DVRPC for example, provided information on employment
totals by county. This was then used as a surrogate parameter for devel-
oping projection factors. The other data sources, e.g., SIPs, had already
calculated projection factors from a variety of parameters. Additionally,
different degrees of specificity were available from the data sources.
DVRPC provided data for ranges of all two-digit SIC codes, whereas the
Delaware Employment Security Commission's data were for certain two- and
four-digit SIC codes.
The years for which base and projection data were available varied
among data sources. DVRPC's base year was 1970 with a projection year
2-12
-------
TABLE 2.6
INFORMATION SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH DATA
State
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
Source
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
"3,
6,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
5,
5,
5,
6
7
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
Delaware New Castle 1, 8
1. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources'
1979 State Implementation Plan Revision.
2. Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission - Year
2000 Census Tract Printout, September, 1977.
3. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry -
Pennsylvania Occupational Projections, Philadelphia
SMSA.
4. Pennsylvania Office of State Planning and Develop-
ment, Philadelphia Labor Market.
5. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's
1979 State Implementation Plan Revision.
6. OBERS Series E.
7. Delaware Employment Security Commission.
8. Delaware Department for Natural Resources and Envi-
ronmental Control's 1979 State Implementation Plan
Revision.
2-1 3
-------
of 2000. The Pennsylvania OSPD data years were 1974, 1980, 1985, and
1990. The OBERS Series E data were for 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990,
1995, and 2000. The Pennsylvania Occupational Projections were for 1974
and 1985. The Delaware Employment Security Commission provided data for
1970, 1974, and 1985. The SIP revisions all provided factors to 1982
and 1987 from the base year of each state's inventory.
Projection data from each source were first used to calculate projec-
tion factors for 1979 and 1987 for each appropriate county for the finest
resolution of SIC codes available. The projection factors were calculated
in reference to the year of record of the baseline inventory supplied by
each control agency. The projection factors were either interpolated or
extrapolated for the years of interest from the years for which informa-
tion was available for each of the various data sources. After the fac-
tors were compiled by county and SIC code, a selection was made of the
most appropriate factor for each SIC code. The choice of factors was re-
strained by two bounds. First, the factors generally had to agree with
the projection factors presented in each SIP revision. In the SIPs, a
single factor was typically applied to the entire point source inventory.
The second bound was the DVRPC projections which provided data on 12 ranges
of two-digit SIC codes. These 12 ranges encompassed the entire set of SIC
codes. Where other data sources did not include a particular two-digit SIC
code category, the DVRPC factor for the range that included that category
was adopted. The use of the DVRPC factors as guides for overall-growth
is warranted since they are accepted for 208 planning purposes in the
nine counties they represent.
Once the projection factors were selected for the various SIC code
categories, counties, and projection years, the factors were submitted to
the state and local agencies for review. Certain adjustments were made
after consultations with the appropriate state and local agencies. The
1979 SIP revision for Delaware projected no growth for the petroleum re-
fining industry, SIC code 29XX, through 1987 because of the prohibition
on this type of new industry by the Coastal Zone Law. Therefore, the
New Castle County projection factor for the 29XX SIC code category was
revised to 1.0000 for 1987. Several SIC categories for New Castle County
had no available projection information. However, since there were no
emissions for those categories in New Castle County, no projection fac-
tors were required. The final projection factors for 1979 and 1987 are
presented by county in Tables 2.1 through 2.4 and 2.7 through 2.13. As
previously mentioned, VOC emission increases were limited to 50 tons for
each plant because of the ozone nonattainment status of the Philadelphia
AQCR.
EMISSIONS SUMMARY
A summary of the point source inventory by plant is not presented
since several hundred plants exist in the Philadelphia AQCR. However,
emissions of VOC and NOX are provided for selected categories. Table
2.14 lists the SCCs associated with each emission category. The cate-
gory of "Other Solvent Use" includes degreasing, dry cleaning, graphic
arts, printing, and miscellaneous solvent use. Tables 2.15 through 2.26
present the emissions by category for each county and totals for the
2-14
-------
TABLE 2.7
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
PHILADELPHIA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Factor
.8759
.8759
.9541
.9541
1.0430
1 .0430
1 .0971
.9648
1 .0092
.8887
.9961
1 .0252
1.0252
.9986
.9726
1.0025
.8880
1.0092
1 .0092
1 .0384
.9726
.9975
1 .0313
.9724
1 .1995
1 . 1 61 4
SIC
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
Factor
1 .0092
1 .0576
1 .0324
.9680
1 .0324
1.0324
.9748
1.0388
1 .0469
1 .0469
1 .0501
1 .0501
1 .0501
.9076
1 .0501
1 .0501
1 .0366
1 .0366
1 .0839
1 .0754
1 .0366
1 .0366
1 .0942
1 .0875
SIC Factor
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.0875
91 1.1298
92
93
94
95
96 1.1298
97 .9676
2-15
-------
TABLE 2.8
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Factor
.8722
.8722
.9673
I
.9673
1.0514
1.0514
1.0991
1 .071 5
1 .0000
1 .0715
.8237
1 .071 5
.9434
1 .0715
1 .071 5
1 .0367
1 .071 5
1 .0000
1 .0000
1 .0391
1 .071 5
1 .3879
.9984
1 .0555
.9984
1 .1 651
1 .071 5
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
Fac tor
1.0588
1.1 159
.9672
1.1159
1 .1 159
.9740
1 .0401
1 .1 200
1 .1 200
1 .0956
1 .0956
1 .0956
.9055
1.0956
1 .0956
1.0884
1 .0884
1 .0856
1 .0770
1 .0884
1 .0884
1 .0964
1 .2460
I
SIC Factor
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.2460
91 1.0837
92
93
94
95
96 1.0837
97 .9561
2-16
-------
TABLE 2.9
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
CAMDEN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Factor
.851 1
.8511
.9720
.9720
1.0578
1 .0578
1 .0991
1 .0113
.9410
1 .0113
.8237
1 .01 13
.9434
1 .0113
1 .0113
1 .0300
1 .01 13
.9410
.9410
1 .0391
1 .01 13
.8788
.9984
1 .0555
.9984
1 .1 651
1.0113
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
Fac tor
1 .0588
1 .0340
.9762
1 .0588
1 .0588
.9740
1 .0401
1 .0309
1 .0309
1 .0894
1.0894
.9055
1 .0894
1 .0894
1 .0377
1 .0377
1 .0856
1 .0770
1 .0377
1 .0377
1.0964
1 .2023
SIC Factor
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.2023
91 1.1565
92
93
94
95
96 1 . 1 5 65
97 1.0000
2-17
-------
TABLE 2.10
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
GLOUCESTER COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Factor
.8784
.8784
.9596
.9596
1 .0744
1.0744
1.0991
1.0380
1.2238
1 .0380
.8237
1.0380
.9434
1 .0380
1 .0380
1.0300
1 .0380
1 .2238
1 .2238
1 .0391
1 .0380
1.1559
.9984
1 .0555
.9984
1 .1651
1.0380
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
Factor
1.0588
1.0660
.9672
1 .0660
1.0660
.9740
1 .0401
1 .0665
1 .0665
1 .1900
1 .1900
.9055
1 .1900
1.1900
1 .0912
1 .0912
1 .0857
1 .0770
1 .0912
1 .0912
1.0964
1.3410
SIC Factor
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89 1.3410
91 1.1940
92
93
94
95
96 1.1940
97 1 .0000
2-18
-------
TABLE 2.11
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
MERCER COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Factor
.8756
.8756
.9553
.9553
1 .0652
1 .0652
1 .0652
1 .0453
1 .0453
1.2785
1 .0590
1 .0453
1 .0453
.9071
1 .0326
1 .0000
1.0453
1.0453
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
Factor
1 .0693
1 .0693
1 .0788
1 .0693
1 .0691
1 .0691
1 .0932
1 .0932
1.0593
1 .0593
1.1125
1 .1125
SIC Factor
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
96 1.1125
97 1.0000
2-19
-------
TABLE 2.12
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
SALEM COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
1
2
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
1 6
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Factor
.7273
.7273
1 .0000
1 .0000
2.0390
2.0390
.9319
.9394
.8039
1 .0084
.9014
1 .0000
1 .1271
1 .0559
1.0359
1.0634
.9732
.9506
.9887
1 .0129
.9564
1.0230
1 .0559
1 .3014
1 .0255
1 .0000
SIC
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
72
7216
7231
73
7390
Factor
.8335
1 .1480
1 .0883
.9273
.9273
1 .1233
1 .1 399
1.1375
1.1375
1 .0327
1 .2396
1.1980
1.1 303
1 .1625
1 .1 126
1 .2493
1.1450
1 .2884
1 .0000
1 .0000
1 . 1866
1 .0000
1 .1996
1 .0000
1 .0000
1 .1573
1 .1322
1.1 329
1 .1009
1 .1 322
1 .2496
SIC
75
76
78
7830
79
7990
80
8060
81
82
8211
8221
83
84
86
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Factor
1 .2199
1 .2454
1 .1322
1 .0393
1 .1 322
1 .1322
1 .2634
1 .2490
1 .1905
1 .0380
.9947
.4817
1 .1322
1 .1921
1 .1222
1 .1 322
1 .1322
1 . 1 8 61
1 .1322
1 .1322
2-20
-------
TABLE 2.13
PROJECTION FACTORS FOR 1987
NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE
BASE YEAR 1979
SIC
20
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Factor
.8890
.6402
1.0398
.9182
1 .1216
1 .0562
1.0348
1 .0000
.9367
.4240
.9936
1 .0412
1 .0107
.9787
1.0533
1 .1031
1 .3968
1 .0000
.8300
1 .1920
1 .0860
1 .1202
1 .1892
1 .1323
1 .1323
1 .0754
1.2268
1 .1877
SIC
55
56
57
58
59
60
63
65
70
7216
7231
7390
75
76
7830
7990
80
8060
81
82
8211
8221
84
86
91
Factor
1.1252
1 .1536
1 . 1 0 60
1.1934
1.1 387
1 .2702
1.1536
1 .2439
1.3378
1 .0135
1.0967
1 .2361
1.2076
1 .2887
.9933
1 .1550
1.2489
1 .2347
1.2389
1 .0604
.9943
.4560
1 .3449
1 .1152
1 .1771
2-21
-------
TABLE 2.14
EMISSION CATEGORIES BY SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODE (SCC)
SCC
Category
Storage, Transportation, and Marketing
of Petroleum Products
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion
I
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
1
II
10
03
04
06
01
02
04
05
06
08
30
02
01
05
90
XX
III
XXX
XXX
XXX
002
XXX
019
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
002
XXX
XXX
XXX
999
XXX
IV
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
99
XX
2-22
-------
TABLE 2.15
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: New Castle, Delaware
Emissions(tons/year)
VOC NOy
Category 1979 1 987 1979 1987
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC 974 1,354
Industrial Processes 10,408 5,338 1,204 1,207
Industrial Surface Coating 8,165 4,433
Other Solvent Use 5 23
Fuel Combustion 466 558 23,581 24,813
All Other3 3 3 4 4
Total 20,021 11,709 24,789 26,024
a Solid waste disposal.
2-23
-------
TABLE 2.16
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Burlington, New Jersey
Emissions
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
263
158
230
69
6
726
1987
146
77
205
72
2
502
(tons/year)
NOV
1979 1987
232 239
4,641 4,811
4,873 5,050
a Includes 1 ton VOC and 160 tons NOX in 1979 and 1 ton VOC
and 166 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combus-
tion Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
2-24
-------
TABLE 2.17
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Camden, New Jersey
Emissions (tons/year)
VOCNOT
Category
1979 1987 1979 1987
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion
All Other
Total
1 ,0 65 61 9
534 288 164 169
499 302
233
184 2,640 2,706
2,331 1,393 2,804 2,875
2-25
-------
TABLE 2.18
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Gloucester, New Jersey
Emissions (tons/year)
VOC NO^.
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
1979
17,543
1,267
3,327
1987 1979
9,293
718 932
1,173
1987
968
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3 522 222 10,486 10,770
All Other
Total 22,659 11,406 11,418 11,738
a Includes 413 tons NOx in 1979 and 430 tons in 1987 from Sta-
tionary Internal Combustion Engines.
2-26
-------
TABLE 2.19
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Mercer, New Jersey
Emissions (tons/year)
VOC NOV
Category
1979 1987 1979
1987
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion
All Other
Total
33
213
38
133
15
108
19
141 14,136 15,115
417 283 14,136 15,115
2-27
-------
TABLE 2.20
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Salem, New Jersey
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3
All Otherb
Total
1979
445
5,285
3
68
205
20
6,026
Emissions
VOC
1987
252
2,759
2
34
205
11
3,263
( tons /year )
NOV
1979 1987
451 456
9,870 9,956
10,321 10,412
a Includes 14 tons VOC and 239 tons N0x in 1979 and 16 tons VOC
and 265 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
Engines.
k Solid waste incineration.
2-28
-------
TABLE 2.21
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Bucks, Pennsylvania
Category
Emissions (tons/year)
VOC NO.^
1979 1987 1979 1987
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes 5,049 2,269 3,331 3,259
Industrial Surface Coating 13,765 7,599 13b 1 3b
Other Solvent Use 788 188
Fuel Combustion3 214 220 3,730 3,770
All Other
Total 19,816 10,276 7,074 7,042
a Includes 96 tons VOC and 1,192 tons NO in 1979 and 102 tons
VOC and 1,253 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Com-
bustion Engines.
" Represents oven emissions.
2-29
-------
TABLE 2.22
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Chester, Pennsylvania
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion
All Other
Total
1979
238
84
4,540
2,613
94
7,569
Emissions
VOC
1987
240
86
2,193
980
98
3,597
(tons /year )
NOV
1979 1987
655 655
2 2
7,841 8,207
8,498 8,864
2-30
-------
TABLE 2.23
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Delaware, Pennsylvania
Emissions (
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
1 3,645
13,759
3,746
320
169
31,639
1987
9,897
10,446
1 ,475
299
175
22,292
tons /year )
NOy
1979 1987
2,840 2,939
32C 32C
22,697 23,207
376 395
25,945 26,573
a Includes 1 ton VOC and 44 tons N0x in 1979 and 1 ton VOC and 65
tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-31
-------
TABLE 2.24
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Montgomery, Pennsylvania
Emissions (tons/year)
VOC NOY
Category 1979 1 987 1 979 1987
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC 69 70
Industrial Processes 6,485 3,416 1,010 999
Industrial Surface Coating 1,065 531
Other Solvent Use 518 124
Fuel Combustion 15 9 1,333 1,263
All Othera 5 5 5 5
Total 8,157 4,155 2,348 2,267
a Solid waste disposal.
2-32
-------
TABLE 2.25
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Emissions (tons/year)
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fue 1 Combus t io na
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
1,841
10,541
4,530
1,042
336
342
18,632
1987
1,252
4,357
3,316
1 ,044
327
408
10,704
NOV
1979 1987
4 4
5 , 7 60 6, 649
200C 219°
22,491 23,454
573 1,371
29,028 31,697
a Includes 31 tons VOC and 505 tons NOV in 1979 and 31 tons VOC
X
and 534 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-33
-------
TABLE 2.26
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia AQCR
Emissions
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
36,083
53,603
40,083
5,072
2,607
545
137,993
1987
23,123
29 , 7 69
21,337
2,412
2,335
604
79,580
(tons /year )
NOV
1979
4
1 6,579
247C
123,446
958
141,234
1987
4
17,540
266C
128,072
1,775
147, 657
a Includes 143 tons VOC and 2,553 tons N0x in 1979 and 151 tons VOC
and 2,713 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
Engines.
k Solid waste disposal.
° Represents oven emissions.
2-34
-------
TABLE 2.25
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Emissions (
tons/year )
VOC NOY
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fue 1 Combus t io na
All Otherb
Total
1979
1,841
10,541
4,530
1 ,042
336
342
18, 632
1987
1,252
4,357
3,316
1 ,044
327
408
10,704
1979 1987
4 4
5,760 6,649
200° 219C
22,491 23,454
573 1,371
29,028 31,697
a Includes 31 tons VOC and 505 tons NOx in 1979 and 31 tons VOC
and 534 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-33
-------
TABLE 2,26
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia AQCR
Emissions
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fuel Combustion3
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
36,083
53,603
40,083
5,072
2, 607
545
137,993
1987
23,123
29,769
21,337
2,412
2,335
604
79,580
(tons /year)
NOV
1979 1987
4 4
16,579 17,540
247C 266C
123,446 128,072
958 1,775
141,234 147,657
a Includes 143 tons VOC and 2,553 tons NOX in 1979 and 151 tons VOC
and 2,713 tons NOV in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
A
Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-34
-------
TABLE 2.25
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Emissions (tons/year)
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Fue 1 Combus tio na
All Otherb
Total
VOC
1979
1,841
10,541
4,530
1 ,042
336
342
18,632
1987
1,252
4,357
3,316
1 ,044
327
408
10,704
NOV
1979 1987
4 4
5,760 6,649
200C 219C
22,491 23,454
573 1,371
29,028 31,697
a Includes 31 tons VOC and 505 tons N0x in 1979 and 31 tons VOC
and 534 tons NOX in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
Engines.
b Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-33
-------
TABLE 2.26
EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES
County: Philadelphia AQCR
Emissions
(tons /year)
VOC NOV
Category
Storage, Transportation,
and Marketing of VOC
Industrial Processes
Industrial Surface Coating
Other Solvent Use
Pue 1 Combus tio na
All Otherb
Total
1979
36,083
53,603
40,083
5,072
2,607
545
137,993
1987
23,123
29,769
21,337
2,412
2,335
604
79,580
1979 1987
4 4
16,579 17,540
247C 266C
123,446 128,072
958 1,775
141,234 147,657
a Includes 143 tons VOC and 2,553 tons NOX in 1979 and 151 tons VOC
and 2,713 tons NOV in 1987 from Stationary Internal Combustion
J^
Engines.
k Solid waste disposal.
c Represents oven emissions.
2-34
-------
entire study area for 1979 and 1987. In addition, Table 2.27 summarizes
point source emissions of TSP, SO2, NOX, VOC, and CO for 1979 and 1987
by county.
2-35
-------
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2-36
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CHAPTER 3
ANNUALIZED AREA SOURCE INVENTORIES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter documents the methodologies used to compile gridded,
annualized area source inventories for the Philadelphia AQCR. Table 3.1
identifies the area source categories considered and the order in which
they are discussed in this chapter. The highway vehicle emission inven-
tory was developed by DVRPC under another work assignment. A separate
report addresses the highway vehicle inventorying effort.
The documentation for each area source category in this chapter has
been divided into four parts. The first part defines the category and
describes how the base-year activity parameters were calculated. Next,
projection factors for generating 1987 activity parameters are discussed.
County activity parameter values for 1979 and 1987 are provided on NEDS
area source input forms in Appendix A. Emission factors are then listed
for each category and their sources documented. Finally, allocation data
sources and methodologies are discussed. Where methodologies differ from
state to state, each is considered individually.
A computerized procedure was employed to generate gridded annual
emissions by pollutant. First, county activity parameters were allocated
to the subcounty grids. Second, the emission factor file was applied to
generate annual emissions. County level activity was allocated to indi-
vidual grids by one of two procedures, which are discussed later in this
section. Allocation factors were developed separately for the 1979 and
1987 inventory years.
In the development of the area source inventory, ES utilized existing
inventories to the extent possible. These included the Development of Par-
ticulate, SO?, and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-Receptor Relation-
ships for Delaware (Reference 1), Regional Emission Inventory and Sulfur
Dioxide Alternatives for the Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR (Reference 2),
and the 1979 State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for the states of New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. However, a significant portion of the
inventory was prepared by applying more recent data and more up-to-date
methodologies. In instances where existing inventory data were adequate,
the data bases and methodologies were researched and documented for this
study.
Other sources of information included the Air Management Services
(AMS) of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, the Pennsylvania
3-1
-------
TABLE 3.1
CATEGORIES OF AREA SOURCES
1. Fuel Use
2. Gasoline Marketing
3. Solvent Use
4. Other Small Industrial Processes
5. Dry Cleaning
6. Pesticides
7. Cutback Asphalt Paving
8. Natural Gas Leaks
9. Agricultural Equipment
10. Construction Equipment
11. Industrial Equipment
12. Small Gasoline Engines
13. Aircraft
14. Vessels
15. Railroads
16. Forest Fires
17. Agricultural Burning
18. Prescribed Burning
19. On-Site Incineration
20. Open Burning
21. Structural Fires
3-2
-------
Department of Environmental Resources (PennDER), the Delaware Valley Re-
gional Planning Commission (DVRPC), the Pennsylvania Department of Trans-
portation (PennDOT), the Salem County Planning Board (SCPB) and the Wilm-
ington Area Planning and Coordinating Council (WILMAPCO). In addition,
data were obtained from the forestry, agriculture, and recreation agencies
in each of the inventoried states.
The annualized area source emission inventory summarized by county
for 1979 is shown in Table 3.2. Other portions of this study specific
to area sources include pollutant profiles for VOC and NOX (Chapter 4)
and temporal factors for each hour of a typical weekday during the oxi-
dant season (Chapter 5).
Allocation Parameters
County activity parameters were allocated to a grid system consist-
ing of 502 square grids, each of which is 5 kilometers on a side (Figure
3.1). The study area is comprised of eleven counties: Philadelphia, Bucks,
Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties in Pennsylvania; Gloucester,
Burlington, Camden, Mercer, and Salem Counties in New Jersey; and New
Castle County in Delaware. DVRPC provided population and two-digit SIC
employment for census tracts in nine of the eleven AQCR counties. The
exceptions are Salem County, New Jersey, and New Castle County, Delaware.
Population figures were found for these two counties on the municipal
level from the SCPB and the Delaware DOT traffic zone level from WILMAPCO.
Two-digit SIC employment was also obtained by municipality and traffic
zone but from the New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, Division
of Planning and Research, Bureau of Operational Statistics and Reports,
and WILMAPCO, respectively.
In order to make use of the allocation data supplied by the planning
agencies, it was necessary to interpolate the data to each inventory year.
Because only the relative percentage of each parameter within the subdivi-
sions of each separate county was important, a linear approach to interpo-
lation was used.
Census tract data from DVRPC were linearly interpolated to the in-
ventory years (1979 and 1987) using the "2000 plan", since census tract
data were available in this form only. The data obtained in this manner
for each study year were transformed to the area source grid system using
an ES computer program, AQZTOGR. Basically, this program transforms input
parameters on the basis of the portion of the census tract that lies within
each grid. Uniformity of distribution of employment and population within
each census tract was assumed. The same procedure was applied in the two
counties for which SCPB and WILMAPCO data were used.
The allocation parameters linearly interpolated from DVRPC census tract
data included: population, commercial employment, construction employment,
agricultural employment, manufacturing employment, total employment, four
categories of vehicle-miles travelled, and occupied households. The grid
allocation parameters for 1979 are shown in Appendix B, along with those
obtained from SCPB and WILMAPCO.
3-3
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3-4
-------
FIGURE 3.1
METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA AQCR GRID SYSTEM
study area — __ — —
state lines
f-\ _:/' county lines _
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3-5
-------
In Salem County, 1979 and 1987 population plus 1979 employment fi-
gures were based on municipalities. The employment figures were divided
into five categories: commercial/ manufacturing, agricultural, construc-
tion, and total.
For New Castle County, data from the New Castle County Planning De-
partment were obtained through WILMAPCO. These data were based on traffic
zones defined by the Delaware Department of Transportation. The alloca-
tion parameters for this area included population, commercial employment,
manufacturing employment, and dwelling units. For the population and em-
ployment categories, 1979 and 1987 values were linearly interpolated from
1976 and 1995 data.
In cases where county activity levels were allocated to specific
locations, this was noted in the individual category writeups. The meth-
odology presented in this section describes the generation of surrogate
allocation parameters only.
Activity Parameter Projections
County population and two-digit SIC employment data for the 1979
and 1987 inventory years were obtained for nine counties by a special
interpolation process suggested by DVRPC. This process involved two
plans concerning population and employment projections. Basically, the
"2000 plan" was interpolated using the "208 plan." The following for-
mula shows how 1979 and 1987 population figures were calculated for each
of the nine counties of the DVRPC region:
Population Year of Interest =
(2000 pop. - 1970 pop.),-2000 plan" x
;pop. yr. of int. - 1970 pop. \
2000 pop. - 1970 pop. / „.
/
'208 plan"
1970
The linearly interpolated Salem County population and employment pro-
jections came from two separate sources. The population information for
1979 and 1987 came from SCPB. The employment data originated in New Jer-
sey Toward the Year 2000; Employment Projections (Reference 3), but SCPB
selected the model which most favorably agreed with their estimations.
The linearly interpolated population and employment data for New Cas-
tle County came from Delaware Population Growth (Reference 4) and Revised
Preliminary Employment Projections for Delaware and the Three Counties, by
Major Industrial Sector, Through 1995 (Reference 5). WILMAPCO provided
assistance to the State of Delaware in preparing these documents.
The population and employment categories were projected from a base
year which varied from category to category and state to state. Since the
base year for this study was 1979, all activity parameters are actually
projections from an earlier year. The population projections resulting
from this process are shown in Table 3.3. Table 3.4 shows the various
employment classifications and their projections.
3-6
-------
TABLE 3.3
POPULATION
Population Projections
County
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
New Castle
1979
362,679
503,841
205,991
333,638
67,674
472,803
301,727
612,400
4
675,048
1,938,900 1,
403,352
1987
388,256
534,574
225,381
351 ,559
74,330
502,153
310,517
636,628
714,994
947,327 1,
432,260
2000
428,500
583,000
256,500
386,000
86,990
550,000
325,000
676,000
780,000
961 ,000
474,215a
a 1995 projections were used for New Castle County.
Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission,
Salem County Planning Board, and Delaware
Population Growth (Reference 4).
3-7
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Projection data applied to each area source category are presented in
the sections that follow. The methodology presented in this section des-
cribes the generation of the most commonly used projection factors. Pro-
jection factors based on the extrapolation of historical trends are dis-
cussed for the categories where the method was applied.
1. FUEL USE
This category is split into several subcategories. These include the
combustion of coal, oil, natural gas, and wood not covered in the point
source inventory. Furthermore, these subcategories are classified as to
whether they are residential, commercial/institutional, or industrial.
Because of the complex and varied nature of the available data, vary-
ing methodologies were used for different parts of the study area and for
different subcategories. Some of the major data sources include the Re-
gional Emission Inventory and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for the Metro-
politan Philadelphia AQCR (Reference 2), Development of Particulate, SC>2,
and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-Receptor Relationships for Dela-
ware (Reference 1), data acquired from Air Management Services (AMS) in
Philadelphia, and data collected directly from natural gas suppliers.
This category is divided into subsections to facilitate the presentation
of the various methodologies.
Fuels Except Natural Gas
New Castle County
For New Castle County, Delaware, the unpublished inventory in Develop-
ment of Particulate, SC>2, and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-Recep-
tor Relationships for Delaware (Reference 1 ) was used. The amount of fuel
of each type used for residential heating in an average year was computed
from input data provided by the 1970 Delaware Census of Housing, Detailed
Housing Characteristic (Reference 6) and Delaware Population Growth (Re-
ference 4). The input parameters include percentage of dwelling units per
structure, average number of degree-days per year, and the number of dwell-
ing units per structure by county. This procedure uses the same algorithm
suggested in Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis
(Reference 7).
Activity parameters generated for New Castle County using Reference 1
were: residential and commercial/institutional anthracite coal and distil-
late oil, commercial/institutional residual oil, and residential wood. The
commercial/institutional and light industrial fuel categories represented
only a fraction of the total fuel usage for these categories since most of
their usage appears on the point source inventory.
Philadelphia County
The major source for all area source data in Philadelphia County was
Air Management Services (AMS). AMS provided detailed information for the
use of anthracite coal, distillate oil, and residual oil by subcat'gory
(residential, commercial/institutional, or industrial). These figures
3-9
-------
represented area sources only. AMS personnel conducted a fuel balance
for point and area sources in order to avoid any double-counting of fuels.
Other Counties
For the other nine counties, activity parameters from the Regional
Emission Inventory and and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for the Metropoli-
tan Philadelphia AQCR (Reference 2) were used. The activity parameters
were calculated based on procedures given in Guidelines for Air Quality
Maintenance Planning and Analysis (Reference 7). The activity parameters
generated were: all residential anthracite and distillate oil use, area
source commercial/institutional use for the same fuels, and bituminous
coal use for the light industrial (area source) category. Fuel usage
by point sources was accounted for to ensure that no double-counting of
fuel use occurred in the area source inventory.
The activity parameters used in this section were included in other
inventories. Emissions calculations in both the Pennsylvania and the New
Jersey SIPs for the fuel category were based on the Regional Emission In-
ventory and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for the Metropolitan Philadelphia
AQCR (Reference 2).
Natural Gas
Natural gas usage in Pennsylvania was obtained from Philadelphia
Electric Company, which supplies all the natural gas for the five-county
area. The most recent 12-month period was chosen (1978 to 1979), and
totals were divided into three subcategories - residential, commercial/
institutional, and industrial for each county. Next, point source na-
tural gas usage totals were subtracted from the total figures, and the
resulting numbers were used as area source activity parameters.
A similar process was followed for the New Jersey portion of the
study area. Detailed information was acquired from Public Service Elec-
tric and Gas Company of Newark, New Jersey. The data were as recent as
May 1979. The New Castle County, Delaware, natural gas usage totals
were found using the same methodology as for other fuels in this area.
Projections
Since several methodologies were used in this section, the projec-
tions were performed from different base years to the three required
inventory years. First, some general assumptions were made with respect
to coal and oil use. It was evident from discussions with local officials
at AMS and PennDER that residential coal use is decreasing in the Phila-
delphia AQCR. From data acquired in Energy Data Reports, Coal - Pennsyl-
vania Anthracite for the Calendar Year 1977 (Reference 8), the average
decrease in residential coal use in the state of Pennsylvania during the
middle to late seventies was 11.5 percent per year. Therefore, all data
on residential coal use (base year 1974) in Regional Emission Inventory
and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for the Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR
(Reference 2) were decreased by this amount through 1987. For New Castle
County, 1976 was the base year in which the coal use algorithm was ap-
plied. Area source commercial/institutional and industrial coal use was
3-10
-------
assumed to increase in accordance with commercial or manufacturing employ-
ment until 1979 and remain constant thereafter.
Oil use in 1979 was determined by using available projection factors.
The New Jersey and Pennsylvania SIPs both suggested using population as
a projection factor for residential fuel use, so these were used for pro-
jecting residential oil use. In New Castle County, 1979 values were in-
terpolations of 1976 and 1982 values in the Development of Particulate,
SC-2, and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-Receptor Relationships for
Delaware (Reference 1). However, due to the nation's commitment to cur-
tail the use of imported oil, the 1979 levels of residential oil were
kept constant for the 1987 inventory. It is assumed that the energy
requirement represented by the curtailed oil imports can be met by the
projected increases in use of natural gas and existing electric gene-
rating capacity. These projection methodologies were approved by local
officials at AMS. Commercial/institutional and light industrial oil use
was projected to increase slightly according to commercial/institutional
and manufacturing employment, respectively. In New Castle County, values
from the Development of Particulate, SO?, and VOC Emissions Inventories
and Source-Receptor Relationships for Delaware (Reference 1) were uti-
lized.
Natural gas usage was projected according to figures obtained from
the major natural gas suppliers (Public Service and Gas Company and Phila-
delphia Electric Company). Also, wood consumption as a fuel was projected
according to population (residential subcategory only). New Castle County
natural gas usage for 1979 was determined by linear interpolation of 1976
and 1982 values as was done for oil use. Natural gas projections from
Development of Particulate, SOg, and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-
Receptor Relationships for Delaware (Reference 1) were utilized for 1987.
Emission Factors
The emission factors used were those presently included in the Aero-
metric and Emissions Reporting System (AEROS). They are listed according
to fuel type and pollutant type in Table 3.5. County-level VOC and NOX
emissions from fuel use are summarized in Table 3.6.
Allocation
Residential fuel use was allocated by dwelling units for all counties
except Salem, for which population was utilized. For commercial/institu-
tional fuel use, commercial employment was used as the allocation param-
eter. Industrial fuel use allocation was made by manufacturing employment.
2. GASOLINE MARKETING
Evaporative losses of volatile organic compounds occur from several
gasoline marketing operations associated with service stations. These
operations are identified as Stage I, Stage II, and Other marketing, stor-
age, and transportation losses. Stage I losses result from underground
storage tank loading at service stations. Stage II losses result from
3-11
-------
TABLE 3.5
RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL, AND
INDUSTRIAL FUEL USE EMISSION FACTORS
Fuel
Category
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Emission Factors
Fuel Type
Anthracite
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Wood
Anthracite
Distillate Oil
Residual Oil
Natural Gas
Bituminous Coal
Distillate Oil
Residual Oil
Natural Gas
Units
(lb/102 ton)
(lb/104 gal)
(lb/107 cf)
(lb/102 ton)
(lb/10 ton)
(lb/104 gal)
(lb/104 gal)
(lb/107 cf)
(lb/10 ton)
(lb/104 gal)
(lb/104 gal)
(lb/107 cf)
TSP
1000
25
100
2500
10Aa
20
169
100
52Aa
20
183
100
CO
9000
50
200
15000
10
50
50
200
20
50
50
170
SOX
3800Sa
1 440Sa
6
50
380Sa
1440Sa
1590Sa
6
380S3
1440Sa
1590Sa
6
NOX
300
180
800
100
100
220
600
1200
150
220
600
1800
VOC
250
10
80
600
0
10
10
80
10
10
10
30
a Sulfur (S) and ash (A) contents shown on NEDS input forms in Appendix A.
Source: Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System (Reference 55).
3-12
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e
a
r-l
0)
0
-P
tJl
V-l
CM
<7i
CM
ro
O1
CM
CM
in
vo
o
CM
o
o
4J
o
a
8,
3-13
-------
vehicle refueling, and the other losses are the sum of emissions from
tank trucks in transit, spillage, and underground tank breathing.
State tax agencies were the source most preferred in Procedures for
the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds
(Reference 9) to provide the county activity parameter, gallons of gaso-
line marketed. The following agencies provided gasoline sales data:
o Pennsylvania - Pennsylvania Department of Revenue
Bureau of Accounts, Settlements
License and Bonding Division
o New Jersey - Department of the Treasury
Division of Taxation
Research and Statistics Section
o Delaware - Department of Public Safety
Division of Motor Fuel Tax
Conversations with officials in these agencies revealed that the collec-
tion and record keeping of the motor fuels tax are similar in Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, and Delaware, and that county level gasoline sales information
is not available from their offices. These agencies receive monthly re-
ports and revenues from each bulk distributor's home or regional account-
ing office. The reports cover statewide sales without provision for a
more detailed geographic breakdown. ES concluded that further efforts
to obtain the county-level gasoline sales data would require an expensive
distributor survey with no guarantee of improved results. In the absence
of specific sales data by county, ES allocated the state total fuel sales
obtained from the departments of revenue to each county by the ratio of
county to state service station employment from County Business Patterns
(References 10, 11, 12). State and county service station employment data
are listed in Table 3.7. Since data on vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) and
service station employment were available on a county basis, either could
have been used for allocation. Service station employment, however, more
accurately reflected the 400 to 800 gallon per capita gasoline usage "rule-
of-thumb" in the VOC/NOX Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone
SIPs - Workbook (Reference 13). The county-level sales data are listed
in Table 3.8. County-level gasoline sales data were included on the NEDS
forms for Stage I, Stage II, and Other. Emissions for each category were
calculated using the county-specific emission factors in Table 3.14.
The Federal Highway Administration's Highway Statistics (Reference
14) reports state total fuel sales to the private/commercial and public
(Federal, state, county, and municipal) sectors. The sum of gasoline
sales for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware as reported in the 1979
Highway Statistics (Reference 14) was greater than comparable data col-
lected from the tax agencies by 0.4%. For this reason, ES believes that
the figures used account for gasoline distribution at untaxed outlets.
Projection
Gasoline marketing was projected by vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
data and average mile per gallon estimates. The VMT estimates for cars
3-14
-------
TABLE 3.7
GASOLINE SERVICE STATION (SIC 554) EMPLOYMENT
State, County
Pennsylvania
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
New Jersey
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
Delaware
New Castle
Source: County Business
Employment
35,409
1,584
803
1,699
2,645
3,067
21,402
1,152
1,482
511
961
160
1,731
1,177
Patterns
(References 10, 11, 12).
3-15
-------
TABLE 3.8
GASOLINE MARKETED (103 gal)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
220,622
111 ,843
236,639
368,400
427,176
185,064
238,077
82,090
154,380
25,703
200,286
1987
175,216
84,835
189,217
294,821
336,278
137,170
185,722
68,881
127,003
19,335
160,077
3-16
-------
and trucks are linear interpolations of DVRPC census tract estimates for
the DVRPC counties and summaries of the linknode VMT estimates for New
Castle and Salem Counties. The VMT estimates are divided into two cate-
gories, as noted in Table 3.9.
The average mile per gallon (MPG) figures shown in Tables 3.10
through 3.13 were calculated from information provided by a number of
sources. Average MPG figures for the nationwide fleet mix are available
for both automobiles and single unit trucks in Highway Statistics 1970,
Highway Statistics 1974, and Highway Statistics 1978 (References 15, 16,
17). Corporate average fuel economy regulations were obtained from the
U.S. Department of Transportation for automobiles and trucks; however,
the truck MPG regulations were so complex that the available VMT data
could not be utilized with the truck MPG regulations. The fraction of
annual miles travelled by automobiles, light duty trucks, and heavy duty
trucks was obtained from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(Reference 18).
Average MPG data were calculated separately for automobiles and
trucks for each year of interest utilizing the national fleet mix fuel
ratings and the corporate fuel economy regulations. Average MPG for
calendar years 1986 and 1987 were assumed to equal 1985 values because
no regulations exist for 1986 and 1987. Truck MPG estimates were created
to match the same percent changes as reflected by concurrent auto regula-
tions. Dividing VMT by the average MPG figures gave approximate fuel con-
sumption data. The ratio of these approximate fuel use data in the pro-
jection year to those in the base year was used as a projection factor.
The projection factors were multiplied by the actual base year gasoline
sales for each county to obtain 1987 county-level gasoline sales. Auto
and truck fuel use was calculated separately before summing for use in
making projections.
Emission Factors
The emission factors for this category are from Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18); however, slight modifications
were necessary for each year and each state. A survey of the air pollu-
tion agencies indicated that varying control techniques were being uti-
lized for each year. The following contacts were made to determine the
percent and type of controls in place:
o Tom Weir, Philadelphia AMS
o Francine Carlini (Norristown regional office), PennDER
o Terry Juchnowski, NJDEP
o Sam Eaton, DelDNREC
The emission factors are noted by area and year in Table 3.14. The pro-
ducts of the emission factors and gallons of fuel used are the emissions
shown in Table 3.15.
Allocation
Gasoline marketing was allocated by three different methods. In the
DVRPC counties, allocation was accomplished by the relative sum of the auto-
mobile, light gasoline truck, and heavy gasoline truck VMT per each census
3-17
-------
TABLE 3.9
DAILY VEHICLE-MILES TRAVELLED
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
Year
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
1979
1987
Automobile
(1 ,000 VMT)
5,932
7,254
4,356
5,085
5,210
6,414
8,712
10,738
10,576
12,841
5,639
6,437
5,697
6,831
2,986
3,849
3,731
4,728
1 ,987
2,314
5,906
7,308
Gasoline Truck
(1 ,000 VMT)
925
1,129
695
807
830
1,015
1 ,357
1 ,668
1,716
2,046
884
1,005
894
1,076
473
612
577
730
279
325
828
1,025
Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission.
3-18
-------
TABLE 3.10
AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE MPG FOR 1979
Vehicle
Mix Years
Pre and 1970
1970 - 1974
1975 - 1978
1979
Average
MPG For
Mix Year
13.57b
13.41°
14.65d
19.00e
Fraction of
Annual
Travelled
Miles3
0.103
0.283
0.502
0.112
Cumulative
Average
MPG
1.396
3.793
7.352
2.128
Total 14.669
a Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference
18), Table D.1-22.
b Highway Statistics 1970 (Reference 15).
c Calculated from Highway Statistics 1970 (Reference 15)
and Highway Statistics 1974 (Reference 16).
d Calculated from Highway Statistics 1974 (Reference 16)
and Highway Statistics 1978 (Reference 17).
e Communications with U.S. Department of Transportation
concerning corporate average fuel economy regulations
from Energy Policy and Conservation Act.
3-19
-------
TABLE 3.11
AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE MPG FOR 1987
Vehicle
Mix Years
Pre and 1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Average
MPG For
Mix Year
14.65
19
20
22
24
26a
27a
27. 5a
27. 5b
27. 5b
Fraction
of Annual
Travelled
Miles
0.103
0.047
0.063
0.079
0.094
0.108
0.121
0.130
0.143
0.112
Cumulative
Average
MPG
1.508
0.893
1.260
1.738
2.256
2.808
3.267
3.575
3.932
3.080
Total
24.317
Communications with U.S. Department of Transportation
concerning corporate average fuel economy regulations
from Energy Policy and Conservation Act.
Assumed to be the same as 1985 since existing regula-
tions only cover the period through 1985.
3-20
-------
TABLE 3.12
GASOLINE TRUCK AVERAGE MPG FOR 1979
Vehicle
Mix Years
Pre and 1970
1971-1974
1975-1978
1979
Average
MPG For
Mix Year
10.12b
9.68C
10.52d
11 .00e
Fraction
of Annual
Travelled
Milesa
0.400
0.290
0.237
0.074
Cumulative
Average
MPG
4.048
2.807
2.493
0.814
Total 10.162
a Composite of light and heavy gasoline trucks from Com-
pilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference
18), assuming the eleven county average for heavy duty
trucks at 37% of the total truck VMT, Tables D.2-12
and D.4-11.
b Highway Statistics 1970 (Reference 15).
c Calculated from Highway Statistics 1970 (Reference 15)
and Highway Statistics 1974 (Reference 16).
d Calculated from Highway Statistics 1974 (Reference 16)
and Highway Statistics 1978 (Reference 17).
e Assumed because average miles per gallon regulations
are too complex for data compatibility.
3-21
-------
TABLE 3.13
GASOLINE TRUCK AVERAGE MPG FOR 1987
Vehicle
Mix Years
Pre and 1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Average
MPG For
Mix Year
10.52
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00a
13.50a
14.00a
14.00a
14.00a
Fraction
of Annual
Travelled
Miles3
0.400
0.079
0.073
0.072
0.066
0.062
0.061
0.058
0.056
0.074
Cumulative
Average
MPG
4.208
0.869
0.839
0.864
0.825
0.806
0.823
0.812
0.784
1.036
Total 11.866
Assumed because average miles per gallon regulations
are too complex for data compatibility.
3-22
-------
TABLE 3.14
EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE MARKETING*
VOC (lb/104 gal)
1979 1987
State
Category
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia County
Stage I
Stage II
Other
Bucks, Chester,
Delaware, Montgomery
Counties
Stage I
Stage II
Other
New Jersey
Burlington, Camden,
Gloucester, Mercer,
Salem Counties
Stage I
Stage II
Other
Delaware
New Castle County
S tage I
Stage II
Other
Filling underground tank
Vehicle refueling
Tanker transit losses,
Breathing losses
underground tank,
Spillage
Filling underground tank
Vehicle refueling
Tanker transit losses,
Breathing losses
underground tank,
Spillage
Filling underground tank
Vehicle refueling
Tanker transit losses,
Breathing losses
underground tank,
Spillage
Filling underground tank
Vehicle refueling
Tanker transit losses,
Breathing losses
underground tank,
Spillage
90
18.05
139.05
73e
90
18.05
181.05
13.
90
18.05
121.55
106.0?
90.0
18.05
214.05
3.0C
9.0d
18.05
30.05
3.0C
9.0d
18.05
30.05
3.0C
9.0d
18.05
30.05
3.0C
9.0d
18.05
30.05
b
c
Based on current and
proposed regulations.
40% Submerged, 60% Balanced.
100% Balanced.
d
e
Controlled.
100% Submerged.
15% Submerged, 85% Balanced.
22% Submerged, 78% Splash.
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 1P),
Tables 4.4-3 and 4.4-4.
3-23
-------
TABLE 3.15
GASOLINE MARKETING VOC EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
AQCR Totals
1979
1,997
1,012
2,142
3,335
2,970
1,125
1,447
499
938
156
2,144
17,765
1987
263
127
284
443
505
206
279
103
191
29
241
2,671
3-24
-------
tract by year. In New Castle County, the estimated total VMT per grid was
used for allocation. Commercial employment was utilized as the allocation
mechanism in Salem County because no subcounty division of VMT was avail-
able.
3. SOLVENT USE
Organic liquids are used as solvents in cleaning and product appli-
cation. VOC emissions occur when part or all of the solvent evaporates
to the atmosphere. This section considers VOC emissions from four major
solvent use categories: graphic arts; commercial/consumer solvent use;
degreasing; and surface coating. Per-capita activity factors were avail-
able in Procedures for most of these categories and are listed in Table
3.16. These factors are the only means suggested by Procedures to eval-
uate the emissions of certain categories. Where alternatives exist, they
are discussed.
Emissions from the four major solvent use categories are listed by
county in Table 3.17.
Graphic Arts
The graphic arts category concerns establishments using letterpress,
flexography, lithography, (roto) gravure, and screen process printing that
emit less than 100 tons of VOC per year. Procedures predicts emissions
from these establishments to be 0.8 Ib/capita-year. The emissions of gra-
phic arts facilities listed in the point source inventory that emit less
than 100 tons of VOC per year (59 tons in Chester County, 307 tons in Phil-
adelphia County, 38 tons in Mercer County, 68 tons in Salem County, and
5 tons in New Castle County) were subtracted from the emissions estimated
by this factor to avoid double counting.
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use
Emissions from commercial/consumer solvent use result from the use
of several commercially available products such as aerosol products, non-
industrial adhesives, and polishes and waxes. Procedures predicts emis-
sions from this category to be 6.3 1bs/capita-year excluding nonreactives.
The factor 10 Ibs/capita-year before the exclusion of nonreactives from
the VOC/NOy Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone SIPs - Work-
book (Reference 13) was used to calculate emissions from commercial/con-
sumer solvent use.
Degreasing
Evaluation of degreasing emissions required the development and use
of a per-employee factor in addition to the use of a per-capita factor
from Procedures. Degreasing is nonaqueous solvent metal cleaning of which
there are three types. Cold cleaning degreasing is small-scale, mainte-
nance-oriented metal cleaning. Seventy percent of the cold cleaning units
are present in repair facilities and thirty percent are devoted to manufac-
turing operations. Open top vapor and conveyorized degreasers aro larger
units commonly involved in manufacturing operations. The factor 4 Ibs/
3-25
-------
TABLE 3.16
SOLVENT USE CATEGORY PER-CAPITA FACTORS
Category Lbs/Capita
Graphic Arts 0.8
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 10
Cold Cleaning Degreasing 4
Surface Coating
Architectural 4.6
Auto Refinishing 1.9a
a 2.6 tons/employee in SICs 7531 and 7535.
Source: Procedures for the Preparation of Emission
Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds,
Volume I, Second Edition (Reference 9).
3-26
-------
TABLE 3.17
SOLVENT USE EMISSIONS
(tons)
Graphic
Arts
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
189
10
245
270
468
145
202
82
95
0
156
1987
203
1 1
254
284
469
154
215
89
100
164
Commercial/
Consumer
Solvent Use
1979
2,364
1,509
3,062
3,375
9,695
1,81 3
2,519
1,030
1 ,668
338
2,017
1987
2,512
1,559
3,181
3,582
9,739
1,939
2,673
1,128
1,757
375
2,161
Degreasing
1979
2,023
1,269
2,083
3,323
5, 199
1,165
1 ,562
630
1 ,240
137
1 ,261
1987
2,085
1,299
2,152
3,440
5,235
1,240
1 ,627
678
1,296
151
1 ,342
Surface
Coating
1979
5,432
3,865
3,329
1 1 ,047
17,566
4,679
3,970
941
4,804
235
4,126
1987
5,572
3,938
3,441
11,353
17,734
4,945
4,105
1 ,013
5,007
253
4,374
3-27
-------
capita-year suggested in Procedures was used to estimate cold cleaning de-
greasing emissions. For open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing, Pro-
cedures recommends inventorying by point source methods to the extent pos-
sible and then scaling-up the emissions by employment in SIC categories
25 and 33-39. Information in the point source file was insufficient for
scale-up because employment data were missing and degreasing emissions
were only listed for two counties. Instead of scaling-up, the emissions
from open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing were evaluated using
information in Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal
Cleaning (Reference 19). This reference lists the three types of de-
greasing operations and their percent contribution to national degreas-
ing emissions. To calculate open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing
emissions, national cold cleaning emissions were first calculated as the
product of national population and the 4 Ibs/capita factor. Next, total
national degreasing emissions were calculated by dividing national cold
cleaning emissions by 0.55, their fraction of the total national degreas-
ing emissions. Subtracting national cold cleaning emissions from total
national degreasing emissions yields national open top vapor and convey-
orized degreasing emissions. These emissions were divided by national
employment in SICs 25 and 33-39 and a factor of .036 tons/employee was
obtained. National employment by SIC was available in the General Sum-
mary 1977 Census of Manufacturers (Reference 20). County-level area
source emissions from open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing were
calculated as the product of this per-employee factor and county employ-
ment in SICs 25 and 33-39 minus emissions listed in the point source
file (4 tons in Montgomery County and 533 tons in Philadelphia County).
County employment by SIC is available in County Business Patterns (Re-
ferences 10, 11, 12). Table 3.18 lists county and national employment
for SICs 25 and 33-39.
County area-source degreasing emissions are summarized in Table
3.19.
Surface Coating
Surface coating operations emit VOC when the solvent carrier evapo-
rates. These surface coating operations are broadly classified as non-
industrial or industrial. Non-industrial surface coating is further
classified as architectural surface coating and automobile refinishing.
Architectural surface coatings are paints applied to the interior
and exterior of homes and buildings that dry at ambient conditions. In
lieu of a survey of local wholesale and retail suppliers of solventborne
paints, varnishes, and other coatings, Procedures recommends using the
factor 4.6 1bs VOC/capita-year to estimate emissions from architectural
surface coating. This factor was used to evaluate emissions from this
category and includes emissions from the evaporation of the solvent car-
rier in the paint and any solvents used in thinning and cleanup.
Automobile refinishing is the repainting of worn or damaged vehicles
performed at body shops and car dealerships. Surveys of these facilities
are not recommended by Procedures. Instead, Procedures estimates emis-
sions from automobile refinishing by factors of 2.6 tons/employee-year
in SICs 7531 and 7535 or 1.9 Ib/capita-year. Employment data from County
3-28
-------
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-------
TABLE 3.19
DECREASING EMISSIONS
(tons)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
Cold Cleaning
1979
946
603
1,225
1,350
3,878
725
1,008
412
667
135
807
1987
1,007
625
1,277
1,431
3,895
776
1,070
453
701
151
865
Open Top Vapor
and Conveyorized
1979
1 ,077
666
858
1,973
1 ,321
440
554
218
573
2
454
1987
1 ,078
674
875
2,009
1 ,340
464
557
225
595
0
477
3-30
-------
Business Patterns (References 10, 11, 12), listed in Table 3.20, and the
per-employee factor, were used to generate this category's activity pa-
rameter for all counties except Salem. Employment for these four-digit
categories was not available in Salem County so that the per-capita fac-
tor was used. Emissions from automobile refinishing listed in the point
source file (76 tons in Philadelphia County) were subtracted from this
category's area source activity to avoid double counting.
Table 3.21 lists the categories that were suggested in Procedures
and considered under small industrial surface coating. These categories
are equivalent to those of the point source summary Table 1.1. The SICs
corresponding to each type of operation are from the Second Interim Report
- Air Pollution Control Engineering and Cost Study of the General Surface
Coating Industry (Reference 21). Annual nationwide emissions are from the
Control Technique Guideline (CTG) summaries (References 22, 23) and nation-
al employment is from the General Summary 1977 Census of Manufacturers (Re-
ference 20). Per-employee factors for each category were obtained by di-
viding national emissions by national employment. The per-employee fac-
tor for plastic parts painting, SIC 307, is the per-employee factor for
SIC Major Group 30 from Procedures, Table 3.1-1 (Reference 9). National
emissions for developing a factor specific to SIC 307 were not available
in the CTG summaries because plastic parts painting is not a CTG category.
Per-employee factors to evaluate area source surface coating emissions
from large ship, large airplane, and automobile manufacture were not de-
veloped. These types of manufacturing are generally major sources so
it was assumed that all of their emissions are in the point source file.
Also, area source emissions from the "other" category were not calculated
because national emissions and corresponding SICs were undefined.
County employment from County Business Patterns (References 10, 11,
12) multiplied by the appropriate per-employee factor equals county emis-
sions for each category. County employment for the nine categories of
interest is listed in Table 3.22.
Category emissions developed by the per-employee factors minus point
source emissions for the same category yields category area source emis-
sions. When area source emissions developed by the per-employee factors
were less than the corresponding point source emissions, category area
source emissions were set equal to zero. Small industrial surface coat-
ing emissions are the sum of emissions from the nine categories of Table
3.22.
Emissions from the three categories of surface coating are listed
by county in Table 3.23.
Projection
Open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing emissions and industrial
surface coating emissions were projected by manufacturing employment as
listed in Table 3.4. All other solvent-use categories were projected by
population.
3-31
-------
TABLE 3.20
AUTO KEFINISHING EMPLOYMENT
4-Digit SIC Employment
County 7531 7535
Bucks 321
Chester 179
Delaware 342
Montgomery 337 103
Philadelphia 676 52
Burlington 170
Camden 300
Gloucester 85
Mercer 169
Salem
New Castle 203 80
Source: County Business Patterns (References 10,
11, 12).
3-32
-------
TABLE 3.21
OTHER SMALL INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Category
Large Appliances
Magnet Wire
Automobile3
Cans
Metal Coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal Furniture
Wood Furniture
Miscellaneous
Metal Products
Annual National
Emissions Employment
SIC (tons) (1,000)
3631, 3632 46,000 61.2
3357 32,500 66.3
3411 150,000 59.8
3479 33,000 32.3
2641 350,000 39.7
2295, 3069 110,000 101.9
2514, 2522, 100,000 110.2
2531, 2542,
2434, 2511, 253,532 323.0
2512, 2517,
2521, 2531
3442, 3523, 1,000,000 1019.1
356, 357,
358, 3634,
3635
Per Employee
Factor (tons/
employee-yr)
0.75
0.49
2.50
1 .02
8.82
1.08
0.91
0.78
0.98
Plastic Partsb
Painting
Large Ships3
Large Aircraft3
Others0
307
0.256
3 Assumed all point source.
b Factor for SIC major group 30 from Procedures Table 3.1 (Reference 9).
c Emissions and SICs undefined.
Source: 1) Summary of Group I, II, Control Technique Guideline Documents
for Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Sta-
tionary Sources (References 22, 23).
2) Second Interim Report - Air Pollution Control Engineering and
Cost Study of the Surface Coating Industry (Reference 21).
3) General Summary 1977 Census of Manufacturers (Reference 20).
4) Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume I, Second Edition (Refer-
ence 9).
3-33
-------
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3-34
-------
TABLE 3.23
SURFACE COATING EMISSIONS
(tons)
Architectural
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
1 ,087
694
1,408
1,553
4,459
834
1 ,159
474
767
156
928
1987
1 ,160
716
1 ,464
1,643
4,478
893
1 ,229
516
812
169
993
Auto
Refinishing
1979 1987
835
465
889
1,144
1 ,817
442
780
221
439
64
736
886
476
924
1,215
1,824
468
827
242
460
72
789
Other Small
Industrial
1979
3,510
2,706
1,032
8,350
1 1,290
3,403
2,031
246
3,598
15
2,462
1987
3,526
2,746
1 ,053
8,495
1 1 ,432
3,584
2,049
255
3,735
12
2,592
3-35
-------
Emission Factors
Volatile organic compounds are the only pollutants emitted from sol-
vent use. The emission factor, 2,000 Ibs/ton, was used since the acti-
vity parameters for the solvent categories were emissions.
Allocation
Open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing emissions and industrial
surface coating emissions were allocated by manufacturing employment. All
other solvent use categories were allocated by population.
4. OTHER SMALL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Small industrial process emissions were developed to account for
sources not specifically addressed elsewhere. Categories and associated
SICs were selected by AMTB and SRAB from End Uses of Solvents Containing
Volatile Organic Compounds (Reference 24). Emissions-per-employee factors
were developed for the seven source categories using national emissions
from SRAB and employment from the General Summary 1977 Census of Manufac-
turers (Reference 20). Emissions in the point source file were summa-
rized by SIC and subtracted from the appropriate categories to avoid
double counting.
Table 3.24 lists the categories considered as small industrial pro-
cesses, associated SICs, and emissions-per-employee factors used. County
emissions are summarized in Table 3.25.
Proj ection
Small industrial process emissions were projected by manufacturing
employment.
Emission Factors
Calculated activity equals emissions; therefore, the emission factor
is 2,000 Ibs VOC/ton.
Allocation
Emissions were allocated by manufacturing employment.
5. DRY CLEANING
Solvent evaporation produces VOC emissions at drycleaning facilities.
Per capita factors from Procedures for commercial drycleaning and self-
service drycleaning are 1.2 Ibs/capita and 0.3 Ibs/capita, respectively.
Procedures does not provide a factor for estimating industrial drycleaning
emissions. The factor 2.4 lbs/capitaa estimates emissions from the entire
Letter from William H. Lamason of 5/29/81 recommended use of this fac-
tor rather than those in Procedures.
3-36
-------
TABLE 3.24
SMALL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES3
Category
SICs
Tons/Employee
Vegetable Oil Extraction
Alcoholic Beverages
Textiles Finishing
Plastics and Resins
Rubber Manufacturing
Paint Manufacturing
Bread Baking
2074, -5, -6, -7, -9
2082, -4, -5
2261, -2, -9
2821, -4
301 1, -21, -31, -41, -69
2851, 3952
2051
4.15
0.075b
2.77
1.97
0.85
0.38
0.57C
a End Uses of Solvents Containing VOC, Part III Application to Emis-
sion Inventories (Reference 24).
b Table 3.1-1, Procedures (Reference 9).
c Nonmethane Organic Emissions from Bread Producing Operations (Re-
ference 62) .
3-37
-------
TABLE 3.25
SMALL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
4,394
438
459
2,518
3,880
1,863
934
272
2,086
74
2,740
1987
4,408
444
467
2,561
3,929
1,965
944
281
2,164
71
2,884
3-38
-------
drycleaning industry including industrial plants. Therefore, industrial
drycleaning emissions are 0.9 Ib/capita.
According to Section XII of the New Jersey SIP inventory, "Current
New Jersey regulations (New Jersey Administrative Code 7:27-16, 17) will
provide a 30% and a 50% reduction in 1978 VOC emissions for the years
1980 and 1987, respectively. Emissions from self-service plants are ex-
pected to change in proportion to population growth rates." Gary Pierce
of NJDEP indicated that the regulations did not distinguish between in-
dustrial and commercial drycleaners. Procedures factors had been used
to develop 1978 emissions in the aforementioned inventory. Therefore,
the 2.4 Ibs/capita figure was adjusted to develop 1979 emissions. The
total drycleaning emission factor, 2.4 Ibs/capita, minus emissions from
self-service plants, 0.3 Ib/capita, equals combined commercial and indus-
trial drycleaning emissions, 2.1 Ibs/capita. This combined factor was
reduced by 15% and added to the self-service factor to obtain the 1979
New Jersey-specific factor, 2.08 Ibs/capita.
No such regulations existed in Pennsylvania and Delaware where the
2.4 Ibs/capita factor was used.
All point source drycleaning emissions (126 tons in Philadelphia
County, 11 tons in New Castle County) were subtracted from the per cap-
ita developed emissions to avoid double counting.
County-level drycleaning emissions are listed in Table 3.26.
Projections
In accordance with the previous discussion of New Jersey regulations
for drycleaning emissions, the commercial and industrial factor reduced
by 50% plus the self-service factor equals the 1987 New Jersey-specific
factor, 1.35 Ibs/capita.
Pennsylvania and Delaware drycleaning emissions were projected by
population as recommended in the respective SIPs.
Emission Factor
Calculated activity equals emissions so that the emission factor
equals 100 Ibs VOC/100 Ibs solvent use.
Allocation
No data were available on the specific locations of dry cleaning es-
tablishments. Allocation to subcounty grids was by commercial employment.
6. PESTICIDES
Pesticide emissions consist of the volatile organic compounds that
evaporate from insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fumigants, and
acaricides applied to cropland, gardens, lawns, etc.
3-39
-------
TABLE 3.26
DRY CLEANING EMISSIONS (tpy)
County 1979 1987
Bucks 567 603
Chester 362 373
Delaware 735 764
Montgomery 810 858
Philadelphia 2,201 2,210
Burlington 378 262
Camden 525 361
Gloucester 215 152
Mercer 348 237
Salem 70 50
New Castle 473 519
3-40
-------
The New Jersey Epidemiologic Studies Program - Report on Pesticide
Usage Study (Reference 25) and A Methodology for Reactive Organic Gas
Emissions Assessment of Pesticide Usage in California (Reference 26)
formed the information base for evaluating pesticide emissions. The New
Jersey Department of Health (DOH) report provides the total pounds of bio-
logically active ingredients used for agriculture in each county by crop.
The California Air Resources Board (GARB) report provides factors to ad-
just reported pesticide usage to account for unreported pesticide usage
(e.g., weed oil, home, and industrial use) and biologically inert ingre-
dients that evaporate and may participate in oxidant formation. Use of
the GARB report was necessary because local agricultural officials were
unable to supply information regarding the amount of inactive ingredients
in pesticides.
To evaluate category emissions, the pesticide use per crop-acre fig-
ures in Table 3.27 were developed using the New Jersey DOH report and the
1974 Census of Agriculture New Jersey, Preliminary Report (Reference 27).
The sum of these figures multiplied by the appropriate crop acreage in
each county equals reported pesticide usage for the county. The New
Jersey per crop-acre factors were also used in Pennsylvania and Delaware
because state officials were unable to supply information on pesticide
usage. As recommended in the GARB report, the inorganic fraction (30%
of reported usage) was subtracted from reported county usage. The re-
mainder, reported organic pesticides, multiplied by 6.9, the factor to
account for unreported chemicals, yields total organic pesticide usage
by county.
Pesticide emissions are summarized by county in Table 3.28.
No pesticide usage is reported for Philadelphia County because a
1978 preliminary Census of Agriculture was not published. These reports
are not issued for counties with less than ten farms. Likewise, all agri-
culture-related emissions including equipment fuel use and agricultural
burning were assumed negligible in Philadelphia County.
Projections
New Jersey activity levels were projected from the 1976 data as-
suming a 1% annual increase, as recommended by the New Jersey DOH. In
Pennsylvania and Delaware, projection year pesticide use was calculated
with compound growth factors developed from the change in acres of har-
vested cropland in each county as reported in the 1978 and 1969 censuses
of agriculture.
Emission Factor
From the GARB report, the volatility of total organic pesticides
is 90%. Therefore, the emission factor is 90 Ibs VOC/100 Ibs pesticide
usage.
Allocation
Pesticides were allocated by harvested cropland acreage. This allo-
cation parameter was established based on U.S.G.S. maps and conversations
with county agricultural extension agents.
3-41
-------
TABLE 3.27
PESTICIDE PER CROP-ACRE FACTORS
Crop Lbs Active Pesticide/Crop-Acre
Corn 3.6
Grains 0.01
Barley
Oats
Wheat
Rye
Hay 5.4
Alfalfa
Hay
Potatoes 11.9
Soybeans 2.2
Apples 0.034
Peaches 0.034
3-42
-------
TABLE 3.28
PESTICIDE EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
691
1,139
57
378
1,262
535
1,961
374
644
524
1987
725
1,335
49
419
1,367
579
2,124
405
698
595
3-43
-------
7. CUTBACK ASPHALT PAVING
Cutback asphalt paving produces organic solvent emissions due to eva-
poration during the curing process. The activity parameter for this cate-
gory is tons of asphalt used. Energy Data Reports, Sales of Asphalt in
1977 (Reference 28) was used to obtain state total cutback usage in tons
for each state in the study area. This total was then allocated to each
individual county on the basis of the total miles of roadway. This infor-
mation was obtained from the Departments of Transportation in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
Projections
Projections for this category varied for each state. For New Jersey
counties, activity parameters were projected based on the New Jersey cut-
back asphalt regulation and communications with industry officials. The
asphalt manufacturers suggest the regulation will reduce consumption by
10% per annum until a substitute is found. In Pennsylvania, the amount
of asphalt used from 1974 through 1977 was charted and projected to ob-
tain the 1979 base year figure. Data obtained from the PennDOT and sub-
sequently used in the Pennsylvania SIP indicate that asphalt usage will
stay constant through 1987. Delaware cutback asphalt usage was projected
by using estimates from the Delaware Department of Transportation. These
were based on expected VMT growth.
Emission Factors
The emission factors for this category reflect the percentage of
asphalt diluent that actually evaporates.
The New Jersey Department of Transportation estimates that equal
amounts of rapid and medium cure asphalt are used in Preliminary Emis-
sion Inventory for the 1982 SIP (Reference 29). VOC emission factors
in AP-42 Table 4.5-1 are given as weight percents of cutback used. The
emission factors for rapid and medium cure asphalt are 32 and 20 weight
percent. Therefore, VOC emissions in New Jersey are 26 weight percent
or 520 Ibs VOC/2000 Ibs asphalt used.
The emission factor for medium cure asphalt, 400 Ib VOC/2000 Ibs
asphalt used (20 wt%), was applied to Pennsylvania and Delaware cutback
usage.
Cutback asphalt VOC emissions are listed by county in Table 3.29.
Allocation
Allocation to subcounty grids was made according to vehicle miles
traveled. In Salem County, where this information was unavailable on a
subcounty level, the surrogate parameter of population was used.
8. NATURAL GAS LEAKS
Three natural gas supply companies responded to requests for infor-
mation. These were Delmarva Power, Public Service Electric and Gas of
3-44
-------
TABLE 3.29
CUTBACK ASPHALT EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
111
91
69
114
137
658
555
411
380
267
40
1987
111
91
69
114
137
283
239
177
164
115
51
3-45
-------
New Jersey, and the Philadelphia Electric Company. Most companies record
"unaccounted for" gas, which includes loss by theft, metering, accounting,
and leakage. This is approximately one to three percent of total gas
sales. Philadelphia Electric Company provided the only leakage estimate,
which was 0.65 percent. It was assumed that this figure represents a rea-
sonable estimate of leaks in the entire eleven-county Philadelphia AQCR.
In addition, Philadelphia Electric Company provided a chromatographic
analysis of its gas which showed the volatile organic components to be
99.12% of the total gas volume (see Table 3.30). This includes methane.
Therefore, using the density of natural gas at ambient temperature and
pressure of 0.042 Ibs/cf, the leakage of reactive components can be de-
termined as follows:
0.042 Ibs/cf x 0.0065 x 0.9912 = 2.7 x 10~4 Ibs/cf
Emissions from natural gas leaks are listed by county in Table 3.31.
Projections
Projection year leakage was determined in proportion to the volume
of gas sold in the projection years. The total sales of natural gas for
the projection years is detailed in the fuel use categories earlier in
the chapter. It was assumed that no further reduction in leakage would
occur through 1987.
Emission Factors
Due to the method of calculation, activity parameters are emissions
so that the emission factor is 1,000 Ibs of VOC per 1,000 Ibs of gas
leakage.
Allocation
Natural gas leaks were allocated by the location of residential dwell-
ings for all counties except Salem. In Salem County, natural gas leaks
were allocated by population because dwelling unit data were not available.
9. AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
This source category includes farm vehicles which consume either gaso-
line or diesel fuel. Since data sources varied, activity levels for this
category within each state were computed independently.
To calculate farm tractor emissions in New Jersey, an annual average
fuel use per tractor was determined. This was computed by taking the gal-
lons of gasoline used on farms from the Highway Statistics 1974 (Reference
16) and the number of tractors from the 1974 Census of Agriculture New
Jersey, Preliminary Report (Reference 27). From data in New Jersey Area
Source VOC and NOY Emissions Inventory for Selected Counties and Catego-
ries (Reference 30) it was assumed that 60% of the tractors in the state
are gasoline, thus arriving at the number of gasoline tractors in the
state and an annual average gasoline use of 427 gallons per tractor. The
annual quantity of gasoline and diesel used per county was computed using
3-46
-------
TABLE 3.30
AVERAGE GAS ANALYSIS BY CHROMATOGRAPH
Component
Methane
Ethane
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Propane
High-Order Paraffins
Percent by Weight
97.00
1.73
0.56
0.32
0.26
0.13
Source: Philadelphia Electric Company.
3-47
-------
TABLE 3.31
VOC EMISSIONS FROM NATURAL GAS LEAKS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
1,460
1,156
2,164
3,132
6,206
1,215
2,451
470
1,880
148
1,721
1987
1,654
1,304
2,452
3,553
7,047
1 ,358
2,722
564
2,016
175
1,754
3-48
-------
the number of tractors by county and the knowledge that 60% of the trac-
tors are gasoline and 40% diesel with each one consuming an average of
427 gallons per year.
For the Pennsylvania Counties and New Castle County, Delaware, the
type and number of farm vehicles were obtained from the 1974 Census of
Agriculture Pennsylvania (Reference 31) and the 1974 Census of Agricul-
ture Delaware (Reference 32), respectively. Combining this number with
average annual consumption figures from the Procedures for the Prepara-
tion of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds (Reference
9), an estimate of the total number of gallons used for both gasoline
and diesel vehicles was calculated. Table 3.32 shows the type of fuel
used by the equipment inventoried.
Category emissions were assumed to be negligible in Philadelphia
County as discussed in the section addressing pesticide emissions.
Projections
Fuel use data were linearly extrapolated to the base year using
historical changes in cropland taken from 1974 Census of Agriculture
documents (References 27, 31, 32) for each individual state. Projec-
tion year fuel use was calculated with compound growth factors devel-
oped from the change in acres of harvested cropland in each county as
reported in the 1978 and 1969 censuses of agriculture.
Emission Factors
Farm equipment emission factors are shown in Table 3.33 for both
gasoline and diesel-fueled equipment. Emission factors for non-tractor
categories were developed from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (Reference 18) by weighting the emission factor for each equip-
ment type against the relative percent use for all types of equipment
as shown in Table 3.32. For purposes of input to the emission factor
file, a weighted emission factor was then calculated in the same manner
for the tractor and non-tractor classifications separately for diesel
and gasoline categories.
The total VOC emissions for gasoline vehicles is the sum of alde-
hydes, exhaust, crankcase, and evaporative sources. The VOC emissions
for diesel vehicles are reflective of exhaust emissions only.
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from agricultural equipment are
listed in Table 3.34.
Allocation
Allocation was made to the existing cropland per grid. These data
came from U.S.G.S. quadrangle maps and communications with local offi-
cials who provided supplemental maps.
3-49
-------
TABLE 3.32
FARM MACHINERY USAGE DATA
Type of Annual Use Diesel Gasoline
Machinery (hrs/yr) Fuel (%) (%)
Tractors
Combines
Balers
Harvesters
General Purpose
* 490 hr/yr diesel,
** 5.06(10)5 gasoline
a About 5% is liquid
b Compilation of Air
3.2.6-1.
* 30a
71 43
24 — — —
120 100
50 50
291 hr/yr gasoline.
, 2.17{10)5 diesel.
petroleum gas.
Pollutant Emission Factors
65
57
100
50
(Reference
Population13
(105 units)
45
**
6.55
2.95
12.05
18), Table
Source: Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds (Reference 9).
3-50
-------
TABLE 3.33
AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
Pollutant
Particulates
CO
SOX
NOX
VOC
Combined Gasoline
Equipment Use (lbs/103 gal)
7.74
3,454
5.30
139
201
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Combined Diesel
Equipment Use (lbs/104
473
1,248
312
3,269
712
Factors (Reference 18),
gal)
Table 3.2.6-2.
3-51
-------
TABLE 3.34
AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
VOC
117
220
12
90
65
3
55
28
66
75
NOX
221
408
19
173
108
95
56
100
136
1987
VOC
122
252
9
96
84
3
56
28
90
87
NOX
230
505
17
193
117
96
56
131
160
3-52
-------
10. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
This source category includes off-highway construction equipment
which consumes either gasoline or diesel fuel. Again, because of differ-
ent data sources, activity levels within each state were computed inde-
pendently. Using national averages from Procedures for the Preparation
of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds (Reference 9), it
was determined that the ratio of diesel to gasoline construction fuel use
is 93/7.
To calculate diesel construction equipment fuel use in New Jersey,
the state diesel farm tractor fuel usage was subtracted from the off-
highway diesel fuel use found in the Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of
Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1975 (Reference 33). The resulting number of
gallons was attributed to diesel construction equipment for the entire
state. The statewide fuel usage was then proportioned to the counties
based on construction employment.
For Pennsylvania, construction diesel fuel use was obtained from the
1979 Pennsylvania SIP. In this document, the activity parameter (gallons
of diesel fuel used) was obtained from the Energy Data Reports, Sales of
Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976 (Reference 34). The state total was then
apportioned to counties by the number of construction employees listed
in the County Business Patterns 1976 Pennsylvania (Reference 35).
For New Castle County, Delaware, the Energy Data Reports, Sales
of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976 (Reference 34) provided data on diesel
fuel consumed by all off-highway (construction and agricultural) equip-
ment. Agricultural diesel fuel consumption was then subtracted from this
figure to obtain construction diesel fuel use. Diesel fuel consumption
was apportioned to New Castle County by its percentage of construction
employees as obtained from Revised Preliminary Employment Projections
for Delaware and the Three Counties, by Major Industrial Sector, Through
1995 (Reference 5). Construction gasoline fuel use was calculated using
county-level diesel fuel use and the ratio of national diesel to gasoline
construction fuel consumption.
Projections
Changes in construction employment for each county were used to pro-
ject data to the base year and 1987. Construction employment projections
for each county are noted in the introduction to this chapter.
Emission Factors
Construction equipment emission factors were calculated from Compil-
ation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18) by weighting the
emission factor for each type of equipment in accordance with its rela-
tive percent use. Gasoline equipment and diesel equipment emission fac-
tors were calculated separately. The results are shown in Table 3.35.
Construction equipment VOC and NOX emissions are listed by county in
Table 3.36.
3-53
-------
TABLE 3.35
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
Pollutant (
Carbon Monoxide
VOC
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
Source: Compilation
Gasoline
Equipment
lbs/103 gallons)
3,728
185.0
112.5
5.28
7.05
of Air Pollutant
Diesel
Equipment
(lbs/104 gallons)
911.3
362.2
4,192
311.6
243.5
Emission Factors
(Reference 18), Tables 3.2.7-1 and 3.2.7-2.
3-54
-------
TABLE 3.36
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Phi lade Iphi a
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
VOC
19
14
52
106
215
12
61
2
4
2
47
1979
NOX
264
. 176
484
948
1 ,836
148
547
30
60
18
411
VOC
19
15
54
108
225
14
65
2
4
3
60
1987
NO*
284
172
483
986
1,950
162
582
32
62
34
548
3-55
-------
Allocation
Allocation to subcounty grids was made in proportion to construction
employment for 1979 and 1987 as determined from data supplied by DVRPC
and the State of New Jersey. For New Castle County, allocation was by
population.
11. INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
Industrial equipment is gasoline- or diesel-powered machinery includ-
ing forklifts, generators, and pumps. According to officials at the U.S.
Department of Energy, industrial equipment fuel use is not classified as
off-highway but as industrial fuel use in the Energy Data Reports, Sales
of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976 (Reference 34). The activity parameter
for this category, gallons of fuel consumed, is the product of national
industrial equipment fuel use and the ratio of county to national employ-
ment in SICs 10-14, 20-39, 50, 51 (Table 3.37). National fuel use was
obtained from the U.S. EPA Monitoring and Data Analysis Division (Refer-
ence 36). County employment is available in County Business Patterns
(References 10, 11, 12). National employment is from the General Sum-
mary 1977 Census of Manufacturers (Reference 20) (SICs 20-39) and the
U.S. Department of Labor Statistics (Reference 37).a
Proj ection
Industrial equipment fuel use was projected by manufacturing employ-
ment.
Emission Factors
Emission factors shown in Table 3.38 were developed from the Compila-
tion of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18).
Industrial equipment VOC and NOX emissions are summarized in Table
3.39.
Allocation
Industrial equipment fuel use was allocated by manufacturing employ-
ment.
12. SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES
Information contained in Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Fac-
tors (Reference 18) indicates that 89% of small gasoline engines are used
in lawn and garden equipment, while the remainder falls into the miscel-
laneous category. There are two types of engines available for this pur-
pose: two-stroke and four-stroke. Calls to local dealers revealed that
a National Employment in SICs 10-14, 50, 51 equals 5,521(10)3 employees.
3-56
-------
TABLE 3.37
1979 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT ACTIVITY
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
National
a 10^ employees
b 106 gallons.
Source: County
Employment
SICs 10-14,20-39,50,51
56,762
41,407
43,432
113,462
190,049
25,505
41,776
16,045
33,632
11,171
36,388
24,037a
•
Business Patterns (References
Fuel Use
Gas
989
722
757
1,978
3,313
444
728
280
586
195
634
419b
10, 11, 12);
mary 1977 Census of Manufacturers (Reference 20);
( 103 gal)
Diesel
2,708
1,976
2,072
5,414
9,069
1,217
1,993
757
1,605
533
1,736
1,147b
General Sum-
and U.S.
Department of Labor Statistics (Reference 37)
3-57
-------
TABLE 3.38
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
(lb/103 gal)
Pollutant
Particulates
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
VOC
Source: Compilation
Gasoline Equipment
6.47
3,940
5.31
102
205.65
of Air Pollutant Emission
Diesel Equipment
33.5
102
31 .2
469
44.54
Factors (Reference 18)
Table 3.3.3-1.
3-58
-------
TABLE 3.39
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS (tpy)
1979
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
VOC
162
118
124
324
543
73
119
46
96
32
104
NOX
685
500
524
1,370
2,296
308
504
192
406
135
439
1987
VOC
163
120
126
329
550
77
121
47
100
31
109
NO^
688
507
534
1,394
2,325
325
510
198
421
129
463
3-59
-------
80% of the lawn and garden equipment sold today is four-stroke. Table
3.40 shows the approximate breakdown of small engines by use and also
their approximate annual fuel consumption from Compilation of Air Pollu-
tant Emission Factors (Reference 18). Using the information from this
table, the weighted average usage per unit-year, 12.7 gallons, was found.
In order to account for meteorological differences between Philadelphia
and other areas of the nation, a temperature correction was applied to
this figure. From Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories
for Volatile Organic Compounds (Reference 9), the average number of days
in the year when the minimum temperature is greater than 32°F in the study
area should be divided by the same figure for the national average. For
the Philadelphia AQCR, this factor is 256/250; when applied to the 12.7
gallons per unit-year, the resulting figure is 13.0 gallons per unit-year.
From Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18), there
are about 0.21 units/person which should be adjusted for the dwelling
unit structure distribution. According to the 1970 Census of Housing,
Housing Characteristics for States, Cities, and Counties, Pennsylvania
(Reference 38), the percent of multiple-unit structures varies from 21.4
in Bucks County to 33.4 in Philadelphia County. The national average as
obtained from Statistical Abstract of the United States 1977 (Reference
39) is 26% multiple-unit structures; therefore, the number of units/per-
son, assuming a linear relationship, should vary from 0.163 to 0.255.
These values are specified in Table 3.41 for each county in the study
area. The table shows adjusted factors and their product, which is the
county fuel consumption in this category.
Projections
Fuel usage for this category was projected according to population.
Emission Factors
A weighted average of the emission factors for the three types of
engines was calculated according to relative fuel consumption and per-
cent in use shown in Table 3.40. The results are shown in Table 3.42.
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from small gasoline engines are
listed in Table 3.43.
Allocation
Allocation to subcounty grids was performed in proportion to the
number of occupied households for 1979 and 1987 as determined from data
supplied by DVRPC. The same allocation parameter (dwelling units) was
used for allocation in New Castle County based on information supplied
by WILMAPCO. The allocation of small gasoline emissions for Salem County
was by population because dwelling unit information did not exist.
1 3. AIRCRAFT
The county activity parameter needed to calculate emissions is the
number of landing-takeoffs (LTOs). The New Jersey State Airport System
Plan, 1975 Summary Report (Reference 40), the Pennsylvania Statewide
3-60
-------
TABLE 3.40
SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE DATA
Four-stroke
Two- stroke
Four-stroke
miscellaneous
lawn and garden
lawn and garden
Percent
in Use
11
18
71
Source: Calculated from Compilation of
Average
Annual
Fuel Use
(gal/unit)
12.3
20.6
10.8
Air Pollutant
Emission Factors (Reference 18), Table 3.2.5-1
3-61
-------
TABLE 3.41
FUEL CONSUMPTION BY SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
Adjusted
Consumption
per Unit
per Year
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
13 gal
Number of
Units per
Capita
0.255
0.231
0.244
0.221
0.163
0.243
0.248
0.225
0.245
0.235
0.219
1979
Population
472,803
301 ,727
612,400
675,048
1 ,938,900
362,679
503,841
205,991
333,638
67,674
403,352
Annual
Consumption
(1 ,000 gal)
1 ,567
906
1 ,943
1,939
4,109
1,146
1 ,624
603
1,063
207
1 ,148
3-62
-------
TABLE 3.42
SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES EMISSION FACTORS
Emission Factors (lbs/10-* gal)
SOX TSP CO VOC NOjj
4.9 19.5 3,783 685 38
Source: Calculated from Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference
18), Table 3.2.5.1.
3-63
-------
TABLE 3.43
SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
VOC
530
306
666
664
1,407
387
556
205
361
69
388
NOX
23
7
34
31
78
13
30
7
17
1
20
1987
VOC
563
316
692
702
1 ,413
417
588
227
382
75
420
NOX
25
8
37
31
77
14
31
7
17
1
20
3-64
-------
Airport System, Technical Report 1 (Reference 41), and the State of Dela-
ware Aviation and Airport System Plan, Technical Supplement (Reference
42) listed airport operations for the following aircraft categories:
military, civil, and commercial. LTOs were calculated for each airport
in the Philadelphia AQCR by dividing operations by two. Airports were
then matched to appropriate counties. For all airports within a county,
LTOs for each category (civil, commercial, or military) were added to
arrive at county activity parameters.
Projections
The FAA Aviation Forecasts, Philadelphia (Reference 43) provided
estimates of growth rates in air traffic for the Pennsylvania counties
as follows:
o Civil Aircraft - 3.7%/year
o Commercial Aircraft - 5.5%/year
The New Jersey State Airport System Plan, 1975 Summary Report (Reference
40) and the State of Delaware Aviation and Airport System Plan, Technical
Supplement (Reference 42) were utilized for growth estimates in New Jer-
sey and Delaware. Using this information, LTOs for each of these cate-
gories were projected to 1979 and 1987. Military aircraft operations
were assumed to have no growth, based on conversations with local mili-
tary officials.
Emission Factors
Air Pollution Emission Factors for Military and Civil Aircraft (Refer-
ence 44) provided emission factors by aircraft type. However, a detailed
breakdown of LTOs by type of aircraft for each airport was not available.
Therefore, specific aircraft emission factors could not be used. The
New Jersey State Airport System Plan, 1975 Summary Report (Reference 40),
the Pennsylvania Statewide Airport System, Technical Report 1 (Reference
41), and the State of Delaware Aviation and Airport System Plan, Technical
Supplement (Reference 42) provided based-aircraft-fleet-mix data for gene-
ralized categories of aircraft by airport and year. The categories of
aircraft used in the based fleet mix data were then matched to specific
aircraft types in Air Pollution Emission Factors for Military and Civil
Aircraft (Reference 44) as shown in Table 3.44. By arithmetically aver-
aging individual aircraft type emission factors, one composite emission
factor for each aircraft class was developed as shown in Table 3.45.
From the data in these tables, emission factors were then developed
at the county level by aircraft category (civil, commercial, and military)
for purposes of input to the emission factor file. In order to accomplish
this, it was assumed that the civil and commercial LTOs at each airport
were proportional to the based aircraft ratios supplied by the State DOTs.
For example, at Buehl Field, Bucks County, PA, 90% of the fleet is single
engine aircraft, and 10% is twin engine aircraft. Therefore, 90% of the
civil and commercial LTOs were attributed to single engine, Class E air-
craft, and 10% of each aircraft category was attributed to twin engine,
Class D aircraft. Emissions were calculated in this fashion for each air-
port. Finally, by summing emissions for airports in a particular county
3-65
-------
TABLE 3.44
FLEET MIX CLASSIFICATION
Aircraft
Description
Aircraft
Class
Representative
Aircraft Types
Used to Calculate
Emission Factors
No. of
Engines
Heavy Jets
Large Jets
Small Jets
Large Turboprops
Piston Transports
AA Boeing 707-320B 4
Boeing 747-200B 4
Lockheed L1011-200 3
Lockheed L1011-100 3
McDonnell Douglas DC-8 4
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 3
A Boeing 727-200 3
B BAG 111-400 2
Boeing 737-200 3
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50 2
GD/Convair 580 2
Fairchild F27 and FH227 2
Grumman Goose 2
Lockheed L188 Electra 4
Lockheed L100 Hercules 4
Heavy Twins
Light Twin Engine Aircraft
Large Single Engine Aircraft
Light Single Engine Aircraft
D
Beech 9
Dehavilland Twin Otter
Swearingen Metro-2
Cessna Citation
Dessault Falcon 20
Gates Learjet 24D
Gates Learjet 35,36
Rockwell Shoreliner 75A
Beech B99
Shorts Skyvan 3
Swearingen Merlin 111A
Cessna Skymaster
Piper Navajo Chieftain
Cessna 150
Piper Warrior
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3-66
-------
TABLE 3.44—Continued
Aircraft
Description
Representative
Aircraft Types
Aircraft Used to Calculate No. of
Class Emission Factors Engines
Military Turbine
Military Twin Piston
Military Single Piston
Military Helicopter
C-5A
C-130
KG-135
C-141
C-1 Trader
0-2
S-2 Tracker
T-28 Trojan
T-34 Mentor
T-41 Mescelero
0-1 Bird Dog
Iroquoi s/Huey
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3-67
-------
TABLE 3.45
AIRCRAFT CLASS EMISSION FACTORS
Heavy Jet
Large Jet
Small Jets &
Piston Transports
Heavy Twin Piston
Light Twin Piston
Large Single Piston
Light Single Piston
Military Aircraft
Turbine
Twin Piston
Single Piston
Helicopter (Huey)
Source: Calculated
AA 2
A 1
B 0
C 0
D 0
E 0
18
0
0
0
from Air Pollution
.04 165.87
.17 55.95
.38 42.91
.46 26.60
64.90
11.34
.21 106.95
85.90
28.72
1.55
Emission Factors
5.72
3.27
1.43
0.41
0
0
4.45
0
0
0.20
for
71.81
29.64
20.57
1.38
0.08
0.02
34.26
0.49
0.14
1 .19
Military and
94.85
13.44
20.86
6.48
1.45
0.24
81.40
10.67
2.45
2.53
Civil
Aircraft (Reference 44).
3-68
-------
and dividing by the appropriate total county LTOs, a county wide emission
factor was obtained.
The emission factors for commercial jet aircraft were modified for
the 1987 inventory to reflect new federal regulations that are expected
to go into effect before 1985. These regulations were published in the
Federal Register under Environmental Protection Agency Regulations on the
Control of Air Pollution from Aircraft and Aircraft Engines (Reference
45). According to Dr. Munt of the EPA Mobile Source Laboratory, Ann Ar-
bor, Michigan, these regulations imply an overall 90% reduction in VOC
emissions, a 60% reduction in CO and a 40% reduction in NOX nationwide.
These percentages apply to commercial jet aircraft in the 1987 inventory
only.
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from aircraft are listed in
Table 3.46.
Allocation
Spatial detail information concerning aircraft approach and climbout
could not be readily obtained for each airport. In general, consideration
was given to airport location within a grid and the primary approach and
climbout vectors for each airport.
For smaller airports, the location of the airport within a grid was
determined by U.S.G.S. quadrangle maps. If the airport was located near
a grid boundary, emissions were split among the affected grid cells. For
the Philadelphia International Airport, a more extensive analysis was war-
ranted. The primary direction of landing-takeoffs at this airport is east-
west. Aircraft holding patterns are within four miles of the airport at
a maximum altitude of 3,000 feet in all approach directions. Emissions
were distributed to a total of nine grids based upon this information.
Emission factors for the LTO cycle are composed of contributions from
idle/taxi, takeoff, approach, and climbout. Data presented in AP-42 (Re-
ference 18) indicate that the approach and climbout components comprise
approximately 40% of the total emission factor. Since it is these opera-
tional modes that cause emissions outside the grid containing the runways,
40% of the total emissions from Philadelphia International Airport were
allocated to the eight surrounding grids. Equal emission levels were
assigned to each of the eight grids to reflect the use of all possible
approach and climbout directions.
There are no airports, consequently no aircraft emissions in Camden
County.
14. VESSELS
The major emission sources in this category are commercial vessels
which navigate from the mouth of the Delaware Bay up the Delaware River
to the ports of Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Trenton. Recreational
vessels were also considered and are composed of two types: diesel and
gasoline-powered. Emissions from recreational diesel vessels were ral-
culated and determined to be insignificant relative to larger commercial
3-69
-------
TABLE 3.46
AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
VOC
59
26
252
153
807
118
409
147
1,126
NCy
15
6
261
42
753
23
399
57
1 ,042
VOC
59
29
48
151
248
130
158
146
224
1987
NOX
13
6
240
42
698
23
378
46
951
3-70
-------
vessel emissions. Recreational gasoline vessels are used primarily on
lakes, rivers, and estuaries, and unlike their diesel-powered counter-
parts, contributed significantly to overall emissions.
Fuel consumption was determined for two vessel travel modes: under-
way and inport. Underway commercial vessel fuel consumption was esti-
mated from ton-mile statistics in the Waterborne Commerce of the United
States, Calendar Year 1974, Part I Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast
(Reference 46) and a 590 Btu/ton-mile fuel requirement calculated from
The Effect of Fuel Price Increases on Energy Intensiveness of Freight
Transport (Reference 47) and Energy Intensiveness of Passenger and Freight
Transport Modes (Reference 48). In order to distinguish between diesel
and residual oil consumption for underway vessels, a diesel-to-residual
fuel use ratio of 9:91 was calculated using the Energy Data Reports, Sales
of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976 (Reference 34) for the study area. The
intracoastal commercial vessel fuel consumption was apportioned to coun-
ties based on linear miles of navigable river.
Inport fuel consumption was obtained by determining the number of
ships with draft greater than 18 feet for each of the ports. This infor-
mation was available in the Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Cal-
endar Year 1974, Part I Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast (Reference
46). The following assumptions from Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive
Emission Inventory (Reference 49) were used in the calculation of fuel con-
sumption: (1) only vessels with a draft of 18 feet or greater are under
their own power while in port, and (2) each vessel is in port an average
of three days.
Commercial vessel activity is summarized in Table 3.47.
Activity parameters for gasoline motorboat use were developed using
the following equations for inboard and outboard fuel use from Procedures
(Reference 9).
Inboard gasoline consumption (gal/yr) = # registered inboards x 3
gal/hr x 10 (C) hr/yr
Outboard gasoline consumption (gal/yr) = # registered outboards x
1.5 gal/hr x 10 (C) hr/yr
where: C = the number of months during which the monthly mean tempera-
ture exceeds 48°F.
A seven month boating season was used in these calculations.
Motorboat registrations were reported differently in each of the
three states so that varying assumptions were needed. In Pennsylvania,
PennDER (Reference 50) reported the total number of registered inboards
and outboards in the state for the following size classifications: 16 ft
and less; 17-25 ft; 26-40 ft; 41-65 ft. as shown in Table 3.48. It was
assumed that 50% of the inboard boats greater than 25 ft in length were
gasoline-powered and the remainder diesel-powered (0.4% of the total).
This information was then used to calculate the gasoline-powered iaboard/
outboard split for total registrations listed in Table 3.49.
3-71
-------
TABLE 3.47
COMMERCIAL VESSEL ACTIVITY
(104 gallons)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
Diesel
4
47
114
29
69
76
1
120
145
1979
Residual
42
445
1 ,129
290
674
724
9
1,139
1,489
Diesel
5
53
130
33
78
86
1
137
164
1987
Residual
47
504
1 ,281
329
764
820
10
1,292
1 ,689
3-72
-------
TABLE 3.48
PENNSYLVANIA STATE TOTAL MOTORBOAT REGISTRATIONS (1978)
Size
16 ft. and less
Aux. Sail
17-25 ft.
Aux. Sail
26-40 ft.
Aux. Sail
41-65 ft.
Aux. Sail
Inboard
822
3
10,781
26
1,209
50
108
Outboard
114,310
956
29,228
1,577
510
49
18
1
Source: Fish Commission, Pennsylvania Department
of Environmental Resources (Reference 50)
3-73
-------
TABLE 3.49
PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY MOTORBOAT POPULATION
Gasoline
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Total
6,762
2,178
2,899
5,368
3,894
Inboard
488
158
210
387
281
Outboard
6,246
2,010
2,678
4,959
3,597
Source: Fish Commission, Pennsylvania Department of Environ-
mental Resources (Reference 50).
3-74
-------
In New Jersey, the number of boats less than 22 ft and 22 ft and
greater in length were reported by county in the Survey of New Jersey's
Registered Motorboat Fleet (Reference 51). Based on information obtained
from PennDER (Reference 50), all boats less than 22 ft and 50% of the
boats greater than or equal to 22 ft in length were assumed to be gaso-
line outboard. Twenty-five percent of the boats 22 ft or greater in
length were assumed to be gasoline inboard.
In Delaware, DelDNREC (Reference 52) reported tehe total number of
boats registered in the State and in New Castle County (20% of State
total). Again, using the information from PennDER, 95% of the boats in
New Castle County were assumed to be gasoline outboard and 5% were as-
sumed to be gasoline inboard. Motorboat registrations for New Jersey
and Delaware are listed by county in Table 3.50. Annual gasoline con-
sumption of recreational vessels is listed by county in Table 3.51.
Projections
Historical trends in ton-miles of traffic were analyzed from data
in Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1974, Part I
Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast (Reference 46). Projection factors
for ton-miles were applied to the base year fuel data to estimate projec-
tion year fuel consumption by commercial vessels. This resulted in a 13%
increase from 1979 to 1987 for both diesel oil use and residual oil use.
Pleasure boat fuel consumption was projected to increase in propor-
tion to population.
Emission Factors
The emission factors shown in Table 3.52 are taken from Compilation
of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18) for commercial vessels.
They are weighted between hoteling and cruising modes in a 14:86 ratio
for residual fuel and a 23:77 ratio for distillate fuel. These ratios
are based on calculations of fuel consumed inport versus underway. The
SOX emission factors in Table 3.52 for diesel and residual powered ves-
sels account for the sulfur content of these fuels. The diesel factor
includes a sulfur content of 0.2% from AP-42 (Reference 18). The resi-
dual factor includes a sulfur content of 3% based on the assumption that
this grade of fuel would be used since its cost is much less than the
cost of low sulfur residual oil.
Emission factors obtained from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (Reference 18) for gasoline recreational vessels were weighted 5%
for inboard vessels and 95% for outboard vessels based on information
from PennDER (Reference 50).
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from vessels are summarized in
Table 3.53.
Allocation
Allocation was made in proportion to linear miles of navigable river
within each grid. Size of harbor and dock space was considered in order
3-75
-------
TABLE 3.50
NBW JERSEY AND DELAWARE COUNTY MOTORBOAT POPULATION (1977)a
County
New Jersey
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
Delaware
New Castle
Size
21 ft. and Less
2,838
523
800
812
1,163
Gasoline
Over 21 ft. Total
97 2,935
97 620
0 800
14 826
14 1,177
9,447
Inboard
24
24
0
4
4
474
Outboard
2,886
572
800
819
1,170
9,003
a Delaware - 1976 information.
Source: Survey of New Jersey's Registered Motorboat Fleet (Reference 51).
Boating Administration, Delaware Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control (Reference 52).
3-76
-------
TABLE 3.51
ANNUAL GASOLINE CONSUMPTION OF MOTORBOATS
(GALLONS)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
758,310
244,230
325,290
601 ,965
436,695
316,577
66,633
87,548
88,680
126,236
1,068,894
1987
805,383
251 ,345
338,159
637,586
438,593
338,903
70,697
95,789
93,443
138,652
1,145,501
3-77
-------
TABLE 3.52
WEIGHTED VESSEL EMISSION FACTORS
Emission Factors
TSP CO SOX NOX VOC
Commercial Vessels5
Diesel 150 40.0 284.0 232.8 30.0
Residual 186 29.67 4770.0 530.8 10.34
Recreational Vessels^*
Gasoline 3192.0 6.4 12.82 1049.0
a lbs/104 gallons burned.
b lbs/103 gallons burned.
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18),
Tables 3.2.3-2, 3.2.3-5, and 3.2.4-1.
3-78
-------
TABLE 3.53
VESSEL EMISSIONS (tpy)
1979
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
Commercial
VOC NOX
12
3 124
8 313
2 80
5 187
5 201
3
8 316
10 412
Recreational
VOC
398
128
170
316
229
166
35
46
47
66
561
NOX
5
2
2
4
3
2
-
1
1
1
7
1987
Commercial
VOC NOV
13
3 140
9 355
2 91
5 212
6 228
3
9 359
11 467
Recreational
VOC
422
132
177
335
230
178
37
50
49
73
601
NOV
5
2
2
4
3
2
-
1
1
1
7
3-79
-------
to account for inport emissions. For the less important category of re-
creational vessels, a simpler process of allocation was applied. Each
grid that contained any portion of a river or lake used for recreational
purposes was allocated an equal share of recreational vessel emissions.
Chester County borders neither the Delaware Bay nor the Delaware
River. Consequently, no commercial vessel emissions were assigned to
this county.
1 5. RAILROADS
Emissions from this category come from locomotive engine use, either
for transportation or during switching operations. Because of the vary-
ing sources of data, railroad activity was determined separately for each
state. The New Jersey SIP provided activity levels (gallons of diesel
fuel used) through back calculation of emissions data. Its data source
was the Regional Emission Inventory and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for
the Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR (Reference 2) which allocated state
fuel totals down to the county level. The Pennsylvania Public Utility
Commission in its Annual Report of Railroads 1975-1976 (Reference 53)
provided estimates of fuel consumed by railroad operations. In Delaware,
the Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1975 (Re-
ference 33) provided fuel data for the state. This was proportioned to
New Castle County in accordance with its length of track compared to the
state.
Projections
New Jersey railroad activity projections were taken directly from
the New Jersey SIP. Its figures were based on information provided by
the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
The Pennsylvania SIP provided growth factors which were specific to
the five-county southeast Pennsylvania area. These factors are shown in
Table 3.54. They are based on employment levels of locomotive engineers
and engineer helpers in Pennsylvania Occupational Projections (Reference
54).
In Delaware, a 3.5% annual growth rate was used based on information
provided by the Association of American Railroads.
Emission Factors
Emission factors were taken from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion Factors (Reference 18). These emission factors, which are based on
national statistics, are listed in Table 3.55.
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from railroad locomotives are
listed in Table 3.56.
Allocation
Allocation was by railroad track miles as determined from U.S.G.S.
quadrangle maps. Depending upon the geographical area, emissions were
3-80
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TABLE 3.54
RAILROAD GROWTH FACTORS FROM PENNSYLVANIA SIP
1976-1979 1979-1987
1.0120 1.0305
3-81
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TABLE 3.55
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE EMISSION FACTORS
Average Emission Factor
Pollutant (lbs/104 gal)
TSP 250
CO 1,300
SOX 570
NOX 3,700
VOC 1,065
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors (Reference
18), Table 3.2.2-1.
3-82
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TABLE 3.56
RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
VOC
319
211
431
404
1,242
138
196
77
129
31
32
1979
NOV
1 ,108
718
1,502
1,395
4,311
473
688
264
447
112
105
VOC
324
213
445
414
1 ,277
138
205
82
135
31
41
1987
NO*
1 ,138
743
1,545
1,427
4,439
473
715
288
461
108
131
3-83
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reduced or completely eliminated to account for electrified tracks.
Switching yards were allocated higher emissions because of the greater
density of locomotives in these areas.
16. FOREST FIRES
The state departments of forestry were able to provide recent data
(1978-1979) on acres consumed by wildfires in each county. A fuel load-
ing of 11 tons/acre was assumed, as suggested in Compilation of Air Pol-
lutant Emission Factors (Reference 18).
Projections
The method of projection differed in each state because of the dif-
ferences in available data. The New Jersey Bureau of Forestry provided
data for 1982 and 1987. Projection data were not available from Pennsyl-
vania. Therefore, it was assumed that forest wildfires would remain un-
changed in projection years. The Delaware Department of Forestry pro-
vided historical data on wildfires over the last 10 years. No trend
could be discerned from the data. Therefore, the average forest fire
figures over the 10-year period of 42 acres/year was assumed for New
Castle County.
Emission Factors
Emission factors were taken directly from the Aerometric and Emis-
sions Reporting System (Reference 55) and are shown in Table 3.57.
Forest fire VOC and NOX emissions are listed in Table 3.58.
Allocation
Allocation was made to all grids containing forest land. The amount
of forest per grid was estimated using both maps from the U.S.G.S. and
from The Timber Resources of Pennsylvania (Reference 56), The Timber Re-
sources of New Jersey (Reference 57), and The Timber Resources of Dela-
ware (Reference 58).
17. AGRICULTURAL BURNING
Agricultural burning and record-keeping practices differed in each
state and consequently each state was considered separately in the calcu-
lation of activity parameters. NJDEP provided permit data on three types
of agricultural burning: infested plants, herbaceous material (asparagus
field burning), and orchard prunings. Based on conversations with NJDEP
agricultural officials, the following assumptions were made in order to
calculate tons of material burned of each type:
o Five cords of wood per orchard pruning permit
o Ten acres of land per herbaceous material permit
o One ton of material per infested plant permit
3-84
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TABLE 3.57
FOREST FIRE EMISSION FACTORS
(Ibs/ton)
TSP CO NOV VOC
17 140 4 24
Source: Aerometric and Emissions Report-
ing System (Reference 55).
3-85
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TABLE 3.58
FOREST FIRE EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
VOC NOX
4 1
1
1
260 43
130 22
60 10
50 8
6 1
1987
VOC
4
1
1
475
241
107
93
6
NOx
1
79
40
18
15
1
3-86
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The tons of each type of material burned were added in order to obtain
the category activity parameter.
Delaware agricultural officials reported that there had been seven
burning permits issued through September 1979 in New Castle County for the
burning of brush in conservation districts and for the burning of agricul-
tural fields. A weighted average fuel loading of 10 tons per acre was de-
termined using information supplied in Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion Factors (Reference 18). Based on conservations with Delaware agri-
cultural officials, it was assumed that:
o Ninety percent of the burning was unspecified weeds.
o Ten percent of the burning was unspecified forest residue.
No data were available on agricultural burning in Pennsylvania. Penn-
DER officials revealed that burning is unregulated. In order to arrive at
an estimate, the following proportional relationship was assumed:
Tons of Agricultural
Material Burned in Acres of Cropland Tons of Material
New Jersey x in Each Pennsylvania = Burned in Each
Acres of Cropland County Pennsylvania County
in New Jersey
AMS personnel indicated that no agricultural burning of any kind is
conducted in Philadelphia County.
Projections
Projections of agricultural burning were made using the same com-
pound growth factors developed for agricultural fuel use.
Emission Factors
Emission factors were derived for the New Jersey Counties from the
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18). Factors for
asparagus field burning were taken directly from AP-42. Factors for un-
specified field crops were assumed to apply to infested plant burning.
Emission factors for pear waste burning were applied to the orchard prun-
ing category. Pear waste burning emission factors represent an average
value of the orchard pruning emission factors. The Pennsylvania emission
factor came from the unspecified agricultural burning category in Compi1-
ation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18). These emission
factors are shown in Table 3.59. In New Jersey, emission factors were
weighted according to the relative amounts of each type of burning.
Emission factors for Delaware were obtained from AP-42 and are snown
in Table 3.60. The final emission factors were weighted 90% for unspeci-
fied weeds and 10% for unspecified forest residue based on conversations
with DelDNREC officials.
Base year VOC emissions (tons) were as follows: Bucks - 6, Burling-
ton - 3, Camden - 1, Chester - 7, Delaware - 1, Gloucester - 10, Mercer - 1,
Montgomery - 3, New Castle - 1, Philadelphia - 0, and Salem - 8. Emissions
3-87
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TABLE 3.59
AGRICULTURAL BURNING EMISSION FACTORS
State
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Types of Burning
Herbaceous
Infested
Orchard
Unspecified
Source: Developed from information
Emission
TSP
40
21
9
21
Factors
CO
150
117
57
117
in Compilation of
tant Emission Factors (Reference 18),
Table 2
(Ibs/ton)
VOC
85
23
9
23
Air Pollu-
.4-2.
3-88
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TABLE 3.60
AGRICULTURAL BURNING EMISSION FACTORS
FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE
Emission Factors (Ibs/ton)
Type of Burning TSP CO VOC
Unspecified Weeds 15 85 12
Unspecified Forest Residue 17 140 24
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(Reference 18), Table 2.4-2.
3-89
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for 1987 changed for three counties: Chester - 9, Gloucester - 11, and
Salem - 10. There were no county-level NOX emissions in either the base
or projection years.
Allocation
Allocation was made to cropland in all counties. This was estimated
from U.S.G.S. quadrangle maps and conversations with local agricultural
officials.
18. PRESCRIBED BURNING
This category includes the deliberate burning of fields or other ar-
eas for clearing purposes. Local forestry officials from the states of
Pennsylvania and New Jersey were able to provide information on amounts
of burning. Delaware officials revealed that no prescribed burning oc-
curs in New Castle County.
Pennsylvania officials provided estimates of total acres burned.
They stated that most burning was for purposes of clearing brush from
railroad beds. In addition, they estimated the percentage of burning in
each county as follows: Bucks County, 10%; Chester County, 70%; Delaware
County, 10%; and Montgomery County, 10%. A fuel loading factor for un-
specified forest residue of 70 tons/acre was selected from Compilation
of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18) Table 2.4-2. This
figure was found from the unspecified forest residue category of fuel
load i ng f ac to rs.
New Jersey officials provided data on tons of material burned by
county. Most of this material was brush clearing for five zone buffers
in Burlington County, which contains large areas of pine forest.
Projections
Projection year data were assumed to be the same as base year data
in Pennsylvania and Delaware, as per local officials. In New Jersey,
forestry officials provided projection year data.
Emission Factors
Emission factors for unspecified forest residue (Ibs/ton of material
burned) were taken directly from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (Reference 18) Table 2.4-2 as follows:TSP-17, CO-140, and VOC-
24.
Total VOC emissions in the base year were 1 ton each in Delaware and
Montgomery Counties, 31 tons in Chester County, and 262 tons in Burlington
County. Projection year emissions were equal to base year emissions in
Pennsylvania as described above. Projected VOC emissions in Burlington
County are 532 tons in 1987. There were no NOX emissions in either the
base or projection year.
3-90
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Allocation
In New Jersey, allocation to subcounty grids was based on the percent
of forest acreage within the grid relative to the county. Because of the
nature of the data provided by Pennsylvania officials, prescribed burning
was allocated to grids in proportion to railroad track length. These data
were acquired from U.S.G.S. quadrangle maps.
19. ON-SITE INCINERATION
In the Philadelphia AQCR, incinerators may be classified as indus-
trial or commercial. All incinerators in the Pennsylvania section of the
study area are registered and, therefore, are listed in the point source
inventory. In New Castle County, Delaware, there are two registered in-
dustrial incinerators which are already accounted for in the point source
inventory, and there are nine sanitary landfills which handle a large por-
tion of the solid waste. As stated in the Development of Particulate,
SC>2, and VOC Emissions Inventories and Source-Receptor Relationships for
Delaware (Reference 1), the emissions in New Castle County for this cate-
gory are zero.
For New Jersey, a previous study entitled New Jersey Area Source VOC
and NOX Emissions Inventory for Selected Counties and Categories (Refer-
ence 30) was used. In this study, average waste factors per employee
classification were developed from NJDEP records and four-digit SIC em-
ployment information from County Business Patterns 1976 New Jersey (Re-
ference 59). Specifically, the following two ratios were used: 0.2149
tons per commercial employee for commercial waste and 0.0706 tons per
hospital employee for pathological waste.
Projections
For the 1987 inventory, the same activity parameters were used as
for the base year. New Jersey, which is the only state with emissions
for this category, requires that all new incinerators be registered;
therefore, all new emissions are covered in the point source projection.
The emissions for this category represent unregistered incinerators;
any increases in loading of these units would be offset by the possi-
bility of another such incinerator ceasing operation.
Emission Factors
Table 3.61 shows the emission factors used for incinerators. They
were taken from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference
18).
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from on-site incineration are
listed in Table 3.62.
Allocation
Allocation for this category was made in accordance with commercial
employment since specific incinerator locations were unavailable.
3-91
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TABLE 3.61
INCINERATOR EMISSION FACTORS
Emission Factor
Pollutant (lbs/102 ton burned)
TSP 700
SOX 250
CO 1,000
VOC 300
NOV 300
Source: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion Factors (Reference 18), Table
2.1-1.
3-92
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TABLE 3.62
ON-SITE INCINERATION EMISSIONS'1 (tpy)
County
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
VOC
4
13
1
8
—
NO*
4
13
1
8
—
a Represents both 1979 and 1987
emissions.
3-93
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20. OPEN BURNING
The emissions included in this category are from fire training exer-
cises and the burning of solid waste. Land clearing operations have been
included in the prescribed burning category.
Available information for open burning was very limited. In the New
Jersey Area Source VOC and NOy Emissions Inventory for Selected Counties
and Categories (Reference 30), several officials at NJDEP were surveyed to
get an indication of the frequency of illegal open burning. The conclu-
sion was that none of any significance was believed to occur. Likewise,
each county in Pennsylvania has strictly enforced ordinances against open
burning. Another study, Development of Particulate, SC>2, and VOC Emis-
sions Inventories and Source-Receptor Relationships for Delaware (Refer-
ence 1), notes that New Castle County prohibits open burning of any type.
The only open burning figures available are for certain counties in
New Jersey where emissions from fire training exercises have been esti-
mated in New Jersey Area Source VOC and NOX Emissions Inventory for Se-
lected Counties and Categories (Reference 30). Average emissions were
found to be less than one ton of VOC per county per year and were assumed
to be negligible. Therefore, no emissions were assigned to this category.
21. STRUCTURAL FIRES
In none of the three states in the study area is there a centralized
system of reporting fires to any state department or agency. The New Jer-
sey Statewide Arson Network System Newsletter - July 1976 (Reference 60)
and the New Jersey Statewide Arson Network System Newsletter - July 1978
(Reference 61) were examined to determine the number of fires occurring
in residences, mercantile establishments, and industrial structures. The
number of fires that occurred were tabulated for each New Jersey county.
In order to obtain Pennsylvania data, the fire marshall for each
county was contacted. Each fire marshall provided data for 1978-1979
regarding the nature of the fire alarms to which their respective fire
companies responded. Based on these records and subsequent conversations
with each fire marshall, the number of structural fires was determined.
No local structural fire data were available in Delaware. The fac-
tor of six fires per 1,000 people figure suggested in Procedures (Refer-
ence 9) was utilized for New Castle County. Activity parameters are
shown in Table 3.63.
Projections
The number of structural fires were projected by population. Due
to the non-residential nature of some fires, this allocation parameter
was thought to be slightly better than the number of dwelling units.
3-94
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TABLE 3.63
NUMBER OF STRUCTURAL FIRES BY COUNTY
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
New Castle
1979
1,363
969
215
433
282
1 ,000
3,480
2,930
3,854
7,179
2,420
1987
1,459
1 ,028
235
456
310
1 ,062
3,581
3,046
4,082
7,120
2,594
3-95
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Emission Factors
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Reference 18) does not
specifically address structural fire emission factors. The emission fac-
tors in Table 3.64 were acquired from the Aerometric and Emissions Report-
ing System (Reference 55) and were used for the calculation of structural
fire emissions.
County-level VOC and NOX emissions from structural fires are summa-
rized in Table 3.65.
Allocation
Allocation was by dwelling units for all counties except Salem. In
this county, allocation was performed in accordance with population, since
dwelling unit information was not available at the subcounty level.
3-96
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TABLE 3.64
EMISSION FACTORS USED FOR STRUCTURAL FIRES
Emission
Factor
Pollutant (Ibs/fire)
TSP
CO
NOX
voc
sox
Source:
143
582
17.0
107
0.4
Aerometric and Emissions
Reporting System (Refer-
ence 55).
3-97
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TABLE 3.65
STRUCTURAL FIRE EMISSIONS (tpy)
County
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Burlington
Camden
Gloucester
Mercer
Salem
New Castle
1979
vex:
43
181
156
202
384
69
50
7
18
11
126
NOX
3
20
24
24
58
7
6
2
17
1987
VOC
48
188
159
217
380
74
52
7
19
12
137
NOJt
3
20
24
28
59
7
7
2
20
3-98
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CHAPTER 3
REFERENCES
1. Development of Particulate, SO2, and VOC Emissions Inventories and
Source-Receptor Relationships for Delaware, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, 1980.
2. Regional Emission Inventory and Sulfur Dioxide Alternatives for the
Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-903/9-77-030, 1974.
3. New Jersey Toward the Year 2000; Employment Projections, The Center
for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, 1978.
4. Delaware Population Growth, Division of Urban Affairs, University of
Delaware, 1975.
5. Revised Preliminary Employment Projections for Delaware and the Three
Counties, by Major Industrial Sector, Through 1995, Delaware Office
of Management, Budget and Planning, March 1977.
6. 1970 Delaware Census of Housing, Detailed Housing Characteristics,
U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1971.
7. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Volume
7, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-450/4-74-008, January
1975.
8. Energy Data Reports, Coal - Pennsylvania Anthracite for the Calendar
Year 1977, Office of Energy Data and Interpretation, U.S. Department
of Energy, May 1979.
9. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume I, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-450/2-77-028, December 1977.
10. County Business Patterns 1978 Pennsylvania, Bureau of the Census,
U.S. Department of Commerce, September 1980.
11. County Business Patterns 1978 New Jersey, Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, August 1980.
12. County Business Patterns 1979 Delaware, Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, March 1981.
13. VOC/NOX Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone SIPs - Work-
book, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, Control Programs Devel-
opment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, October 1980.
14. Highway Statistics 1979, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, 1981.
3-99
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15. Highway Statistics 1970, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, 1972.
16. Highway Statistics 1974, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, 1976.
17. Highway Statistics 1978, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, 1980.
18. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplements 1-9, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, July 1979.
19. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning,
Office of Air and Waste Management, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November 1977.
20. General Summary 1977 Census of Manufacturers, Bureau of the Census,
U.S. Department of Commerce, April 1981.
21. Second Interim Report - Air Pollution Control Engineering and Cost
Study of the General Surface Coating Industry, Emission Standards
and Engineering Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, August 1977.
22. Summary of Group I Control Technique Guideline Documents for Control
of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources, Of-
fice of Air, Noise, and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1978.
23. Summary of Group II Control Technique Guideline Documents for Control
of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources, Of-
fice of Air, Noise, and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979.
24. End Uses of Solvents Containing VOC, Part III Application to Emission
Inventories, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-
02-2615, Task Order 8, May 1979.
25. New Jersey Epidemologic Studies Program - Report on Pesticide Usage
Study, New Jersey Department of Health, 1976.
26. A Methodology for Reactive Organic GasEmissions Assessment of Pes-
ticide Usage in California - Draft Interim Report, Methods Develop-
ment and Analysis Section, Air Quality Maintenance Planning Branch,
Planning Division, California Air Resources Board, June 1977.
27. 1974 Census of Agriculture New Jersey, Preliminary Report, Bureau of
the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1976.
28. Energy Data Reports, Sales of Asphalt in 1977, Office of Energy Data
and Interpretation, U.S. Department of Energy, July 1978.
29. Preliminary Emission Inventory for the 1982 SIP, New Jersey Depart-
ment of Environmental Protection, 1981.
3-100
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30. New Jersey Area Source VOC and NOX Emissions Inventory for Selected
Counties and Categories, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-
702/4-79001, March 1979.
31. 1974 Census of Agriculture Pennsylvania, Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, April 1977.
32. 1974 Census of Agriculture Delaware, Bureau of the Census, U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, April 1977.
33. Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1975,
Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, September 1976.
34. Energy Data Reports, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976, Office
of Energy Data and Interpretation, U.S. Department of Energy, Decem-
ber 1977.
35. County Business Patterns 1976 Pennsylvania, Bureau of Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, June 1978.
36. Personal Communication with C. Mann of the Monitoring and Data Anal-
ysis Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, June 1981.
37. Personal Communication with a Data Clerk of the U.S. Department of
Labor Statistics, 1981.
38. 1970 Census of Housing, Housing Characteristics for States, Cities,
and Counties, Pennsylvania, Volume 1, Part 40, Bureau of Census,
U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1972.
39. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1977, Bureau of the Census,
U.S. Department of Commerce, September 1977.
40. New Jersey State Airport System Plan, 1975 Summary Report, Bureau of
Aviation Planning, New Jersey Department of Transportation, December
1977.
41. Pennsylvania Statewide Airport System, Technical Report 1, Volume 1,
Appendix B, Airport/Airspace Inventory, Pennsylvania Department of
Transportation, October 1974.
42. State of Delaware Aviation and Airport System Plan, Technical Supple-
ment, Volume II, Delaware Department of Transportation, August 1975.
43. FAA Aviation Forecasts, Philadelphia, Federal Aviation Administration,
U.S. Department of Transportation, January 1979.
44. Air Pollution Emission Factors for Military and Civil Aircraft, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-450/3-78-117, October 1978.
45. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations on the Control of Air
Pollution from Aircraft and Aircraft Engines, Code of Federal Regu-
lations, Title 40, Part 87, July 1979.
3-101
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46. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1974, Part
I Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast, Corps of Engineers, U.S.
Department of the Army, 1976.
47. The Effect of Fuel Price Increases on Energy Intensiveness of Freight
Transport, Rand Corporation, 1971.
48. Energy Intensiveness of Passenger and Freight Transport Modes, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, 1973.
49. Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, APTD-1135, March 1973.
50. Personal Communications with the Fish Commission, Pennsylvania Depart-
ment of Environmental Resources, July 1979.
51. Survey of New Jersey's Registered Motorboat Fleet, Bureau of Fisheries,
Division of Fish, Game, and Shell Fisheries, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection, March 1977.
52. Personal Communications with the Boating Administration, Division of
Fish and Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Envi-
ronmental Control, July 1979.
53. Annual Report of Railroads 1975-1976, Pennsylvania Public Utility Com-
mission, 1976.
54. Pennsylvania Occupational Projections, Pennsylvania Bureau of Employ-
ment Security, December 1976.
55. Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.
56. The Timber Resources of Pennsylvania, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin NE-8, 1968.
57. The Timber Resources of New Jersey, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin NE-34, 1974.
58. The Timber Resources of Delaware, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin NE-32, 1974.
59. County Business Patterns 1976 New Jersey, Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, June 1978.
60. New Jersey Statewide Arson Network System Newsletter, July 1976.
61. New Jersey Statewide Arson Network System Newsletter, July 1978.
62. Nonmethane Organic Emissions from Bread Producing Operations, office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
3-102
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CHAPTER 4
VOC AND NOX PROFILES
In order to provide the pollutant detail required by the Airshed Model
and for the RAPS reactivity scheme, data files with VOC and NOX profiles
were generated for both area and point sources. These data files (Appendix
D) contain breakdowns by NEDS source classification code (SCC) showing the
typical component makeup of VOCs and NOX for each source. Components tabu-
lated for NOX emissions were NO and N02« The components tabulated for VOC
emissions were:
o Paraffins o Alcohols
o Olefins o Acetates
o Aromatics o Methane
o Carbonyls o Aldehydes
o Ethylene o Other
o Diolefins
For each component, the percent by weight and the average molecular weight
were obtained. The aldehydes component, which makes up part of the car-
bonyl category, was used only in a correction procedure explained under
a separate heading later in this chapter (page 4-7). Both diolefins and
ethylene are subsets of the olefin category. Therefore, a total of 100
weight percent is obtained by adding the component percents for paraffins,
olefins, aromatics, carbonyls, alcohols, acetates, methane, and "other."
The "other" category was defined to include only those VOC compounds
that are largely unreactive. Information acquired from EPA's Source
Receptor Analysis Branch (SRAB), Model Application Section, at Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, identified individual species which were
to be considered unreactive for modeling purposes. They are shown in
Table 4.1. A few species which did not fit into any of the stipulated
classifications were also analyzed and categorized by SRAB. In some
cases these classifications were approximations, since the given com-
pound had characteristics applicable to more than one category. A list
of these compounds and their classifications is provided in Table 4.2.
While gathering data for the development of emissions input to the
Airshed Model, several plants were visited to obtain emissions informa-
tion. At each plant, questions were raised as to whether VOC or NOX com-
ponent data were available. No species data were provided by any of
these sources. (Chapter 2 gives a complete list of plants visited.)
Since information was not available directly from the individual plants,
two major data sources were used in compiling pollutant splits for VOC.
4-1
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TABLE 4.1
UNREACTIVE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
AS DEVELOPED BY THE SOURCE RECEPTOR ANALYSIS
BRANCH/OAQPSa
Methane
Ethane
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
All Dichloroethanes
All Trichloroethanes
Dichloromethane
Dibromoe thane
Monochloromethane
Chloroethane
Trichloromethane
Ditaromomethane
Carbon Tetrabromide
Benzene
Acetylene
Acetonitrile
Methyl Acetate
Dimethyl Formamide
Ethylene Oxide
Phenol
Monochlorobenzene
Trimethylfluorosilane
Perchloroethylene
All unreactive compounds are classified as
"other," except for methane, which is treated
separately.
4-2
-------
TABLE 4.2
CLASSIFICATION OF MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS
FOR USE IN THE URBAN AIRSHED MODELa
Compound Class
glycol ether acetate
vinyl chloride ethylene
n-butyl acetate acetate
ethyl acrylate acetate
propylene oxide alcohol
acrylonitrile paraffin
ethyl chloride other unreactive
xylene based acids aromatic
butyl cellosolve acetate
ethyl ether aldehyde
lactol spirits paraffin
trichloroethylene ethylene
perchloroethylene other unreactive
As developed by the Source Receptor Analysis Branch,
OAQPS.
4-3
-------
These were the KVB Engineering, Inc., VOC Species Data Manual (Reference
1) and RAPS Point and Area Source Organic Emission Inventory (Reference
2). (Hereafter, these data sources will be referred to as KVB and RAPS.)
Since the KVB data address more categories and give more detailed compo-
nent breakdowns, they were used extensively. RAPS data were used mainly
for source categories not found in KVB. The KVB data were acquired
through source testing in California. For the categories of gasoline
combustion and evaporation, differences expected in gasoline composition
between the California and Philadelphia areas were taken into account.
The KVB study split VOC emissions into seven chemical classification
categories and reported the chemical name, molecular weight, weight per-
cent, and volume (molar) percent of the compounds emitted by a particular
process. This detailed information facilitated the allocation of pollu-
tants into the form required by the Airshed Model.
The RAPS study split VOC emissions into five major categories: non-
reactives, paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and aldehydes which were further
split into species subcategories such as C-J-C2 paraffins. Specific chemi-
cal names were rarely given, but the category and subcategory titles were
sufficient to allocate emissions into the categories required by the model.
Mole percent and weight percent were given for individual species subcate-
gories. An overall average molecular weight of the emissions was also
given. Subcategory molecular weights were calculated by the equation:
(Weight Fraction )^ Total Average
(Molecular Weight^ = (M
-------
TABLE 4.3
DATA FOR DERIVING AIRSHED MODEL
ORGANIC BREAKDOWNS
Weight Percents Average Molecular Weights
Paraffins Paraffins3
Olefinsb Olefins
Aromatics Aromatics
Carbonyls0 Carbonyls
Ethylene
Diolefins Diolefins
Alcohols Alcohols
Acetates Acetates
Methane3
Other3 Other3
Aldehydesd
3 This information is intended for use in the Northeast Corridor
Regional Modeling Program.
b Includes both diolefins and ethylene.
c Includes aldehydes and ketones, but not esters.
" Used in adjusting total emissions, not in organics splits.
4-5
-------
TABLE 4.4
EQUATIONS FOR COMPUTING ORGANIC CATEGORIES
Category Name
Equation
Airshed Model Scheme
(units are gram-moles)
PAR
massa olefins /MW olefins - 28x _ 2 /mass diolefins>
14
MW olefins
MW diolefins
+ mass carbonyls (MW carbonyls - 30 )
1 4 MW carbonyls
+ mass aroma tics (MW aroma tics - 78^
14 MW aroma tics
+ mass alcohols (MW alcohols -
14 MW alcohols
+ mass acetates (MW acetates - 44)
14 MW acetates
+ mass paraffins
14.5
OLE
mass olefins + mass diolefins _ mass ethylene
MW olefins MW diolefins 28
ARO
mass aromatics
MW aromatics
GARB
mass carbonyls + mass acetates
MW carbonyls MW acetates
ETH
mass ethylene
28
RAPS Scheme
(units are grams)
RAPSPARA
RAPSOLEF
RAPSCARB
RAPSAROM
mass paraffins + mass alcohols + mass acetates
mass olefins
mass carbonyls
mass aromatics
a Mass = percent by weight x. total VOC emissions.
b MW = molecular weight.
4-6
-------
model, was discussed in an April 1980 memo from SRAB to AMTB. In this
memo, the carbon-bond classification of 130 individual compounds was
given as moles of each bond category per mole of compound. At the sug-
gestion of SRAB, this method was used to speciate emissions from the
nine source categories in Table 4.5. Values were supplied by SRAB that
gave the desired gram-moles of each reactivity class when input to the
equations of Table 4.4.
Speciation data for the nine source categories classified by this
Carbon-Bond Mechanism are discussed later in this chapter and presented
in Table 4.5.
ALDEHYDE CORRECTION PROCEDURE
The VOC emission factors for stationary and mobile nonevaporative
sources were largely developed using gas chromatography. With a total
hydrocarbon analyzer and an FID, formaldehyde is virtually not measured
while the higher molecular weight aldehydes are detected with a carbon
equivalency ratio of something less than 1.0. Similarly, ketones, par-
ticularly acetone, and other oxygenated organics are not measured in
proportion to their presence. Most evaporative sources, whose emission
factors have generally been developed on the basis of materials balance
calculations, are unaffected.
To correct the underestimation of the carbonyl weight percents, the
total VOC emissions were adjusted prior to splitting them into organics
categories. Using the weight percent of formaldehyde from KVB (Reference
1), the following correction was applied on an SCC-by-SCC basis:
100
Adjusted VOC Emissions = VOC Emissions x -, 00 _ wt% formaldehyde
Formaldehyde was selected as the correction factor because it is the best
estimate of the unmeasured carbonyls. Also, KVB reports all aldehydes as
formaldehyde (HCHO). Use of the carbonyls category (defined as ketones
and aldehydes in KVB) might tend to overcompensate for some nonevapora-
tive source categories with significant emissions of acetone. Acetates,
which contain one carbonyl bond, are not affected since these compounds
are associated with evaporative sources, primarily surface coating, for
which materials balance calculations have been used for emission factor
development.
Several source categories with aldehyde emissions did not require
correction. These categories report aldehyde emission factors explicitly
in AP-42 (Reference 3). Such categories included bituminous coal combus-
tion, agricultural equipment (gas and diesel), construction equipment
(gas and diesel), small gasoline engines, and diesel locomotives. In
cases where a combined emission factor which includes aldehydes was used,
no further aldehyde correction was made.
4-7
-------
TABLE 4.5
POLLUTANT SPLITS SUPPLIED BY SRAB
Source
Category
Carbon-Bond Class Emissions (g-moles)
PAR
MW=14.5
OLE
MW=28
ARO
MW=78
GARB
MW=30
ETH
MW=28
Architectural
Surface Coating
Cold Cleaning
Degreasing
Vapor Degreasing
Commercial/Consumer
Solvent
71.1
50.2
65.6
1.2
9.9
9.4
6.3
14.9
15.5
6.9
1.2
9.9
Gasoline Marketing
(Evaporation)
Evaporative Mobile
Sources
92.8
5.9
1.7
0.1
0.6
0.1
4.8
0.4
Exhaust Mobile
Sources
2.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
4-8
-------
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON CORRECTION PROCEDURE
Several source categories emit halogenated hydrocarbons. To incor-
porate these emissions into the Airshed Model, an adjustment in the weight
percent contribution of these compounds was needed so that the halogen
atoms were not treated as reactive carbon atoms. The paragraph below out-
lines the procedure for obtaining the proper input for profiles contain-
ing these compounds.
The number of moles of carbon atoms predicted by dividing the compound
molecular weight by the "average carbon bond weight" (14.5 for paraffins
or 14 for olefins) is divided into the number of carbon atoms actually pre-
sent in the compound. The resulting fraction is multiplied by the weight
percent of the halogenated hydrocarbon. The net result is to reduce the
weight percent contribution of the halogen atoms to more accurately reflect
the actual percent contribution of reactive carbon atoms. For example, the
compound trichloroethylene which is classified as ethylene has a molecu-
lar weight of 131.4, but the compound contains only 2 carbon atoms. Divid-
ing the molecular weight by the average carbon bond weight for olefins re-
sults incorrectly in 131.4/14 = 9.4 moles of carbon atoms per mole of com-
pound. To adjust for halogens, only 2/9.4 of the weight percent contribu-
tion of trichloroethylene was allocated to the carbon bond scheme by in-
clusion into the ethylene and olefin categories.
AREA SOURCE COMPONENT SPLITS
This section discusses area source component splits for VOC and NOX.
Volatile Organic Compounds
In general, KVB was used as extensively as possible for area source
VOC splits. RAPS was used when a more specific KVB table was not avail-
able. This section documents the assumptions made for more significant
categories which did not correspond exactly to the list of sources in
either KVB or RAPS.
For all categories of anthracite and bituminous fuel use, Table A-1,
"Fuel Combustion", in the RAPS document (Reference 2) was used. No KVB
component splits specific to coal were available. For the wood-burning
fuel category, the split for forest fires (KVB Table 6-13-081) was used.
The components identified as "unidentified hydrocarbons" were assumed to
be all paraffins, as requested by the Source Receptor Analysis Branch,
OAQPS.
The on-site incineration component factors (RAPS Table A-18, "Waste
Incineration") were also used to split emissions from the structural fire
category. This table was chosen over the forest fire component split
table because most of the material in a home is comprised of substances
other than wood. Also, the same split was used for structural fires in
Emission Inventories for Urban Airshed Model Application in Tulsa, Okla-
homa (Reference 4).
4-9
-------
Pollutant splits for architectural surface coating and automobile
refinishing are identical as suggested in the Technical Discussion of Per
Capita Emission Factors for Several Area Sources of Volatile Organic Com-
pounds (Reference 9). Speciation data were supplied by SRAB in the Carbon-
Bond format previously discussed.
Industrial surface coating emissions were split by KVB Table 402009A
for general solvent surface coating as SRAB suggested.
The pollutant profiles for Cold Cleaning Degreasing and Commercial/
Consumer Solvent Use emissions were supplied by SRAB in the carbon-bond
format.
Vapor degreasing emissions were classified using Table 2-2 of the
QAQPS Guidelines on Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Solvent
Metal Cleaning (Reference 10). This table lists national vapor degreas-
ing solvent consumption by type. All vapor degreasing solvents are
classified as non-reactive except trichoroethylene which is classified
as ethylene. The file input is in the carbon-bond format.
The pollutant profile for graphic arts emissions is a composite of
species data for four types of printing operations. KVB tables 405002A
for letterpress, 405003A for flexographic, 405004A for lithographic, and
405005D for gravure printing were weighted 18, 13, 28 and 41%. These
percentages are the relative contribution of each operation to national
graphic arts emissions reported in Graphic Arts; An AP-42 Update (Re-
ference 11).
Industrial surface coating speciation factors were applied to small
industrial process emissions as SRAB suggested.
Emissions from dry cleaning were split using KVB Tables 401001B
(Stoddard Solvent) and 401001C (perchloroethylene). Stoddard Solvent
is classified as a paraffin and perchloroethylene as unreactive. The
weight percent contribution of perchloroethylene was adjusted by the
halogenated hydrocarbon procedure previously outlined.
SRAB developed a pollutant profile for evaporative gasoline emis-
sion sources using the Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project -
Determination of Organic Species Profiles for Gasoline Liquids and Vapors
(Reference 12). This document reports the analysis of the saturated va-
por at 80°F of several gasoline samples taken in Philadelphia. The fac-
tors supplied by SRAB are in the carbon-bond format.
For the automotive category, a weighted average of evaporative and
exhaust emissions was calculated. The particular ratios, which varied
by inventory year, were found from Philadelphia AQCR Mobile Source Emis-
sions Inventory (Reference 7). These splits are shown in Table 4.6.
Mobile source speciation factors supplied by SRAB were developed by
adjusting KVB data for Philadelphia-specific fuel.
Pollutant splits supplied by SRAB were previously listed in Table
4.5.
4-10
-------
TABLE 4.6
EXHAUST/EVAPORATIVE SPLITS FOR THE PHILADELPHIA AQCRa
Year
Exhaust Fraction
Evaporative Fraction
1979
1987
0.691
0.847
0.309
0.153
a Data Source: Reference 7.
4-11
-------
For rail locomotive (diesel) exhaust, RAPS Table A-22, "Diesel Engine
Exhaust", was chosen. This same table was used to speciate emissions from
locomotives in the aforementioned Tulsa emissions inventory.
The VOC component splits for aircraft emissions were found using two
sources. Since RAPS Table A-14, "Airports", contains component breakdowns
for general emissions at airports, Organic Compounds in Turbine Combustor
Exhaust (Reference 5) was also utilized to reflect the significant contri-
bution of jet emissions in this category. The arithmetic average of the
weight percents found in the two sources was used for each listed component.
Category average molecular weights were found using individual compound
molecular weights calculated from the compound lists in both references.
Natural gas leak emissions were split according to a chromatographic
analysis provided by the Philadelphia Electric Company. Ninety-seven
percent by weight was determined to be methane.
With respect to gasoline combustion, KVB Table 6-06-021D was chosen
for all off-highway sources.
Component splits for other area source categories corresponded more
directly to KVB component factor tables. These are listed in Table 4.7.
Oxides of Nitrogen
For all fuel use categories, Review of NO Emission Factors for Sta-
tionary Combustion Sources and AP-42 Update (Reference 8) was used for
determining NO/NO2 splits. The range of splits varied from 75%/25% for
residential heaters using distillate oil to 99%/1% for commercial sized
boilers burning residual or distillate fuel. For other categories,
the same general procedure was followed as that used in the Tulsa study
(Reference 4). The higher ratios were reserved for those categories
that involve combustion of a more efficient nature. An example of this
is the aircraft category (97%/3%). Aircraft engines are larger and burn
hotter than most other types of combustion sources. Those categories
with lower ratios (85%/15%) were high excess-air combustion processes
that occur in the open, such as forest fires and structural fires. In-
dividuals at several U.S. EPA offices were consulted during the afore-
mentioned Tulsa study to obtain the NOX splits upon which part of this
section is based. These offices include the Research and Development
Department of the Industrial Engineering Research Lab, the Air Manage-
ment Technology Branch, and the Environmental Research Lab. A complete
list of all NOX splits for area sources is presented in Appendix D.
A mid-range NO/NC^ split, 90/10, was used for highway vehicles at
the suggestion of the above references.
POINT SOURCE COMPONENT SPLITS
This section discusses point source component splits for VOC and
NOX.
4-12
-------
TABLE 4.7
MISCELLANEOUS AREA SOURCE COMPONENT SPLITS
sec
90100330
90200330
90300330
90100440
90200440
90300440
90100500
90200500
90300500
90700700
90700800
90904230
90900440
91000600
91308200
91308500
Description
Distillate Oil Combustion
Residual Oil Combustion
Natural Gas Combustion
Diesel Farm Equipment
Diesel Construction Equipment
Diesel-Powered Vessels
Residual Oil Vessels
Cutback Asphalt
Agricultural/Misc. Burning
Prescribed Burning
Source
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
KVB
Table Number
1-01-005
1-01-004
1-01-006
6-07-021
6-07-021
6-07-021
1-01-004
3-06-008F
5-01-002
5-01-002
4-13
-------
Volatile Organic Compounds
The first step in VOC/NOX profile development was to identify the
processes that emit VOC or NOX. This required generating summary reports
from the point source masterfiles. The resulting process description re-
ports were analyzed to acquire more information about each source. The
information available included SIC code, company name, operating rate,
design rate, estimated emissions in tons per year for VOC and NOX, and
comments. From these data, it was determined not only which SCCs were
applicable to which KVB tables, but also how important the source was in
contributing VOC or NOX emissions.
Those SCCs which were readily identifiable as pertaining to a speci-
fic KVB table are shown in Table 4.8. Also shown is the data confidence
level (DCL) for each KVB table associated with the particular SCC. The
DCL indicates the accuracy of the component split.
Table 4.9 lists all SCCs that exhibited VOC emissions, including
those found in Table 4.8. A component split from RAPS or KVB was se-
lected for each SCC, based on the nature of the process as found from
process description reports. Those sources that contributed 40 tons
per year or greater have been marked by an asterisk in Table 4.9.
For those point source categories involving gasoline evaporation,
the same component split was used as that discussed in the area source
section.
For all those SCCs beginning with the digits 304 (secondary metals),
the VOC contributions were generally very small. RAPS Table A-19, "Sta-
tionary Industrial", was chosen for these splits. RAPS Table A-l, "Fuel
Combustion", was selected for all anthracite and bituminous coal use,
since a more specific split was not available in KVB.
Oxides of Nitrogen
For point sources, the component splits for NOX vary from 98%/2%
NO/NO2 for processes with efficient combustion (low excess air) to 85%/
15% for less efficient combustion processes. Examples of the former
include SCCs 10100401 and 10100501, which are large oil-fired external
combustion boilers used by utility companies. Sources emitting 15% NO2
are exemplified by several processes in the refining industry. These
processes include natural gas process heaters (30600201) and thermal
catalytic cracking (30600301).
Since no information was available on NO and NO2 emissions from any
of the plants in the inventory area and very little literature dealing
with the subject is available, the basic source of the data was consulta-
tion with experts associated with this field. The basic contacts are the
same as those mentioned in the area source section of this chapter. These
data sources were used in developing NOX profiles for the Tulsa study
(Reference 4).
Duct versus stack NO/NO2 ratios vary due to cooling effects within
the ductwork and the stack. However, the sources of information used in
4-14
-------
TABLE 4.8
KVB COMPONENT SPLITS USED IN THE PHILADELPHIA INVENTORY
Process Description
External Combustion Boilers
Internal Combustion Engines
Chemical Manufacturing
Primary Metals Manufacturing
Mineral Products Manufacturing
Petroleum Industry
Textile Manufacturing
Cleaning Solvent Evaporation
Surface Coating Evaporation
scca
10100401
10200702
20100201
20200201
30101501
30101801
30101903
30102099
30102620
30199999
30300302
30300303
30500102
30500104
30500199
30500201
30600201
30600501
30600701
30600801
30600802
30600803
30600804
33000199
40100101
40100102
40100202
40100203
40100204
40100205
40100299
40200101
40200102
40200301
DCL*3
2
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
4-15
-------
TABLE 4.8—Continued
Process Description
Surface Coating Evaporation (Cont.)
Petroleum Product Storage
Dryers
sec
40200401
40200499
40200501
40200601
40200701
40200801
40200803
40200899
40200901
40300101
40300102
40300103
40300104
40300201
40300202
40300203
40300212
40500499
40500501
40500599
DCL
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
3
DCL Definition
2 - Above Average Data reasonably representative of the entire
population.
3 - Average Reasonable data more or less representative of
the entire population.
4 - Below Average Based on little data; not sufficient to be to-
tally representative of the population.
a Source classification code.
b Data confidence level.
4-16
-------
TABLE 4.9
MAJOR POINT SOURCE SCCs USED IN VOC SPLITS
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 1 01 004
KVB 1 01 005
KVB 1 01 006
KVB 1 01 007
KVB 1 02 008
KVB 2 01 002
External Combustion Boiler - Residual Oil
External Combustion Boiler - Distillate Oil
External Combustion Boiler - Natural Gas
External Combustion Boiler - Refinery Gas
External Combustion Boiler - Coke Oven Gas
Internal Combustion Engine -
Natural Gas
Turbine
10100401*
10100402*
10100404*
10200401*
10200402*
10200403*
10201302
10300401*
10300402*
10300403*
30600101*
30600103*
30600401
39000599*
10100501
10200501*
10200502*
10200503*
10200504
10300502
10300503*
10500105
10500501*
10200601
10200602*
10200603
10300602
30200754
39000699*
10200702
10200704
10200799
10299998
10100801*
10200707
10200708*
20100201
20200201
20400499
4-17
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 2 02 001
KVB 3 01 015
Internal Combustion Engine - Distillate Oil
Varnish Manufacturing
KVB 3 01 018A Plastics, PVC, Manufacturing
KVB 3 01 018B Plastics, Polypropylene Manufacturing
KVB 3 01 019B
KVB 3 01 020
KVB 3 01 026A
KVB 3 01 026C
KVB 3 01 125
KVB 3 01 999
Phthalic Anhydride Manufacturing
Printing Ink Cooking
Automotive Tire Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Ethylene Dichloride Manufacturing
Other Manufacturing
20100101*
20100501
20200101*
30101501
30101599
30101800*
30101801*
30101822*
49000105*
30101802
30101805
30101891
30101899*
30109101
32099999*
33000299
30101903
30102099
30102404*
30102499
30102620
30102699*
30111102*
30111103
30800107*
30800197*
30800198*
30800199*
30800699
30100701*
30100901*
30125899
19999999*
30100799*
30101301*
30101401*
30101499*
30103599
4-18
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 3 01 999 (Cont'd)
30105001
30106099
30109099
30125099
30190099*
30199999*
KVB 3 03 003
Primary Metals
Manufacturing
- Metallurgical Coke
30300302*
30300303*
30300306
30300308*
KVB 3 03 008A
Primary Metals - Iron Production
30300599
30300807
30300813*
30300899
30900199
KVB 3 03 009A Primary Metals - Steel Production
30300901
KVB 3 05 001B Mineral Products - Asphalt Roofing,
Dipping
KVB 3 05 OOlD Mineral Products - Asphalt Roofing,
Tar Kettle
30500102
30500104
30500199
30500599*
30501204*
30501205
30501299*
KVB 3 05 002A Mineral Products - Asphalt Concrete,
Dryer
30500201
30500305
30500399
30501401*
30501402
30501414
30501499
30501503
30501604
30501699
30504033
30600102*
30600104*
30600105
KVB 3 06 002 Petroleum Industry - Boiler
30600201*
30600301*
4-19
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 3 06 005
Petroleum Industry - Fugitive Emissions,
Drainage Pits
KVB 3 06 007 Petroleum Industry - Cooling Towers
KVB 3 06 008A Petroleum Industry - Miscellaneous
KVB 3 06 008F Petroleum Industry, Miscellaneous, Distillate
KVB 3 06 008N Petroleum Industry -
KVB 3 06 008P Petroleum Industry -
KVB 3 06 008Z Petroleum Industry -
KVB 3 06 009
KVB 3 06 013
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum Industry
Fugitive Emissions,
Marketing
Miscellaneous,
Pump Seals
Miscellaneous,
Compressor Seals
Natural Gas Flares
Catalytic Reformer
KVB 3 30 001 Textile Manufacturing - Fabric Dyeing
KVB 4 01 001A
KVB 4 01 001B
Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent - Dry Cleaning,
Trichloroethane
Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent - Dry Cleaning,
Stoddard
Solvent
30600501
30600503
30600504*
30600602*
30600603*
30600805*
30600701*
30600702*
30600801*
30600806
30600807
40301019
40301020
40301199*
40301299
40600135
30600802*
30600803*
30600804
30600999*
30600402*
30600502*
30601101*
30601201
30601613
30699998*
32099199
33000199
33000203*
40100202
40100102
40100105
40100201
4-20
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 4 01 001C Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent -
KVB 4 01 002A Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent -
Dry Cleaning,
Perchloro-
ethylene
Degreasing,
Trichchloro-
ethane
40100101*
40100203*
39999999*
40100202*
40100299
KVB 4 01 002B Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent -
Degreasing,
Dichloro-
methane
40100204
KVB 4 01 002C
KVB 4 01 002D
Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent - Degreasing, 40100205*
Trichloro-
ethylene
Evaporation, Cleaning Solvent - Degreasing, 40199999*
Toluene
KVB 4 02 001A
KVB 4 02 001B
KVB 4 02 001D
KVB 4 02 00 3A
KVB 4 02 004A
KVB 4 02 004B
KVB 4 02 004C
KVB 4 02 005A
KVB 4 02 006H
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
- Paint, Hot Air Dried
- Paint Solvent,
Ace tone
- Paint Solvent, Methyl
Ethyl Ketone
- Varnish, Shellac,
General
- Lacquer, Paperboard
Products
- Lacquer, Metal Furniture
- Lacquer, Semigloss
- Enamel, General
- Mineral Spirits
40200101*
40200110*
40200102
40200902*
40200503
40200918
30702099*
40200299
40200301
40200399
40200802*
40200922
40202103*
301 11001*
40299999*
40200401*
40200499*
40200501*
40200510
40200599*
40200920
4-21
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 4 02 006K
KVB 4 02 006E
KVB 4 02 007A
KVB 4 02 008A
KVB 4 02 008B
KVB 4 02 008E
Surface Coating - Primer
Surface Coating - Primer, Auto
Surface Coating - Adhesives
Surface Coating - Coating Oven, Metal Parts
Surface Coating - Coating Oven, Auto Primer
Surface Coating - Coating Oven, Enamel
KVB 4 02 009A Surface Coating - Solvent, General
KVB 4 02 009C
KVB 4 02 009F
KVB 4 02 009K
Surface Coating - Butyl Alcohol
Surface Coating - Solvent, Ethyl Alcohol
Surface Coating - Solvent, Methyl Alcohol
40200699*
40200601*
40200199*
40200701*
40200706*
40200921*
49000199*
40200801*
40200803*
40200406*
40200898*
40200899*
30700401
30700899
40200901*
40201726*
40201727*
40201799*
40201801*
40201806
40202301
40202306*
40202401
40202406
40202501*
40200904
40500304*
40200917
KVB 4 03 001C Petroleum Products Storage -
KVB 4 03 001D Petroleum Products Storage -
Fixed Roof
Crude Oil
Fixed Roof
Crude Oil
40300102
40300151*
40301109*
40600253*
40300104*
40300106*
40300107*
4-22
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 4 03 001E (Cont'd)
40300203*
40300204
40300206*
40300207*
40600127*
KVB 4 03 001E Petroleum Products Storage - Fixed Roof Jet
Fuel, Jet A
40300150*
40300152*
40300199*
40300205
40300299*
40399999*
40600105*
40600130*
40600140*
KVB 4 03 001F Petroleum Products Storage - Fixed Roof,
Benzene
30101199*
40300108
40300153
40300208*
KVB 4 03 001J
Petroleum Product Storage - Fixed Roof,
Heptane
KVB 4 03 001K Petroleum Products Storage - Hexane
40300211
40300212
40301099*
40302001*
KVB 4 03 001M
Petroleum Product Storage - Fixed Roof,
Isopentane
KVB 4 03 001P Petroleum Products Storage - Toluene
40300312
40300116
40300161*
40300216*
KVB 4 03 003
Petroleum Product Storage - Variable Vapor 40300398
Space, Liquified 40300399*
Petroleum Gas
KVB 4 05 002A Printing Press - Inking and Drying
KVB 4 05 003A Printing Press - Flexographic
40201101*
40201301*
40500101*
40500201*
30101812*
40500301
40500305*
4-23
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
KVB 4 05 003A (Cont'd)
KVB 4 05 004A Printing Press - Lithography, Inking, and
Drying
KVB 4 05 005A Printing Press - Gravure Printing, Paper-
board
KVB 4 05 005B Printing Press - Periodicals
KVB 4 05 005D Printing Press - General
KVB 4 06 002
KVB 5 01 005
Petroleum Product Storage -
Solid Waste Incinerator
Fixed Roof,
Marine Terminal
40500306*
40500311*
40500511*
40500401*
40500499
40500501
40500598*
40500599
40500506*
49099999*
30699999*
50100506
SRAB
(Adjusted to
reflect com-
position of
Philadelphia
gasoline)
Petroleum Products Storage -
Fixed Roof Gasoline (working & breathing)
KVB 9 13 081 Misc. Burning - Forest Fires
KVB 6 35 705 Petroleum Product Storage - Pesticides
40300101
40300103
40300201
40300202*
40300302*
40301102*
40301198*
40400101*
40400110
40400112
40400199*
40600101*
40600126*
40600131*
40600197*
40600198
40600240*
40600304
40600401
30100699*
30103399*
4-24
-------
TABLE 4.9—Continued
Data Source
Table Title
SCC
RAPS A-l
Fuel Combustion
10100201*
10100202*
10200101
10200104
10200107
10200201
10200202*
10300107
10300109
10300199
RAPS A-18
Waste Incineration
RAPS A-19
Stationary Industrial
50100101*
50100102*
50200505
50300101*
50300103
50300202
50300506
50300599
30400101
30400103
30400199*
30400201
30400203
30400205
30400309
30400399
30400401
30400499*
30400899
30499999
30599999
33000499
39000499
39000508
39000531
Denotes emissions of 40 TPY or greater.
4-25
-------
obtaining the NO/NC>2 ratios were unable to distinguish between duct and
stack conditions in almost all cases. Not until the data are used in
modeling can the significance of the potential difference in NO/NO2
ratios be ascertained.
4-26
-------
CHAPTER 4
REFERENCES
1. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, KVB Engineering,
Inc., EPA-450/3-78-119, December 1978.
2. Point and Area Source Organic Emission Inventory, Regional Air Pollu-
tion Study, Rockwell International Air Monitoring Center, EPA-600/4-
78-028, June 1978.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, July 1979.
4. Emission Inventories for Urban Airshed Model Application in Tulsa,
Oklahoma, Engineering-Science, McLean, Virginia, Draft Report, March
1980.
5. Organic Compounds in Turbine Combustor Exhaust, Conkle, et al., USAF
School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, 1976.
6. Control of VOC from Solvent Metal Cleaning, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, OAQPS Guidelines, EPA-450/277-022, November 1977.
7. Philadelphia Air Quality Control Region Mobile Source Emissions In-
ventory, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, February 1980.
8. Review of NOX Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion Sources and
AP-42 Update, Milligan, et al., Acurex Corporation, June 1979.
9. Technical Discussion of Per Capita Emission Factors for Several Area
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds, William H. Lamason, II, Source
Analysis Section, Air Management Technology Branch, Monitoring and
Data Analysis Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, June 1981.
10. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Solvent Metal Cleaning,
Office of Air and Waste Management, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November 1977.
11. Graphic Arts; An AP-42 Update, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 1979.
12. Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project - Determination of
Organic Species Profiles for Gasoline Liquids and Vapors, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, December 1980.
4-27
-------
CHAPTER 5
TEMPORAL FACTOR FILES
INTRODUCTION
Annual emissions were separated into several temporal divisions.
First, the year was divided into four quarters with June, July, and
August representing the oxidant season. Also, a typical weekday during
the oxidant season was expressed as a fraction of the entire season.
Finally, hourly factors were computed for the typical oxidant season
weekday. The data were recorded in Eastern Daylight Time (EOT) and
expressed as percentages.
Point source temporal data were developed for specific emission
points within plants that had VOC or NOX emissions in excess of 5,000
tons per year based on information gathered during plant visits and
conversations with plant personnel. The temporal factors generated for
specific emission points were applied first. Then temporal factors
relating to an SCC (primarily for storage tanks) were used. For emis-
sion points that had no temporal factors, operating data found in the
masterfile were used to develop the required temporal profiles.
The temporal resolution of area source data was accomplished differ-
ently for each individual category. The preferred method of estimation
was through direct contact with individuals who work in fields related
to the specific categories. Lacking this, several literature sources
were utilized. These include: RAPS Off-Highway Mobile Source Emission
Inventory (Reference 1), Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inven-
tories for Volatile Organic Compounds Volume II (Reference 2), and Resi-
dential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Methodology for the
Regional Air Pollution Study (Reference 3).
The complete temporal data file for area and point sources is shown
in Appendix E. Area sources are referred to by their SCC. For point
sources, temporal factors are provided first by plant and point identifi-
cation and then by SCC. The general methodologies used and assumptions
made in developing the temporal data file are addressed in the following
sections.
POINT SOURCES
The plants contacted by ES (those with VOC or NOX emissions in excess
of 5,000 tons per year) were asked to provide very specific temporal data
5-1
-------
for each emission point with significant emissions. Seasonal data, parti-
cularly for the oxidant season (June, July, and August), were requested
in the form of percent of annual throughput or utilization. For determin-
ing the emissions that would occur during a typical weekday in the oxidant
season, plant representatives provided information in one of two ways. The
most accurate method was supplying hourly operating data (as discussed
below) for both a typical weekday and weekend day during the oxidant sea-
son. The alternate method was to give a ratio of the percent operation
on a typical weekday to a weekend day. The hour-by-hour variation during
the weekday was obtained from graphs showing hourly proportion of an operat-
ing parameter versus hour of the day. The most detailed temporal informa-
tion was obtained from power plant personnel who provided for each unit
graphs of electrical generation on an hour-by-hour basis for a typical
weekday during the oxidant season. Each of the refinery representatives
indicated there was no variation on an hour-by-hour or daily basis. Some
seasonal variation did occur, however, because of scheduled maintenance
procedures for various production units at the refinery. These variations
were included in the temporal factor file.
A different procedure was used to develop temporal splits for storage
tanks. Temporal information found in the masterfiles was based on product
throughputs. To develop splits based on emissions, the API equations from
AP-42 (Reference 4) for each type of tank and product stored were used.
Average temperature and wind speed on an annual basis and for the month of
July from the Philadelphia International Airport (Reference 5) were used
in the appropriate API equation to develop a ratio of the emissions during
the oxidant season as compared to the annualized emissions. A ratio was
calculated for each storage tank SCC and entered into the temporal factor
file. It was assumed that the product stored in each tank was as indicated
in the masterfile and was stored year-round. Additionally, these ratios
were developed for tanks with indicated 25% throughput per quarter. Those
tanks with other than 25% throughput were treated separately. In the lat-
ter cases, a unique emissions ratio was calculated for each tank and in-
cluded in the temporal factor file for the appropriate emission point.
Hourly emissions data for storage tanks were taken from a previous ES
study (Reference 6). The data are for breathing losses from fixed-roof
storage tanks not being worked. Emissions were shown to occur for eight
consecutive hours after sunrise. Emissions increased to a maximum during
the third hour, stayed fairly constant for the next two hours, and then
decreased. Over two-thirds of the daily emissions occurred during the
third, fourth, and fifth hours after sunrise. This hourly variation was
applied to all storage tank emissions. Not all emissions from storage
tanks, however, result from breathing losses. Working losses also occur
due to movement of products into and out of tanks. Working losses are
minimized when products are stored in tanks equipped with floating roofs.
The breathing loss temporal pattern is therefore appropriate for emissions
from floating roof tanks. Working losses from fixed roof tanks depend,
among other variables, upon the amount of product throughput and as a
result are related to the throughput rate. No information is available
on hourly throughput rates. Even if this information was available, the
point source masterfile only provides total emissions from each tank and
no emission factors are included. Therefore, it is not possible with
existing information to separate the working and breathing losses for
5-2
-------
each tank. For these reasons, the breathing loss temporal profile was
used for all emissions from storage tanks.
For sources not contacted or not included in the storage tank cate-
gory, the temporal factors used were those developed from operating data
contained in the masterfile. These data were in the form of hours per
day, days per week, and weeks per year. The following assumptions were
made, based on temporal data commonly found in the point source master-
file:
o Eight hour days began at 7 a.m. and ended at 3 p.m. EST.
o Sixteen hour days began at 7 a.m. and ended at 11 p.m. EST.
o Six days per week operation excluded Sundays.
o A missing operating schedule defaulted to eight hours per day,
five days per week, and 52 weeks per year.
Additional information concerning the computerized process used to gene-
rate temporal factors is included in Chapter 6.
AREA SOURCES
Area source temporal splits were performed on a category-by-category
basis. Where no temporal variations could be developed from existing in-
formation, the following default values were utilized:
Seasonal Daily Hourly
Percentages Percentage Percentage
25% spring 1.087 4.167
25% summer
25% fall
25% winter
The seasonal percentages represent an even division of the annual emis-
sions by the four seasons of the year. The daily temporal percentage
represents an equal assignment to each of the 92 days in the oxidant
season. The hourly percentage results from the equal distribution of
the daily emissions into the 24 hours in a day.
The balance of this chapter discusses each of the area source cate-
gories, including those for which the default values were applied.
Anthracite Coal Use (90100111)(90200111)
Anthracite coal is used primarily for space heating. Accordingly,
the seasonal usage profile was developed from 1979 meteorological heating
degree-day information. By finding the percentage of the total heating
degree-days in a given season, a 56-25-1-18 split for winter-spring-sum-
mer-fall was developed. The hourly profile for natural gas usage was
applied to the residential category. No distinctions were made between
5-3
-------
weekdays and weekend days. The hourly pattern for the commercial category
was developed by dividing 50% of the daily usage equally between the work-
ing hours of 7 a.m. - 4 p.m. EST. This assumption is based on the greater
need for space heating during business hours. A slight weekday vs. week-
end day preference was included by assuming an operating week of 5.5 days.
This figure assumes that half of the commercial establishments are open
five days a week and the other half are open six.
Natural Gas Use (90100500)(90200500)(90300500)
This category was divided into three subcategories: residential, com-
mercial, and industrial gas use. From figures found in Residential and
Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Methodology for the RAPS (Refer-
ence 3), the hourly oxidant-season natural gas flows for the LaClede, St.
Louis, gas system were obtained. The assumption made in that and the pre-
sent study was that hourly flows are the same for both the residential and
the commercial categories. To simulate the oxidant season, the graph for
gas flows at a temperature greater than 68°F was used. Industrial gas
diurnal variations indicate that 44% of the da~ily use occurs during the
peak business hours (7 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST).
No weekday-weekend day variations were accounted for in the residen-
tial category. The industrial subcategory was based on a six-day workweek,
while commercial emissions were based on a 5.5 day workweek for the same
reason given in the anthracite coal use category.
Natural gas seasonal splits by category were acquired directly from
the Public Service Gas and Electric Company in New Jersey and the Phila-
delphia Electric Company. Since the seasonal splits provided by the two
companies were nearly identical, a single split was placed in the temporal
file for each category of user.
Residential Wood Burning (90100600)
In this category, the least significant of the fuel use categories,
no oxidant-season emissions were assigned. One hundred percent of the
emissions were assumed to occur in the period October through April, re-
sulting in a 60-20-0-20 seasonal split by quarters. Hourly wood burning
was assigned to the typical waking hours (5 a.m. through 11 p.m. EST).
Residual Oil Use (90200440)(90300440)
This category was divided into subcategories of commercial and in-
dustrial uses. Seasonal variations for commercial residual oil use were
based on degree-day information. Industrial residual oil use differed
from commercial in that a six-day instead of a 5.5 day operating week was
used. The six-day figure assumes that while many industrial processes
require continuous fuel use, other industrial processes cut back signifi-
cantly on the weekend and that the average industrial use is, therefore,
six days per week. Also, 50 percent of the industrial use was allocated
to the business hours of 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. EST to reflect greater produc-
tion during business hours.
5-4
-------
Distillate Oil Use (90100330)(90200330)(90300330)
The seasonal cycle for distillate oil use in the residential sub-
category was based on heating degree-days, just as for anthracite coal
use. Except for commercial natural gas use and residential wood burn-
ing/ daily and hourly percentages for fuel use within a specific subcate-
gory (e.g., residential) were the same for all fuel sources within that
subcategory. Therefore, the daily and hourly splits for distillate oil
consumption were the same as those mentioned above for anthracite coal
use. Likewise, the temporal split for industrial distillate oil use was
the same as that for industrial residual oil use.
Bituminous Coal Use (90200222)(90300222)
As shown in Appendix A, over 96 percent of the bituminous coal use
was industrial in nature, with the remainder being commercially used in
the area source inventory for Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The
industrial operating schedule of 6.0 days per week for bituminous coal
was the same as that for residual and distillate oil. Commercial bitum-
inous temporal use was 5.5 days for the same reason given for commercial
anthracite use. Seasonal and hourly splits were the same as those for
the other fuel types.
On-Site Incineration (90401300)
Only New Jersey commercial incinerators were included in the area
source portion of the inventory, since incineration in other portions of
the study area were included in the point source inventories. No seasonal
variations were assumed. Nearly all of the emissions were allocated
between the hours of 7 a.m. - 5 p.m. EST. The allocation assumes that
nearly all on-site incineration is accomplished during business hours.
A 5.5 day operating week was assumed, based on typical incineration
schedules.
Agricultural Equipment (90600700)(90700700)
Temporal variations for this category follow the guidelines suggested
in RAPS Off-Highway Mobile Source Emission Inventory (Reference 1). Farm
equipment was assumed to be in use from March through October. Twenty
percent of the emissions were allotted to the oxidant season, with 35 per-
cent and 45 percent allocated to the adjacent spring months and autumn
months, respectively. These figures reflect springtime planting and au-
tumn harvesting. Emissions were assigned to the hours of 5 a.m. to 9
p.m. EST, with a six-day workweek also assumed.
Construction Equipment (90600800)(90700800)
The hourly and daily factors were obtained from the second edition of
the Procedures document (Reference 2). These profiles indicate a 5.5 day
operating week, with 12-hour long weekday operations beginning at 6 a.m.
EST. Because of weather considerations, zero construction activity was
assumed during the winter. The seasonal distribution was divided evenly
between the other three quarters.
5-5
-------
Industrial Equipment (9100240, 91308300)
Hourly factors for industrial equipment supplied by SRAB divide 80%
of the daily emissions equally between 6 a.m. and 3 p.m. EST and the re-
maining 20% equally between 3 p.m. and 10 p.m. EST. Oxidant season emis-
sions are 30% of the annual, and operations are 6 days per week from the
industrial equipment category in Procedures Volume II (Reference 2).
Small Gasoline Engines (90600900)
According to AP-42, lawn and garden use comprises eighty-nine percent
of this category. The temporal splits were therefore taken from the lawn
and garden temporal apportionment sections of Reference 1 and Reference 2.
Accordingly, sixty-five percent of the emissions were allotted to the oxi-
dant season. A uniform hourly split began at 8 a.m. and ended at 6 p.m.
EST with 50 percent of all emissions occurring on weekend days.
Railroads (90702400)
The majority of emissions in this category are due to freight service
rather than passenger service. Therefore, a sales manager at Conrail was
contacted who supplied the temporal data necessary for this category.
Thirty-six percent of the traffic occurred uniformly between 5 p.m. and
11 p.m. EST, and the remaining 64% was equally distributed around the
clock. Midday local traffic involved the movement of boxcars for loading
and unloading. No seasonal variations were assumed. The Conrail sales
manager indicated there was only a slight weekday-weekend day preference,
so an operating schedule based on a 6.3 day workweek was assumed.
Aircraft (90803100)(90803200)(90803300)
Data were collected for this category through telephone conversations
with officials at Philadelphia International Airport and other local air-
ports. Generally, commercial traffic was reported to be greater during
the daylight hours, especially late afternoon and early evening. Hourly
variations were the most dramatic for the civil aircraft category (92%
between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. EST). Least affected was the military category
(55% between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. EST). No seasonal variations were assumed.
Also, no weekday-weekend day variations were expected for military or com-
mercial aircraft. However, due to the nature of civil aircraft flights,
this category was highly biased toward the weekend days. Fifty percent
of the weekly emissions were allocated to Saturday and Sunday.
Vessels (90904230)(90900440)(90904430)
This category is divided into three subcategories based on fuel type.
Diesel- and residual-fuel powered vessels include large river and ocean-
going barges for which no temporal variation can be assumed. The gasoline-
powered vessels are predominantly for recreational use. Seasonal splits
for this subcategory were, therefore, divided into 25 percent each for the
spring and fall quarters and 50 percent for the summer season. As sug-
gested in Reference 2, 75% of the emissions for recreational vessels was
assumed to occur uniformly between 5 a.m. and 5 p.m EST with fifty percent
of weekly emissions occurring on Saturday and Sunday.
5-6
-------
Architectural Surface Coating (90401200)
Hourly and daily factors for architectural surface coating reflect
data for the non-industrial surface coating category in Procedures Vol.
II. The file indicates uniform activity from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. EST seven
days per week. Oxidant season emissions, based on information supplied
by U.S. EPA SRAB, are 38% of annual emissions.
Automobile Refinishing (90401300)
Temporal factors for automobile refinishing supplied by SRAB indi-
cate uniform activity from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. EST, five days per week, and
25% per quarter.
Industrial Surface Coating (90501100)
Hourly factors for industrial surface coating equal those supplied
by SRAB for industrial equipment (80% 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST, 20% 3 p.m. to
10 p.m. EST). Oxidant season emissions are 30% of the annual and opera-
tions are 6 days per week from the industrial equipment category in
Procedures Volume II.
Cold Cleaning Degreasing (90501200)
Open Top Vapor and Conveyorized Degreasing (90501300)
Hourly factors for both cold cleaning and vapor degreasing equal those
supplied by SRAB for Industrial Surface Coating (80% 6 a.m. to 3 p.m., 20%
3 p.m. to 10 p.m. EST). Factors for the degreasing category in Procedures,
Vol. II indicate seasonal activity of 25% per quarter and 6 day per week
operations.
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use (91002100)
Temporal factors for commercial/consumer solvent use are from the
miscellaneous solvent use category in Procedures Vol. II. Eighty percent
of the daily emissions are divided equally between 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. EST.
The remaining 20% are similarly divided between 6 p.m. to 11 p.m. EST.
Emissions occur seven days per week and 25% per quarter.
Graphic Arts (91002200)
Hourly factors for graphic arts emissions supplied by SRAB indicate
uniform activity between 6 a.m. to 4 p.m. EST. Because area source
graphic arts facilities are commercial establishments, seasonal and daily
factors for another commercial operation, dry cleaning, were used. These
factors divide emissions 25% per quarter, six days per week.
Small Industrial Processes (91002300)
As SRAB suggested, temporal factors for small industrial process
emissions equal those for industrial surface coating and industrial
equipment, i.e., 80% 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST, 20% 3 p.m. to 10 p.m. EST;
30% oxidant season, 6 days per week.
5-7
-------
Gasoline Marketing (91005100, 91005200, 91002600)
Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Methodology
for the RAPS (Reference 3) contains information concerning gasoline sales
in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. Table 3.2, "Temporal Allocation Factors
for the Filling of Automobile Gasoline Tanks", was used to determine hour-
ly variations. Figure 3.2, "State of Missouri Gasoline Sales", was used
for seasonal variations. For weekday-weekend day splits, no temporal var-
iations were given in any of the literature, and therefore the default
value was used. Although no splits specific to the Philadelphia area were
available, the St. Louis figures are similar to those documented in Proce-
dures (Reference 2), and therefore they were used for Philadelphia.
This profile is being applied to State I and Other as well as Stage
II gasoline marketing because emissions from loading or spillage can
occur anytime the stations are open for business.
Cutback Asphalt (91000600)
Cutback asphalt temporal factors from Procedures Vol. II (Reference
2) were used. These factors divide emissions equally spring through
autumn, 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. EST, Monday through Friday.
Dry Cleaning (91000800)
Dry cleaning temporal factors are from Procedures Vol. II (Reference
2). Emissions are divided equally throughout the year, six days per week,
from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., EST.
Pesticide Use (91000900)
Pesticide application was assumed to occur uniformly during the day-
light hours with no weekday-weekend day variations. Since pesticide appli-
cation is seasonal in nature, all emissions were allocated to the spring
(30%) and summer months (70%). These assumptions agree with information
obtained from the New Jersey Department of Health, the Chester County
agricultural extension agent, and other local officials.
Agricultural Burning (91308200)
As for the pesticide use category, the principal source of data for
agricultural burning was local agricultural officials. The only temporal
variations used were hourly. Emissions were assigned uniformly to the
daylight hours of 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. EST only.
Prescribed Burning (91308500)
State forestry departments indicated that there is no prescribed burn-
ing during the oxidant season. Sixty to eighty percent occurs during the
spring, twenty percent during the fall, and the remainder during the win-
ter. Emissions occur uniformly from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. EST five days per
week.
5-8
-------
Natural Gas Leaks, Forest Fires, and Structural Fires (91000700), (91308100),
(91308400)
Due to the nature of these categories, no temporal variations could
be assumed. The uniform percentages listed at the beginning of this sec-
tion were utilized for these categories.
5-9
-------
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
1. Regional Air Pollution Study Off-Highway Mobile Source Emission Inven-
tory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/4-77-041, October
1977.
2. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume II: Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, September 1978.
3. Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Methodology
for the Regional Air Pollution Study, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA-450/3-75-078, September 1975.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplements 1-10, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42.
5. Personal Communication with officials at Philadelphia International
Airport, 1980.
6. Hydrocarbon Emissions from Fixed-Roof Petroleum Tanks, Engineering-
Science, Arcadia, California, July 1977.
7. Philadelphia AQCR Vegetative Emission Inventory Feasibility Study,
Engineering-Science, McLean, Virginia, October 1979.
5-10
-------
CHAPTER 6
PREPARATION OF EMISSIONS PACKETS FOR THE AIRSHED MODEL
Emissions input for the Airshed Model is composed of four different
sets of information called packets. The types of data included in each
packet are as follows:
Packet Data Type
GRID VALUES Three separate sets of gridded emissions
for minor point, area, and highway vehicle
sources for each hour for 24 hours.
EMISSIONS VALUES Emissions for major (elevated) point
sources for each hour for 24 hours.
POINT SOURCES Stack data for major (elevated) point
sources, time invariant.
TIME INTERVAL Beginning and end date and time for each
hour for 24 hours.
The specific data formats for these packets are shown in Tables 6.1 through
6.5. Each EMISSIONS VALUES or GRID VALUES packet must be placed within a
TIME INTERVAL packet to associate the emission rate provided with a speci-
fic hour of the day (e.g., 12 midnight to 1 a.m.).
The procedure for preparing packet files for the Airshed Model con-
sisted of these sequential steps: obtaining appropriate emissions disag-
gregation factors/ calculating hourly emissions for all emission compo-
nents, and placing information in the required packet format for use by
the Airshed Model. Schematic representations of the data processing
system are shown in Figures 6.1 through 6.5. Components of the data
processing system used to produce the packets are:
o VOC and NOX apeciation factor tables.
o Temporal distribution factor tables for seasonal, weekday, and
hourly periods.
o EIS/P&R point and area source files and associated data handling
routines.
6-1
-------
TABLE 6. 1
GRID VALUES PACKET FORMAT
Card Number/
Name
Item/Columns
Comments
1/Packet Header
2+/Grid Emissions
3/Packet Terminator
Header/1-10
Subregion Name/1-10
Pollutant Name/11-20
Column No./21-30
Row No./31-40
Emission Value/41-50
Terminator/1-3
GRID VALUES, left adjusted
PHILA
See Table 6.3 for names
X-index of grid, counting
from bottom (South)
column = 1
Y-index of grid, counting
from left (West) row = 1
Units are gram-moles/hr
except grams/hr for AERO-
SOLS and RAPS categories
END, left adjusted
TABLE 6.2
EMISSIONS VALUES PACKET FORMAT
Card Number/
Name
Item/Columns
Comments
1/Packet Header
2+/Point Source
Emissions
3/Packet Terminator
Header/1-10
Point Source ID/1-10
Pollutant Name/11-20
Emission Value/21-30
Terminator/1-3
EMISSIONS VALUES, left
adjusted
EIS/P&R county, plant, and
point ID number
See Table 6.3 for names
Same units as GRID VALUES
END, left adjusted
6-2
-------
TABLE 6.3
FIELDS COMMON TO GRID AND EMISSIONS VALUES PACKETS
Card Number/
Name
2+/Grid or Point
Source Emissions
Column
69
70 and 71
72
Description
Source Type
Year
Projection Type
Value
Major or Minor
Area
Line
Last two digits
Base Ye ar
Point - P
- A
- L
of year
- B
73
74
75
76 and 77
Projection Number
Weekday Code
Hour Number
Baseline Projection Year
(growth) - G
Strategy - s
0
Blank
1
Midnight to 0100 - 01
0100 to 0200 - 02
78
79 and 80
Pollutant ID
2300 to 2400
Blank
CO
SO 2
AEROSOLS
NO
NO2
PAR
OLE
CARB
ARO
RAPSPARA
RAPSOLEF
RAPSALDE
RAPSAROM
ETH
- 24
- 01
- 02
- 03
- 04
- 05
- 06
- 07
- 08
- 09
- 1 0
- 11
- 1 2
- 13
- 1 4
6-3
-------
TABLE 6.4
POINT SOURCES PACKET FORMAT
Card Number/
Name
Item/Columns
Comments
1/Packet Header
2+/Point Source
ID and Location
3+/Stack Properties
4/Packet Terminator
Header/1-10
Point Source ID/1-10
Source Type/11-20
X-location/21-30
Y-location/31-40
Stack Height/1-10
Stack Exit Diameter/
11-20
Stack Exit Tempera-
ture/21-30
Stack Exit Velocity/
31-40
Terminator/1-3
POINT SOURCES, left adjus-
ted
Same as EMISSIONS VALUES
PLUMERISE if stack data
are complete; STACKHGT
if data are missing
X-coordinate with respect
to reference origin
(meters)
Y-coordinate with respect
to reference origin
(meters)
Ground to top of stack
(meters)
For flow rate calculation
(meters)
For heat flux calculation
(°K)
For flow rate calculation
(meters/second)
END, left adjusted
6-4
-------
TABLE 6.5
TIME INTERVAL PACKET FORMAT
Card Number/
Name
Item/Columns
Comments
1/Packet Header
2/Time Interval
3/Packet Terminator
Header/1-10
Beginning Date/1-10
Beginning Time/11-20
End Date/21-30
End Time/31-40
Terminator/1-6
TIME INTERVAL, left adjus-
ted
yy001 - yy is last two
digits of year
hhOO - hh is begin time
for hour - starts at
00 and ends at 23
Same as Beginning Date
hhOO - hh is end time for
hour - starts at 01 and
ends at 24
END TIME, left adjusted
6-5
-------
FIGURE 6. 1
PREPARATION OF GRIDDED AREA SOURCE MASTER FILE
NEDS
County Total
Activity Levels
Allocation
Factors for
Each Grid
Al1ocation
Program
Gridded
Activity
Levels
NEDS
Format
EIS/P&R Programs
1. Convert to
EIS/P&R
Transaction
Format
2. Emission
Factor
Insertion
3. Master File
Creation &
Calculation
of Emissions
Gridded
Area Source
Master File
EIS/P&R
6-6
-------
FIGURE 6.2
PREPARATION OF AIRSHED MODEL DATA PACKET FOR AREA SOURCES
G ridded
Area Source
Master File
EIS/P&R
Component
Factors -
VOC, NOX
Temporal
Factors -
Season, Day,
Hour
Data
Preparation
Program
24 Hours of
Emission
Values per
Grid
Post-Processing
Program
'Area Source^
GRID VALUES
Packet
Card Image^
Format
6-7
-------
FIGURE 6.3
PREPARATION OF AIRSHED MODEL DATA PACKET FOR HIGHWAY VEHICLES
DVRPC
'Gridded Hourly
[Highway Vehicle
Emi s s ion
Information
Data Preparation
Program for DVRPC
Highway Vehicle
Information
Component
Factors-
VOC.l NOX
24 Hours of
Emission
Values per
Grid
Emission
Records
Post-
Processing
Program
Highway
Vehicle
GRID VALUES
Packet
Card Image
Format
1
Separate profiles were input for exhaust & evaporative VOC.
6-8
-------
FIGURE 6.4
PREPARATION OF AIRSHED MODEL DATA PACKET FOR MAJOR POINT SOURCES
Point
Source
Master
File
Retrieve
Major
Point
Sources
Component
Factors-
VOC, NOX
Major
Point
Source
Master
File
Temporal
Factors-
Season, Day,
Hour
Data
Preparation
Program
POINT SOURCES
Packet
Containing
Stack
Parameters
24 Hours of
Emission
Values per
Source
Post-Processing
Program
Major
Point Source
(EMISSIONS VALUES!
Packet
Card Image
Format
6-9
-------
FIGURE 6.5
PREPARATION OF AIRSHED MODEL DATA PACKET FOR MINOR POINT SOURCES
Retrieve
Minor
Point
Sources
Minor
Point
Source
/ Component
Factors-
VOC, NOX
r Temporal
Factors-
Season, Day,
Hour
Ha » ter
-«^__Fi 1 e _^*
Data
Preparation
Program
_***
24 Hours of
Emission
Values per
Source
Assignment of
Emissions to
Appropriate
Grid Square &
Accumulation of
Total Emissions
for Each Grid
Gridded
Minor Point
Source
Emissions
Post-Processing
Program
Minor
'Point Source*
GRID VALUES
Packet
Card Image
Format
6-10
-------
o DVRPC gridded, hourly highway vehicle inventory of particulates,
S02, CO, NOX, and exhaust and evaporative VOC for the Philadelphia
AQCR.
o Data preparation program for accessing the factor tables and emis-
sions for the production of hourly values and the reporting of
stack data.
o Post-processing programs for separation of major and minor point
sources and the creation of packet files in the required format
fo r the Ai rs hed Mode 1.
The first two components of the system are addressed in Chapters 4
and 5, respectively. The four remaining components and their use are
described in the following sections.
EMISSION FILES
Except for highway motor vehicle data which came from DVRPC, the
emission files used in this study were in EIS/P&R format. EIS/P&R is a
subsystem of the Comprehensive Data Handling System maintained by EPA.
It contains the same information as NEDS but is more flexible and capable
of storing much more information.
Two basic types of files were maintained by ES: point sources and
area sources. The area source file had the same basic format as point
sources but a slightly different file organization. The standard file con-
tains area emissions on a category-by-category basis; typical categories
are commercial fuel combustion, gasoline fuel marketing, and vehicle-miles
travelled (VMT). Each category consists of several activities. In the
VMT category, individual activities are: limited access roads, rural
roads, suburban roads and urban roads. For this study, the file organi-
zation was changed so that emissions were reported on an activity-by-
activity level. Each activity was treated as a discrete emission source
contributing to the total emissions of a particular grid square. In this
way, a unique SCC identifier was associated with each emission contribu-
tion, which eased the task of computing emissions and the temporal distri-
bution and improved the accuracy of the final product.
Another change to the area source file organization was that activity
levels and emissions were tabulated by grid square after allocation instead
of by county (Figure 6.1). Grid square identification numbers appeared in
the AQCR and PLANT ID identifiers.
Within the point source masterfile, emissions from each process at
a multi-process point were not available. Therefore, a single SCC at a
multi-process point had to be used as the basis for applying VOC/NOX com-
ponent factors. The first SCC that occurred for each emission point was
used to identify the process for speciation purposes. The VOC or NOX pro-
file was then obtained based on that process. Typically, the first SCC
code in the point source file represented the most significant contribu-
tion to emissions for the emission point. In some cases, where multiple
SCCs were needed to describe the process more completely, ES simply used
the first SCC code that occurred in the file. The use of the first SCC
6-11
-------
thus led to selection of the appropriate VOC/NOX component factor for the
emissions. Since temporal factors were grouped by plant and point instead
of SCC (except for storage tanks), they were unaffected.
It was important to review the inventory before processing began to
ensure that operating schedule data were in order. The operating informa-
tion was used in computing the temporal distributions if particular factors
did not appear in the temporal factor table. A check of sources with VOC
or NOX emissions greater than zero identified specific processes and SCCs
which needed component factors.
DATA PREPARATION PROGRAM
The data preparation program accessed the temporal and VOC/NOX compo-
nent factor files and set up a temporary table index. Then, on a source-
by-source basis, the program performed a table look-up procedure to find
specific component and temporal distribution data. First, this was done
by point identification sequence number, and then, if necessary, by pro-
cess. Some points had multiple SCCs to fully describe the activities
occurring there. When temporal or component factors were to be selected
on a process basis, the first non-zero SCC was used in the table look-up
procedure.
If temporal data were not found, the normal operating schedule con-
tained in the the masterfile was used as a basis for computing the point
source factors. The Airshed Model requires determination of emissions
for each of the 24-hourly periods during the day. Hour one corresponds
to the period of midnight to one a.m. standard time, and so on, ending
with hour 24, which is 11 p.m. to midnight standard time. In order to
generate hourly emissions from the EIS/P&R operating data, certain assump-
tions had to be made. For sources operating during the June, July, and
August (oxidant) season, the typical weekday emission was assumed to be:
(% Emissions In Oxidant Season)(Annual Emissions)
(Days Of Operation Per Week)(13 Weeks In Oxidant Season).
Emissions were spread uniformly throughout the number of hours operated
per day. Any source not operating 24 hours per day was assumed to begin
operation on hour eight (7 a.m. to 8 a.m. standard time) and continue to
operate each succeeding hour until the total hours operated per day was
reached. The reason for this assumption is that most businesses which
do not operate continuously begin work at this time (7 a.m.). If the
EIS/P&R seasonal throughput field was blank or zero for all seasons, 25%
per season was assumed. If the days per week field was blank or zero,
seven days per week was assumed, and likewise, if the hours per day field
was blank or zero, 24 hours per day was assumed.
If component data were not found, the reported component emissions
were set to zero and an error message was printed. The preliminary re-
view of the emission files ensured that component factors were available
for all processes with VOC or NOX emissions greater than zero. All fac-
tors used to disaggregate the annual emissions were listed by the program
for documentation purposes.
6-12
-------
Once all factors were accessed, component emissions were computed on
an hourly basis for each of the 24 hours by multiplying the annual emis-
sions by the appropriate factors. The computed hourly emissions were
placed in matrix form similar to that required for the EMISSIONS VALUES
output packet. A post-processing program selected emissions for the hour
of interest and output the packet in its required format. If the input
file contained major point source data, a POINT SOURCES packet was pre-
pared using the Airshed Model format and giving identification, location,
stack height, diameter, velocity and temperature. If diameter, velocity,
and temperature were all non-zero, PLUMERISE was entered as source type
in the POINT SOURCES packet (Table 6.4). This indicated to the Airshed
Model that a plume rise should be calculated. If any of the three items
were zero, STACKHGT was used as source type, which indicated that plume
rise should not be calculated and that the effective height of the plume
was equivalent to the height of the stack.
MAJOR/MINOR SOURCE DIVISION
Major point sources, those that passed certain criteria for signifi-
cance, were separated from minor point sources using the EIS/P&R retrieval
program and processed by the data preparation program. Two criteria were
used to select the sources to be included in the POINT SOURCES and EMIS-
SIONS VALUES packets (major point sources). The emissions of VOC or NOX
for a given stack had to be greater than 500 tons per year. The second
criterion was that the plume height had to be greater than 50 meters under
unstable atmospheric conditions and light winds (two meters per second).
The result was that 29 plants and 97 points were included as major sources
for the 1979 data and 30 plants and 98 points for the 1987 data.
A post-processing program then put the required information in
EMISSIONS VALUES packet format. Minor point, area, and highway vehicle
sources were also processed by the data preparation program. However,
the output was sent to an intermediate program before being put in pac-
ket format. The intermediate program was responsible for assigning the
hourly component emissions from each minor point source to the grid in
which it was located. The post-processing program then took the output
and placed it in GRID VALUES packet format.
POST-PROGESSING PROGRAM
A post-processing program took the output from the data preparation
program, which produced emissions values for each of 24 hours, and created
an EMISSIONS VALUES packet for major point sources or a GRID VALUES pac-
ket for minor point, area, or highway vehicle sources, depending on the
input file. A TIME INTERVAL packet was also produced which specified
the beginning and ending date and time for which the other packets were
valid. For this study, emissions data for all sources were furnished
for each hour of the typical weekday of the oxidant season; no persis-
tence of emissions from hour to hour was assumed.
In addition to supplying the Airshed Model emissions input on mag-
netic tape, ES provided EPA with EIS/P&R masterfiles for point and area
6-13
-------
sources, temporal factor files, YOG/NO^ component factor files, area
source emission and grid allocation files, and county level NEDS acti-
vity parameters on magnetic tape.
SHIFT TO DAYLIGHT TIME
Near the conclusion of this project, EPA requested that the Airshed
Model input, which was developed for the oxidant season, reflect daylight
(local) time. As the last step in the data processing routine, ES shifted
the hourly emissions values forward one hour so that all values represented
daylight time instead of standard time. Hour one became midnight to 1 a.m.
daylight time, and so on, with hour 24 being changed to 11 p.m. to midnight
daylight time. Highway vehicle emissions data provided by DVRPC were un-
affected since emissions already reflected daylight time.
6-14
-------
APPENDIX A
NEDS AREA SOURCE INPUT FORMS
The following pages show values for all activity parameters gene-
rated for the 11 counties in the Philadelphia AQCR for 1979 and 1987.
The methodologies used to determine the values are described in Chapter
3 of this report.
A-l
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A-23,
-------
APPENDIX B
AREA SOURCE ALLOCATION PARAMETERS
This Appendix contains the two computer files used for allocating
the county activity parameters to the 502-cell grid system. The two
files are AQALLOC control cards and AQZTOGR output merged with AQALLOC
input. These files are discussed separately in the sections that follow.
A separate set of files is provided for 1979 and 1987.
B-l
-------
AQALLOC CONTROL CARDS
This file contains the 38 AQALLOC control cards for each of the 11
counties in the Philadelphia AQCR. The purpose of this file is to match
the NEDS card activity categories to the correct allocation parameter.
Although the file that follows is identified as 1979, the same file was
used for 1987 as for 1979.
The first control card listed functions as the matching mechanism
between the allocation parameters and the NEDS activity categories.
Alphanumeric characters which define the allocation parameters are placed
in the card columns corresponding to the 54 positions on the NEDS area
source input form. A blank column in this control card signifies that
the corresponding NEDS category had no activity. The control card-NEDS
category relationship is shown below.
Column Category Allocated
11 Not used
12 Not used
13 Not used
14 Not used
15 Not used
16 Anthracite Coal, Residential Fuel
17 Bituminous Coal, Residential Fuel
18 Distillate Oil, Residential Fuel
19 Residual Oil, Residential Fuel
20 . Natural Gas, Residential Fuel
21 Wood, Residential Fuel
22 Anthracite Coal, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
23 Bituminous Coal, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
24 Distillate Oil, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
25 . Residual Oil, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
26 Natural Gas, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
27 Wood, Commercial/Institutional Fuel
28 Anthracite Coal, Industrial Fuels
29 Bituminous Coal, Industrial Fuels
30 Coke, Industrial Fuels
31 Distillate Oil, Industrial Fuels
32 Residual Oil, Industrial Fuels
33 Natural Gas, Industrial Fuels
34 Farm Diesel Oil
35 Construction Diesel Oil
36 Commercial/Institutional, On-site Incineration
37 Architectural Surface Coating
38 Auto Refinishing
39 Industrial Surface Coating
40 Cold Cleaning Degreasing
41 O.T. Vapor and Conveyorized Degreasing
42 Commercial/Consumer Solvent
43 Graphic Arts
44 Small Processes
45 Industrial Equipment Diesel
B-2
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46 Not Used
47 Railroad
48 Military, Aircraft
49 Civil, Aircraft
50 Commercial, Aircraft
51 Coal, Vessels
52 Diesel Oil, Vessels
53 Residual Oil, Vessels
54 Gasoline, Vessels
55 Stage I Gasoline Marketing
56 Stage II Gasoline Marketing
57 Other Gasoline Marketing
58 Farm Gasoline
59 Construction Gasoline
60 Small Engine Gasoline
61 Cutback Asphalt
62 Natural Gas Leaks
63 Dry Cleaning
64 Pesticide Use
65 Forest Wildfires
66 Agricultural and Miscellaneous Burning
67 Industrial Equipment Gasoline
68 Structural Fires
69 Prescribed Burning
The second control card identifies the allocation parameters used by
defining the alphanumeric characters inserted in the first control card.
A missing alphanumeric character signifies that the character was not
used. The format of this card (a total of 36 cards can be used) is as
follows:
Column Parameter
5 Alphanumeric character code (A through Z and 1 through 0)
11-80 Explanation of allocation parameter used
B-3
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AQZTOGR OUTPUT FILE
The AQZTOGR program transforms allocation parameters from a given
geographic base to a grid system. In this case, the allocation parameters
were input to AQZTOGR by census tracts, traffic zones, and municipalities.
The AQZTOGR output file is formatted to be merged with the AQALLOC input
file which is discussed in the section that follows. The alphanumeric
character codes described in the previous section identify the associated
allocation parameter columns used in the AQZTOGR output file. Separate
files were generated for 1979 and 1987. There are two cards in this file
for each area source grid in the Philadelphia AQCR. Card columns 1 through
24 on both cards are identical:
Column
1-3
4-13
14-15
16-19
20-24
80
Value
Grid identification number
County code (SAROAD)
Year (if desired)
U.T.M. Easting
U.T.M. Northing
Card type (1 or 2)
The remainder of the cards supply the actual allocation parameters:
Columns
25/30
31/35
36/40
41/44
45/48
49/52
53/56
57/60
61/64
65/68
69/72
73/76
25/30
31/35
36/40
41/44
45/48
49/52
53/56
57/60
61/64
65/68
69/72
73/76
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(defines allocation parameter
listed in each field)
A CARD 1
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E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M CARD 2
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
w
X
B-15
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AQALLOC INPUT FILE
This file contains the remainder of the allocation parameters input
to the AQALLOC program. The allocation parameters in the file were com-
piled and coded by ES personnel. The alphanumeric characters and card
columns described for the AQZTOGR output file apply to the AQALLOC input
file. There are three cards in the AQALLOC input file for each grid in
the Philadelphia AQCR to allow for additional allocation parameters. The
AQZTOGR output and AQALLOC input files are merged before the AQALLOC pro-
gram is executed. Card columns 1 through 24 are the same for each card
and contain the same information as the AQZTOGR output cards. Card col-
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columns 25 through 76 in cards 1 and 2 are identical to the corresponding
fields and cards described for the AQZTOGR output file. The format for
fields 25 through 76 in card type 3 are:
Alphanumeric Character
(defines allocation parameter
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25/30 Y CARD 3
31/35 Z
36/40 1
41/44 2
45/48 3
49/52 4
53/56 5
57/60 6
61/64 7
65/68 8
69/72 9
73/76 0
The 1979 and 1987 files that follow have the AQZTOGR output file merged
with the AQALLOC input file.
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APPENDIX C
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC COMBINATIONS
FOR VOC SUMMARIES
This appendix includes the SCC-SIC combinations used to classify
VOC emissions into the categories of Tables 1.1 and 1.2. Emissions were
classified first by SCC, SIC, and finally, by comments in the inventory.
C-l
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, AND MARKETING OF VOC
Gasoline and Crude Oil Storage
39999999 -
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40300103 -
40300104 -
40300106 -
40300107 -
40300150 -
40300151 -
40300152 -
40300161
40300199 -
40300201 -
40300203 -
40300204 -
40300205 -
40300206 -
40300207 -
40300208 -
40300216 -
40300299 -
40300302 -
40300399 -
40301099 -
40301102 -
40301109 -
40301 198 -
40301 199 -
40301 299 -
40399999 -
40400101 -
40600304 -
2911
2911,
291 1,
2911,
5092
2821,
2911
2911
2816,
2816,
2911,
291 1,
5161
971 1
2911,
2911,
2911
291 1
2911
2911,
4911
291 1,
2911
291 1
2911
291 1
2911
2816,
5092
2869
3712, 9711
971 1
5172
2911, 4226, 5092
2818, 2821, 2869,
2911, 4613
2999, 5092
4613, 5161
5096
5092
2992, 3296
4911
2821, 2911, 4226,
2911, 2999, 4911, 5172
4911, 971 1
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage and Transfer
39999999
40200904
40200920
40299999
40300101
40300108
40300153
40300161
40300198
40300199
2911
2851
2851
2851
2869
291 1
2911
2911
2818
2819, 2821, 2911
C-2
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage and Transfer (Continued)
40300208 - 2818, 2865, 2911
40300216 - 2911
40300299 - 2911
40300312 - 2821
40300398 - 5172
40300399 - 2821, 291 1
40301099 - 3996
40399999 - 2033, 2865, 3599, 7399
40400199 - 2816, 2851, 2869, 2911, 5171, 7399
40400999
49000105 - 3079
49000199 - 3079
49099999 - 2992, 3996
Ship and Barge Transfer of VOC
40600240
40600253
Bulk Gasoline Terminals
40300152 -
40300202 -
40301099 -
40301199 -
40302001 -
40399999 -
40600101 -
40600105
406001 26
40600127 -
406001 30
40600131 -
40600135 -
40600140 -
40600197 -
40600198 -
40600401 -
5983
5983
291 1
4613
2911
4226
2992
5161
291 1,
2911
5983
5171
5092
5171
5171
Gasoline Bulk Plants
40300101 - 5171
40300103 - 5171
40300106 - 5171
40300107 - 5171
40300116 - 5171
C-3
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Gasoline Bulk Plants (Continued)
40300150 - 5171, 5172
40300151 - 5171
40300152 - 5171
403.00198 - 5171
40300201 - 5171
40300202 - 5171
40300211 - 5171
40300212 - 5171
40300299 - 5171
40300302 - 5171
40301019 - 5171
40301 199 - 5171
40399999 - 5171
40400112 - 5171
40400199 - 5171
40600105
40600126 - 5171
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petroleum Refineries
30199999 - 2911
30600101
30600102
30600103
30600104
30600201
30600301
30600401
30600402
30600501
30600502
30600503
30600504
30600602
30600603
30600701
30600702
30600801
30600802
30600803
30600804
30600805
30600806
C-4
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Petroleum Refineries (Continued)
30600807
30600999
30601101
30601201
30601599
30699998
30699999
39000499
Lube Oil Manufacture
30199999 - 2922
Organic Chemical Manufacture
30100701 - 2865
30101401 - 3996
30101899 - 2865
30102399 - 2819
30103401 - 2818
30109099 - 2819
30109101 - 2869
30111000 - 2818
30111001 - 2869
30125099 - 2869
30125801 - 2865
30125899 - 2865
30128501 - 2865
30113299 - 2818
30190099 - 2869
30199999 - 2818, 2819, 2865, 2869, 2892
39999999 - 2865
49099999 - 2865
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
30100901 - 2812
30101199 - 2819
30101 301 - 2819
30101306 - 2818
30101399 - 2818
30101499 - 2816
30101903 - 2818
30102099 - 2816
30102399 - 2819
30103599 - 2815, 2869
C-5
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture (Continued)
30199999 - 2813, 2815, 2816, 2818, 2819
30599999 - 2816
39000499 - 2816, 2819
39000699 - 2816
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
30106099 - 2834
30199999 - 2834
39999999 - 2834
Plastic Products Manufacture
30101801
30101802
30101805
30101812
30101899
30199999
30700899 - 3099
32099999
Rubber Tire Manufacture
30101801
30101899
30102620
30800107
30800197
30800198
30800199
- 3011
- 301 1
- 301 1
- 301 1
- 301 1
- 3011
SBR Rubber Manufacture
30102699
33000299
49099999 - 3069
Textile Polymers and Resin Manufacture
30100799 - 2821
30101499 - 2821
30101801 - 2821
30101802 - 2821, 3996
30101805 - 2821
30101822 - 2821
C-6
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Textile Polymers and Resin Manufacture (Continued)
30101891
30113799
30190099
30199999
39000499
39999999
49099999
- 2821
- 2821
- 2821
- 2821
- 2821
- 2821
- 2821
Synthetic Fiber Manufacture
30102404 - 2869
30501205
33000199 - 2211
33000203 - 3079
Iron and Steel Manufacture
30300301 - 3312
30300302 - 3311, 3312
30300303 - 3312
30300306 - 3311
30300308 - 3312
30300807
30300808 - 3312
30300813 - 3312
30300899
30300901
30300902
30300903
30300911
30300920
30300933 - 3312
30300934 - 3312
30300999
30400301 - 3312, 3322
30400302
30400330
30400399
30400402 - 2869
30400499 - 2869
30400501 - 2869
30400704
30400799
30900199 - 3461
C-7
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Industrial Process - Others
30100901 - 2841
30101002 - 2892
30101401 - 2851, 2899
30101499 - 2851 , 2899
30101501 - 2851
30101599 - 2851
30103399
30105001
30111102
30199999 - 2821, 2879, 2892, 2899, 7391
30200202
30200504
30200754 - 2046
30201203
30201501
30299998
30300934 - 3511
30400101
30400103
30400199
30400201
30400203
30400205
30400305
30400401
30400402
30400805
30400806
30400807
30400899
30499999 - 3341, 3362, 3613, 9311
30500102
30500104
30500199
30500201
30500311 - 3297
30500312 - 3297
30500399
30500501
30500504
30500599
30500801
30500899
30501203 - 3296
30501204 - 3231
30501205 - 3231, 3296
C-8
-------
CLASSIFICATION OP SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Industrial Process - Others (Continued)
30501299
30501401
30501402
30501410
30501414
30501499
30501501
30501503
30501599
30501603
30501604
30501699
30504033
30599999
30601613
30700401
30702099
30799999
30800699
30901099
30902099
30999999
33000299
33000399
39000431
39000499
39000508
39000531
39000599
39000699
39000899
39001099
39099997
39999999
49099999
- 3296
- 3221
- 2819
- 2819
- 3275
3274
1011, 3253, 3292, 3295
3996
2621
- 2641
- 3411, 3461
- 2031, 3398
- 2851
2061, 2085, 2879, 2899, 3291, 3399, 4911
3211
2051, 3291, 3297, 3399, 4911, 5085, 5171, 3465
2032, 2052, 2514, 2721, 2751, 3291, 3292, 3362, 3444,
3446, 3452, 3495, 3562, 3629, 3639, 3648, 3714, 4925,
5085, 8062, 8221
4911
2499
3341
3429, 3432, 3461, 3714, 5093, 7391
2851
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Large Appliances
40200101 - 3639
C-9
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Automobi le
40200101 -
40200301 -
40200399 -
40200401 -
40200406 -
40200501 -
40200503 -
40200601 -
40200801 -
40299999 -
Cans
40200101 -
40200199 -
40200401 -
40200501 -
40200801 -
40200802 -
40200803 -
40200899 -
40200901 -
40201726 -
40201727 -
40201799 -
40202501 -
40299999 -
49099999 -
Metal Coils
40200101 -
40200401 -
40200501 -
40200803 -
40299999 -
49099999 -
Paper
40200101 -
40200199 -
40200401 -
40200404 -
40200701 -
40200706 -
3429, 3465, 3537, 3711, 3712, 3713
3411
3429
3429
3499
3713
3429
3712
3465, 3712, 3714
3711
2033, 3411, 3412
3411
3411, 4121
2032, 2655, 3411
2032, 2655, 3411
2033, 3411
3411
2032
3411
3411
3411
3411
3411
3411
2032
3479
3479
3479
3479
3479
2514
2649, 2655
2641
2631, 2641, 2653, 2751, 2752
2751
2641
2641
C-10
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Paper (Continued)
40200801 - 2641
40200803 - 2641, 2655
40200902 - 2649
40200922 - 2641
40299999 - 2641, 2731, 2752
40500511 - 2651
49000199 - 2641
Fabric
33000199 - 3079
40200921 - 2295, 3069
40200922 - 3069
40201101 - 2295
40299999 - 2262
Metal Wood Products
30700799 - 2435
30702099 - 2521
40200101 - 2441, 2491, 2499, 2514, 2522, 2542
40200299 - 2435
40200401 - 2431, 2435, 2512, 2515, 2541, 2599
40200499 - 2435
40200501 - 2514
40200699 - 2435
40200701 - 2542
40200801 - 2514, 2521, 2522
40200803 - 2542
40202103 - 2521
40299999 - 2511, 2514, 2522, 2541, 2542
40500501 - 2431
Miscellaneous Metal Products
40200101 - 3317, 3352, 3356, 3361, 3399, 3429, 3443, 3444, 3446,
3469, 3489, 3511, 3536, 3585, 3613, 3629, 3743, 3829
40200110 - 3715
40200301 - 3612, 361 3
40200399 - 3694
40200401 - 3369, 3471, 3496, 3499, 3613
40200406 - 3499, 3694
40200501 - 3442, 3444, 3446, 3489, 3496, 3499, 3559, 3566, 3612,
3613, 3714, 3743
40200510 - 3715
40200599 - 3352
C-ll
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Miscellaneous Metal Products (Continued)
40200601 - 3398, 3446, 3613, 3714
40200801 - 3444, 3469, 3714, 3715
40200802 - 3743
40200899
40200901 - 3629
40200918 - 3357
40299999 - 3429, 3444, 3446, 3469, 3489, 3497, 3499, 3585, 3624,
3629
40301020 - 3312
Plastic Parts Painting
40200101 - 3079
40200801 - 3079
40200803 - 3079
40200901 - 3069
40200999 - 2821
40201101 - 3079
40201301 - 3079
40299999 - 2821
Large Ships
40200101 - 3731
40202301 - 3731
40202306 - 3731
Large Aircraft
40200101 - 3721
40202401 - 3721
40202406 - 3721
Industrial Surface Coating - Others
40200101 - 2818, 2819, 2911, 3269, 3292, 3299, 3599, 3648, 3679,
3993, 3995, 3999, 4311, 4911, 4925, 5085, 5311, 9711
40200105 - 3841
40200199 - 3461, 3841
40200401 - 3221, 3281, 3292, 3589, 3641, 3648, 3941, 3944, 3993,
3995, 5072, 7319
40200501 - 3642, 3949, 3993, 4953
40200801 - 2821, 3579, 3642, 3996, 3999, 5085
40200803 - 3996
40200898 - 3996
40200901 - 3999
C-12
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
Industrial Surface Coating - Others (Continued)
40200917 - 2869
40200921 - 7534
40299999 - 3811, 7391, 7534
40200598 - 3996
49099999 - 3292
NON-INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Auto Refinishing
40200101 - 7531, 7535, 7538
40200501 - 7535
OTHER SOLVENT USE
Degreasing
40100201
40100202
40100203
40100204
40100205
40100299
40199999
Drycleaning
40100101
40100102
40100105
Graphic Arts
40201301 - 2751
40500101
40500201
40500301
40500304
40500306
40500401
40500499
40500501
40500506
4050051 1 - 2751, 2754
40500599 - 7391
49099999 - 2751, 2752, 2753
C-13
-------
CLASSIFICATION OF SCC-SIC CATEGORIES FOR VOC SUMMARIES
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Fuel Combustion
1 XX XXX XX
Solid Waste Disposal
39000699 - 4953
50100101
50100102
50100505
50100506 - 4953
50200101
50200505
50300101
50300103
50300106
50300202
50300506
50300599
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
2 XX XXX XX
C-14
-------
APPENDIX D
VOC/NOX PROFILES
Appendix D contains the VOC/NOX factor file for both point and area
sources. Each profile is listed in order according to SCC with the ex-
ception of a few point sources which are arranged according to their
EIS/P&R identification codes.
The following sequence is used for all lines:a
1. State (cc 2 and 3), county (cc 4-7), plant (cc 8-11), and emis-
sion point (cc 12 and 13) for some point sources and SCC - eight
digit in card columns (cc) 6 through 13 for all others
2. Pollutant Code - HC (VOC) or NX (NOX) in cc 19 and 20
For VOC, the sequence is:
3. Paraffins - the first number is the % by weight of total emissions
(cc 21-25), and the second number is the average molecular weight
of this class (cc 26-30)
4. Olefins - % wt. (cc 31-35) and avg. M.W. (cc 36-40)
5. Aromatics - % wt. (cc 41-45) and avg. M.W. (cc 46-50)
6. Carbonyls - % wt. (cc 51-55) and avg. M.W. (cc 56-60)
7. Ethylene - % wt. (cc 61-65)
8. Diolefins - % wt. (cc 71-75) and avg. M.W. (cc 76-80)
9. Alcohols - % wt. (cc 81-85) and avg. M.W. (cc 86-90)
10. Acetates - % wt. (cc 91-95) and avg. M.W. (96-100)
11. Methane - % wt. (cc 101-105)
12. Other - % wt. (cc 111-115) and avg. M.W. (cc 116-120)
13. Aldehydes - % wt. (cc 121-125)
For NOX, the sequence is:
3. Nitric Oxide - % as NO2, on weight basis (cc 21-25)
4. Nitrogen Dioxide - % wt. (cc 31-35)
a Decimal points are indicated by carats in the card column indicator on
the first page of the file.
D-l
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APPENDIX E
TEMPORAL FACTOR FILES
For both point and area sources, temporal data were divided into
three sections. The first section expresses the typical weekday as a
percent of the oxidant season. (If no variations between weekday and
weekend day occurred, 1.087% was used, since there were 92 days in the
1979 oxidant season.) This section is characterized by a "D" in cc 80.
The seasonal distribution follows. It is characterized by the final
"S". This section divides the year into the four seasons, beginning
with December/January/February, and expresses each season as a percent
of the entire year. Finally, typical hour of the day splits, charac-
terized by an "H" in the last column, are given. Each hour of the day
is expressed as a percentage of the typical weekday during the oxidant
season. The 24 hours of the day are split into four six-hour groups
identified in cc 79. The first group (1H) represents hours 01 through
06, and so on, with the fourth group (4H) providing data for hours 19
through 24.
Decimal points are identified by carats in the card column indicator
on the first page of each file. Decimals are in the same columns regard-
less of line number. The point source file is presented first, followed
by the area source data. Most of the point source file is arranged ac-
cording to state (cc 2 and 3), county (cc 4-7), plant (cc 8-11), and
point identification number (cc 12 and 13) taken from the EIS/P&R master-
file. The remainder of the point source file is organized by SCC (cc 6-
13). The file for area sources is arranged according to SCC (cc 6-13).
The point source file is followed by the area source file.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-82-005
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION1 NO.
4. TITLEAND SUBTITLE
Emissions Inventories for Urban Airshed Model
Application in the Philadelphia AQCR
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
April 1982
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Engineering-Science, Inc.
10521 Rosehaven Street
Fairfax, VA 22030
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3509
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Management Technology Branch
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer:
William H. Lamason, II, Source Analysis Section
16. ABSTRACT
This report documents the procedures used to develop emissions input required by
the Urban Airshed photochemical oxidant model. Ambient air quality data were
gathered as part of another effort during the summer of 1979 in Philadelphia to be
used in the model validation effort. For 1979 and the 1987 projection year, ES
compiled hour by hour emissions data for a representative weekday in the oxidant
season. The pollutants inventoried are five categories of VOC required by the
Airshed model, four categories of VOC defined in RAPS, NO, N02, CO, SO2, and
TSP. Point and area sources were considered with the highway vehicle portion of
the inventory being subcontracted to DVRPC. County level area source data were
allocated to a 502-cell grid system. Projections were made so that ozone air
quality in 1987 could be investigated. ES developed annualized EIS/P&R data and
data files containing temporal and VOC/NOX profiles in order to generate the data
packets required by the Airshed model.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Emissions Inventories
Photochemical Model Input
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Oxides
Chemical Species Distribution
Temporal Distribution
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
384
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICF
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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