-------
I
I
to
1
5
I
30.
20.
IB.
l'975. 1976,
1977.
1978. 1979. 1980. 138)'.
I
\
1
S
I
FUEL COMBUSTION
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, SOLID HR$TE HUD M!SCSLl.fiNEOUS
FIGURE 1-11. NRTIONHL TREND -IN EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES. 1975-1S81
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10
Ozone (Og) - Nationally, the composite average of the second-
highest dally maximum 1-hour 03 values recorded at 209 sites decreased
14 percent between 1975 and 1981 (Figure 1-12). An even greater
improvement was observed in the estimated number of exceedances in the
ozone season (July - September), which decreased 42 percent (Figure 1-13).
Volatile organic compound (VQC) emissions decreased 9 percent during
the same time period (Figure 1-14). The greater improvement observed
in ozone levels appears to be a combination of reductions in VOC emissions
and the change in the calibration procedure which took place between
1978 and 1979, Between 1980 and 1981, the majority of the 159 monitoring
sites with data in both years decreased with a median rate of improvement
of 8 percent. This is consistent with the 7 percent drop in VOC emissions
during this period.
e.n
g.te
e.ea
e.et
a. 153
a. 150
-Hans sires
au SITES
1916.
1977.
1978.
reas
1979.
FIGURE I-1Z. NHTIQNRL TREND IN THE COMPOSITE fiVERflGE OF THE
SECOND-HIGHEST DftlLY KRXIHUH 1-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRBTIDN
BT BOTH NfiHS RND BLL SITES. 197S-I98I.
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11
9. -
I ':
9.3
B.9
"*•••...
5.1
#. 0
-
1
I37S.
\ 1 / 1
1976. 1977. 197S.
TERR
1 1 1
1373. ISga. 1981.
1
FIGURE 1-13. HBTIONHL TREND IN THE COMPOSITE BVERflOE OF THE ESIIMflTEB
NUMBER OF DfilLY EXCEEOflNCES OF THE OZONE NBRQS IN THE THIRD
OLIflRTER (JULY-SEPTEMBER) RT BOTH NflMS RNO HLL SITES. IS75-198I.
|
sane train MS
OHHKNJC SOL V
FIGURE 1-14. NRTIONRL TREND IN EMISSIONS OF VOLRIRE ORGRNJC COMPOUNDS,
I975-19B1.
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12
Lead (Pb) - The composite maximum quarterly average of ambient
lead levels, recorded at 92 sites, decreased 57 percent between 1975
and 1981 (Figure 1-15). The trend at the 92 sites is also contrasted
with the trend at 105 National Air Sampling Network (HASH) sites for
the cannon time period 1975 to 1979. The NASN sites were established
in the 1960's to monitor ambient air quality levels of TSP and the
associated trace metals, including lead. They were largely discontinued
in 1980 because they did not meet the siting requirements in the Pb
monitoring regulations. For the common 1975-1979 time period, the two
trend lines show comparable overall improvement with the NASN sites
decreasing 25 percent and the 92 sites decreasing 20 percent. The
sample of 92 sites is heavily weighted by monitors in the States of
Texas, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Individual trends in each of these
States show decreases. The lead consumed in gasoline dropped 67 percent,
primarily because the use of unleaded gasoline is required in catalyst
equipped cars (Figure 1-16). Between 1980 and 1981, the maximun quarterly
average lead levels decreased 18 percent among the 113 sites with data
in both years. The decrease in lead consumption over the same time
period is 29 percent.
I-
ot.ss *
as anal um
1818.
KB*
I_™
jsaw.
ten. me.
int. tut,
rmt
ittt. J*fi.
TIM nil coippslte «»ir«a» of *" ..... ""» •l""'l«r|l' e"'"'8»« '• b""d °"
, WH( ..... pi* of « tlMs vitli l««a dnto for Both ISM oiid 1MI.
FIGURE 1-1B. LEW COKSUMED IN GftSOUKE -- IB7S-19BI.
I8RLES tO THE NIL!TART EUCUIBEPI
F1CUK 1-15. WITlOMdl 1KNO IK
BUMTMU* WEMBE ItBO LEVELS. 191S-ISBI.
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13
1 .3 CONCLUSIONS
For the first time, short-term Improvements between 1980 and 1981
have been observed for all major pollutants with decreases ranging from
3 percent for N02 to 18 percent for lead. The more recent improvements
in TSP, SQg, 03 and NOg may be due in part to the reduced industrial
activity in 1981.
The long-term improvement (1975-81) in CO, 03 and SOg, as measured
by the trend in the appropriate standard-related peak statistics, is
more dramatically illustrated by the reduction in the estimated number
of days exceeding the standards. While CO, 03 and SOg peak air quality
levels drop 25, 14 and 31 percent, respectively, their associated
estimated number of exceedances decreased 84, 42 and 84 percent,
respectively. This underscores the success of the air pollution control
program in greatly reducing the number of days to which the general
public had been exposed to levels above the air quality standards.
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H
1.4 REFERENCES
1. The National Air MonitoringProgram: Air Quality and Emissions
Trends - Annual Report, Volumes1 and2. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/1-73-00la and b. duly 1973.
2. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report. 1972. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, OfficeofAir Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/1-73-004. December 1973.
3. Honitoring and A1 r_Quality Trends Report, 1973. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, "Office of Air" Quality" Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/1-74-007. October 1974.
i
4. Monitoringand AirQuality Trends Report, 1974. U, S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Qua!ity Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, N. C. Publication Mo. EPA 450/1-76-001. February 1976.
5. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1975. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality PTarming and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA 450/1-76-002. November 1976.
6. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1976. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/1-77-002. December 1977.
7. National Air Quality. Monitoring, and Emissions Trends Reports. 1977.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/2-78-052. December 1978.
8. 1980 Ambient Assessment - Air Portion. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning ancfStandards. Research Triangle Park,
N. C. Publication No. EPA/4-81-014. February 1981.
9. Federal Register, Vol. 44, May 10, 1979, pp 27558-27604.
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15
2. INTRODUCTION
This report focuses on both long and short-term trends In each of
the major pollutants as well as Regional and, where appropriate, specific
Statewide air quality trends. Mr quality trends are presented for
both the National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and other site categories.
The NAMS were established through monitoring regulations promulgated in
May 19791 to provide accurate and timely data to the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) from a national air monitoring network. The
NAMS are located in areas with high pollutant concentrations! high population
exposure, or a combination of both. These stations meet uniform criteria
for siting, quality assurance, equivalent analytical methodology,
sampling intervals, and instrument selection to assure consistent data
reporting among the States. Other sites operated by the State and
local air pollution control agencies, such as the State and Local Air
Monitoring Sites (SLAMS) and Special Purpose Monitors (SPM), in general,
also meet the same rigid criteria, except that in addition to being
located in the area of highest concentration and high population
exposure, they are located in other areas as well.
In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also presented for
annual nationwide emissions. These emissions are estimated using the
best available engineering calculations; the ambient levels presented
are averages of direct measurements. The emission trends are taken
from the EPA publication, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates,
1970-19812 and the reader Is VeTerred to this publication for more
detaTl eel i n fo rmati o n.
Air quality progress is measured by comparing the ambient air
pollution levels with the appropriate primary and secondary NAAQS for
each of the pollutants (Table 2-1). Primary standards protect the
public health; secondary standards protect the public welfare as
measured by effects of pollution on vegetation, materials, and
visibility. The standards are further categorized for long or short-
term exposure. Long-term standards specify an annual or quarterly
mean that may not be exceeded; short-term standards specify upper limit
values for 1-, 3-, 8-, or 24-hour averages. With the exception of the
pollutant ozone, the short-term standards are not to be exceeded more
than once per year. The ozone standard requires that the expected
number of days per calendar year with daily maximum hourly concentrations
exceeding 0.12 parts per million (ppm) be less than or equal to one.
This report introduces a new section, Air Quality Levels in
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's). It's purpose is to
provide interested members of the air pollution control community, the
private sector and the general public with greatly simplified air
pollution information. Air quality statistics are presented for each
of the pollutants for all SMSA's with populations exceeding 500,000 for
the years 1979, 1980 and 1981.
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16
TABLE 2-1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
POLLUTANT
TSP
CO
°3
Pb
PRIMARY (HEALTH RELATED)
AVERAGING TIME CONCENTRATION
Annual Geometric
Mean
24-hour
Annual Arithmetic
Mean
24-hour
8-hour
1-hour
Annual Arithmetic
Mean
75 ug/m3
26P ug/m3
(0.03 ppm)
80
(0.14 ppm}
365 ug/m3
(9 ppm)
10 mg/m3
(35 ppm)
40 mg/m3
(0.053 ppm)
100 ug/m3
Maximun Daily 1-hour (235 ug/m3)
Average 0.12 ppm
Maximum Quarterly 1-.5 ug/m3
Average
SECONDARY (WELFARE RELATED)
AVERAGING TIME CONCENTRATION
Annual Geometric
Mean
24-hour
3-hour
60 ug/m3*
150 ug/m3
1300 ug/m3
(0.50 pp)
Same as Primary
Same as Primary
Sane as Primary
Same as Primary
Same as Primary
*This annual geometric mean is a guide to be used in assessing
implementation plans to achieve the 24-hour standard of 150 ug/m3.
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17
2.1 DATA BASE
The ambient air quality data used in this report were obtained
from EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB). Air quality data are
submitted to the NADB by both State and local governments, as well as
federal agencies. At the present time there are over 200 million air
pollution measurements on the NADB, the vast majority of which represent
the more heavily populated urban areas of the Nation.
In this report, a special effort has been made to expand the size
of the available air quality trends data base. This has been accomplished
by merging data at sites which have experienced changes in the agency
operating the site, the instrument used, or a change in the project
code, such as a change from residential to commercial. A discussion of
the impact of the merging of the air quality data is presented in each
of the individual pollutant discussions.
While a representative national air quality trends data base exists
for TSP, S02, CO, N02» and 03, this is not the case for Pb. The data
base for lead is heavily weighted by concentrations of monitoring sites
in a relatively small number of States. This is addressed in the lead
trends section of the report (Section 3.6).
In order for a monitoring site to have been included in this
analysis, the site had to contain at least 5 out of the 7 years of data
in the period 1975 to 1981. Each year with data had to satisfy an
annual data completeness criteria. To begin with, the air quality data
are divided into two major groupings — 24-hour measurements and
continuous 1-hour measurements. The 24-hour measurements are obtained
from monitoring instruments that produce one measurement per 24-hour
period and are operated on a systematic sampling schedule of once
every 6 days or 61 samples per year. Such instruments are used to
measure TSP, S02> N02, and Pb. For these measurement methods, the NADB
defines a valid quarter's record as one consisting of at least five
sample measurements representively distributed among the months of that
quarter. Distributions of measurements that show no samples in 2 months
of a quarter or that show no samples in 1 month and only one sample in
another month are Judged unacceptable for calculating a representative
estimate of the mean. A valid annual mean for TSP, SO2 and N02, measured
with this type of sampler, requires four valid quarters to satisfy the
NADB criteria. For the pollutant lead, the data used has to satisfy
the criteria for a valid quarter in at least 3 of the 4 possible quarters
in a year.
The 1-hour data are obtained from monitoring instruments that
operate continuously, producing a measurement every hour for a possible
total of 8760 hourly measurements in a year. For continuous hourly
-------
data, a valid annual mean for SOg and N02 requires at least 4380 hourly
observations. In the case of the peak statistics - the second maximum
24-hour SOg average, the second maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour CO average
and the second daily maximum 1-hour 03 average - the same annual data
completeness criteria of 4380 hours was required. This criteria was
also used to calculate the estimated number of exceedances of the 24-
hour average S0£ and the 8-hour average CO standards.
Finally, because of the seasonal nature of ozone, the estimated
number of exceedances of the 03 NAAQS was calculated for the third
quarter of the year. In order for a site to be included it had to
have at least 50 percent of the third quarter hourly data or 1104
values.
For all the pollutants, the site must satisfy the annual completeness
criteria, specified above, in at least 5 out of 7 years to be included
in the air quality trends data base.
2.2 TREND STATISTICS
The air quality analyses presented in this report comply with the
recommendations of the Intra-Agency Task Force on Air Quality Indicators.2
This task force was established in January 1980 to recomnend standardized
air quality indicators and statistical methodologies for presenting air
quality status and trends. The Task Force report was published in
February 1981. The air quality statistics used in these pollutant-
specific trend analyses relate directly to the appropriate NAAQS1s. In
addition to the standard related statistics, other statistics are used,
when appropriate, to further clarify observed air quality trends.
Particular attention is given to the estimated number of exceedances of
the short-term NAAQS1s. The estimated number of exceedances is the
measured number of exceedances adjusted .to account for incomplete sampling.
The emission data are reported as teragrams (one million metric
tons) emitted to the atmosphere per year.3 These are estimates of the
amount and kinds of pollution being generated by automobiles, factories,
and other sources, based upon the best available engineering calculations
for a given time period.
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19
2.3 REFERENCES
1. Federal Register, Vol. 44, May 10, 1979, pp 27558-27604,
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Intra-Agency Task Force Report
on Air Quality Indicators. I). S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N. C.
Publication No. EPA-450/81-015. February 1981.
3. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1970-1981. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, M.C. Publication No. EPA-450/4-82-012.
September 1982.
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20
3, NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
This chapter focuses on both long- and short-term trends in each
of the six major pollutants. Comparisons are made between all the trend
sites and the subset of NAMS. Trends are examined for both the Nation
and the ten EPA Regions (Figure 3-1). Where appropriate, trend analyses
are also presented for selected States.
The air quality trends data base has been expanded for S02, CO,
N0£ and 03 by merging data at sites which have experienced'changes In
the agency operating the site, the instrument used, or the designation
of the project code, such as residential to commercial. The air quality
trends data base was not expanded for TSP, because the TSP trends data
base.is very large, consisting of almost 2000 monitoring sites. On the
other hand, the lead trends data base was not expanded, because many of
the historic National Air Sampling Network (NASN) sites, were eliminated
in 1980, as they had been primarily used to measure TSP and did not
meet the Pb siting criteria. The impact of merging the air quality
data is discussed in each of the individual pollutant discussions.
The air quality trends information is presented using standard
trend lines, bar graphs and Box plotsJ The ambient levels are averages
of direct measurements. The Box plots are used to compare the short-term
change in ambient pollution levels between 1980 and 1981. They have
the advantage of displaying, simultaneously, several features of the
data. Figure 3-2 illustrates the use of this technique in presenting
the composite average, the median, and selected percentiles corresponding
to the lower and higher concentration levels. The bargraphs are used
for the Regional comparisons. The composite average of the appropriate
air quality statistic of the 1975-78 time period is compared with the
composite average of the 1979-81 time period. The approach is simple
and it allows the reader at a glance to compare the long term trend in
all ten EPA Regions.
In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also presented for
annual nationwide emissions. These emissions data are estimated
using the best available engineering calculations.
3.1 TRENDS IN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE
TSP is a measure of suspended particles in the ambient air ranging
up to 25-45 micrometers in diameter. These particles originate from a
variety of stationary and mobile sources. TSP is measured using a
"hi-volume" sampler which simply measures the total ambient particle
concentration. It does not provide information regarding particle
size, nor can it differentiate the relative contributions of wind
blown fugitive dust from those of industrial sources.
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FIGURE 3-1. TEN RESIDUAL OFFICES OF THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION A6ENCY
• 90TH KRCEHTILE
T
-75TH PERCENTILE
• COMPOSITE AVERAGE
- MEDIAN
-25TH PERCERTILE
-10TH PERCENTILE
Figure3-2. Sample Illustration of
plotting conventions for box plots.
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22
3.1.1 Long-term TSP Trends. 1975-81
The 7-year trend In average TSP levels, 1975-1981, is shown in
Figure 3-3 for almost 2000 sites geographically distributed throughout
the Nation and for the subset of 302 National Air Monitoring Stations
(NAMS) which are located in the large urban areas. The TSP levels are
expressed in terms of the composite average annual geometric mean.
The curves shown in Figure 3-3 indicate a very slight decrease in
composite levels from 1975-1981. The NAMS sites show higher composite
levels than the sites for the Nation in general and appear to show a
slightly larger decrease as well. The composite annual average of TSP
levels measured at 1972 sites decreased 3 percent during the 1975 to
1981 time period, while the NAMS decreased 7 percent. With the use of
a statistical technique (non-parametric regression) applied at each
individual site, the trends have been further quantified in terms of
the annual rate of change. This is a more precise description of the
long-term trend than a simple reading of the composite curves. Among
all TSP sites, almost equal numbers of sites exhibited increasing and
decreasing rates of change. This resulted in a zero median rate of
change over the 7 year period. At the NAMS sites, however, the median
rate of change was -1 percent per year. These results appear consistent
with the curves presented in Figure 3-3.
Although the ambient TSP data show little or no change, nationwide
TSP emissions trends show an overall decrease of approximately 20 percent
during this period (Figure 3-4). The apparent inconsistency between
ambient particulate levels and the estimated change in particulate
emissions is attributed to the unaccounted-for high background levels
of naturally occurring particulate emissions, as well as uninventoried
area source emissions such as reentrained dust. Recent chemical-element
balance studies have shown that reentrained road dust emissions can
contribute as much as 50 percent of the annual TSP loading in a given
area, and up to 80 percent on a worst-day basis.2'4 In addition,
some particulate matter consists of sulfates and nitrates, which results
from atmospheric conversion of emissions of gaseous sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides.
The 20 percent reduction in particulate emissions occurred primarily
because of the reductions in industrial emissions. This is attributed
to a combination of installation of control equipment for industrial
processes, and reduced industrial productivity. Other areas of TSP
emission reductions include reduced coal burning by non-utility users,
installation of control equipment by electric utilities that burn coal,
and a decrease in the burning of solid waste.5
3.1.2 Short-term Trends, 1980-81
The composite geometric mean TSP was lowest in 1981 for the
monitoring stations nationally as well as for the urbanized NAMS sites
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23
1 -
s
an. tan,
us*. tssi.
FiCUftE 3-3. HRTIONm. TRENDS IN THE CONPOStTE BVERflCE OF THE
GEOnETRlC MEBH TOTfiL SUSPENDED PHRTlCUtnTE
BT BOTH NRHS AND BLL SITES. 1975-1981. .
fc
fe
ftltL COHBUSTIOH
sot is unSTf aw
FIGURE 3-4. NRTIONBL TREND IK PSRT1CULR7E EMISSIONS. 1975-1981.
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24
(Figure 3-3). Figure 3-5 focuses on the distribution of those sites
recording geometric means in both 1980 and 1981. Roughly three quarters
of all sites showed decreases between these years. Nationally, the
median rate of decrease from 1980 to 1981 was 6 percent at 1289 sites
and 8 percent at 248 NAMS sites reporting data in both years.
Possible reasons for these decreases were explored. One likely
factor is reduced TSP emissions. While a significant 1-year improvement
in pollutant control levels would not be expected, industrial production
levels for many sectors In 1981 were significantly lower than in the
previous few years.5 This downturn in industrial production may
have contributed to a decreased level of emissions which would have
contributed to improved air quality. The impact of reduced productivity
is evident in some area specific trends. One illustration of this
relationship is derived from a recent air quality study for the Beaver
Valley Air Basin in Pennsylvania which is located north-north west of
Pittsburgh.6 Quarterly composite TSP concentrations show remarkable
similarity to raw steel production in the neighboring Pittsburgh area
from 1972-1980 (Figure 3-6). The trend in steel production continued
through 1981.
Another possible factor for the 1980-1981 trend is meteorology.
Previous studies have shown precipitation to be an important factor in
TSP trendsJ~& A preliminary investigation of the influence of
precipitation to the change in TSP did not show a strong consistent
association between these two quantities.9 Nevertheless, increases in
precipitation did occur in seven out of ten EPA Regions. These seven
Regions include five of the EPA Regions mentioned later with notable
decreases in TSP levels between 1980 and 1981. Only Region III showed
a notable decrease in TSP with a corresponding decrease in precipitation.
Based on these comparisons, it appears that the impact of precipitation
can not be entirely discounted. The combined effects of reduced produc-
tivity and increased precipitation probably account for part of the
decrease in TSP levels between 1980 and 1981.
3-1 -3 Rejionaj Trends
Figure 3-7 shows a comparison of the 7-year change in TSP levels
by EPA Regions in terms of the average 1975-1978 levels versus the 1979-
1981 levels. Major differences did not exist in these Regional trends.
Some Regions showed a small decrease while others showed a modest
increase. The largest increase (7 percent) occurred in Region VIII,
and can be attributed to the impact of Mt. St. Helens during 1980.
The short-term 1980-1981 decrease reported earlier shows some
Regional differences. Although all Regions decreased, average decreases
larger than 10 percent were reported in Regions I, VII, VIII and X.
Two of these Regions - I and VII and two additional Regions - III and V
reported their lowest 7-year levels during 1981.
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25
•J 1
» Sutl
1000 ntt ui»)
_! ( r
f
£
~ e.
£ -
I
u ut
* i
« s
6 i
o
to
T 1 T
S 5
3 S
s s
CXXXX
.1
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26
3.2 TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE
Ambient sulfur dioxide (SOg) results primarily from stationary
source combustion and from nonferrous smelters. SOg is measured using
either a continuous monitoring instrument, which can collect as many as
8760 hourly values a year, or a 24-hour bubbler, which collects one
measurement per 24-hour period and is operated on a sampling schedule
of once every 6 days. Prior to 1978, most SQ£ monitors were 24-hour
bubblers. In 1978, the EPA required that all SOg bubblers be modified
with a temperature control device to rectify a sampling problem (when
the temperature rose too high, the SOg sample collected tended to be
underestimated).10 After 1978, many SO? bubblers were retired.
Therefore, the bubbler data was not used in the trend analysis, because
the instrument modification would complicate the interpretation of the
trends analysis. Further, given the bubbler sampling frequency of once
every 6 days, the S02 peak statistics would be underestimated and not
comparable to those obtained from the continuous instruments.
The trends in ambient concentrations are derived from continuous
monitoring instruments which can collect as many as 8760 hourly values
per year. The S02 measurements reported in this section are summarized
into a variety of summary statistics which relate to the SOg NAAQS.
The statistics on which ambient trends will be reported are the annual
arithmetic mean concentration, the second highest annual 24-hour average
(measured midnight to midnight), and the expected annual number of
24-hour exceedances of 0.14 pprn (24-hour NAAQS),
3.2.1 long-term Trends, 1975-81
The long-term trend in ambient S02, 1975-1981, is graphically
presented in Figures 3-8 to 3-10. In each figure, the trend at the
NAMS is contrasted with the trend at all sites. For each of the statistics
presented, a steady downward trend is evident. Nationally, the annual
mean SOg examined at 416 sites decreased at a median rate of approximately
4 percent per year; this resulted in an overall change of about 27
percent (Figure 3-8). The subset of 78 NAMS recorded higher
average concentrations but declined at a higher rate of 8 percent per year.
The annual second highest 24-hour values displayed a similar decline.
Nationally, among 404 stations with adequate trend data, the average rate
of change was 5 percent per year with an overall decline of 31 percent
(Figure 3-9). The 76 NAMS exhibited a similar rate of improvement for
an overall change of 30 percent. In 1980 and 1981, the composite
average of the second highest 24-hour averages were almost identical for the
NAMS and the national composite of 404 sites. While the NAMS are higher than
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27
i
K 1,1*
\-
5
H e.es
-MMf sita tan
•m sins nttt
nrs. , is?s.
issi. isai.
t$7S. ISSf.
FIGURE 3-B. HBTIONBL TREND IN THE SHNUBL BVtRRGC SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCEUTPIHTIDH XT BOTH KRHS FIND BLt SITES. I97S-19B1.
FICURE 3-9. NflTIDHRL TREWD IN THE C8NPOS1TE fVERBCE OF THE
SECOBJ-HlBKESt 21-HDlJ* iULFUR DIOIIBE COHCINTRBnON
RT BOTH mm AND PLL SITES, 1975-118!.
itrs. UK. nt>. ts's, is?!. net. issi.
real
FIBURt 3-11, KRTIOIIBL TREND IN Tut HHPOS1T6 BVfdilCE OF THE MTInBTED
NUKBEB OF CXCEEDRNCES DF THE M-MDUR SULFUR DIOXIDE NfWPS
Bl BOTH NBHS UNO BIL SITES, 1S75-19B1.
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28
other population oriented sites, the national composite includes not only
population-oriented sites, but high concentration sites at smelter
locations, as well. Hie estimated number of exceedances also showed
declines for the NAMS as well as the composite of all sites (Figure
3-10). The vast majority of SOg sites do not show any exceedances
of the 24-hour NAAQS. Most of the exceedances as well as the bulk of
the improvements occurred at source oriented sites including a few
smelters in particular.
S0£ emissions (Figure 3,-TI) are dominated by electric utilities
and the trend generally tracks the pattern of ambient data. Emissions
increased from 1975 to 1976 due to improved economic conditions but
decreased since then reflecting the installation of flue gas desulfurization
controls at coal-fired electric generating stations and a reduction i"n
the average sulfur content of fuels consumed. Emissions from other
stationary source fuel combustion sectors also declined, mainly due to
decreased combustion of coal by these consumers. Sulfur oxide emissions
from industrial processes are also significant. Emissions from industrial
processes have declined, primarily as the result of controls implemented
to reduce emissions from nonferrous smelters and sulfuric acid
manufacturing pi ants.5
Nationally, SOg emissions decreased 12 percent from 1975 to 1981.
The difference between emission trends and air quality trends arises
because the use of high sulfur fuels was shifted from power plants in
urban areas, where most of our monitors are, to power plants in rural
areas which have fewer monitors.
3.2.2 Short-term Trends. 1980-81
Two hundred ninety five sites had both annual means and annual
second maximum 24-hour averages in 1980 and 1981. The distributions of
the 295 sites, Illustrated in the Box plots for annual means (Figure
3-12) and for the second maximum-24-hour averages (Figure 3-13), show a
decline in all the percentile levels (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th)
between 1980 and 1981. The median rate of improvement was 8 percent
for the annual means and 4 percent for the second maximum 24-hour
averages.
3.2.3 Regional Trends
The annual mean SOg levels decreased in eight EPA Regions
from 1975-1981 (Figure 3-14). Only two Regions, VI and VIII, had a
majority of sites increasing over this time period. In Region VI,
these sites were primarily special purpose monitors located in areas
with low $02 concentrations. In Region VIII, the increases all occurred
at a non-ferrous smelter in Montana. The long-term change in the
second high 24-hour values also showed similar patterns.
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29
jF.gfs
i
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* %
5 1
3 •
t.ttt
t.lfS
1 — r
.
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: ^ 1 :
I
4. *
* M
T
i \ — . — _
FIGURE 3-1). WmomU. TREND ID EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES. 1975-1911.
FIGURE 3-lZ- eOHNWISON OF SHBR1-TEHB T«tND5 IN SNHtHII. »E«N
3ULFUI DIOX1BE eONCtdTRRTIIlllS *T US SITES. ISil iHB IS»1.
I
3
T T
m. ef atrei re st u as tt IT it H it
FIGURE 3-M. RECIOHBL COHPflRISDH DF THE 1S7S-76 HUP 1976-BI CDHPOSHt
HVERBCE OF THE RNMfflL flVEJBCE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCEHIRHTIOHS,
FIGURE 3-13. COHCWHSON DF SHORT-tEliH TRENDS IN SECOKD HICHKT 24-HDUR
BVERBCE SULFUR 01QI1DE CONCEKTRBTIDKS BT 295 SITES. 19BB HMD 19BI.
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30
3.3 TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE
There are both 1-hour and 8-hour National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) for carbon monoxide (CO). The 1-hour standard specifies
a level of 35 ppm not to be exceeded more than once per year while the
8-hour standard specifies a level of 9 ppm not to be exceeded more
than once per year. Because the 8-hour standard is generally more
restrictive, this section focuses primarily on the 8-hour data.
The 8-hour CO trends data base for these analyses consisted of all
sites that had at least 50 percent complete data for at least 5 of
the 7 years during the 1975-81 time period. This resulted in a data
base of 224 sites. In this selection process, data from sites at the
same location were merged even though the agency or project code or
monitoring method may have changed over time. However, only monitoring
methods that are equivalent to the Federal Reference Method were considered.
Although approximately 25 percent of the trend sites reflect
merged data, there is no significant difference in the trends between
the merged and urmerged sites.
3.3.1 Long-term Carbon Monoxide Trends: 1975-81
The 1975-81 trend for 8-hour CO is shown in Figure 3-15 for the
224 sites and the subset of 37 NAMS. Both the second highest non-
overlapping 8-hour average and the 90th percentile are shown and illustrate
the net improvement in ambient CO levels during the 1975-81 time period.
The national composite decreased 26 percent for the second maximum, or
approximately 5 percent per year, and 35 percent for the 90th percentile,
or approximately 7 percent per year. During the 1975-81 time period,
80 percent of the sites in the Nation recorded long-term improvement. This
is further demonstrated in terms of the composite average of the number
of times per year that the 8-hour CO standard was exceeded (Figure 3-16).
This statistic shows an even greater improvement than the second maxima
or 90th percentiles, decreasing 84 percent at the 224 sites with a
similar decrease at the NAMS over the 1975 through 1981 time period.
Between 1980 and 1981, the 37 NAMS show a slight increase,in the
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average, but continue to show a
consistent improvement in both the 90th percent!les of 8-hour averages
(Figure 3-15) and in the estimated number of annual exceedances (Figure
3-16.) Both the 90th percentile of 8-hour averages and the estimated
number of annual exceedances are more stable statistical indicators for
air quality trends, than the second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour
average, which is more likely to be influenced by unusual meteorological
events. Since there are only 37 NAMS, the short-term trend (1980-81)
is examined in greater detail in Section 3.3.2 by analyzing 163 sites
with data in both 1980 and 1981.
Between 1975 and 1981 national carbon monoxide emissions decreased
10 percent as shown in Figure 3-17.5 These emission trend estimates
show a slight rise between 1975 and 1976 but then a consistent decrease
year after year through 1981. Highway vehicle emissions, which are
the dominant component affecting ambient trends, are estimated to have
decreased 16 percent between 1975 and 1981 but this actually reflects
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31
11.
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FIGURE 3-15.1 NfiTIONflL TREND IN CflRBON HOHOXIDE LEVELS. COMPHR1NG HRHS KITH
fiLL SITES BKD THE SECOND HIGHEST NQNDVERLHPPING 8-HOUR RVERBDE HITH THE
9BTH PERCENTILE OF B-HDU8 flVERBGES. 1975-1981.
\ .,
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1S7S. Ilt7£,
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FIGURC 3-16. HflTIOHRL TREND IN THE COMPOSITE fl¥ERRGC OF THE ESTIHS1EB
OF OCi£DRN£ES OF THE &-HOUR CRRSON MONOXIDE NflFlGS
fli BOTH nms fiHD RLL SITCS. is?5-)96i.
FIGURE 3-17,
TRENB IH EMISSIONS OF CRSBOH KONQXIDE. 1S7S-396I.
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32
a relatively stable pattern between 1975 and 1978 followed by a 15
percent drop between 1978 and 1981.
In attempting to compare ambient CO trends and emission trends, it
is important to recognize that the trends in estimated CO emissions for
highway vehicles involve two main components: emissions per vehicle miles
of travel and the number of vehicle miles of travel. The Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program has been successful since the early 1970's in
reducing CO emissions per vehicle miles of travel, but the net effect
on national CO emissions was dampened by an increase of 16 percent in
vehicle miles of travel between 1975 and 1978. However, from 1978 to
1981 it is estimated that the vehicle miles of travel decreased by 1
percent so that the Impact of the emissions controls is more apparent
as evidenced by the 15 percent decrease in emissions between 1978 and
1981.5- The extent to which ambient trends agree with the nationwide
emission trends depends upon whether the local traffic patterns around
these trend sites are consistent with the trends in national averages
for vehicle miles of travel. Because CO monitors are typically .
located to identify potential problems, they are likely to be placed
in traffic saturated areas that do not experience increases in vehicle
miles of travel. Therefore the rate of CO air quality improvement
would be faster than the CO emission trend, because the CO air quality
trend is less likely to be influenced by increases in traffic.
3.3.2 Short-term Carbon Monoxide Trend: 1980-81
The change in the CO levels is shown for both the 90th percentile of
8-hour averages (Figure 3-18) and the second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour
average (Figure 3-19) for the 163 sites with both 1980 and 1981 data.
While the 90th percentile shows continued improvement with a median
improvement of 7 percent between 1980^and 1981, the change in the
second maximum is somewhat mixed. Although the median rate of improve-
ment for the second maximum was 3 percent between 1980 and 1981, the
national composite average showed little change. If only the sites
with second maximum values above the level of the 8-hour CO standard
(9 ppm) are considered, the median rate of improvement between 1980
and 1981 was 7 percent so that the higher sites continued to show
improvement for the second maximum value between 1980 and 1981. The sites
with lower concentrations, as represented by the 25th percentile on the
Box plots in Figures 3-18 and 3-19, show improvement in the 90th
percentile of CO values (Figure 3-18), but not in the second maxima
(Figure 3-19). Once again, the 90th percentile is the more stable
trend statistic, while the second maximum 8-hour average is more likely
to be influenced by unusual meteorological events. The reason for this
inconsistency is not clear.
3.3.3 Regional Carbon Monoxide Trends
Figure 3-20 displays the 1975-78 and 1979-81 composite averages
of the second highest 8-hour carbon monoxide concentrations by Region
and provides a convenient display of long-term trends during this time
period. Every Region showed long-term improvement with the majority of
sites in. each Region reporting progress.
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I
I
1 *
i '•
33
FIGURE J-18. COHPftKISON OF SHORT-TERM TBENOS IN THE »»TH PERCEHTILE OF
8-HOUR RVERAGE CORBON HOMDXIDE COKCEHTRATIQNS AT 163 SITES. 1991 HHO till.
Iff.
/*.
. ar sira 13
II ill tr
3S It If
FIOUM 3-20. ReG!DNHL COWBR1SOH OF THE 1875-71 HBO 1878-B! COKPOSITC
BVERRCE OF THE SECOND-HIGHEST NON-DVERLHPP1NB i-MOUR
CRRBDH HDNOXSDE COHCEN1RBTIOH.
FICUfii 3-19. COHI>BR!SI)K OF SHORt-IERn TRENDS ]H SECOND HIGHEST
NMOVERLRFMNG I-HOUD RVERABE tSRBBN MONIIXItE COKCEHTHH1IOH5
AT 113 SITES. 1988 AND tggi.
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.34
3.4 TRENDS IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE
is measured using either a continuous monitoring instrument,
which can collect as many as 8760 hourly values a year, or a 24-hour
bubbler, which collects one measurement per 24-hour period. Both
monitors are used to compare annual average concentrations with the
annual N02 standard of 100 ug/m .
In order to expand the size of the available trends data base,
data was merged at sites which experienced changes in the agency
operating the site, the instrument used, or the designation of the
project code, such as residential or coramerical. The merging was
accomplished by treating the bubbler and continuous hourly data
separately. If a monitor at a given site was changed from a 24-hour
bubbler to a continuous hourly monitor or vice versa, the data would
not be merged. If, on the other hand, a monitor at a given site changed
from one type of bubbler to another type of bubbler or one type of
continuous instrument to another type of continuous instrument the
data would be merged.
After the merging took place the trends sites that were selected
had to satisfy an annual data completeness criteria in at least 5 out of 7
years in the 1975 to 1981 time period. For sites with 24-hour bubblers
the annual data completeness criteria used for the annual mean was the
NADB validity criteria, as defined in Section 2.1. The annual data
completeness criteria for sites with continuous instruments required
the site to collect at least 50 percent of the possible hourly data or
4380 measurements. The impact of merging the data was to increase the
size of the N02 trends data base from 306 to 445 sites or 45 percent,
The 445 sites consisted of 111 sites with continuous monitors, of which
62 contained merged data, and 334 bubblers, of which 77 contained merged
data. The rates of change were computed at each of the sites, using
nonparametric regression. ^ Treating the continuous and bubbler data
separately, the rates of change at the sites with merged data were
compared with the rates of change at the sites with unmerged data using
the analysis of variance (ANOVA) J2 Based on the ANOVA no significant
difference was found between the merged and unmerged bubbler data nor
between the merged and unmerged continuous data.
3.4.1 Long-term NO? Trends: 1975-81
Nationally, annual average N02 levels, measured at the 445 sites,
increased 5 percent (Figure 3-21). Correspondingly, oxides of nitrogen
emissions increased 5 percent (Figure 3-22). Both the N02 air quality
and nitrogen oxide emission trend lines are very similar. Both trend
lines show an increase from 1975 to about 1978, a leveling off from
1978 to 1979 and a decrease from 1979 to 1981. The two major emission
source categories - transportation and stationary source fuel combustion -
both show the same general pattern. Emissions from transportation
-------
35
1
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isis, is", !>"• i*
rwsr
i
79. iS8i.
1
1981.
h
3-21. HBTIdHOL TREND IH THE CBXPOBITE SVERBBE OF NHHOOEN DIOXIDE
CONMNWmCH BT BBTH HBHi UNO HU. SITES. 191S-19SI.
tSSi".
o
FIGURE 3-22. NfiTIOHRL TKE8Q 1M EMISSIONS Or H1TR05EH QXI&ES. 197S-39BI.
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36
sources increased through 1978 as the result of increased motor vehicle
travel. Since then, emissions have declined slightly as the result of
Federal motor vehicle controls and the lack of significant growth in
vehicle miles travelled. The drop in stationary fuel combustion between
1979 and 1980 occurred primarily in the industrial source category and
is due to a combination of reduced industrial activity and conservation
measures.
Of the 445 sites, only 13 were NAMS. This is to be expected,
because NQg does not represent a significant air quality problem in
many areas. The NAMS are only located in those urban areas with popula-
tions greater than 1,000,000. Many of the NAMS are new sites located
in the areas of maximum concentration (urban scale), downwind of the
area of peak nitrogen oxides emissions, or in that part of the urban
area where the emission density of nitrogen oxides is the highest.
The 13 NAMS are located in nine standard metropolitan statistical
areas in seven States. As would be expected the composite averages of
the NAMS are consistently higher than those of the 445 sites, since
the NAMS are located in the areas of highest concentration. The NAMS
report an overall decrease of 2 percent between 1975 and 1981 in contrast
to the 5 percent increase reported at the 445 sites. It is difficult
to conclude very much from this discrepancy, since the sample of NAMS
is so small.
3.4.2 Short-term NOg trend: 1980-81
Two hundred and one sites had annual means in both 1980 and
1981. The distribution of the 201 sites illustrated in the Box plot
(Figure 3-23) shows a decline in all the percentile levels (10th,
25th, 50th, 75th and 90th) between 1980 and 1981. The composite mean
of the 201 sites decreased 8 percent between 1980 and 1981. This
compares with a 2 percent decrease in emissions.
3.4.3 Regional Trends
The Regional trends display the composite average of all the
sites in each Region over two time periods 1975-78 versus 1979-81
(Figure 3-24). The Regional trends are mixed, with five Regions (I, IV,
V, VI and VIII) showing increases and the remaining Regions showing
decreases. It should be noted that there is only one site meeting the
historical trends criteria in Region X and, as such, the trend represents
the site and not the Region.
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37
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DVERMC OF KITROGEU DIOXIDE CDNCENTRRTigHS.
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38
3.5 TRENDS IN OZONE
Ozone is strongly seasonal with higher ambient concentrations
typically occurring during the warmer times of the year. The National
Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone applies to the maximum hourly
value for the day and the level of the standard is 0.1E ppm. Because
of the seasonal nature of ambient ozone levels, trends for the 1975-81
time period were examined both in terms of an annual statistic, the
second highest daily maximum, and a statistic focusing only upon the
third quarter (July-September), the estimated number of exceedances.
The data base for the annual trends analysis consisted of all
sites that recorded at least 50 percent of the hourly values for 5 or
more of the 7 years in the 1975-81 period. For the third quarter
analysis, the 50 percent completeness criterion was applied only to
the third quarter rather than the entire year. There were 209 sites
that qualified as trend sites on an annual basis and 241 sites that
qualified for the third quarter analysis. This increase in the number
of sites meeting the trends criteria for the third quarter is primarily
due to additional sites in the New England and Great Lakes regions.
This is reasonable because many of the sites in the colder climates
operate on a monitoring schedule that is not year-round but is restricted
to the ozone season. Therefore, such sites would not have 50 percent
complete data for the entire year but would be 50 percent complete for
the third quarter. For both data sets, data were merged from sites at
the same location even though the agency or project code may have
changed or the monitoring method changed, although any method used
would have to be an equivalent method. While approximately 20 percent
of the sites involved merged data, there was no significant difference
in the trends between the sites with merged data and those that did
not have merged data.
3.5.1 Long-term Ozone Trends: 1975-81
The overall trend for the annual second high day is shown in
Figure 3-25 for the 209 annual trend sites. Although the graph indicates
an overall decrease of 14 percent between 1975 and 1981, the pattern is
fairly stable initially from 1975 to 1978 followed by a drop between
1978 and 1979 and a slight rise in 1980 and then a further decrease
between 1980 and 1981. This same pattern is also apparent for the
subset of 49 NAMS sites. Because volatile organic compounds (VOC),
along with nitrogen oxides, are involved in the atmospheric chemical
and physical processes that result in the formation of ozone, the VOC
emission trends during this same time period are displayed in Figure
3-26.5 Total VOC emissions decreased 8 percent between 1975 and 1981
but it is worth noting that emissions increased from 1975 to 1978 and
then consistently decreased through 1981 (Figure 3-26). In comparing
the ambient trends and emission trends it is important to note that
the apparent improvement in ambient ozone levels in the late 1970's
may be partly attributable to the change in calibration procedure
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39
.*, 153
i
UTS.
• •• «i WITS an/
1 1 ' L
1S7S.
1S77, fSrO.
ma
i i
IS79. ISBf.
1901,
FIGURE 3-16. NOT10HRL THEM IN THE COMPOSITE RVERRGf OF THE
SEEOW-HIBHIST DRILT HWHHW 1-KOuR KOHE COHCENTMTION
FIT BOTH HUMS BND RLL SITES, 1675-196].
FIGURE 3-26. NBTIOHBL TREND IN ERISS1DHS DF VOL8T1LE ORGANIC CONFOUNDS.
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40
recommended by EPA in June 1978.!3 Quantifying the exact Impact of
this calibration change is difficult, but some caution is warranted in
interpreting the results prior to 1979.1^
Figure 3-27 displays the 1975-81 trend in estimated exceedances
for third quarter ozone data and shows an overall decrease for the entire
time period with an increase in 1980 that is more than offset by the
drop between 1980 and 1981. Again, the interpretation of the overall
trend is complicated by the effect of the change in calibration procedure
in the late 1970's.
3.5,2 Short-term Ozone Trend: 1980-81
There were 159 trend sites that satisfied the annual completeness
criterion in both 1980 and 1981. The Box plot in Figure 3-28 indicates
the decrease between 1980 and 1981 in annual second maximum levels.
The majority of sites had decreases and the median rate of improvement
between 1980 and 1981 was 8 percent. This is consistent with the 7
percent drop in VOC emissions during this same period.
This improvement between 1980 and 1981 was primarily due to
decreasing levels at those sites that had second high values above the
level of the ozone standard in 1980. There were 91 of the 159 trend
sites with more than one day above .12 ppm in 1980 and the median rate
of improvement at these sites was 13 percent between 1980 and 1981.
This greater improvement at the higher sites was widespread and not
limited to any particular geographical region.
3.5.3 Regional Ozone Trends
Figure 3-29 contrasts the composite average of the second highest
daily 1-hour ozone concentration for the 1975-78 and 1979-81 time
periods by EPA Region. Although this graph is consistent with the
general improvement discussed in the previous section there are a few
points worth noting. For example, the graph is presented in terms of
the annual trends data base and Region I is represented by only
three sites, because of seasonal monitoring for ozone in the New
England area. If the third quarter data base were used, the number of
trend sites in this Region would have increased to 17 and the results
would still show net improvement. The results shown in this figure
are also of interest with respect to the earlier discussion on the
possible effect of the calibration change on the apparent long-term
improvement. Although Region IX showed improvement between 1980 and
1981, it is the only Region that does not show long-term improvement.
This Region was not significantly affected by the calibration change,
because California, which dominates the Region, changed calibration
procedures in 1975, Further, the long-term improvement results should
be tempered by an awareness that a calibration change did occur in the
late 1970's in the other nine Regions and that the recent trends are
of more interest.
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1
41
I
| H
I I, I
u
I*
-urns am tui
-Mi SITti IN11
MT>. ISM.
FIMRE 3-S?. HHTrOHBL TltDD IN THE COHPOSITI AVEMGE DF WE ESTIHR1ED
NIMER Or ORtLT EKEH1BHCES Or THE OZOHS HBMS IN TH6 IHIW
OuflRTER IJUIY-SEPTEHBER! «T I6TH NflHS »ND Hit SITES, I975-I9H.
FIGURE 3.28, COHPBBISOH OP SHORT-TERM TRENDS IK ANNIMt SECOKD HIGHEST
DBILT nndKUN 1-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRBTIONS HT153 SITES, 1088 RHD 1961.
era ticnm
m, or mis
** ti It 3* is 11 if ts
FIGlfflE 3-29. M610NBL CDHWWISdN DF THE 1975-78 SUB 1819-81 COMPOSITE
nvEHSDI BF THE SECOHD-K1MEST DBFLT 1-HD-JS OZOKE CDHCENTBHTIOH.
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42
3.6 TRENDS IN LEAD
Lead gasoline additives, non-ferrous smelters, and battery plants
are the most significant contributors to atmospheric lead emissons.
Transportation sources alone contribute about 80 percent of the annual
emissions.
Prior to promulgation of the lead standard in October 1978,15 two air
pollution control programs were implemented by EPA that have resulted in
lower ambient lead levels. First, regulations, were issued in the early
1970's which required the lead content of all gasoline to be gradually
reduced over a period of many years. Second, as part of EPA's overall
automotive emission control program, unleaded gasoline was introduced in
1975 for use in automobiles equipped with catalytic control devices which
reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
The overall effect of these two control programs has been a major reduction
in both the amount of lead in gasoline and in ambient levels.
3.6.1 Long-term Lead Trends. 1975-81
Previous trend analyses of ambient Pb datal6,17 were based almost
exclusively on National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) sites. These
sites were established in the 1960's to monitor ambient air quality levels
of TSP and associated trace metals, including lead. The sites were
predominantly located in the central business districts of larger American
cities. In October 1980, new ambient Pb monitoring regulations were
promulgated. 18 f^e siting criteria in the regulations resulted in the
elimination of many of the old historic TSP monitoring sites as suitable
sites for the measurement of ambient Pb concentrations.
In displaying the long-term Pb trend, two separate trend lines are
presented. The NASN trend line, covering the period 1975-79, represents
105 urban, primarily NASN, sites located in 37 States (Figure 3-30).17
The NASN trend line covers only the 1975-79 period, because most of the
sites were discontinued after 1980. The second trend line is based on
92 urban-oriented sites that contained at least 5 out of the last 7
years of data (Figure 3-30). Of these sites more than half (69) were
located in only three States - Texas with 41, Maryland with 15, and
Pennsylvania with 13. Only 11 States had one or more sites represented
in this sample. This sample of 92 sites is not as representative of the
Nation, as a whole, as the 105 NASN sites which are located in more
States. When the trend line for the 92 sites is compared, however, with
the trend line'represented by the NASN sites, considerable similarity in
the direction of the trend and the rate of improvement can be seen. For
the common period, 1975-1979, the NASN sites show a 25 percent decrease,
while the 92 sites show a 20 percent decrease. The amount of lead consumed
in gasoline over this same period decreased 22 percent. Clearly then,
both sets of sites reflect improvements brought about the Federal program
to control lead content of gasoline. As such, the 92 sites appear to be
a good indicator of the impact of the Federal program.
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43
1
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1.9
1.2
0.6
0.4
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NRffOS
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J.ffl ©
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-105 NRSN SITES
92 URBfiN-ORIENTED SITES
0.92
"o ^. 39
±
1975. 1978. 1377. 1978. 1979. 1980. 1981.
* The 19BI composite average of the maximum quarterly average is based on
a partial sample of 42 sites with lead data for both IBS® and IBQl.
FIGURE 3-30. NflTlONfll TREND IN MflXIMUM QUARTERLY flVERRGE LERD LEVELS. 1975-1981
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44
The 92 sites are the only sites available to examine progress over >
the period 1975-1981 which meet the historical trends data completeness [
criteria of having at least 5 out of 7 years of data. The composite ;
maximum quarterly average of ambient lead levels at these sites decreased
57 percent between 1975 and 1981 (Figure 3-30). The lead consumed in i
gasoline dropped 67 percent, during the same period (Figure 3-31).19.20
Lead consumed in gasoline in 1975 was estimated to be about 170,000 tons
while in 1981 the estimate decreased to 55,000 tons. The drop in consump-
tion has been particularly significant since 1979.
3.6.2 Short-term Pb Trend. 1980-1981
The data base was increased to 113 sites for the short-term 1980-
1981 comparison. Of the 113 sites, more than half (65) were located in
four States - Arizona with 29, Pennsylvania with 15, Indiana with 14 and
Illinois with 12. The number of States with trend sites increased from
11 to 16. The composite average of the maximum quarterly average of the
113 sites was 0.55 ug/m3 in 1980 and 0.45 ug/m3 in 1981 for a decrease
of 18 percent. The decrease in lead consumption in gasoline over the
same period was 29 percent.
3.6.3 Statewide Pb Trends, 1975-1981
Improvements can be seen in each of the ambient lead level trends
in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Texas (Figure 3-32). Over the 1975-1981
time period, lead levels decreased 73 percent in Maryland, 55 percent in
Pennsylvania and 23 percent in Texas. The Texas lead levels are lower for
two major reasons. First, many of the sites are located in smaller cities
and towns and, secondly, in the larger cities such as Dallas and Houston
the sites are not located in areas where maximum lead concentration would be
expected. None of the sites are located in the microscale environment.
The reduction in lead consumed in gasoline was 67 percent over the same
period.
3.6.4 Comparison of Ambient Lead Levels to Mean Blood Levels, 1976-1980
Recently, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) measured
the degree of exposure of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population
to lead over the time period, 1976-1980.21 Their analysis shows a 37
percent decrease in the mean blood lead levels from 15.8 mg/dl during the
first 6 months of the survey to 10.0 mg/dl during the last 6 months
(Figure 3-33). Although ambient air is not the only path by which lead
can enter the body, the 37 percent improvement compares with a 48 percent
decrease in ambient lead levels and a 56 percent decrease in lead consumed
in gasoline. Clearly, the improvement was due in part to the reductions
in ambient lead levels brought about by the Federal programs to reduce
the lead content of gasoline and to introduce unleaded gasoline.
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45
int. ittt.
int. isn. lira. list.
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si
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FIGURE S-3J. ' LCm CDN9UXEO IN GASOLINE — 1975-1901.
1SRLC9 TO THE MILlTflRt [KCLUDEO)
stw or tKtns IN THE KMINUH
raniTim.1 <.EH» nvtmiCI r« KBHILSKB.
reiMTi.fMiiii me mm. ins-mi
17
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I .
o
I 6
C
ft
Average blood
lead i
I
_L
J
1376 1977 1978 1979 .1980 1981
Year
SOURCE: Reference 21
Mean blood levels of U. S. population
Feb. 1976 - Feb. 1980
FIGURE 3-33
-------
46
3.7 REFERENCES
1. Tukey, J. W., Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Reading, Massachusetts^1977
2. Sartre!!, G. and Friedlander, S. K. (1975). "Relating Particulate
Pollution to Sources: The 1972 Aerosol Characterization Study," Atmospheric
Environment, 9, 279. j
i
3. Kowalc^yk, G. S., Choquette, C. E. and Gordon, G. E. (1978). j
"Chemical Element Balances and Identification of Air Pollution Sources j
in Washington, 0. C.," Atmospheric Environment, 12, 1143. I
4. Cooper, J. A,, and Watson, J. G., "Portland Aerosol Characterization !
Study,". Final Report to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality,
July 1979.
1
5. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1970-19811. U. S, *,-
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. i
Research Triangle Park, N. C. Publication No. EPA-45Q/4-82-Q12. September
1982. i
6. Kulp, R. L., "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Pennsylvania- ' j
Bureau of Air Quality Control's Regulations in Reducing Total Suspended ,
Particulate Concentrations in the Beaver Valley Air Basin," Master's j
Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, University Center of Harrisburg, 1982. f
7 . The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emission -,
Trends - Annual Report, Volumes1 and 2. U. S. Environmental Protection f
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle I
Park, N. C. Publication Mo. EPA-450/1-73-001 a and b. July 1973» -'|
8. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1976. U. S. 1
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and |
Standards. Research Triangle Park, N. C. Publication No. EPA-450/1-77- j
002. December 1977. - i
9. Personal Communication, Gerald Anderson, Systems Applications, f
Incorporated, San Raefael, California, to Neil H. Frank, U. S Environmental \
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, N. C. January 27, 1983.
10. Neligan, Robert E., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
memorandum to Directors of the Surveillance and Analysis Divisions and
Air and Hazardous Materials Division, and the Regional Quality Control
Coordinators, EPA Regions I through X, 25 July 1978.
-------
47
11. Hollander, M. and D. A. Wolfe (1973), Nonparametn'c Statistical
Method, New York, Wiley.
12. Dixon, W. J., M. B. Brown, L. Engelman, J. W. Frane, M. A. Hill,
R. I. Jennrich, and J. D. Toporek, BHDP Statistical Software, 1981.
University of California Press, Berkeley, tali form'a. 1981.
13. Federal Register. Vol. 43, June 22, 1978, pp 26971-26975.
14. Hunt, W. F.t T. C. Curran, R. B. Faoro, N. H. Frank and V. M.
Henderson, "National Ozone Monitoring Status and Trends, 1979," presented
at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, June
1981.
15. Federal Register, Vol. 43, October 5, 1978, pp 46246-46247.
16. Faoro, R. B. and T. B. McMullen, National Trends in Trace Metals
Ainbient Air ,1965-1974. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Alr^JuaKTty Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, N. C.
Publication No. EPA-450/1-77-003. February 1977.
17. W. Hunt, "Experimental Design in Air Quality Management," Andrews
Memorial Technical Supplement, American Society for Quality Control, to
be published in 1983.
18. Federal Register, Vol. 45, October 10, I960, pp 67564-67575.
19. Yearly Report of Gasoline Sales by States, 1981, Ethyl Corporation,
2 Houston Center, Suite 900, Houston, Texas 77010.
20. Sheldon, Ella Mae, Motor Gasolines, Winter 1981, U. S. Department
of Energy, Bartlesville Energy TecnnoTogy tenter, ¥artTesvil1e, Oklahoma
Publication No. DOE/BETC/PPS-81/3.
21. Annest, Joseph L., K. Mahaffey, D. Cox, and J. Roberts, "Blood Lead
Levels for Persons 6 Months-74 Years of Age; United States, 1976-80."
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health
Statistics. NCHS Advance Data, No. 79, May 12, 1982.
-------
48
4. AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS
The Tables in this section summarize air quality by Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) for SMSA's with populations greater
than 500,000. The air quality statistics relate to pollutant-specific NAAQS.
The purpose of these Minmaries is to provide the reader with information on
how air quality varies among SMSA's and from year-to-year. The higher air
quality levels measured in the SMSA are summarized for the years 1979, 1980
and 1981.
The reader should be cautioned that these summaries are not sufficient
in themselves to adequately rank or compare the SMSA's according to their
air quality. To properly rank the air pollution severity in different
SMSA(s), data on population characteristics, daily population mobility,
transportation patterns, industrial composition, emission Inventories,
meteorological factors and, most important, the spatial representativeness
of the monitoring sites would also be needed.
The same annual data completeness criteria used in the air quality
trends data base was used here for the calculation of annual means. (See
Section 2.1). With respect to the summary statistics for air quality
levels with averaging times less than or equal to 24-hours, measured with
continuous monitoring instruments, a footnote will be placed next to the
level if the volume of annual data is less than 4380 hours for CO,
and S02 or less than 90 days of data during the warm months for 03.
For the 24-hour intermittent monitoring measurements for TSP, SOg and
NOg, collected once every 6 days, a footnote will be placed next to the
measurement if it does not satisfy either the NADB annual validity criteria
or have at least 30 days of intermittent measurements collected during the
course of the year.
4.1 SUMMARY STATISTICS
In the following SMSA summaries, the air quality levels reported
are the highest levels measured within the SMSA(s). The pollutant-specific
statistics reported are summarized in Table 4-1, along with their associated
primary NAAQS concentrations. In the case of Pb, the quarterly average is
either based on as many as 15 24-hour measurements or one or more chemical
composite measurements. Most of the maximum quarterly Pb averages are
based on multiple 24-hour measurements. If the maximum quarterly average
is based on a chemical composite, it is footnoted accordingly.
-------
49
Table 4-1. Air Quality Summary Statistics and Their
Associated National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
POLLUTANT STATISTICS PRIMARY NAAQS
CONCENTRATION
Total Suspended Particulate annual geometric mean 75 ug/m3
Sulfur Dioxide annual arithmetic mean 0.03 ppm
second highest 24-hour average 0.14 ppm -
Carbon Monoxide second highest nonoverTapping 9 ppm |
8-hour average !
Nitrogen Dioxide annual arithmetic mean 0.053 ppm '
Ozone second highest daily maximum 0.12 ppm
1-hour average :
Lead maximum quarterly average 1.5 ug/m3
ug/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter
ppm = parts per million
4.2 AIR QUALITY SMSA COHPARISONS
In each of the following SMSA afr quality summaries, the SMSA's are
grouped according to population starting with the largest SNSA - New York,
NY-NJ and continuing to the smallest SMSA with a population in excess of
500,000, Long Branch - Asbury Park, NJ. The population groupings and the
number of SMSA's contained within each are as follows: 16 SMSA's have
populations in excess of 2 million, 23 SMSA's have populations between 1
and 2 million and 41 SMSA's have populations between 0.5 and 1 million.
The population statistics are based on the 1980 census.
The air quality summary statistics are summarized in the following
tables:
Table 4-2. Annual Geometric Mean Suspended Particulate Concentration
by SMSA, 1979-81.
Table 4-3. Annual Arithmetic Mean Sulfur Dioxide Concentration by
SMSA, 1979-81.
Table 4-4. Second Maximum 24-hour Average Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
by SMSA, 1979-81.
-------
50
Table 4-5. Second Maximum Nonoverlapping 8-hour Average Carbon Monoxide
Concentration by SMSA, 1979-81.
Table 4-6. Annual Arithmetic Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration by
SMSA, 1979-81.
Table 4-7. Second Daily Maximun 1-hour Average Ozone Concentration by
SMSA, 1979-81.
Table 4-8. Maximum Quarterly Average Lead Concentration by SMSA, 1979-
81.
The air quality summaries follow:
-------
TABLE RE-
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > g MILLION
NEM YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANBELES-LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
.WASHINGTON, OC-MD-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MQ-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, MD
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
ATLANTA, SA
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION t US/MS)
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1979 1980 1981
77
104
126
109
162
70
71
76
147
67
54
215
161
98
118
69
68
123
118
75
138
s' 66
67
77 »
159
74
59
167
115
90
114 *
65
68 *
121
111
82
116
56
65
77
151
62
56
190
100
90
100
79
* THE ANNUAL AVERAEE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA <50 7, OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAMNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARKi NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICUUtTE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION IUG/H3J
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
TOTAL SMSA'S > Z MILLION
en
rxj
THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA {50 % OF EPA RECOMMENDiO
SAMPLINB DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A6BNCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA £7711
REPORT DATE 02/10/63
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATIONS 1 - Z MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-GARDEN GROVE, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIEGO. CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER, CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT, WA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE, MI
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
BUFFALO, NY
' PORTLAND, OR-MA
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION CUS/M3)
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1979 1980 " 1981
10* *
93
155
as
78
194
106
65
152.
172
124
105
105
66
111
169
84
100
148
95
84
199
84
89
197 *
177
110
102
113
76
109
159 *
95 *
104
129
95
97
183
87
62
1S7
178
84
73
96
64
97
114
CJl
Oo
THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA ISO X OF EPA RiCOKHENOED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-2 .
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICi OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO.'
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/MS)
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION ICOHT>
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT LAUDERDALE-HOLLYWQQD, FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
62
90 *
77 ,
Vl
107
100
63
79
72 »
82
78
96
90
66
7*
82
80
74
9*
73
69
68
TOTAL SHSA'S 1-2 MILLION
23
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASEB ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 % Of EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5 - i MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OSDEN, UT
PRQVIDENCE-WARWICK-PAWTUCKET, RI-MA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE-DAVIDSON, TN
BIRMINGHAM, AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTOH, OH
GREENSBQRQ-WINSTON-SALEM-HXGH POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
ALBAHT-SCHENECTAOY-TROY, NY
TOLEDO, OH-MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3)
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1979 1980 1981
52
97 *
82
77
102
82
113
83
78
64
68
77
85
65 *
62
63 *
63
77
78
84
100
80 *
114
85
92
90
78
65
81
53
68
55
73
67
57
74
9Z
74 *
111
96 *
77
61
64 *
59
72
51
79
47
tn
in
THE ANNUAL. AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA C5Q '/. OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYSJ, BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIAHSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT BATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: ,5-1 MILLION
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAl PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PACE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION CCONT)
YOUNGSTOWN-HARREN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH-OUHHAtt, NC
SPRINGFIEUJ-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE , HA-CT
OXHARD-SIMI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONG BRANCH-ASBURY PARK, NJ
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3J
ANNUAL GEOMETtIC HEAN
1979 1980 19S1
146
132
60
61
96
56
89
118
5* *
110
117
63
65
93 *
69
80
114
58
96
112
53
71
90
65
60
109
62 *
CJI
"-J
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
* THE ANNUAL AVERABE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 39 DAYS OF 24-HOU! DATA 159 "A OF EPA RECOMHlNDED
SAMPLING DAYSJ, BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
-------
TABLE 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE PAGE NO:
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPMJ
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1961
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
WASHINGTON, DC-MB-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, MO
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
ATLANTA, SA
.031
.012
.037
.028
.018
,001
.020
.003
.002
.020
.009
.022
.042
.019
.017
.013
.029
.012
.016
.020
.017
.004
.017
.003
.009
.021
.011
.023
.042
.013
.013
.011
.025
.011
.015
.022
.017
-DOS
.017
.003
.DOS
.019
.011
.022
.045
.015
.011
.009
en
00
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (BO X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 493
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION HANSE PAGE N0=
SULFUR DIOXIBE CONCENTRATION (PPMi
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
TOTAL SMSA'S > 2 MILLION : 16
THE ANNUAL AVERA6E IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
= REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDi CONCENTRATION -(PPMJ
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: i - 2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-SAROEN GBOVE, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIEGO, CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER, CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT, MA
TAHPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARD INO-ONTAH 10, CA
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE, HI
KANSAS CITY, MQ-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
• BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, OR-WA
.018
1 .008
.026
.007
ND
.017
.013 ,
.010
.011
ND
.020 B
.017
.030
ND
.032
.013
.018
.010
.Old
.008
.003
.013
.008
.008
.006
.006
.019 B*
.012
.017
ND
.029
.012 '
.021
.007
.019
.007
.003
.013
.015
.010
.007
.006
.011
.009
.019
ND
.026
.012
en
o
* THE ANNUAL AVERAEE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA ISO 7. OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 2*-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARKi NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD HETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHHETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: 1-2 HILLION
HEN ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT UUDERD ALE-HOLLYWOOD, FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
ND
.030
.010
.002 B
ND
.001 B*
.005
ND
.017
.009
.007
.002
.003 B*
.002
NO
.027
.015
ND
.002
.002 B
.004
TOTAL SHSA'S 1-2 MILLION
23
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 '/.Of EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLINS DAYS I, BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-3..
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCT
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINB AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIAN6LE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDI
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPH)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERASf
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: .s - i HILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, ur
PROVIDENCE-HARHICK-PAWTUCKET, RI-HA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE -DAVIDSON, TN
BIRHINSHAH, AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
GREENSBORQ-WINSTON-SALEM-HIGH POINT, NC
NORFOLK -VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
AL8ANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
TOLEDO, QH-I1I
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
.018
,031
.019
.012
.030
.008
NO
.001
.012 i
.004 B
. oia
.013
.019
.001 B
.015 B
.014
.026
.031
.016
.019
.026
.012
ND
.001
.009
.006 B
.012
.013
.013
.007 B
.009
.015
.022
.035
.015
.018
.019
.011
.007
.003
.008 B
.004 B
.013
.013
.014
.007 B*
.020 B*
.011
on
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 "/.Of EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING OAYSJ, BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1901
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
ORLANDO, FL
TULSA, OK
AKRON, OH
6ARY-HAWMOND-EA5T CHICAGO, IN
SYRACUSE, NV
NORTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLOTTE-GASTONIA, NC
ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM-EASTON, PA-NJ
RICHMOND, VA
ERAND RAPIDS, HI
NEW BRUNSMICK-PERTH AHBOY-SAYREVILLE , NJ
WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON, FL
OMAHA, NE-IA
GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURS, SC
JERSEY CITY, NJ
AUSTIN, TX
.002 B
.006
.023
.034
.014
.012
.009
.017
.012
.007
.016
ND
.009 B
.004 B*
.020
ND
.002 B
.008
.022
.022
^013
.012
.011
.015
ND
ND
.015
.002 B*
.010
ND
.016
.001
.006
.008
.021
.017
.010
.012
.011
.016
NO
.008
.018
.003
.004 B
.003
.018
.001
en
oa
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAHPLIN3 DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A6ENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO*.
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERABE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
YOUNSSTOWN-WARREN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEISH-DURHAH, NC
SPRINSFIELD-CHICOPEl-HOLYOKE. MA-CT
OXHARD-SIMI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINBTON, DE-NJ-MO
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONS BRANCH-ASBURY PARK, NJ
.017
.003
.007
.013
.004
.01*
.007
.004
.010
,017 B»
.002
,003 B
,013
.003
.012
.005
.003
.008
.015 B
.004
.003 B
.011
NO
.010
.014
.003
.008
en
TOTAL SMSA'5 .5-1 MILLION
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 "4 OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
B = REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE BASED ON 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENTS
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
SULFUR DIOXIDi
CONCENTRATION (PPM>
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
24-HR B/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
MASHINSTON, DC-MD-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, MD
MINHEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
ATLANTA, GA
.102
.043 *
.115 .»
.111
.098
.020
.110
.037
.042 »
.036
.044
.242
.131
.068
.069
.048
.105
.046 *
.050
.080
.068
.035
.053 *
.020
.040
.063
.053
.129 *
.138 *
.043 *
.097 *
.038
.097
.036
.061
.081
.102
.018
.047
.029
.047 *
.066
.054
.114
.192
.058 *
.113 *
.034
er<
01
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERAGE VALUES
** = MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT AVERAGE
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITIO STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAHNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA Z7711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE , PAGE NO?
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION JPPM)
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA 24-HR B/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUi
1979 I960 1981
POPULATION: > z MILLION JCONTJ
*
TOTAL SMSA'S > 2 MILLION •' 16
Oi
(Tl
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERAGE VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SEPQRT DATE 02/10/83
SOLFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-GARDEN GROVE i CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN OIESQ, CA
MIAMI • FL
DEU-VER-BOULBER, CO
SEATTLE -EVERETT, WA
TAHPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIOE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA
PHOENIX > AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE* HI
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
SAIi JOSE, CA
BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, OR-WA
SULFUR DIOXIDE
24-HR B/A 2ND
1979
.065
' .034
.1*0
.032 *
ND
.079
.019 *
.127
.034
ND
.084
.094 *
.247
ND
.119
.068
CONCENTRATION (PPMJ
MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1980 1981
056
031
125
035
007
057
034
048
026
015 *
105
093
137
ND
124
OBI
.114
.019
.081 *
.023
.009
.043
.066
.042
.027
.037
.106
.066
.206
ND
.277
.051
01
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERAGE VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUAlitY PLANNING ANO STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IPPMJ
24-HR B/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1979 r580 1981
POPULATION'- 1-2 MILLION (CONTJ
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT IAUDERDALE-HQLLYWOQD, FL
SACRAHENTO, CA
NO
.115
.076 *
,029 *
.DOS *
ND
.021
ND
.075
.041 *
.037
.003
ND
.015 *
ND
.073 *
.068
.038 *
.008
ND
.011
01
CO
TOTAL SMSA'S 1-2 MILLION
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERAGE VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE Oa/10/03
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5 - i MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-QSDEN, UT
PROVIDENCE-WARWICK-PAMTUCKET, RI-MA'
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-HS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE-DAVIDSON, TO
BIRMINGHAM, AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
GREENSBOHO-MINSTON-SALEH-HISH POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRSINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
TOLEDO, OH -MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION fPPM)
24-HR B/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1979 1980 1981
.067
.125
.052
.062
.185 *
.063
.013 *
.003
.021 *
ND
.039 *
.058 *
.13*
ND
.078
.056
.111
.139
.065
.108
.108
.078
ND
.006 *
.040
ND
.049 »
.065 *
.086
ND
.058
.065
.090
.160
.071
.157
.130
.072
.024
.009
.035
ND
.047 .
.066 *
.061
ND
,122
.074
CTI
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERASE VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAHMIH5 AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/03
SULFUR DIOXIDI CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO!
STANDABD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION ICONT)
ORLANDO. FL
TULSA, OK
AKRON, OH
GAHY-HAHHQNO-EAST CHICAGO, IN
SYRACUSE, NY
NORTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLQTTE-GASTQNIA, NC
ALLENTQWN-BETHLEHEM-EASTON, PA-NJ
RICHMOND, VA
BRAND RAPIDS, MI
NEW BRUNSWICK-PERTH AMBOY-SAYREVILLE, NJ
WEST PALM BEACH -BOCA RATON, FL
OMAHA, NE-IA
GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURS, SC
JERSEY CITY, NJ
AUSTIN, TX
SULFUR DIOXIDE
24-HR B/A 2NO
1979
.003 *
. 042 *
.092
.216
.059
.049
. 031 *
.125 *
.054
.047
.062
.Oil *
.015 *
,OQE *
.079 *
.012 *
CONCENTRATION (PPM)
MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1980 1981
01* «
043
104
121
418
072
032
054
038 *
018 w
087
Oil *
037
007 *
054
007
.025
,071
.117
.100
.034
.066
.042
.074
.049 *
.032
.085
.016
ND
.016
.078
.003
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERA6E VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
24-HR B/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1979 19BO 1931
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION JCONTI
YOUHGSTOWH-WARRiN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
SPRINGFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE , MA-CT
OXNARD-SIMI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINSTON, DE-NJ-MO
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONS BRANCH-ASBURY PARK, NJ
.053
.018
.033 *
.086 *
.020
.081
.030
.016
.043 *
.060
.014
.014 *
.050
'.014
.050
.084
.036
.041
.058
.024
MD
.055
HP
.058
.037
.012
.050
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
41
* LESS THAN 183 BLOCK AVERAGE VALUES
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANMINS ANQ STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PA6E NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL ARIA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANGELES-LONS BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
WASHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
DALLAS-FOST WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY ,
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, HD
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-HI
ATLANTA, GA
CARBON MONOXIDE
**
B-HR R/A 2ND
1979
17
21
15
13
12 »
9
19
3 *
9 *
14
12
13
18
13
1*
ID
CONCINTRATION ( PPM )
«K*
MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1980 1981 *
15
25
14
9
8
7 *
13 *
5
8
11 *
10
14
11
11 *
12
16
17
21
10
10
12
7
13
• 7
7
10
11
11
11
13
13 *
10
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
#* = MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT AVIRASE
*** = NON-OVERLAPPINS
NO = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/03
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
e-Hi R/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION! > 2 MILLION
(CONT)
TOTAL SMSA'S > 2 MILLION
16
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION Bt SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIH-SANTA ANA-GARDEN GROVE, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIESO, CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER, CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT, MA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE, WI
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, OR-WA
CARBON MONOXIDE
8-HR H/A 2ND
1979
17
i
13
11
10 *
15 »
2S
15
8 *
10
15 *
10
13
10 »
14
6
17
CONCENTRATION ( PPM >
MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1980 1981
15
18
11
9
15 *
21
12
10
8
19 *
6
6
9
16
5
13
13
12
10
9
15
28
14
a
9
19
10
9
15
11
6
12
» LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, HORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/33
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PASE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
8-HR R/A 2ND MAXIMUM N/O VALUE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION (CONTJ
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO. TX
FORT LAUDERDALE-HOLLYWOQD, FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
ND
12
21
NO
3 *
10 *
7
ND
11
12
ND
> 8
10
13 »
7
15
10
13 *
8 *
10
12
TOTAL SMSA'S 1-2 MILLION
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AMD STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5 - i MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OSDEN, UT
PRO VIO ENCE -WARWICK-PAWTUCKET » R I -MA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE -DAVIDSON, TN
BIRMINGHAM , AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
. GREENSBORO-WINSTON-SALEM-HI6H POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TfiOY, NY
TOLEDO, OH-MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
CARBON MONOXIDE
8-HR R/A 2ND
1979
9
16
11
12 *
13
12
10
9
8 *
NO
6
7
5
*
'5 «
7
6
7
6
6
1
9
f
9
11 *
10
14
13
12
8 *
, e
6
7
6
7
7
6
9
8
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITID STATIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE ' 02/10/63
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION iY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PASE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
ORLANDO, FL
TULSA, OK
AKRON, OH
GARY-HAMMQND-EAST CHICAGO, IN
SYRACUSE, NY
NORTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA
CHA!?LOTTE-GASTONXA» NC
ALLENTOKH-BETHLEHEM-EASTON, PA-NJ
RICHMOND, VA
SRAIID RAPIDS, MI
NEW BRUNSWICK-PERTH AMBOY-SAYREVILLE, MJ
WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON, FL
OMAHA, NE-IA
GREENVILLE-SPARTANBUHS, SC
JERSEY CITY, NJ
AUSTIN, TX
CARBON MONOXIDE
8-HR R/A 2ND
1979
8 *
10
8 *
8
*
NO
13
7
10
5
9
4 »
15
NO
13
4
CONCENTRATION (PPM)
MAXIMUM N/0 VALUE
1980 1981
7 *
10 *
8
4 *
S
m
17
d
iz
T> *
9
5
6
9 *
11
3 *
a *
10 *
11 *
10
4
NO
ia
5 ».
9
6 .
7
5
9
NO
10
NO
LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD HETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AIEA
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM1
8-HR R/A 2ND MAXIMUM M/0 VALUE
1979 1980 . 1981
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONT)
YOUNSSTOWH-WARR1N, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
SPRINSFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKi, MA-CT
OXNARD-SIMI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONG BBANCH-ASBURY PARK, NJ
10
10
19
9
7
8
ND
16
11
6
11
1*
9
6
7
ND
15
9
7
10
12
7 «
ND
11
1 »
12
10
CO
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
LESS THAN «80 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/23/83
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK • NY-NJ
LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
WASHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON » TX
BOSTON, HA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, HO-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, HD
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
ATLANTA, GA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980
.044
.078
.076 B
.0*9
.048
.031
.035
.036 B
.055 B
.046
.028
.028
.027
.039 B*
.037 B
ND
.031
.071
.060 B
.046
.036
.029
.025 B
.051 B
.043 B
.050
.030
.035
.027
.039
.036 B
.031 B
(PPM)
1981
.034
.071
.050 B
.046
.038
.027
.034
.017
.025
.041
.028
.026
.034
.030
.028 B*
ND
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 7. OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE QZ/23/83
NITROGEK DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PASE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
(CONT)
TOTAL SMSA'S > Z MILLION
16
CO
o
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUH DATA (50 X OF EPA RECDHMENDiO
SAMPLING DAYSJ, BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK! NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/23/83
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION EPPM1
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1991
POPULATION: i - z HILLIQN
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-SAROEN GROVE. CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIEGO, CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER, CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT p MA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE. HI
KANSAS CITY, HQ-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, DR-HA
.043
.060
.050 B
.049
.003 8*
.051
NO
.032 8
.Oo6
NO
.053 B
.048 B
.006
.041
.028
.034
.040
.055
.048 B
.036
.006 B
.050
.020
.033 B
.050
.009
.050 B
NO
ND
.036
.023
.028
.034
.061
.039 B
.043
.018
.047
.022
.030 B
.049
.Oil
.031
.026
.014
.033
.026
ND
00
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA «50 X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT HEET THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
NO = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 0E/23/B3
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION tPPH)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION ICONTJ
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT UUDEHDALE-HOLLYMQOD, FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
.029 B
.055 B
.034 B
.020 B
,028 B
.022 B
.032
.029 B
.036
.032 B
ND
.030 B
.027 B
.028
.030 B
.030
.023
ND
.026 B*
.027 B*
.021
CD
TOTAL SMSA'S 1-2 MILLION
23
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA C50 X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICF OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING ANO STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/23/63
NITROSEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION 1ANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OSDEN, UT
PROVIDENCE-WARWICK-PANTUCKET, RI-MA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE-DAVIDSON, TO
BIRMINGHAM, AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
6REENSBORQ-WINSTON-SALEM-HIGH POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
ALBANY -SCHENECTADY -TROY, NY
TOLEDO, OH-MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980
.030
.031
.037
.034 B*
.040 B
.039 B
ND
.019 B*
.036
.030 B
ND
.016
.030 B
ND
ND
.041 B
ND
.033
.036
.034 B*
.041 B
.047 B»
ND
.019
.029 B
.025 B
.018
ND
.032 B
ND
ND
.042 B
(PPM)
1981
ND
.028
ND
ND
.035
.049 B
ND
.023
.028 B
.022 B
.015
NO
.031 B*
ND
.017
.019
CO
CO
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 Z OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNIN6 AMD STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/23/83
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: ,s - i MILLION (CONTJ
ORLANDO, FL
TULSA, OK
AKRON i OH
GARY- HAMMOND- EAST CHICAGO, IN
SYRACUSE, NY
NORTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLOTTE-GASTONIA, NC
ALLENTOWN-8ETHLIHEH-EASTON, PA-NJ
RICHMOND, VA
GRAND RAPIDS, MI
NEW BRUNSWICK-PERTH AHBOY-SAYREVILLE, NJ
WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON, FL
OMAHA, NE-IA
6REENVILLE-SPARTANBURG, SC
JERSEY CITY, NJ
AUSTIN, TX
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980
.013 B
.059 B
.029 B
.036 B
.031
.035
.OT.3 B
.038
.029 B*
.021
ND
.010
.036 B
.028 B
.034
.030 B*
.022 B
.021
.029 B
ND
.021
.032
.031 B
.025
.031
ND
.025
.014
.027 B*
ND
.030
.021 B
(PPM)
1981
.018 B*
.010
.024 8*
ND
.ND
.029
.026 B
.026
ND
ND
ND
.015 B*
.020 B
.029 BM
.028
ND
CO
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HOUR DATA (50 7. OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADS VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA £7711
REPORT DATE 02/23/83
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
YOUNGSTOWN-MARREN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH-DURHAM, HC
SPHINSFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE, MA-CT
OXNARD-SIMI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-HD
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONG BRANCH -ASSIST PARK. NJ
.050
.016
.019 B
.042
.030
.029
NO
.036
ND
.041
.023
.022 B
ND
.026
.034
ND
.034
ND
.035
.029
.019 B
ND
ND
ND
ND
.026
ND
00
"tn
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
* THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS BASED ON AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HQUI DATA (50 X OF EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS), BUT DOES NOT MEET THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
ND = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAHNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANGELES- LONB BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
WASHINGTON, DC-HD-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
PITTSBURGH , PA
BALTIMORE,!*)
MINNEAPOLIS- ST. PAUL, WN-WI
ATLANTA, SA
OZONE
1-HR
197?
.19
.44
.22 *
.18 *
.12 *
.14
.18 *
.17
.24
.22 *
.18
.16 *
.17 *
.14 *
.10 *
.16
CONCENTRATION
2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1980
.18 *
,44 *
•15
.24 *
.15 *
.18
.19
.18
.30
,15 *
.17
.18
.17 *
.18 *
.13
.15
(PPM)
1981
.18 »
.35
.14
.17
.15
.14
.15
.15
.23 *
.13 *
.14
.15
.16
.17 *
.10 *
.14
CO
ON
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATiS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83 OZONE CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE PA6E NO!
OZONE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA 1-HS 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1979 1980 1931
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION (CONT)
TOTAL SMSA'S > 2 MILLION : 16
OO
-•4
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAftNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-GARDEN GROVE, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIESOi CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER, CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT, WA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILWAUKEE, MI
KANSAS CITYj MO-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
' BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, OR-MA
OZONE
1-HH
1979
.15
.35
,14 »
.36
.05 *
.16
.13
.11
.42
.12 *
.13
.17
.12 *
.17
.11 *
.11
CONCENTRATION
2ND HISH DAILY MAX
1980 i
.15 *
.29
.12
.22
.15
.13
.09 *
.13
.38
.15
.16 *
.14 *
.16
.19 *
.14 *
.10
(•PPM)
19S1
.14
.31
.IZ *
.24
.14
.13
.12 *
.11
.34
.16
.13
.17 *
.12 »
.14
.12 *
.15
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
OZONE CONCENTRATION (PPMJ
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1979 I960 1981
POPULATION'- 1 - Z MILLION (CONT)
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUMBUS i OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
POST LAUDERDALE-HQLLYWOODi FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
.12
.12
.10
NO
.11
.10 *
.16 *
.12
.1*
.12
ND
.12
.12 *
.17
.11
.13
.11
.07
.12
.11
.17
*
*
*
CO
TOTAL SMSA'S 1-2 MILLION
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAHNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 277H
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PA6i NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, UT
PROVIDiNCE-WARWICK-PAWTUCKET, RI-HA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-HS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE -DAVIDSON, TN
BIRMINGHAM, AL
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
GREENSSQRQ-WINSTON-SALEH-HIBH POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSMOUTH, VA-NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
TOLEDO, OH-MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
OZONE
1-HR
1979
.12
.15
.17
.11 *
.16 *
.09 *
ND
.11 *
.14 *
.10 *
.10
-13
.15
.04 *
.13
.20
CONCENTRATION
2ND HIBH DAILY MAX
1980
%
.12
.17
.21
.13
.19 *
.13
.16 *
.12
.13
.12 *
.12
.13
.14
.04
.12
.24
(PPM)
1981
.12
.15
.15
.12 *
.14
.13
.16
.11
.12
.11 *
.11
.13 •
.13
.04
.10
.15 *
LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF CATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF All QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/81
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
ORLANDO, FL
TULSA, OK
AKRON, OH
GARY-HAHHOND-EAST CHICAGO, IN
SYRACUSE, NY
NORTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLOTTE-SASTONIA, NC
ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM-EASTON, PA-NJ
RICHMOND, VA
GRAND RAPIDS, HI
NEW BRUNSWICK-PERTH AMBOY-SAYREVILLE, NJ
WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON, FL
OHAHA, NE-IA
6REENVILLE-SPARTANBURS, SC
JERSEY CITY, NJ
AUSTIN, TX
OZONE
1-HR
1979
.10 *
.13
.15
.13 »
.13 *
.11
.12 *
.17 *
.13 *
.11
.10 *
.OB *
.10 *
.11 *
.15 *
.12 *
CONCENTRATION
2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1980
.09 *
.15
.11 *
.15 *
.11
,.15
.1* "
.15
.13 *
.11 *
.19
.09
.14
.11
.16 *
.13
(PPH)
1981
10
15
Z7
14
11
10
12
IE
11 *
11
13
09
08 *
11 *
14
12
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
OZONE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION; ,5-1 MILLION ICONTJ
YOUNGSTOMN-WARREN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH -DURHAM, NC
SFSINSFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE, MA-CT
OXNARD-SII1I VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONG ERANCH-ASBURY PARK, NJ
.13
.10
.10 *
.16 *
.19
.16 *
.11
.10
.14 *
.12
.10 *
.13 *
.15 *
.18
.17 *
.11 *
.19 *
.16 *
.13
.12
.12
.16
.20
.12
.11
.17
NO
H
*
*
VO
ro
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
* LESS THAN 90 DAYS OF DATA
-------
TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANSE.
PASE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY-NJ
LOS ANSELES-LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO i IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA
WASHINGTON, OC-HO-VA
DALLAS-FORT WORTH, TX
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, HA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, HO-IL
PITTSBURGH, PA
BALTIMORE, MD
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
ATLANTA, SA
LEAD
MAXIMUM
1979
"
1.08
1.51
1.15 M
2.71 *
NO
.42
1.90
1.59
1.39
1.01
ND
3.17 M*
.82
1*8 M
2.87 *
ND
CONCENTRATION
QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1980
.47
2.56
1.95 H
1.26 *
ND
.73
.69 H
.67
.64
.57
ND
2.97 M*
.44
1.11
3.04'*
.51
(UB/M3J
1931
NO
1.58
.89
1.30*
ND
.41
.48 H
.86
.75
ND
ND
7.27 M *
.41
.61 M
3.11*
.39
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
ND = NO DATA
* - This Level reflects the impact of industrial sources
-------
TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR CJUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83 LEAD CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE PASE NO:
LEAD CONCENTRATION CUS/MS1
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION CCONT>
TOTAL SMSA'S > Z MILLION : 16
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
HD = MO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNIHG AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK. NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY SHSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE N0=
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEMARK, NJ
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA-SARDEN GROVE, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
SAN DIEGO, CA
MIAMI, FL
DENVER-BOULDER > CO
SEATTLE-EVERETT, HA
TAMPA- ST. PETERSBURG, FL
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO-ONTARIO, CA •
PHOENIX, AZ
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
MILNAUKEE. WI
KANSAS CITY, MQ-KS
SAN JOSE, CA
BUFFALO, NY
PORTLAND, QR-WA
LEAD
MAXIMUM
1979
1.17
, 1.11
.38
.91
1.46
3.47 «
1.36 *
1.60 *
.91
2.59
1.16 M
.72
.82
,92
.47
.60
CONCENTRATION
QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1980
.53
1.5Z
.34
1.50
1.10
1.53 «
.86 *
1.09 *
1.46
1.49
.85
.49
.38
.94
.41
.41
CU6/M3)
1981
ND
.97
MD
.90
.aa
1.03 H s
.52 *
.68 *
1.00
1.39
.37 M
.31
.19
.61
.38
.29
ID
tn
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
<3 = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
ND - NO DATA
* = This Level reflects the impact of industrial sources.
-------
TABLE 4-8
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
LEAD
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAMNIMS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANBLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANSE
PASE KQ:
STANDARD HETRQPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
LEAD CONCENTRATION (US/US)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1979 1980 1981
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION CCONTS
NEW ORLEANS, LA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
COLUM3US, OH
SAN JUAN, PR
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT LAUDERDALE-HOLLYHQOD, FL
SACRAMENTO, CA
TOTAL SMSA'S*" 1-2 MILLION : 23
.70
1.16
.43
3.59
1,23
.33
.69
.35
.63
.35
1.06
.79
.36
.60
.25
.42
.34
1.02
.76
.23
.62
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
HO = NO DATA
-------
TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEHCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING ANB STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, HOHTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
LEAD
CONCENTRATION 1Y SHSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATIONS ,5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
SALT LAKE CITY-OSDEN, UT
PROVIDENCE-WARWICK-PAWTUCKET. RI-HA
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-WS
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
NASHVILLE-DAVIDSON, TN
BIRMINGHAM, AL
QKLAHOHA CITY, OK
DAYTON, OH
6SEENSBQRO-WINSTON-SALEM-HIGH POINT, NC
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-PORTSHOUTH, VA-NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
TOLEDO, OH-MI
HONOLULU, HI
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
LEAD
1979
.49
ND
1.92 *
.57
1.55 M
1.05
.80
ND
ND
.80
.62
.56
.42
.42
.72
ND
CONCENTRATION
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1980
.39
NO
1.16*
.50
2.52 It
.74
ND
.32
.43
.50
.56
.25
.18
.41
.15
ND
(US/M3)
1981
.29
NO
.51
.54
.75 H
.54
2.30 *
.37
.34
.30 -
.21
.19
.19
.25
1.42
.48
M s REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
ND = NO DATA
* = This level reflects the impact of industrial sources.
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TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/63
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
-------
TABLE 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPORT DATE 02/10/83
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY SMSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
LEAD CONCENTRATION CUS/MS)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1979 1980 1931
POPULATION: .5 - i MILLION CCONTI
YOUNSSTOHN-WARREN, OH
TUCSON, AZ
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
1 SPMNSFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE. MA-CT
OXIIARO-SIKI VALLEY-VENTURA, CA
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
FLINT, MI
FRESNO, CA
LONG BRAHCH-ASBUHY PARK, NJ
.45
1.18
.61
1.68
NO
1.21
ND
.75
ND
.37
.82
.71
1.04
.53
.76
.15
1.47
NO
.07
.52
.33
ND
.67
.*0
.17
1.13
h'D
TOTAL SMSA'S .5-1 MILLION
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
9 = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
I ID = NO DATA
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KJO __
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-83-011
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1981
5, REPORT DATE
e. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORS
j T.
s. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
R. B. Faoro, N. H. Frank, C. Mann and R. E. Neligan
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Annual 1975-1981
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The computer graphics were prepared by Joyce Baptista of
Systems Applications, Inc., under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3570.
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents national and regional trends in air quality from 1975 through
1981 for total suspended particulate, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone and lead. Both long and short-term trends in each of the major pol-
lutants are examined and, where appropriate, specific Statewide air quality trends.
Air quality trends are also presented for both the National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS'
and other site categories.
In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also presented for annual nation-
wide emissions. These emissions are estimated using the best available engineering
calculations; the ambient levels presented are averages of direct measurement.
This report introduces a new section, Air Quality Levels in Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (SMSA^s). Its purpose is to provide interested members of the air
pollution control community, the private sector and the general public with greatly
simplified air pollution information. Air quality statistics are presented for each
of the pollutants for all SMSA's with populations exceeding 500,000 for the years
1979, 1980 and 1981.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b,IDENTIFlERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Held/Group
Air Pollution Trends
Emission Trends
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Oxidants
Sulfur Dioxide
Air Pollution
Standard Metropolit
Statistical Area
Air Quality Statist
National Air Monito
Stations (NAMS)
m
(s|*ISA)
ics
ing
Total Suspended Particulates
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
108
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION i s OBSOLETE
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