PA
Orice of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1
EPA-450/4-84-003
May 1984
Nonindustrial
Sources Of
Potentially Toxic
Substances And
Their Applicability
To Source
Apportionment
Methods
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EPA-450/4-84-003
May 1984
Nonindustrial Sources Of Potentially
Toxic Substances And Their Applicability
To Source Apportionment Methods
By
George E. Weant
And
Gail S McCormick
Engineer ing-Science
Durham, NC
EPA Project Officer Thompson G Pace
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Air And Radiation
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1
May 1984
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This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U.S
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication as received from the contractor
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Agency, neither does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
EPA-450/4-84-003
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES, SOURCES, AND RECEPTOR MODELS 2
2.1 Potentially Toxic Substances
2.2 Naturally Occurring Toxic Substances 3
2.2.1 Asbestos 3
2.2.2 The Elements 3
2.2.3 Radionuclides 3
2.2.4 Organic Substances 3
2.3 Sources 3
2.4 Use of the Information 6
2.4.1 Step 1 Collect Ambient Data 7
2.4.2 Steps 2 and 3 List Emissions Sources 7
2.4.3 Step 4 -- Elimination of Sources 7
2.4.4 Step 5 Atmospheric Stability and Emission 8
Continuity
2.4.5 Step 6 Compatabi1ity With Receptor Models 8
2.4.6 An Example 9
3.0 LITERATURE CITATIONS - SOURCES OF NONINDUSTRIAL TOXIC 12
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
4.0 REFERENCES 41
APPENDIX 47
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Potentially Toxic Substances Studied in This Project 2
2.2 Abundances of Potentially Toxic Elements in Natural Substances 4
2.3 Radionuclides in Natural Substances 5
2.4 Nonindustrial Sources of Potentially Toxic Substances 7
2.5 Potential Sources of Potentially Toxic Substance Emissions 10
in Example
2.6 Possible Sources of Potentially Toxic Substance Emissions 11
in Example
3.1 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Potentially 13
Toxic Substance Emissions
3.2 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Acetaldehyde 14
Emissions
3.3 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Asbestos 15
Emissions
3.4 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Arsenic 16
Emissions
3.5 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Benzene 17
Emissions
3.6 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Beryllium 18
Emissions
3.7 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Cadmium 19
Emissions
3.8 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Carbon 20
Tetrachloride Emissions
3.9 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Chlorobenzene 21
Emissions
3.10 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Chloroform 22
Emissions
3.11 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Chromium 24
Emissions
3.12 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of POM 25
Emissions
3.13 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Dioxins 26
Emissions
3.14 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Formaldehyde 27
Emissions
3.15 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Manganese 28
Emissions
3.16 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Mercury 29
Emissions
3.17 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Methyl 30
Chloride Emissions
3.18 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Methyl 31
Chloroform Emissions
3.19 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Methylene 32
Chloride Emissions
3.20 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Nickel 33
Emissions
3.21 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Perchlo- 34
roethylene Emissions
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
3.22 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Phenol
Emissions
3.23 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Poly-
chlorinated Biphenyl Emissions
3.24 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Radio-
nuclides Emissions
3.25 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Toluene
Emissions
3.26 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Trich-
loroethylene Emissions
3.27 Literature Citations - Nonindustrial Sources of Xylene
Emissions
A.I Industrial Emission Sources of Potentially Toxic Substances
A.2 Industrial Sources of Acetaldehyde Emissions
A.3 Industrial Sources of Acrolein Emissions
A.4 Industrial Sources of Acrylonitn'le Emissions
A.5 Industrial Sources of Allyl Chloride Emissions
A.6 Industrial Sources of Arsenic Emissions
A.7 Industrial Sources of Asbestos Emissions
A.8 Industrial Sources of Benzene Emissions
A.9 Industrial Sources of Benzyl Chloride Emissions
A.10 Industrial Sources of Beryllium Emissions
A.11 Industrial Sources of Cadmium Emissions
A.12 Industrial Sources of Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions
A.13 Industrial Sources of Chlorobenzene Emissions
A.14 Industrial Sources of Chloroform Emissions
A.15 Industrial Sources of Chloroprene Emissions
A.16 Industrial Sources of Chromium Emissions
A.17 Industrial Sources of Coke Oven Emissions
A.18 Industrial Sources of o-,m-,p- Cresol Emissions
A.19 Industrial Sources of p-Dichlorobenzene Emissions
A.20 Industrial Sources of Dimethyl Nitrosamine Emissions
A.21 Industrial Sources of Dioxin Emissions
A.22 Industrial Sources of Epichlorohydrin Emissions
A.23 Industrial Sources of Ethylene Dichloride Emissions
A.24 Industrial Sources of Ethylene Oxide Emissions
A.25 Industrial Sources of Formaldehyde Emissions
A.26 Industrial Sources of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Emissions
A.27 Industrial Sources of Maleic Anhydride Emissions
A.28 Industrial Sources of Manganese Emissions
A.29 Industrial Sources of Mercury Emissions
A.30 Industrial Sources of Methyl Chloride Emissions
A.31 Industrial Sources of Methyl Chloroform Emissions
A.32 Industrial Sources of Methylene Chloride Emissions
A.33 Industrial Sources of Nickel Emissions
A.34 Industrial Sources of Nitrobenzene Emissions
A.35 Industrial Sources of Nitrosomorpholine Emissions
35
36
37
38
39
40
47
68
68
69
69
70
70
71
72
72
73
73
74
74
74
75
75
76
76
76
77
77
77
78
79
80
80
81
82
82
83
83
83
84
84
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
A.36 Industrial Sources of Perchloroethylene Emissions 84
A.37 Industrial Sources of Phenol Emissions 85
A.38 Industrial Sources of Phosgene Emissions 85
A.39 Industrial Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Emissions 86
A.40 Industrial Sources of Propylene Oxide Emissions 86
A.41 Industrial Sources of Radionuclide Emissions 86
A.42 Industrial Sources of Toluene Emissions 87
A.43 Industrial Sources of Trichloroethylene Emissions 87
A.44 Industrial Sources of Vinyl Chloride Emissions 88
A.45 Industrial Sources of Vinylidene Chloride Emissions 88
A.46 Industrial Sources of o-, m-, p-Xylene Emissions 88
v i
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Receptor models have been successully used for the source apportion-
ment of particulate matter. Based on this past success, an extension of
the models to other pollutants, such as organic toxic substances, is de-
sirable and may be possible. However, much additional work must be per-
formed to account for the reactivities of many of the organic substances.
Until the reactivities of the organic substances are considered in the
receptor models, source apportionment of the reactive organic substances
by existing receptor models is not practicable.
This project examined this extension of the receptor models and
collected data on the emission sources of potentially toxic substances.
The primary purposes of this project were to:
1) Collect emission-source data for nonindustrial sources of
potentially toxic substances, so that these sources could
be evaluated by the modeler,
2) Consider, on a general level, the applicability of source
apportionment using toxic su'bstances, and
3) List industrial sources of potentially toxic substance
emissions.
The principal focus of the project was nonindustrial sources of
potentially toxic substance emissions. Nonindustrial sources are those
sources which are not directly associated with an industrial process and
include such things as wastewater treatment facilities, waste disposal
sites, and waste piles, as well as, natural sources (see Section 2.3).
Fugitive emissions from product or raw material storage facilities were
considered as industrial emissions.
The investigation of nonindustrial sources was initiated because the
possibility existed that these sources could emit significant amounts of
toxic substances, and that these emissions could impact receptor sites at
great distances from the source, thereby confounding a receptor analysis.
The information on nonindustrial sources presented in this report can be
used to assist in source apportionment by alerting the receptor modeler
to the potential interference by emissions from these sources and by
allowing the modeler to adjust for nonindustrial emissions.
The emission data were collected from a variety of literature sources,
and, therefore, their reliability can not be judged. In addition, the re-
activities of the substances were not examined in this project.
During the performance of this project, a substantial amount of informa-
tion on industrial sources of toxic substances was also collected. A highly
generalized presentation of this information is presented in the Appendix.
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2.0 POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES, SOURCES, AND RECEPTOR MODELS
During the performance of this project, a literature search was con-
ducted, and data were collected on sources of potentially toxic-substance
emissions. Both industrial and nonindustrial sources of potential toxics
were studied.
2.1 POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Many potentially toxic substances exist. However, only the substances
listed in Table 2.1 were examined in this project. Many of these substances
(e.g., ally! chloride and benzyl chloride) are found only in the emissions
from their own production or the production of similar substances, while
other substances (e.g., benzene and metals) have wide-spread emission
sources.
TABLE 2.1. POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES STUDIED IN THIS PROJECT
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitril e
Ally! Chloride
Arsenic
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Beryl li urn
Cadmium
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Chromium
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol (o-,m-,p-)
p-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl nitrosamine
Dioxin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
(POM)
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Ni trosomorphol i ne
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
Phosgene
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Propylene oxide
Radionuclides
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene (o-, m-, p-)
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2.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Some of the potentially toxic substances listed in Table 2.1, par-
ticularly the metals, occur in a natural state and exist in many of the
natural substances around us; such as rocks, the air, and the ocean. Gen-
eralized discussions of some of the potentially toxic substances are in-
cluded below. These discussions present information on the relative abun-
dance of these substances so that a comparison can be made to emission
quantities. It should be noted that weathering or disturbance to these
natural substances may cause their release.
2.2.1 Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral "form" of several different minerals (e.g.,
amphiboles and crysotile). Asbestos minerals are common in ultramafic
(i.e., containing less than 45 percent silica and composed essentially of
ferrmagnesium silicates, metallic oxides and sulfides, and native metals)
rocks, especially serpentenite, and occur as accessory minerals in a vari-
ety of fairly common rocks, such as soapstones and dunites. Close associ-
ations with talc and olivine make the asbestos minerals rather common.
2.2.2 The Elements
Most of the elements, which are listed as potentially toxic substances
in Table 2.1, are relatively common. Their abundance in natural substances
is shown in Table 2.2.
2.2.3 Radionuclides
Radionuclides exist in many natural substances. Table 2.3 compares
the concentrations of common radionuclides in a number of these natural
substances.
Radionuclides are also present in other natural sources besides those
shown in Table 2.3. Seawater contains Rb, Th, U and Ra; daughter products
(K40--->Ar40 and Rb87>Sr87) of the primodal parents will be found in rocks;
and soils, oceans, and streams contain Be^ which is washed from the atmos-
phere by rain.2
2.2.4 Organic Substances
Certain potentially toxic organic substances may be naturally occur-
ring to some degree. For example, POM and methyl chloride have both been
reported to be emitted from erupting volcanoes.^7>52 PQM has also been
reported in the water'of thermal geysers and in gold mine dust.27»35 Methyl
chloride was reported by one author to be primarily natural in origin with
the ocean as a major source.^3
2.3 SOURCES
Both industrial (including combustion and incineration) and non-
industrial emission sources were studied in this project. Industrial
sources were limited to the actual process sources, while the ancillary
processes, such as wastewater treatment and waste disposal sites, were
considered to be nonindustrial sources.
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Nonindustrial sources are listed in Table 2.4. Many of these sources
(e.g., windblown dust) have variable types of emissions based on the types
of materials on which the activity occurs..
TABLE 2.4. NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE EMISSIONS
Agricultural burning
Agricultural tilling
Aqueous systems
Building demolition
Burning of treated wood
Coal refuse piles
Cool ing water
Degassing (soils)
Disturbances of ore bodies
Dumpsites and landfills
Dust (windblown)
Earth's crust
Forest fires
Gas-fired appliances
Geysers and geothermal waters
Microbial activity
Mining dust and ore bodies
Natural brines
Ocean
Open burning
Paved roads
Pesticide application
Plants
Rainout and dry deposition
Rock weathering and vaporization
Rubber ti re dust
Sewage
Soil
Storage and spoils piles
Swimming pools
Unpaved roads
Urban fires
Volcanoes
Wastewater treatment
Woodburning fireplaces
A detailed accounting of the potentially toxic pollutants and their
sources is given in Section 3.0 for the nonindustrial sources. A general-
ized listing of industrial emission sources is pr.esented in the Appendix.
2.4 USE OF THE INFORMATION
The potentially toxic metals (i.e., arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chrom-
ium, manganese, mercury, and nickel) and their associations with particulate
matter are currently being used for source apportionment. This report should
assist in interpreting ambient variability of these elements by identifying
possible natural sources. However, the organic substances have not been
extensively used in source apportionment studies using receptor models.
The information collected by this project can be used to perform a
preliminary assessment of the sources whose potentially toxic emissions
could impact on a receptor site. This assessment can locate potential
sources based on the matching of ambient results to source-emission data
and can serve as a prescreening technique for more sophisticated approaches
using receptor methods. As such, the information presented herein can be
used to gain a qualitative understanding of an area's problems prior to
the application of more quantitative receptor techniques.
An approach to performing this preliminary assessment is outlined in
the following six-step approach.
1) Collect ambient data (after prescreening),
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2) List all nonindustrial emission sources of at least one of the
potentially toxic substances which were found in the ambient re-
sults,
3) List all industrial emission sources of at least one of the po-
tentially toxic substances which were found in the ambient results,
4) Eliminate from consideration those sources which have no
possibility of impacting the receptor site,
5) Examine the available data on atmospheric transformations of
the substances, and
6) Examine the compatability of the remaining data with the receptor
models to determine the potential sources of the compound.
2.4.1 Step 1 Collect Ambient Data
The collection of ambient data on the potentially toxic substances is
an important first step in performing a preliminary assessment of an area's
problems. However, the collection of ambient data for organic substances
is expensive, and to moderate this expense, limitations on the number of
substances must be imposed, and sampling sites must be carefully selected.
A prescreening technique can be used to limit the number of substances
to be monitored. The prescreening can be done by examining the major
sources in the area and by using the data tables in this report to list
expected emissions.
Once the prescreening has been finished, limited dispersion modeling
can be performed to assist in the selection of sampling sites. This model-
ing can be used to locate "hot spots".
Ambient sampling systems for organic substances are available. Al-
though standardized methods are not available, acceptable methods are. Mul-
tiple samples are needed for some receptor models (e.g., factor analysis),
and this should be considered when sampling networks are designed.
2.4.2 Steps 2 and 3 List Emission Sources
The potentially toxic substances identified in the analyses of the am-
bient samples are compared to the lists of both nonindustrial and industrial
emission sources (see Tables 3.1 to 3.27 and A.I to A.46, respectively). All
sources which emit at least one of the substances collected in the ambient
samples are included in a potential-source list of substances.
2.4.3 Step 4 Elimination of Sources
After the list of emission sources is completed, those sources whose
emissions do not impact on the receptor sites are eliminated from con-
sideration. Factors to be considered in the elimination are schedule of
the plant (i.e., whether or not the plant was operating during the period
of time that the sample was taken), terrain effects (e.g., channeling of
emissions away from the receptor), and meterological conditions (e.g.,
wind direction away from the receptor).
7
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2.4.4 Step 5 -- Atmospheric Stability and Emissions Continuity
Some potentially toxic substances are"relatively stable during atmos-
pheric transport, while others may be transformed into entirely different
substances by atmospheric processes. Stability plus constant emissions make
some substances good tracers. The characteristics of a good tracer are:
1) the chemical composition of the emissions is relatively
constant over time,
2) the chemical composition is relatively stable during trans-
port from the source to the receptor site, or if not stable,
having predictable transformational characteristics, and
3) the substance is easily detected and quantified at the receptor
site (availability of a reliable analytical technique and the
presence of an adequate concentration to detect).
2.4.5 Step 6 Compatability With Receptor Models
A receptor model estimates the contributions of specific sources or
source categories to ambient pollutant levels by relating the character-
istics of the source emissions to the characteristics of the pollutants
collected at the sampling (receptor) site. The monitors at the sampling
site collect pollutants from an atmosphere containing the pollutants
emitted from a variety of sources. Each source's emission fingerprint
can then be used to apportion the contribution of each source to the
mixed atmosphere at the sampling site.
Receptor models have been successfully applied to the source appor-
tionment of particulate matter. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) and factor
analysis are two receptor-modeling approaches that have gained use and
success with particulate matter. Both approaches have limitations when
applied to gaseous substances (see additional reference list on page 51
for general source receptor titles).
The main limitation of both CMB and factor analysis is that they
require relatively non-reactive pollutants for proper operation. For
reactive pollutants, the models must be adjusted. Two methods of adjust-
ment that appear to show promise are:
1. The use of a "decay factor" to account for reactions
of the pollutants, and
2. The use of "surrogate" nonreactive pollutants and esti-
mates of emission ratios between the reactive pollutants
and the surrogates. This method provides a worst case
estimate of the impacts of the gaseous substances.
The development of adjustments for reactive pollutants is in its
infancy, and the success of these and other adjustments for reactive-
pollutant receptor modeling is unknown.
For CMB, source "fingerprints" that express the relative contribution
of each gaseous substance must be developed, and all sources used in the
CMB must express their fingerprint as either a percent of the total
8
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mass of gaseous emissions or as a percent of a given set of common sub-
stances. Relative contributions are sometimes difficult to obtain. Per-
centages (i.e. ppm) are needed. Many of the data in the emissions inven-
tories are expressed in units of quantity of emissions per time. The great
variety of organic substances also presents a problem in relating emissions
to a common gaseous substance or in relating signatures of both solid and
gaseous tracers from the same source.
The use of the CMB for the source apportionment based entirely on re-
active, toxic, organic substances is possible. However, a new or modified
methodology must be developed. Conceptionally, this strategy would
involve developing fingerprints based on something other than percent of
total mass (as discussed above) and the development of mathematical techniques
that would accommodate the "adjustments" suggested above. This development
is beyond the scope of this project.
The six-step approach outlined here would also assist in satisfying a
major requirement for interpreting the results of factor analysis; knowledge
of a source's characteristics. Three steps (i.e., steps 1, 2, and 3) pro-
vide this information. Step 1 provides preliminary data during the pre-
screening, and steps 2 and 3 provide more detailed source characterization
data.
2.4.6 An Example
To demonstrate the use of the method outlined and proposed above, an
example using a hypothetical situation is shown. Ambient measurements
have shown the presence of carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloride, methyl
chloroform, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene
in the atmosphere of a small, noncoastal, western U.S. town.
The emission sources of these organic substances are listed in Table
2.5 for industrial and nonindustrial sources. A search of the emissions
inventory of the surrounding area revealed a petrochemical complex that
produces a variety of petrochemicals, a pesticides plant, several dry
cleaners, wastewater treament facilities, a municipal water-supply system,
and several smaller facilities with uncertain operations.
From a detailed examination of the microinventory and the collection
of additional data from a local control agency, it is found that the
chief petrochemicals produced are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methyl
chloride, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. During the sampling
period, there were no forest or urban fires or volcanic activity to impact
on the area. All plants and facilities were operating normally and unusual
terrain or metereological conditions were not present. The effects of
atmospheric reactivity transformation on the substances are unknown.
Based on the above observations, the potential sources in Table 2.5
can be reduced considerably. The possible sources of these toxic substances
are shown in Table 2.6. Conceptionally, the relative contributions of
each source can then be estimated using the adjusted receptor models.
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Table 2.5 Potential Sources of Potentially Toxic Substance Emissions in Example
Sources
Nonindustrial Sources
Aqueous system
Dry cleaning facilities
Forest fires
Ocean
Urban fires
Volcanoes
Wastewater treatment
Industrial Sources
Production of:
Acetaldehyde
Cacodylic Acid
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorophenol
Chlorotri fluoromethane
Diehlorodi fluoromethane
DSMA
Ethylene dichloride
Floor waxes
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ene chloride
MSMA
Paints, stains, & lacquers
Paint & varnish removers
Perchlo.roethylene
Pesticides
Polishes (shoe & furniture)
Rubber cement
Tetraethyl/tetramethyl lead
Trichloroethylene
Trichloromethylene
Vinyl acetate
Iron foundries
Metal degreasing
Solvent use
Textiles - scouring ft drycleaning
Toxic Substances
O)
o
T!
o
j^
c u
o to
JQ J-
i- *->
to > s-
JC 0
4-> I
OJ g"
z o
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
C IV
0; -o
p^ f*
>> i.
J= 0
-UJ r-
O) J=
s: o
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
i
o
s- a
o c
0)
u *>>
r" i^
^ -^
h- 0)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
i
o
S- OJ
o c
i a>
-C i
u >,
L. JZ
-------
Table 2.6 Possible Sources of Potentially Toxic Substance Emissions in Example
Sources
Nonindustn'al Sources
Aqueous system
Dry cleaning facilities
Forest fires
Ocean
Urban fires
Volcanoes
Wastewater treatment
Industrial Sources
Production of:
Acetaldehyde
Cacodylic Acid
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorophenol
Chi orot ri f 1 uoromethane
Dichlorodi fl uoromethane
DSMA
Ethylene dichloride
Floor waxes
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ene chloride
MSMA
Paints, stains, & lacquers
Paint & varnish removers
Perchloroethylene
Pesticides
Polishes (shoe & furniture)
Rubber cement
Tetraethyl/tetramethyl lead
Trichloroethylene
Trichloromethylene
Vinyl acetate
Iron foundries
Metal degreasing
Solvent use
Textiles - scouring & drycleaning
Toxic Substances
0>
-a
i.
o
Ic
c u
O (
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
) 1-
-C O
+-> 1
> s-
JC. 0
+J r
tu .c
s. o
X
X
X
X
X
OJ
c a>
1 i-
JC O
4-> r-
,
i- JC
i. +J
i a;
X
X
1
o
s- ai
o c
r a;
u ^
s- ^
O) 4->
a. a>
X
X
11
-------
3.0 LITERATURE CITATIONS - SOURCES OF NONINDUSTRIAL TOXIC
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
Many of the potentially toxic pollutants listed in Table 2.1 are
emitted or have the potential to be emitted from nonindustrial sources.
Table 3.1 shows a generalized summary of nonindustrial sources of poten-
tially toxic substances emissions. In this table, the author has taken
certain liberties by indicating, with a (?), those toxic substances which
may be present but are not specifically reported in the literature. Those
marked with a (X) have been demonstrated, in the literature, as being
emitted from a nonindustrial souce.
Tables 3.2 to 3.27 list the sources of emissions of each substance.
12
-------
C
OO
oo
l Z
o
' t 4
oo
i i LU
Z O
O Z
zz "US Jo
w) o m S u Q_ 9 °* oj ^ *> *
e S.oSe53t/lzlS So'S'^ttlo'os i-'x * « ^
-
-
X X
-
X « f- XX
X 1-- X
-
X f*- X
u
1 3
* 5 --
=
T
"" ** .; *
2
n D
V
f*- U '
31
- 1/1
.a o
£l
-) C
^ OJ O C V *->
*j a. P * ^ c 3 -e o>
^ V» 3 <^OJ< CN-ICU
*j >, i_ *j o; tt. es *c a. j-i e 12.
U 1- O >i -ta* O <^ jD C U; ^ U) U CT O >Q U
O± _ J
13
-------
TABLE 3.2 LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
ACETALDEHYDE EMISSIONS
Source References
Forest Fires -
Broadcast Burn
14
-------
TABLE 3.3. NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF ARSENIC EMISSIONS
Source References
Pesticide application and residue* 8
Steelmaking Furnace Dust Residues**
Open Hearth 9
Electric 9
Basic Oxygen 9
Ocean
Bubble Bursting 10
Gas Exchange 10
Earth's Crust
Particle Weathering 10
Direct Volatilization 10
Volcanoes 10
Gases 2
Mt. St. Helens - Aircraft samples 14
Mt. St. Helens - Ash fall 14
Volcanic Dust Flux 1
Volcanic Gas Flux 1
Forest Fires 10
10,11,12
Plants, Soil, etc. ' 10
Agricultural Burning 10
Volatilization by Aerobic & Annerobic 10
Microbial Activity
Removal of As by Rainout 10
and dry deposition
Nonferrous Metals Slags***
Primary Copper - Reverb Slag 13
Primary Copper - Granulated Slag 13
Primary Lead - Blast Furn. Slag 13
Coal Ash 2
Soi1s 1
* Arsenic containing pesticides includes calcium, led, and sodium arsen-
ates; desodium methylarsenate; ammonium methanearsenate; and arsanilic
acid.
** Residues collected by air pollution control equipment and dumped in an
open (usually) site. Possible wind-blown dust source.
*** Possible wind-blown dust source.
15
-------
TABLE 3.4 LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
ASBESTOS EMISSIONS
Source References
Unpaved Roads - Asbestos 4
containing road coverings 4
Disturbances of ore bodies* 4
Building demolition 6
Asbestos pipe plant 7
*Personal samples located on a large serpentenite outcrop in a Federal
Recreation area.
16
-------
16
16
16
TABLE 3.5. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
BENZENE EMISSIONS
Source . References
Forest Fires, Broadcast Burn 3
Loblolly Pine Smoke 15
Evaporation Ponds-Wood Treating
Emissions-Open Steaming Using Penta
-Closed Steaming Using Penta
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Coin-operated laundries 17
Mining preparation 17
Chlor-alkali diaphragm cell 17
Byproduct coking 17
Sintering 17
Blast furnace 17
BOF (wet suppressed) 17
Electric arc furnace 17
Vacuum degassing x 17
Hot forming - primary 17
Hot forming section 17
Hot forming - flat 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Hot coating 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Kolene scale removal 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Iron and steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Tall oil rosins, fatty acids, and pitch 17
Pharmaceutical - formulation 17
Pharmaceutical - fermentation and synthesis 17
Primary aluminum 17
Secondary aluminum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Secondary lead 17
Secondary silver 17
Primary tungste'n 17
Primary zinc 17
Iron ore mining and dressing 17
Base and precious metals 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Rubber processing
Emulsion crumb rubber 17
Solution crumb rubber 17
Utility boilers 17
Textiles 17
17
-------
TABLE 3.6 LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
BERYLLIUM EMISSIONS
Source References
Burning whole sugar cane 18
Burning sugar cane leaf trash 18
Coal ash 2
Magnesium slags 13
Agricultural open burning 19
18
-------
TABLE 3.7. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
CADMIUM EMISSIONS
Source References
Whole sugar cane burning 18
Sugar cane leaf trash burning 18
Nonferrous slags*
Primary Copper - granulated 13
- reverb. 13
- electric 13
Primary Lead - blast furn. 13
- fresh Fuming 13
- old Fumi ng 13
Secondary Copper 13
Secondary Lead 13
Continental dust flux 1
Volcanic dust flux 1
Volcanic gas flux 1
Soil concentration 1
Agricultural open burning 19
Steel furnace dust disposal*
Open hearth 9
Elecric arc 9
Primary Lead - ore concentrate storage 20
- sinter storage 20
- si nter dump area 20
Primary zinc - flue dust disposal 20
Secondary zinc - sweat furnace dust 20
Agricultural tilling 21
*Possible wind-blown dust source.
19
-------
TABLE 3.8. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Source References
Aqueous systems 6
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Alkaline mining 17
Chior-alkali diaphragm cell 17
Open hearth furnace (semi-wet) 17
Vacuum degassing 17
Hot forming - primary 17
Hot forming - section 17
Hot forming - flat 17
Cold rolling 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Iron & steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Copper casting 17
Secondary aluminum 17
Primary columbium & tantalum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Secondary silver 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Rubber processing
Emulsion crumb rubber 17
Solution crumb rubber 17
20
-------
TABLE 3.9. NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF CHLOROBENZENE
Source References
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Alkaline mining 17
Sintering 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling .. 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Pharmaceutical fermentation &
chemical synthesis products 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary lead 17
Secondary silver 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Utility boilers 17
Textiles 17
21
-------
TABLE 3.10. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM
Source References
Cooling water 22
Sewage 22
Drinking water 22
Swimming pools 22
Air conditioner exhaust 22
Power Plant (lOOmw)cooling tower 22
Vegetative burning 23
Burning of plastics 23
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Linen laundries 17
Power laundries 17
Diaper services 17
Coin operated laundries 17
Car washes 17
Mining preparation 17
Chlor-alkali cells 17
Byproduct coking 17
Sintering
Blast furnace 17
BOF (wet open) 17
Electric arc (wet)
Vacuum degassing 17
Hot forming - primary 17
Hot forming - section 17
Hot forming - flat
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Cold rolling 17
Hot coating 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Kolene scale removal 17
Hydride scale removal
Continuous alkaline
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Iron and steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Porcelain enameling on copper
Wood rosin, turpentine, and pine oil 17
Pharmaceutical Mfg.
formulation 17
fermentation and chemical synthesis 17
fermentation, natural extraction,
chemical synthesis and formulation 17
Primary aluminum 17
Secondary aluminum 17
22
-------
TABLE 3.10.
LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM
(Contd.)
Source
Reference
Wastewater treatment facilities (contd.)
Primary Columbian and tantalum
Primary copper
Secondary copper
Secondary lead
Secondary silver
Primary tungsten
Primary zinc
Base and precious metals
Ferroalloy
Paint formulation
Ink formulation
Petroleum refining
Pulp, paper, and paperboard
Rubber processing
emulsion crumb rubber
solution crumb rubber
Textiles
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
23
-------
TABLE 3.11. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF CHROMIUM
Source References
Whole sugar cane burning 18
Sugar cane leaf track burning 18
Volcanoes - aircraft sampling 14
Volcanic dust flux 1
Volcanic gas flux 1
Soils 1
Agricultural open burning 19
Steelmaking furnace dust disposal*
Open hearth 9
Electric 9
Basic oxygen 9
Nonferrous slags*
Primary copper - reverb
- electric
Primary Lead - blast furnace
fresh fuming
old fuming
Primary magnesium
Secondary copper
Secondary lead
Secondary aluminum
Coal, ash
Continental dust flux
Secondary zinc - sweat furnace dust
Foundry dust
Paved roads
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
2
1
20
20
24
*Possible wind-blown dust source.
24
-------
28
28
28
29
30
TABLE 3.12. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POM
Source References
Whole sugar cane burning 18
Sugar cane leaf trash burning 18
Landscape refuse burning 18
Wood preserving wastewater^ 25
(closed steaming using penta)
Residues in lagoons, holding ponds 25
and tanks
Open burning - municipal refuse 26
- landscape refuse 26
- automobile components 26
Volcanoes (ash) 27
Thermal geysers 27
Forest fires (pine needles)
backing fires 28
heading fires 28
flaming heading fires
smoldering heading fires
Forest fires
Oak charcoal briquettes
Herbicide (Carbolineum)
Domestic wood smoke
whole smoke 31
vapor phase only 31
wood stove 29
Open burning
grass and leaves 32
grass clippings, leaves and branches 33
floor mats and auto seats 33
'automobile tires 33
automobile bodies 33
Rubber tire dust 34
Gold mine dust 35
Road dust* 36
Open burning 37
Agricultural burning 37
Natural fires - forest 37
- urban 37
Coal refuse piles 37
Coal refine piles, outcrops and 19
abandoned mines
Prescribed burning 19
Agricultural open burning 19
Open burning - wood waste 19
- rail cars 19
Gas-fired air conditioning 19
Swimming pool heating 19
* From road covered with bitumen; West Germany.
25
-------
TABLE 3.13. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF DIOXINS
Source References
Burning of treated wood 38
Burning of brush and trees coated
with 2,3,7,8-TCDD 38
Pentachlorophenol (penta); used 38
as wood preservative 38
Wood preservative evaporation ponds 38
Soil concentrations 39
Dust concentrations 39
Fly ash 40
Residential wood combustion
High air restriction (air tight) 41
Low air restriction 41
26
-------
TABLE 3.14. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF FORMALDEHYDE
Source References
Open burning
Municipal refuse 26
Landscape refuse 26
Automobile components 26
Vegetation 42
Forest fires 42
27
-------
TABLE 3.15. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF MANGANESE
Source Refererences
Slags (possible windblown dust source)
BOF 8
Nonferrous
Primary Copper-reverb. 13
Primary Copper-electric 13
Primary Lead - blast furn. 13
Primary Lead - fresh fuming 13
Primary Lead - old fuming 13
Primary tin - 13
Secondary Copper 13
Secondary Lead 13
Natural brines - subsurface 2
Volcanoes (Mt. St. Helen) 14
Coal ash 2
Continental dust flux 1
Volcanic dust flux 1
Volcanic gas flux 1
Soil concentration 1
Furnace dusts*- Open hearth 9
Electric 9
Basic Oxygen 9
Primary Zinc* - roaster flue
dust disposal 20
Secondary Zinc* - sweat furnace
dust disposal 20
Foundry dust disposal* 20
Unpaved roads 21
Paved roads 24
Agricultural Tilling 21
* Residues collected by air pollution control equipment and then dumped.
Possible wind-blown dust source.
28
-------
TABLE 3.16. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF MERCURY
Source " References
Coal Ash 2
Nonferrous slags*
Primary Copper - reverb. 13
Primary Copper - electric 13
Primary Magnesium 13
Volcanoes (Mt. St. Helens)
In plume 43
Output from volcano 43
In Pumice 43
Coal refuse piles, out crops, and
abandoned mines 19
Nonagricultural pesticide usage 44
Degassing (soils) 44
Sewage disposal 44
Fungicides and mildewcides 45
Mercury ore deposits 45
Geothermal steam fields 45
Total rock weathering and vaporization 45
Burning dumpsite - in plume 46
Mercury mines 47
Base mines 47
Gold mines 47
Porphyry copper mine 47
Volcanic and geothermal
Iceland
Fumarolic 48
Magmatic 48
Nonthermal 48
Hawai i
Fumarolic 48
Magmatic 48
Nonthermal 48
Hawaii - during eruption 48
Hawaii - Volcanoes National Park 48
Dump sites and sludge ponds; Hg-
cell process for chlorine and caustic 50
Continental dust flux 1
Volcanic dust flux 1
Volcanic gas flux 1
Soil concentration 1
Volcanoes
Iceland
Thermal areas 51
Nonthermal areas 51
Hawaii
Thermal areas 51
Nonthermal areas 51
Antarctic
General 51
Primary Zinc - roaster flue dust
disposal* 20_
*Possible wind-blown dust source.
29
-------
TABLE 3.17. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF METHYL CHLORIDE
Source References
Volcanoes^ 52
Ocean8 23
Wastewater treatment facilities
Petroleum refineries 17
Textiles 17
Wood processing 17
A Sample taken inside Mauna Loa Observatory which is located 5 miles from
Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii. Methyl chloride was sampled because of its
reported (source unknown) assocition with volcanic eruptions.
8 Methyl chloride is reported (Ref. 23) to be primarily natural in origin
with the oceans as a major source
30
-------
TABLE 3.18. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
METHYL CHLOROFORM
Source References
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Linen laundries 17
Power laundries 17
Alkaline mining 17
Mining preparation 17
Electric arc furnace (wet) 17
Hot forming - primary 17
Hot forming - section 17
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Cold rolling 17
Hot coating 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Hydride scale removal 17
Continuous alkaline 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Steel coil coating 17
Galvanized coil coating 17
Aluminum coil coating 17
Iron and steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Copper casting 17
Tall oil resins, fatty acids, & pitch 17
Primary columbium and tantalum 17<
Secondary silver 17
Primary tungsten 17
Ferroalloy 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Utility boilers 17
Textiles 17
31
-------
TABLE 3.19. NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Source References
Forest fires - broadcast burn 3
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Linen laundries 17
Power laundries 17
Coin-operated laundries 17
Car washes 17
Alkaline mining 17
Mining preparation 17
Hot forming-primary 17
Hot forming-flat 17
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Hot coating 17
Iron and steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Magnesium casting 17
Wood rosin, turpentine, and pine oil 17
Tall oil resins, fatty acids, and pitch 17
Pharmaceutical mfg. 17
Primary aluminum 17
Secondary aluminum 17
Primary columbium and tantalum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Primary lead 17
Secondary silver 17
Primary zinc 17
Base & precious metals mining & dressing 17
Ferroalloy 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Rubber processing
Emulsion crumb 17
Solution crumb 17
Utility boilers 17
Textiles 17
Wood processing 17
32
-------
TABLE 3.20. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF NICKEL
Source References
Whole sugar cane burning 18
Sugar cane leaf trash burning 18
Coal ,ash 2
Volcanoes - fumarolic gases 2
Continental dust flux 1
Volcanic dust flux 1
Volcanic gas flux 1
Soil concentration 1
City street contamination
Commercial 1
Residential 1
Industrial 1
Open burning - agricultural 19
Steel furnace dust disposal*
Open hearth 9
Electric 9
BOF 9
Foundry dust disposal 20
Unpaved roads 21
Agricultural tilling 21
* Dust collected by air pollution control equipment and dumped.
Possible wind-blown dust source.
33
-------
TABLE 3.21. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
PERCHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS
Source References
Wastewater treatment facilities
Coin operated laundries 17
Chior-alkali diaphragm cell 17
Sintering 17
Basic oxygen furnace (wet, open) 17
Vacuum degassing 17
Hot forming - primary 17
Hot forming - section 17
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Cold rolling 17
Hot coating 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Kolene scale removal 17
Continuous alkaline 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Iron & steel foundries 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Copper casting 17
Porcelain enameling on copper 17
Pharmaceutical manufacturing 17
Secondary aluminum 17
Primary columbium & tantalum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Secondary lead 17
Secondary silver 17
Primary tungsten 17
Primary zinc 17
Base & precious metals mining & dressing 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paper-board 17
Utility boilers " 17
Textiles 17
34
-------
TABLE 3.22. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
PHENOL EMISSIONS
Source
References
Wood preserving
Residue in lagoons, holding ponds,
and tanks
Evaporation ponds
Open steaming - pond evaporation
Closed steaming - pond evaporation
Bou1 tonizing - pond evaporation
25
16
16
16
16
35
-------
TABLE 3.23. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES
OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENY-L (PCB) EMISSIONS
Source
References
LandfillA
Landfills - municipal
Durham, NC (new)
Durham, NC (old)
Raleigh, NC (old)
Goldsboro, NC (demolition site)
Spill sites - NC
Great Lakes study
Landfill gases
Impact on Lake Michigan due
to rainout
53
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
Landfill used for the disposal of capacitors and other PCB waste.
36
-------
TABLE 3.24. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES
OF RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS
Source References
Coal ash 2
Volcanoes - Mt. St. Helens
Natural brines - Rb 2
Leaking drums of plutonium oil 56
(air samples - Be^, Am2^!) 56
Soil concentrations^238, Th232J 57
Tailings & Spoils Piles
Uranium mining
Overburden piles 57
Refilled pits 57
Sub-ore piles 57
Iron ore production
Tailings pile 57
Geothermal sources (Ra222)
Geysers 57
Brines 57
Decay of primodal radionuclides 2
Exhalation of radionuclide gases from soil 2
Weathering of surface rocks 2
Other exhalations (mining, volcanoes) 2
Produced by cosmic rays 2
Oceans 2
37
-------
TABLE 3.25. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF
TOLUENE EMISSIONS
Source References
Forest fires - loblolly pine 15
Forest fires - broadcast burn 15
Wood preserving - evaporation
from ponds - 16
Open steaming 16
Closed steaming 16
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Linen laundries 17
Power laundries 17
Coin operated laundries 17
Mining preparation 17
Byproduct coking 17
Sintering 17
Blast furnace - iron 17
Basic oxygen furnace (wet open) 17
Basic oxygen furnace (wet suppressed) 17
Open hearth furnace 17
Vacuum degassing 17
Hot forming 17
Pipe and tube 17
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Cold rolling 17
Hot coating 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Kolene scale removal 17
Continuous alkaline 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Aluminum foundries 17
Zinc casting 17
Magnesium casting 17
Wood rosin, turpentine, and pine oil 17
Tall oil resin, fatty acids, and pitch 17
Pharmaceutical manufacturing 17
Primary aluminum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Secondary silver 17
Primary tungsten 17
Primary zinc 17
Base & precious metals mining & dressing 17
Ferroalloy 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Rubber processing 17
Textiles 17
Timber products 17
38
-------
TABLE 3.26. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES
OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Source References
Wastewater treatment facilities
Industrial laundries 17
Linen laundries 17
Power laundries 17
Car washes 17
Mining preparation 17
Copper sulfate 17
Sintering 17
Hot forming 17
Sulfuric acid pickling 17
Hydrochloric acid pickling 17
Combination acid pickling 17
Cold rolling 17
Hot coating 17
Hydride scale removal 17
Leather tanning and finishing 17
Steel coil coating 17
Galvanized coil coating 17
Aluminum coil coating 17
Iron & steel foundries " 17
Zinc casting 17
Secondary aluminum 17
Primary columbium and tantalum 17
Primary copper 17
Secondary copper 17
Secondary lead 17
Secondary silver 17
Primary tungsten 17
Primary zinc 17
Paint formulation 17
Ink formulation 17
Petroleum refining 17
Pulp, paper, and paperboard 17
Rubber processing (solution crumb) 17
Textiles 17
39
-------
TABLE 3.27. LITERATURE CITATIONS - NONINDUSTRIAL SOURCES
OF XYLENE EMISSIONS
Source References
Forest fires - loblolly pine 15
- broadcast burn 3
40
-------
4.0 REFERENCES
1. Fishbein, L., "Sources, Transport, and Alteration of Metal Compounds:
an Overview. I. Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, and Nickel,"
Proc. Workshop/Conf. Role of Met. Carcinog., 1980, pp. 149-216.
2. Fairbridge, R. W., The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental
Sciences, Von Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 197Z.
3. Fritschen, L., et.al., "Slash Fire Atmospheric Pollution," USDA,
Forest Service Research Paper PNW-97, Washington, 1970, 42pp.
4. Serra, R. K. and M. A. Connor, Jr., "Assessment and Control of Chryso-
tile Asbestos Emissions from Unpaved Roads," EPA-450/3-81-006, May 1981.
5. Ase, P. K., R. Koch, and 6. Yamate, "Chemical Stabilizers for the
Control of Fugitive Asbestos Emissions from Open Sources," EPA-
600/2-82-063, April 1982.
6. Roberts, R. M., "An Inventory of Carcinogenic Substances Released
into the Ambient Air of California," Final Report - Tasks II and IV,
Report No. KYB-26900-836, 1980, 325p.
7. Harwood, C. F. and P. K. Ase, "Field Testing of Emission Controls for
Asbestos Manufacturing Waste Piles," EPA-600/2-77-098, May 1977.
8. Hampel, C. A. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements,
Reinhold Book Co., New York, 1968.
9. Weant, 6. E., Ill and M. R. Overcash, "Environmental Assessment of
Steelmaking Furnace Dust Disposal Methods," EPA-600/2-77-044, February
1977.
10. Walsh, P. R., R. A. Duce, and J. L. Fasching, "Considerations of the
Enrichment, Sources, and Flux of Arsenic in the Troposphere,"
J. Geophysical Res.. V.84, No.C4, April 20, 1979.
11. U.S. Dept. of Commerce; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstracts
of the United States - 1975, U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, 19/5,
1050pp.
12. "National Air Pollution Emission Trends Report," EPA-450/1-76-002, 1975.
13. Weant, G. E., Ill and D. W. VanOsdell, "State of the Art on Nonferrous
Slag Environmental Impact," Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1325,
Task No. 54, 1978.
14. Sedlacek, W. A., et. al., "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mt.
St. Helens Airborne Debris," Paper submitted to NASA sponsored
symposium, Mt. St. Helens: An Atmospheric Effect and Climatic Impact,
Washington, Nov. 18-19, 1980.
15. Ryan, P. W., and C. K. McMahon, "Some Chemical and Physical
Characteristics of Emissions from Forest Fires," paper presented at
'69th Annual Meeting of APCA, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, 21pp.
41
-------
16. DeRos, B., et. al., "Wood Preserving Industry Multimedia Emission
Inventory," EPA-600/2-81-066, April 1981.
17. Johnson, M. L., J. N. Rigans, and T. W. Hyghes, "Ranking of Volatile
Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions from Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Systems," Final Report for Contract No. 68-01-5132, October 1980.
18. Darley, E. F. and S. L. Lerman, "Air Pollutant Emissions from Burning
Sugar Cane and Pineapple Residues from Hawaii," EPA-450/3-75-071,
July 1975.
19. Eimutis, E. C. and R. P. Quill, "Source Assessment: Noncriteria
Pollutant Emissions," EPA-600/2-77-107e, July 1977.
20. Jutze, G. A., et. al., "Technical Guidance for Control of Industrial
Process Fugitive Particulate Emissions," EPA-450/3-77-010, March 1977.
21. Taback, H. J., A. R. Brienza, J. Macko, and N. Brunetz, "Fine
Particulate Emissions from Stationary and Miscellaneous Sources in
the South Coast Air Basin," CARB Report, 1979.
22. Batjer, K., et.al., "Chloroform Emissions into Urban Atmosphere,"
Chemosphere. Vol. 9, 1980, pp. 311-316.
23. Natural Resources Council, Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachl pride, and
Other Halomethanes, Nat. Acad. Sciences, Washington, 1978.
24. Harry, R. C., "The Application of Factor Analysis to Urban Aerosol
Source Identification," ERT, Inc., unpublished paper, p.134-138.
25. Da Ros, B., R. Merrill, H. K. Willard, and C. 0. Wolback, "Emission
and Residue Values from Waste Disposal During Wood Preserving,"
EPA 600/2-82-062, April 1982.
26. Gerstle, R. .W. and D. A. Kemnitz, "Atmospheric Emissions from Open
Burning," J. APCA, Vol. 17, No. 5, May 1967, pp. 324-327.
27. Il'nitski, A. P., V. Yu GviVdis, U.S. Mischenko, and L. M. Shabad,
"Role of Volcanoes in the Formation of the Natural Levels of
Carcinogens," Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSR, Vol. 234,
No. 3, 1977, pp. 717-719, UDC 616-006-02, Plenum Publishing Corp.
28. McMahon, C. K. and S. N. Tsoukalas, "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Forest Fire Smoke," Paper presented at the 2nd International Sym.
on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 28-30,
1977, 21 pp.
29. Kuratsune, M., "Benzo (a) pyrene Content of Certain Pyrogenic Materials,"
J. Nat. Cancer Inst., Vol. 16, 1956, pp. 1485-1496.
30. Shabad, L. M., et. al., "The Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Benzo (a) Pyrene
in the Soil," J. Nat. Cancer Inst., vol. 47, 1969, pp. 1179-1191.
31. Rhee, K. S., and L. J. Bratzler, "Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Composition
of Wood Smoke," J. of Food Science, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1968, pp. 626-632.
42
-------
32. Sawicki, £., "Airborne Carcinogens and Allied Compounds," Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 14, 1967, pp. 46-53.
33. Hangebrauck, R. P., D. J. von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker, "Emissions
of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons and Other Pollutants from Heat Generation
and Incineration Processes," J. APCA, Vol. 14, No. 7, 1964, pp. 267-278
34. Falk, H. L., P. Kotin, and A. Miller, "Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
in Polluted Air as Indicators of Carcinogenic Hazards," Int. J. Air Pol
Vol. 2, 1960, pp. 201-209.
35. Harrington, J. S. and B. T. Commins, "Oils Containing Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Witwaters and Mine Dusts," Chem. Ind.,
London, Abstract, 1964, p. 1427.
36. Kingsbury, G. L., R. C. Sims, and J. B. White, "Source and Ambient
Concentration Data for Polycyclic Organic Matter," RTI report for EPA
Contract No. 68-02-2612, WA 56, June 1978.
37. Goldberg, A. J. "A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and
Other Pollutants," EPA-R4-73-021, 1973, 185pp.
38. Kriebel, D., "The Dioxins: Toxic and Still Troublesome," Environment
Vol. 23, No. 1, 1981, pp. 6-13.
39. Bumb, R. P., et.al., "Trace Chemistries of Fire: A Source of
Chlorinated Dioxins," Science. Vol. 210, 1980, pp. 385-390.
40. Kooke, R. M. M., J. W. A. Lustenhouwen, K. 01ie, and 0. Hutzinger,
"Extraction Efficiencies of Polychlorinated Dibenzo -p-dioxin and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Fly Ash," Anal. Chem., Vol. 53,
1981, pp. 461-463.
c
41. Nestrick, T. J. and L. L. Lamparski, "Isoner-Specific Determination
of Chlorinated Dioxins for Assessment of Formation and Potential
Environmental Emission from Wood Combustion," Anal. Chem., Vol. 54,
1982, pp. 2292-2299.
42. National Research Council, "Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes," EPA-
600/6-82-002, 1982, 352 pp.
43. Varekamp, J. C. and P. R. Buseck, "Mercury Emissions from Mount St.
Helens During September 1980." Nature. Vol. 293, Octobr 15, 1981,
pp. 555-556.
44. Van Horn, W., "Materials Balance and Technology Assessment of Mercury
and its Compounds on National and Regional Bases," EPA-560/3-75-007,
October 1975.
45. "Multimedia Levels: Mercury," U.S. EPA 560/6-77-031, September 1977.
46. Spittler, T. M., "A Summary of Ambient Mercury Data Collected by EPA
Region I Laboratory Personnel," Unpublished internal EPA memorandum, 197
43
-------
47. McCarthy, J. J., Jr., J. L. Meuschke, W. H. Ficklin, and R. E. Learned,
"Mercury in the Atmosphere," In: Mercury in the Environment, U.S.G.S.
Prof. Paper 713, p. 37-39.
48. Siegel, S. M. and B. Z. Siegel, "Geothermal Hazards. Mercury Emission,"
ES & T, Vol. 9, No. 5, May 1975, pp. 473-474.
49. Siegel, B. Z. and S. M. Siegel, "Mercury Emission in Hawaii: Aerometric
Study of the Kalalua Eruption of 1977," ES&T, Vol. 12, No. 9, September
1978, pp. 1036-1039.
50. Lundberg, S. E. and R. R. Turner, "Mercury Emissions from Chlorine -
Production Solid Waste Deposits," Nature. Vol. 268, July 14, 1977,
pp. 133-136.
51. McGetchin, T. and T. McCord (compilers), "Summary of Workshop on Remote
Sensing of Volcanic Gases," Compilation of papers presented February
26-27, 1979, NASA Report No. LPI-LASACR-158748, 1979, 52pp.
52. NIOSH, "Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HE79-31-
699, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Mauna Loa
Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii," PB81-111247, June 1980.
53. Stratton, C. L., "High-Volume Sampling of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
in Ambient Air," Paper presented at A Specialty Confernce on; Control
of Specific (Toxic) Pollutants, Florida Section of the APCA, February
13-16, 1979.
54. MacLeod, K., "Sources of Emissions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls into
the Ambient Atmosphere and Indoor Air," EPA-600/4-79-022, March 1979.
55. Murphy, T. J. and C. P. Rzeazutko, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in
Precipitation in the Lake Michigan Basin," EPA-600/3-78-071, July 1978.
56. Hurley, J. D. and D. C. Hunt (eds.), "Environmental Sciences Semiannual
Progress Report, July - December 1980," U.S. DOE, Rocky Flats Plant,
Golden, Colorado, Dec. 28, 1981.
57. "Radiological Impact Caused by Emissions of Radionuclides into Air in
the United States," EPA-520/7-79-006, August 1979.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
RECEPTOR MODEL TECHNICAL SERIES
Vol. 1 - Overview of Receptor Model Application to Particulate Source
Apportionment, EPA-450/4-81-016a, NTIS PB82-139429, Code A05,
$11.50
Vol. 2 - Chemical Mass Balance, EPA-450/4-81-016b, NTIS PB82-187345,
Code A07, $14.50
Vol. 3 - User's Manual for Chemical Mass Balance Model, EPA-450/4-83-014
Vol. 4 - Summary of Particle Identification Techniques, EPA-450/4-83-018
44
-------
APPENDIX
INDUSTRIAL, COMBUSTION, AND INCINERATION
SOURCES OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE EMISSIONS
45
-------
-------
NOTES TO TABLE A-l
1) The first entry under the "Emission Source" column is
entitled "Production." Production refers to the production
of the substances listed in the other columns. A circle (dot)
in the columns means that the substance is emitted during
the production of that substance.
Some of the substances do not have the dots associated with
production.
a) Cadmium - Cadmium is not directly produced in the
U.S. It is recovered as a by-product of zinc,
zinc-lead, zinc-copper, and complex ores.
b) Coke oven emissions (POM), Dioxin, and Radionuclides
These substances occur as by-products of combustion.
c) Polychlorinated Biphenyls - PCB's are no longer
produced in the U.S.
2) The other entries under the "Emission Source" column refer
to the production of each substance or item listed. For
example, "acetal resins" means acetal resin production.
3) The entries under the "Emission Source" column that do not
correspond to a substance (e.g., aircraft engines, iron
foundries, etc.) mean that the substance is emitted from
this source during its operation.
46
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Table A-1. Industrial Emission Sources of Potentially Toxic Substances (Cont'd)
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Table A-2. Industrial Sources of Acetaldehyde Emissions
Production of:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
1,3- Butylene glycol
Crotonaldehyde
DMT & TPA
Ethanol
Glyoxal
Pentaerythritol
Peracetic acid
Phenol
Phenol/acetone
Polyvinyl chloride
Propylene oxide
Pyri dines
Vinyl acetate
Coffee roasting
Iron foundries (mold & core decomposition)
Table A-3. Industrial Sources of Acrolein Emissions
Production of:
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Glutaraldehyde
Glycerin (synthetic)
Glycerol
Methionine & methionine hydroxy analog
Coffee roasting
Iron foundries (mold & core decomposition)
68
-------
Table A-4. Industrial Sources of Acrylonitrile Emissions
Production of:
Aery 1 amide
Acrylic & modacrylic resins and fibers
Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins
(ABS/SAN resins)
Adi ponit rile
Monosodium glutamate
Nitrile elastomer
Nylon
- Picoline
Polyacrylonitrile
Sarans
Table A-5. Industrial Sources of Ally! Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Acrylonitrile
Ally! chloride
Epichlorohydrin
Glycerol
69
-------
Table A-6. Industrial Sources of Arsenic Emissions
Production of:
Ammonium methanearsonate
Arsanilic acid
Arsenic trioxide
Cacodylic acid
Calcium acid methanearsonate
Calcium arsenate
Carbon black
Disodium methyl arsonate
DSMA
Lead arsenate
Methane arsenic acid
MSMA
Phenol/acetone from cumene
Phosphoric acid
Sodium arsenite
Wood preservatives
Copper smelting - primary
Combustion - coal, oil
Cotton gins
Glass industry (including opal and lead glass and
flint glass)
Iron foundries
Lead smelting - primary and secondary
Nonferrous alloys
Phosphate rock mining and processing
Pig iron
Sewage sluge incineration
Steel - primary and secondary
Waste incineration
Zinc smelting - primary
Table A-7: Industrial Sources of Asbestos Emissions
Asbestos mining
Asbestos pipe production
Asbestos products production and use (textiles,
brake linings, shingles and siding)
Asbestos fibers production - carding, combing,
preparation, spinning and weaving
Kraft recovery furnace
Sulfite pulp mill
70
-------
Table A-8. Industrial Sources of Benzene Emissions
Production of:
Acrylonitrile
Adiponitrile
Alkylbenzyenes and dialky!benzenes
Aniline
Benzene
Benzene-m-disulfonic acid
Benzonitrile
Benzosulfon'c acid
a- Benzoylbenzoic acid
Chlorobenzene
Cumene
Cumene sulfonate - ammonium salt
Cumene sulfonic acid
Cyclohexane
Detergent alkylates
Dichlorobenzenes
m- & p- Diisopropylbenzene
Diphenyl
Ethyl benzene
Fumaric acid
Linear alky1 benzene
Maleic anhydride
Nitrobenzene
Nylon 6
Phenol
Phenol/acetone
Styrene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Asphalt plants
Coke ovens - pushing, doors, quenching, byproduct plant
Gasoline distribution and handling
Gasoline refining
Iron foundries (mold and core decomposition)
Solvent evaporation - degreasers
Solvent users - paints, adhesives, thinners, textiles
71
-------
Table A-9. Industrial Sources of Benzyl Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl chloride
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Quarternary ammonia compounds
Table A-10. Industrial Sources of Beryllium Emissions
Production of:
Beryllium metal
Be-Cu alloys
Beryllium fabrication
Beryllium oxide
Carbon black
Cement
Ceramics manufacturing
Coke ovens
Combustion - coal, diesel, oil
Feldspar mining and processing
Iron foundries
Mica mining and processing
Municipal incineration
Sewage sludge incineration
Waste incineration
72
-------
Table A-ll. Industrial Sources of Cadmium Emissions
Automobile tire use
Cadmium-barium stabilizer production and use
Cadmium-nickel battery production
Cadmium pigment production
Carbon black production
Cement production
Coke ovens
Combustion - coal, oil
Copper mining
Copper smelting - primary and secondary
Electroplating
Iron and steel production
Iron foundries
Lead mining
Lead smelting - primary
Moth proofing agents for textiles
Municipal incineration
Nickel - primary
Nonferrous alloy production
Sewage sludge incineration
Steel - primary and secondary
Waste incineration
Zinc mining
Zinc smelting - primary and secondary
Table A-12. Industrial Sources of Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions
Production of:
Atrazine
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorophenol
Chloroti rfluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Floor waxes
Fluorocarbon gases
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Paints and lacquers
Pesticides
Printing inks
Polishes for shoes and furniture
Rubber cement
Stains
Trichloroethylene
Solvents - degreasing
Solvent use in oil, wax, and fat extracts
Textiles - scouring and dry cleaning
73
-------
Table A-13. Industrial Sources of Chlorobenzene Emissions
Production of:
Chlorobenzene
Chlorosulfonic acid
Dichlorobenzenes
Dicofol
Diphenyl oxide
Nitrochlorobenzene
Solvents - degreasing
- pesticide
Textiles - dye accelerants
- dye carriers
Table A-14. Industrial Sources of Chloroform Emissions
Production of:
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Fluorocarbons (chlorodifluoromethane)
Fluorocarbon resins
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Solvents for Pharmaceuticals
Solvents for pesticides
Trifluralin
Table A-15. Industrial Sources of Chloroprene
Production of:
Adiponitrile
Chloroprene
Polychloroprene (neoprene)
Polyvinyl chloride
74
-------
Table A-16. Industrial Sources of Chromium Emissions
Production of:
Asbestos products
Carbon black
Cement
Chromates - Sodium chromate & dichromate
Potassium bichromate & chromate
Chromium - primary
Chromic acid
Chromium compounds - acetates, borides, halides, etc.
Chromium oxide - inorganic pigment
Refractories
Refractory bricks
Asbestos mining
Combustion - coal, oil
Cooling towers - rust inhibitors
Iron foundries
Kraft recovery furnaces
Steel production
Sulfite pulp mil Is
Textile dyes
Table A-17. Industrial Sources of POM
Asphalt paving - dryer drum process
Asphalt paving - hot mix
Asphalt roofing
Carbon Black
Coal preheater - coking
Coke ovens
Coke oven doors
Coke quenching
Combustion - coal, wood, oil and gas
Ferroalloy furnaces
Gas-fired appliances
Incineration
Iron foundry - shakeout
Petroleum refining
SBR (from carbon black)
75
-------
Table A-18. Industrial Sources of Cresol (o-, m-, p-cresol) Emissions
Production of:
Antioxidants
Cresol s
Cresylic acid
Cresylic diphenol phosphate (CDP)
Disinfectants/cleaning compounds
2,6 - ditert butyl-p-cresol (BHT)
Pesticides
Phenolic resins
Pyrethroid pesticides
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)
Coke ovens
Coke quench tower
Ore flotation
Sol vent-wire enamel
Table A-19. Industrial Sources of p-Dichlorobenzene Emissions
Production of:
Chlorobenzene
o- Dichlorobenzene
p- Dichlorobenzene
Pesticide intermediates
Space deodorants
Degreasing
Moth control
Textiles - thermasol dye ranges
Table A-20. Industrial Sources of Dimethylamine (Dimethyl Nitrosaminei
Emissions
Production of:
Dimethyl acetamide
Dimethylamines
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl hydrazine
Lauryl dimethylamine oxide
Pesticides
Rubber industry chemical accelerators
Fish meal processing
Combustion - Rocket fuel, boiler, and motor fuels
76
-------
Table A-21. Industrial Sources of Dioxin Emissions
Combustion - diesel, gasoline, wood, oil, coal
Incinerators
Pentachlorophenol production
Trichlorophenol production
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T) production
2,4,5-T application (weed control)
Wood preservation using pentachlorophenol
Table A-22. Industrial Sources of Epichlorohydrin Emissions
Production of:
Epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin elastomers
Epoxy resins
Glycerin (synthetic)
Glycerol
Glycidol ethers
Ion-exchange resins
Surfactants
Water treatment resins
Wet-strength resins for paper
Table A-23. Industrial Sources of Ethylene Dichloride Emissions
Production of:
Ceramic paste used in electronic circuit systems
Chlorobenzene
Ethylchloride
Ethyleneamines
Ethylene diamine
Ethylene dichloride
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Perchloroethylene
Polysulfide compounds (rubber)
Poly vinyl chloride
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride monomer
Vinylidene chloride
Grain fumigants
Lead scavenger in gasoline
77
-------
Table A-24. Industrial Sources of Ethylene Oxide Emissions
Production of:
2 - butoxyethanol
Diethylene glycol
Ethanolamines
Ethoxyethanol
Ethoxylated mixed linear alcohols
Ethoxylated nonylphenol
Ethoxylated octylphenol
Ethylene glycol antifreeze
Ethylene glycol polyester
Ethylene Oxide
Glycol ethers
Surface active agents
Triethylene glycol
78
-------
Table A-25. Industrial Sources of Formaldehyde Emissions
Production of:
Acetal resins
Acetylenic chemicals
Acrylic acid
Acrylic esters
Alachlor
Alkyd resins
Butanediol
Chelating agents
Dyes
Elastomers
Explosives
Fertilizers
Fibers
Formaldehyde
Hexamethylenetetramine
Maleic anhydride
Melamine-formaldehyde resins
Paraformaldehyde
Pencillin G - potassium & procaine
Pentaerythritol
Phenol
Phenol/acetone from cumene
Phenol-formaldehyde resins
Phthalic anhydride
Polyacetal resins
Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate
Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
Trimethylolpropane
Urea-formaldehyde concentrates
Urea-formaldehyde resins
Vinyl acetate
Asphalt plants
Charcoal manufacture
Combustion - coal, gas, oil, incomplete
Incineration
Iron foundries - mold and core decomposition
Petroleum refining - alkyation
- catalytic cracking
- crude distillations
- vacuum distillations
Textiles - coatings (resins)
- crease resistance finishes
- drying, resinating, curing and heat setting
of polyester
- dye correctives
- dying and curing of broad woven cotton
- setting and finishing of polyester and polyester
cotton
- shrinkage control (urea - formaldehyde resins)
Wood products industry
79
-------
Table A-26. Industrial Sources of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Emissions
Production of:
Flame retardant resins (chlorendic diesters)
Flame retardants - Met-acid
- Met-anhydrite
- Dichlorane plus
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Pesticides - Chloradane
- Endosulfane
- Heptachlor
Table A-27. Industrial Sources of Maleic Anhydride Emissions
Production of:
Alkyd resins
Captan
Chlorendic andydride
Fumaric acid & agricultural pesticides
Maleic acid
Maleic anhydride
Maleic hydrazide
Phthalic anhydride
Polyester resins - unsaturated
80
-------
Table A-28. Industrial Sources of Manganese Emissions
Carbon black production
Cement production
Coke ovens
Combustion - coal, oil
Dry cell production
Ferroalloy and ferro-manganese production
Iron foundries
Lead smelting and refining - secondary
Manganese chemical preparation
Manganese dioxide production
Manganese production
Manganese sulfate production
Municipal incineration
Nonferrous alloy production
Pig iron production
Potassium permanganate production
Sewage sludge incineration
Silicon manganese production
Steel production
Waste incineration
Welding rod production
81
-------
Table A-29. Industrial Sources of Mercury Emissions
Battery manufacture
Carbon black production
Cement production
Chlor-alkali
Coke ovens
Combustion - coal, fuel oil, gas
Copper mining & smelting
Fungicide production and use
Herbicide production and use
Instrument manufacture
Iron foundries
Lamp manufacture
Lead mining & smelting
Lime processing
Mercury compounds - halides, nitrates, oxides, etc.
Mining and processing of mercury
Municipal incineration
Paint production and formulation
Pesticides manufacture-nonagricultural
Petroleum refineries
Pharmaceutical manufacture
Phenyl mercurial production - mothproofing for textiles
Potassium hydroxide
Sewage sludge incineration
Urethane production
Vat dyes
Waste incineration
Zinc mining & smelting
Table A-30. Industrial Sources of Methyl Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Acetaldehyde
Cacodylic acid
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
DSMA
Ethylene dichloride
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Methyl parathion
. MSMA
Tetraethyl/tetramethyl lead
Vinyl acetate
82
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Table A-31. Industrial Sources of Methyl Chloroform Emissions
Prod uction of:
Adhesives
Drain cleaner
Fabric cleaners
Lubricant & coolant for cutting oils
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Sealants (paints, etc.)
Vinylidene chloride
Metal degreasing & cleaning
Solvent - urethane coating and others
Textiles - used as crease resistant finish
Table A-32. Industrial Sources of Methylene Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Carbon tetrachloride from methane
Chloroform
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Metal degreasing
Paint and varnish remover
Plastics processing
Table A-33. Industrial Sources of Nickel Emissions
Production of:
Alloy steel
Carbon black
Cement
Coke
Cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol & cyclohexylamine
Ferroalloys
Iron & steel
Mining of nickel
Nickel compounds - other (except sulfate)
Nickel sulfate
Nonferroalloys
Stainless steel
Combustion - coal, diesel fuel, and oil
Electroplating
Iron foundries
Municipal incineration
Sewage sludge incineration
Waste incineration
83
-------
Table A-34. Industrial Sources of Nitrobenzene Emissions
Production of:
Aniline
Nit roam'line
Nitrobenzene
Chemical intermediates used for dichloranili nes and
dinitrobenzenes
Solvent - cellulose ether
- petroleum industry
Table A-35. Industrial Sources of Nitrosomorpholine Emissions
Corrosion inhibitor use
Morpholine production
Optical brightener manufacture
Polishes and waxes production
Rubber chemicals production
Table A-36. Industrial Sources of Perchloroethylene Emissions
Degreasing - solvent evaporation
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane production
Ethylene dichloride production
Methylene chloride production
Perchloroethylene production
Textiles -
dry cleaning
dye carrier in
pressure dying
heat setting
curing
scouring
polyester
knits
84
-------
Table A-37. Industrial Sources of Phenol Emissions
Production of:
Acetone from cumene
Adi pic acid
Aniline
Biphenol A
Caprolactum
Carbon black
Chlorophenol
Cresols
Cresyldiphenyl phosphate
Cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol & cyclohexylamine
Dodecylphenol
p- nitrophenol
Nonylphenol
Octylphenol
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) & sodium salts
Phenol
Phenolic resins
Phenol mercuricals - moth proofing agents
Polycarbonate resins
Polyvinyl chloride
Salicylates, excluding aspirin
Salicylic acid
Silvex
Trichlorophenols
Coke oven door leaks
Iron foundries - mold & core decomposition
Textiles - dye accelerants
- dye carrier
- resin finishing - tenter frames
- resin finishing curing ovens
Table A-38. Industrial Sources of Phosgene Emissions
Production of:
Bromacil
Chloroform (possible secondary pollutant due to
oxidation of chloroform in sunlight)
Isocyanates
Methylene chloride (possibly due to exposure of
methylene chloride to hot surfaces or open flames)
Phosgene
Polycarbonates & polycarbonate resins
Polymeric isocyanates
Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate
Toluene diisocyanate
85
-------
Table A-39. Industrial Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCS)
Emissions
Waste Incineration
At present, all other emissions are non-industrial
resulting from incineration of PCB's, disposal of
electrical equipment, and landfill sites.
Table A-40. Industrial Sources of Propylene Oxide Emissions
Production of:
Dipropylene & tripropylene glycol
Glycol ethers
Polyester polyols
Propyl glycol
Propylene Oxide
Surfactant glycol
Urethane polyols
Table A-41. Industrial Sources of Radionuclides
Uranium from coal & coal combustion
86
-------
Table A-42. Industrial Sources of Toluene Emissions
Production of:
Acrylonitrile
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Benzoic acid
Chioroprene/neoprene
p-Cresol
Dimethoate
Ethylene-propylene rubber
Ethylene-propylene terpolymer
Malathion
Phenol
Polychloroprene
Ronnel
Styrene
Toluene
Toluene diisocyanate
Toluene sulfonic acid
Vinyl toluene
Xylenes
Coke ovens
Gasoline distribution
Iron foundries - mold & core decomposition
Solvent evaporation - paints and coatings
- adhesive
- ink
- pharmaceutical
- degreasing
- textiles
Table A-43. Industrial Sources of Trichloroethylene Emissions
Methyl chloroform production
Pe'rchloroethylene production from trichloroethylene
Solvent evaporation - metal degreasing
- adhesives
- sealants
- lubricants
Textiles - scouring
- dry cleaning
- tenter frame
Trichloroethylene production
87
-------
Table A-44. Industrial Sources of Vinyl Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Ethylene dichloride
Methyl chloroform
Polyvinyl chloride
Poly vinyl vinyli dene chloride
Vinyl chloride
Carpet backing adhesive
Table A-45. Industrial Sources of Vinylidene Chloride Emissions
Production of:
Ethylene dichloride
Polyvinyl chloride
Poly vinyl vinyli dene chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Coatings in textile manufacturing
Table A-46. Industrial Sources of Xylene Emissions
Production of:
Dimethylterephthalate
Ethyl benzene
Isophthalic acid
Maleic anhydride
Methyl parathion
Pesticides, agricultural
Phthalic anhydride
Terephthalic acid
Xylene
Xylene sulfonate - sodium salt
Xylene sulfonate - ammonium salt
Xylene sulfonate - potassium salt
Xylidenes
Gasoline backblending
Gasoline distribution
Iron foundries - mold and core decomposition
Solvent - adhesives
- textiles
- degreasing
88
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse befoie completing}
REPORT NO
EPA-450/4-84-003
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Nonindustrial Sources Of Potentially Toxic Substances
And Their Applicability To Source Apportionment
Methods
5. REPORT DATE
March 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
George E. Weant and Gail S. McCormick
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3509
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
(MD 14)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Thompson G. Pace
16. ABSTRACT
Receptor models have been successfully used for the source apportionment
of particulate matter. Based on this past success, an extension of the models
to other pollutants, such as organic toxic substances, is desirable and may be
possible. However, much additional work must be performed to account for the
reactivities of many of the organic substances. Until the reactivities of the
organic substances are considered in the receptor models, source apportionment
of the reactive organic substances by existing receptor models is not
practicable.
This project examined this extension of the receptor models and collected
data on the emission sources of potentially toxic substances.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19 SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
96
20 SECURITY CLASS fTins page]
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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