Potential Causes Of Elevated PMON and PMOS Concentrations In The Inhalable Particulate Network


United States     Office of Air Quality       EPA-450/4-84-01 6
Environmental Protection  Planning and Standards      June 1984
Agency        Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
Potential Causes
Of Elevated PM10
And PM15
Concentrations In
The Inhalable
Particulate
Network

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                                      EPA-450/4-84-016
                                               June 1984
Potential Causes Of Elevated PM10 And
 PM15  Concentrations In The Inhalable
              Particulate Network
                           By
                        C. Fred Rogers
                           And
                       John G. Watson

                     Desert Research Institute
                       Reno, NV 89506

                  Project Officer: Thompson G. Pace
                    Purchase Order 3E211 7NAEX
               U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                     Office Of Air And Radiation
                Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
                   Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
                                      U.S. Environmental protection Agency
                                      Eegion 5, Llnraiv ("'• \'"-^ '   _^,^^
                                      230 S. Dearjcm^v--'^.., -'•-
                                      Chicago, -U-  60;--; =

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This report has been reviewed by the  Office Of Air Quality Planning And  Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication as received from the contractor.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Agency, neither does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
                                 EPA-450/4-84-016

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                                ABSTRACT
    This  report  discusses  and  characterizes  50 high  PM^  site-days
selected from the Inhalable Particulate (IP)  Network  over the years 1979
to 1982.  The study  is  intended  to  characterize  the  potential  causes of
high PM^Q concentrations in the U.S.; therefore,  the  correlation between
PM^Q and PMjg levels is shown and discussed.  The  available PM^Q data are
too sparse to support  the study by  themselves.   The  PM}5  data from the
IP  Network  were analyzed  with  respect to five  hypothetical  causes  of
elevated concentrations:   1)  local   industrial emissions;  2)  local  non-
industrial  emissions; 3) regional secondary particle  events; 4) meteoro-
logical factors,' such  as  stagnation and inversions;  and  5) measurement
anomalies.
    Local  industrial emissions  were found  to contribute to some degree
in  48%  of  the  valid cases and  nearly all  of  them  were  at  industrial
site-types.    Evidence  of  non-industrial source  contributions  was found
in  56%  of  the  cases at  industrial,  commercial, residential  and agri-
cultural site-types.    This  implies that  industrial  sources  cannot  be
singled  out  as  the  sole  contributors   to  elevated  PM^,  even  at
industrial  site-types.   It was not possible,  given the existing data, to
support the  concept, of regional-scale  events,  but very  high  secondary
aerosol contributions to PM^  were observed  in 21% of the cases, mostly
in the  eastern  U.S.   Seventy-five  percent of the valid high  PMj5 con-
centrations  were associated with meteorological  situations which limited
the dispersion  of pollutants.   Twenty percent of  the  fifty PM]^ values
examined here were attributed to measurement  anomalies.
                                    11

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                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      The authors  are  grateful  to Mr.  Ed Barrows  and  Ms.  Gail  Prichard
of  Northrop  Services   in  Research  Triangle  Park  for  their  help  in
obtaining  IP  Network  data.   Mr.  Harold Klieforth  of  Desert  Research
Institute  provided meteorological  data  and  valuable  insight  into  its
interpretation.     Dr.   Joe  Walling,  Mr.  Warren  Loseke,  and  Mr.  Sam
Cummings   of   EPA  and  Dr.   Joseph  Jaklevik  of   Lawrence  Berkeley
Laboratories supplied details of the analytical procedures which allowed
consideration of  the  measurement processes  in  this  data interpretation
effort.   Ms. Elaine  Tanski   and  Ms.  Nanette  Ralph  of  Desert  Research
Institute typed, edited, and assembled this report.

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                                CONTENTS
Abstract [[[ iii
Disclaimer [[[ iv
List of Tables [[[ vi
List of Figures [[[ vii
Acknowledgements [[[ viii

       1. Introduction ............................................. 1
            Background ............................................. 1
            Objectives ............................................. 2
            Available Data Bases ................................... 2
            Contents of this Report ................................ 5

       2. IP Network PM^o Concentrations ........................... 6
            Averages and Ranges of PM^o Concentrations ............. 6
            Relationship of PMio to PMis and SSI ................... 8
            Data Rejection ......................................... 10

       3. Methodology .............................................. 15
            IP Network Reports ..................................... 15

       4. Potential Causes of Elevatated IP Concentrations ......... 28

       5. Support for Hypothesis ................................... 38
            Industrial Sources ..................................... 38
            Non-Industrial Sources ................................. 40
            Regional Scale Secondary Particles ..................... 43
            Inversions ............................................. 46
            Measurement Anomal ies .................................. 46

       6. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ................ 49

       References .................................................. 52
       Appendix A:  Case Studies of Elevated PM^ Concentrations...  54
          Eastern Sites:
            Birmingham, AL .........................................  68
            Buffalo, NY ............................................  70
            Cleveland, OH ..........................................  74
            Philadelphia, PA .......................................  78
            Pittsburgh, PA ....................................... ..  81
            Hartford, CT ...........................................  84
            Chicago, IL ............................................  85
            Ironton, OH ...... .'. ....................................  86
            Youngstown, OH .........................................  87

          Western Sites:
            Phoenix, AZ ............................................  89
            Bakersfield, CA ....................... . ................  91
            Rubidoux, CA ...........................................  94

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                                 TABLES


Number                                                             Page

 2-1     Sampling Sites  and Concentrations  in  the  IP  Network        7

 3-1     Sampling Site Descriptions	  21

 A-l     Detection Limits  for Selected Elements  Quantified by
         X-Ray Fl uorescence	  58

 A-2     Site-Day Descriptions for Birmingham, AL:  North
         Bi rmi ngham	  59

 A-3     Site-Day Descriptions for Buffalo, NY:  PS  26	  60

 A-3     Continued:  Big Sister and  Wilmuth Pump	  61

 'A-4     Site-Day Description for Cleveland, OH: Bidoulph & 54th   62

 A-5     Site-Day Descriptions for Philadelphia, PA:   T & A Pet
         Shop, NE Transfer, and Bridesburg  Recreation -Center	  63

 A-5'    Continued:  Allegheny and Presbyterian  Home..	  64

 A-6     Site-Day Descriptions for  Pittsburgh,  PA, Hartford, CT,
         Chicago, IL, Ironton, OH, and Youngstown,  OH	  65

 A-7     Site-Day Descriptions for Phoenix, AZ:   Roosevelt St....  66

 A-8     Site-Day Descriptions for Bakersfield,  CA:  Chester Ave.  67

 A-9     Site-Day Descriptions for Rubidoux, CA: Rubidoux	  68

 A-10    Site-Day Descriptions for El  Paso, TX:   Tillman Health
         and El  Paso County....	  69

 A-ll    Site-Day Descriptions for Fresno,  CA, San  Jose, CA, and
         Portland, OR	  70

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                                FIGURES


Number
 2-1   PM^o vs.  SSI and PM15 Concentrations in N.  Birmgingham, AL   11

 2-2   PMjg vs«  SSI and PM^g Concentrations in Phoenix, AZ .......  11

 2-3   PMig vs.  SSI and PMjg Concentrations in Rubidoux, CA .......  11

 2-4   PM10 vs.  SSI and PM15 Concentrations in Buffalo, NY ........  12

 2-5   PM}g vs.  SSI and PM15 Concentrations in N.  Braddock, PA....  12

 2-6   PMjg vs.  SSI and PMjg Concentrations in Philadelphia, PA...  13

 2-7   PM}Q vs.  SSI and PM^g Concentrations in Houston, TX ........  13

 3-1   Process Flow Diagram of Construction of Case-Study Sample
       Descriptions and Sampling Site Descriptions from IP Network  17

 4-1   Example of a Pronounced Subsidence Inversion based on the
       OOOOZ Vandenburg, CA, Sounding Relevant to  Rubidoux on
       6/20/80 ...................... i .............................  34

 4-2   Example of a Radiation Inversion Below 900  mb Based on the
       OOOOZ Albany Sounding Relevant to Hartford, CT on 1/22/81..  34

 4-3   1200Z Surface Weather Map ..................................  36

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                               SECTION 1



                              INTRODUCTION





BACKGROUND



    The Environmental Protection Agency had proposed  a   primary ambient



air  quality standard  which  would  control  particles  smaller than  10



microns   (PM]_o)   rather   than  total    suspended   particulate   (Federal



Register. 1984).  The proposed  standard would  allow  PMjn, concentrations



in an air quality maintenance area  to  reach an  annual  arithmetic average



between  50  and  65 yg/m   or  a 24-hour average  in  excess of 150  to 250



yg/m  (Federal  Register,  1984).



    The current  primary  standard for Total Suspended- Particulate  (TSP)



Matter, which nominally consists of  particles  in the  0 to 50 micron size



range, is 75 yg/m  annual  geometric average and 260  pg/m  over 24  hours



not to  be exceeded  more  than once  per  year.    It  has  been  hypothesized



that the  ten micron  standard may be more  lenient  than  the  existing TSP



standard  with  respect to  the  annual  average   (Environmental  Reporter,



1983), and  that  the  24  hour standard for  PMjQ  may be  more  difficult to



meet than the annual^ standard in most  urban areas.  The goal of the work



presented here is to  examine  elevated concentrations  in EPA's  Inhalable



Particulate  (IP)  Network  and to identify,  to  the extent possible, the



causes of  high  24-hour  concentrations of  particulate matter in various



size fractions.

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OBJECTIVES
This study has three objectives:
    1.  Determine which data from  the  IP  Network can be used to charac-
        terize days with high PM^g concentrations.
    2.  Devise  a procedure  for characterizing  the  high  PMjg  days by
        meteorological  and  chemical   data  such  that  emissions  and
        meteorological causes may be identified.
    3.  Apply the  characterization procedure to  the high concentration
        days which have been identified.

AVAILABLE DATA BASES
    The  IP  Network was  established in 1979  and is  described  by Rodes
(1979) and Watson et al. (1981).  The measurements contained in  its  data
base have been examined  by  a number of researchers  (e.g. Watson et  al.,
1981;  Suggs  and  Burton  1983;  Chow et al.,  1981;  Chow et  al.,  1982;
Watson et  al.,  1983;  and  Trijonis, 1983).  The  data examined  for  this
report were  complete through 1982.   The   IP  Network was established to
1) obtain statistical distributions of size-classified mass and  chemical
species,  and  2)  develop and test  procedures  for compliance monitoring.
Its  data  were not specifically  intended  for determining  the  causes of
elevated concentrations.   It is  fortuitous that such conclusions can be
drawn  from its measurements, though they  must be considered speculative
until  specifically designed  studies are carried out  to confirm them.
    At most sites  particle  mass  concentrations  are measured in  the  0 to
-50 ym size range  (HIVOL)  with  standard hivol  samplers,  in the 0 to 15
ym  size   range   (SSI)  with  McFarland   size-selective inlets  and  hivol
blowers,  and  in  the  0 to 2.5 ym (FINE-15) and 2.5 to -15 ym (COARSE-15)

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ranges with Sierra  244  and Beckman SAMPLAIR dichotomous  samplers.   The
sum of  FINE-15 and  COARSE-15  is designated  PM15.   Beginning  in 1982,
samples at fifteen sites were taken in the 0 to 2.5 ym (FINE-10) and 2.5
to 10  pm  (COARSE-10) size  ranges  with  Sierra 244  dichotomous  samplers
equipped with the new Sierra 246 inlet,  modified  from the original 15 ym
design  of  Liu  and  Pui   (1981).   The  sum of  FINE-10 and  COARSE-10 is
designated PMjQ.  HIVOL  and  SSI  filter  media  consisted of Gel man micro-
quartz  in  1979, and  Schleicher  and Schuell  HV-1  glass  fiber  for 1980
through 1982.  All  dichotomous  samples  were  taken  on  37  mm Ghia ringed
Teflon filters. .
    Samples were taken  at  most sites on  a schedule  o.f once each 6 days
and -were   analyzed  gravimetrically  for  mass  concentrations.   Chemical
analyses were  performed  on  approximately  one-quarter of  all samples and
were  available through   1982.   Reported chemical concentrations  on the
HIVOL and SSI samples,_ as measured by optical  emission spectroscopy, are
Ba, Be, Cd, Fe, Mn, Mo,  Ni, Pb, V, and Zn.
    Chemical  concentrations on  the dichotomous samples measured by x-ray
fluorescence are Al,  Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ni,  V, Mn,   Fe, Cu,  Zn, Br, and
                   <
Pb, and by  automated colorimetry are  sulfate  and nitrate.   The photon
induced energy dispersive x-ray emission technique used for these analy-
ses  has  not   been   standardized.   Though  within-laboratory  replicate
analyses  for   these  species   shows   close   agreement,   very  limited
experience indicates that  large  inter-laboratory differences can exist.
Only  results  for  Br, Cu,  Fe,  Mn,  Pb,  V,  and  Zn have been  found to be

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relatively  independent  of the  laboratory performing  the work  and are
routinely included  in  the IP Network  data  base.   Other  elemental con-
centrations, specifically Al , Si,  S,  Cl,  K, Ca, and  Ni  are  measured by
x-ray fluorescence at levels above  detection limits.   Such measurements
are not  normally  reported  owing  to their lack of  comparability.   These
data were obtained for this  study  to  aid  in  the  identification of aero-
sol sources.   They  will  be used with  full  realization of their limita-
tions.
    Site surveys for those sites which are  included  in the National Air
Monitoring System (NAMS) were also  obtained  in order  to identify poten-
tial nearby sources  of particulate matter, such as  open fields, residen-
tial .heating, motor  vehicle exhaust, and  vehicle  resuspended dust.
    Daily weather maps and  vertical temperature  soundings were obtained
from the National Weather Service  for  the days  and urban areas selected
in this study.
    This introductory description  of  the  routine data acquired for this
study does  not  adequately  reflect  the complexities of  using it as part
of  a  valid  scientific  methodology.   In the  following  sections, the
                    t
interpretation  of these  data will  be  integrated with  an  examination of
the measurement  processes  through which  they  were derived  in  order to
differentiate between high concentration  values which are truly attribu-
table to an environmental  cause and   those  which, in  all  probability,
result from, the measurement process itself.

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CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT
    This  introduction  states  the  objectives   of  the  study,  briefly
describes the measurements on which the study is based, and previews its
contents.    In  Section  2 a  rationale  is  given  for  the  use  of PMi5
measurements  in place  of  PM10  measurements  for  selecting  high con-
centration days.  Only  235  PM^g samples  taken  at 15 sites are available
from the  entire IP Network  through  1982, and few  of  these  are charac-
teristic of high concentration days.   Section 3 describes the  IP Network
data reports  and  the way  in  which they  were  used in this  study.  The
high concentration days  and  locations  selected  from them are  specified.
Sections 2 and 3 accomplish the first objective.
    In  Section  4,  the  methodology  for  using  the  data  is   described.
Several hypotheses concerning the causes of elevated concentrations are
advanced.  This results in the attainment of Objective 2.
    The high concentration site-days specified in Section 3 are examined
in Section 5 to determine  which of the hypotheses advanced in Section  4
they support.   Summary  tables which  unify  data from the  various data
reports and descriptions of each case are presented in an appendix.  The
                    <
final  objective of this study  is then attained.
     The final  Section  6 summarizes  the  results  of the  study, presents
its conclusions, and provides  recommendations for further data analysis.

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                               SECTION 2
                     IP NETWORK PM10 CONCENTRATIONS

    As noted  in  Section  1,  only 235  PM10  measurements have  been  made
at  15  sites  in the  IP  Network.   None  of  these samples have  undergone
chemical  speciation, and very  few of  them are  associated with  the sites
or  the days  which  appear to possess  the highest  pollution  levels.
Despite its  limitations,  this PMjg  data base  needs  to be  examined in
order  to:  1)  compare  PM^g mass  concentrations  with  those  which  might
comprise a national  standard, and 2)  determine whether or  not  conclu-
sions drawn with respect to PM^  might also  apply to PM^g.
AVERAGES AND RANGES OF PM10 CONCENTRATIONS
    Table 2-1  lists  the PMjg sampling sites  (with  corresponding SAROAD
codes),  the  number of  PM^g  samples taken  during  1982 at these sites,
and,   among   other   information,   the  arithmetic  average,   standard
deviation, and range of PM^g concentrations at each site for  which there
were greater  than  ten  values.   The  PM}0 averages and  ranges  reported
here were  derived  from the  subset of  individual  PM    concentrations
which corresponded  to  simultaneous  PM^5  or  SSI concentrations.   These
PMjg   averages  ranged from  20 yg/m3  at Research  Triangle  Park,  NC,
(which only had samples during the  summer) to 75 yg/m  at Rubidoux, CA.
    If a  65  yg/m  annual  average  were  established as  a  national  stan-
dard,  these data show  that Rubidoux  might be  in danger of exceeding it.
Phoenix would also  exceed  an  annual standard  with a 50 yg/m  value.  The

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     concentrations at  the  remaining  sites  are well below  the  50 yg/m3
level.   If  a  150 yg/m   24-hour  average  standard were  established,  only
N.  Birmingham would exceed  it.   None of these  sites would  exceed a 250
yg/m3  24-hour  standard.   As  more PM^o data  are  acquired from  a wider
variety of sampling sites, the  relative stringency of  the  long-term and
short-term standards will  become better understood.

RELATIONSHIP OF PM10 TO PM15 AND SSI
    Watson et al.  (1983) calculated the probable  ratios  of PM10 to PM15
and  SSI  mass  concentrations  using hypothetical  10  ym  sampling  effec-
tiveness  curves'  and  measured  sampling  effectiveness  curves  for  the
Sierra 244 and McFarland 15 ym  size-selective  inlets.-   The hypothetical
10 ym curve  is  very close  to  the  sampling effectiveness  curve which was
subsequently measured for the Sierra  246  10 ym inlet to  the dichotomous
sampler  (A.  McFarland,  personal  communication,  1983).  Therefore,  the
ratios calculated  by  Watson  et  al. for various particle size distribu-
tions  should be  close  to those  found in  the IP Network if  the size
distributions  and  sampling conditions are  similar to  those  which were
assumed.  Watson  et  al.  (1983)  report a  range from 0.67 to 1.07  in the
PM^g/PMl5 ratio, depending on wind speed  and particle size  distribution.
The PM10/SSI ratio ranges  from 0.82 to 0.92.
    The  average  ratios,   their  standard  deviations,  and  ranges  of
PM10/PMi5  and  PM10/SSI  are  reported  in  the  last   two  columns  of
Table 2-1.   The PMm/PMic average  ratios  range  from 0.76 to 0.96, which

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is within  the range  predicted  by  Watson et  al.  (1983).   The PM1Q/SSI
average  ratios  range  from 0.52  to 0.76, substantially  lower  than the
range predicted by Watson et  al .  (1983).   As  noted  in  Table 2-1, the SSI
averages and maxima are  significantly higher than the  PMjs averages and
maxima measured simultaneously at  the  same  sites.   The  largest discre-
pancy between averages among these cases  occurred at  Phoenix, AZ, where
the SSI annual average was fully 42%  higher  than  the PMj5 annual average
in 1982.   The largest discrepancy between maximum concentrations among
these examples occurred at Buffalo, NY,  where the SSI  measured 141 ug/m3
on the same day that the PMi5 concentration  was  only 85 yg/m3.  Even the
minimum concentrations  measured  with the  SSI  significantly  exceed the
corresponding PM^ values in every case.   Watson et  al .  (1981) and Shaw
et al . (1981) observed  a similar discrepancy between these two samplers
which  are  intended  to  measure  the  same  concentrations.    While  both
researchers raised the possibility  of adsorption  of atmospheric gases on
the SSI filter medium,  such an explanation  cannot  account for the large
discrepancies between PMi5 and  SSI  measurements.
    Furthermore,   Table  2-1  shows  that  in  every case  the  maximum PM^g
concentration  occurred  simultaneously  with the  maximum  PM}5  concen-
tration.    This was "not  the case for SSI measurements  at N. Birmingham,
AL,  N. Braddock,  PA,  and  Houston,  TX,  as  indicated by  the superscript
"c" on the maximum  value.   (Though RTP bears such  a superscript, it is
not  representative  since  it had  no  SSI measurement  for  the high PM}Q
day).  The maximum PM^ concentration appears  to  identify days conducive

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to maximum  PMio concentrations better  than  the SSI does.   This may be
because the PM^ and PM^g dichotomous sampler measurement techniques are
more similar  to each  other than either  one  is  with respect to the SSI.
The question of which device best represents PM^ or PM^g concentrations
has yet to be answered.
    Finally,  Figures   2-1  to  2-7  show the  scatter  plots and linear
regression lines of PM^ vs.  SSI  and PM15 for seven of the sites having
an adequate  number of  simultaneous measurements.   Slopes, intercepts,
and correlation coefficients  are  given on  these  graphs.   These plots
have been  separated to  show  that  there is no  simple,  universal rela-
tionship between one size fraction concentration and another.  While all
intercepts  are  near zero,  as is  to be expected,  and  correlations are
generally in  excess  of 0.9,  slopes vary among  sites  from  0.52 to 0.83
for the  PMig/SSI  relationship and  from 0.72 to  1.04  for the PM10/PM15
relationship among sites.
    The conclusions of this analysis are:
    •  Maximum  PM^5 concentrations have  a high  probability  of corres-
       ponding  to maximum  PM^g concentrations,  and they can, therefore,
       be used to select sites and days which are conducive to high PM10
       concentrations.
    o  While the PMjs concentration  is a maximum which the corresponding
       PM}Q  concent-ration will not  exceed, PM-^g may be as low as 70% of
       corresponding PM^g concentrations.

DATA REJECTION
    It  is worth noting that several outliers were excluded from the sta-
tistical  analyses  appearing  in Table  2-1  and Figures 2-1  to  2-7.   For
                                    10

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N. BIRMINGHAM, AL
200 i 4-
1 Slope: 0.83 ..--'
175 • Intercept: -8.6 £3"" CD
Correlation: 0.96
I50 ' n: 28
125 • °, ,.---"
100 ...-'""
75 • - --rf-P
50 • ^PtT^
2 5 • SJ^HE
n i. -''
0 25 50 75 100i2gl50l7520022525e
SSI-15 
Figure 2-1. PM1Q vs. SSI and PM15
PHOENIX, AZ
80 i a j
Slope: 0.52 .-•=1"
70 -Intercept: -0.1 031 ..--'"
._ Correlation: 0.87 D
60 'n: 32 CD
50 rg ., ..--'' D
40 • ^1 -ET Q B
	 ^tti ^^ —
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4.0 . __^[^G D
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SSI-15 
Figure 2-2. PM1Q vs. SSI and PM15
*
RUBIDOUX, CA
150 i . ,
Slope: 0.70 ..-•=+•
, ,,.- Intercept: 2.8 .,-•"
t-*^ ' Correlation: 0.97 n .,<
•\ «* "~-* C^-"l ' '
n: 33 r— , n^T1
100 • - D rder
^"^' i-iSl
75 1^13 ••"
n -'"uKti
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g. U1-S
25 • _^0|"
a :i— 	 -^ 	 , 	 , 	 1 	 , 	 1 	 ,

200 i
. 7S Slope: 0.96 „ .-—
^ ' Intercept: -6.4 U— '
^ 150 • Correlation: 0.99 ..-•""
2 n: 28 ,<"
^ 125 • ...---Q
« 100 • ..x-13'
^ 75 - CCR"13'
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dU«r v n f KT -*• Q -*-O -*-^ -^"7 ^*D
0 W 0 W0 £g D0 7g »d0
PM-15 
Concentrations in N. Birmingham, AL.

80 ,-,
Slope: 0.79 -J
'» ' Intercept: -2.0 O.. •"""
^ co Correlation: 0.95 n O''"
u O W ' A . ^ 	 t,---
w n : JH j-^-.i
? 50 ' CL--"
^ 40 • C^'T'CT •" i ^
•3 i — , .-^~i JJ3^-*
ly *» «4 W**"^ / [
^^ 3 0 • r~i n.- ^— i '.^
® 20 ..P-""
^ 10 • Cp^" n
6. P f--""'"
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10^
PM-15 
Concentrations in Phoenix, AZ.


150 -I
Slope: 0.72 --"'"
125 • Intercept: 6.2 ..-"'"
^ Correlation: 0.97 Q=5 .-'0
n i an n: 33 n^^"1 — i
•£ ioo • (75,1— J-- — ] 	 I
*• r-a3r=iU_
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 0
25  50
75  X0  1
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                                   Xr>
                                    0
                                                                       Q
           SSI-15 
                                                        PM-15  
Figure 2-3.  PMin vs. SSI and PM1t. Concentrations in Rubidoux,  CA.
          '10
                                15
                                  11

-------
            BUFFALO,  NV


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18

Slope: 0.64 D .. •" 78
Intercept: -0.7 Q .-"
Correlation: 0.94 d _..-£) „ 68
n: 26 D p...-"'" ^ 58
Q,--B' s 48
a ra^i v 38
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-•S D i 10
.- — ^
ft. o

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Intercept: 1.6 Q „--'
Correlation: 0.94 Op-"'"
n: 27 p.-^
.C-f^"
,^'
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0 25 50 75 100 12.. 15& 0 10 20 30 48 50 68 78 80 90 1
SSI-15  PM-15  1-;
          SSI-15  
                                                       PM-15 CUG/M3)
Figure 2-5.   PM1Q vs.  SSI and PM15 Concentrations in N.  Braddock, PA.
                                  12

-------
         PHILftDELPHI A,  Pft


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75
'!, _1 Slope: 0.58
67 • 5 ' Intercept: 0.9 d
60 • Correlation: 0.89 _.j_ ^
s 2 s . " '• " C3 -~''"" M
r— 1 11 '*"" y
45 • P °-"-~~ \
37.5- ^ (tip"1'"" ^ 3
*3 Q CL3 ~"l IT."*'" w
' TH5r'
22.5' ClPT^'lH D CS
15 • . -""n " ?
7 . 5 • - - "S X
0 " - -, *
0 Ig 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SSI-15 
75 i Slope: 0.74
67 .5 • Intercept: 5.7
Correlation: 0.90 .'•-
60 ' n: 24 _
52.5- &•&""' '•
43 ' p~i " .-•*
37.5. .. Jr

22 . 5 • ^ _..-CDffiJ D
15 ' -rt"0'
7.5 -^"
O
0 -L0 20 30 40 SQ 60 70 8
PM-15 
Figure 2-6. PM.g vs. SSI and PM15 Concentrations in Philadelphia, PA.


m
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HOUSTON, TX
75 ,
67,5- slope: 0.28 (0.64)
60 . Intercept: 20 (-2.1) a __.-f
„ _ Correlation: 0.53 (0.94) "-1 _...---
52'5' n: 11 (10) f^rj ..---" ?
45 C] 'eh:.---" ^
37.5- E-,--'""" ? U
.j-cn r-i s
30 • _.„--- ^ a D ^
22.5J..---"" ' 0
15 J H
7.5 - i
0 	 , 	 . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , fc

75 .
', -1 Slope: 0.78
6'-5- Intercept: 3.3
68 . Correlation: 0.97 j-,.
52.5 n: 5
45 .... -
37.5- ...--r"

30 • J3--
22.5 ..--
15 • .--"""
7.5 ...^'
0 '- 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , — , 	 	 _.,.
 0
            0
          SSI-15  
-------
example, at Rubidoux, a 217 yg/m3  PMi5  corresponding  to a 20 ug/m3
(no SSI  or HIVOL)  and  a  139  yg/m3  PM^Q corresponding  to a  110
HIVOL,  a 111 yg/m3 SSI and a 97 yg/m3  PMj5 were eliminated.   Similarly,
at Philadelphia  an  11  yg/m3 PMi5  corresponding to a 25 yg/m3  PM^Q was
eliminated.
    The effect of these outliers is illustrated in the Pl^g/SSI P^ot for
Houston, Figure  2-7,  where  a  108  yg/m  SSI  corresponds  to a  33  yg/m
PMig.    Since  the HIVOL value was  144  yg/m3,  this pair was  not removed
for the  linear regression  or  average  ratio  calculations.   When  it is
removed, the correlation between PM-[Q .and SSI  increases  from 0.53 to 0.9
and the slope increases from 0.28 to 0.64.   Even a single  pair of values
can have a  large effect  on  the conclusions drawn from IP  Network data
with the small number of samples presently  available.
                                   14
-------
                               SECTION 3

                              METHODOLOGY


IP NETWORK REPORTS

    Eight sets  of  data were received from  the  Environmental  Protection

Agency  containing   information  relevant  to  the   Inhalable  Particulate

Network.  Their titles, the  dates  they  were generated and a description

of their contents is given below:

    »   Quarterly Statistical 'Summaries,  generated 2/7/83:   These con-
        tain geometric and  arithmetic  average,  maximum, second maximum,
        and various percentile concentrations at  each site over a three
        month period in each of the size fractions.

    o   IP-All   Mass Data  'From  Raw Master,  generated  2/16/83:   This
        report  contains valid mass concentrations on individual days for
        all   sites  and all  size  ranges.    It  also contains  validation
        flags which can be  referenced against the Log Journal  to deter-
        mine the reason for the removal  of a value from the data base.

    *   Log Journals, generated 2/7/83:  These contain text descriptions
        of  reasons  for filter invalidation  which are keyed to the All
        Mass Data from Raw Master report.

    o   All  'Data Filter'Report, generated  2/7/83:  This report contains
        reportabl¥  elemental,  ion,  and mass  concentrations  measured on
        both glass  fiber  and Teflon filters.   In the  report   received,
        only mass and  elemental data on  HI VOL and SSI samples, and mass
        and ion data  for  dichotomous  samples were included.   To obtain
        elemental  concentrations  on dichotomous  samples,  other reports
        were requested.

    o   Non-Report able  Dichotomous  Sampler  Elemental  Concentrations
        Sorted  by'Element,  generated 4/12/82:This  report contains the
        elementalconcentrations,  but  it  is  difficult to use  since it
      .  does not group elements by date and sampling site.

    •   Reportable  Mass,   Ion> ' and Elemental  Data  Report,   generated
        9/16/83:    This  contains  reportable data sorted  by  site  and
        date.

    c   Nori-Reportable Elemental  Data  Report, generated  9/16/83:   This
        report   contains  those  elemental  concentrations  which  are  not
        reported in the IP data base,  owing to the lack of comparability
                                   15
-------
        between laboratories.   They are  grouped  according to  site and
        date.

    •   Site Description Inventory, generated 9/7/83:   This  report con-
        tains  the site  name,  address,  SAROAD  code,  site classification,
        site elevation, probe height,  and site coordinates.

    o   Mass  Loading   Multiplication'  Correction  Factors,   generated
        2/18/83:Thesefactorsarecalculatedtocorrect  volumetric
        flow  rates   to  standard  conditions  for  seasonal  temperature
        variations and  pressure variations with height.   Only mass con-
        centrations   in the  Reportable  Mass,  Ion, and Elemental  Data
        Report have  these corrections  applied  to  them.   No chemical data
        are corrected.

    e   NAMS Hardco'py  Site  Surveys,  generated at various times:   These
        were available for  a subset  of all  the sites chosen.
    In the course of this  study,  all  of  these  documents  were used.  For

example, when  a measurement  from a  particular site-day  could  not be

found in the Non-Reportable Elemental Data  report,  it  often appeared in

the Non-Reportable  Dichotomous  Sampler Elemental  Concentrations Sorted

by Element report,  and vice versa.

    Figure  3-1  schematically  shows   the  way  in  which  the  IP  Network

reports were accessed  to  select  high PM^  days and  to unify the infor-

mation describing them.

    An initial  examination of the maximum concentrations  reported in the

Quarterly Statistical  Summaries  gave  111  site-days  with  PM]_5 total mass

readings above  about  120  pg/m .   It  was  intended  to also identify  high

PMjg  site-days  but,  as noted, these  data proved to be  sparse,  with no

supporting chemical  and elemental  data  on  the  few  candidate cases  that

were  identified.
                                   16
-------
                 Quarterly
                Statistical
                 Summaries
                                  IP-All Mass
                                   Data From
                                   Raw Master
  Non-Reportable
   Dichotomous
 Sampler Elemen-
tal Concentrations
Sorted by Element
 Reportable Mass,
 Ion, And Elemen-
 tal Data Report
  Non-Reportable
    Elemental
   Data Report
              Identify High
              PMi5 Days and
               Existence of
             Chemical Species
                                Mass Concentrations
  Chemica]
  Concen-x
  trations
    Case-Study
     Site-Day
   Descriptions
 Validation
 •Informa-
 tion
Log Journals
          Elevated Mass Concen-
           trations, Sampling
            Sites and Days
      NAMS
  Site Surveys
Local
                     Source
-Sampling  Site
  Descriptions
 Coordinate,
 Elevation,
vProbe Ht.,
                               xClassifi-
                                cation
   Site
Description
 Inventory
             Figure 3-1:  Process Flow Diagram of Construction
             of Case-Study Sample Descriptions and Sampling Site
             Descriptions From IP Network Data Reports.
                                     17
-------
    Of the 111 PMis high site-days,  50 were indicated as having simulta-
neous elemental  and  chemical  information  in the  IP-All Mass  Data From
Raw Master report by the presence of  elemental  and  chemical  information
for the hivol  and/or  SSI  at the given site.  No elemental  data for the
dichotomous samplers  were  given  in  this report.
    A detailed check  of the 50 high  site-days  in the three chemical con-
centration reports revealed no information for  several  of the days, which
were thought to  have chemical speciation.   The  original  selection of 50
high site-days  has  been retained,  however, and has been  dealt with as
effectively as  possible.    These  50  high  site-days were  found to con-
centrate largely around nine urban  areas
    The IP-All Mass Data From Raw Master  report  includes ten categories
of  flags   arising   from   the   IP   Network's   validation:   1)  voided
data/filter,  2)  ratios  out  of  range,   3) missed sampling   schedule,
4)  analysis   pending,  5)   high/low   value,   6)   questionable  filter,
7)  filter  accepted   after  question,  8)   questionable  data,   9)  data
accepted after question, and 10) data  validated to  this point.
    The Comprehensive  Log  Journal  report  supplies  comments  and notes
difficulties entered  by  the field station  operators,  complementing the
Validation Report. . The Comprehensive  Log Journal  was  consulted separa-
tely for each  of  the  50 high  site-days.   Again, the purpose was to flag
suspect or invalid data.
    National Weather  Service  reports  contain meteorological  data in the
form of  NOAA-National  Weather  Service daily weather maps.   These maps
                                   18
-------
were examined for the high concentration  days to  identify high pressure
periods, likely subsidence inversions, and frontal  passages.   Radiosonde
soundings were  also obtained  for  most cases.   The daily weather maps
(surface and  500  mb)  for all  cases,  and  the soundings  (raobs)  for the
states of California,  Oregon, and Arizona  were available in the archives
of the  DRI  Climatologist.   The remaining raobs were  requested from the
National Climatic  Data  Center in  Asheville,  NC.    Soundings  geographi-
cally close to  Chicago,  IL,  Cleveland, OH, and Youngstown,  OH,  are not
taken and  were not obtained.   The  vertical  temperature  sounding data
were  individually  plotted  on  Skew  T-Log  P  Adiabatic  Diagrams.    The
height of the  inversion,  if  present,  was  read  from these diagrams.  The
atmospheric stability  was also estimated  by comparing  the actual  to the
adiabatic lapse rate.    General  indications of  prominent weekly weather
features were  sometimes  obtained by consulting  the  NOAA  publication
Weekly Heather arid Crop Bulletin.   These weather data  were used to iden-
tify  subsidence  inversions  which  result  from persistent  high pressure
systems, radiation  inversions  which  are often seen close  to  the ground
on  the  morning  sounding, stagnant  conditions  which  are indicated  by
inversions  and low jvind speeds, or other  meteorological  factors  such as
high winds  or precrpitation that might  be associated  with elevated PM}5
readings.
    The NAMS  Hardcopy Site Surveys were supplemented  with site descrip-
tions and  source type  identifications from  other studies to identify
potential  PM]_5  sources,  both in the  neighborhood  (within 1  mi)  of the
sampling site, and within  the overall  urban area.   The site descriptions
                                   19
-------
provided other information with  respect  to  the  site location, classifi-
cation and probe height.  Table 3-1 summarizes  this information and the
PMi5 concentrations  with  their fine  and  coarse fractions.   This  table
will be  referred  to in Section  5 to associate  chemical  concentrations
with their potential neighborhood and urban scale sources.
                                    20
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                                SECTION 4
             POTENTIAL CAUSES OF ELEVATED IP CONCENTRATIONS

    In this  section  a list of reasonable hypotheses  are  presented con-
cerning the  causes of  elevated  PM^ in  the  case studies to be discussed
in Section  5.   The  hypothesis  list is  not  necessarily exhaustive, but
covers major types of  events.   These hypotheses are not mutually exclu-
sive, and more than  one  of them may be supported in each specific' case.
In particular,  these hypotheses can  be tested with  the  IP  Network and
weather service data available  to this  study.   It  is recognized that a
given  elevated PMjg concentration  may  derive from  a  combination  of
causes, or it  may  be caused by  an entirely  different kind of event from
those advanced  as  hypotheses in  the following list.   These cases will
suggest other possible causes which may be examined in future studies.
Hypothesis  1:   High PM]^ concentrations  result  from contributions from
major local sources of industrial emissions.
    This  hypothesis  is  advanced  partly because large industrial sources
have "traditionally"  (Yocom  et  al . ,  1981)  been  thought  to be the major
polluters.   Futhermore,  a large fraction of the  high  site-days in the
present   study   derive  from   industrialized  urban   areas,   such  as
Birmingham,  Buffalo, Cleveland,  and  Philadelphia.    Proximity  of  the
sampling  station  to the  industrial  source  is  presumed to  enhance the
potential  of  a  high reading, owing  to reduced  opportunities  for time-
dependent  removal  processes,  such  as  gravitational  deposition and sca-
venging by clouds and precipitation.
                                   28
-------
    Support for  this  hypothesis  involves  use  of  the site  surveys  to
identify nearby industrial sources and the aerosol chemical  composition
which  is   characteristic  of the  emissions  from these  sources.    For
example, if a  given site  is near a steel mill complex (as shown  by the
accompanying site description),  and  if the  chemical  data  for the  high
site-day show  high  Fe  and Mn  concentrations,  it might  reasonably  be
concluded  that the  steel  mill  source  contribution  was  significant.
Similarly,  Cu, Pb, or Al  may  be indicative  of  smelting operations, and
Ca may  be  indicative  of  cement plant or  construction  activity.   Care
must  be  taken  to  avoid  the  high   Al ,  Si,   and   Fe  concentrations
(particularly   in  the  coarse mode), which  indicate  a crustal  contribu-
tion.  Table 4-1 was compiled  from Watson  et al .  (1981) to provide some
perspective on chemical  concentrations.   It contains  the highest  average
values of  each chemical species found in U.S.  cities.  When the values
found on high  site-days  exceed  these  values by a factor of  approaching 2
or more, concentrations  of these species  are  noted as  being elevated.
Hypothesis 2:    High  PM^5 concentrations are caused by the  presence of
local  non-industrial  sources,  including residential  heating, wood or
                   i
trash  burning,  vehicular  traffic,  and  resuspension  of  the  earth's
crustal materials (e.g.  dust storms,  or traffic  resuspension).
    This hypothesis is advanced because its  importance  has been shown in
several recent  aerosol  studies  (e.g.  Cooper et  al . , 1979; Chow et  al . ,
1981; Chow et  al . , 1982).   Futhermore,  the  present  50  site-day data set
includes many  cases where at  least the  crustal  components,  Al , Si, and
                                   29
-------
                               TABLE 4-1

                HIGHEST AVERAGE CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS
                            IN U.S. CITIES3
                                       Concentration in yg/m3
Species
Al
Si
Fe
SOA
N03
V
Ni
Cl
Br
Pb
K
Mn
Zn
Cu
t
Ca
Mass
FINE-15
1.5
2.5
0.9
10. A
6.9
<.020
<.005
1.6
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.05
0.2
0.07
1.3
55
COARSE-15
2.4
6.2
2.8
7.0
3.6
<.020
-<.005
1.8
0.04
0.2
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
6.0
56
a From Table 9.2.2 of Watson et al. (1981).
                                    30
-------
Fe, are simultaneously elevated in  the coarse  mode.   Other cases  include
elevated Cl  (sea  salt  or  road salting) and elevated Ca,  which can  also
result from  construction  activity  (cement)  close to the  sampling  site.
For example,  In  El  Paso,  TX, on 11/29/79,  out  of  a total PM    mass  of
        33                    3                        3
126 yg/m , 9.79 yg/m   were  Si,  3.82 yg/m  were Al , and  1.74 yg/m  were
Fe  (in  the  coarse  mode).   Sulfate  and  nitrate  levels  were low,  Cl
totaled only 2.17 yg/m ,  and  the only other major contributing  element
was Ca, with 14.12  yg/m  in the coarse fraction,  and 1.21 yg/m3  in the
fine  fraction.    The   accompanying  site  survey  showed  construction  in
progress in  October,   1979, in  the  adjacent city  block  to  the  north-
northwest.    These  coarse  fraction  elements   seem  to  indicate  local
crustal  and possibly cement dust contributions.
    It  is  not  possible  to distinguish  between industrially  generated
road dust  or motor  vehicle exhaust  and  that which originates  from the
general  population.    In  highly industrialized  areas,  the sources may
indeed be of an industrial  origin.
Hypothesis  3:   High  PM^  concentrations are  caused  by  regional  scale
secondary particulate matter, especially in  the eastern USA.
                    4
    This hypothesis  is advanced because  previous  studies  in  the eastern
USA have revealed  significant aerosol  sulfate  contributions  to the PMi5
concentrations  (e.g.  Mueller and  Hidy  et  al . ,  1983).   Those  in  the
western USA  have  shown the  same  for nitrate   (e.g. Hidy  et  al . ,  1975),
and several of the following case  studies have shown both very high par-
ticulate sulfate and nitrate readings.
                                    31
-------
    This  hypothesis  is supported primarily  by  high sulfate  or  nitrate
concentrations and  a  comparison of these  values  with those  from other
sites in the  region.   Because  sulfur  is  measured  by x-ray fluorescence,
it  is  possible  to verify  the  validity  of  most  sulfate  measurements
through  intermethod  comparison.    For  example,   some   of  the  highest
sulfate   readings   in  the  50  high   site-day   list  were   found   in
Philadelphia, PA,  where three  cases  of fine  sulfate exceeded  30 yg/m3.
This is  much higher  than  the  annual  arithmetic  average for  fine par-
ticulate sulfate of 7  yg/m   for the  period  August 1977  to July 1978, as
found in  the SURE Program  (see Table. 6-22  of Mueller and  Hidy  et al.,
1983).    These authors discuss  cases  of 20  to  30 yg/m3  TSP  sulfate in
terms of regional episodes.
Hypothesis 4:  High PM^ concentrations are associated with the presence
of atmospheric inversions and/or stagnation.
    This hypothesis is advanced as one  of  the  most  traditional  explana-
tions for both the concentrating of primary particles and the generation
of secondary  particles.    While daily wind  speed,  wind  direction, tem-
                   4
perature, and relative humidity may  also affect  PM^s concentrations, it
was beyond the scope of this study to acquire and analyze these data.
    Atmospheric   temperature  inversions do  not  cause  high  pollution
levels  by  themselves.   They do  trap  emissions  close to  the  surface,
however,  and  prevent  their rise  to higher  levels where  they can  be
dispersed  by stronger winds.   Conditions  are usually very stable in the
                                   32
-------
layer under the inversion, with very low wind speeds which further inhi-
bit the dispersal  of pollutants.
    Atmospheric soundings have been plotted for stations close to the IP
Network site of relevance on  high  PM^  days.   Twenty-seven of the fifty
site-days were  eventually provided with at least  OOOOZ  sounding (which
corresponds to  4  p.m.  PST,  6 p.m. CST, and  7 p.m. EST)  from a nearby
radiosonde  station.    In some  cases the  1200Z  (which  corresponds  to
4 a.m. PST, 6  a.m.  CST  and  7 a.m.  EST)  sounding was also available.  As
the atmosphere is  rarely dry- or pseudo-adiabatic, at least 75% of these
soundings show  inversions  at  one level  or another  (up  to 500 mb, which
was considered  the  maximum height of relevance).   Therefore, important
caveats must  be applied  to  these  data.   For  example,  all five  of the
elevated Rubidoux concentrations  occurred  during inversions with inver-
sion tops  (here defined  as  the maximum temperature  level)  ranging from
900 mb  to  750 mb on  the San  Diego,  CA,  and  Vandenburg,  CA, soundings
(for  example,  see Figure  4-1).    This  is  the  frequently observed sub-
sidence inversion resulting  from the  off-shore Pacific  anticyclone, and
its presence alone does  not  guarantee a high  PM}5 reading.  Substantial
on-shore winds  durirfg  these  inversions can  dilute and  remove the par-
ticle accumulation at coastal sites.
    A .different inversion example  is  found  in  the case  of Hartford, CT,
1/22/81 (see Figure 4-2). The nearby Albany, NY, sounding at OOOOZ shows
a very  cold surface temperature with an  inversion top  at  812 mb.   The
1200Z  surface  maps  show  the slow  eastward  movement of  an anticyclone
                                    33
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centered to the north of the New England states.  The observed inversion
is probably  a  result of  both  subsidence and  radiation,  with  the OOOOZ
Albany, NY,  surface  wind at 4  knots.   The approach of  a  cold  front on
1/22/81  probably  brought  about  the  end  of  the   high   PM^  episode,
following  very   restricted  movement   of  the  aerosol   beneath  the
inversion.
    Atmospheric  stagnation  is  the  persistence of an inversion  and low
surface winds  over  a long time period.   This stagnation is illustrated
in the  case  of  Portland, OR,  10/12/79 (see Figure  4-3).   This  day was
preceded by four days of high pressure over the northwestern states.  On
10/12/79,  the  Pacific Coast subsidence  inversion appeared  on  both the
Portland and the Vandenburg, CA, soundings at about  840 mb, and even the
500 mb wind over  Portland was  only  about 10 knots out of the southeast.
A  record  high temperature  of  81°F,  occurred  on  10/9/79.   These con-
ditions  are  conducive  to  several  days  of  sluggish circulation below
840 mb which  prevents the dispersal of  pollutants.   They were followed
by the approach of a weak cold front and precipitation on  10/13/79.
                   i
Hypothesis  5:    High PM15  concentrations  are due  to  the  presence of
anomalies related to the measurement process.
    This  hypothesis  is  unlike  the earlier four in  that  it did not pre-
sent itself  until  after  a preliminary scan  of all  the  data relevant to
the fifty high  site-days.   It was  found,  however,  that  a significant
number  (4)  of the   highest  observed  PM15 site-day  concentrations from
                                   35
-------
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-------
the eight major  urban  areas  studied were suspect because   the dichoto-
mous sampler PMjs  exceeded the  hivol  sampler TSP by more  than the data
flagging criteria adopted for the  IP  Network  (U.S. EPA,  1980;  Watson et
al.,  1981).    These criteria,  applied by  EPA/EMSl,  flag  simultaneous
measurement  sets  for  which  the  ratio  of  PMj5  to  hivol  mass  con-
centrations exceeds 1.1.   Such  ratios  do  not  invalidate  the data points
because it is  impossible to determine  which  sample is  in error with the
available information.   For  this  study,  it  is  assumed  that  the hivol
data derive from the older and  more established  measurement device, and
that a  PM15/HIVOL  ratio  exceeding  1.1 probably indicates  a faulty PM15
measurement.
    Another  type  of  measurement   discrepancy  involved  out-of-bounds
coarse/fine mass  ratios.   In this  case,  the IP Network flagging  cri-
teria identify  coarse/fine  ratios   less  than 0.3 or  greater  than 1.3.
This criterion  is  not  applied  stringently  here,  but three  cases  are
classified as anomalous:  one with  a coarse/fine  ratio  of 0.05  (El Paso,
4/29/82), one with  a coarse/fine ratio of  0.07  (Philadelphia,  3/10/80),
and finally  a  case  with  a coarse/fine  ratio equal  to  12.5  (El  Paso,
12/11/79).          *
    As noted earlier, additional hypotheses could be advanced.   It will
be seen in the  next section,  however,  that these five  simple hypotheses,
individually and in  combinations, are  often supported  by IP  Network
data.
                                   37
-------
                               SECTION 5



                         SUPPORT  FOR  HYPOTHESES





    Detailed case studies for each site-day are presented in Appendix A.



These case-studies  include  the ambient  chemical  data and  a  summary of



the meteorological situation.  Their results are summarized in this sec-



tion  for  each  of the  hypotheses  to  determine  whether  or not  it  has



general  support.   Unfortunately,  all  data were  not available  for  all



site-days,  and  the  same  set of  samples is not  drawn  from  to support



every hypothesis.







INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (Hypothesis 1)



    Thirty-six  site-days had  a  full  set  of  chemical  concentrations,



though three  of  these were  suspect  for  one  reason  or another.   Sixteen



of  the remaining  33  cases  showed  a  marked influence of some industrial



activity.   All of  these  sites  are  located in  cities where the indicated



industrial  activity   is  known  to take   place.   All  of  the  sites  in



Buffalo,  NY,  Cleveland, OH,   Philadelphia,   PA,   Pittsburgh,   PA,  and



Youngstown, OH,  are  classified as Center  City-Industrial  in  Table 3-1.



Only Bakersfield is 'Center City-Commercial.



    Buffalo, Cleveland and Pittsburgh contain major steel mills within a



mile of the  sampling  sites, and ambient  concentrations  of iron, manga-



nese and  zinc were often elevated above the  values  in  Table  4-1  by a



factor of  two or more.
                                   38
-------
    The coarse iron concentrations reached values as high  as  12.3 yg/m3
in Cleveland on 4/4/81.   Fine  iron concentrations reached 8.1 yg/m  at
the same site on  7/20/79.   Similar results  were  found for the  high site-
days in Buffalo and Pittsburgh.
    In  Philadelphia,   the  coarse  and   fine  manganese  concentrations
reached  6.9  and  0.9  yg/m   respectively at  the T and  A  Pet  site  on
11/20/79.   A   nearby minerals  handling facility is  a  likely  source.
Copper and zinc were elevated at  nearby  sites and the  site surveys note
the presence of a  copper  smelter nearby.
    Bakersfield attained  one of the highest fine  sulfate concentrations
in  the  network   on   1/10/81,  45  yg/m .   Even  though  this  site  is
classified  as  Center City-Commercial   it  is  known   that  oil   fields
surround  the city  of Bakersfield and  that  a  substantial  amount  of
sulfur-containing   gases  are emitted  which could be the  precursors  to
sulfate.
    In none of the cases studied  is the  chemical  species indicating the
presence  of  a given  source of  a sufficient concentration  to  greatly
influence the PM^ mass concentration. In fact,  even if all  of the chem-
                   i
ical  species  measured at   a  IP  Network  site were summed,  they  would
account  for  far  less  than  half of the  corresponding  PM]^ values.   If
steel "mills,  smelters,  and mineral handling  facilities contribute only
the  species which  are measured,  such as  Fe, Cu,  and  Mn»  then  they are
                                   39
-------
not major  causes  of high  PMj5  concentrations.    If  these  chemical  con-


centrations are also associated with other, unmeasured species, then the


contributions of industrial sources to PM^ could be much greater.


    All  of  the Center  City-Industrial  sampling  sites identified  in


Table  3-1  which had  chemical  concentrations  were  found  to  have  some


industrial    influences.     Only   one   which  is   not   so   classified,


Bakersfield,   shows   a   significant   industrial   influence,   and  this


influence  is  apparently  not due  to  industrial  activities within  the


city.




NON-INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (Hypothesis 2)


    The  non-industrial  sources  include  resuspended  geological material


and  road dust  (which may  indeed  be  industrial  in  origin, but  is  con-


sidered  separately here because it cannot be distinguished from its non-


industrial   counterpart),   automobile  exhaust,  construction  activities,


heating  and  burning.  Of the  33 valid  site-days  for which chemical  spe-


cies  were   measured,  18   showed  significantly  elevated chemical  con-


centrations indicative of these non-industrial  sources.


    Geological  material  appears  to be  a  contributor  at  P.S.   #26  in

Buffalo, Bakersfield,  Rubidoux, and  Fresno where  very  high   Al  and  Si


levels were measured.  Coarse silicon  and  aluminum reached  levels of 24

          3
and 9 yg/m  ,  respectively,  in "Bakersfield  on 11/17/80, which  would make

suspended dust  a major  contributor to the  183 yg/m  PMjs concentration
observed on that day.   High  speed  Santa Ana winds are recorded for that

period which probably raised the dust.
                                   40
-------
    Elevated chloride levels  sometimes  accompany  the  higher aluminum and
silicon concentrations,  particularly  during  winter months.   Hartford and
Youngstown both exhibited higher than normal chloride levels  on  1/22/81
and 2/15/81,  respectively.   The weather summaries for  both  cases  show
snow  on  the  ground  and it  is  known   that roadways  in  these  eastern
cities are salted and sanded  during snowfall.   The chloride could result
from traffic resuspension.
    Motor  vehicle  exhaust  is   indicated  by  elevated  Br   and  Pb  con-
centrations  with Br/Pb  ratios  in  the range  of 0.2  to 0.4.    This
situation is observed in Cleveland, at  the  T and A Pet  and Presbyterian
Home sites in Philadelphia,  and  in  El  Paso,  but not to a great extent at
other sites.  One of the highest cases  occurred  at the  T and  A Pet site
on  11/20/79  when  PM^   lead reached  2.4 pg/m3  and  bromine reached 0.6
pg/m .    If one  assumes  that lead  constitutes  approximately  20% (e.g.
Watson, 1979) or less of the mass of  particulate motor  vehicle exhaust,
these  levels  imply a  significant  contribution  to  the  173 pg/m
concentration observed on that date.
    Calcium concentrations  were  elevated in the  coarse fraction  for a
number of  site-days,*  and  the  levels  reached are rarely  consistent with
those  expected  from  geological  material.   The case  in  El  Paso  was
offered as an example  in Section  4,  and owing to a detailed site survey,
it could  be  explained  by nearby  construction.   The Ca  source  is  not so
obvious  at  Wilmuth Pump  in  Buffalo,   NY, on 4/4/81,  in  Bakersfield on
11/17/80, and in Rubidoux on 8/7/80.  For example,  calcium contributes 27
                                   41
-------
yg/m3  to the  145  yg/m3   PMjs  concentration  at  Wilmuth  Pump.    Since


calcium is a non-reportable species  (as  defined  in  Section 1), this may


be  a  measurement anomaly,  but  its levels  at  other sites  seem  so con-


sistent with normal geological material  that  it  is  difficult to believe


the errors in  its  measurement can be so  large.   The  El  Paso case lends


credence to the  effects of  nearby  construction,  and it  may be that such


activities periodically take place but are not adequately recorded.


    Elevated vanadium and  nickel  levels  are present at  the T and A Pet,


NE Transfer, and Presbyterian Home sites in Philadelphia, PA, indicating


a potential  source of residual oil combustion.  All  of these occurred on


the same  day,  11/20/79,  a day on  which  the weather reports show higher


than . normal  temperatures,  but  it was  still  cold  enough to  require


heating.  Stagnant  conditions were also present, as will  be  discussed


below.


    One clear-cut  case  of vegetative burning  contributions occurred in


Bakersfield  on   11/17/80.   In  this  case,  high  speed  Santa  Ana  winds


fanned  fires  in  southern  California which  destroyed  much  grassland and


over  100 homes.  Potassium  in  PMj5 reached  3.7 yg/m  in Bakersfield and

                    4
chloride was also elevated on this day.   Both potassium and chloride are


known   to be  products of  vegetative burning  (Watson,  1979).   Though


these species were elevated at other sites, notably Cleveland on 9/12/80


and 4/4/81  and  Wilmuth  Pump  on  6/15/81  where the fine  potassium con-


centrations  reached  2.3  yg/m , vegetative  burning  in these communities


has not been reported in  other studies.
                                   42
-------
    The  classifications of  these  sites where  non-industrial  sources
contribute more than  their  typical  share to the PM^  are  industrial  as
well as  non-industrial.   P.S.  #26, Cleveland, T and A Pet,  NE Transfer
and Youngstown, all  classified  as  Center City-Industrial,  show signifi-
cant  non-industrial   contributions.    Several  of  these  non-industrial
tracer concentrations are elevated on the same days for which industrial
source tracers  are  elevated, demonstrating that the  industrial sources
cannot be  singled  out  as the  sole causes of  high  PMj5 concentrations.
Center City-Commercial  sites with  elevated  non-industrial  contributions
are Bakersfield and Hartford.  Presbyterian  Home  is Suburban-Industrial,
Rubidoux  is   Rural-Commercial,  El   Paso  is  Center City-Commercial  and
Fresno is Suburban-Commercial.
    The   hypothesis    that   non-industrial    sources    are   significant
contributors  to high  PM]^   concentrations is  supported by  the chemical
concentrations and the site-types  at which  they occur for  the majority
of the 33 cases.

REGIONAL SCALE SECONDARY PARTICLES  (Hypothesis 3)
                    <
    The  first identifier of a regional-scale secondary  particle event is
an  elevated   concentration  of   sulfate   and/or nitrate at  the sampling
site. "   The  second  identifier  is  a simultaneous  elevated  value  at  a
sampling site which  is  still within the  region, but which may be several
                                    43
-------
hundred miles  away.   The final  identifier is  a  synoptic  weather system
with warm moist air  and  high  pressure  which  homogenous!y  covers a large
region.
    Unfortunately,  not  all  of  this information  was  available  for  the
high sulfate  and  nitrate concentrations  contained in the  33  valid data
sets with chemical  species.   Chemical  concentrations in  the  IP Network
were not uniformly measured on the same days  at all  sites.  Complicating
this was  an  inability  to acquire  weather  data  from every  site  which
showed  an  elevated  concentration.   Thus,  only  seven out of  33  cases
might  support  the notion of  a  regional-scale secondary  particle  event
with  sulfate   or  nitrate concentrations  more than  double the maximum
averages  listed   in  Table 4-1.   Several  other  cases  with  lower con-
centrations showed  high  sulfate or  nitrate  values,  but   they  were less
than twice  the maximum  averages.    The  absence  of sulfate and nitrate
information from  other sites  on the  same  days  precludes  a complete eva-
luation of this hyposthesis.
    The most  pronounced  event occurred on  11/20/79  in Philadelphia,  PA.
Here,  fine  sulfate   values  exceeded  30  yg/m   at  the  T and A Pet,
                    1
Presbyterian  Home,  and  NE Transfer  sites.   Fine  nitrate  concentrations
reached 9 pg/m at  NE Transfer.  Sulfate  and  nitrate values  from other
eastern cities were  not  available on this date to  confirm its regional
nature.   The  weather maps show  a large  high  pressure system which  had
persisted for  three  days with  unseasonably  warm  weather.  There  is no
question that  these  secondary  species were  major  contributors to  the
                                   44
-------
1/2,  152 and  146  yg/m3   PM15  coicentretlons  at  the  T  and  A Pet,  NE
7.-ar;fer, and P~esbyterii^ Ho-ne s-'t'»s,  resrsctively,  especially when the
unrr.ei? j"ed  catic'T  *iz'n  es  '  cropsn lor  and  ammonium, associated  with
the sulfate and ni: -~:e comnoj^ds  are considered.
    P.S. 126 in Buffalc  experienced similar and high sulfate  on 9/18/79
and  4/4/81.   Some  of the  elevaced sulnte  may  be of  local  or  sub-
reg'oral  origin  ir  these cases,  as nearly  sites in  Ironton, PA,  and
Cleveland,  OH, s^o»  *"'re  iuHste  concentrsttons of 5 yg/m    and 8
 in  i/c/si.    •-.   •-.."-it2  3nc  -":  ~:te  mfcsarements  were available  from
 - '6* s tes or,     -  "9.
    Western s't-::,  c. not usu?'. }  exhibit  pronounced  regional-scale phe-
-•omer.c owinq  -•:    *  -  ccri:le>  "• opraphy  (e.g. Flocchini et  al . ,  1981).
*s   already         -. . .  e hie      '"ste concentration at  Bakersfield was
possibly  due   :,',  i'~5 sjL-^ej  on=i  conversion of  emissions  from  nearby
inGusi-ial so, r~es.   Ccrresponcing  readings at  sites which  are  exposed
to   v^e  sin:-   me* :. r;1 oclvir "   "''"uaiions,  such   as   Fresno,  were  not
    Secondary  aerosj.  products  cc^ ba  nejor  contributors to  high
levels,  but  the information  from  the  IP Network and  other sources  used
i". this  study  is insufficient to distinguish between regional-scale pro-
cesses a''d local or  sub-recional  sources.
                                    45
-------
INVERSIONS (Hypothesis 4)
    Vertical  temperature soundings were available for 27 of the 36 site-
days with  chemical  speciation.    Of  these,  24 corresponded  with  the 33
site-days  for  which  no measurement  anomalies  were  suspected.   These
inversions were  nearly  always  accompanied by low wind  speeds  and often
occurred at  the  end of  a  high  pressure system  which  had  persisted for
two or three days.
    Inversions and  stagnant  conditions  do not  cause high pollutant con-
centrations.   They do provide situations which are conducive to an accu-
mulation of  pollutants.   These  conditions  occur  at  all  site  types in
both the eastern and western U.S.
    Subsidence or radiation  inversions  were  observed  on the OOOOZ soun-
dings for  eighteen  of the  24 cases with complete and valid data, making
this hypothesis  the most completely  supported  of the  five.  Since these
soundings  were taken  during  the  afternoon on or evening of the sampled
day, they were probably more persistent than short-term radiation inver-
sions which would have been present only during early morning hours.

                    4
MEASUREMENT ANOMALIES (Hypothesis 5)
    The  potential  always   exists for   a  specific  measurement  to  be
unrepresentative  of reality, and the  number  of cases  supporting  this
hypothesis  provides  a  rough  estimate  of  the proportion  of  high  PM^s
concentrations which may result  from an inadequate  measurement process.
The IP  Network  is  particularly  amenable to the  identification  of these
                                   46
-------
cases  owing to  the largs  number  of  simi;T:#ieous  ns&suremerrts taken at


each  site which  req-Ji--- en  internal  cnr-S^stency w'th  each other.   T»-


o^; of  the ~  ~ty h: •-  ?M'5 m?:. Jir^ment'  »ia^t  foun.-:' -, c havfc o?r,Dinet :r;*


of  1)  a  ""'•   c:rce':" Mon  c-eet^r  vhsr- tHs  PKvc  :».?C2ntrEr- r.,  2}  e


coe"se  to  f",r.e ccricentratior  rstic whicn Is unlikely to be  ot  med frcm


typical   particle  size  distributions,   3^ 3}  chen,i.:al   t " :eatration


levels  which  are .=•- c-rder  of macnituoe  higher  or low-:™ t  ,    nase t>pi-


ceV.*  fojnd in ar^-'cnt aerosol  sarrp'ies (see Teble 4-1 for  c  :i*nt cnemi-


cel c:r c 2:it~3tion "ieveH).


    TS?' -vas "iess  "-^a"-  PM-sc   in  sav€"  .;asss, tie  n.os":  o^vijus  of wMr.h


is ti-s  El  PS:-3 cess, desr-ibed  in Section 4, in whichViu  400 ug/ra  PMjj

                      3
ex'.-^tded  the  ir«- -jg/rr." TSP by nearly a '*s-cii3r -of four,


    A  hi :;•  "•'    .'  /.arjo/fine rati^ v  •    reeson by Jtse1f t<3 -ajc'" . ••  3


-.!-..   vclu-?-     '  trXc'^Ifi,  this  -•'•',:• w, s  12.5 in £1  Paso on 12?-'Ti/?9»


•J-JT.  :;he coerse  a"1,urnnum,  silicon  and ca'ciuro values,  while  riot excep-


tic-elly  hia-'% Q%:r!orst"ate a  substantial coarse contribution from gaclo-


cict'-'i   ^Ete-'i".    t;-'  concentrcticns   for ti.V'ate,  nitrate.*  ??::' the


geological  a^-v.ia  a~e  cerie^all.v  lov>  wltli  r-:.->ect  to  th-e  v?lues M


Table  4-1.   In  th^ case,  the  da",a  are cons".i'"j--  valid.   T-r's is ncrt


tie  case  *or  tre  Presbyterian  Home  sits or 3.-" 1/8C  end  a '.T^asurameiKt


anomaly is  assumed.


    The chemical   species  concentrations  at  the  Wilmuth  Pun?  site cs


?.'?M1  do not support  the  3.1 coa-r-e/fine ratid meas^-ecl toe^-e,  Kost af


t'i  Cv/arse concent rations  are   rr.u-;h  too  low tc  account for  the  ssars-e
                                     47
-------
mass.  A  better  example is the case of  Portland,  OR,  on 10/12/79 which



exhibits  a 43 yg/m   aluminum concentration.   Though aluminum pot lines



are located east  of  Portland, Watson (1979)  never found them to be major



contributors  in  downtown Portland.   Similar high aluminum  levels have



been  found  at  other  Oregon  sites  in Portland,  Deschutes  County,  and



Eugene.  The high aluminum  concentrations may  result  from contamination



of the samples.



    The small  37 mm  ringed Teflon filters  used for  PM^5  sampling  are



much more  susceptible  to measurement anomalies  than  the large  8 x  10"



hivol filters simply because a small gain in  mass translates into a much



larger gain in ambient  concentration.  Even  minor  contamination  must be



avoided and it  is not always possible to  do  so.
                                   48
-------
                               SECTION 6
                SUMMARY,  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

    This report has  attempted  to identify the potential causes  of ele-
vated PMjQ concentrations from measurements available  in the  IP  Network
Data  Base  and  meteorological  measurements  from the  National  Weather
Service.  The  number of PM^Q measurements was found to  be  insufficient
to meet  the  study  objectives,  but a high correlation  was  found  between
elevated  PM^   and  PM^Q concentrations  at   sites  where  simultaneous
measurements were  taken.   High  PM^ concentrations were  then  used  as
surrogates for PMjQ.
    Five causes of elevated  PM^ concentrations were  advanced:   1) local
industrial  source  emissions,  2)  local non-industrial  source  emissions,
3) regional-scale  secondary aerosol events, 4)  subsidence  and  radiation
inversions  and  air   mass stagnation,  and  5)  measurement  anomalies.
Support  for  the first  hypothesis  was found  in  16  of 33  cases (48%),
nearly  all   of  which  occurred  at  industrial   site  types.  The  second
hypothesis  was  supported  in  18 out  of  33  cases   (55%)   and  included
industrial,   commercial,  residential  and  agricultural  site types.   The
regional-scale nature  of  the  third hypothesis  was difficult to  support
owing to inadequate   data,  though major  secondary  aerosol  events  were
identified in  7 of  33  (21%)  of the  cases.    Inversions and  stagnation
were observed in 18  of  24 (75%)-.   Measurement  anomalies  occurred in ten
of 50 (20%)   cases.   These anomalous measurements were  not  considered as
support for  the other four hypotheses  even though the PMj5  data were not
necessarily  invalid.
                                   49
-------
    The conclusions drawn from this study are:

    e   Though industrial sites  often  exhibit elevated local  industrial
        source contributions,  these are  often accompanied by  elevated
        non-industrial  and secondary aerosol  contributions.   Thus, local
        industrial  sources are not  the  sole  cause  of  elevated PM^5 con-
        centrations.

    «   Most elevated  PM^5  episodes are accompanied  by  adverse weather
        conditions,  such  as  temperature   inversions  and  persistent
        stagnation.    Since  these  meteorological  events  are  bound  to
        occur from time to  time in most urban  areas, the only  way  to
        lower PM}5 levels is to reduce emissions.

    9   Secondary  aerosol is a  potentially major  contributor to PM^,
        and its origin may or  may  not  be  within  the region in which the
        samples are  taken.    Gaseous as  well as  particulate emissions
        reductions  may   be   required   to   reduce   elevated  PM^  con-
        centrations.

    o   A  significant  potential  for the erroneous  measurements of high
        PM^  exists,  probably owing to the  very  small samples and flow
        rates of  the  dichotomous  sampler.   A small  filter weight gain
        due to contamination can translate  into a  large  increase in the
        computed ambient concentration.
    The  IP  Network data  base is  a  rich source  of information  on  the

size-classified concentrations  of  suspended particulate  matter  and its

chemical  composition.   This  qualitative examination  of  the  potential

cause of  elevated  PM^  levels,  and through  them  the  PM10 levels, found

in  the  data  base provokes  several   recommendations  for  improving  its
                    <
utility and analyzing it  further.  Three recommendations pertain to the

enhancement of the data base itself:

    «     A comprehensive  guide  to  the data  base should be written. This
         guide would  include a.  description  of all the  reports, their
         contents, the  meanings  of flags and symbols,  and the criteria
         for  quality  control,  sample  analysis  selection,  and  data
         validation.   While this study  adds new insights to those found
         earlier by Watson  et al.  (1981),  these  references  do not ade-
         quately unify the necessary information.

    «    A sample  selection  strategy for chemical  analysis  needs to be
         formulated and  applied.    Evaluation  of  regional-scale events
                                   50
-------
         was hampered  by  the  lack  of simultaneous  chemical  speciation
         from  samples at  nearby sites.   Similarly,   some of the highest
         PM}5  concentrations  in the  network were not  submitted to che-
         mical  analyses, thereby  hindering the interpretation  of those
         high values.   Presumably  these samples are still  archived and
         chemical  analyses  can still  be performed.   Several  of these
         should be selected and analyzed in future  studies.

    o    Site surveys  and  urban emissions  summaries of all  IP Network
         sites  need  to  be  compiled.   The  examination  of  elevated PM^
         concentrations with respect  to  Hypotheses  1 and 2 was  hampered
         in  many  cases  by  the lack  of  site  surveys  and the  source
         distribution maps  similar  to those presented  in  Watson  et al.
         (1981).   These would enhance the utility  of the IP Network data
         base immeasurably.

Three recommendations pertain the  further analysis  of IP Network data:

    «    The non-reportable  data  listing classified by  elements should
         be examined  to  identify  days on  which individual  source-types
         are large  contributors,  and the  PMj5 mass should  be  examined
         for these  days  to  see if  it  is  generally high.  For  example,
         PM^5   vanadium  reached a  near network high  of  1.06  yg/m  in
         Hartford, CT, on  10/31/81,  which  may  be  indicative  of a large
         contribution from  residual  oil combustion.   PM}5 was  only 41
         ug/m  on this  date,  which  by  no  means  approaches  a  maximum.
         There  may  be  many incidences when a  source-type,  as indicated
         by a  trace  element, reaches its maximum contribution,  yet the
         overall  PM|$  mass concentration is well  within normal  bounds.

    •    The occurrence  of meteorological   regimes   needs to  be  iden-
         tified.   Days on which they  occur  need to  be  examined for ele-
         vated  PMj5   concentrations.   Several  patterns  of temperature
         soundings  and  synoptic  weather  maps  have   been   found  to
         correspond  with  elevated  concentrations.   If the meteorological
         conditions  they  represent  are  truly  causal factors,  then for
         each such c%se the PM^  concentration should  be above average.
         1980 to  1982  weather  maps  need to be examined  and  classified
         for these cases and the  concentrations  for days  on  which they
         occur  can be drawn from the data base.

    o    Source contributions need  to be quantified  by  receptor modeling
         methods.   Some local  -source samples  might   be taken  for chemi-
         cal  mass  balance  analyses.     Factor  analysis  and  linear
         regression   models   might  also  be  tested   for  creating  site-
         specific  source  composition matrices.
                                   51
-------
                                 REFERENCES
Chow,  J.C.,  V.  Shortell,  J.  Collins,  J.G.  Watson,  T.G.  Pace  and  B.
    Burton,  1981:   A  Neighborhood Scale  Study of  Inhalable  and  Fine
    Suspended Particulate Matter  Source Contributions to  an  Industrial
    Area in  Philadelphia.   Presented  at the 74th Annual  Meeting of the
    Air Pollution Control  Association, Philadelphia,  PA.

Chow,  J.C.,   J.G.   Watson,  J.J.  Shah  and  T.G.  Pace,  1982:    Source
    Contributions to Inhalable  Particulate Matter in  Major U.S. Cities.
    Presented at the  75th  Annual  Meeting  of the Air Pollution Control
    Association, New Orleans,  LA.

Cooper, J.A.,  J.G.  Watson,  and J.J.  Huntzicker,  1979:    Summary of the
    Portland  Aerosol  Characterization  Study.    Presented  at  the  72nd
    Annual  Meeting  of the Air Pollution  Control  Association, Cincinatti,
    OH.

Environmental  Reporter,  1983:    EPA to   Propose  Particulate  Standard
    Representing Relaxation of  18  Percent.   Environmental  Reporter, 13,
    1787.                                              :~

Feder'al Register,  1984:   Proposed  Revisions   to  National Ambient Air
    Quality  Standards  for  Particulate  Matter   to  Control   Particles  10
    Micrometers or  Less.   Federal  Register, 49  FR 10408,  March 20,  1984.

Flocchini,  R.G., T.A. Cahill, M.L.  Pitchford, R.A. Eldred, P.J. Feeney,
    and L.L. Ashbaugh, 1981:  Characterization  of Particles in the Arid
    West.   Atmospheric Environment, 15,  2017.

Graf,  J.L.  and  R.G.   Draftz,   1979:    Total   Suspended  Particulates
    Non-Attainment  Study for  Cleveland, OH.   Prepared for  EPA Region V
    by the  Illinois Institute of Technology Research  Institute, Chicago,
    IL.

Hidy,  G.M.   et  all,   1975:     Summary   of   the  California  Aerosol
    Characterization Experiment.   Journal  of the Air Pollution Control
    Association, 25, 1106.
King, R.B., J.S. Fordyce, A.C. Antoine,  H.F.  Leibecki,  H.E.  Neustadter,
    and   S.M.   Sidik,   1976:     Elemental   Composition  of   Airborne
    Particulates  and  Source -Identification:  An  Extensive  One  Year
    Survey.  Journal  of the  Air Pollution Control  Association, 26, 1073.

Liu, B.Y.H. and D.Y.H  Pui,  1981:  Aerosol  Sampling  Inlets and Inhalable
    Particles.   Atmospheric  Environment,  15, 584.
                                    52
-------
Mueller,  P.K.,  G.M.  Hidy,  R.L.  Baskett,  K.K.  Fung,  R.C.  Henry,  T.F.
    Lavery, N.J. Lordi, A.C. Lloyd, J.W. Thrasher, K.K. Warren, and J.G.
    Watson,  1983:    Sulfate  Regional  Experiment  (SURE):  Report  of
    Findings.    Report EA-1901, Electric Power  Research  Institute, Palo
    Alto, CA.

Rodes,  C.E.,   1979:     Protocol   for   Establishment   of  a  Nationwide
    Inhalable   Particulate   Network.     USEPA/EMSL   Report,   Research
    Triangle Park, NC.

Shaw, R.W., R.K. Stevens, C.W.  Lewis, and J.H. Chance, 1981:  Comparison
    of Aerosol  Sampler  Inlets.  Presented  at  the 74th Annual Meeting of
    the Air Pollution Control Association,  Philadelphia, PA.

Suggs,  J.C.,   and  R.M.  Burton,   1983:    Spatial  Characteristics  of
    Inhalable Particles  in  the  Philadelphia Metropolitan Area.   Journal
    of the Air Pollution Control Association,  33, 668.
Trijonis,  J.,  1983:    Development  and  Application  of
                Inhalable  and  Fine Particle  Concentrations
                  Atmospheric Environment, 17, 999-1008.
J — • • • — y   — -3
 Estimating
 Hi-Vol  Data.
                                                        Methods  for
                                                        from Routine
USEPA,  1980:
    Assurance
             Inhalable  Particulate  Network  Operations  and  Quality
             Manual
 	        U.S.    Environmental    Protection   Agency
Environmental  Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park.
Watson, J.G,  1979:   Chemical  Element  Balance Receptor Model
    for Assessing  the Sources  of  Fine and  Total  Suspended
    Matter  in Portland,  Oregon.    Ph.D.  Dissertation,  Oregon Graduate
    Center, Beaverton, OR.
                                                          Methodology
                                                          Particulate
Watson,  J.G.,  J.C.  Chow
    Particulate   Matter
    Triangle Park, NC.
                      and,  J.J.  Shah,
                       Measurements.
                                       1981:   Analysis  of Inhalable
                                        EPA-450/4-81-035,   Research
Watson, J.G., J.C. Chow, J.J.  Shah,  and T.G.  Pace,  1983:  The Effect of
    Sampling Inlets on the IP and TSP Concentration Ratios.   Journal of
    the Air Polluticfo Control Association. 33, 114.

Yocom,  J.E.,  E.T.  Brookman,  R.C.   Westman,  and  O.P.   Ambardar, 1981:
    Determining  the  Contributions   of   Traditional  and  Nontraditional
    Sources  of  Particulate   Matter.    Journal  of  the  Air  Pollution
    Control Association, 31,  17.
                                    53
-------
                               APPENDIX A
             CASE STUDIES OF ELEVATED PM15 CONCENTRATIONS

    Each of  the  50 cases specified  in Table 3-1 is examined  in detail
in this  Appendix.   The  size-specific  mass  and chemical data  have been
grouped by urban  area  in Tables A-2 to  A-ll.   Detection limits  for the
chemical species  as  a  function of  year are presented in Table  A-l for
comparison against the  values in the subsequent tables.   The caveat that
Al , Si,  Cl,  K, Ca, and  Ni  are not  normally reported  by EPA,  owing to
lack of interlaboratory comparability,  is repeated here.
    Also  reported  in   Tables  A-2  to A-ll  are the  coarse  to  fine mass
ratios  and the temperature/pressure  correction  factors.  After examina-
tion of the  various data reports, it  was found  that these  factors were
applied  to  fine  mass  concentrations  in all  cases,  but  they  did not
appear to have been applied to all coarse mass concentrations.   The fac-
tors were applied to sulfate and nitrate values, but to  none of the ele-
mental  concentrations.   To  maintain  a  consistent  picture, the values
reported in Tables A-2  to A-ll have riot been corrected  by these factors.
In all  cases, these factors  do  not  differ  from unity  by more than a few
percent and the adjdstments  are well within  the routine  data uncertain-
ties of  5  to  10%.   They have been  listed to establish  comparability of
the  values  listed  here  with  those presently  in  the  IP   Network data
base.
                                    54
-------
                             TABLE  A-l

                    DETECTION LIMITS  FOR  SELECTED
              ELEMENTS  QUANTIFIED BY  X-RAY  FLUORESCENCE
Detection Limit, yg/ms
Element
Al*
Si*
pa
Sa
Cia
Ka
Caa
V
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Zn
Br
Pb .
1979
0.210
0.060
0.035
0.025
0.055
0.025
0.030
0.015
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.'005
0^001
0.010
1980
0.250
0.070
0.040
0.030
0.065
0.030
0.030
0.015
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.002
0.010
1981
0.140
0.040
0.020
0.020
0.040
0.020
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
1982
0.140
0.040
0.020
0.020
0.040
0.020
0.050
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
a  These elemental concentrations are not normally reported by EPA
   because interlaboaratory comparisons for their values have
   demonstrated ambiguous results.
                                   55
-------
                               TABLE A-2
                       SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS  FOR
                   BIRMINGHAM,  AL:   NORTH  BIRMINGHAM
O 1 1 C.
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PMic mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
. F
N03 C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
8r C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C i
F
Zn C '
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
7/14/80

236
157
134
79
54
No
II
If
11
tt
tt
II
M
n
..
tt
it
it
tt
il
tt
H
H
II
It
It
It
II
II
II
ft
II
It
II
1
1
1
1

.9
.4
.4
.9
.5
data
It
If
M
rr
it
ti
tt
it
n
ti
M
It
It
M
If
tt
It
If
ft
11
tt
II
tl
II
It
M
II
It
II
.47
.010
.010
.013
12/5/80 8/26/81

277.
214.
164.
90.
7}.

3
0
5
7
8
No data
II
tt
n
tt
tt
n
it
ii
ii
ii
ti
«
n
it
it
11
ii
n
n
n
ii
it
M
tt
11
if
tt
n
it
i.
0.
0.
0.
11
II
It
tl
n
it
ti
it
n
ii
n
tt
it
ti
n
it
ii
ti
tt
ti
n
ii
n
n
n
ti
ft
ii
it
23
978
990
984

178
141
112
51
61
No
H
II
11
tt
n
i
25
0
0
11
It
II
tl
tf
fl
"
If
ft
It
tt
II
II
II
It
II
If
H
ft
11
0
1
1
1

.2
.4
.9
.8
.1
data
II
tl
II
tt
II
.3
.0
.78
.29
II
If
II
II
II
II
II
11
H
If
It
It
It
M
II
It
It
If
H
It
.85
.020
.020
.013
5/5/82

305.
214.
182.
118.
63.

4
7
3
6
7
No data
tt
tt
tl
It
tl
•1
ft
tt
II
It
tl
tt
tl
II
II
n
11
ft
it
ti
M
n
it
11
it
tt
it
if
n
i.
i.
i.
i.
II
11
tl
If
II
II
II
ft
tt
II
It
11
II
II
It
II
It
tt
II
II
11
II
If
II
It
II
II
11
tl
86
020
020
013
  Correction
    All concentrations are in
b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing to lack
    of comparability between Analysis laboratories
                           56
-------
                                TABLE A-3
                        SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
                          BUFFALO,  NY:   P.S.  26
•J A 1 l_
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SS I mass
PM^ mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib c
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
NOj C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C '
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
9/18/79

153.2
No data
143.1
71.3
71.8
2.14
0.30
5.07
0.55
6.17
1.11
2.77
30.30
2.70
1.91
0.015
0.015
0.017
0.009
0.54
0.13
0.024
0.077
0.15
0.41
0.48
0.64
0.32
0.081
0.21
0.25
0.41
0.020
6.70
0.37
0.99
1.002
1.02

1.005
— 	 	 r.D.
1/4/81

28.2
No data
148.9
64.9
84.0
No data
II II
II tl
M tl
II tl
tl It
If II
II "It
II M
II II
II II
tl II
II It
II II
fl It
M M
II It
II It
It II
II II
II tl
tt tl
If II
II tl
II M
II M
II II
It It
tl tt
II II
II It
0.944
0.964

0.970
4/4/81

No data
No data
142.0
38.6
103.4
3.30
4.91
2.03
2.57
2.30
5.14
2.13
18.7
0.56
0.81
0.010
0.010
0.008
0.020
0.33
1.10
0.008
0.084
0.045
0.86
0.22
1.45
0.11
0.18
0.031
0.21
0.010
0.048
2.70
3.60
0.37
0.980
1.002

1.005
6/15/81

No data
123.6
130.2
52.2
78.0
14.24
6.24
2.16
2.16
1.93
2.19
2.35
15.7
0.55
2.60
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.010
0.31
0.70
0.009
0.081
0.067
0.51
0.21
0.72
0.032
0.073
0.044
0.21
0.024
0.032
1.11
1.02
0.67
0.980
1.002

1.005
a.  All concentrations are in yg/m-'

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing  to  lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                                 57
-------
                          TABLE  A-3  (continued)
                        SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS  TOR
                BUFFALO,  NY:   BIG SISTER  AND WILMUTH PUMP
31 ic. Dig o later
DAY 8/7/80
Observable
HIVOL mass 60.0
SSI mass No data
PM15 mass 129.5
COARSE-15 mass 80.0
FINE-IS mass 49.5
Alb C No data
Sib C « «
F " "
Fe C " "
C- MM
50^ C " "
f* II II
N03 C " "
r M n
V C " "
F " "
Ni" C " "
r M ii
C1b c .. ..
C II II
Br C " "
C II II
Pb C " "
C II II
K° C " "
p M II
Mn C4 " "
F. " "
Zn C " "
F " "
Cu C " "
C II II
Cab C - "
F " "
COARSE/FINE 1.61
HIVOL Correction 1.002
SSI Correction No data
COARSE and FINE 1.005
5/22/81 6/15/81

177.0
168.1
187.2
136.5
50.7
3.22
0.44
9.92
1.10
10.84
5.55
2.25
9.31
3.69
2.13
0.014
0.010
0.020
0.013
1.41
0.79
0.019
0.089
0.18
0.94
0.90
3.29
0.39
0.14
0.12
0.83
0.018
0.043
26.5
2.46
2.69
0.980
1.002
1.005

No data
163.5
144.9
94.2
50.7
2.42
0.65
4.51
1.48
5.55
7.05
3.9
16.0
2.94
0.93 '
0.010
0.010
0.016
0.015
1.2
0.39
0-.015
0.035
0.23
0.63
0.58
2.29
0.10
0.17
0.29
2.00
0.012
0.047
25.1
1.75
1.85
0.980
1.002
1.005
7/9/81

No data
209.0
198.2
149.6
48.6
0.14
No data
0.040
No data
0.010
No Data
4.7
13.5
1.B8
1.10
0.22
No data
5.10
No data
0.040
No data
0.050
No data
0.007
No data
0.020
No data
0.62
No data
3.25
No data
0.26
No data
0.047
No data
3.12
0.980
1.002
1.005
  Correction

a.  All concentrations are in yq/m-5

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing to lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                          58
-------
                                       TABLE A-4
                               SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
                            CLEVELAND, OH:  BIDOULPH 4 54th
JAIL.
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PM^j mass
COARSE-15
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 c
F
NOj C
F
V C
F
Nib C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F ,
Mn C
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
7/20/79

No data
No data
175.7
96.0
79.7
4.12
0.21
9.68
8.74
8.13
1.15
2.90
18.52
2.88
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.21
0.19
2.17
0.30
0.043
0.11
0.52
2.00
1.01
1.08
0.26
0.063
0.49
1.13
0.076
0.093
8.87
0.58
1.20
1.001
No data
No data

9/6/79

223.6
No data
144.9
100.3
44.6
3.19
0.22
18.73
1.16
4.51
0.42
1.34
17.82
3.80
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.010
0.006
0.70
0.090
0.031
0.038
0.16
0.42
1.09
0.22
0.12
0.024
0.14
0.10
0.032
0.018
*7.51
0.40
2.25
1.001
No data
No data

11/5/79 9/12/80 4/4/81

227.3
No data
140.2
72.5
67.7
2.79
0.33
8.04
0.76
5.36
1.25
.1.92
15.90
1.22
1.20
0.15
0.15
0.019
0.018
1.30
5.26
0.055
0.33
0.42
1.34
0.72
1.32
0.19
0.092
1.05
1.10
0.050
0.065
6.37
0.54
1.07
0.955
No data
No data


191.2
134.0
123.2
67.7
55.5
3.45
0.37
6.98
1.21
4.29
0.57
1.28
12.84
2.67
0.42
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
2.00
1.79
0.03
0.10
0.17
0.62
0.82
2.25
0.17
0.05
0.35
0.39
0.07
0.07
6.24
0.58
1.22
0.991
1.001
1.008


186.2
No data
135.8
82.5
53.3
2.74
0.48
7.43
1.18
12.30
5.14
3.01
8.06
0.79
0.90
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.93
1.19
0.01
0.04
0.80
0.64
0.74
2.07
0.43
0.33
1.30
2.51
0.03
0.06
7.37
.89
1.55
0.991
1.001
1.008

8/26/81

196.1
143.5
223.4
23.1
200.3
No data
II H
H H
tl H
n «
W H
n ft
Mr II
MI n
M n
H» n
M II
•i it
• n
a it
M It
it n
n •*
n n
1* H
II M
it 11
n ti
it n
n n
n H
n n
it ii
n it
it n
it n




10/13/81

299.6
170.1
131.9
92.5
39.4 -
2.45
0.26
8.10
0.49
5.53
1.47
2.31
6.79
1.31
0.78
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.84
2.47
0.01
0.07
0.11
0.55
0.68
1.33
0.19
0.11
0.36
0.71
0.04
0.05
9.35
0.53
2.35
0.955
0.955
0.974

a.  All concentrations are in yg/m

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing to lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories

                                      59
-------
                               TABLE A-5
                       SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
            PHILADELPHIA, PA:  T & A PET SHOP,  ME TRANSFER,
                    AND BRIDESBURG RECREATION CENTER
SITE
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PMi c mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
NOj C
F
V C
F
Ni' C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
Mn C
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
T & A Pet
11/20/79
192.4
No data
173.0
64.2
108.8
2.90
0.81
6.39
0.99
4.38
0.90
4.2
35.0
1.94
6.22
0.14
0.15
0.05
0.11
0.83
0.48
0.11
0.45
0.59
1.82
0.62
0.44
6.9
0.90
No data
ti 11
0.10
0.06
2.6
0.49
0.59
No data
No data
0.965

Bridesburg
12/5/79
176.5
No data
124.8
77.3
47.5
3.04
0.49
4.73
0.45
1.80
0.33
0.8
7.2
1.13
3.75
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.49
2.38
0.02
0.17
0.15
0.56
0.47
0.28
0.04
0.02
0.22
0.26
0.04
0.21
1.66
0.34
1.64
No data
No data
0.965

Recreation
12/11/79
173.7
No data
126.9
67.0
59.9
2.92
0.45
5.67
0.59
2.16
0.33
2.0
10.9
1.09
4.81
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.72
1.44
0.04
0.22
0.22
0.76
0.50
0.27
0.04
0.01
0.79
0.93
0.14
0.61
2.15
0.35
1.12
No data
No data
0.965

NE Transfer
11/20/79
180.2
No data
151.8
45.2
106.3
3.15
0.63
6.46
0.79
2.90
0.78
4.6
31.3
0.52
9.22
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.10
0.55
0.40
0.07
0.27
0.34
1.26
0.59
0.31
0.06
0.05
0.30
0.50
0.07
0.05
2.87
0.49
0.42
No data
No data
0.965

a.  All concentrations are in

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing to lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                              60
-------
                         TABLE  A-5  (continued)
                       SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS  FOR
         PHILADELPHIA,  PA:   ALLEGHENY AND PRESBYTERIAN HOME
7' ! C.
DAY
Cbs'?r-. ab le
K! •. X mass
S S fT'B S 3
pvu . mass
CO"3>SE-15 mass
F i (••"••> 1 5 mass
VD c
r
S'" C
F
Fa C
r
C-v Q
•" • a
r
••>.. c
r
v C
T
v: :
r
C.:' C
F
8- C
F
Pb C
F
n w
F
t*n C
c
In C
F
Cu C
r
Ceb C
F
COA;-.SE/FINE
HI J'OL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
11/20/79

195.2
167.2
134.0
51.9
82.1
No data
n it
n n
n ii
n n
it n
M II

II It
II tl
II II
II It
II II
II II
n ti
n n
n it
!» II
n n
ii it
it it
11 M
II II
11 II
11 It
It tl
It It
II II
II tl
It II
II II
0.63
0.947
0.947
0.965

11/20/79

161.5
No data
146.3
43.1
112.2
2.88
0.68
5.36
0.98
2.45
0.82
3.4

35.0
0.47
2.61
0.16
0.13
0.05
0.10
0.28
0.40
0.10
0.32
0.42
1.70
0.45
0.55
0.04
0.05
0.16
0.38
0.03
0.06
1.54
0.34
0.30
0.947
No data
0.965

3/10/80

No data
No data
136.4
8.9
127.5
0,89
0.27
1.91
0.21
0.67
0.18
1.03

4.06
0.79
1,29
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.14
0.35
0.02
0.11
0,13
0.60
0.17
0.19
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.01
0.02
1.58
0.28
0.07
0.947
No data
0.965

a.  All concentrations are in  q/m

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owinq  to lack
    of comparability between analysis  laboratories
                                        61
-------
                                    TABLE A-6
                            SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
                    PITTSBURGH,  PA,  HARTFORD, CT, CHICAGO, IL
                         IRON TON, OH, AND YOUNGS TOWN, OH
oi ii-
DAY
Observables
HIVOL mass
SS I mass
PMi c mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
N03 C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F *
Mn C
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
	 --riLtsDurgn 	 -— nartrorg— — uru.(.ayu — -irum-un —
10/30/80 5/22/81 1/22/81 2/3/81 4/4/81

364.1 228.7
No data No data
183.6 137.5
59.5 79.4
124.1 58.1
No data No data
" " 0.67
" " No data
11 " 0.89
" " 7.24
11 " 4 . 83
" " 2.9
" " 16.3
" " 1.008
" " 0.29
" " 0.018
11 " 0.010
" " 0.042
" " 0.024
" " No data
" " 0 . 66
11 " 0.030
" " 0.17
" " 0.24
" " 1.008
" " 0.76
" " 0.87
" " 0.45
" " 0.37
" " 0.35
" " 1.300
" " 0.066
" " - 0.10
" " 7.09
" " 0.80
0.48 1.37
0.974 0.992
No data No data
0.980 1.016

212.6
154.0
126.4
65.4
61.0
3.26
0.54
9.53
0.52
2.26
0.21
0.6
11.1
1.22
1.32
0.035
0.067
0.042
0.034
9.81
0.300
0.060
0.35
0.29
1.10
0.76
0.44
0.049
0.024
0.094
0.23
0.039
0.071
1.61
0.37
1.08
0.938
0.938
0.962

209.4
No data
120.1
61.9
58.2
No data
n n
ii n
it ii
n if
« n
tt n
n «
II M
ti tt
ii ii
•i n
•i n
n M
it ti
n n
n ti
n tt
it it
tl n
it n
ti n
ii tt
11 it
•i tl
it if
it ii
H It
II It
II II
1.06
0.962
0.952
0.970

175.9
121.4
123.7
75.3
48. 4
2.65
0.14
8.00
0.073
5.65
0.053
0.89
4.7
1.87
1.96
0.010
0.010
0.008
0.005
0.30
0.040
0.008
1.03
0.038
0.050
0.71
0.22
0.23
0.010
0.093
0.005
0.013
0.005
6.27
0.02
1.56
1.004
1.004
1.012
2/15/81

210.7
173.9
127.3
56.3
71.0
2.74
0.44
5.95
0.53
3.51
0.80
1.6 .
13.2
0.88
1.72
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.012
7.43
3.66
0.047
0.31
0.22
0.79
0.40
0.50
0.081
0.051
0.121
0.43
0.019
0.025
4.82
0.33
0.79
0.997
0.944
0.978
  Correction

a.  All concentrations are in yg/nr

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing  to lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories

                                   62
-------
                              TABLE A-7
                      SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
                      PHOENIX, AZ: ROOSEVELT ST.
ji 11-
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PM^j mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib c
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
N03 C
F
V C
F
Nik C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C '
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Pb C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
	 	 	 — noose ven
6/21/81

92.1
54.3
145.8
39.0
106.8
No data
It It
II It
II II
II 41
« ft
II II
II 11
11 II
n it
it n
n n
n n
H 11
n 11
H II
tt tt
II HI
ti ti
it it
it it
M II
It M
tt 11
II II
II II
n ti
ii it
II -. **
II If
0.37
1.054
1.054
1.032

t Ji.. 	 — -
11/6/81

157.9
115.7
107.6
77.2
30.4
0.140
0.140
0.054
0.040
0.083
0.037
0.5
0.06
0.91
0.42 .
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.046
0.040
0.56
0.58
0.005
0.005
0.066
0.10
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
2.39
0.39
2.56
1.028
1.028
1.003

a.  All concentrations are in jjg/m

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing  to  lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                            63
-------
                               TABLE A-B
                       SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS TOR
                     BAKERSFIEID, CA:  CHESTER AVE.
Oi 1 C.
DAY
Observable
HI VOL mass
SSI mass
PMi c mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F'
N03 C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C *
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
11/17/80

234.0
213.1
183.1
110.3
72.8
8.83
0.73
23.88
1.028
5.41
0.44
0.81
9.0
2.62
6.76
0.010
0.065
0.025
0.17
0.52
0.25
0.11
0.63
0.46
0.25
2.61
1.07
0.11
0.016
0.076
0.047
0.022
0.023
4.sr
0.48
1.52
0.968
0.968
0.986

• — — — -i.nesi.er
12/23/80

230.3
217.7
196.8
54.2
142.6
4.18
0.42
11.59
0.43
2.43
0.17
2.20
21.10
1.28
46.0
0.010
0.044
0.016
0.013
0.081
0.48
0.064
0.51
0.32
0.15
1.22
0.19
0.046
0.010
0.049
0.050
0.016
0.013
1.91
0.18
0.38
0.968
0.968
0.986

« ve . 	 — — —
1/10/81

202.3
183.9
176.3
52.6
123.7
0.14
0.14
0.04
0.04
0.064
0.064
12.05
44.65
1.01
13.78 '
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.005
0,04
0.04
0.31
2.28
0.12
0.005
0.028
0.046
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.02
0.02
0.42
0.968
0.968
0.986

2/3/81

132.6
143.3
128.3
33.5
94.8
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.057
0.064
1.52
13.45
1.16
25.70
0.01
O.Q1
0.005
0.005
O.Q4
0.04
0.37
2.87
0.028
0.005
0.042
0.038
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.02
0.02
0.35
0.968
0.968
0.986

a.  All concentrations are in yg/ra
b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing  to  lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                                64
-------
                                       TABLE  A-9
                              SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS  FOR
                               RUBIDOUX, CA:  RUBIDOUX
SITE
DAY
••••••••••— —^—•—™«
Observables
HI VOL mass
SS I mass
PMj^ mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
C
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
N03 C
F
V. C
F
Ni~ C
F
Clb C
F
fir C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
«. K -.
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
	 B k.
10/12/79
— — •• — — — _ .

195.7
No data
157.3
53.3
104.9
3.83
0.35
10.68
0.57
2.90
0.21
2.42
9.25
8.39
20.01
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.019
1.24
0.24
0.092
0.24
0.29
1.16
1.59
0.18
40.066
0.010
* 0.075
0.057
0.079
0.018
7.47
0.33
0.51
0.985
0.985
0.988
10/24/79

221.8
No data
171.0
67.6
103.4
0.31
0.35
0.33
0.55
0.036
0.27
0.70
6.68
3.58
37.05
0.015
0.015
0.005
0.017
0.055
0,24
0.001
0.30
0.010
1.57
0.16
0.10
0.010
0.019
0.005
0.068
0.005
0.025
Q..14
0.39
0.65
0.985
0.985
0.988
6/20/80 8/7/80

210.0
182.3
156.0
87.0
69.0
3.92
0.32
10.34
0.49
2.90
0.21
1.87
• 9.58
8.58
15.41
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.016
0.65
0.14
0.032
0.077
0.16
0.51
1.64
0.14
0.059
0.010
0.051
0.039
0.025
0.023
5.94
0.26
1.27
0.992
0.992
0.995
^^^•^"^^•^••M
263.6
214.4
162.3'
103.7
58.6
4.91
0.35
13.07
0.53
3.73
0.28
1.54
9.72
0.42
2.79
0.015
0.015
0.013
0.019
0.58
0.13
0.048
0.13
0.20
0.78
1.93
0.18
0.081
0.011
0.069
0.057
0.035
0.046
10.16
0.56
1.75
0.992
0.992
0.995
5/22/81

No data
128.7
125.6
81.1
44.5
3,88
0.23
10.44
0.29
2.60
0.13
1.18
4.92
6.84
9.21
0.010
0.010
0.007
0.005
1.42
0.098
0.033
0.080
0.10
0.32
1.46
0.088
0.053
0.010
0.044
0.023
0.019
10.010
4.15
0.39
1.82
No data
No data
0.995
2/22/82

No data
No data
217.0
53.2
163.8
No data
M «
n ii
ii ii
n n
n n
n «i
n n
n ti
n n
il u
II M
n 11
n n
n n
M n
u n
il ti
n n
n ii
n n
II M
n n
ii n
11 11
M II
ii M
n n
it ii
ii n
n n
n n
n n
11 ii
  Correction
a.  All concentrations are in yg/nr
b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing to lack
    of comparability between analysis laboratories
                                         65
-------
                               TABLE A-10
                       SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS FOR
                      EL PASO, TX:  TILLMAN HEALTH
                           AND EL PASO COUNTY
SITE Tillman Health El Paso County
DAY 11/29/79 12/11/79 4/29/82
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PMi c mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
F
Fe C
F
S04 .C
F
NOj C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F 4
Mn C
F '
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction

206.3
147.3
126.0
81.4
44.6
3.82
0.60
9.79
0.68
1.74
0.17
1.46
3.21
1.24
0.77
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.005
0.54
1.63
0.11
0.43
0.54
1.59
0.92
0.50
0.074
0.011
0.11
0.10
0.064
0.039
14.13
1.21
1.82
1.043
1.043
1.042


217.6
No data
130.9
120.7
10.2
3.40
0.45
8.59
0.61
1.15
0.14
0.87
1.30
0.30
1.36
0.015
0.015
0.006
0.005
0.32
0.11
0.010
0.044
0.039
0.15
0.98
0.45
0.029
0.010
0.029
0.015
0.11
0.014
5.59
0.76
12.5
1.043
1.043
1.042


104.2
No data
399.6
19.1
380.5
No data
n n
« it
it it
ti n
it it
it n
If H
it it
it it
H it
it it
ti it
ii n
it n
it it
it it
it it
it it
ti it
it ti
it n
tt n
ii ii
n «
tt ti
it ii
it tt
ti »t
n it
0.05
1.145
No data
0.076

a.  All concentrations are in yg/m'

b.  These concentrations are not normally reported by EPA owing  to  lack
    of comparability between analysi-s laboratories

                              66
-------
                           TABLE  A-ll
                  SITE-DAY DESCRIPTIONS  FOR
           FRESNO, CA, SAN  JOSE,  CA, AND  PORTLAND, OR
Jl 1 U
DAY
Observable
HIVOL mass
SSI mass
PM^j mass
COARSE-15 mass
FINE-15 mass
Alb C
F
Sib C
F
Fe C
F
S04 C
F
N03 C
F
V C
F
Ni C
F
Clb C
F
Br C
F
Pb C
F
Kb C
F
Mn C *
F
Zn C
F
Cu C
F
Cab C
F
COARSE/FINE
HIVOL Correction
SSI Correction
COARSE and FINE
Correction
r resno — ----- —
12/11/80

166.2
138.9
123.5
47.9
75.6
3.87
0.25
12.27
0.35
2.21
0.10
1.15
6.44
0.42
28.61
0.010
0.010
0.013
0.025
0.092
0.10
0.005
0.030
0.024
0.12
1.053
0.22
0.030
0.010
0.025
0.016
0.19
0.028
1.87"
0.34
0.63
0.974
0.974
0.982

--sari .Jose 	
10/30/80

109.9
No data
120.1
47.0
73.1
2.75
0.54
9.22
0.61
2.23
0.30
0.63
4.02
1.53
13.75
0.015
0.015
0.011
0.013
0.17
0.25
0.087
0.47
0.35
1.59
0.66
0.62
0.042
0.011
0.066
0.12
0.031
0.065
1.92
0.39
0.64
0.975
No data
0.979

-rortiana
10/12/79

No data
No data
207.0
115.6
91.2
42.87
7.79
4..09
0«74
1..72
0.67
0.58
12 ..19
0.72
4.47
0.015
0.023
0.017
0.042
0.32
0.67
0.065
0.47
0.22
1.48
0.25
0.53
0.066
0.12
0.061
0.13
0.088
0.087
1.42
0.30
1.27
No data
No data
0.969

a. All concentrations are in yg/m
b. These concentrations are not
normally reported
by EPA owing to lack
of comparability between analysis laboratories
                            67
-------
    The site-days have been arbitrarily divided into eastern and western
sites because  consistent  differences were observed  in  both the meteor-
ology and in the chemical  character of samples  taken  in these sections of
the  country.    Urban-scale  subsets  have  been  formed  within  these two
geographical regions.
    Each  case   study  contains  a  general   description  of  the  aggregate
information  acquired  for  the  specific  urban-scale  subset.    These
descriptions provide the basis for the support of the five hypotheses as
described  in  Sections 4  and  5.   In the  several  cases  where data are
inconclusive or inadequate to support or refute the hypotheses, the spe-
cific limitations are delineated so that future measurements may make up
for present shortcomings.

EASTERN SITES
Birmingham, AL  (4 Site-Days)
    The Birmingham data set in Table A-2 contains no dichotomous sampler
chemical or elemental information.
    Since TSP  is  larger  than  PMjs, the ambient  particle size distribu-
                    <
tion extended well beyond  15  ym to larger sizes.   The HIVOL/PMis ratio,
for example, ranges  from  1.6  to about 1.8, being at its lowest value on
8/16/8'! when the PM^ coarse/fine ratio reaches its minimum of 0.85.  In
all cases,  the  coarse mode appears to  be  a  major,  if not the dominant,
component of the  PM^.  This  is  consistent with local  or neighborhood-
scale sources.   Industrial  sources  such as coke ovens,  lime kilns, lead
                                    68
-------
and  c'uminuffi  smelters,   '"on  and  stee'«  foundries, blast  fcrnaoss.  and
cem:riingham3  do
hov;ever.   '  j^^ace  wind:
four c2.:-k  ihov;a  broad  •
         L-ce  iTidt-  for  e:
         a st2~1onarv  *.
case;".,  the  5CG tnb  v'ndr;
3/26/81.
                                                 • ]y
                               .ssure regions : uit  generally hrve 3v?£n on
                               .   one  or  two  days   preceding  sa-:h  case,
                                Irawn over ceit"*.^  M  on T/14/SC.   LT a"!l
                               •. =ry  light, for ^vr.ple,  2 knr*. i ,  35° on
    Chemical  data are  VIE,    _tent to  icent'i  \  secondary Da-tide  epi-
sodes.  The weatrier  maps  ae  '"-Hy indicate  sluggish  clrctflatians  in the
vicinity  of  Pirminghcrr., witr-  so-at^easter!y and southwesterly winds, not
conducive  t<.  sjlfate traispc"";" *ron  the major sulfate  pradactno  regions
vj tr.e  nort ••  -r-d  east of  /'!•:    a for thess  -leys.
                                     69
-------
    Though the circulation is sluggish, the available OOOOZ soundings on
7/14/80 and 8/26/81 show only weak inversions at about 800 mb, and it is
not clear that these were either subsidence inversions or major barriers
to vertical mixing.
    Data validation  checks  give no cause  for  rejection  of the data for
these  days.   Owing  to lack  of chemical   and  meteorological  data these
cases neither support not refute any of the hypotheses.

Buffalo, NY (8 Site-Days)
    Fe  is  the most  likely  contribution  from steel  mills  close  to P.S.
#26 and  Wilmuth  Pump.   Fe can  also  result from resuspension of earth's
crustal  material,  but  Watson  (1979)  summarizes  a  large  selection  of
literature  which   indicates  that  the  Fe/Si  ratio  for  the  total  tro-
pospheric  background aerosol composition  is usually  considerably, less
than 1.0.  These ratios  are  nearly equal  to or greater than  1.0, and in
several  cases  greater than  2.0,  in both  the fine  and  coarse samples,
with the  exception of 7/9/81 at Wilmuth  Pump.   For the Buffalo cases,
the Fe  concentration ranges  from  .01  yg/m  to 10.8 yg/m  .   The inter-
mediate values for ?e  range  from about 2 to about 6 yg/m  in the coarse
fraction and  usually  exceed  the coarse Si  concentration  by 10% to 20%.
Fine Fe  concentrations  range from  1.11  yg/m  to  7.05 yg/m .    Fe  is
enriched  in  Buffalo, especially  in  the fine  fraction,  and  the nearby
steel   industry  is  a  likely source.      Local  soils  may  have  become
enriched in Fe due  to the long-term operation of iron and steel mills in
                                    70
-------
Buffalo.  Resuspension of these soils may contribute to the high,  coarse



Fe concentrations.  This  doesn't  explain  the elevated Fe concentrations



in the fi."»e "''action where resuspended dust is less of a contributor.



    Mn  is     •;  a product  of  iron and steel  processing.   Watson  et  al.



  .531) fojf-i :? Network average coarse and fine Mn concentrations   to  be

                       3

in the  .01 *D .03 yg/m  range.   For these site days Mn ranges from .03,


             *                                                    3 '
to 0.52  ye/;  .   Intermediate  values  are  in the 0.1  to  0.3 yg/m   range



for ;.\v;h cocas'3 and fine  fractions  showing  substantial  enrichment.   The



K; c-;j^se/fi'£  ratio  is  greater than 1.0 when  the Fe coarse/fine ratio



fr i".   grec~2- than one.  It is less than 1.0 when the same is  true for



Fe, i tnough  tne  absolute magnitudes of  Fe and Mn do not  show a clear



correlation.  Chough Mn  is  a  minor  component of the particles generated



r.v -ic.-y type;   " iron and steel processes, the Mn values further support



;  - -, jothe:.  .  chat  iron  and steel  plants  contribute  to  Buffalo's  high



r-:- ".-gs.



    High coa~"? Ca concentrations were found at the Wilmuth Pump site  on



6/'5/c:   (2".i   j.]/m3),  on  5/22/81   (26.5  yg/m3),  and at  P.S.  #26  on



9'Id/ 9 (6./ ur, 'i ).  Since Ca is a non-reportable chemical species, its



hi nh -./alcies may be caused by a measurement anomaly.



    The P.S. i'26 site  is  close to both  a freeway and a railroad,  but it



i; net  clear  tnat  these have  contributed  in  an  important way.  Pb con-



centrations, for example, are not excessive at P.S. #26.



    S'j-fate  values  exceed   nitrate,  with  the  maximum  value   being



:•   3 ug/m3  in  t'le  fine  fraction at  P.S.  #26  on  9/18/79.   Most  fine
                                    71
-------
sulfate concentrations are in the range of 10 to 15 yg/m , however, with
coarse values considerably  less.   Watson et al.  (1981)  cite an average
fine  sulfate  concentration  of  about  8 yg/m   for  urban-industrial   IP
Network sites, and these  values  are  not  appreciably greater than Watson
et al. values.
    High PMi5 levels were observed at both the P.S. #26 and Wilmuth Pump
sites  on  6/15/81,  implying  that one  or  more  contributions  were espe-
cially significant on  that  day or a subregional  phenomenon resulted  in
high  particluate  matter  loadings  over the  greater  Buffalo area.   The
regional-scale contributions are  not well  supported because 6/15/81 did
not emerge as a high site-day at any other eastern urban site.
    Upper air soundings were available  for all  cases except 5/22/81.   In
the  case  of  6/15/81, high  pressure  at the  surface  was  retreating as a
warm  front  slowly  advanced  from the  southwest.   The sounding is very
nearly wet-adiabatic  from 850  mb up to  500  mb,  suggesting the presence
of  an  extensive  cloud  layer.   The OOOOZ  surface  wind was  12  knots  at
240°.  The 9/18/79 sounding   (OOOOZ) shows more evidence of an inversion,
with  its  top  at  about  780 mb.   The  9/18/79  surface  map  shows high
pressure retreating *as a cold front approaches  from the northwest.
    The 4/4/81 sounding at OOOOZ shows  a pronounced inversion very close
to the surface (about  970 mb or 355 m).   Surface  winds  were 6 knots  at
220°,  but  were  much  stronger   and   from   the  same  direction  aloft.
Conditions had been  dry  for  several  days,  and  on 4/4/81 the surface map
shows  a  low  pressure system over  the  Great Lakes,  approaching Buffalo
                                    72
-------
from the  west  and causing  rain  by  4/5/Si.   4/4/51  v.-es also a high  site-
day at Cleve";::"  and  Ironton, 0^-',. an-d wil"  be d-ls^ssed shortly.
      ;£ 7/9     St. an:  -:  shows  ~ -*eak ^^ve'^'c   -,*  945 -•   656 m)  and  a
muc?' more D  •   '.;ec'  c i-s  •' i  wrr;-  700-:',"-'' r-:  '•  -:~.   £c:     the surface
wine  is  s:g.  -'.rant,  14 knots  froa 250° ct  00002..   "'n-.=  • receding  days
show surfac'.  r^gh  preis.;re retredti^c  ss  -a  cold frcnt  approaches  from
the northw-r   bringinc ncderate a^wnts  of or&r nta:*on by 7/10/81.
     No ?r.;r   ic was  a -/all able for  5/22/8i;  but  zle  surface  map  indi-
cates  tha:.   nsre  haa  been  no prsctc"tr;'Trt  -"or  s^ie-'al  days.    On
b/?2/8i.  r<;r-fa:e hign  pressure vas  center*-1  :  -•-  southern  Ohio,  and  a
•jtjticnery  front  is shown  tc the north of " ^ t'cat Lakes,
    With  the  •,'D$sio'1e  exception  of  Wi"   T- Push's  h^chest  site-day,
S/'-7'?!,  all  •' '^ •:«-.'  cases  seer ty - -
and s-jr^ace !  ..r, ; e^>:-ure  leading  uj  t
concentration  day,  otten  v.-it!i preclr  -'lioa  by  the next  day.    Par-
ticulate  matt?"  DV3r Buffalo co-J7d bo  _"  optd! du^--c stagnant conditions
;»rior  to  fr- ; ?1  massages.  Tn---  rac • . • "   : fee^sr ;?rticuTorly difficult
•.. :. cla-ify  \'"3:'  one considers t^ t 54"      ^1,07 .»f-*re  "*ten sigriificant,
ai'-.c SCTS  so";  o"  d'cti^c  trans"1 .'"u  K. "    "s?.,  .?».•.  as chet observed  in
SURE (Mueller and Hid\  -it  n: . ,  1^:3 K   .    -t be - -ed r-vit.
    At the  Big  Sister  site  on  8; 7/8Q, :  s  PH^:*. ! /OL ratio was  2.16,  at
P.S. A'2o  on 1/4/81, tr.e highest cay ~-Z'~  this sit?, the PMjc/HIVOL ratio
w>c :.. 28.   At tr.e Wiln-utn Pump  ?--.e  mi  5'22/Sl, the PM^r/HIVOL  ratio was
. . )5 and  these  case?, support Hyr; "tr-es -.1  '.   kt tv.« P.S. #26  site on
- several deys  of  dry weather
 front?"-  approach  on  the high
-------
6/15/81, no HIVOL  values  are  given, but the PM^ exceeds  the SSI value
by  5%.   Though this  is  within  EPA/EMSL criteria for acceptance, it is
not a common finding in the IP Network.

Cleveland, OH (7 Site-Days)
    No site survey and no nearby radiosonde soundings  were available for
Cleveland.
    Graf and Draftz (1979) examined microscopic TSP  compositions at nine
sites in  the  greater  Cleveland  area during 1977.  One  of  the sites was
the same  as the  Cleveland site  identified for the present study.  Graf
and Draftz  present  a  list of 24 Cleveland emissions  sources, estimates
of  their  1977  emissions,  and  a  map showing their location with respect
to  the  sampling  sites.   Two Republic Steel facilities,  a  DuPont plant,
and the  Lorain  Cuyahoga  Works of U.S.  Steel are within  one mile of the
sampling site.  Graf  and  Draftz  note, with  respect  to their 1977 survey
of  the  APC  HQ site, "Emissions  from iron  industries  were  also the pri-
mary cause of elevated TSP levels recorded at  this  site."
        King et al. (1976), also studying the  Cleveland  urban area, did
not analyze their results with the  degree of spatial  resolution given by
Graf and Draftz.   They contrasted urban  and suburban  measurements.  Some
of  the  relevant  conclusions  of  these  authors  are that  1)  Pb sources in
Cleveland are predominantly automotive,  2)  there appears  to  be a local
industrial source  of  Br,  and 3) that  V, Mn,  and Fe  concentrations are
consistent with those  expected from coal combustion.
                                  74
-------
    In the Cleveland measurements  from  Table  A-4,  coarse Si  and Fe con-
centrations are elevated,  but  the Fe/Si ratio  is  less  than  1.0, except
on 4/4/81.  The Fe may  originate from geological material.  On 4/4/81, it
appears that  a  regional  event  took  place, because that  date  is also a
high day at Ironton, OH,  and Buffalo, NY.  However, the Fe concentration
was not remarkably  high  at Buffalo  on  4/4/81  (2.30  yg/m  in coarse and
5.14 yg/m  in the fine), nor was  it  an  especially  high value at Ironton
          3                              3
(5.65 yg/m  in the coarse,  and 0.053 yg/m  in the fine).  Neither coarse
nor fine Fe were regionally distributed on  4/4/81.
    Coarse Ca  is  in the 6 to  9 yg/m   range.   Fine Ca  is  much lower,
ranging from  0.4  to 0.9 yg/m  .   Calcium-containing  cement  and calcium
sulfate aggregate particles  (from iron  melting operations)  are noted in
the microscopic analyses  of Graf and Draftz as a very minor component of
their samples.
    Both Graf and Draftz, and King et al. note evidence of local sources
of vehicular  traffic emissions, including  diesel  exhaust, Br,  Pb,   and
rubber tire fragments.   Modest levels of Br and Pb are found in the pre-
sent data, however,  the  Br/Pb  ratios are  often  substantially  less than
the  0.2  to  0.3  value  commonly  accepted  for aged  auto exhaust,  and
another source of Pb may be of importance.
    Sulfate levels in Cleveland range from 6.8 to 18.5 yg/m  in the fine
fraction  with  coarse  values   being  considerably  less.    To  check  the
possibility that a regional-scale event was involved in the highest two
                                    75
-------
cases,  18.5 yg/m3  on  7/19/79  and  17.8 yg/m3  on  9/6/79,  sulfate con-
centrations  at  three  nearby cities were  checked:   Akron,  OH, Chicago,
IL, and  Buffalo,  NY.   For two  reasons,  either  that  IP measurements had
not started yet or that no chemical  data were given,  Buffalo and Chicago
had  no   information  to contribute.    At  Akron,  however,  fine  sulfate
levels were  20.9  yg/m3  on 7/29/79  and 13.7 yg/m3  on  9/6/79.   Graf and
Draftz also  found  high  sulfate readings in  a large  proportion of their
Cleveland  samples, and  they  comment  on the  difficulty  of  separating
regional-scale  events from  local  phenomena  when there are  so  many coal
emission sources close to Cleveland.
    Only the  500 mb weather  maps  were  examined  for Cleveland.   No soun-
dings were available.
    On 7/20/79  weak surface  high  pressure was centered very nearly over
Cleveland.  The previous three days had been dry, and a stationary .front
lay along the Atlantic coast on 7/18 and 7/19.  On 9/6/79 a low pressure
system had  moved  north  along the Atlantic  coast  causing rain  in PA and
NY, while  a  cold  front  lay to the  west.  There had  been a cold frontal
passage  on  9/3  with  significant rain  followed  by  temporary clearing on
9/5.  On 11/5/79 surface  high  pressure was  centered  over PA.   A frontal
passage  on  11/2  had  brought  rain,  with partial  clearing on  11/3 and
11/4.
    On 9/12/80, a  cold  front was approaching Cleveland  from  the north,
displacing  surface high  pressure  centered  over  eastern  OH  on  9/11.
Apparently light rain  fell at Cleveland by 9/13.
                                    76
-------
    On  4/4/81,  the  simultaneous  high  day  at  Cleveland, Ironton,  and
Buffalo, a large surface low pressure  system was  centered over Wisconsin
and was moving  rapidly  northeastward, pushing surface  high  pressure out
to sea.   Winds  at  the surface and aloft  were  southwesterly  and  rela-
tively strong, and surface isobars  would fall  parallel  to a  line joining
Cleveland and  Buffalo on the  map.    Record high temperatures  had been
recorded over the Great Lakes on 4/2/81.
    On  10/13/81,  extensive  surface  high pressure  was  centered  over
Montreal, while  a  cold front approached  the  western side of  the  Great
Lakes.   Conditions had  been  dry  in  Cleveland  for two  days.    One day
later, on 10/14/81, the situation seemed similar to  4/4/81,  with moder-
ately  packed  isobars  sandwiched  between a cold front  approaching the
Great  Lakes   and  surface  high  pressure  lying  along  the  New  England
coast.
    Regional  sulfate  events on  7/10/79  and 9/6/79  may  have  enhanced the
relatively stagnant  conditions  in the  advance  of frontal  positions on
those  days.     The  situation  on  4/4/81  was   quite  different,  with  a
vigorous storm and heavy rain approaching.  The dry conditions preceding
the cases of  7/20/7^  and  10/13/81 may have enhanced  the  resuspension of
particulate matter  earlier  deposited  at the  surface,  though  Al  and Si
concentrations  for  these  two days  are  not elevated with respect to the
other Cleveland site-days.
-------
      On the  highest  day of the  set  of  seven,  the PM15 mass exceeded the



  HIVOL  by  14%.   The PM^   data have  been  rejected on that  day as the



  PM15/HIVOL  ratio exceeds the EPA/EMSL  criterion of  1.1.






  Philadelphia, PA (9 Site-Days)



      The  greater Philadelphia area  has at one time or another  included



  fourteen  IP Network sites.  Many of  these  operated only on a temporary



  basis  during  1979 and  1980.



      Neighborhood-scale  sources  include unpaved roads, a copper  smelter,



  grain  loading and mineral  handling  facilities, a coke  oven, and  a chemi-



  cal  plant.   Three  of  the sampling  sites,  T and  A  Pet,  Bridesburg



  Recreation, and  ME  Transfer, are located within about a one mile radius



  near  the  confluence   of   the  Delaware  River  and   Tacony  Creek  in the



  Bridesburg  industrial  area.  Urban-scale sources  include  a broad  range



  of  industrial  activities, such  as  copper,  lead,  and aluminum smelting,



  iron  and  steel  foundries,  coke  ovens, blast  furnaces, chemical plants,



.  incinerators, refineries,  feed  and  grain  handling,  mineral handling, and



  heavy  vehicular traffic.



      On 11/20/79, the'  Fe/Si ratios,  as  well  as the  magnitudes of Fe con-

                                            3
  centrations  (ranging  from  2.5  to 4.4 ug/m  in the  coarse, and much less



  in  the  fine  mode)  were   similar  to  those  expected  from  geological



  material. Al was in the vicinity of 3  ug/m  in the  coarse mode,  and much



  less  in  the fine mode.    The  11/20/79 Br/Pb ratios  in  both  coarse and



  fine  modes  are  probably indicative only  of  auto exhaust,  as they  range
                                      78
-------
from 0.19 to 0.25.  Cu  reached a  maximum  value  of  only  0.1  yg/m  in the
coarse  fraction  at the  T and  A Pet  site  on  11/20/79.   The  11/20/79
coarse and fine  Ca concentrations are  characteristic  of geological  ori-
gins,  being  in the  ranges of  1.5  to  2.9 yg/m  and 0.3  yg/m  to 0.5
yg/m ,  respectively.    On  the highest  site-day of the set, coarse  Mn
reached 6.9 yg/m3  and fine Mn was 0.9  yg/m3  on 11/20/79 at  the T  and A
Pet site.   On other days these concentrations  were  less  than 0.05 u9/m3,
and in the absence of simultaneously high  Fe  readings, which would  Indi-
cate iron  and  steel  processing, -this  reading  may  have  resulted from a
mineral handling operation.
    In the 12/5/79 and 12/11/79 cases,  the above observations for the Fe
concentration,   the Fe/Si  ratio,  the   Br/Pb   ratio,  and  the  Ca  con-
centration still  apply.   Fine Cu  reached 0.2 yg/m  on  12/5/79 and 0.6
yg/m   on  12/11/79.   Possibly smelting operations are  the  source, but
this  does  not  explain  the 50 -  60 yg/m  fine mass concentrations  on
those dates.
    The Br/Pb  ratios  cited above  indicate a vehicular traffic contribu-
tion to the Philadelphia readings.  The sum of Br and Pb coarse and fine
contributions  is  2 tfo 3 yg/m , and presumably  carbonaceous  material  is
also present from the same source.   Coarse Al  and Ca contributions are
not high enough to indicate substantial re-entrainment of either crustal
or construction particles.
    The three available fine  sulfate readings  on 11/20/79 were all  high,
ranging from 31.4  to  35.0  yg/m  .   A very  high fine nitrate value for an
                                    79
-------
eastern station, 9.2 yg/m  at the NE Transfer site, was observed on this


date, and  the minimum  value  for the date was  2.5 yg/m  (fine mode) at


Presbyterian  Home.   Sulfate  and nitrate concentrations  in nearby Ohio


and  New  York  were  not  measured  on  11/20/79  (they  were  measured  on


11/17/79).   The meteorological  circumstances makes  these high sulfate


readings appear to be regional.


    At the recommendation of the National Climatic  Data Center, the Fort


Totten, NY,  soundings  were used  for Philadelphia  cases.   On  11/20/79,


the OOOOZ sounding shows inversions  at 944 mb  (695) and 934 mb  (1716 M).


A warm  front  was  approaching, with  cloud  decks  above 750 mb.  Winds up


to 850 mb were less than 10 knots at OOOOZ; the  surface wind  was 2 knots

out of 110°.  High pressure had been a feature of the  surface map for at


least three days, with dry and unseasonably warm weather.


    On  12/5/79 temperatures  were  much  cooler  than   11/20/79,  and  the


OOOOZ sounding shows an  inversion  at 810 mb  (1850  m).  The surface wind


was  8  knots  out of 300°.   Conditions  were cool and  dry.   Surface high


pressure on  12/3  gave  way as a  low pressure  system passed to the north


of the Great Lakes on 12/5 and 12/6/79.
                   4
    The 12/11/79 the  sounding is very hard to interpret, as it shows  a


series of  inversions  all  the way up to  500 mb.   A stationary front had


been shown on the  12/10 surface  map, lying along the  northern border of


PA,  but  by 12/11  the  flow was  strictly southwesterly as  a  cold front


approached the Midwest.   The surface wind  (at  Fort Totten) was 4 knots


out of 200°.
                                    30
-------
    In summary, conditions  were  clearly  stagnant  prior to  the  11/20/79
cases, and may also  have  been  stagnant prior to 12/5/79.   Both  sets of
soundings show  inversions which  tended  to  confine  particulate  matter
from  surface  sources  to  the  layer  below  850  mb.    On  11/20/79  the
material  may have  been confined to an  even  shallower  layer.   Clear skies
and  stagnant,  inverted   atmospheric  conditions  clearly  enhanced  the
regional  secondary particle  episode hypothesized for  11/20/79.
    On 10/21/79 at the Bridesburg  Recreation Center  site the PM^/HIVOL
ratios were  2.27  and  1.11, respectively,  and  these  data   are  suspect
because they exceed  the EPA/EMSL  acceptance ratio  of 1.10.   On  3/10/80
at the Presbyterian Home  site the  fine/coarse ratio  was  14.33.   On this
site .day,  none  of the  supporting data  can  explain  the extremely high
PM}5   fine  mass total  of  127.5 yg/m  , and  furthermore, windy  and rainy
weather prevailed.   In this  case  it is  apparent that an erroneous PMj5
fine mass reading  has caused a  false high site-day  identification.

Pittsburgh, PA  (2 Site-Days)
    The highest day  for  Pittsburgh, 10/30/80,  is  included,  although no
                    i
elemental or chemical  information  could  be found.    Some of the  highest
      total  mass  readings  in  this  data  base  occurred at the  nearby
Aval on", PA, site, for example 634.3  yg/m  on  2/4/82  and 431.6 yg/m  on
12/6/81.   As  no  supporting  chemical,  SSI  or  HIVOL  information  are
available for  Avalon,  these cases have  not  been  analyzed.   Their very
magnitudes render them suspect.
                                    81
-------
    Surrounding neighborhood-scale land use is  predominantly residential



and  light  commercial.     A  railroad  and the  Jones  and Laughlin  Steel



Corp. are  located  to the  west of the site.  No urban  scale source sum-



mary could be found.



    On 5/22/81, which   was  also a high  day at Wilmuth  Pump,  NY,  coarse



Al and Si  concentrations  are missing.   The coarse Fe  concentration was


        3                                            3
7.2 yg/m  while Mn was  elevated at 0.45 and 0.37 yg/m  in the coarse and



fine fractions, respectively.   The  fine Fe/Si  ratio was  5.45,  possibly



indicating iron and  steel  processing  as a source.   The  Br/Pb ratio was



0.13 for the coarse mode and 0.17 for the fine  mode,  possibly indicating



a source of  Pb  apart  from vehicular traffic,  as  these  values are below



the typical auto exhaust  ratios  of 0.2  to  0.3.  K and  Zn were elevated,



especially  in  the fine  mode  (0.9  and  1.3  yg/m   in  coarse and  fine,



respectively),  without  an obvious  urban  source  to  which  they can  be



attributed.   The  site survey  indicates  substantial  nearby  vehicular



traffic  (more than 30,000 cars  per day),  but it does not indicate "dust



visibly  re-entrained".      No  construction  is   indicated  which  would



explain the elevated  Ca readings.


                   <                3
    The  fine  sulfate was  16.3  yg/m   on  5/22/81.    Fine sulfate  on the



same day at  Buffalo  (Wilmuth  Pump),  NY, was 9.3  yg/m3;  Buffalo,  NY,



(P.S. #28), 12.2 yg/m3; Philadelphia,  PA, (500  S.  Broad), 5.4 ug/m3; and



Philadelphia, PA,  (Presbyterian  Home),  6.2 yg/m3.  The  case  of 5/22/81



does not  seem to involve a major, if  any, regional sulfate episode.
                                   82
-------
    The  5/22/81   Pittsburgh  sounding  shows a  very  high  inversion  at
650 mb  (3688  m).    Surface  winds were  6 knots out  of 310°,  with high
pressure on the surface map  centered  over  southern  Ohio.   Generally, it
was the driest week statewide since the end of January, 1981.
    In the case of  10/30/81, the  highest day  at  Pittsburgh, no sounding
was obtained,  but the maps  show  high pressure at  the surface centered
over Pittsburgh.   Some precipitation had fallen two to three days before
10/30, but on 10/30 a record low temperature was  recorded at Harrisburg,
PA,  and  a  wide  spread  frost  was  reported.    It  is  likely that  a
Pittsburgh sounding, if one were available for this day, would show evi-
dence  of  a  radiation  inversion  close to  the  surface, given  the clear
skies and reports of cold temperatures.
    On  5/22/81,  the strong  high  pressure  over the eastern  states pro-
bably was the  regional  factor  causing high readings  at both Pittsburgh
and  Buffalo.    On  10/30/80,  clear skies  and high  pressure  may have
resulted  in  meteorological  factors inhibiting the  removal  and dilution
of surface-originating  particulate  matter,  as  well  as increased demands
for residential heating with resultant emissions.
    No  significant  violations  of  the EPA/EMSL validation  criteria are
apparent.
                                     83
-------
Hartford, CT (1 Site-Day)
    Though the PM^ concentration on  1/22/81 of  126 yg/m3  is  not one of
the highest in the network, this site-day is important in that it repre-
sents an eastern  city  apart  from the large  industrial  centers,  such as
Buffalo and Philadelphia.
    The chemical  data  for Hartford on  1/22/81  do not  show  highly ele-
vated concentrations  of  Fe,  Vn,  Ni ,  Br, Pb, Mn,  Zn,  and Cu, with the
possible exception of fine Zn at  0.2  yg/m .   The Br/Pb ratio is  indica-
tive of auto  exhaust,  at  0.21 in the coarse  and  0.32  in the fine frac-
tions.   Si  is high, at 9.5 pg/m  in the coarse mode,  while coarse Al and
Fe concentrations are 3.3  and 2.3 yg/m  ,  respectively.   Coarse  Cl shows
one of the highest concentrations  seen  in this  study,  at 9.8 yg/m , and
K is noteworthy  at  0.8 and 0.4 yg/m  in  the  coarse  and fine fractions,
respectively.    Fine  sulfate  is  slightly  elevated  at  11.1  yg/m .
Industrial  sources do not  appear to be major contributors.
    This case may involve  the coldest surface temperature of all of the
present 50 site  days,  with a low of 8°F  and  a  high  of 36°F  reported at
Hartford airport on 1/22.   Furthermore,  1.1 inches of snow had fallen on
                    *
1/16, a  trace  on  1/17,   and  a  trace  remained  on the ground on 1/22.
Therefore,  it seems  plausible that  both the  elevated  coarse  Cl  and the
elevated coarse  Si  could be  the  result  of road  sanding and  salting
operations.  There is some substantial  local  source of coarse particles,
as  the HIVOL  mass  is 212.6  yg/m3 while  the  FINE-15  is 61.0  yg/m3.
                                    84
-------
Also, it  is  possible that some of the  elevated  Cl  and most of the ele-
vated  K  are  a  result  of  residential  heating in  the  form of  wood
burning.
    Evidence for regional-scale events  is  lacking in  the 2 typical  fine
                                                3
sulfate and nitrate values of 11.1 and  1.32 yg/m  , respectively.
    A radiosonde sounding  from Albany,  NY,  for OOOOZ  on 1/22/81 shows a
cold surface temperature (18°F) and the lowest of many inversions at 850
to 900 mb (1414 to 962 m).  The OOOOZ surface wind at Albany was 4 knots
out of 30°, and is characteristic of the wind speed and direction at all
levels up to 900 mb.   The map shows  surface high pressure  on  1/21, with
a cold front and precipitation approaching  from the west on 1/22.  This
appears to  be  a  clear case  of  a low,  radiation-caused  inversion with
surface high pressure.

Chicago,  IL  (1 Site-Day)
    The PM}5 coarse/fine  ratio is 1.06 and  does not  suggest  a dominant
contribution from  either  size mode.   No  data  are  available from the
other IP  Network site  in Chicago for this date.
    In the absence o¥  a sounding, it is still possible to infer the for-
mation  of a low-level  inversion  as  skies  cleared following  a frontal
passage on  2/2/81.    The  high and low  temperatures  recorded  at Chicago
O'Hare Airport  on  2/3 were 10aF  and  -5°F,  and a trace of  snow remained
on  the  ground  from  the   2.3  inches that  fell  on   2/1  and  2/2.   The
pressure  was rising at Chicago on 2/3,  but  it appears  to be only a short
interlude between storms.
                                    35
-------
    In the absence of  other  data,  it  appears  that a radiation inversion
contributed substantially to this  one-time  appearance  of Chicago on the
list of high IP Network site-days.

Ironton, OH (1 Site-Day)
    Al,  Si,   and   Fe   concentrations  were  not  elevated  on  4/4/81  in
Ironton,  and  their  ratios  are  consistent  with  those  of  geological
material.  Zn  and  Cu  concentrations were at  typical  levels.   Coarse Ca
was elevated  at  6.27   yg/m , as  were  coarse  K and Mn at  0.71  and 0.23
ug/m .
    These  elements  were  compared  to  the  masses  and  the  relative
fine/coarse proportions at Buffalo and Cleveland on 4/4/81, but the only
apparent similarity is  with the Ca at  Cleveland.
    The  Ironton Br/Pb  ratio for the  coarse mode  waa  0.21,  well within
the auto exhaust range;  however, fine  Br was  1.03 ug/m  , causing a very
unusual  Br/Pb  fine ratio  of 21.0.  There  is no  source information to
explain this Br concentration.
    As  in  several  previous  cases, it  is  plausible  that the  elevated
coarse Ca  derives  fr*om local construction.    On  the other hand, Ironton
on  4/4/81  was between  storms  (in  fact,  precipitation  probably started
at  Ironton on 4/4/81),  and surface  conditions  probably  were  not dry
enough to encourage resuspension of dust.  The elevated  K reading may be
an  indication of  residential   heating  by  wood  burning,  a  hypothesis
strengthened by the slightly elevated  coarse Cl mass of  0.3 yg/m .
                                    86
-------
    The very modest sulfate and nitrate levels  for  this  case do not sup-
port the idea of a regional-scale phenomenon.
    The weather summary for Ironton is similar to  that  of Cleveland and
Buffalo,  showing  the  imminent approach  of a  front  and  southwesterly
flow.   The  Huntington  and  Buffalo soundings are similar  from 960 mb on
up. The Ironton temperatures were warmer than  those in Buffalo, but they
were  basically  dry-adiabatic   from  960 mb  up  to 770 mb.    The  Buffalo
sounding shows  a  very  shallow inversion  near the  surface,  which is not
present  on  the  Huntington sounding.    Both  show  some weak  inversion
structure in the  700 to 750 mb layer,  2500 to  3000 m MSL at Huntington.
Again, what is  most noteworthy  in the  meteorology  of .all  three sites is
that -heavy  rain fell  over  the states  of  OH and  NY on  4/4/81, following
record high temperatures over the Great Lakes  on  4/2/81.  Despite signi-
ficant prefrental  southwesterly winds (Huntington OOOOZ surface wind was
6  knots  at  220°,  increasing  to  25  knots,  207°,  at 850 mb),  the rapid
approach of the front  on  4/4/81 seems to  have involved a PM^5 enhance-
ment mechanism  at Ironton,  as well as in Cleveland and Buffalo.
                    4
Youngstown, OH  (1 Site-Day)
    This date comes less than  one month  after  the  Hartford, CT, case of
1/22/81 and the Chicago, IL, case of 2/3/81.
    Coarse  Al,  Si, and  Fe concentrations  suggest a  slightly elevated
crustal contribution.   A check of the  HIVOL/PM^  ratio, 1.66, confirms
that large concentrations  were present in the coarse and larger fraction
                                    87
-------
of the  particle size  distribution.   K  and Zn were  slightly elevated.
Coarse Cl  and Ca  were high  at  7.3 and  4.8 yg/m ,  respectively.   The
coarse Br/Pb  ratio,  0.21,  is  indicative  of  auto  exhaust.    The  fine
ratio, 0.39,  is  near the  maximum  value attributable  to unaged  auto
exhaust.
    The elevated Cl concentrations  may  again indicate road salting.  On
2/15/81  about  one  inch  of  snow   still   remained   on  the  ground  at
Youngstown following  a 3 inch snowfall  on  2/11.   Road sanding may also
have contributed to the coarse Al,  Si,  and Fe concentrations.   No infor-
mation is available to suggest whether  or not  the coarse Ca mass origi-
nated  in  a  local  non-industrial,  or  for  that  matter,  an  industrial
source.
    Regional   sulfate  episodes  are  relatively  rare  in  winter.  The
Youngstown data  show  an  appreciable fine  sulfate  concentration,  13.4
yg/m , but this  value  is  not in  the regional-scale episode category and
local coal combustion  is probably a simpler  explanation.
    Intense high  pressure formed over  the  northeastern  states  on 2/12
and 2/13, following  a storm on 2/11.   Conditions remained dry, and the
high pressure remained over the area until 2/15, when a stationary  front
is shown  on the surface map to the north of  the Great Lakes and over NY.
A warming trend  was  in effect at Youngstown from 2/12 to 2/15; on 2/15
the high  was  50°F and the low was 22°F.   It  is likely that a sounding at
Youngstown would  have shown  a  radiation   inversion  and/or a  subsidence
inversion.  The clear skies, high pressure and probable inversion almost
                                    88
-------
certainly made  the  difference in  placing  this  case on  the list  of  50
high site-days.

WESTERN SITES
Phoenix, AZ   (2  Site-Days)
    During the first examination of the quarterly summaries,  this  site,
Roosevelt St., provided four possible  site  days.  The second examination
provided two more.  None of  the first four cases were found  to have  chem-
ical data.  The case of  11/6/81, with  its  very marginal  PM^ total mass
of 107.6 yg/m ,  was retained because  chemical  data  were  found.   Although
elements are lacking,  and  the  PM^/HIVOL  ratio is  suspect,  the  highest
day for  Phoenix,  6/21/81,  is  also  included in order to round  out  the
profile of this  urban area.
    The sampling  instruments are  located  on top of  a building  (County
Health Department Complex) which contains  a large  parking  garage and is
adjacent to an  outdoor parking  lot.   Vacant  lots, residential areas,  and
a hospital are  within  a  0.25 mile radius  of the sampling  location.   On
the urban-scale,  industry  in  the form of  mineral and  feed and  grain
handling, cement works, blast furnaces,  and  rock crushing are noted.
    On 11/6/81  the  PM^5  coarse/fine  mass  ratio was 2.56,  exceeding  the
EPA/EMSL criterion which flags any data for which  this  ratio exceed 1.3.
However, the simultaneous  HIVOt  measurement  was  157.9 pg/m  .   Since it
exceeded the  PM^ total mass  value by  47%  and  the  SSI value  by 36%,
there was evidently a large proportion  of coarse  material on 11/6/81.
                                    89
-------
In  addition,  Watson  et  al.  (1981)  point  out  that this  criterion is
empirical and "...it is possible, though unlikely, that these limits are
exceeded  under  ambient  conditions."   With  this caveat,  the  case of
11/6/81 will be further analyzed.
    For a case where  such  a  large fraction  of the mass is apparently in
the coarse  mode,  the  crustal  species show concentrations  barely above
background  levels.  Ca is  not even  shown in  Table  5-7  because the  non-
reportable data indicated  its mass to be at the background level of  0.02
vg/m   in  both size  ranges.     There is  no evidence  of  Phoenix's  rock
crushing  or  cement  industry in  these data.   Three  unusual  elements do
show elevated   levels  in the  1  to 2 yg/m   mass range  P,  Ba,  and Rb.
These  non-rsportable  elements,  measured by x-ray fluorescence,  are not
in excess of  detection limits  on any other site-day in this study, and
their  source  is   not  obvious.     The   difficulty   of  extracting   non-
reportable  data  is  an obstacle  to  checking  other  Phoenix measurements
for these elements and that check has not been made.
    The  appreciable  nearby vehicular traffic, as well as  the starting
and stopping of engines  in the  adjacent  parking facilities, might cause
Pb to  be  elevated.  4 But the values  of  0.005  yg/m  for both size ranges
are below detection"limits.   Br  is  slightly  elevated,  giving resultant
and rather unbelievable Br/Pb ratios in excess of 100.00.
    No support  for  regional-sc-ale  sulfate  or  nitrate  episodes  follows
from the very low levels measured for these species.
                                    90
-------
    The nearest radiosonde data relevent to Phoenix is the sounding from
Winslow,  roughly  25  miles  NNE.   On  11/6/81,  a  broad  high  presssure
region is shown at the surface from New Mexico and Texas to North Dakota
and Iowa.  Surface trajectories would  bring  air from southern Texas and
the  Gulf Coast  into  Arizona.    The  high  temperature  at Phoenix  was
87°F, the low  was 60°, and  the OOOOZ Winslow sounding  indicates  a dry
adiabatic atmosphere without inversions up to 550  mb.  The OOOOZ Winslow
surface wind was 4 knots  out  of 10°,  with 10 knots at the 700 mb level.
The meteorological picture,  then,  is  one of possible stagnation, as high
pressure is shown  on  the  surface  for  the  preceding  two days.   The sub-
sidence  inversion  was  apparently  very  high  at  540 mb.,  and there  is no
evidence of a radiation inversion. Although one may have been present at
Phoenix, the nighttime low of 60°F makes this unlikely.
    The  meteorological  situation  on  6/21/81  may  have allowed advection
of material  into the Phoenix area  from some other  location.  The simpler
explanation seems to be measurement  anomaly.   The PM^s mass exceeds the
HIVOL by 58%, and the SSI  by 169% on  6/21/81.

                    1
Bakersfield, CA (4 Site-Days)
    All  four  cases  in  Bakersfield  occurred  in   the   winter  period,
November 1980  to  February 1981.  Soundings  were  available for three of
the cases,  from  Vandenburg,  CA,  roughly  125  miles  SW of Bakersfield on
the California coast.
                                     91
-------
    The first  day,  11/17/80, shows  relatively  low sulfate  and  nitrate
levels and a  fine/coarse  ratio  of 0.66, while the last  three  days show
much  higher  sulfate  and  nitrate  levels and fine/coarse  ratios  between
2.0 and 3.0.
    The crustal  components,  Al,  Si, and  Fe,  were elevated  on  11/17/80
and were  less so on  12/23/80.    Fine  Cl,  fine  Br,  and coarse  Pb con-
centrations were higher than normal  on  both days,  and  K was elevated in
both modes on 11/17/80 as  was coarse Ca at 4.5 ^g/m  on 11/17/80.
    The fine  sulfate concentrations  of  the  four  Bakersfield cases range
from  9 to  45  pg/m .  The  latter  is one of the highest  sulfate values of
all the  50 site-days.   The  likely precursor  of this  sulfate  is sulfur
gases from the  pumping and  handling  of oil in  the  southern California
oil fields.   Though  the Cl, Br,  Pb, K, and Ca  concentrations  cannot be
attributed to a  specific  industry,  the  simplest  explanation   of  the
sulfate concentrations  is  an oil  industry  source.
    Non-industrial  sources are involved in the 1980 cases.  The elevated
coarse crustal species  probably  resulted from  re-entrained dust,  perhaps
from  the  vacant  lot  on the corner SW  of the  sampler.   The coarse Br/Pb
ratios on  11/17/80 *and 12/23/80  are indicative   of auto  exhaust  at 0.24
and 0.20  respectively, but  as  noted  above,  fine  Br was  elevated with
respect to Pb on these  days, and the Br/Pb ratios were  too high for auto
exhaust at 2.48 and  3.34.   Fine  Br concentrations are,  in fact, elevated
for all  four  cases.   The fine Br concentration of 2.9 yg/m  on 2/3/81 is
                                   92
-------
the  highest  observed  in  the  50  cases.    Site surveys  indicate  no  Br
sources in Bakersfield and this species is not expected from oil extrac-
tion,   Coarse  Ca is also elevated  for the  two 1980 cases  (no  data are
available for the  two  1981  cases) and may  indicate  nearby  construction
work.
    It  is  unlikely  that  sulfate  is  transported  from distant sources
since sulfur emissions in other parts  of  California  are  lower than they
are  in  the San  Ooaquin  Valley.    The  four Bakersfield  cases  show
elevated  fine  nitrate concentrations, reaching a  maximum  of  46 yg/m
on 12/23/80.   By  comparison,  the  highest nitrate concentration  of the
si< Rubidoux cases  to  be  discussed below is  37 pg/m  in  the fine frac-
tion.  This may be a Southern California  regional  event.   A fine nitrate
concentration  of  33  yg/m3  from  the  SSI   at Fresno on  12/11/80  is
noteworthy, but  data from 12/23/80  were  not found  in a  search of most
southern California sampling sites.
    The Vandenburg  OOOOZ  soundings  from  12/23/80  and 2/3/81 show promi-
nent,  low-level   inversions  from  950 mb  to 1000  mb.    The  11/17/80
 .ounding was taken as  a  weak  cold  front  approached  and  it  is harder to
characterize.   On  12^23/80 and 2/3/81, high  pressure is shown on the 500
mb naps over  the  west coast,  and  the  resultant  inversions  may  be  a
result,  of subsidence.
    11/17/80 may  be different  from the other  three  cases.   The crustal
contribution on  this date was  noted earlier,  and  it is probably related
tc the  fact that over  100 homes were destroyed in southern California by
                                     93
-------
fires fanned by strong "Santa Ana" easterly winds  on  11/16/80.   The high
potassium  concentrations,  2.61 pg/m   in the  coarse  fraction and  1.07
yg/m  in the fine fraction,  confirm this  source.   The  three  later cases
all involve strong upper level  ridging which blocked  storms,  kept preci-
pitation away,  and,  at least  in  the  case of  12/23/80, led  to  markedly
warm temperatures compared to averages.  These conditions  are consistent
with the high sulfate and nitrate readings noted above.
Rubidoux, CA (6 Site-Days)
    The  prevailing  opinion  is  that  air pollution  is  usually worse  in
this area than in other  parts  of  the  Los  Angeles  basin because westerly
surface winds tend to move particulate matter toward the eastern side of
the valley  where  the confluence  of two mountain  ranges, together  with
frequent subsidence inversions, restrict its removal.
    To round out the case studies  at  Rubidoux,  the  highest  PM^ reading
on  2/22/82  is  also included,  although  no  elemental or  chemical  infor-
mation is available for that day and there is an indication  of erroneous
data.
    The  site  survey' for  Rubidoux  shows a well-traveled, paved  street,
vacant land, and residential areas  in the  surrounding  0.25  mile radius.
An  urban-scale source  characterization  was not available.   Atmospheric
soundings from Vandenburg and San  Diego, CA, were  plotted and applied to
the analysis of these cases.
    The  site-days  tend to  cluster  toward the  end  of  the work week  (3
on Friday, 1 on Thursday, and 1 on Wednesday), and,  as  will  be discussed
                                    94
-------
belc-A, three  o*  tne cases occurred the  di/ before fronts passed through
the no"the-rn  pert  of  Ce'ifornic.
    '"•: on  'I-  . ./'? v/cs   H-.' at 0.34 an     - ug/rc"  vi the coarse and  fine
modes,  res:?"  ve-"  .     ;;  -v&s e" :/  an-    .'is'1/ ';>  on  10/24/79, but  on
                                                               a
the  other days  *'t  was  significantly n  :*.-'  at ^  to 10 yg/m  .   K  was
moderately  elevated at  1.5 to  2.0  yg/m3  ia the  coarse  mode on all  days
except  10/24/79.
    Crustel  components  cc" -r-ibuted «noderately  and  consistently  on  all
days  except  10/24/75, with coarse  Al/Si/Fe in  tne  rough proportions  of
4/:.l/3  (yg/m").    Substantial  coerse  Ca  was  seen  on   all  days except
lD/^/73  and nrsy  indicate  construction  s^ewhere   nearby,  or possibly
industrial  ceoent  .-ctivity.   C1 was  sllgfccly e'e\3ted  in  a few cases,
and  p^ohab '/ crio-'   -. ~.i  r   -/re sea^ast   Most  •:  the  Br/Pb  ratios,
especially  '.n t^e   :   _e mooe, were  in  tn« 0.2 to 0.3 range, indicative
of  auto exhaust.   "  :   10/24/79  data are  eraomalous  with a coarse  Br/Pb
ratio of  C.I.
    A-ot^nd   £5%  of   ^a  ^5  mass  or,  10/12 /'79  ard  10/24/79  can  be
accounttc  for  by t; c  -jlfjte and nitrite co«C£'it<~3t-;ons; lesser  contri-
                    i
b'Jtionj  were found :-  otr,er da>jF.   In  this  "aspect, 10/24/79 is  again
ano^c1 cut  in that  r:  ?-cws the second highest fine nitrate  concentration
of th-j  50 cases,  .:? v9/^ .   Sulfate and  nitrate  may not be  regionally
d':stT" 7uted.  "JUT;  !n  at least  two of the cases they  account for  large
'-actions  of  the :;*'':-,.   O-'ner s?co;idary  aerosols  ir.a.y be present,  which
fi-^Kt account  for  a  najor  part f' the f'M-, 5.
-------
    The San Diego and Vandenburg soundings show subsidence inversions in
the 700 to 900 mb interval on all five days. One must regard these soun-
dings with the  important  caveat that strong on-  or  off-shore winds may
be active below the subsidence inversions.
    All  cases  involve  high  pressure  and  dry  weather over  southern
California.   Warmer  than  average temperatures  were  noted for 10/12/79,
6/20/80, and  8/7/80.   On  this  last  day the  high  was 101°F,  and the low
was  62°F  at  Riverside.    As  noted previously,  three  of   the  cases,
10/12/79,  10/24/79,   and   5/22/81  occurred  on  days preceding  frontal
passages  through northern  California.    On  10/25/79  significant  rain
reached as far  south  as central California.   The usually stagnant con-
ditions and subsidence  inversions seemed  to  inhibit  the removal  of PMj5
from the Los  Angeles basin on these days.
    On the highest day  at  Rubidoux,  2/22/82,  the PMis fine/coarse ratio
was 3.08, while the PM^Q  concentration  was  a factor of 10 smaller, 19.9
yg/m .   The fine/coarse ratio  is  3/52.   The  fine/coarse  ratios in the
previously  discussed five  cases  did not exceed  1.95.   The PM]^ and the
     data for 2/22/82 are probably erroneous.
El Paso, TX (3 Site-Days)
    Neighborhood-scale  influences  (in  1979)  included  busy  streets,
construction  of  a  ten-story building,  and  parking  lots  and  garages.
Urban-scale  influences  in  El  Paso  include  a  refinery,  a  lime  kiln,
copper and lead smelting, and iron and steel foundry operations.  Watson
                                    95
-------
et  al.   (1931)  e'so  point  out that  the  city  of Juarez,  Me.r;o,  just


acrass  the Rio  Grande River  frv)ir> El  Peso,  contributes substantial  and

un,  arscLeri zee  eirri ssions.     -'.tm''i-'-p'"e*'c  c-ojncJircs  fror.  El  Pt.ic  *e~e

p]. •'  :  -~cr  n/2:/79 and 12'.    '9,

        anc' K wero  sligrt'y elevated  in Dotr-  size fractions,  a"rd  Ca ^as

d-"sr,-. :t"y  elevated,  t;soecia"n.y  on   11/29/79,  wh-sn  the  c&srse  con-


c.fcr; (•••:'on exceeded  It ug/ra*.   The  K  and  C1-  values  ?rey ht.v   "fcsulted

~iC7,  .-e  D'jrninc  of  va-ious  mats^'a" s in  .".••irez, but very  '  kely f«

cce "S^  C'  result-: frcir nearby oist Auction.

    1    ; .el  
ihc     "-ctio  2..r   ..E   or the '     . Fe ctrcsr tr?t .rns vi yg/^'}.   The

L.r/.:\  -arios  a~?   '  :at've of e-.   ,-xhaust,  ranginc  frcm C.2  to 0.3.


     , ••vtf  and    * •   ? >}vel" - •   ~'ery lc>  : v:'  th^re  is  *••;   /idence of

.-e-r „   ' sca^e  ei

         El  Daso  £    , tc-s  at  C    •  f-n botn  GO>S in 1579 sho^ inversions.


Cn  I" f'^/79  the   . •  ?ce  teiip--•'".. -'re  was a  ccol   50°F,  end a very pro-

.•ioc  i.-d  subsi".-'      .^version     ?j-ed at   700  Tib  v/ith  surff-ce  high

c.rer fre systs     .*r both  Hex' :  .rd the northern Rockies.   Or  1./11/79

a we:i-.  inve^sicr  jr^ared  at  69C nt  with a  stationary front sh;*-i on tne

rur-f\xe  nap  over  the  rorthern  t>o~der o^  New  Mexico.   Surface  tem-

per r • r?:;  wera  nwch warmer  in this  case (70*'f).


    On  11/2&/79, teTioeratures -were ceo! enough that  residential  heating

ac aiqrt may exr'v'n the  elevatec, -'  and Cl  values  nctej  earlier.   The

sjr^". ;e  maos ""or  •   -e.ist  four dc-v;  oj*ior  to  12/11/79 •.':ica"i'e  cry ?,-•
-------
stagnant conditions that  would  encourage  the accumulation of PM^, even
in the absence of a strong inversion.
    On 4/29/82, the PM^  total  concentration was 399. 6 yg/m3, PM^ fine
and PM}5 coarse concentrations were  380.5 and 19.1 yg/m3, and the HIVOL
                             3
concentration was  104.2 yg/m .    The dichotomous  sampler  data  for this
day are therefore  suspect  not only  because  the  total  concentration was
nearly  four  times  the  HIVOL value, but  also  because  the  fine/coarse
ratio was out of bounds at 19.92.
Fresno, CA (1 Site-Day)
    This  date,   12/11/80,   is   bracketed   by  two  high  site-days  at
Bakersfield, CA,  on  11/17/80  and  12/23/80.   Two different meteorologi-
cal regimes have been hypothesized for the Bakersfield cases.
    The  Fresno  site  survey  indicates  neighborhood-scale  influences
including busy  traffic in  a  suburban - light  commercial  neighborhood.
No urban-scale  influences  are noted,  although some agricultural activi-
ties,  such  as   burning  of  harvested  fields,  could be  important  in the
Fresno area.
                    i
    There was a modest crustal  contribution with Al/Si/Fe in the propor-
tions of about  4/12/2 yg/m  .  Small  elevations  appeared in the coarse K
and  Ca  concentrations.   The  Br/Pb ratios  in both the  coarse  and fine
modes were typical of auto exhaust at 0.21 and 0.25, respectively.
    A larger fine-mode  contribution  from  local  sources is  seen  in the
nitrate concentration of 29 pg/m .  At least three days of high pressure
                                    98
-------
and clear  skies preceded  12/11/80, indicating  that other  photochemical
secondary aerosols ;say  also  have  cont'ib'jtad to PMi 5>
    Tne 12./II/SO  CoMand,  C*, sDurf'nc  ^s  the  nearest to Fresno,  be: it
      ••'•er about  IfC1  ni'.es  t:- the  ':•-.  -  rt of  Fresno at  -'.he  ec >•  o*  ^an
F,-£r  ;co Bay.   Wit" tnis  caveat, th*  .ounding  i no-Kites  a  strong sub-
      i? inversion between  859 mb  g-'^1 ;l ,  -b, low enough to  substantially
                                          -•  -jarlie-,  strong  blockiio high
                                        "  r  nee  before  12/9/80, ano  hfgh
                                          t-red  over Nevada.   Cond"'~ions
                                           id inver. - j.
       i ?s 'ions near  the  surface.   '-.
       5  ^d  been  over  the  west  .
      "?  •  the  su^'ace rrsp  is  s^ '
ct Fre-jr-:  ?rs undoubted"* v  both  st_
:.a"\ JOSS,
                                          -In  urb3.n-£ "?'e  scurce  i-f'v-
                                           • p of va*rcu-o.r  t--affic, >  :?
                                             letting.   There are  prODdMy
                                           ^'.tivities in  the greater Sar.
                                          •  southern  end  of t*.e  5IS':M>;^"
                                           rsco Bay.   In  the  'latter CT-
                                           ;  for salt production  are seen
nearby
    A -.ypical and  modest crustal  co?   '* 
-------
ocean shore  to the west  of  San  Jose.   The  K  values  were more signifi-
cantly  elevated  at about  0.6 yg/m  in  both size  ranges,  and may have
resulted  from  agricultural  burning.    The  coarse  and fine  mode Br/Pb
ratios  were  both  characteristic  of  auto  exhaust,  at  0.25  and 0.29,
respectively.
    Nitrate was moderately elevated at  about 14 yg/m  in the  fine .mode,
and as  in  Fresno,  it probably resulted  from three days of clear skies,
high pressure and sluggish circulation.
    The  OOOOZ  Oakland sounding  shows  the expected subsidence inversion
at 830 mb, with warm surface temperatures  (72°F) and  a surface wind of 3
knots out  of  290°.   High  pressure  at  the  surface  and  strong  ridging
aloft'were features on  the weather maps for at least two days preceding
this case.   As  is  often the  case with high  site-days in California, the
common  subsidence  inversion  combined  with sluggish winds  and warm tem-
peratures to allow considerable  photochemical activity and the accumula-
tion of secondary aerosols.

Portland. OR (1 Site-Day)
    Portland,  OR,  emerged from  the  first examination  of  the quarterly
statistical summaries with  six high  site-days.   Another  four days were
selected  in  the second  examination,  but  only  the highest  day  and one
other of  the ten  candidate  days  proved  to have  chemical  information.
Further  examination of the  data revealed an apparently chronic  problem
                                    100
-------
in  Portland.    Many   instances  of  PM^=  exceeding  HI ¥01  were  noted.
Portlands  hi-qne?.t  PNSij concentration occi-r-ec DT 10/32/79.
    "he  site  de^. "let ion indicates heav- -r?'fic on pe-v^ri roads  nssr •&?
S£;',f ars.     The  ii' "e-'S   a~e  locat?-   ~,  a  c'J;y  -.-•f-'i'.er-consai-rcr ;
envi-onment,  and  urtcn-sca'e  influences  ;-c)uce  QtiiDcr ^i'.'s,  a-u.Tit^u'
sme'ting,  iron  and  steel   foundries 2Td  arc ''"'irrvaces.,  glass  furnaces.,
cement works,  anc  "~;~; and  grain  nandiHg.  i*;iosonos  observations fr-ar
Salersi, OR,  4C  7,1 les f-.vjth o'  Port" and, are rs-i-ivant.
    j-e,  V  ar,u  '•'- were not *?le/ate<*.   Mn end IT were sli^fritly elevated VT,-
the  -me mocL   at  0.12 cnj  C. 13 yg/m"'»  res.'fec: • vely.   Cu  was  '3'i5rt",,y
                                           s
•»" e1-'.' ,: fcl in bctr, modes a: '.  '-: t C. C9 ug/n?".  *.'  -ire K wsre slightly e' s-
/atec ,  with  both   showing   C.2 to  0.3 ug/rn"  in  the  course  and  0.5 to
               •
U 0 vq'v  in  ttv»  fine  ^si-?r    'h? rost  "t«m3rtc3olfi r,^-rf.cent Cation o" the
Prg/m"  iti  -the fine
mode.   3otn of these  values were rnore than an order  c   i^aonltud-e higher
then the  Si concentrations,  which in  turn were greater  than the Fa  can-
centrations,  and  a  c-t -v*""  crioin  se-irrts  ruled  out.   With  Al  snsltin-c
opere  -ons  a major  incjstr-' in  Port "» anc,  it, is  tempting  to s't.t ri buts
tKes-;  concentrations  to  a  v?i1id  industrial  source.    A  caver.t  must  te
raised.  ho.ve^2r,  in  th=*.  th-: Al  industries  a>'» geGgrsphics'.ly distant
from the  samp "ing site.
    To  furthe • explore the  .'"'questions,  the   v-eleT»ent non-r^porteMe
data listing for  Al  was  consu'tec1.   ;.s  explained earlier, tn:s report
gr-)',-s  all  Al  concentrations f,>r ell  sites and  dares.   Qui..  ' >' sc\j/ ring
                                     101
-------
this listing,  it  was  noticed that 10/12/79  was  not the only example of
high  coarse  Al  concentrations  from  three  Oregon  sites,  Portland,
Deschutes  County,  and  Eugene.     For  example,   coarse  Al  values  at
Deschutes County on 2/9/80 and 3/28/80 were 61 and  16 yg/m3.  At Eugene,
16 yg/m3  of  Al  were reported on  9/18/80.   At Portland, the Al analysis
days bracketing 10/12/79,  9/30/79 and  10/24/79 reported 28 and 21 yg/m3
of Al.   Other Al values in Portland on 2/9/80 and  3/28/80 were 27 and 24
yg/m ,  respectively.
    It   is  not  clear  that  these  elevated  Al values,  more  prominent in
Oregon  than  in  any other state in  the  IP  Network, can be attributed to
the aluminum  industry, especially given the  elevated_readings in other
parts, of  the state.   It  is suspicious that most  of  the  high readings
occured in  Portland,  closest to  the  industrial  activity,  but judgement
on the  question must be reserved  in light of two caveats.
    First, these  Al concentrations  were  taken  from the non-reportable
XRF analyses, and as mentioned earlier, large inter-laboratory differen-
ces have been noted in these data.  At this time the question of whether
or not   all the  Oregon data  came  from  one  laboratory's Al  analyses, and
                    i
the validation  of  those  analyses,  should  be  raised.    It  is unlikely,
however, that samples  covering more  than  one year from Oregon were  ana-
lyzed differently from samples taken  over  the same time period at other
IP Network sites.   None  of  these  other sites  show such high Al values,
lending credence to the validity of the measurement  process.
                                    102
-------
     Second,  Watson  et  a"..  (1981)   (Taite  9,1.5  on pac*  9-16 of  that


report)  r>eoo!"t  a coerss Al anomaly  t.t theSig  Sister, NY,  (near Buffalo)


site.   Coarse  A"  cor r &. *~et ions  of 4^  z?,d  2* : §/u'  w=:-rs attributed to

:*, ";ect1cn  on  the  .  ;  :comc>us  semplsr ~ilte~s  cf  Al  chips  from  the


sampler  inlet  coraporH:.* • ,   Very  smell  cfc:ps,  »»  th^ order of  tenths of


•m'THneters  in  di^s.is"5 : • ,  can  :eus€  tte   repartee  "1  concentrations.


A,part  frcn  the  Aj  questicn the-^  is  f)u convrtring 2»'ide«5ce  in the ele-


Terta' cata  to  *mp'-'catf; industrial SOUTHS.


     :* end  Pb  were pr*  -:'.   >sir ret*:' •    i-aarse  ar-d f^'na modes both


*•".  .:.te  typical.,  lev   ":.•£•"  :uto  e^rvc.. t    ..^xes,  Crastal  Si  and Fe


we'.-  o^esent on!/  i ">  lev.  ""(trse  ane-s"..    Jt>as  1  the  proportion of
              3
about  4/2 yo/ns", r.- fgctive";


     :i.;"fate   cunc"'. a^ior-   -Kceedec   i ,*;te,   Wth   12.2 yg/m   and


4.  , yCj/^' ,  respec"  .l^'.   '   £  high so'"\.:e value  occurred at  a time of


./ear when  sulf •-•••-• Draining  fuels  used  fir  heeting seisms  unlikely.   In


'act,  rscor \ ^"'  .  lerperatu^es  were reported is Oregon on  10/9/79.  The


12%'e  amci;  :      jj's,*  menuf x-c.'.u^ing.  botti  ^  *:v:e  Pcrtland  Metropolitan


a~eo and t-- *    ; orth and so.vi of  th:s  fersi,  coulc 'be a major contribu-
                     4
to"  of  S':'  .   expounds,   'r^-^  levels are rrsbably more  indicative of


nearby  ir«.'     al  sources t  .  -hey  are of regional -scale events.


    lO'/ii.     :-s  a hioh  :?:-.  'v  toth Portland  and  Rubidoux, causing one


co  suspect     -igicnal -'..'. i" e veatner eveni^   Tte 3BDr;Z  and 1200Z Salem


touidings   .  •  s'low  c." ! "dene-:  'n--/ers .ofs in  the  823 TO  850 mb layer.


Sigh  prei'   -  .*.  tne  sir "ace  over  the  -r'!?rth//esr''-i r  states  and ridging
                                      103
-------
aloft  had  been a  map feature  for  three days  preceding 10/12/79.   On
10/12/79, a  weak  cold front  caused precipitation  to start  in  western
Washington.    Record  high  temperatures  were recorded  at  several  western
stations, with a  record  high  of 81°F at  Portland  on  10/9/79.   Evidence
of stagnation  is  given  by the winds below 850 mb  in  this  case.   On the
3DC3Z  Salem  sounding, the wind was  a  maximum of  2 knots out  of about
34C3 us  to  900 mb,  and  was  6 knots, 266° at  850  mb.   As was  the case
w-t-1 rrost.  of  the  California  site-days,  it  appears  that  warm  and dry
weather  with  high   pressure,  stagnation,  and a  subsidence  inversion
contributed to the accumulation  of PMj5 in Portland.
                                   104
-------
                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                             (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
    EPA-450/4-84-016
                              2.
                                                             3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE      „         ,       ,  .  „.,
    Potential Causes  Of Elevated PM _  And  PJL _

    Concentrations  In The Inhalable Particulate Network
              5. REPORT DATE
                   June 1984
              6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
    C.  Fred Rogers  And John G. Watson
                                                             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
  PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
    Desert Research Institute
    Reno, NV  89506
                                                             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                                             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
    US EPA
    Office Of Air  Quality Planning  And Standards
    Monitoring And  Data Analysis  (MD 14)
    Research Triangle,  NC  27711
                                                             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
    EPA Project  Officer:  Thompson  G.  Pace
16. ABSTRACT
         This report discusses and  characterizes  50  high PM, 5 site-days selected from
    the Inhalable  Particulate  (IP)  Network over the  years 1979 to  1982.  The study  is
    intended to  characterize the  potential causes of high PM-_ concentrations in the
    U. S., and therefore the correlation between  PM  Q and PM_ levels  is shown and
    discussed.   The available PMin  data are too sparse to support  the  study by them-
    selves.  The PM.,. data from the IP Network were  analyzed with  respect to five
    hypothetical causes of elevated concentrations:   1) local industrial emissions:
    2) local nonindustrial emissions;  3) regional secondary particle events;
    4) meteorological factors, such as stagnation and inversion; and 5) measurement
    anomalies.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Group
 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
                                               19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
                            21. NO. OF PAGES
                              112
                                               20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
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