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-89-
-------
Statistics for All Comparisons Paired in Time and Space
Statistics for the full set of paired observed and predicted
concentrations are presented in Table 5-21. These data sets have the
largest populations (3836 data pairs) of any group for the Cinder Cone Butte
data base.
As with the high-by-event data group, average differences for all
concentrations indicate overprediction by all of the models except IMPACT,
which underpredicts by about 50 percent, and RTDM, which exhibits no
significant bias. The largest average overpredictions are by 4141 (by a
factor of over two).
Measures of variability between observed and predicted concentrations
are largest for COMPLEX II, and smallest for IMPACT and RTDM. Frequency
distributions of observed and predicted values are significantly different
(at a 95 percent confidence level) for all eight models.
Correlation coefficients for Cinder Cone Butte model results are
substantially better than for Westvaco results for all concentrations.
Pearson coefficients range from 0.22 (PLUMES) to 0.43 (RTDM), while Spearman
coefficients range from 0.33 (COMPLEX I) to 0.45 (SHORTZ).
The variance ratio for RTDM was not significantly different from unity
(at a 95 percent level of confidence). For the other models, the variance
of predictions was significantly larger than the variance of observations,
although IMPACT, the opposite relationship was true.
-90-
-------
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or
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nJ
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-91-
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-92-
-------
SECTION 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The performance evaluation of the complex terrain models has produced an
imposing array of statistical measures to compare observed and predicted
concentration values. The principal objective of this project is to produce
performance statistics so that EPA and a group of reviewers may judge the
relative merits of different models. In this report, the results have been
discussed and explained, but no attempt has been made to compare the
performance of one model versus another. Many of the model developers, upon
reviewing this report, indicated the desire to see more detailed depictions
of the results such as scatter plots of observed and predicted
concentrations, histograms, cumulative frequency plots, isopleth analyses
and time series displays. Graphical displays can be useful in exploring
possible causes of poor model performance and are particularly desirable in
diagnostic model evaluations. One of the difficulties encountered in the
presentation of operational evaluation statistics is selecting meaningful
graphical or tabular displays with limited report space. An abundance of
useful information remains to be extracted from the results of this study
and it is hoped that further analyses are pursued in the future. The
conclusions and recommendations presented below are concerned with model
evaluation methods and with the performance of the models as a group.
The complex terrain models were evaluated using two data bases
representing different terrain settings and experimental approaches. The
Westvaco data set consisted of one year of measurements at eleven SOz
monitoring stations in the rugged terrain of western Maryland and
northeastern West Virginia, for a buoyant tall-stack release. The Cinder
Cone Butte experiments were conducted for 104 hours using a non-buoyant
tracer release, with impacts measured from a 94-station sampling grid on an
isolated small hill.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The results discussed in Section 5, plus those in Appendices B and C,
contain a wealth of information concerning the performance of each of the
eight complex terrain models. Distinct differences in performance are
evident among the models. The patterns of results changed between the two
data sets and, to a lesser extent, with averaging time (for Westvaco). A
few key results are highlight below.
-93-
-------
Westvaco. For Westvaco, seven of the models overpredicted the 25
highest concentration values for 1, 3, and 24-hour averaging times, by
factors ranging from 2 to 20. RTDM predicted with less bias than the
other models for all three averaging times. (The IMPACT model was
evaluated only for selected hours from Westvaco.) The COMPLEX II model
and the IMPACT model gave the largest overproductions. COMPLEX I also
overpredicted the average of the 25 highest 1-hour values by almost a
factor of 10.
Cinder Cone Butte. Six of the eight models overpredicted the 25 highest
1-hour values. IMPACT underpredicted, and RTDM predicted with no
significant bias. COMPLEX II again gave the largest overprediction,
roughly a factor of 4 times observed.
Thus, COMPLEX II showed the most consistent and pronounced tendency to
overpredict peak concentrations; RTDM showed the least bias for estimating
peak 1-hour values; and IMPACT showed the greatest inconsistency between the
two data sets.
Model performance results for the two data sets showed several striking
differences:
• The models showed a much greater tendency to overpredict peak
1-hour concentrations for the Westvaco data set than for Cinder
Cone Butte.
• Comparisons between predicted and observed concentrations, paired
in time and location, showed smaller discrepancies and higher
correlation for Cinder Cone Butte than for Westvaco.
• For Westvaco, model performance was very different for stable and
neutral conditions (for most of the models). For Cinder Cone
Butte, model performance was generally similar for both stability
categories.
These differences point to the importance of the source characteristics
and the local terrain setting (as well as other design factors) for model
performance in complex terrain.
The Westvaco data set permitted model performance to be evaluated by
monitoring station and for several averaging times. From these analyses,
the following conclusions could be drawn:
• Distinct differences in model performance were found between those
monitors within 2 km of the plant and those at greater distances.
Overprediction was more pronounced at monitors close to the plant.
• Results for 1-hour and 3-hour averages were quite similar. For
24-hour averages, however, distinct differences in model
performance were found for estimating peak concentrations.
-•94-
-------
REFERENCES
1. United States Environment Protection Agency, 1978. Guideline On Air
Quality Models. EPA-450/2-78-027. OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC.
2. Fox, D.G., 1981. Juding Air Quality Model Performance (A Summary of the
AMS Workshop on Dispersion Model Performance, Woods Hole, MA, 8-11
September 1980). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 62, 599-609.
3. Londergan, R.J., D.H., Minott, D.J. Wackter, T.M. Kincaid and D.M.
Bonitata, 1982. Evaluation of Rural Air Quality Simulation Models.
Prepared for EPA by TRC Environmental Consultants, EPA-450/4-83-003,
OAQPS, Research Triange Park, NC.
4. Minott, D.H., R.J. Londergan, W.M. Cox, and J.A. Tikvart, 1982.
Comparative Performance Evaluations of MPTER and Alternative Rural
Models. Presented at the 75the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, Mew Orleans, LA.
5. Londergan, R.J., D.H. Minott, D.J. Wackter and R.R. Fizz, 1983.
Evaluation of Urban Air Quality Simulation Models. Prepared for EPA by
TRC Environmental Consultants, EPA-450/4-83-020, OAQPS, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
6. Pierce, T.D. and D. B. Turner, 1980. User's Guide for MPTER.
EPA-600/8-80-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
7. Stnmaitis, D.G. , J.S. Scire and A. Bass, 1982. User's Guide for
COMPLEX/PFM Air Quality Model. EPA-600/8-83-015, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
3. Enviroplan, Inc., 1981. User's Manual for Enviroplan's Model 3141 and
Model 4141. Enviroplan, Inc., West Orange, NJ.
9. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1977. User's Manual for
Single Source (CRSTER) Model. EPA-450/2-77-013, OAQPS, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
10. Pacific Gas and Electric, 1981. User's Manual for Pacific Gas and
Electric PLUMES Model. Pacific Gas and Electric, San Francisco, CA.
11. Environmental Research & Technology, Inc., 1982. User's Guide for the
Rough Terrain Diffusion Model (RTDM, Rev. 3.00). ERT Report Mo.
M 2209-585. Environmental Research & Technology, Inc., 3oncord, MA.
-95-
-------
12. Bjorklund, J.R., and J.F. Bowers, 1982. User's Instructions for the
SHORTZ and LOMGZ Computer Programs, Volumes 1 and 2. EPA 903/9-82-004,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
13. Cramer, H.E., et al. , 1972. Development of Dosage Models and Concepts.
Final Report under Contract DAAD 09-67-C-OO 20 (R) with the U.S. Army,
Dessert Test Center Report DTC-TR-72-609, Fort Douglas, UT.
14. Fabrick, A.J. and P.J. Haas, 1980. User Guide to IMPACT: An Integrated
Model for Plumes and Atmospheric Chemistry in Complex Terrain. Radian
Corporation, Austin, TX.
15. Tran, K.T., R.C. Sklarew, 1979. User Guide To IMPACT: An Integrated
Model For Plumes And Atmospheric Chemistry In Complex Terrain. Form &
Substance, Inc., Westlake Village, CA.
16. Wackter, D.J., 1983. Test Run Package: Description of Models "As-Run"
for Complex Terrain Model Evaluation. Prepared for EPA by TRC
Environmental Consultants under Contract 68-02-3514, W.A. 27, OAQPS,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
17. Lavery, T.F., A. Bass, D.G. Stnma.itis, A. Venkatrom, B.R. Greene, P.J.
Drivas and B.A. Egan, 1982. EPA Complex Terrain Model Development:
First Milestone Report - 1981. EPA-600/3-82-036, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
18. Strimaitis, D.G., A. Venkatrom, B.R. Greene, S. Hanna, S. Hesler, T.F.
Lavery, A. Bass and B.A. Egan, 1983. EPA Complex Terrain Model
Development: Second Milestone Report - 1982. EPA-600/3-83-015
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
19. Truppi, L.E., and G.C. Holzworth, 1983. EPA Complex Terrain Model
Development: Description of a Computer Data Base from Small Hill
Impaction Study Mo. 1, Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho. Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC.
20. Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 1979. Westvaco
Corporation Amended Consent Order.
21. Cramer, H.E., 1981. Westvaco-Luke, Maryland Monitoring Program: Data
Analysis and Dispersion Model Evaluation (First Two Quarters). H.E.
Cramer Company, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
22. Hanna, S. , C. Vaudo, A. Curreri, J. Beebe, B. Egan, and J. Mahoney,
1982. Diffusion Model Development and Evaluation, and Emission
Limitations at the Westvaco Luke Mill. Document PA439 prepared for the
Westvaco Corporation by Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.,
Concord, MA.
-96-
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23. Cramer, H.E., 1982. Portocol for the Evaluation of the SHORTZ and LUMM
Dispersion Models Using the Westvaco Data Set. H.E. Cramer Company,
Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
24. Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods, 6the
Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
25. Hollander, M. and R.A. Wolfe, 1973. Nonparametric Statistical Methods.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
26. Hirtzel, C.S. and J.E. Quon, 1981. Estimating Precision of
Autocorrelated Air Quality Measurements. Summary of Proceedings
Environmetrics 81, 200-201.
27. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1981. Regional Workshops
on Air Quality Modeling: A Summary Report. EPA-450/4-82-015,
EPA/OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC.
-97-
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APPENDIX A
TEST RUN PACKAGE: DESCRIPTION OF MODELS "AS-RUN"
FOR COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL EVALUATION
-------
TEST RUN PACKAGE:
DESCRIPTION OF MODELS "AS-RUN"
FOR COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL EVALUATION
Environmental
Consultants, Inc
TRC Project No. 2164-R81
David Wackter
Project Manager
September, 1983
800 Connecticut Blvd.
East Hartford, CT 06108
(203) 289-8631
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 COMPLEX-I AND COMPLEX-II 3
2.1 Technical Modifications to COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II 3
2.2 COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II: Input Options and
Variables for Cinder Cone Butte 4
2.3 COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II: Input Options and
Variables for Westvaco 4
2.4 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-I for Cinder Cone Butte . . 5
2.5 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-I for Westvaco 5
2.6 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-II for Cinder Cone Butte . . 6
2.7 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-II for Westvaco 6
3.0 PLUMES 7
3.1 Technical Modifications to PLUMES 7
3.2 PLUMES: Input Options and Variables 8
3.3 TRC Changes to PLUMES Code for Cinder Cone Butte . 9
3.4 TRC Changes to PLUMES Code for Westvaco 10
4.0 RTDM 11
4.1 Technical Modifications to RTDM 11
4.2 RTDM: Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone
Butte 12
4.3 RTDM: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco . . 13
4.4 TRC Changes to RTDM for Cinder Cone Butte 14
4.5 TRC Changes to RTDM for Westvaco 15
5.0 SHORTZ 16
5.1 Technical Modifications to SHORTZ 16
5.2 SHORTZ: Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone
Butte 16
5.3 SHORTZ: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco . 17
5.4 TRC Changes to SHORTZ for Cinder Cone Butte .... 18
5.5 TRC Changes to SHORTZ for Westvaco 18
6.0 4141 19
6.1 Technical Modifications to 4141 19
6.2 4141: Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone
Butte 19
6.3 4141: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco . . 20
6.4 TRC Changes to 4141 for Cinder Cone Butte 21
6.5 TRC Changes to 414L for Westvaco 22
7.0 COMPLEX/PPM 23
7.1 Technical Modifications to COMPLEX/PFM 23
7.2 COMPLEX/PPM: Input Options and Variables for
Cinder Cone Butte 24
7.3 COMPLEX/PPM: Input Options and Variables for
Westvaco 24
7.4 TRC Changes to COMPLEX/PFM for Cinder Cone Butte . 25
7.5 TRC Changes to COMPLEX/PFM for Westvaco 26
-ii-
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
SECTION PAGE
8.0 IMPACT 27
8.1 Technical Modifications to IMPACT 27
8.2 IMPACT: Input Options and Variables for Cinder
Cone Butte 28
8.3 IMPACT: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco . 29
8.4 TRC Changes to IMPACT (Version 1 from Radian) for
Cinder Cone Butte 30
8.5 TRC Changes to IMPACT (Version 1 from Radian) for
Westvaco 30
-iii-
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
EPA has contracted with TRC to evaluate the performance of complex terrain
air quality simulation models using performance measures recommended by the
American Meteorological Society. Eight models are to be evaluated:
COMPLEX-I, COMPLEX-II, PLUMES, RTDM, SHORTZ, 4141, COMPLEX/PFM, and IMPACT.
Prrior to running the complex terrain models for evaluation, it is desireable
to confirm that the models have been implemented in accordance with the
expectations of the model developers. To accomplish this, test-run packages
were prepared and are being supplied to the model developers for their formal
review and concurrence. The package supplied to each model developer contains
the following information:
• Descriptions of the complex terrain model evaluation data bases
(Cinder Cone Butte and Westvaco);
• Summary of model-code modifications;
• Summary of input options;
• Test-run data (listings of all input and output data) for the
model developer's particular model;
• Complete listing of the model code "as run,' (for the model
developer's particular model) to enable the model developer to
confirm the code line-by-line.
Also provided as part fo che test case package are three other relevant
documents:
• "Data Archiving Recommendations for Complex Terrain Model
Evaluations" (TRC, November 1982).
• "Addendum to: Data Archiving Recommendations for Complex Terrain
Model Evalutions (Response to Comments from Model Developers)"
(TRC, July 1983).
• "Statistical Evaluation for Complex Terrain Models" (TRC, June
1983).
-------
This document summarizes the model code modifications made by TRC and
input options selected by the model developers for each model and data base.
Modifications to the models were needed for three basic reasons:
• To adapt the model to the EPA UNIVAC computer.
• To adopt particular models to accept the source-receptor
inventories.
• To format calculated concentrations for input to the statistics
system.
Detailed summaries of line-by-line changes made by TRC to each model's
computer code are also described in this document.
Computer code listings for the models "as run,* plus the test run input
and output data listings are supplied separately.
-2-
-------
2.0 COMPLEX-I AND COMPLEX-II
2.1 Technical Modifications to COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II
TRC altered COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II to accept input data from the model
input file on Unit 18 rather than Unit 5. Statements were added to facilitate
writing calculated concentrations to a work file for future statistical
analysis. These changes were made for both the Westvaco and Cinder Cone Butte
data bases.
To accommodate the Westvaco data base, TRC modified COMPLEX-I and
COMPLEX-II in three areas. The models were altered to accept hourly input of
source exit velocity and exit temperature. TRC made changes to circumvent
problems that could be caused by the Westvaco data starting in one calendar
year and ending in the next calendar year. Code was added to check for hours
with missing stability during which no concentrations were calculated.
When COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II were tested with the Cinder Cone Butte data
base, one technical modification was needed. The models were altered so that
only the source with a source number (1-111) equal to the hour (1-111) being
modeled has an impact on the calculated concentrations. This modification,
consistent with the input emissions inventory, was needed because a single
emission point was moved each hour in the Cinder Cone Butte study.
-3-
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2.2 COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II; Input Options and Variables for Cinder
Cone Butte
Variable Name
IOPT(1)
I OPT ( 2 )
IOPT(3)
I OPT ( 4 )
IOPT(25)
HANE
PL
CONTER
ZMIN
Input Value
1
1
1
1
1
0.90
0. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0.
0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0. ,0.
10.
Description
Use terrain adjustments.
No stack downwash.
No gradual plume rise.
Calculate initial plume size.
Use complex terrain option.
Anemometer height in meters.
Wind profile power law
exponents.
Terrain adjustment factors.
Distance limit for plume
HAFL
0.
centerline from ground.
No pollutant loss.
2.3 COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II; Input Options and Variables for Westvaco
Variable Name input Value
IOPT(1) 1
IOPT(2) 0
IOPT(3) 1
IOPT(4) 1
IOPT(25) 1
HANE 189.7
PL 0. ,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.
CONTER
ZMIN
HAFL
Description
Use terrain adjustments.
Use stack downwash.
No gradual plume rise.
Calculate initial plume size.
Use complex terrain option.
Anemometer height in meters.
Wind profile power law
exponents.
0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.,0. Terrain adjustment factors,
10.
0.
Distance limit for
centerline from ground.
No pollutant loss.
plume
..4-
-------
2.4 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-I for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number Description of Modification
1-2, 134-137 Comments.
358-360 Dimension TRC variables.
377-381 Define work file.
451-455, 466-475 Initialize I/O units and hour
counter. Check data base ID.
736-740 Do not read met station
identifiers.
945-948 Increment the TRC hour counter.
1061-1064, 1568-1570 Transfer TRC hour counter to
subroutine PTR.
1065-1074 Write to hourly work file.
1617-1619 Ignore sources other than the
one which corresponds to the
hour of simulation.
1702-1703 Set distance to final plume rise
equal to zero.
1734 Allow for stack temperature
equal to ambient.
2.5 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-I for Westvaco
Line Number Description of Modification
1-3, 135-138, 472 Comments.
359-362 Dimension TRC variables.
379-384 Define work file.
454-462, 474-485 Initialize I/O units. Check
data base ID.
900-905, 910-912, 917-919, Changes to accommodate data from
924-931, 934-936, 1084-1087, two calendar years.
1482-1483
978-987 Flag missing stability data.
1088-1101, 1722-1726 Read in hourly source data.
1108-1118 Write to work file.
-5-
-------
2.6 TRC Changes to COMPLEX-II for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number Description of Modification
1-2, 132-135 Comments.
356-358 Dimension TRC variables.
375-379 Define work file.
449-454, 465-474 Initialize I/O units and hour
counter. Check data base ID.
735-749 Do not read met station
identifiers.
943-946 Increment the TRC hour counter.
1059-1062, 1565-1567 Transfer TRC hour counter to
subroutine PTR.
1063-1071 Write to hourly work file.
1614-1616 Ignore sources other than the
one which corresponds to the
hour of simulation.
1699-1700 Set distance to final plume rise
equal to zero.
1731 Allow for stack temperature
equal to ambient.
2.7 TRC changes to COMPLEX-II for Westvaco
Line Number Description of Modification
1-3, 133-136, 465 Comments.
357-359 Dimension TRC variables.
376-381 Define work file.
451-455, 467-478 Initialize I/O units. Check
data base ID.
893-897, 902-904, 909-911, Changes to accommodate data from
921-923, 926-928, 1077-1079, two calendar years.
1472-1473
970-980 Flag missing stability data.
1080-1091, 1712-1716 Read in hourly source data.
1098-1108 Write to work file.
-6-
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3.0 PLUMES
3.1 Technical Modifications to PLUMES
TRC added code to PLUMES to write calculated concentrations to a work file
for future statistical analysis. The model was altered to allow input from a
disk file rather than cards. The meteorological data input unit has been set
to 11. To reduce computer core requirements, receptor arrays dimensioned by
500 were reduced to the number of receptors in each respective data base.
For the Westvaco data base only, TRC modified PLUMES to accept hourly
values of emission rate, stack exit velocity, and stack exit temperature.
Several changes were made to adapt PLUMES to the Cinder Cone Butte data
base. Code was added to skip the reading of station identifiers on the disk
file containing meteorological data and to read the meteorological data one
hour at a time. The DO loops on days and hours were merged into a single loop
to handle the non-sequential nature of the Cinder Cone Butte experiment
hours. Daily and annual average output were skipped. Plume rise was set
equal to zero. TRC also modified the model so that only the source with a
source number equal to the consecutive hour number has an impact on calculated
concentrations (See Section 2.1).
-7-
-------
3.2 PLUMES: Input Options and Variables
Variable Name
Input Value
Description
CONVRT (PLUMES
ISTAT
MST
DTHDZ
THICK
SIGMAF
LAT
LONG
ZONE
NCCOFF
PLUMES :
IUR
BKGRD
I GRID
ICIRC
IATOB
I PLUME
ISGFLG
MODFLG
Westvaco
preprocessor) :
2
1
0.01
800.
1
39.5
79.3
5
0
1
l.E-30
0
0
1
0
1
1
CCB
2
1
0.01
NA
1
43.0
115.5
7
NA
1
l.E-30
0
0
1
0
1
1
Stability classified by aA.
Modify unstable stability at night
as a function of wind speed.
Default value for change of
potential temperature with height
through stable layer.
Default value for the thickness of
stable layer.
Default multiplier for sigma value.
Latitude of surface station.
longitude of surface station.
Standard time zone.
NCC mixing height data used.
RURAL1 mixing heights used.
Background concentration in wg/m3.
Do not use receptor grid.
Do not generate receptors usi:
radial rings.
Changes Class A stability to Class B
No hourly plume rise input.
"nitial plume expansion allowed.
Pasquill modification to t
WINDHT
MSLFLG
crosswind spread of plumes due to
vertical wind directional shear
allowed.
189.7
10.
NA
Wind speed
(meters).
measurement
height
Mixing heights are above ground level.
—. ft—»
-------
3.3 TRC Changes to PLUMES Code for Cinder Cone Butte
General: Receptor array arguments reduced from 500 to 94 to reduce
core requirements. The number of point source locations
was raised from 10 to 111, while the number of release
heights per location was reduced from 15 to 1. One source
per hour of simulation. Mixing height set to 9999 meters.
Line Number
1-13
26-28, 523-524
47-60
84
117-119, 138-139
145-146, 1402-1403
150-151
178-180, 480-481, 485-486
521-522
552-554
628-636, 723, 728-730
651-652
656-672
694-714
766-769, 857
Description of Modification
Comments.
Define TRC COMMON block.
Initialize I/O units. Define
work file. Check data base ID.
Change loop on sources from 10
to 111.
Skip section which reads station
identifiers from meteorlogical
data file.
Change maximum number of sources
allowed.
Change maximum number of heights
per source.
Change write statement.
Dimension TRC variables.
Reduce maximum number of
receptors allowed from 500 to 94.
Change the day and hour loops
since CCB data is not in 24 hour
groups.
Change unit number for input of
meteorological data.
Read in the meteorological data,
one hour at a time.
Change write statement and
format for output of
meteorological data.
Separate the loops on source
location and release h
-9-
-------
-3 Tin: changes to PLUMES Code for Cinder Cone Butte
(Continued)
!'*»,*'/1ii"Mi'lt o^ Modification
//U--//J, &8y-89J Ignore sources other than the
one which corresponds to the
hour of simulation.
1211-1220 Write to the work file.
1222-1226 Skip output of daily and annual
averages.
1855-1857 Set plume rise to zero.
3.4 TRC Changes to PLUMES Code for Westvaco
General: Receptor array arguments reduced from 500 to 11 to reduce
core requirements.
Line Number Description of Modification
1-5 Comments.
18-20, 515-517 Define TRC common block.
39-60 Initialize I/O units. Define
work file. Check data base ID.
119-123, 638-642 Change unit number for input of
meteorological data.
511-514 Dimension TRC variables.
545-549 Change maximum number of
receptors allowed from 500 to 11.
691-700 Read and print the hourly point
source data.
1167-1173 Write to the work file.
-10-
-------
4.0 RTDM
4.1 Technical Modifications to RTDM
TRC made general and data base specific modifications to RTDM. For both
the Westvaco and Cinder Cone Butte data bases, code was added to write
calculated concentrations to a work file, and to read model input data on Unit
18 rather than Unit 5. Meteorological data is read from Unit 10 for Cinder
Cone Butte, and Units 10 and 11 for Westvaco, instead of Unit 7. For both
data bases, assignment of the PR005 parameter has been fixed to properly
correspond to wind profile exponents, not terrain factors.
Modifications specific to the Westvaco data base include reading hourly
source data from Unit 15, reading meteorological station identifiers from
Unit 10, and checking for hours with missing stability. Concentrations are
not calculated for the hours with missing stability.
For the Cinder Cone Butte data base, RTDM was modified to set plume rise
and wind profile exponents equal to zero, to set anemometer height equal to
release height, and to allow hours which are out of sequence. TRC modified
RTDM so that only one source contributes to the calculated concentration in
any given hour (See Section 2.1).
-11-
-------
4.2 RTDM; input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone Butte
Variable Name Input Value
ZWIND1 Release height
ZWIND2 Not used
IDILUT 0
EXPON
ICOEF
IPPP
I BUOY
IALPHA
IDMX
ITRANS
TERCOR
RVPTG
IHVPTG
ISHEAR
IEPS
IREFL
IHORIZ
0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.
1
3.162
0.5/0.5,0.5,
0.5,0.5,0.5
0.02, 0.035
ITIPD
IY
IZ
IRVPTG
0
1
1
0
Description
Anemometer height (m)
Wind speed at level 1 is used
for plume rise and transport
calculations.
Wind speed profile power law
exponents.
ASME (1979) stability-dependent
dispersion parameters.
No partial plume penetration.
Use buoyancy-enhanced dispersion.
Unlimited mixing height in
stable conditions.
Use transitional plume rise.
Plume path correction factors.
Default VPTG for stabilities 5
and 6.
No stack-tip downwash.
User-supplied ry.
User-supplied lz.
Default VPTG for plume rise
calculations.
User-supplied VPTG for
calculations.
Wind direction shear is not used
in Oy computation.
No hourly wind profile exponents.
Use partial reflection algorithm.
Off-centerline horizontal dis-
tribution function.
IEMIS
Use constant emission rate.
-------
4.3 RTDM; Input Options and Variables for Westvaco
Variable Name Input Value
ZWIND1 30.
ZWIND2
IDILUT
ZA
EXPON
ICOEF
IPPP
I BUOY
IALPHA
IDMX
ITRANS
TERCOR
RVPTG
IHVPTG
ISHEAR
Not used
0
179.6
0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.
1
3.162
0.5,0.5,0.5,
0.5,0.5,0.5
0.02, 0.035
ITIPD
IY
IZ
IRVPTG
1
1
1
1
Description
Anemometer height (m) above ZA,
for plume rise.
Anemometer height for transport.
Wind speed at level 1
extrapolated to stack top for
plume rise calculations and to
plume height for transport
calculations.
Height above stack base where
the wind profile originates.
Wind speed profile power law
exponents.
ASME (1979) stability-dependent
dispersion parameters.
No partial plume penetration.
Use buoyancy-enhanced dispersion.
Unlimited mixing
stable conditions.
height in
Use transitional plume rise.
Plume path correction factors.
Default VPTG for stabilities 5
and 6.
Use stack-tip downwash.
User-supplied Iy.
User-supplied Iz.
User-supplied VPTG for plume
rise calculations.
User-supplied VPTG for HCrit
calculations.
Wind direction shear is used in
O computation.
-13-
-------
4.3 RTDM; input Options and Variables for Westvaco
(Continued)
Variable Name Input Value
I EPS
IREFL
IHORIZ
IEMIS
Description
User-supplied hourly
profile exponents.
wind
Use partial reflection algorithm.
Off-centerline horizontal dis-
tribution function.
User-supplied hourly emission
rate.
4.4 TRC Changes to RTDM for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number
1-4
21
22-32
33-41
474-475
1177-1178
1365-1367, 1695-1696
1436-1448, 1452-1453
1463-1464
1510-1514, 1546-1547,
1549-1550, 1583-1586
1697-1698
1712-1717
1738-1734
1759, 1763
1836, 1850-1856
Description of Modification
Comments.
Define work file.
Check data base ID.
Read and print the experiment
hours being modeled.
PR005 should read wind profile
exponents, not terrain factors.
Change requested by ERT.
Define TRC common block.
Read meteorological data.
Allow hours which are out of
sequence.
Change output formats.
Dimension TRC variables.
Allow source contribution from
only one source per hour.
Set wind profile exponents equal
to zeco and wind measurement
height equal to release height.
Set plume rise equal to zero.
Write fco the work file.
-14-
-------
.5 TRC Changes to RTDM for Westvaco
Line Number
1-4
21
22-34
35-36
471-472
1175-1176
1365-1374, 1736-1739
2891
1443-1475, 1479,
1485-1486
1480-1484, 1742-1748,
2897-2902
1491-1507
1610-1618, 1624-1627
1871-1874, 1887-1893
Description of Modification
Comments.
Define work file.
Check data base ID.
Read station identifiers from
meteorological data file.
PR005 should be reading wind
profile exponents, not terrain
factors.
Change requested by ERT.
Define TRC common block.
Dimension TRC variables.
Read meteorological data from
two files.
Flag hours with missing
stability.
Read point source data file.
Change error message formats.
Write to work file.
-15-
-------
5.0 SHORTZ
5. 1 Technical Modifications to SHORTZ
The SHORTZ model was modified to accept input data from a disk file, and
to write calculated concentrations to a work file for subsequent statistical
analysis. For the Westvaco data base run, an hour counter and an alternate
output format for the time period in question were added. Modifications
specific to the Cinder cone Butte data base include setting plume rise equal
to zero, adding an array to hold calculated concentrations, and allowing the
maximum number of hours in a case to equal 111.
5.2 SHORTZ: Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone Butte
Variable Name
ISW(7)
ISW(9)
ISWU7)
G
ZR
GAMMA1
GAMMA2
XRY
DECAY
HA
Input Value
1
0
9.80
9.99
0.60
0.66
50.
0.
99.9
Description
Terrain elevation data are
input.
Wind speed is not terrain
following.
Rural option.
Acceleration
(m/S2).
of
gravity
Wind speed measurement height
(m).
Entrainment coefficient for
unstable atmosphere.
Entrainment coefficient for
stable atmosphere.
Distance (m) over which
rectilinear expansion occurs
downwind of source.
No pollutant loss.
Elevation (m) of
weather station.
base of
-16-
-------
5.3 SHORTZ: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco
Variable Name
ISW(7)
ISW(9)
ISWU7)
G
ZR
GAMMA1
GAMMA2
XRY
DECAY
HA
Input Value
1
0
0
9.80
30.0
0.60
0.66
50.
0.
467.6
Description
elevation
Terrain
input.
Wind speed
following.
Rural option.
Acceleration
(m/s2).
data are
is not terrain
of
gravity
Wind speed measurement height
(m).
Entrainment coefficient for
unstable atmosphere.
Entrainment coefficient for
stable atmosphere.
Distance (m) over which
rectilinear expansion occurs
downwind of source.
No pollutant loss.
Elevation (m) of
weather station.
base of
-17-
-------
5.4 TRC Changes to SHORTZ for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number
2-14, 118-135
26-55, 656-684
86-94
98-114
136-171
202-210
232
1194-1199
1211
1483-1488
1797-1802
1812-1834
5.5 TRC Changes to SHORTZ for Westvaco
Line Number
2-14, 118-135
26-55, 656-684, 2043-2048
86-94, 154
98-114
136-171
202-210
1795-1817
1875-1876
2120-2125
Description of Modification
Comments.
Define TRC COMMON block EVAL.
Initialize I/O units.
Define work file.
Check data base ID.
Set TRC variable NMON»NXXYY.
Set MKQ-111, maximum number of
hours.
Zero the TRCONC array each hour.
Let maximum number of hours =
111.
Set plume rise equal to zero.
Put calculated concentrations
into array TRCONC.
Write to the work file.
Description of Modification
Comments.
Define TRC COMMON block EVAL.
Initialize I/O units.
Define work file.
Check data base ID.
Set TRC variable NMON-NXXYY.
Write to work file.
Set hour counter IHRTRC.
Change the output hour format.
-18-
-------
6.0 4141
6.1 Technical Modifications to 4141
Modifications to 4141 are the same as for COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II.
6.2 4141: Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone Butte
Variable Name
MODEL
lOPT(l)
IOPT(2)
IOPT(3)
IOPT(4)
HANE
PL
HAFL
Input Value
4141
1
1
0
1
0.9
0. ,0. ,0.,0.,0.,0.
0.
Description
Select 4141 Model Option.
Sets CONTER = 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,
0.25,0.25.
Sets IOPT(4) = 1.
Sets IOPT(1) * 1.
Use terrain adjustments.
No stack downwash.
Gradual plume rise.
Calculate initial plume size.
Anemometer height in meters.
Wind speed profile power law
exponents.
No pollutant loss.
-19-
-------
6.3 4141: Input Options and Variables for Westvaco
Variable Name
MODEL
IOPT(1)
IOPT(2)
IOPT(3)
IOPT(4)
HANE
PL
HAFL
Input Value
4141
1
1
0
1
189.7
0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.
0.
Description
Select 4141 Model Option.
Sets COMTEK - 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,
0.25,0.25.
Sets IOPT{4) * 1.
Sets IOPT(1) « 1.
Use terrain adjustments.
No stack downwash.
Gradual plume rise.
Calculate initial plume size.
Anemometer height in meters.
Wind speed profile power law
exponents.
No pollutant loss.
-20-
-------
6.4 TRC Changes to 4141 for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number
1-2, 82-85, 185-188
304-306
325-329
404-409, 421-430
689-692
899-902
1015-1018, 1597-1599
1019-1028
1645-1647
1729-1731
1761-1762
Description of Modification
Comments.
Dimension TRC variables.
Define work file.
Initialize I/O units and hour
counter. Check data base ID.
Do not read
identifiers.
met
station
Increment the TRC hour counter.
Transfer TRC hour counter to
subroutine PTR.
Write to hourly work file.
Ignore sources other than the
one which corresponds to the
hour of simulation.
Set distance to final plume rise
equal to zero.
Allow for stack
equal to ambient.
temperature
-21-
-------
6.5 TRC Changes to 4141 for Westvaco
Line Number
1-3, 83-86, 186-189
305-307
326-331
406-410, 423-434
848-853, 858-860, 865-867,
872-879, 882-884, 1033-1035
926-936
1036-1047
1054-1064
Description of Modification
Comments.
Dimension TRC variables.
Define work file.
Initialize I/O units. check
data base ID.
Changes to accommodate data
from two calendar years.
Flag missing stability data.
Read in hourly source data.
Write to work file.
-22-
-------
7.0 COMPLEX/PFM
7.1 Technical Modifications to COMPLEX/PFM
The technical modifications to COMPLEX/PFM consist of the same changes made
to COMPLEX-I and COMPLEX-II, plus several alterations specific to COMPLEX/PFM.
For both the Westvaco and Cinder Cone Butte data bases, COMPLEX/PFM was modified
to read receptor data from a unique disk file. Also, array sizes were reduced
in accordance with data base requirements in order to reduce the need for computer
core storage.
Some modifications were needed only for the Cinder Cone Butte data base.
These include reading the potentially non-sequential list of experiment hours to
be modeled; reading hourly values of critical streamline height (Hcrit)and Froude
number from a disk file; and accounting for the absence of vertical wind and
temperature profiles in the Cinder Cone Butte input data set.
-23-
-------
7.2 COMPLEX/PFM; Input Options and Variables for Cinder Cone Butte
Variable Name
IOPT(1)
IOPT(2)
IOPT(3)
IOPT(4)
IOPT(25)
IOPT(26)
HANE
PL
CONTER
ZMIN
HAFL
Input Value
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.90
0.,0.,0.,0.,0. ,0.
0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.,0.
10.
0.
Description
Use terrain adjustments.
No stack downwash.
No gradual plume rise.
Calculate initial plume size.
Use complex terrain option.
Long-term PFM option.
Anemometer height in meters.
Wind profile power law exponents.
Terrain adjustment factors.
Distance limit for plume centerline
from ground.
No pollutant loss.
7.3 COMPLEX/PFM; Input Options and Variables for Westvaco
Variable Name
IOPT(1)
IOPT(2)
IOPT(3)
IOPT(4)
IOPT(25)
IOPT(26)
HANE
PL
CONTER
ZMIN
HAFL
Input Value Description
1 Use terrain adjustments.
0 Use stack downwash.
1 No gradual plume rise.
1 Calculate initial plume size.
1 Use complex terrain option.
1 Long-term PFM option.
189.7 Anemometer height in meters.
.10,.15,.20,.25,.25,.25 Wind profile power law exponents.
0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.,0. Terrain adjustment factors.
10. Distance limit for plume centerline
0.
from ground.
No pollutant loss.
-2:4-
-------
7.4 TRC Changes to COMPLEX/PFM for Cinder Cone Butte
Line Number
1-18, 183-186, 314-316, 373-374,
429-430, 602, 2322, 4141-4142,
5960-5961.
453-455, 2323-2327, 5495-5497
458-460
484-489
569-573, 4172-4175
582-587
604-625
920-923, 1258-1264, 1298-1299
1141-1147
1318-1328
1887
2423-2426
5549-5552, 5581-5584, 5856-5858
5607-5612
5714-5716, 5747-5748
6005-6010
Description of Modification
Comments.
TRC common block definition .
Dimension TRC variables.
Define work file.
Change the maximum number of
receptors from 180 to 99 to reduce
core requirements.
I/O device initialization.
Read and verify data base and work
file identifiers. Read in the
experiment hours to be modeled.
Modifications to account for the
absence of wind and temperature
profiles.
Read Hcrit and Froude number from
TRC disk file.
Write calculated concentrations to
work file.
Write format change.
t
Print Hcrit and Froude number.
Do not call subroutines which calculate
Hcrit and Froude number.
Allow source contributions from only
one source per hour.
Allow for ambient temperature identical
to stack temperature.
Change format and input unit of
statements which read receptor data.
-25-
-------
7.5 TRC Changes to COMPLEX/PFM for Westvaco
Line Number Description of Modification
1-11, 176-179, 307-309, 366-367 Comments.
422-423, 592, 5933-5934
448-450 Dimension TRC variables.
474-479 Define files.
559-563, 4166-4169 Change maximum number of receptors
allowed from 180 to 15 to reduce
computer core requirements.
572-577 Device initializations.
594-605 Read and verify data base and Work
file identifiers.
1064-1068, 1073-1075, 1080-1082, Changes to accommodate data from
1087-1094, 1098-1100, 1297-1298 twd calendar years.
1142-1152 Check for missing stability. Set
calculated concentration to missing.
1299-1311, 5659-5663 Read hourly point source data.
1318-1329 Write calculated concentrations to
the work file.
5978-5983 Change format of statements which
read receptor data.
-26-
-------
8.0 IMPACT
8.1 Technical Modifications to IMPACT
TRC inserted additional codes within specific sections of the IMPACT
model to produce the following two results:
i) Identify and write to the output work file those 1-hour average
surface level concentrations for calls corresponding to monitor
sites. These changes were included for both the Westvaco and
Cinder Cone Butte versions of the model.
ii) Redimension arrays in the COMMON block TREFOR to accommodate the
number of cells utilized in the X-, Y-, and Z- directions for
each data base. In the case of Westvaco, the number of cells are
13, 15, and 20, respectively, with corresponding cell dimensions
of 200, 200, and 60.96m. In the case of Cinder Cone Butte, the
number of cells are 36, 45 and jWi" respectively, with correspond-
ing cell dimensions of 50m, SOmfand 10m.
*6
The IMPACT model allows for a maximum of 40 cells in the "X-" direction.
The actual grid developed by TRC for Cinder Cone Butte contains 45 cells in the
East-West direction. In order to avoid additional code revisions,the grid was
rotated 90° counter-clockwise. There are now 36 cells in the X- direction
(north-south) and 45 cells in the Y- direction (east-west).
Another modification to the IMPACT model was required for the Cinder Cone
Butte application. The minimum time step, DTMIN (specified in a Data statement
a£~
located in subroutine DIFFUS), was reduced from 3.6 seconds to J^T seconds. This
change allows the model to calculate a time step appropriate for the small grid
spacing defined for Cinder Cone Butte.
-27-