'Jr.iteti States	Office of Air Quality	EPA-450/4-84-028
Environmentai p:c;sc:;on Planning ?nd Standards	December 1984
Agency	Research Triangle Park NC 2771 I
SEFPk National
Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates,
1940-1983

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EPA-450/4-84-028
National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940-1983
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
December 1 984

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This report is published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to report information of general
interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Library Services
Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or,
for a fee, from the National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-84-028
ii

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ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air pollutant emissions for the six major pollutants:
particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and lead.
Estimates are presented for each year from 1940 through 1983. Emission estimates are broken down
according to major classifications of air pollution sources. A short analysis of trends is given, along with a
discussion of methods used to develop the data.

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CONTENTS
Section Page
LIST OF TABLES	vi i
1.	SUMMARY		1
2.	NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1983		3
2.1	Particulates			3
2.2	Sulfur Oxi des		3
2.3	Nitrogen Oxides		4
2.4	Volatile Organic Compounds. ............	4
2.5	Carbon Monoxide 		4
2.6	Lead		5
3.	METHODS	33
3.1	Transportation	34
3.1.1	Motor Vehicles	34
3.1.2	Aircraft	35
3.1.3	Railroads	35
3.1.4	Vessels	35
3.1.5	Nonhi ghway Use of Motor Fuels	35
3.2	Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 		35
3.2.1	Coal	35
3.2.2	Fuel Oil	36
3.2.3	Natural Gas	36
3.2.4	Other Fuels	36
3.3	Industrial Processes	36
3.3.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 		37
3.4	Solid Waste Disposal	37
3.5	Miscellaneous Sources 		37
3.5.1	Forest Fi res	37
3.5.2	Agricultural Burning	38
3.5.3	Coal Refuse Burning	38
3.5.4	Structural Fires 			 .	38
3.5.5	Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use	38
v

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CONTENTS (continued)
Page
4.	ANALYSIS OF TRENDS	39
4.1	Particulates	40
4.2	Sulfur Oxides	42
4.3	Nitrogen Oxides	43
4.4	Volatile Organic Compounds	44
4.5	Carbon Monoxide	45
4.6	Lead	46
5.	REFERENCES	49
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT 		53

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LIST OF TABLES
Table	Page
1.	Summary of National Emission Estimates		2
2.	Summary of Estimated Particulate Emissions, 1940-1970 		6
3.	Summary of Estimated Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970		7
4.	Summary of Estimated Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970. ...	8
5.	Summary of Estimated Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions, 1940-1970		9
6.	Summary of Estimated Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1940-1970 ...	10
7.	National Estimates of Particulate Emissions, 1970-1983		11
8.	National Estimates of Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1970-1983 ....	12
9.	National Estimates of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1970-1983 ...	13
10.	National Estimates of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1970-1983 		14
11.	National Estimates of Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970-1983. . .	15
12.	National Estimates of Lead Emissions, 1970-1983 		16
13.	Particulate Emissions from Transportation 		17
14.	Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Transportation	18
15.	Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Transportation	19
16.	Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Transportation ....	20
17.	Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Transportation 		21
18.	Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion	22
19.	Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 		23
20.	Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 		24
21.	Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Fuel Combustion. ...	25
22.	Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion	26
vi i

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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table	Page
23.	Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes 		27
24.	Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes	28
25.	Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes	29
26.	Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Industrial
Processes	30
27.	Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 			31
28.	Lead Emissions from Industrial Processes	32
29.	Theoretical 1983 National Emission Estimates with 1970
Level of Control	48
vi i i

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NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION ESTIMATES
1940-1983
1. SUMMARY
The primary objectives of this publication are to provide current
estimates of nationwide emissions for six major pollutants: particu-
late matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SO?), nitrogen oxides (NOv), volatile
organic compounds (V0C), carbon monoxide (CO) and lead (Pb). Esti-
mates are presented for 1940, 1950, and 1960 to give an historical
perspective of national air pollutant emissions, and for 1970 through
1983 as an indication of recent trends. These data entirely replace
those published earlier for 1940-1982 in EPA report National Air
Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1982 (EPA-450/4-83-024). Because
of modifications in methodology and use of more refined emission
factors, data from this report should not be compared with data in
the earlier report.
Reporting of emissions on a nationwide basis, while useful as a
general indicator of pollutant levels, has definite limitations.
National totals or averages are not the best guide for estimating
trends for particular localities. Vet, it is important that some
criteria be established for measurement of national progress in the
control of air pollutant emissions. The emission estimates presented
herein represent calculated estimates based on standard emission in-
ventory procedures. Since these data are estimates only and do not
represent the results of any program for the measurement of actual
emissions, their accuracy is somewhat limited. Similarly, it would
not necessarily be expected that these emission estimates would be in
agreement with emission estimates derived through a different emission
inventory procedure. The principal objective of compiling these data
is to identify probable overall changes in emissions on a national
scale. It should be recognized that these estimated national trends
in emissions may not be representative of local trends in emissions
or ai r quali ty.
1

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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
Units of	Sulfur Nitrogen Volatile Carbon
Measurement	Year Particulates Oxides Oxides Organics Monoxide Lead
PM, SO? NOXt VOC, CO:
Teragrams/Year
1940
22.4
18.0
6.7
17.7
79.4
NA
(106 metric tons/year)
1950
24.2
20.3
9.3
20.3
84.8
NA

1960
20.9
20.0
12.8
23.3
87.5
NA
Lead (Pb):
1970
18.0
28.2
18.1
27.0
98.3
203.
1971
16.7
26.8
18.5
26.3
96.3
220.
Gigagrams/Year
1972
15.0
27.4
19.7
26.3
93.8
231.
(103 metric ton/year)
1973
13.9
28.7
20.2
25.7
89.5
202.

1974
12.2
27.0
19.6
24.1
84.6
162.

1975
10.3
25.6
19.1
22.7
80.5
147.

1976
9.6
26.2
20.3
23.8
85.3
153.

1977
9.0
26.3
20.9
23.6
81.1
141.

1978
8.9
24.5
21.0
24.2
80.6
127.

1979
8.8
24.5
21.1
23.5
77.4
108.

1980
8.3
23.2
20.3
22.3
75.0
70.

1981
7.7
22.3
20.5
21.0
72.3
55.

1982
6.8
21.3
19.6
19.4
66.1
54.

1983
6.9
20.8
19.4
19.9
67.6
46.
PM, SO?, N0X, VOC, CO:







(106 short tons/year)
1940
24.7
19.8
7.4
19.5
87.5
NA

1950
26.7
22.4
10.3
22.4
93.5
NA
Lead (Pb):
1960
23.0
22.0
14.1
25.7
96.5
NA
1970
19.8
31.1
20.0
29.8
108.4
224.
(103 short ton/year)
1971
18.4
29.5
20.4
29.0
106.2
243.

1972
16.5
30.2
21.7
29.0
103.4
255.

1973
15.3
31.6
22.3
28.3
98.7
223.

1974
13.4
29.8
21.6
26.6
93.3
178.

1975
11.4
28.2
21.1
25.0
88.7
162.

1976
10.6
28.9
22.4
26.2
94.0
168.

1977
9.9
29.0
23.0
26.0
89.4
155.

1978
9.8
27.0
23.1
26.7
88.8
141.

1979
9.7
27.0
23.3
25.9
85.3
119.

1980
9.1
25.6
22.4
24.6
82.7
77.

1981
8.5
24.6
22.6
23.1
79.7
61.

1982
7.5
23.5
21.6
21.4
72.9
60.

1983
7.6
22.9
21.4
21.9
74.5
51.
Change 1940-1983

-69%
+16%
+190%
+12%
-15%
NA
Change 1970-1983

-62%
-262
+7%
-26%
-31%
-77
Change 1975-1983

-33%
-19*
+2%
-12%
-16%
-68
2

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2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1983
Table 1 gives a summary of total national emission estimates for
1940-1983. Tables 2 through 12 present summaries for each year
according to the five major categories of sources: transportation,
stationary source fuel combustion, industrial processes, solid waste
disposal, and miscellaneous sources. More detailed breakdowns of
emissions for 1970 through 1983 are given in Tables 13 through 17 for
transportation, Tables 18 through 22 for stationary source fuel
combustion, and in Tables 23 through 28 for industrial processes.
The Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) are shown for each
process category in the industrial process tables. These designa-
tions are not intended to represent the complete emissions for all
SIC categories and serve only to identify and classify the industrial
process shown.
In all tables, data are reported in metric units, either as teragrams
(10*2 grams) or gigagrams (10^ grams) per year. One teragram equals
approximately 1.1 x 10^ short tons and one gigagram equals approxi-
mately 1.1 x 10^ short tons.
2.1	Particulates (PM)
Parti cul ate emi ssi ons result primarily from industrial processes
and from fuel combustion in stationary sources. For 1940 and 1950,
emissions from transportation (coal combustion by railroads) and
miscellaneous sources (forest fi res) were also si gni ficant. Emissions
from fuel combustion and industrial processes did not change sub-
stantially from 1940 to 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these
categories have been substantially reduced as the result of installa-
tion of air pollution control equipment. Particulate emissions from
transportation decreased substantially from 1940 to 1960 as the result
of the obsolescence of coal-burning railroad locomotives. From 1960
to 1983, particulates from transportation increased due to increased
travel by highway motor vehicles. Miscellaneous source emissions
decreased substantially from 1940 to 1970, primarily due to a major
reduction in the acreage burned by forest wildfires. Solid waste
emissions increased from 1940 to 1970, but declined substantially to
1983 as the result of air pollution regulations prohibiting or
limiting the burning of solid waste.
2.2	Sulfur Oxides (SO2)
Sulfur oxide emissions occur mostly from stationary source fuel
combustion and to some extent, from industrial processes. Sulfur
oxide emissions from combustion of coal by railroad locomotives were
also significant in 1940 and 1950. Emissions from solid waste dis-
posal and miscellaneous sources have always been minor. Emissions
from stationary source fuel combustion increased greatly from 1940 to
3

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From 1970 to 1983, emissions from fuel combustion have decreased
slightly. During this time period, fuel combustion, particularly of
sulfur-bearing coal and oil, continued to increase, but the average
sulfur contents of fuels decreased and a limited number of pollution
control systems (flue gas desulfurization) were installed. Emissions
from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970 reflecting
increased industrial production. From 1970 to 1983, industrial
process emissions decreased primarily due to control measures by
primary nonferrous smelters and sulfuric acid plants.
2.3	Nitrogen Oxides (N0X)
Nitrogen oxide emissions are produced largely by stationary source
fuel combustion and transportation sources. Emissions have steadily
increased over the period from 1940 to 1970 as the result of increased
fuel combustion. From 1970 to 1983, the size of the increase was
reduced somewhat by controls installed on highway motor vehicles and
to a lesser extent by controls on coal-fired electric utility boilers.
Since 1979, N0X emissions have actually decreased slightly. Nitrogen
oxide emissions by industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970,
but have remained about constant since then.
2.4	Volatile Organic Compounds (V0C)
The largest sources of V0C emissions are transportation sources and
industrial processes. Miscellaneous sources, primarily forest wild-
fires and non-industrial consumption of organic solvents, also contri-
bute significantly to total V0C emissions. Emissions from stationary
source fuel combustion and solid waste disposal are relatively small.
Transportation source emissions increased greatly from 1940 to 1970,
primarily as the result of increased travel by highway motor vehicles.
Since 1970, air pollution controls installed on motor vehicles have
been effective in reducing V0C emissions. Industrial process emis-
sions have increased through the late 70's, generally reflecting
increased levels of industrial production. Controls installed on
industrial processes since 1970 have had a modest effect in preventing
additional increases in V0C emissions. Since 1979, V0C emissions from
industrial processes have decreased. This reflects both the installa-
tion of controls and a lower level of industrial output during these
years. Emissions from stationary source combustion declined from
1940 through the mid-1970's and then increased to 1983, reflecting
primarily the trend in residential wood combustion.
2.5	Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Transportation sources are the largest emitters of carbon monoxide.
Major increases in emissions occurred from 1940 to 1970 as the result
of increased motor vehicle travel. From 1970 to 1983, transportation
emissions decreased as the result of highway vehicle emission controls,
4

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despite continued increases in highway vehicle travel. Emissions
from stationary source fuel combustion have declined from 1940
through the mid-1970*s and then increased slightly to 1983.
Prior to 1970, residential coal and wood combustion contributed
significantly to CO emissions. However, as residential use of coal
has been replaced by other fuels, residential emissions have declined.
Beginning in the late 1970's, residential combustion of wood has
increased, however, and as a result CO emissions from residential
fuel combustion increased. Carbon monoxide emissions from industrial
processes increased from 1940 to 1950 but have declined somewhat
since then. The decline is due largely to the obsolesence of a few
high-polluting industrial processes such as carbon black manufacture
by the channel process and limited installation of control equipment
on other processes. These factors have been significant enough to
offset growth in industrial production which would otherwise have
caused a net increase in emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from
solid waste disposal increased from 1940 to 1970, but have subse-
quently decl i ned as the result of air pollution control efforts.
Substantial emissions of carbon monoxide from forest fires occurred
in 1940. In later years, these emissions have been much smaller due
to improved fire prevention efforts and more effective suppression of
wildfi res.
2.6 Lead (Pb)
Lead emissions result primarily from transportation sources and
industrial processes. Emissions for lead were not computed before
1970 because of missing data, especially for transportation sources.
From 1970 to 1974, the transportation emissions varied based on the
amount of gasoline consumed and the average lead content. From 1975
to 1983, transportation emissions decreased as a result of the con-
version to unleaded gasoline. Emissions from industrial processes
have declined from 1970 to 1983 as the result of installation of air
pollution control equipment.
5

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TABLE 2
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF PARTICULATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
Transportation




Highway Vehicles
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.9
Ai rcraft
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Rail roads
2.4
1.7
0.1
0.1
Vessels
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
Other Off-Highway
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Transportation Total
2.7
2.1
0.7
1.2
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion




Electric Utilities
1.3
2.0
2.8
2.3
Industrial
3.3
2.7
1.7
1.6
Commercial Institutional
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
Residential
2.1
1.5
0.9
0.5
Fuel Combustion Total
7.1
6.7
5.5
4.5
Industrial Processes




Iron and Steel Mills
3.0
3.5
1.7
1.2
Primary Metal Smelting
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
Secondary metals
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Mineral Products
1.7
2.6
3.4
2.6
Chemicals
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
Petroleum Refining
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
Wood Products
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.6
Food and Agriculture
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
Mining Operations
1.3
3.4
4.1
3.9
Industrial Processes Total
8.4
12.3
12.0
10.1
Solid Waste Disposal




Inci neration
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
Open Burning
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
Sol id Waste Total
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.1
Miscellaneous




Forest Fires
2.9
1.7
1.0
0.7
Other Burning
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
Misc. Total
3.7
2.5
1.8
1.1
Total of Al1 Sources
22.4
24.2
20.9
18.0
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10® metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
6

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TABLE 3
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
Transportation




Highway Vehicles
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
Ai reraft
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Rail roads
2.7
2.0
0.2
0.1
Vessels
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Other Off-Highway
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Transportation Total
2.9
2.3
0.4
0.6
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion




Electric Utilities
2.2
4.1
8.4
15.8
Industrial
5.5
5.2
3.5
4.1
Commercial Institutional
1.0
1.7
1.0
0.9
Residential
2.3
1.9
1.1
0.5
Fuel Combustion Total
11.0
12.9
14.0
21.3
Industrial Processes




Primary Metal Smelting
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.6
Pulp Mills
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Chemi cals
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
Petroleum Refining
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.7
Iron & Steel
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.5
Secondary Metals
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Mineral Products
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
Natural Gas Processing
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
Industrial Processes Total
3.6
4.6
5.1
6.2
Solid Waste Disposal




Inci neration
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Open Burning
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Solid Waste Total
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Miscellaneous




Forest Fires
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other Burning
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
Misc. Total
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
Total of Al1 Sources
18.0
20.3
20.0
28.2
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^ grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10® short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
7

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TABLE 4
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
Transportation




Highway Vehicles
1.3
2.1
3.6
6.0
Ai reraft
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Rail roads
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.6
Vessels
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Other Off-Highway
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.8
Transportation Total
2.2
3.5
4.9
7.6
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
"



Electric Utilities
0.6
1.2
2.3
4.5
Industrial
2.2
2.9
3.7
3.9
Commercial Institutional
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
Residential
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
Fuel Combustion Total
3.3
4.7
6.7
9.1
Industrial Processes




Petroleum Refining
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Chemi cals
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
Iron and Steel Mills
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
Pulp Mil Is
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Mineral Products
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Industrial Processes Total
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
Solid Waste Disposal




Inci neration
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
Open Burning
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Solid Waste Total
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Mi seel 1aneous




Forest Fires
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
Other Burning
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
Misc. Total
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.3
Total of All Sources
6.7
9.3
12.8
18.1
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^ grams (10& metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
8

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TABLE 5
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Ai rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemi cals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production
and Marketing
Industrial Processes Total
Sol id Waste Disposal
Inci neration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Organic Solvent Use
Misc. Total
Total of Al1 Sources
NOTE: One teraqram equals 10*2 grams
1.1 x 10® short tons. A value
50,000 metric tons.
1940
1950
1960
1970
4.5
6.8
10.0
11.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
5.2
7.9
11.1
12.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.8
2.5
1.5
0.8
3.9
2.6
1.6
0.9
0.8
1.2
1.1
1.6
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.0
2.1
2.4
4.0
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.1
3.2
5.2
6.1
8.7
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.8
3.1
1.7
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.7
2.3
4.5
3.6
3.1
3.3
17.7
20.3
23.3
27.0
(10^ metric tons) or approximately
of zero indicates emissions of less than
9

-------
TABLE 6
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1940
.1950
1960
1970
Transportation




Highway Vehicles
22.0
33.1
46.5
62.7
Ai rcraft
0.0
0.8
1.6
0.9
Railroads
3.7
2.8
0.3
0.3
Vessels
0.2
0.2
0.6
1.1
Other Off-Highway
3.4
6.7
8.0
6.8
Transportation Total
29.3
43.6
57.0
71.8
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion




Electric Utilities
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
Industrial
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Commercial Institutional
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Residential
13.2
9.2
5.4
2.9
Fuel Combustion Total
13.7
9.9
6.1
3.9
Industrial Processes




Chemicals
3.8
5.3
3.6
3.1
Petroleum Refining
0.2
2.4
2.8
2.0
Iron and Steel Mills
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.6
Primary Metal Smelting
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.6
Secondary Metals
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.1
Pulp Mills
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
Industrial Processes Total
6.6
10.5
9.3
9.0
Solid Waste Disposal




Inci neration
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.7
Open Burning
1.3
1.8
2.6
3.7
Solid Waste Total
3.3
4.3
5.1
6.4
Mi seel 1aneous




Forest Fires
22.8
12.8
6.7
5.1
Other Burning
3.7
3.7
3.3
2.1
Misc. Total
26.5
16.5
10.0
7.2
Total of Al1 Sources
79.4
84.8
87.5
98.3
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
10

-------
TABLE 7
PARTICULATE




NATIONAL
EMISSION
ESTIMATES











(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)








Source Cateqory
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportation














Highway Vehicles
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Ai rcraft
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Railroads
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
Vessels
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other Off-Highway
0.1
0,1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Transportation Total
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion














Electric Utilities
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Industrial
1.6
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
Commercial Institutional
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Residential
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
Fuel Combustion Total
4.5
3.9
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
Industrial Processes
10.1
9.4
8.8
7.9
6.4
5.0
4.4
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.3
Solid Waste Disposal














Incineration
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Open burning
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Sol id Uaste Total
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Hi seel 1aneous














Forest Fires
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.8
Other burning
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Misc. Organic Solvent
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Hisc. Total
1.1
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.7
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.9
Total of All Sources
18.0
16.7
15.0
13.9
12.2
10.3
9.6
9.0
8.9
8.8
8.3
7.7
6.8
6.9
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams (10& metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 10& short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.

-------
TABLE 8
SULFUR OXIDE




NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)







Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
A1 rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
Transportation Total
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
15.8
4.1
0.9
0.5
15.5
3.5
0.9
0.4
15.8
3.5
0.9
0.3
17.2
3.3
0.9
0.3
16.6
3.1
0.8
0.3
16.6
2.7
0.7
0.3
17.1
2.7
0.8
0.3
17.2
2.8
0.8
0.3
15.8
2.7
0.8
0.3
16.0
2.6
0.6
0.2
15.5
2.4
0.7
0.2
14.7
2.3
0.6
0.2
14.2
2.3
0.6
0.2
14.0
2.1
0.5
0.2
Fuel Combustion Total
21.3
20.3
20.5
21.7
20.8
20.3
20.9
21.1
19.6
19.4
18.8
17.8
17.3
16.8
Industrial Processes
6.2
5.8
6.2
6.3
5.6
4.7
4.6
4.4
4.1
4.2
3.5
3.7
3.2
3.1
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sol Id Waste Total
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Misc. Total
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total of A11 Sources
28.2
26.8
27.4
28.7
27.0
25.6
26.2
26.3
24.5
24.5
23.2
22.3
21.3
20.8
NOTE: One teragram equals 1012 grams (10& metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 10*> short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.

-------
TABLE 9
NITROGEN OXIDE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/VEAR)
Source Category

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportat ion
Highway Vehicles
Ai rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway

6.0
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
6.4
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
7.1
0.1
0.7
• 0.1
0.9
7.5
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
7.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
7.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
7.4
0.1
0.7
0.1
1.0
7.6
0.1
0.7
0.1
1.0
7.6
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.1
7.4
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.1
7.2
0.1
0.8
0.1
1.0
7.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.9
7.0
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.9
7.0
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.9
Transportation Total

7.6
8.0
8.9
9.3
8.9
8.9
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.6
9.2
9.3
8.9
8.8
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
4.5
3.9
0.3
0.4
4.7
3.8
0.3
0.4
5.0
3.9
0.3
0.4
5.3
3.9
0.3
0.4
5.3
3.7
0.3
0,4
5.2
3.4
0.3
0.4
5.6
3.7
0.3
0.4
6.0
3.7
0.3
0.4
5.9
3.7
0.3
0.4
6.2
3.6
0.3
0.4
6.4
3.0
0.3
0.4
6.5
3.0
0.3
0.4
6.2
3.0
0.3
0.4
6.3
2.8
0.2
0.4
Fuel Combustion Total

9.1
9.2
9.6
9.9
9.7
9.3
10.0
10.4
10.3
10.5
10.1
10.2
9.9
9.7
Industrial Processes

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning

0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
Sol id Waste Total

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent

0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
Misc. Total

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
Total of Al1 Sources

18.1
18.5
19.7
20.2
19.6
19.1
20.3
20.9
21.0
21.1
20.3
20.5
19.6
19.4
NOTE: One teragram equals
than 50,000 metric
1012 grams
tons.
(10^ metric tons) or
approximately 1,
.1 x 10® short tons
. A
value of
zero indicates
emissions
of less


-------
TABLE 10
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TEKAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportation







8.7





6.0
Highway Vehicles
11.1
10.9
10.8
10.2
9.2
9.0
9.1
8.5
7.6
6.9
6.7
6.2
Aircraft
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Railroads
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Vessels
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Other Off-Highway
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
Transportation Total
12.3
12.2
12.1
11.5
10,5
10.3
10.4
10.0
9.8
8.9
8.2
8.0
7.5
7.2
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion














Electric Utilities
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Industrial
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Commercial Institutional
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Residential
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
Fuel Combustion Total
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.1
Industrial Processes
8.7
8.4
9.1
9.4
9.0
8.1
8.7
9.0
9.6
9.5
8.9
8.0
7.1
7.5
Solid Waste Disposal














Incineration
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Open Burning
1.3
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Solid Haste Total
1.8
1.5
l.l
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Miscellaneous














Forest Fires
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.8
Other burning
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Misc. Organic Solvent
J?-3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
Misc. Total
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.5
2.9
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.5
2.2
2.5
Total of All Sources
27.0
26.3
26.3
25.7
24.1
22.7
23.8
23.6
24.2
23.5
22.3
21.0
19.4
19.9
NOTE; One teragram equals 1012 grams
(106 metric tons) or approximately 1.1
x 106 short tons
. A
value of
zero indicates
emissions
of less

than 50,000 metric tons.















-------
TABLE 11
CARBON MONOXIDE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportat ion














Highway Vehicles
62.7
61.7
62.3
59.7
55.1
54.2
56.4
53.4
52.8
48.7
45.3
44.2
41.1
41.2
Ai rcraft
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Railroads
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Vessels
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Other Off-Highway
6.8
6.5
6.3
6.2
5.6
5.3
5.3
5.1
4.8
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.4
3.9
Transportation Total
71.8
70.5
71.1
68.3
63.2
62.0
64.3
61.1
60.4
55.9
52.7
51.6
48.1
47.7
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion














• Electric Utilities
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Industrial
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Commercial Institutional
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Residential
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.8
4.5
5.2
5.3
5.7
6.0
Fuel Combustion Total
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.7
4.1
4.4
4.9
5.6
6.2
6.3
6.7
7.0
Industrial Processes
9.0
8.7
8.4
8.5
8.1
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.1
6.3
5.9
4.4
4.6
Solid Uaste Disposal














Inci neration
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
Open Burning
3.7
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
Solid Waste Total
6.4
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
Miscellaneous














Forest Fires
5.1
6.7
5.2
4.5
5.6
4.0
6.4
5.1
5.0
5.8
6.9
5.8
4.3
5.7
Other burning
2.1
1.7
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
Misc. Organic Solvent
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Misc. Total
7.2
8.4
6.4
5.5
6.4
4.8
7.1
5.8
5.7
6.5
7.6
6.4
4.9
6.3
Total of Al1 Sources
98.3
96.3
93.8
89.5
84.6
80.5
85.3
81.1
80.6
77.4
75.0
72.3
66.1
67.6
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grans
(10& metric tons) or
approximately 1.1
x 106 short tons
. A
value of
zero indicates
emissions
of less

than 50,000 metric tons.















-------





TABLE
12




«







LEAD
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)







Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
156.0
7.6
174.8
7.8
190.4
7.6
166.0
6.3
129.6
4.7
118.1
4.5
127.5
4.9
119.5
4.7
108.2
4.2
90.8
3.8
56.4
3.0
43.9
2.5
44.4
2.5
38.7
2.0
Transportation Total
163.6
182.6
198,0
172.3
134.3
122.6
132.4
124.2
112.4
94.6
59.4
46.4
46.9
40.7
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
(7i Commercial Institutional
Residential
0.3
9.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
9.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
8.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
7.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.1
4.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
2.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.0
_0.0
Fuel Combustion Total
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.3
8.3
7.2
6.1
4.9
3.9
2.8
1.7
0.6
Industrial Processes
23.9
22.5
18.6
15.6
13.3
10.3
8.1
5.7
5.4
5.2
3.6
3.0
2.7
2.5
Solid Waste Disposal
6.7
6.2
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.8
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.7
3.7
3.1
3.1
Total of All Sources
203.8
220.8
231.7
202.7
162.1
147.0
153.1
141.2
127.9
108.7
70.6
55.9
54.4
46.9
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 * 103 short tons).

-------
TABLE 13
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION




(G1GAGRAMS/YEAR)








Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
610
80
20
60
4
640
90
20
50
5
670
100
30
60
6
690
100
30
60
7
670
100
30
50
8
680
100
30
50
8
680
100
40
60
8
670
100
50
60
8
670
90
60
60
8
620
90
70
60
8
570
90
70
60
7
540
90
70
60
5
560
80
70
50
4
550
90
60
50
4
Total - Gasoline
770
810
870
890
860
870
890
890
890
850
800
770
760
750
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
0
0
130
0
0
140
0
0
160
0
0
170
0
0
180
1
0
180
1
0
190
1
0
200
2
1
210
5
1
230
9
3
250
10
5
280
20
5
270
20
7
280
Total- Diesel
130
140
160
170
180
180
190
200
210
230
260
300
290
310
Highway Vehicle Total
900
950
1,020
1,060
1,040
1,050
1,080
1,090
1,100
1,070
1,050 1
,070
1,050
1,060
Aircraft
100
90
90
70
80
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
80
Railroads
60
60
60
60
60
50
50
50
50
60
50
50
50
40
Vessels
40
30
30
30
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
Farm Machinery
40
40
50
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
60
60
60
60
Construction Machinery
10
10
20
20
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Industrial Machinery
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
Other Off-highway Vehicles
4
4
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Transportation Total
1,170
1,200
1,290
1,300
1,290
1,290
1,320
1 ,350
1,370
1,350
1,300 1
,320
1,300
1,300
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^
to independent rounding.
grams or 10^ metric
tons (1.
1 x 103 short tons). Total may
di f fer
sl ightly
from summary table
value
due


-------
TABLE 14



SULFUR
OXIDE
EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)






Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
120
20
6
10
0
120
20
6
10
0
130
20
7
20
0
130
30
8
10
0
130
30
8
10
0
130
30
9
10
0
140
30
10
10
1
150
30
10
10
1
150
30
20
10
1
150
30
20
10
1
140
30
20
10
1
140
30
20
10
0
150
30
20
10
0
160
30
20
10
0
Total - Gasoline
160
160
180
180
180
180
190
200
210
210
200
200
210
220
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
0
0
100
0
0
no
0
0
130
0
0
140
0
0
140
0
0
140
0
0
150
1
0
160
1
0
170
3
1
180
5
2
200
10
3
220
10
3
210
10
4
220
Total - Diesel
100
no
130
140
140
140
150
160
170
180
210
230
220
230
Highway Vehicle Total
260
280
300
320
320
320
350
360
380
390
420
450
440
450
Ai rcraft
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Railroads
130
110
120
120
120
110
120
120
110
120
120
110
no
100
Vessel s
150
130
120
140
140
140
160
180
210
250
270
250
200
180
Farm Machinery
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
50
40
40
40
40
Construction Machinery
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Industrial Machinery
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
20
20
20
10
10
Other Off-highway Vehicles
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Transportation Total
610
590
620
660
660
650
720
760
800
860
900
900
830
810
NOTE: One giyagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to
to independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 15



NITROGEN OXIDE
EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)






Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Highway Vehicles
GasolIne-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
3,890
490
210
440
3
4,190
550
220
430
4
4,510
630
270
480
5
4,710
650
300
470
6
4,370
610
300
460
7
4,370
600
310
430
7
4,410
640
380
440
6
4,410
660
450
420
7
4,360
650
510
410
7
3,960
640
530
380
10
3,660
640
520
360
10
3,490
690
570
350
10
3,470
640
510
300
10
3,380
660
510
290
10
Total- Gasoline
5,030
5,390
5,890
6,140
5,750
5,720
5,880
5,950
5,940
5,520
5,190
5,110
4,930
4,850
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
0
0
950
0
0
1,050
0
0
1,220
0
0
1,340
0
0
1,390
1
0
1,410
1
0
1,520
2
0
1,620
3
1
1,710
8
2
1,840
10
6
2,020
20
10
2,230
30
10
2,080
30
10
2,090
Total - Diesel
950
1,050
1,220
1,340
1,390
1,410
1,520
1,620
1,710
1,850
2,040
2,260
2,120
2,130
Highway Vehicle Total
5,990
6,440
7,110
7,480
7.140
7,120
7,410
7,570
7,650
7,380
7,230
7,370
7,040
6,980
A1 rcraft
no
no
100
100
100
100
100
100
110
120
110
no
no
no
Railroads
640
620
690
730
730
660
690
700
710
750
750
710
660
650
Vessels
90
100
100
120
110
120
130
150
170
180
150
190
160
150
Farm Machinery
400
410
430
410
440
430
490
510
540
560
460
480
470
440
Construction Machinery
180
190
200
220
190
190
210
250
260
230
230
200
200
200
Industrial Machinery
220
230
240
240
250
240
250
260
260
260
260
240
220
220
Other Off-highway Vehicles
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Transportation Total
7,640
8,120
8,880
9,310
8,970
8,890
9,290
9,550
9,710
9,490
9,200
9,310
8,870
8,760
NOTE: One glgagram equals 10" grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to Independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 16
VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION





(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)







Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Highway Vehicles














Gasoli ne-powered














Passenger cars
8,530
8,340
8,040
7,560
6,760
6,520
6,400
6,020
5,770
5,010
4,440
4,080
3,940
3,860
Light trucks - 1
1,130
1,120
1,220
1,140
1,040
990
1,060
1,030
970
900
870
910
800
800
Light trucks - 2
450
430
500
520
500
520
650
730
830
860
790
840
720
680
Heavy duty vehicles
830
740
800
730
640
610
640
580
570
540
530
530
440
420
Motorcycles
80
120
140
160
170
180
180
180
180
150
110
80
60
60
Total- Gasoline
11,020
10,750
10,700
10,110
9,110
8,820
8,930
8,540
8,320
7,460
6,740
6,440
5,960
5,820
01esel-powered














Passenger cars
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
4
5
Light trucks
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
3
3
Heavy duty vehicles
100
110
120
130
130
130
150
160
170
180
200
220
210
220
Total - Diesel
100
110
120
130
130
130
150
160
170
180
200
220
220
230
Highway Vehicle Total
11,120
10,860
10,820
10,230
9,240
8,950
9,080
8,700
8,490
7,640
6,930
6,660
6,180
6,040
Ai rcraft
250
230
210
190
190
190
170
170
180
180
180
160
160
170
Rail roads
160
150
170
180
180
160
170
170
170
180
180
170
160
160
Vessels
330
350
380
390
380
400
410
420
430
420
400
430
410
410
Farm Machinery
250
240
240
240
230
220
230
220
220
220
190
180
180
160
Construction Machinery
40
40
40
40
40
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
30
30
Industrial Machinery
120
120
130
120
90
80
90
90
90
80
80
100
90
80
Other Off-highway Vehicles
110
130
140
150
140
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
Transportation Total
12,380
12,120
12,130
11,540
10,490
10,190
10,350
9,970
9,780
8,920
8,160
7,900
7,370
7,210
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grans or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 17
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(G1GAGRAHS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Highway Vehicles














Gasolf ne-powered













26,520
Passenger cars
47,610
46,990
45,990
43,870
40,170
39,390
39,660
36,920
35,790
32,000
29,200
27,280
26,360
Light trucks - 1
5,650
5,760
6,230
5,900
5,650
5,490
6,180
6,010
5,860
5,690
5,480
5,920
5,240
5,310
Light trucks - 2
2,020
1,920
2,200
2,300
2,250
2,390
3,100
3,470
4,030
4,230
4,000
4,400
3,860
3,850
Heavy duty vehicles
6,880
6,390
7,060
6,750
6,140
5,990
6,470
6,000
6,060
5,800
5,690
5,730
4,820
4,700
Motorcycles
240
360
400
450
510
510
520
510
520
430
310
230
160
160
Total - Gasoline
62,400
61,420
61,880
59,270
54,720
53,770
55,930
52,910
52,260
48,150
44,680
43,560
40,440
40,540
Diesel-powered














Passenger cars
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
7
10
10
20
Light trucks
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
6
6
7
ro Heavy duty vehicles
290
320
370
400
390
390
440
470
500
530
590
680
630
660
Total - Diesel
290
320
370
400
390
390
440
470
500
530
600
690
650
690
Highway Vehicle Total
62,690
61,750
62,250
59,680
55,110
54,170
56,370
53,390
52,770
48,670
45,290
44,250
41,090
41,230
Aircraft
900
890
860
840
860
880
860
900
960
990
990
960
950
980
Rail roads
250
240
260
270
270
240
250
260
260
270
270
250
240
230
Vessels
1,150
1,220
1,230
1,350
1,300
1,360
1,400
1,420
1,470
1,420
1,380
1,440
1,390
1,400
Farm Machinery
3,570
3,450
3,140
3,250
3,000
2,930
2,780
2,600
2,370
2,240
2,040
1,880
1,780
1,460
Construction Machinery
580
510
470
450
430
370
410
360
340
370
460
370
320
260
Industrial Machinery
1,780
1.710
1,810
1,580
1,230
1,060
1,070
1,100
1,070
820
1,110
1,330
1,190
1,030
Other Off-highway Vehicles
840
870
910
950
960
990
1,000
1,020
1,050
1,080
1,090
1,100
1,110
1,120
Transportation Total
71,760
70,640
70,930
68,370
63,160
62,000
64,140
61,050
60,290
55,860
52,630
51,580
48,070
47,710
NOTE: One glgagram equals 10"
grams or 103 metric
tons (1.1
* 103 short tons).
Total
may differ slightly
from summary table
i value
due to


Independent rounding.















-------
TABLE 18
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAHS/VEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
2,220
1,300
120
1,960
920
110
1,750
650
80
1,690
550
80
I
,560
440
70
1,4 20
360
60
1,150
250
50
1,060
230
50
1,050
220
50
860
250
50
720
250
50
640
280
50
490
220
50
480
210
60
Coal Total
3,640
2,990
2,480
2,320
2
,070
1,840
1,450
1,340
1,320
1,160
1,020
970
760
750
Fuel Oil
Electric util ities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
110
80
80
120
80
70
120
80
70
130
90
70

130
80
60
120
70
60
120
80
60
140
90
60
140
80
60
120
70
50
110
60
50
90
50
40
70
50
40
60
30
30
Fuel Oil Total
270
270
270
290

270
250
260
290
280
240
220
180
160
120
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10

5
20
10
5
20
10
5
20
10
5
20
10
5
20
10
5
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
5
20
10
4
20
9
Natural Gas Total
36
36
36
36

35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
35
33
Wood
Industrial
Residential
140
380
130
360
140
360
140
330

130
350
90
400
90
450
100
510
100
590
100
700
100
800
90
830
80
890
90
940
Hood Total
520
490
500
470

480
490
540
610
• 690
800
900
920
970
1,030
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
40
4
40
4
40
4
40
4

30
3
40
3
40
3
30
3
30
3
30
3
30
2
20
2
20
2
20
2
Other Fuels Total
44
44
44
44

33
43
43
33
33
33
32
22
22
22
Fuel Combustion Total
4,510
3,830
3,330
3,160
2
,890
2,660
2,330
2,310
2,360
2,270
2,210
2,130
1,950
1,950
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 19
Source Category
1970
1971
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residentlal/Commerclal
14,330
2.840
340
14,080
2,300
320
Coal Total
17,510
16,700
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residentlal/Commercial
1,460
1,140
1.000
1,460
1,070
950
Fuel Oil Total
3.600
3,480
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
1
2
2
1
2
2
Natural Gas Total
5
5
Wood
Industrial
Residential
3
5
3
4
Wood Total
8
7
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
160
20
140
20
Other Fuels Total
180
160
Fuel Combustion Total
21,300
20,350
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10' grams or 10^ metric
Independent rounding.
SULFUR OXIOE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
14,410
2,180
230
15,600
1,970
220
15,100
1,800
240
15,200
1,700
210
15,650
1,490
200
15,580
1,450
200
16,820
17.790
17,140
17.110
17,340
17,230
1,390
1,170
990
1,570
1.180
930
1,520
1,110
860
1,380
880
760
1,440
1,090
870
1,630
1.210
850
3,550
3,680
3,490
3,020
3,400
3.690
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
5
4
6
4
6
7
7
7
8
10
10
140
10
130
10
160
10
100
10
140
10
110
10
150
140
170
no
150
120
20,530
21,620
20,810
20,250
20,900
21,060
is (1.1 X
lO^ short tons).
Total may differ slightly
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
14,080
1,500
230
14,550
1,610
190
14,190
1,380
140
13,580
1,560
170
13.270
1.500
210
13,250
1,540
220
15.810
16,350
15,710
15,310
14.980
15.010
1.680
1,100
780
1.450
910
640
1,310
850
720
1,130
680
560
950
700
550
770
440
400
3,560
3,000
2,880
2,370
2,200
1,610
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
7
4
8
4
10
4
10
4
10
4
10
11
12
14
14
14
14
130
9
130
9
120
6
100
6
80
5
80
5
139
139
126
106
85
85
19,520
19,510
18,740
17.800
17.280
16,720
from summary table
value due
to



-------
TABLE 20
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
3,170
700
40
3,230
580
40
3,410
560
40
3,740
510
40
3,780
480
40
3,880
470
40
4,270
440
30
4,550
420
40
4,470
420
30
4,820
460
30
5,150
400
30
5,250
460
30
5,200
450
30
5,410
460
30
Coal Total
3,910
3,850
4,010
4,290
4,300
4,390
4,740
5,010
4,930
5,310
5,580
5,740
5,680
5,900
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
390
300
300
480
310
300
600
320
300
700
340
300
670
310
280
600
270
260
620
340
290
730
360
280
680
350
280
570
260
230
440
220
220
380
190
180
270
200
170
260
150
140
Fuel 011 Total
990
1,090
1,220
1,340
1,260
1,130
1,250
1,370
1,310
1,060
880
750
640
550
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
940
2,770
330
960
2,830
340
960
2,900
350
870
2,930
340
830
2,820
330
740
2,570
340
710
2,800
350
730
2,810
330
720
2,790
340
790
2,710
350
830
2,240
330
820
2,140
320
730
2,230
330
620
2,020
300
Natural Gas Total
4,040
4,130
4,210
4,140
3,980
3,650
3,860
3,870
3,850
3,850
3,400
3,280
3,290
2,940
Wood
Industrial
Residential
70
30
70
30
70
30
70
30
70
30
70
30
80
40
80
40
90
50
90
60
90
60
90
70
80
70
90
70
Wood Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
120
120
140
150
150
160
150
160
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
50
60
50
50
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
40
60
50
50
40
60
40
70
30
70
30
60
30
60
20
60
20
Other Fuels Total
110
100
110
100
100
90
no
90
100
100
100
90
80
80
Fuel Combustion Total
9,150
9,270
9.650
9,970
9,740
9,360
10,080
10,460
10,330
10,470
10,110
10,020
9,840
9,630
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 21
VOC EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Coal
Electric util ities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
20
4
60
20
3
50
20
3
30
20
3
30
20
3
20
20
3
20
20
3
20
20
2
10
20
2
10
30
3
10
30
2
10
30
3
10
30
3
10
30
3
10
Coal Total
84
73
53
53
43
43
43
32
32
43
42
43
43
43
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
7
4
8
9
5
8
10
5
8
10
5
8
10
5
7
10
5
7
10
5
8
20
6
7
20
6
7
10
4
6
8
3
6
6
3
5
5
3
4
4
3
4
Fuel Oil Total
19
22
23
23
22
22
23
33
33
20
17
14
12
11
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Resident ial/Commercial
5
70
20
5
70
20
5
70
20
5
70
20
5
70
20
4
60
20
4
70
20
4
70
20
4
70
20
5
70
20
5
50
20
5
50
20
4
50
20
4
50
20
Natural Gas Total
95
95
95
95
95
84
94
94
94
95
75
75
74
74
Wood
Industrial
Residential
40
700
40
660
40
660
40
620
40
640
40
740
50
840
50
940
50
1,130
50
1,380
50
1,600
50
1,730
50
1,870
50
2,000
Wood Total
740
700
700
660
680
780
890
990
1,180
1,430
1,650
1 ,780
1,920
2,050
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
7
2
7
2
8
2
7
2
7
2
10
2
10
2
9
2
10
2
10
1
10
1
9
1
7
I
8
1
Other Fuels Total
9
9
10
9
9
12
12
11
12
11
11
10
8
9
Fuel Combustion Total
950
900
880
840
850
940
1,060
1,160
1,350
1,600
1,800
1,920
2,060
2,190
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.

-------
TABLE 22
CARUON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Comme rc i a 1
100
90
510
100
80
450
100
70
280
120
70
230
120
60
220
120
60
170
130
60
150
140
50
140
140
60
130
160
60
120
170
50
100
180
60
110
180
60
120
190
60
130
Coal Total
700
630
450
420
400
350
340
330
330
340
320
350
360
380
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
40
40
50
50
40
50
60
50
60
70
50
50
70
40
50
60
40
50
70
50
50
80
50
50
80
50
50
60
30
50
40
30
40
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
30
Fuel Oil Total
130
140
170
170
160
150
170
180
180
140
no
100
90
80
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
80
420
70
90
430
70
90
440
70
80
440
70
70
430
70
70
390
70
70
420
70
70
420
70
70
420
70
80
410
70
80
350
70
80
330
60
70
340
70
60
310
70
Natural Gas Total
570
590
600
590
570
530
560
560
560
560
500
470
480
440
Wood
Industrial
Residential
10
2,310
110
2,200
120
2,190
120
2,040
120
2,140
110
2,450
130
2,780
130
3,120
150
3,640
150
4,340
140
5,020
150
5,130
140
5,500
150
5,810
Uood Total
2,420
2,310
2,310
2,160
2,260
2,560
2,910
3,250
3,790
4,490
5,160
5,280
5,640
5,960
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
8
20
6
20
6
20
5
20
5
Other Fuels Total
20
20
30
20
20
30
30
30
30
28
26
26
25
25
Fuel Combustion Total
3,840
3,690
3,560
3,360
3,410
3,620
4,010
4,350
4,890
5,560
6,120
6,230
6,600
6,880
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.

-------
TAULE 23
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/VEAR)
ro
Source Category
Cattle Feed lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Gravel (144)
Clays (145)
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Hills (261.262)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321 ,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251)
Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Grain Elevators (4421 ,5153)
TOTAL
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
30
20
10
530
490
400
480
400
320
260
180
210
210
180
200
no
110
350
300
300
280
250
250
260
260
250
280
290
290
290
280
1,350
1,260
1,210
1,180
980
760
660
560
610
570
450
380
340
360
50
50
50
50
50
40
40
50
50
50
40
40
30
30
1,610
1,350
1,140
950
560
290
220
210
210
150
130
70
60
70
40
40
40
40
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
10
10
10
80
80
80
70
60
60
50
50
60
50
50
50
60
40
80
80
90
90
80
70
80
90
90
80
70
70
60
70
520
460
440
310
270
180
150
150
110
no
110
80
90
90
220
180
170
150
130
100
100
110
110
110
100
90
70
80
60
70-
70
70
70
70
60
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
560
560
550
590
500
320
220
130
120
130
no
90
90
90
40
50
50
50
40
40
40
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
1,380
1,350
1,190
870
690
560
540
550
560
480
350
280
210
230
40
50
50
50
40
30
40
40
40
40
30
20
20
20
520
430
390
370
320
240
210
150
140
130
120
100
80
80
100
100
100
90
70
40
30
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
1,190
970
970
890
760
570
500
440
450
400
310
300
200
210
160
140
150
160
150
90
80
70
60
40
30
30
10
10
170
170
160
130
120
80
80
70
70
60
50
40
40
40
320
300
280
250
200
170
140
100
100
100
90
80
60
60
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
40
40
50
40
40
30
30
670
790
730
720
570
590
550
500
500
550
440
440
450
270
10,130
9,350
8,770
7,910
6,440
5,030
4,420
3,950
3,960
3,760
3,170
2,830
2,420
2,310
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 * 103 short tons).
Independent rounding of data.
Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to

-------
TABLE 24
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES



(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)









Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Natural Gas Production (1311)
100
100
120
150
160
160
130
120
130
140
140
150
140
160
Pulp Mills (261,262)
110
100
110
110
110
100
110
100
100
100
110
110
100
110
Sulfuric Acid (2819)
540
530
570
570
440
330
250
260
260
250
250
220
170
180
Carbon Black (2895)
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Petroleum Reftning (2911)
700
750
790
850
850
830
850
890
900
880
840
770
740
740
Glass (321,322)
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Cement (3241)
560
550
560
560
540
460
510
580
630
630
570
550
480
520
Lime (3274)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
,Iron and Steel (3312)
480
390
440
510
460
480
450
450
430
440
390
370
240
220
Primary Copper (3331)
3,180
2,840
3,130
3,210
2,710
2,140
2,040
1,770
1,370
1,450
990
1,270
970
880
Primary Lead and Zinc (3332,3333)
410
360
310
190
160
110
110
90
100
120
70
70
160
140
Primary Aluminum (3334)
70
70
70
80
80
60
70
80
80
80
90
80
60
60
Secondary Lead (3341)
20 .
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
40
30
30
30
20
TOTAL
6,210
"5,750
6,170
6,320
5,610
4,740
4,610
4,430
4,100
4,210
3,540
3,690
3,150
3,090
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (l.J x JO* short tons). Total may differ slightly from sumof source category totals due to
Independent rounding of data.

-------
TABLE 25
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Pulp Mills (261,262)
20
20
30
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Organic Chemicals (286)
60
70
60
80
70
60
60
60
60
70
50
50
40
50
Ammonia (2873)
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
40
30
Nitric Acid (2873)
150
140
140
140
130
110
110
110
100
100
100
90
60
50
Petroleum Refining (29II)
220
230
230
240
240
240
240
260
260
250
240
210
200
200
Glass (321,322)
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
50
60
50
50
Cement (3241)
90
90
100
100
100
80
90
90
100
100
90
80
70
80
Lime (3274)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Iron and Steel (3312)
70
70
70
80
80
70
70
70
80
70
60
60
40
40
TOTAL
710
720
730
770
750
690
710
740
750
740
690
650
560
560
NOTE: One glgagram equals 10" grains or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum
of source category totals due to Independent rounding of data.

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TABLE 26
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Crude oil production, storage arid
transfer {1311,4463)
Food and beverages (20)
Textiles (22)
Graphic arts (27)
Plastics (2821,3079)
Organic chemicals (286)
Other chemicals (28)
Petroleum refining (2911)
Rubber tires (3011)
co Iron and steel (3312)
o Petroleum product storage and
transfer (5171 ,5541)
Dry cleaning (721)
Adhesivesl
Degreas ingl
Solvent extraction processes1
Surface coatingl
Other organic solvent use1
TOTAL
iThts is a general category which includes process emissions from organic solvent use in a wide variety of industries. Thus no specific SIC is
given.
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10g grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to
independent rounding of data.
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
550
560
560
560
540
530
530
550
570
570
560
540
530
530
190
190
190
180
180
170
170
170
180
180
170
180
180
180
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
290
270
310
320
300
250
280
290
350
350
340
260
240
280
380
360
410
430
410
350
390
410
470
490
460
390
350
420
570
600
680
740
770
690
810
820
820
810
710
650
490
570
590
530
530
550
520
460
510
560
560
580
530
540
470
500
720
760
790
820
850
880
890
940
970
970
970
960
900
810
50
50
60
60
50
50
50
60
60
50
40
50
40
50
110
80
100
110
100
90
100
90
90
90
80
70
50
40
1,570
1,640
1,720
1,780
1,730
1,740
1,780
1,780
1,810
1,660
1,490
1,440
1,370
1,370
240
230
240
240
240
230
250
260
290
290
290
240
210
210
50
40
50
50
50
40
40
50
60
60
50
40
40
40
640
560
590
600
540
450
490
490
550
560
510
420
360
410
40
40
40
40
40
30
30
40
50
40
40
40
30
40
2,390
2,230
2,550
2,570
2,340
1,880
2,090
2,190
2,510
2,500
2,320
1,820
1,560
1,780
270
240
270
290
280
220
250
290
280
300
290
300
250
260
8,670
8,410
9,100
9,360
8,960
8,090
8,690
9,020
9,620
9,500
8,870
7,980
7,100
7,490

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TABLE 27
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Pulp Mills (261,262)
550
550
590
610
610
550
620
630
650
660
720
720
700
760
Inorganic Pigments (2816)
20
20
20
20
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Charcoal (2861)
50
50
50
50
40
30
30
40
40
50
40
40
30
30
Organic Chemicals (286)
310
320
380
400
410
410
410
450
490
510
450
470
420
470
Ammonia (2873)
100
110
no
110
110
120
120
130
120
130
140
140
no
100
Carbon Black (2895)
2,600
2,380
1,780
1,890
1,680
1,420
1,550
1,760
1,630
1,590
1,290
1,320
950
1,030
Petroleum Refining (2911)
2,000
2,070
2,100
2,140
2,060
2,040
1,960
1,870
1,780
1,690
1,600
1,110
690
630
Asphalt Roofing (2952)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
Lime (3274)
10
10
20
20
20
10
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
Iron and Steel (3312)
1,620
1,470
1,560
1,580
1,460
1,100
1,180
1,160
1,210
1,200
910
990
640
660
Iron Foundries (3321)
1,090
1,160
1,180
1,060
920
590
590
470
440
410
310
290
280
280
Primary Aluminum (3334)
590
580
610
670
730
580
630
680
720
750
760
740
540
550
TOTAL
8,950
8,730
8,410
8,550
8,080
6,870
7,150
7,230
7,140
7,060
6,340
5,870
4,420
4,580
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum of
source category totals due to independent rounding of data.

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TABLE 28
LEAD EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(MEGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Iron & Steel Industry
3,087
2,441
2,352
2,326
1,772
1,073
913
873
911
769
476
468
335
369
Primary Nonferrous Metals
12,350
11,960
8,414
7,116
6,416
5,569
3,465
1,519
1,463
1,316
1,038
859
874
872
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
5,612
5,484
4,650
3,286
2,890
1,905
1,682
1,510
1,440
1,391
1,020
883
784
724
Mineral Products
764
716
630
464
422
440
400
374
378
296
272
254
202
171
Miscellaneous
2,050
1,879
2,221
2,448
1,793
1,338
1,599
1,411
1,227
1,389
778
585
515
389
Total Industrial
23,863
22,480
18,567
15,640
13,293
10,325
8,059
5,687
5,419
5,161
3,584
3,049
2,710
2,525
NOTE: One megagram equals 10^ grams or one metric ton (1.1 short ton).

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3. METHODS
The generation of an emission inventory involves many steps to
achieve the desired result, which is to estimate the amount of
emissions for selected pollutants in a defined geographical area.
Ideally, nationwide emission estimates should result from a summation
of county, State, and regional data in which each component is reported
separately. The National Emissions Data System (NEDS) uses this
procedure. The methods used to prepare data for this publication are
as similar as possible to those used for NEDS data preparation.
Since NEDS uses a more detailed procedure involving calculation of
emissions for individual sources and summation of these individual
emission totals to produce national totals, there is a much greater
chance for errors or omissions to occur in the NEDS data. Because of
the basic similarity of techniques, discrepancies between national
totals reported herein and those given in NEDS reports are due largely
to incomplete data reporting and errors in the NEDS data. The quality
of NEDS data over time has improved so that the differences between
NEDS emission reports for 1977 and later years and national emission
totals determined by the procedure used for this publication are not
as great as in earlier NEDS reports. Moreover, historical NEDS data
are not revised to account for updated emission factors, errors or
omissions in the data. As a result annual NEDS publications do not
necessarily represent a consistent trend in estimated emissions.
Because it is impossible to test every pollutant source indivi-
dually, particularly area sources, an estimating procedure must be
used. In order to do this, however, one must either estimate the
emissions directly or estimate the magnitude of other variables that
can then be related to emissions. These indicators include fuel con-
sumption, vehicle miles, population, sales, tons of refuse burned, raw
materials processed, etc., which are then multiplied by appropriate
emission factors to obtain emission estimates.
The limitations and applicability of emission factors must be
understood. In general, emission factors are not precise indicators
of emissions from a single source; rather, they are quantitative
estimates of the average rate of pollutant released as a result of
some activity. They are most valid when applied to a large number of
sources and processes. If their limitations are recognized, emission
factors are extremely useful in determining emission levels. A
detailed discussion of emission factors and related information is
contained in Reference 2. The emission factor thus relates quantity
of pollutants emitted to indicators such as those noted above, and is
a practical approach for determining estimates of emissions from
various source categories.
A basic discussion of trends is meaningful only when there is a
common basis for evaluation. It was necessary, therefore, to quantify
emissions using the same criteria for each year. This meant using the
33

-------
same estimation techniques, using equal or equivalent data sources,
covering the same pollutant sources, and using compatible estimates
of pollutant control levels from year to year. Estimates for previous
years were updated using current emission factors and including the
most recent information available. The criteria used in calculating
emissions was the same for all years.
The methodology used in generation of emission estimates for
individual source categories follows.
3.1 Transportation
3.1.1 Motor Vehicles
Emission estimates from gasoline-and diesel-powered motor vehicles
were based upon vehicle-mile tabulations and emission factors. Eight
vehicle categories are considered; light duty gasoline (mostly passen-
ger cars), light duty diesel passenger cars, light duty gasoline
trucks (trucks less than 6000 pounds in weight), light duty gasoline
trucks 6000 to 8500 pounds in weight, light duty diesel trucks, heavy
duty gasoline trucks and buses, and heavy duty diesel trucks and
buses, and motorcycles. The emission factors used are based on the
latest available data from Reference 3. The M0BILE3 model, developed
by the EPA Office of Mobile Sources was used to calculate emission
factors for each year. The current M0BILE3 model does not provide
emission factors for California. The earlier model, M0BILE2, was
used for California. The use of M0BILE2 for California may cause V0C
emissions from highway vehicles to be slightly underestimated, but
should have a negligible effect on CO and N0X emissions. The emission
factors are weighted to consider the approximate amount of motor
vehicle travel in low altitude areas, high altitude areas, and
California to obtain overall national average emission factors. For
each area a representative average annual temperature, together with
national averages for motor vehicle model year distributions and
hot/cold start vehicle operation percentages were used to calculate
the emission factors. Average speed is taken into account according
to the published distribution of vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) as
published in Reference 4. The published VMT are divided into three
road categories corresponding to roads with assumed average speeds of
55 miles per hour for interstates and other primary highways, 45
miles per hour for other rural roads, and 19.6 miles per hour for
other urban streets. For 1940 and 1950, average speeds were assumed
to be 45, 35 and 19.6 miles per hour for these roadway classifications.
Lead emission estimates from gasoline-powered-motor vehicles, were
based on highway gasoline consumption, lead content of gasoline, per-
cent unleaded gasoline, and emission factors. The gasoline consump-
tion is based on highway gasoline usage as published in Reference 4.
The lead content of gasoline was obtained from Reference 13 for
1970-74 and Reference 31 for 1975-83. The percent unleaded gasoline
is obtained from Reference 6. The emission factor was also obtained
from Reference 31.
34

-------
3.1.2 Aircraft
Aircraft emissions are based on emission factors and aircraft acti-
vity statistics reported by the Federal Aviation Administration.5
Emissions are based on the number of 1anding-takeoff (LTO) cycles.
Any emissions in cruise mode, which is defined to be above 3000 feet
(1000 meters) are ignored. Average emission factors for each year,
which take into account the national mix of aircraft types for general
aviation, military, and commercial aircraft, are used to compute the
emi ssions.
3.1.3	Railroads
The Department of Energy reports consumption of diesel fuel and
residual fuel oil by railroads.6 Average emission factors appli-
cable to diesel fuel consumption were used to calculate emissions.
The average sulfur content of each fuel was used to estimate S0X
emissions. Coal consumption by railroads was obtained from References
7 and 13.
3.1.4	Vessels
Vessel use of diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal is reported by
the Department of Energy.6>7 Gasoline use is based on national boat
and motor registrations, coupled with a use factor (gallons/motor/
year) from Reference 8 and marine gasoline sales as reported in
Reference 4. Emission factors from AP-42? are used to compute emis-
sions. Since AP-42 does not contain an emission factor for coal use
by vessels, an average emission factor for coal combustion in boilers
was used.
3.1.5	Nonhighway Use of Motor Fuels
Gasoline and diesel fuel are consumed by off-highway vehicles. The
fuel use is divided into seven categories; farm tractors, other farm
machinery, construction equipment, industrial machinery, small general
utility engines such as lawnmowers and snowthrowers, snowmobiles, and
motorcycles. Fuel use is estimated for each category from estimated
equipment population and an annual use factor of gallons per unit per
year°, together with reported off-highway diesel fuel deliveries
given in Reference 6 and off-highway gasoline sales reported in
Reference 4.
3.2 Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
3.2.1 Coal
Bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite coal use are reported by
the Department of Energy.Most coal is consumed by electric
utilities. Average emission factors and the sulfur content of each
type of coal were used to estimate emissions. Degree of particulate
35

-------
control was based on a report by Midwest Research Institute^ together
with data from NEDSlO. Sulfur content data for electric utilities
are available from the Department of Energyll. Sulfur contents for
other categories are based on coal shipments data reported in Refer-
ence 7 and average sulfur contents of coal shipped from each pro-
duction district as reported in Reference 13 or 24. For electric
utilities, SO2 emissions are adjusted to account for flue gas desul-
furization controls, based on data reported in Reference 25.
3.2.2	Fuel Oil
Distillate oil, residual oil, and kerosene are consumed by station-
ary sources nationwide. Consumption by user category is reported by
the Department of Energy.6 Average emission factors and the sulfur
content of each fuel were used to estimate emissions.
3.2.3	Natural Gas
Natural gas consumption data are also reported by the Department of
Energy.12 Average emission factors from AP-42^ were used to calculate
the emission estimates.
3.2.4	Other Fuels
Consumption of wood has been estimated by the Department of Energy.27
Consumption of bagasse is based on data reported in NEDS.10 Sales of
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are reported in Reference.6 Estimated
consumption of coke and coke-oven gas are based on Reference 13 and
26, together with data from NEDS. Average emission factors were used
to calculate emissions.
Lead emissions from the combustion of waste oil were based on
information obtained from Reference 32. The amount of waste oil
burned has been assumed to remain constant and the emissions have been
changed as a result of a decrease in the lead content of the waste oil.
3.3 Industrial Processes
In addition to fuel combustion, certain other industrial processes
generate and emit varying quantities of pollutants into the air. The
lack of published national data on production, type of equipment, and
controls, as well as an absence of emission factors, makes it impos-
sible to include estimates of emissions from all industrial process
sources.
Production data for industries that produce the great majority of
emissions were derived from literature data. Generally, the Minerals
Yearbook,published by the Bureau of Mines, and Current Industrial
Reports,14 published by the Bureau of the Census, provide adequate
data for most industries. Average emission factors were applied to
36

-------
production data to obtain emissions. Control efficiencies applicable
to various processes were estimated on the basis of published reports^
and from NEOS data.10
For the purposes of this report, petroleum product storage and
marketing operations (gasoline, crude oil, and distillate fuel oil
storage and transfer, gasoline bulk terminals and bulk plants, retail
gasoline service stations) are included as industrial processes.
Also included as industrial processes are industrial surface coating
and degreasing operations, graphic arts (printing and publishing),
and dry cleaning operations. All of these processes involve the use
of organic solvents. Emissions from the consumption of organic
solvents are estimated based on data reported in Reference 15. It is
assumed that all solvents consumed are eventually released as air
pollution, except for industrial surface coating operations. Esti-
mates of the level of control for surface coating operations have
been derived from References 10 and 28. In addition, the methodology
given in Reference 15 has been updated to be consistent with similar
procedures used for estimating organic solvent emissions in the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS).29
3.3.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes for Lead
Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial processes include the
major source of lead alkyl production as well as other minor sources
such as type metal production, can soldering, cable covering, and
other minor sources. The lead alkyl production is based on informa-
tion from Reference 33. The production information for the other
minor sources is from Reference 13.
3.4	Solid Waste Disposal
A study conducted in 1968 on solid waste collection and disposal
practices^ was the basis for estimating emissions from solid waste
disposal. Results of this study indicate that the average collection
rate of solid waste is about 5.5 pounds per capita per day in the
United States. It has been stated that a conservative estimate of
the total generation rate is 10 pounds per capita per day. The
results of this survey were updated based on data reported in NEDS
and used to estimate, by disposal method, the quantities of solid
waste generated. Average emission factors were applied to these
totals to obtain estimates of total emissions from the disposal of
solid wastes.
3.5	Miscellaneous Sources
3.5.1 Forest Fires
The Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture publishes infor-
mation on the number of forest fires and the acreage burned.17 Esti-
mates of the amount of material burned per acre are made to estimate
37

-------
the total amount of material burned. Similiar estimates are made to
account for managed burning of forest areas. Average emission factors
were applied to the quantities of materials burned to calculate
emissions.
3.5.2	Agricultural Burning
A studylS was conducted by EPA to obtain from local agricultural
and pollution control agencies estimates of the number of acres and
estimated quantity of material burned per acre in agricultural burning
operations. These data have been updated and used to estimate agri-
cultural burning emissions, based on average emission factors.
3.5.3	Coal Refuse
Estimates of the number of burning coal-refuse piles existing in
the United States are made in reports by the Bureau of Mines. 19
Their publication presents a detailed discussion of the nature,
origin, and extent of this source of pollution. Rough estimates of
the quantity of emissions were obtained using this information by
applying average emission factors for coal combustion. It was assumed
that the number of burning refuse piles decreased to a negligible
amount by 1975.
3.5.4	Structural Fires
The United States Department of Commerce publishes, in their statis-
tical abstracts, information on the number and types of structures
damaged by fire.20 Emissions were estimated by applying average
emission factors for wood combustion to these totals.
3.5.5	Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use
This category includes nonindustrial sales of surface coatings
(primarily for architectural coating) solvent evaporation from con-
sumer products (aerosols, space deodorants, polishes, toiletries,
etc.), use of volatile organic compounds as general cleaning solvents,
paint removers, and liquefaction of asphalt paving compounds, and
other undefined end uses. Total national organic solvent use is
estimated from chemical production reports of Reference 21, together
with estimates of the Dortion of total production for use as solvent
for each chemical.15,29 it is assumed that all solvent production is
equal to the amount necessary to make up for solvent lost through
evaporation.
38

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4. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS
National trends in air pollutant emissions are a function of a number
of factors. Air pollution control measures and economic conditions
have the strongest impact on total emissions. National emission trends
do not provide any insight into the distribution or concentration of
air pollution sources within the United States. Therefore, local
emission trends do not necessarily coincide with national emission
trends. Based on the national implementation of control measures for
some classes of sources, such as highway motor vehicles, it is reasonable
to infer that for most localities, the national trend in emissions
reasonably approximates local trends in emissions for the same class of
sources.
In addition to the fact that national emission trends do not measure
local changes in emission densities, national emission trends may not
be consistent with air quality trends because of the impact of
meteorological factors on air quality data. Also, the estimates for
PM, SOx, and NOx emissions include more substances than are routinely
measured by ambient air monitoring equipment. For example, high-volume
air samplers collect only suspended particulates approximately 0.3 to
100 micro-meters in diameter, but particulate emission inventories
include both suspended and settled particulates generated by man's
activities. Likewise, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
ambient air monitors measure only those two compounds while oxides of
sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) are included in the emission estimates.
In each case, the substance measured by the ambient air monitor is the
most prevalent constituent of its pollutant class or is acknowledged to
be its most representative indicator. In this report, emissions of
sulfur oxides are reported as the equivalent weight of SO2, which is
the predominant sulfur oxide species. Some emissions of sulfur tri oxide
(SO3) are also included, expressed at the equivalent weight of SO2.
Similarly, nitrogen oxides include predominantly nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Other nitrogen oxides are probably emitted in
small amounts. In this report all nitrogen oxide emissions are express-
ed as the equivalent weight of NO2. Estimates of oxidant emissions are
not provided because most oxidant species are secondary pollutants
generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Emission
estimates of VOC, a major ingredient in oxidant-producing reactions,
were developed from current emission factors.2,3 Generally excluded
from VOC estimates were emissions of methane, ethane, methyl chloroform,
and other compounds which are considered to be of neglible photochemical
reactivity. Organic species were identified based on Reference 22. If
no data were available for a source category, the total nonmethane hydro-
carbon or the total hydrocarbon emission factor from Reference 2 was
used. Highway vehicle emissions were estimated as nonmethane VOC's.3
The following sections discuss the most important factors influencing
the emission trends for each pollutant.
39

-------
4.1 Particulates
1940-1970
The estimated particulate emissions for 1940, 1950 and 1960 are 15 to
30 percent higher than in 1970. Even though industrial production
levels and the quantities of fuels consumed were lower than the post-
1970 period, the general lack of air pollution controls before 1970
resulted in relatively large particulate emissions. Also, for the
years 1940 and 1950, particulate emissions from coal combustion by
railroads and from forest wildfires were significant.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion, result from the combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was
consumed largely in the industrial and residential sectors. Residential
coal use has declined substantially since 1940, resulting in a corre-
sponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has also declined,
but not to the same extent. The degree of control employed by industrial
coal consumers has increased, however, so that overall industrial coal
combustion emissions decreased by 1970 to only about 40 percent of the
estimated 1940 level. On the other hand, coal combustion by electric
utilities has increased greatly, from an estimated 51 million tons in
1940 to 321 million tons in 1970. This increased consumption resulted
in increased emissions from 1940 to 1950. Since then, particulate emis-
sions from electric utilities have decreased, despite continued in-
creases in coal consumption. Installation of improved control equip-
ment is responsible for this reduction.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940
to 1950, reflecting increased industrial production. From 1950 to 1970,
industrial output continued to grow, but installation of pollution
control equipment helped to offset the increase in industrial produc-
tion. As a result, from 1950 to 1960 industrial process emissions
stayed about the same, and decreased slightly from 1960 to 1970.
1970-1983
Since 1970, particulate emissions have decreased substantially as the
result of air pollution control efforts. The extent of the reduction is
most evident from the data in Table 29 which shows theoretical 1983
national emission estimates, assuming that pollutant control levels did
not change since 1970. Overall, particulate emissions would have
increased by about 7 percent from 1970 to 1983 with no change in the
degree of control from 1970. In comparison, as shown in Table 1,
particulate emissions decreased about 62 percent from 1970 to 1983.
Thus, 1983 actual particulate emissions were about a third of what
they might have been without additional control efforts since 1970.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion result from the combustion of coal. In 1970, a larger
portion of coal was consumed in the industrial and residential sectors.
40

-------
Residential coal use has declined substantially since 1970, resulting
in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has
also declined, but not to the same extent. The degree of control
employed by industrial coal consumers has increased, however, so that
overall industrial coal combustion emissions have decreased by 1983 to
only about 16 percent of the estimated 1970 level. On the other hand,
coal combustion by electric utilities has increased greatly, from an
estimated 321 million tons in 1970 to 625 million tons in 1983. However,
particulate emissions from electric utilities have decreased, despite
continued increases in coal consumption. Installation of improved
control equipment is responsible for this reduction. New facilities
constructed in the 1970's were required to meet New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) requirements to achieve a high degree of control.
From Tables 2 and 29, it can be seen that if the 1970 level of control
had remained in effect in 1983, electric utility emissions would have
nearly doubled, from 2.3 teragrams to 4.6 teragrams. Estimated actual
1983 emissions from electric utilities were 0.5 teragrams, a decrease
of 78 percent from 1970.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes have been reduced
substantially due to installation of improved control equipment mandated
by air pollution control programs. Since 1970, actual emissions from
industrial processes declined by over 77 percent. If the 1970 control
level had remained unchanged to 1983, emissions would have decreased
only about 14 percent. It should be noted that industrial production
levels for many sectors in 1983 were significantly lower than in the
previous few years, reflecting poor economic conditions. This down-turn
in industrial production also contributes to a decreased level of
emissions relative to 1970. Table 23 shows estimated emissions for
specific processes. These annual emissions estimates reflect changes in
production levels along with an increase in average control levels from
1970 to 1983.
Comments on Particulate Emission Estimates
Caveats that should be noted with respect to these particulate
emission estimates are first that the estimates represent total particu-
late emissions, without any distinction of particle sizes. Thus, both
large particles and small particles are included. Emissions of very
large particles are more likely to settle out of the atmosphere and not
be measured as total suspended particulate by air quality monitoring
equipment. Small and intermediate size particles are more likely to
remain airborne and are more efficiently captured by total suspended
particulate air monitoring equipment. Small particles are also capable
of being inhaled into the human respiratory system, possibly causing
adverse health effects. The particulate emission controls that have
been employed to date have been most effective in reducing emissions
of large and intermediate size particles. The trend in the emissions
of small particles is not clearly known. It is very doubtful whether
small particle emissions have been reduced to the extent that total
particulate emissions have been reduced, however. It should be noted
41

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that some small particles may be formed in the atmosphere as the result
of various chemical and physical processes. Such particles are not
included in the estimated total particulate emissions. A second caveat
is that fugitive particulate (emissions from unconfined sources such as
storage piles, material loading, etc.) emissions are incompletely ac-
counted for in the emission totals. Rough estimates of industrial pro-
cess fugitive emissions are included for some industries. Area source
fugitive dust emissions (unpaved roads, construction activities, etc.)
are not included at all. Similarly, natural sources of particulates,
such as wind erosion or dust, are not included. (An exception is forest
fires, some of which result from natural causes). In total, these
fugitive emissions may amount to a considerable portion of total
particulate emissions. The controls applied to these sources have so
far been minimal. Due to the lack of adequate emission factors and
emission inventory techniques for these sources, fugitive particulate
emissions have not been included in most emission inventories. As
additional data become available, it is expected that estimates of
fugitive particulate emissions will be included in future emission
inventories. It should be noted, however, that a major portion of the
fugitive particulate emissions are relatively large particles that
are not readily captured by particulate air quality monitors. Simi-
larly, these large particles do not effectively enter into the human
respiratory system.
4.2 Sulfur Oxides
1940-1970
From 1940 to 1970, major increases in sulfur oxide emissions occurred
as the result of increased combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and
oil. Industrial process emissions also increased, but to a lesser
extent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other source categories decreased,
primarily as the result of the obsolescence of coal-fired railroad
locomotives and a decrease in coal refuse burning.
1970-1983
Since 1970, total sulfur oxide emissions have declined about 26
percent as the result of use of fuels with lower average sulfur contents,
some scrubbing of sulfur oxides from flue gases, and controls on indus-
trial process sources. Significant emission reductions from industrial
processes have occurred, mostly from non-ferrous smelters and sulfuric
acid plants. By-product recovery of sulfuric acid at smelters has
increased since 1970. As a result, sulfur oxide emissions that previ-
ously would have been released to the atmosphere are recovered as
sulfuric acid. Since 1972, new sulfuric acid manufacturing plants have
been subject to New Source Performance Standards requirements. These
rules have contributed to decreased emissions, as new plants built to
meet new product demands or replace old facilities, must meet more
stringent emission limitations than old facilities.
42

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As shown in the tables, since 1970 sulfur oxide emissions from electric
utilities account for more than half of the total emissions. Combustion
of sulfur-bearing fuels, chiefly coal and residual fuel oil, is
responsible. Between 1970 and 1983, utility use of coal increased by
about 95 percent. Emissions from utilities have decreased, however,
because fuels with lower sulfur content have been used to the extent
that they were available. Also, flue gas desulfurization systems have
been installed so that by the late 1970's enough units were in service
to prevent increases in electric utility emissions. 1983 electric
utility emissions would have been approximately 15 percent higher
without the operation of flue gas desulfurization controls. The
theoretical 1983 national emission estimates given in Table 29 for
stationary fuel combustion sources are based on 1983 fuel amounts but
fuel sulfur contents that represent 1970 average levels for fuel oil
and an estimated average sulfur content of coal that would have been
consumed if there were no changes in air pollution regulations since
1970. It is estimated that the national average sulfur content of
coal burned would have declined anyway even without new air pollution
regulations due to the greater use of coal from the Western U.S.,
which generally has a lower sulfur content than coal from the Eastern
States. On this basis, electric utility emissions would have increased
24 percent. In fact, emissions decreased by 11 percent. Sulfur oxide
emissions from other fuel combustion sectors decreased, primarily due
to less coal burning by these industrial, commercial and residential
consumers.
Comments on Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates
Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been identified as
precursors of acidic precipitation and deposition. To support Federal
research activities on the subject, more detailed historical emissions
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been developed. Interested
readers may wish to review Reference 30, which contains State level
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1900 through
1980.
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides
1940-1970
Nitrogen oxide emissions result almost entirely from fuel combustion
by stationary sources and motor vehicles. From 1940 through 1970, NOx
emissions increased steadily as the result of increased fuel combustion.
1970-1983
Controls applied to sources of NOx emissions have had a limited effect
in reducing emissions through 1983. Table 29 shows that with the 1970
control level, national NOx emissions would have been only 18 percent
higher than actual 1983 emissions. The emissions from stationary fuel
43

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combustion sources largely reflect the actual growth in fuel consump-
tion. For electric utilities, NSPS control requirements have held down
the growth in NOx emissions somewhat. Nevertheless, NOx emissions from
electric utilities increased 40 percent from 1970 to 1983. For mobile
sources, NOx emissions were controlled as a result of the Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). Nitrogen oxide emissions from highway
vehicles would have increased 57 percent, had there been no change in
control level since 1970. The estimates of actual NOx emissions show
a 17 percent increase.
4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
1940-1970
From 1940 through 1970, VOC emissions increased about 50 percent.
Major increases in highway vehicle travel and industrial production
were chiefly responsible. Emissions from these source categories were
about two and a half times higher in 1970 than in 1940. Emissions from
residential fuel combustion and forest fires declined substantially,
however. In 1940, residential fuel combustion and forest fires account-
ed for 40 percent of total national VOC emissions. By 1970, their
contribution to total VOC emissions had been reduced to 6 percent.
1970-1983
Since 1970, emissions of VOC decreased primarily due to motor vehicle
controls and less burning of solid waste. Had controls not been
implemented, a substantial increase in emissions from highway vehicles
would have occurred. From 1970 to 1983, vehicle-miles of travel in the
U.S. increased by about 47 percent.°> A comparable increase in emissions
would have occurred had 1970 control levels remained unchanged. As a
result of the controls put in place, VOC emissions from highway vehicles
actually decreased 46 percent. VOC emissions also decreased due to the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalts (used for road paving)
for asphalts liquefied with petroleum distillates (cutback asphalts).
This is reflected in the decreased emissions reported for miscellaneous
organic solvent use.
Through 1978 these decreases were offset by increases in industrial
process emissions. Since then, industrial process emissions have also
declined, so that overall total VOC emissions were reduced about 26
percent from 1970 to 1983. Industrial process emissions increased
due to higher production levels, particularly in industrial sectors
such as petroleum refining, organic chemical production, and industrial
uses of organic solvents. Control procedures employed were effective
in limiting the growth in emissions, however. In addition, source
production levels in 1980 through 1983 were relatively low due to poor
economic conditions. Through the mid-1970's, emissions from petroleum
product storage and marketing operations also increased as the result
of increased demand for petroleum products, particularly motor gasoline.
44

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Since 1978, emissions from this source sector are estimated to have
decreased as the result of declining product demand and more effective
control measures.
In 1970, VOC emissions from residential fuel combustion were insigni-
ficant. However, in the late 19701s emissions began to increase due to
the popularity of wood stoves and fireplaces for residential space
heating. In 1983, residential fuel combustion accounted for about 10
percent of total VOC emissions.
Comments on VOC Emission Estimates
Volatile organic compounds along with nitrogen oxides are participants
in atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in the
formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC
that are most likely to have a role in such atmospheric processes are
included in the reported emissions estimates. Photochemically non-
reactive compounds such as methane are not included in the estimated
emissions of VOC. Biogenic sources of organic compounds such as trees
and other vegetation are not included either. Initial estimates are
that emissions of VOC from naturally-occurring sources exceed the amount
of anthropogenic emissions. The extent to which biogenic sources of VOC
contribute to oxidant formation, if at all, has not been clearly estab-
lished, however. Ambient concentrations of ozone are typically higher
during the summer months. As a result, analysis of seasonal, rather
than annual VOC emissions may be more appropriate to understand the
relationship between VOC emissions and high ozone concentrations in
the atmosphere. Sources such as residential space heating, which
occurs primarily during the winter would have little impact on summer
ozone levels.
4.5 Carbon Monoxide
1940-1970
From 1940 through 1970, the relative contribution by the various
source categories to total CO emissions changed considerably. In 1940,
highway vehicles contributed only about 28 percent of carbon monoxide
emissions. Residential fuel combustion (primarily of wood and coal),
forest fires and other burning (agricultural crop residues and coal
refuse) contributed about 50 percent of total CO emissions. From 1940
to 1970, highway vehicle emissions nearly tripled, while emissions from
residential fuel combustion and miscellaneous burning sources decresed
substantially. As a result, in 1970 highway vehicles accounted for 64
percent of total CO emissions. Industrial process CO emissions increas-
ed from 1940 to 1970 by about 36 percent. The largest increase
occurred in the petroleum refining sector, primarily as the result of
expansion of catalytic cracking capacity to meet increased demand for
gasoline and other middle distillates.
45

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1970-1983
Since 1970, highway motor vehicles have been the largest contributing
source of CO emissions. The implementation of the Federal Motor Vehicle
Control Program (FMVCP) has been successful in reducing CO emissions
since the early 1970's. From 1970 through 1978, motor vehicle miles of
travel increased 38 percent, but because of controls on new vehicles,
total CO emissions from highway vehicles decreased 16 percent. From
1978 to 1980, VMT declined by 1.7 percent. Since 1980, growth in VMT
has resumed, similar to the growth rate that occurred in the 1970's.
Overall, from 1978 to 1983, VMT grew by only 6.5 percent, however.
This lack of growth in vehicle travel together with an increased degree
of control because of stricter emission standards for new vehicles and
the gradual disappearance of older uncontrolled vehicles from the
vehicle fleet, produced an estimated 22 percent drop in highway vehicle
emissions in the four year period from 1978 to 1982. Overall from 1970
to 1983, without the implementation of FMVCP, highway vehicle emissions
would have increased 34 percent. By comparison, actual emissions are
estimated to have decreased 34 percent.
CO emissions from other sources have also generally decreased. In
1970, emissions from burning of agricultural crop residues were greater
than in more recent years. Solid waste disposal emissions have also
decreased as the result of implementation of regulations limiting or
prohibiting burning of solid waste in many areas. Emissions of CO from
stationary source fuel combustion occur mainly from the residential
sector. These emissions were reduced somewhat through the mid-1970's as
residential consumers converted to natural gas, oil, or electric heating
equipment. Recent growth in the use of residential wood stoves has
reversed this trend, but increased CO emissions from residential
sources continue to be small compared to highway vehicle emissions.
Nevertheless, in 1983 residential wood combustion accounted for about
9 percent of national CO emissions, more than any source category except
highway vehicles. CO emissions from industrial processes have generally
been declining since 1970 as the result of the obsolescence of a few
high polluting processes such as manufacture of carbon black by the
channel process and installation of controls on other processes.
4.6 Lead
1970-1983
The emissions of lead have decreased due to the implementation of the
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). The implementation of
FMVCP has resulted in the use of catalytic converters to reduce NOx,
V0C, and CO emissions and has required the use of unleaded gasoline for
vehicles with converters. From 1970 through 1974, the highway use of
gasoline increased 13 percent, but because of the decrease in lead
content in leaded gasoline, lead emissions from highway vehicles
decreased 17 percent. From 1975 to 1983, the percent unleaded gasoline
46

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sales increased from 13 to 55 percent, and the lead emissions decreased
67 percent. From 1970 through 1983, off highway consumption of gasoline
decreased 44 percent while lead emissions decreased 74 percent.
Lead emissions also decreased from other sources. The 94 percent
decrease in stationary source fuel combustion is a result of the decrease
in lead concentration in waste oil utilized in industrial boilers.
Lead emissions decreased 90 percent for industrial processes from 1970
through 1983. Part of this decrease reflects the changes that result
from installation of air pollution control equipment. As shown in
Tables 12 and 29, the change in emissions as a result of changes in
operating rates would be a 32 percent reduction. Lead emissions from
solid waste disposal have decreased 84 percent from 1970 through 1983
as a result of the decreased amount of solid waste disposed of by
i nci neration.
47

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TABLE 29
THEORETICAL
1983 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES


BASED
ON 1970
LEVEL OF CONTROL




(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)




Source Category
PM
SO,
NO.
voc
CO
P81
Transportation






Highway Vehicles
1.4
0.5
9.4
15.7
83.9
181.2
Non-Highway
0.2
0.4
1.8
1.2
6.6
4.3
Transportation Total
1.6
0.9
11.2
16.9
90.5
185.5
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion






Electric Utilities
4.6
19.6
7.1
0.0
0.3
0.5
Industrial
1.1
2.1
2.8
0.1
0.6
9.2
Residential/Commercial
1.1
0.7
0.6
2.0
6.1
0.0
Fuel Combustion Total
6.8
22.4
10.5
2.1
7.0
9.7
Industrial Processes (SIC)






Mining Operations (10,2,13,14)
3.3
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
Food and Agriculture (02,07,20)
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
Wood Products (24,26)
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
Chemicals (28)
0.2
0.7
0.2
2.0
2.4
0.4
Petroleum Refining (29)
0.1
0.9
0.2
1.0
2.0
0.0
Mineral Products (32)
2.4
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
Metals (33)
1.1
2.5
0.0
0.0
2.2
15.1
Miscellaneous
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.1
Industrial Processes Total
8.7
5.3
0.6
9.0
7.3
16.3
Solid Waste
1.2
0.1
0.4
2.0
7.0
3.3
Miscellaneous
0.9
0.0
0.2
3.3
6.3
0.0
Total
19.2
28.7
22.9
33.3
118.1
214.8
1983 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
6.9
20,8
19.4
19.9
67.6
46.9
Theoretical 1983 Emissions As A
278S
138*
118$
1672
1751
4581
Percentage Of 1983 Actual Emissions






1970 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
18.0
28.2
18.1
27.0
98.3
203.8
Theoretical 1983 Emissions As A
107*
102S
127?
1232
1201
105*
Percentage of 1970 Actual Emissions






*Lead emissions are expressed in g1gagrams/yea
r.




48

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5. REFERENCES
*1. National Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
NADB, OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/4-84-026. November 1984.
2.	Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition
(Including Supplements 1-15). US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. AP-42.
3.	User's Guide to M0BILE3 (Mobile Source Emissions Model K US Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution
Control, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Publication No. EPA-460/3-89-002.
June 1984.
*4. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, US Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1983.
*5. FAA Air Traffic Activity. Federal Aviation Administration, US
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1983.
*6. Petroleum Supply Annual 1983, Energy Information Administration,
US Department of Energy. Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0 340(83)/1. June 1984.
*7. Coal Distribution January-December, Energy Information Administration,
US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0125(83/4Q). April 1984.
8.	Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines. Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, TX. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. EHS 70-108. Oct 1973.
9.	Particulate Pollutant Systems Study. Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, MO. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. National Air Pollution Control
Administration Contract No. CPA 22-69-104. May 1971.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals from the National Emissions Data
System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report available from NADB,
OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
49

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*11. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants-1983, Energy
Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington,
D.C. Publication No. D0E/EIA-0191(83). July 1984.
*12. Natural Gas Annual, Energy Information Administration, US Department
of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. D0E/EIA-0131(82). October
1983.
*13. Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. 1982.
*14. Current Industrial Reports. Bureau of the Census, US Department
of Commerce, Washington, DC.
15.	End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds, The
Research Corporation of New England, Wethersfield, CT, EPA
Publication EPA-450/3-79-032, May 1979.
16.	1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. Public
Health Service, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, OH. PHS Publication No. 1867. 1968.
*17. Wildfire Statistics. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture,
Washington, DC. 1978.
18.	Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns,
and Agricultural Burns. US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-
062. November 1974.
19.	Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Bureau of Mines, US
Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Information Circular
8515. 1971.
*20. Statistical Abstract of the United States.	Bureau of the Census,
US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.	1984 (104th ed.).
*21. Chemical and Engineering News, Annual Facts and Figures Issue,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. June 11, 1984.
22.	Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual Second Edition,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-80-015. July 1980.
23.	Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972, Executive Office
of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent
publication available when this document was prepared is cited.
50

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*24. Coal Production, Energy Information Administration, US Department
of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. D0E/EIA-0118(83).
October 1984.
*25. Project Summary Utility FGD Survey April-June 1983. PEDCo
Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for Electric Power
Research Institute, Contract No. RP982-32. October 1983.
*26. Quarterly Coal Report, Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0121(84/2Q). September 1984.
27.	Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0341. August 1982.
28.	Organic Solvent Use in Web Coating Operations, Emission Standards
and Engineering Division, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/3-81-012.
September 1981.
29.	AEROS Manual Series Volume IV: NADB Internal Operations Manual.
OAQPS Guidelines No. 1.2-041. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1978.
30.	Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United
States from 1900 to 1980. Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
Durham, NC. Prepared under EPA Contract 68-02-3511, Task No. 31
and 47. November 1984.
31.	Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans--Updated
Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead Emissions, OAQPS/OMS Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711/Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Publication No.
EPA-450/2-83-002. March 1983.
32.	Telephone communication between Jacob Summers, OAQPS, and Michael
Petruska, Office of Solid Waste, US EPA, Washington, DC, November
9, 1984.
*33. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production Sales,
1983, United States International Trade Commission, Washington,
DC 20436.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
51

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/4-84-028
3. RECIPIENT S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National A1r Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1983
5. REPORT DATE
December 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of A1r and Radiation
Office of A1r Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final - 1940-1983
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends 1n nationwide air pollutant emissions for
the six major pollutants: sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Estimates are broken down according
to major types of air pollutant sources. A short analysis of emission trends 1s
given, along with a discussion of methods used to develop the data.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
trends, emissions, inventory, air
pollutants, nationwide, sulfur oxides,
carbon monoxide, particulates, volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, con-
trollable emissions, miscellaneous sources,
lead


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